Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

GRID
Technical Institute

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Three Phase Transformers

1. Three single phase units
2. limb core type 4. Shell type

3. 5-limb core type

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Winding Polarity

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Transformer Equivalent Circuit

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Simplified Equivalent Circuit

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Two Winding Transformer

(a)

(b)

(c)

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Three Phase Transformers

Under balanced conditions all phases behave in a similar manner and can be considered independently. Thus equivalent (single phase) circuit for both positive and negative sequence quantities is a single series impedance representing the primary and secondary leakage reactance. (Resistance can usually be ignored.)

i.e. Same as single phase transformer NB! Actual circuit:

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Dy 1

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Positive Sequence Current

Consider Dy 1 transformer Voltage ratio 1 : 1 Turns ratio

3 : 1

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> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

1 a2 I 30 I1 a 2I1 IA I1 1 3 3 3 a2 a I 90 a 2I1 aI1 IB I1 1 3 3 3

a 1 aI1 I1 IC I1 3 3 3
IA I130

I1150

Ia I1

IB I1 90

IC I1150
11 > Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Ic aI1

Ib a2I1

Negative Sequence Current

Consider Dy 1 transformer Voltage ratio 1 : 1 Turns ratio

3 : 1

12

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

1 a I2 aI2 IA I2 I1 30 3 3 3

a a2 I 90 aI2 a 2I2 IB I2 2 3 3 3 a2 1 a 2I2 I2 IC I2 3 3 3

IA I2 30

I2 150

Ia I 2

IB I290

IC I2 150
13 > Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Ib aI 2

Ic a 2 I 2

Example

I1(R ) I1 30 I2(R )
14

5 30 530 5210

I230

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Example continued
At R : IA I1(R ) I2(R ) 5 30 5210 5 90pu IB a 2I1(R ) aI2(R ) 1240.5 30 1120.5210 5210 5330 5 90pu IC aI1(R ) a 2I2(R ) 1120.5 30 1240.5210 590 5450 1090pu At F : IA I1 I2 0 IB a 2I1 aI2 5240 5120 8.66 90pu IC aI1 a 2I2 5120 5240 8.6690pu
15 > Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Example continued
Base Curre nt(11kV) 1050 AM PS Base Curre nt(132 kV) 87.5 AM PS At F : IA 0 IB 8.66 x 1050 9093 AM PS IC 8.66 x 1050 9093 AM PS At R : IA 5 x 87.5 IB 5 x 87.5 IC 10 x 87.5 437.5 AM PS 437.5 AM PS 875 AM PS

16

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Zero Sequence
The transformer response to zero sequence quantities depends upon:

a) b) c)

The existence (or otherwise) of a neutral connection The interconnection of the phase windings Type of core (3-Limb, Shell etc)

The 3 or 4 terminal single phase equivalent circuit can be retained but the above factors require consideration in order to determine the connection of the circuit to the network.

17

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

18

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Transformer Zero Sequence Impedance

19

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

b links closed for a delta winding as this forms a trap for I0 in earthed star which induces current in delta. I0s in phase I0 circulatesd round the delta and no I0 passes into the line.

20

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

a link closed

path for zero sequence current Link closed if I0 can flow from line into transformer winding a link open No I0 in neutral none in line as I0 in each phase is in phase unearthed

I0 not possible in line as consistent current distribution in delta not possible

21

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

General zero sequence equivalent circuit for two winding transformer

Primary terminal Secondary terminal

On appropriate side of transformer:

Earthed star winding

Close link a Open link b

Open link a Close link b

Delta winding

22

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Delta-star transformer Zero sequence equivalent circuit

There is a transfer of zero-sequence current between windings the impedance presented being the zero sequence leakage inpedance.

Viewed from the star side, the winding appears as a short circuit to zero sequence current.
Viewed from the delta side, the transformer appears as an open circuit (no zero sequence current in line connections).

Single phase equivalent circuit

23

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

24

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Example

25

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Example continued
1 .0 3.125pu 0.32 IF I1 I2 I0 9.375pu I1 I2 I0 I1(R )

Ib

1050 A

9843 AM PS I130 I2 (R ) I230

At R : IA I1(R ) I2 (R ) IB a 2I1(R ) aI2 (R ) IC aI1(R ) a 2I2 (R )

5.41 0 pu

473 AM PS (Ib 87.5 A )

5.41 180 pu 473 AM PS 0

132 kV / 11 kV

Current Distribution
26 > Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Transformer Sequence Impedances

For or transformers

ZM1 >> ZP1 or ZS1 ZM0 >> ZP0 or ZS0 Thus ZM1 and ZM0 are usually ignored. Positive sequence Equivalent cct Zero sequence

Equivalent cct
Also Z1 = Z2 = Z0
27 > Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

For

transformers

Similar to above but: Z0 0.85 Z1 Z0 = Z1 for for 3-limb core type 5-limb core type shell type 3 x 1 phase units

28

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Zero Sequence Equivalent Circuits

29

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Two Winding Transformer Zero Sequence Network

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> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

NOTE! Source earthing arrangements can affect transformer zero sequence diagram. Eg:

31

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Measurement of Transformer Impedance (Two Winding Transformer)

Require two tests: (a) Open circuit test (b) Short circuit test Consider equivalent circuit: Open Circuit Test Short Circuit Test

Tests are repeated from secondary side. To give Zo/c = Zs + ZM Zs/c = Zs + ZPZM Z P + ZM

In pu
32

Zo/c Zo/c and Zs/c Zs/c

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Star/Delta Transformer
Zero sequence impedance Open circuit test:

Short circuit test:

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> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Non-Earthed Star Winding

ZM can be ignored for positive and negative sequence network. ZM0 cannot be ignored for zero sequence network Eg:

Zero Sequence Network

Typically: Z0 = (ZS0 + ZM0) = 50 100% for 3-limb core type

= 100 500% for 5-limb core type

(400%) shell type 3 x 1 phase units
34 > Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Interconnected Star (Zig-Zag) Windings

Positive sequence current distribution

Zig-zag

Star transformer

35

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Consider ampere-turns on A Phase zig-zag winding

A.T. I x

T T a 2I x 3 3

IT (1 a 2 ) 3 IT 330 IT30 3
For ampere-turn balance
Zig - zag A.T. IT 30 Thus I (a) Star A.T. I (a) T I 30

Zig-zag / star transformer has 30 phase shift for positive sequence quantities

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> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Zy 11

Zy 1

Zd 0

37

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Zig-Zag Transformers
As with / connections the / connection introduces opposite phase shifts for positive and negative sequence components. Positive (and negative) sequence impedance: Determined in usual manner by: a) b) Open circuit test Short circuit test

From both sides of transformer. Again magnetising impedance can usually be ignored. Thus equivalent single phase circuit:

38

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Zig-Zag Transformers
Zero Sequence Current Distribution

Net ampere turns on each phase = current in secondary winding =

0 0

Zero sequence current can flow in zig-zag winding without regard to any other winding. Leakage flux is very small, therefore inductive reactance to zero sequence current is small.

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> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Zig-Zag Transformers

As there is no transfer of zero sequence current across the transformer, the zero sequence impedance viewed from the star side is high (effectively the zero sequence magnetising impedance) Zero sequence equivalent circuit:

40

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Zig-Zag Earthing Transformers

Positive (and negative) sequence impedance is very high. Equivalent circuit:

Zero sequence impedance is very low.

Equivalent circuit:

41

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Three Winding Transformer

Equivalent circuits can be found by performing open circuit and short circuit tests on each pair of windings in turn with the third winding open circuit.

Primary to Secondary Test

Primary to Tertiary Test

Secondary to Tertiary Test etc

42 > Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Three Winding Transformer Equivalent Circuit

43

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Three Winding Transformer

For positive (negative) sequence tests Thus, from the short circuit tests, Primary to Secondary Primary to Tertiary Secondary to Tertiary

From these equations

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> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Three Winding Transformer Zero Sequence Impedance

Each winding requires consideration in similar manner to two winding transformers. Eg:

NB! All impedances must be expressed to common base quantities The star point of the above impedance network is a fictitious point and does not represent the system neutral
45 > Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Primary

Tertiary

Secondary

IPO induces current in secondary and tertiary current in delta ITO proportion of IPO not converted into secondary zero sequence current.
ie. Proportion trapped in delta

b link closed for delta

a link closed for star

46

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Zg1

ZT1

ZP1

ZT1

Positive Sequence Network

ZS1 F1 LOAD N1 Zg2 ZT2 ZP2 ZT2

Negative Sequence Network

ZS2 F2 LOAD N2

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> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Zero Sequence Network

Zg0 a ZT0 a 3Zn1 3Zn2 a ZP0 ZT0 a

b 3Zn b b b b N0 a 3Zn3 F0

48

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Auto Transformers
Has a single winding per phase, part of which is common to both primary and secondary
series-common winding

A
HV
SIDE series winding common winding LV SIDE

49

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

The positive (negative) sequence is obtained in similar way to two winding transformers. For auto transformers with delta winding (ie. similar to 3 winding transformer): Equivalent star impedances

50

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Auto Transformers Zero Sequence Impedance

Similar to 2/3 winding transformers
Eg. For autotransformer with earthed neutral and delta winding

51

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

52

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Auto Transformers

ZN is common to both HV and LV system Zero sequence network:

Where n

HV voltage ratio LV

If PU ZN referred to LV base quantities

If ZN in ohms ZH, ZL & ZT must be referred to LV network
53 > Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Zg1

ZT1

ZL1

ZT1

Positive Sequence Network

E1

ZH1 F1 LOAD N1 Zg2 ZT2 ZL2 ZT2

Negative Sequence Network

ZH2 F2 LOAD N2

54

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Zero Sequence Network

Zg0 a ZT0 a 3Zn1 a

n 1
n

3Zn2

ZL0

ZT0

3 Z n2 n

b ZH0 3Zn b b b
n 1 3Zn2 n2

a
F0 b

N0

55

> Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

Typical Transformer Impedances

2 Winding Transformers 1 MVA 5 MVA 10 MVA 15 MVA 30, 45, 60 MVA 90 MVA 120 MVA 210, 425 MVA 600 MVA 800 MVA 4.75 6 9 10 10 15 15 14 14 17% 6% 7.5% 11% 15% 12.5% 22.5% 20% 17% 16%

Auto Transformers with Delta Tertiaries ZH 120 MVA; 275/132 kV 17.5% 500 MVA; 400/132 kV 20% 1000 MVA; 400/275 kV 21%
56 > Equivalent Circuits of Power Transformers

ZL -2.5% -8% -5%

ZT 20.5% 60% 89%