1 ‫بسم اهلل الرحمن الرحیم‬

In the name of God

Electrical machinery 3
Session 6
(synchronous machines)

Mohammad Ali Shafiezadeh

‫محمد علی شفیع زاده‬
‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬
 2
Machine structure
- Excitation winding DC
- Armature winding AC power producer(generator)
AC power receiver (motor )
- Emf production depends on the relative motion of
the field flux and the armature winding (static field,
moving armature and vice versa)
- In large synchronous machines, the armature
winding is on the stator and the field winding
(excitation) is on the rotor.
‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬
 3
Machine structure
- In large synchronous machines, the armature
winding is on the stator and the field winding
(excitation) is on the rotor.
Because:
It is economical. (Insulation, sliding rings)
The high voltage static winding can be more easily
insulated.
The armature winding can be cooled with greater
efficiency.
The low power of the rotor makes the rotor lighter.

‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬

 4
Machine structure

‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬

 5
Types of rotors
cylindrical(smooth) pole salient pole
Maximum 4 poles More than 4 poles
Uniform air gap Non-uniform air gap
High speed generators Low speed generators
Large machines Relatively small machines
Resisting against Lack of resistance
centrifugal force against centrifugal force
sinusoidal flux waveform Non- sinusoidal flux waveform

‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬

 6
Electromotive force

Assume that the flux is sinusoidal distributed.

Flux passing through the winding: φ(t) = ϕ cos ωr t
Angular velocity of the rotor: ωr
Mutual flux: ψ(t) = Nϕ cos ωr t

dψ dϕ
e = - dt = Nϕ ωr sin ωr t - N dt cos ωr t

movment voltage tranformer voltage

dϕ
dt = 𝟎 e = Nϕ ωr sin ωr t
‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬
 7
Electromotive force

e ( t ) = Nϕ ωr sin ωr t
E = Nϕ ωr = 2π fr Nϕ

Em
Erms = = √2 π fr Nϕ = 4.44 fr Nϕ
√2
P
fr =120 nr

‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬

 8 Electromotive force
in short pitch
Shortened electrical degree of winding pitch: ε
winding pitch : 180 - ε
ε
ϕ1 = ϕ cos 2
- Reduce copper consumption
- Harmonic reduction
The Electromotive force is
reduced by a coefficient of
ε
Kp = cos 2
ie:
Erms = √2 π Kp fr Nϕ
‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬
 9
Electromotive force in the
Distributed armature winding
In order to make full use of the armature environment,
the winding is distributed and this cause:
- Harmonic reduction
- Full use of iron and copper of armature
- Increase the mechanical strength of the winding
The effect of distribution in different slot is to reduce
the electromotive force with a distribution or diffusion
coefficient (Kd).
Erms = √2 π Kp Kd fr Nϕ = √2 π Kw fr Nϕ
Kw = Kp Kd
‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬
 10 Harmonics elimination
in emf
The origin of the harmonic in emf is the non-sinusoidal
magnetic flux.
A: Efforts should be made to make the magnetic flux
almost sinusoidal.
- At the salient pole by adjusting & changing the air gap
- By diagonally making the pole shoe
- By distributing the excitation winding in the smooth
pole slots
‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬
 11 Harmonics elimination
in emf
B: By distributing the armature winding in the stator
environment
C: With a short pitch
D: By diagonally armature slots
E: Fractional slot winding
F: with star or triangle winding connections in armature

‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬

 12 Excitation systems for
synchronous machines
In large synchronous machines, the field winding is
always placed on the rotor.
Some examples of excitation methods:
1- Use of auxiliary excitation:

‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬

 13 Excitation systems for
synchronous machines
2- Using of semiconductor rectifiers (static):

Usually the main exciter frequency is about 400 Hz.

‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬

 14 Excitation systems for
synchronous machines
3- Brushless excitation :

‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬

 15 Excitation systems for
synchronous machines
Other methods of excitation :

A) From the network

B) A special three-phase armature coil installed in the

main generator.
C) Directly from the output of the main generator

‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬

 16
The end

The end of
th
6 session

‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬