DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

KAKATIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE

(An Autonomous Institute under the Kakatiya University, Warangal)
WARANGAL – 506015
2022-2023

Estd.1980

Report on
“INTERNSHIP EVALUATION”

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING
By
B. PRANITHA(B19EI030)
Under the supervision of
K. SRINIVAS
Asst. Professor, Dept of EIE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the report for the course “INTERNSHIP EVALUATION” is a bonafide work
done by B. PRANITHA (Regd. No: B19EI030) undergraduate student of the Department of
Electronic Instrumentation Engineering, Kakatiya Institute of Technology & Science, Warangal in
the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology
under my supervision and guidance during the academic year 2022-2023.

Supervisor Head of the Department:

K. Srinivas Dr. M. Raghu Ram
Asst. Professr , Associate professor & Head
Dept. of EIE, Dept. of. EIE
KITS, Warangal. KITS, Warangal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to my Internship Supervisor

K. Srinivas, Dept. of EIE, KITS-Warangal, for his valuable support in making the
internship complete in time.

I sincerely thank the Internship Coordinator, B. JEEVAN,

Assistant Professor, Dept. of EIE for timely conduction of Internship presentations.

I heartfully thank Assoc Prof. M. Raghu Ram, Head Dept. of EIE for her constant
support and encouragement.

I cordially thank Prof. K. Ashoka Reddy, Principal, KITS, Warangal, for his
kind gesture and support.

Finally, I thank all those people who are responsible for making this report possible through
meaningful contributions

B. Pranitha
B19EI030
 ABSTRACT
Internships are the best method to improve and strengthen our problem-solving, communication, time
management, responsibility, teamwork, adaptability, and work ethic through internships. These soft skills
will be learned, and they will be very helpful for our job path. Additionally, we will gain work experience
that will enable us to apply our skills in a real-world setting. In order to examine additional real-world
scenarios and properly address the problem statements, we will come across new technology and work on
it. We will also have the opportunity to develop and broaden our professional network, which will
enhance our resume and make it easier for us to succeed in interviews with several companies. This report
will provide you with brief information about the internships that I have completed in the past. I have
done an internship on the latest technology and it is from virtual mode. Developing my skills in this
technology took almost of 8-weeks and gain some knowledge. Today, internships play an important role
in student’s lives in preparation for job interviews and for many purposes. Many colleges are raising
awareness about internships to help students and motivate their students to have good careers.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Content Page No

TITLE PAGE i
CERTIFICATE ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS 2
INTERNSHIPS ATTENDED 3

Chapter 1 INTERNSHIP-1 4
1.1 DESCRIPTION 4-5
1.2 OUTCOMES 5
Chapter 2 CERTIFICATE OF INTERNSHIP-1 6
Chapter 3 INTERNSHIP-2 7
3.1 DESCRIPTION 7-8
3.2 HDL CODING CONCEPTS 9-10
3.3 COMBINATIONAL CIRCUITS 11
3.4 SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS 12-13
3.5 FINITE STATE MACHINES 14
3.6 SYSTEM DESIGN USING FPGA 15
3.7 OUTCOMES 15
Chapter 4 CERTIFICATE OF INTERNSHIP-2 16
Chapter 5 REFERENCES 17

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 INTERNSHIPS ATTENDED

S.NO Name of the Internship Duration of Internship Start Internship End

Internship Date Date
1 TCS Career Edge- 2-Weeks 24 June 2020 26 June 2020
Knockdown the Lockdown

2 Internshala-VLSI Design 6-weeks 3 July 2022 7 August 2022

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 1. INTERNSHIP -1
Title: TCS ion career edge knockdown the lockdown

Organization: TCS ion digital learning hub

Duration: 2-weeks

Objective:
This Internship is useful in developing soft and hard skills to enhance and
sharpen your personality and knowledge.

Contents:
 Communication skills
 Deliver Presentation with Impact
 Develop Soft skills for the Workplace
 Gain Guidance from Career Gurus
 Write a Resume and Cover Letter
 Stay Ahead in Group Discussions
 How to speak in Interviews
 Write Effective Emails
1.1. Description
The main goal of this course is to provide the best knowledge in respective
aspects like improving the student’s soft and hard skills and personality. TCS ion is the
digital learning hub where it can provide many courses to enhance student intelligence and
learn new technology. It has many free courses along with paid courses after completion of
every course they will provide certification. It is the best mobile education platform for
schools and colleges where the respective educators will empower the student’s skills by
providing the best video-clarity lectures, and worksheets, and assigning lessons to students.
Not only this they also have many tools to test the student’s knowledge in a respective topic
by using surveys, polls, quizzes, debates, and many more.

In this course, I have learned many things, and helped me a lot in my real-time scenarios. I
have completed this course in lockdown so that I have utilized my best to improve my skills
like soft and hard skills. Especially I have improved my communication and presentation
skills which helped me to crack my interview and get placed in the best companies. The

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Structure of this course is such a way that every student can understand easily can access it
24/7 and every topic is of animated format so that most of the students can keep more interest
in the learning, after completion of every topic there of some interactive methods they have
used to check their knowledge. The topics that they included in this course is email writing,
resume writing, how to communicate with the company by telephone and face-to-face
interview, and how to participate and speak in group discussion in order to grab our attention
towards us, they also provided tips on how to dress professionally when we are going to
attend interviews and also how to communicate fluently and keep our body language good.
Finally, this course is of 15 days and after completion of the total course, we have to write the
final exam and get the certification.

1.2. Outcomes
This internship has helped us to utilize the time in lockdown to improve our soft
and hard skills which also developed our knowledge in every perspective to crack the
interview. This has been done with the help of tutorials, assessments, and case studies.

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2. CERTIFICATE

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 3. INTERNSHIP-2
Title: VLSI Design

Organization: Internshala

Duration: 6-weeks

Objective: To Design circuits that are more efficient, consume less power, cover less area,
and are designed in short time frames.

Contents:
 HDL coding concepts
 Combinational circuits
 Sequential Circuit Design
 Finite State Machines
 System Design using FPGA

3.1. Description
Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) is the process of making Integrated Circuits (ICs) by
combining a number of components like resistors, transistors, and capacitors on a single
chip. VLSI Design is an iterative cycle. Designing a VLSI Chip includes a few problems
such as functional design, logic design, circuit design, and physical design. The design is
verified for accuracy by the process of simulation. If any design errors are found at any
stage of verification, at least one of the previous design steps must be repeated to correct
the error during the process of designing.

VLSI Design Flow Chart:

System specification: The objective of the desired final product is written
in this step. During system specification, the designated cost of the
system, its performance, architecture, and how the system will
communicate with the external world are to be determined.
Architectural design: The basic architecture of the desired design must
meet the system specifications of the desired design. 
Functional design or Behavioral design: It consists of refining the
design specification of the desired design in order to design the functional
behavior of the desired system.
Logic Design: In this step, the structure of the desired design is added to
the behavioral representation of the desired design. The main
specifications to be considered for logic design are logic minimization,
performance enhancement, and testability.

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Circuit Design: In this step, the logic blocks of the desired design are replaced by the
electronic circuits, which are consists of electronic devices such as resistors, capacitors, and
transistors. Circuit simulation of the desired design is done at this stage, in order to verify
the timing behavior of the desired system.
Physical Design: In this step, the actual layout of the desired system is done, where all the
components will be placed in the circuit and all these components are interconnected. The
actual layout of the desired system can affect the area, correctness, and performance of the
final desired product. 
Fabrication: After the actual layout and verification of the desired design, the design is
sent for manufacturing. The handoff of the desired design to the manufacturing process is
called tape-out.
Packaging and Testing: After the fabrication of desired design, functional chips are then
packed. Packaging is configured early in the desired design process and the application
along with the cost and form factor requirements.

3.2. HDL coding concepts

 Verilog is a Hardware Description Language (HDL).

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  HDL is a specialized computer language used to describe the structure and behavior
of electronic circuits, and most commonly, digital logic circuits.
 HDL is mainly used to discover the faults in the design before implementing it in the
hardware.
 The main advantage of HDLs is that it provides flexible modeling capabilities and can
express large complex designs (>107 gates).
 By using an HDL, we can describe any digital hardware at any level.
 Designs, which are described in HDL are independent of technology, very easy for
designing and debugging, and more useful for large circuits.
HDL supports a design at many levels of abstraction. The major three are-

 Behavioral level: Every algorithm is sequential, which means it consists of a set of

instructions that are executed one by one.

 Register-transfer level: Specify the characteristics of a circuit using operations and

transfer data between the registers.

 Gate level: The characteristics of a system are described by logical links and their
timing properties.
The most popular hardware description languages are Verilog and VHDL. They are widely
used in conjunction with FPGAs, which are digital devices that are specifically designed to
facilitate the creation of customized digital circuits.
Hardware description languages allow you to describe a circuit using words and symbols and
then develop software that can convert that textual description into configuration data that is
loaded into the FPGA in order to implement the desired functionality.

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3.3. COMBINATIONAL CIRCUITS

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Combinational circuit is a circuit in which we combine the different gates in the circuit, some
of the characteristics of combinational circuits are following –

 The output of a combinational circuit at any instant of time depends only on the levels
present at input terminals. These are also known as Time-Independent Logic.

 The combinational circuit does not use any memory. The previous state of input does not
have any effect on the present state of the circuit.
 These are easy to design.
 A combinational circuit can have an n number of inputs and an m number of outputs.
 The construction of combinational logic is done using two methods:
o A sum of products (SOP)
o A product of sums (POS)
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Combinational circuits are those circuits where output is the function of present input.
Output = f (input)

Examples of combinational circuits

 Half adder

 Full adder

 Half subtractor

 Full subtractor

 Encoder

 Decoder

 Multiplexer

 Demultiplexer

3.4. SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS

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A sequential circuit is the assimilation of a combinational logic circuit and a storage element.
With the applied inputs to the combinational logic, the circuit outputs are derived. These
sequential circuits deliver the output based on both the current and previously stored input
variables. The derived output is passed on to the next clock cycle.
The sequential circuit’s Output depends not only on the present input but also on the history
of the input.
Output = f (In, previous In)

BLOCK DIAGRAM

 This type of circuit uses previous input, output, clock, and a memory element.
 It has a Memory unit.
 These are Slower than combinational circuits.
 These are harder to design.
 The construction of sequential logic is done using state tables.

Types of sequential circuits

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  Synchronous sequential circuits: Synchronous sequential circuits use level inputs
and clock signals as the circuit inputs having limitations on the circuit propagation
time and pulse width to generate the output. The duration of the output pulse is like
the clock pulse of the clocked circuits.

Types of synchronous
sequential circuits

 Clocked sequential circuit

 Unclocked sequential circuit

 Asynchronous sequential circuits: Asynchronous sequential circuits perform their

operation without depending on the clock signal but use the input pulses and generate
the output. As there is no clock pulse dependency, these circuits can switch to the
next state quickly when the input signal is changed. So, there is a faster operation
with asynchronous sequential circuits.

Examples of sequential circuits

 Flip flop
 Master-slave JK flip flop
 Delay flip flop
 Toggle flip flop

3.5. FINITE STATE MACHINES

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A machine consists of a set of states, a start state, an input, and a transition function that maps
input and current states to the next state. The machine begins in the start state with an input. It
changes to new states depending on the transition function. The transition function depends
on current states and inputs. The output of the machine depends on the input and/or current
state.

A synchronous sequential circuit is also called a Finite State Machine (FSM), it has a finite
number of states.

There are two types of FSMs.

• Mealy State Machine: A Finite State Machine is said to be a Mealy state machine if
outputs depend on both present inputs & present states. The advantage of the Mealy
model is that it may lead to a reduction in the number of states.

• Moore State Machine:

present states. The advantage of the Moore model is a simplification of the behavior.

3.6. SYSTEM DESIGN USING FPGA

The full form of FPGA is “Field Programmable Gate Array”.

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  It contains ten thousand to more than a million logic gates with programmable
interconnection.
 Programmable interconnections are available for users or designers to perform given
functions easily.
 FPGAs in VLSI give higher performance than a standard CPU because they are
capable of parallel computing.
 It requires very small time; starting from the design process to the functional chip.
 No physical manufacturing steps are involved in it.
 The only disadvantage is, it is more costly than other styles.

3.7. OUTCOMES
In the 6-weeks of internship that is VLSI Design, I have learned the Introduction to VLSI,
HDL coding concepts, Combinational circuits, Sequential Circuit Design, Finite State
Machines, and System Design using FPGA.

4. CERTIFICATE

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 5. REFERENCES
1. https://learning.tcsionhub.in/courses/career-edge-youngprofessional/
2. https://trainings.internshala.com/web-development-course/

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