Bagay Junee Bscpe Summative-1

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Electrical Circuits 1 Manual
ACTIVITY 1: SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTION OF LINEAR RESISTORS
ACTIVITY 1.1: RESISTANCE IN SERIES RESISTIVE CIRCUIT
1.1.1 Program Outcomes (POs) addressed by the Activity

b. ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data
d. ability to function on multidisciplinary teams
e. ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems
g. ability to communicate effectively
1.1.2 Activity’s Intended Learning Outcomes (AILOs)

At the end of this activity, the student shall be able to:
a. identify a series connected resistors
b. calculate the total resistance of resistors in series
c. evaluate the characteristics of a series resistors
1.1.3 Objectives of the Activity

The objectives of this activity are to:
1. determine the total resistance of series resistive circuit.
2. verify the results with a multimeter.
1.1.4 Principle of the Activity
A series circuit is the simplest form of an electric circuit. All the components of the circuit are
connected end to end to form a single path for current flow. See Figure 1.1 (a). Electrons forming
the current must flow through all the series resistances. With three resistances in the current path,
the total resistance across the voltage source is the sum of the three resistances. In a series
circuit, the total series resistance (RT) equals the sum of the individual resistances. The total
resistance forms the load applied across the voltage source.

(a)
(b)
Figure 1.1 Resistors in a series circuit.
RT for the circuit shown in Figure 1.1 (a) can be found as shown below.
RT = R1 + R2 + R3
RT = 2200Ω + 1000Ω + 500Ω
RT = 3,700Ω (3.7Ω)
The total resistance of R1, R2, and R3 is the same as that of the equivalent circuit shown in
Figure 1.1 (b). A combination of series resistances is often called a series string. The string
resistance equals the sum of the individual resistances. For example, R1, R2 and R3 in Figure 1
(a) form a series string with RT of 3,700Ω. A series string can be made up of two or more
resistors.
1.1.5 Materials/Equipment
1- F.A.C.E.T Base Unit

1- DC FUNDAMENTALS Circuit Board
2- 15 Vdc Power Supply
1- Multimeter
1.1.6 Procedure/s
1. Turn off the power sources. Insert the DC FUNDAMENTALS circuit board into the base
unit. Do not turn on the power sources at this time.
2. Locate the SERIES CIRCUIT circuit block of the DC FUNDAMENTALS circuit board.
Record the color code of R1, R2, and R3.

BAND 1 BAND 2 BAND 3 BAND 4
R1 1 kΩ 0 kΩ 100 ±5%
R2 1 kΩ 2 kΩ 100 ±5%
R3 6 kΩ 2 kΩ 10 ±5%
3. Record the value of R1, R2, and R3.
R1 = 1000 Ω R2 = 1200 Ω R3 = 620 Ω
4. Calculate RT for the series circuit (RT = R1 + R2 + R3).
RT = 2820 Ω
5. Measure and record the values of R1, R2, R3, and RT ensure that the two post connector is
not in place. (See Figure 1.1-2). Your readings will vary based on the tolerance of each
component.
R1 = 994 Ω R2 = 1178 Ω R3 = 622 Ω RT = 2794 Ω
Figure 1.1-2. Circuit ohmic readings.

6. Place CM Switch 1 in the ON position. Measure and record the value of R1, R2, R3 and
RT.
R1 = 496 Ω R2 = 1178 Ω R3 = 622 Ω RT = 2296 Ω
7. Which resistor changed and by how much? What is the total circuit resistance?
a. Resistor 1 changes and it changed by a decrease of 498 Ω. Making the total
resistance 2296Ω or 2.296 kΩ.
8. Place CM switch 1 in the OFF position. Place CM switch 2 in the ON position. Measure
and record the value of R1, R2, R3 and RT.
R1 = 994 Ω R2 = 1178 Ω R3 = 622 Ω RT = 2794 Ω
9. Compare the value recorded in step 8 to those recorded in step 5. Which resistor changed
and by how much? What is the total circuit resistance?
a. In comparing the values recorded, there is no difference from what we got or
recorded in the data. There are no changes in resistor and in total circuit
resistance, it remains the same.
10. Place the CM switch 2 in the OFF position. Remove all circuit connections from the DC
FUNDAMENTALS circuit board.

1.1.7 Activity Report
Section: Date Performed:

Course Code: CPE005L Date Submitted:
Course Title: FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT - LAB
Instructor:
Group No.: Activity No.: 1.1
Group Members: Signature:

1. JUNEE BAGAY
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.1.7.1 Calculations (if applicable)

1.1.7.2 Conclusion/s: Write at least three (3) conclusions.
 Through the experiment, it observes the changes the CM switches causes when it is
switched on. For this group, it is observed that when the CM switch 1 is turned on there
are no significant changes to the resistance values of each resistor and resulted within the
measured value without switching CM switch 1. However, when CM switch 2 is turned
on, the value R1 is maintained from 2794 Ω to 2793 Ω.
 The series connected resistors in a circuit is known that the total resistance across the
circuit is the sum of all resistors connected in series. This means that if a circuit have
number of resistors with equal resistances connected in series, the total resistance is equal
to the number of resistors multiplied by the resistance value. Adding resistors in the
series connected circuit will only result to a higher value of total resistance across the
circuit. In getting the total value of resistance across the circuit, it can be said that it will
be higher than all of the resistances present in the series connected circuit.
 In measuring the resistance value of each resistor, it is important to know the nominal
value of each resistor based on their color bands. In this way, the tolerance value can be
determined and also the lowest and highest possible value of each resistor. Comparing the
calculated values of the resistance of each resistor and the measured values, it can be
observed that they are not exactly of the same values. The calculated values can be either
have a higher or lower values than the measured. In this sense, it is not considered
incorrect, but because of the tolerance level of each resistor, the measured resistance
value can vary within the lowest to highest possible value. Furthermore, knowing this we
could determine if the resistor is open or short.
1.1.7.3 Rating (See Attached Rubric)

ACTIVITY 1.2: RESISTANCE IN PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUIT
1.2.1 Program Outcomes (POs) addressed by the Activity


a. identify a parallel connected resistors
b. calculate the total resistance of resistors in parallel
c. evaluate the characteristics of a parallel resistors

1. determine the total resistance of parallel resistive circuit.

In electronic circuits, there is often a need to determine the amount of current flow. The amount
of current passing through a load depends upon the source voltage (VA) and the resistance of the
load. In series circuit, we found that the equivalent circuit resistance equalled the sum of the
individual resistance. In a parallel circuit, the equivalent resistance is less than the resistance of
the lowest branch, and the total current is larger than the current through any single branch.
Resistance in a parallel circuit can be reduced to a single total resistance, or equivalent

resistance (RE), applied across the voltage source. Once you determine RE, you can find the total
circuit current.
One way to find the equivalent resistance of a two-resistor parallel circuit is the product-
over-sum method. For example, in Figure 1.2-1, R1 and R2 are connected in parallel. With the
product-over-sum method, RE can be found as shown below.

R1 xR2
RE 
R!  R2
500 x1000
RE 
500  1000
500,000
RE 
1,500
RE  333
When more than two resistors are in parallel, use the reciprocal method to find the equivalent
resistance. The reciprocal of resistance is conductance. If resistance represents an opposition to
current flow, then conductance represents a lack of opposition to current flow. (The unit of
resistance is the ohm, Ω; the unit of conductance is the Siemens, S). Resistance is a measure of
how much opposition is present; conductance is a measure of how little opposition is present.
With respect to current flow, a higher resistance means less current, but a higher conductance
means more current. With the reciprocal method, you use conductance to find equivalent
resistance.
A reciprocal is a mathematical term in which a given value is used as a denominator under the
numerator 1. The reciprocal of a 500Ω resistor is expressed as follows.
1 1
Reciprocal : G   
R 500
Conductance : G  0.002S
You can use one of the two following formulas to find the equivalent of a number of resistors in
parallel, where RN is the last resistor in the circuit.
1 1 1 1 1
Equation 1 :     ... 
RE R1 R2 R3 RN
1
Equation 2 : RE 
1 1 1 1
   ... 
R1 R2 R3 RN
Figure 1.2-2 has a parallel resistive circuit with three resistors. Using the reciprocal method, you
can find the equivalent resistance.
Figure 1.2 -2 Equivalent resistance using reciprocal method

Notice that the equivalent resistance (RE) is less than the lowest resistance value in the parallel
branch (R1 at 500 Ω).

1- DC FUNDAMENTALS Circuit Board
2- 15 Vdc Power Supply
1- Multimeter
1.2.6 Procedure/s
1. Turn off the power sources. Insert the DC FUNDAMENTALS circuit board into the base
unit. Do not turn on the power sources at this time.
2. Using the resistor color code, record the value of R1, R2, and R3 in the PARALLEL
CIRCUIT circuit block.
R1 = 1000 Ω R2 = 2200 Ω R3 = 4700 Ω
3. Measure and record the value of R1, R2, and R3.

NOTE: Make individual resistance measurements without two-post connectors in place.
R1 = 9780 Ω R2 = 2132 Ω R3 = 4620 Ω
4. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 1.2-3. Note the placement of the two post
connectors. Calculate the equivalent resistance (RE) in the parallel circuit consisting of R1
and R2 by using the product–over–sum method.
RE = 883.91 Ω
Figure 1.2-3 Two branch parallel circuit
5. Measure and record RE. Verify that your measured value is the same as your calculated
value.
RE = 883.91 Ω

6. Place CM switch 6 in the ON position. Measure and record the value of R1, R2 and RE.
R1 = 9780 Ω R2 = 2132 Ω RE = 1751 Ω
NOTE: Add or remove two-post connectors as required to measure R1 and R2.
7. Did R1 and R2 increase, decrease, or remain the same?

a. The R1 and R2 remain the same in doing the procedure of the experiment
8. How did the change in the circuit affect the equivalent resistance?
a. The change in the circuit increases the value of the RE
9. Is the equivalent resistance less than the lowest resistor value in either branch?
a. Yes, equivalent resistance is always less than the smallest resistor in the
parallel network so the total resistance, RT will always decrease as additional
parallel resistors are added.
10. Place CM switch 6 in the OFF position, then connect the circuit shown in Figure 1.2-4.
Figure 1.2-4 Parallel resistive circuit
11. When more than two resistors are parallel circuit, use the reciprocal method to find RE.
Calculate RE.
RE = 1276 Ω
12. Confirm your calculation by measuring and recording RE. Your calculated and measured
value may not be equal but should be nearly the same.
RE = 1269.45 Ω
13. Place CM switch 5 in the ON position. Measure and record RE, R1, R2, and R3.
RE = 917 Ω R1 = 2461 Ω R2 = 2132 Ω R3 = 4680 Ω
14. One resistance value (not including RE) has changed. Which one, and has it increased or
decreased?
a. In comparing the values, the R1 decreases its value and the R3 increases in
value.

15. How did this change affect the equivalent resistance of the circuit (measured in step 13)?
a. The change in resistance value decreases the value of the RE.
16. Is the equivalent resistance less than the lowest resistor value of any branch?
a. Yes, equivalent resistance is always less than the smallest resistor in the
parallel network so the total resistance, RT will always decrease as additional
parallel resistors are added.
17. Place CM switch 5 in the OFF position.

Instructor:

1. JUNEE BAGAY
2.
3.
4.
5.

 This time the resistors that are needed to be observed is in parallel connected circuit,
the CM switches 5 and 6 are to be used in observing if there are any changes that to
the values of each resistor as well as on the equivalent resistance. Based on the color
bands of the resistor present and the measured value of each resistor connected in
parallel, the values are close to each other. This means that the resistor is neither short
nor open. Switching on the CM switch 6, the value of each resistor and the equivalent
resistance remains the same, this could imply that there are no changes made in the
resistors or in the circuit itself when the CM switch 6 is turned on. However, when
the CM switch 6 is turned on, the resistance value of the R1 increased, from 0.88 kΩ
to 1.75 kΩ. This is due to the changes CM switch 6 applies to the circuit. Since it is a
parallel connected circuit, the equivalent resistance when CM switch 6 is switched on,
also increases while the R1 remain the same.
 In a parallel connected resistors, the voltage is the same no matter how many resistors
connected in parallel are present in the circuit, but the total current that flows in the
circuit is the sum of each current flowing in each branches.
 In measuring the resistance value of each resistor connected in the parallel as well as
the equivalent resistor. It should be expected that the value of the equivalent resistor
is lower than the branch that has the lowest resistance value. Adding more resistors
connected in parallel would only result to a value that is lower than the lowest
resistance value in any branch. This verified in this experiment by using a multimeter,
where the values of R1, R2, and RE are 9.78kΩ, 2.13kΩ, and 4.62KΩ, respectively.
This can also be proven by identifying the nominal values of the resistors, and use the
reciprocal or the product-over-sum method.

ACTIVITY 1.3: RESISTANCE IN SERIES-PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUIT
1.3.1 Program Outcomes (POs) Addressed by the Activity

d. identify a series-parallel connected resistors
e. calculate the total resistance of resistors in series-parallel
f. evaluate the characteristics of a series-parallel resistors

1. determine the value of the total resistance in a series-parallel resistive circuit by using
Ohm’s law.
You can reduce the resistance in a series/parallel circuit to a single total resistance (R T) by
combining the resistance in the parallel branch and the resistance in the series branch. For
example, in Figure 2.3-1, R2 and R3 are in parallel with each other and are in series with R1. The
first step must take to find RT is to find the equivalent resistance if the parallel branch. When
there are only two resistors in a parallel branch, use the product-over-sum method to find the
equivalent resistance (RE).
RE = (R2 x R3) / (R2 + R3 )
RE = (2,700 x 3,300) / (2,700 + 3,300)
RE = 1.485 kΩ

Figure 1.3-1. Resistance in a series / parallel resistive circuit
Add the equivalent resistance of the parallel branch to the series resistance R1 (1.50kW),
to find total resistance.
RT = R1 + R2
RT = (1,500 + 1,500)Ω
RT = 3kΩ
When a parallel branch circuit has more than two resistors, you should use the reciprocal
method to find RE. For example, in Figure 2.3-2, R4 has been added to the parallel branch.

Figure 1.3-2. Resistance in series / parallel resistive circuit
RE = 1/ (1/R2 + 1/ R3 + 1/R4)
RE = 1/ ( 1/2700 + 1/3300 + 1/4700)
RE = 1/ (0.0004 + 0.0003 + 0.0002)
RE = 1,111Ω
The total circuit resistance can now be found,
RT = R1 + RE
RT = (1,500 + 1,111) Ω
RT = 2,611 Ω
To find equivalent in as series branch, simply add the values of the resistors in the
branch. In Figure 1.3-3, node A to B makes up the series branch. Node B to node C makes up the
parallel branch. To find total resistance, add the equivalent resistance of A-B and parallel branch
B-C. Calculate the equivalent resistance of A-B (RAB) as shown below.
RAB = R1 + R2 + R3
RAB = (1.5 + 1.5 + 2) kΩ
RAB = 5 kΩ
Figure 1.3-3. Resistance in a series / parallel resistive circuit.

Calculate the equivalent resistance B-C (RBC) by using the product-over-sum method.
RBC = (R4 x R5) / (R4+R5)
RBC = (3.30 x 3.30) / (3.30 + 3.30)
RBC =1.65 kΩ
Resistance B-C is a parallel branch that is in series with A-B. To find the total resistance
for this series/ parallel resistive circuit, add the two equivalent resistances.
RT = (RAB + RBC)
RT = (5 + 1.650) kΩ
RT = 6.650 kΩ
When a circuit has a series combination in a parallel branch, you must first find the
equivalent resistance of the combination before you can find the equivalent resistance of the
parallel branch. In Figure 2.3-4, the series combination A-B (R2 and R3) is within a parallel
branch. You can determine the equivalent resistance of the series combination as shown below.
RAB = R2 + R3
RAB = (1.5 +1.5) kΩ
RAB = 3 kΩ
When you know the equivalent resistance of the series combination, you can find the
equivalent resistance of the parallel branch (RE) by using the product-over-sum method.
RE = (RAB x R4)/ (RAB + R4)

Figure 1.3-4. Resistance of a series / parallel resistive circuit with a series combination in a
parallel branch.
RE = (3 x 3.33)/ (3 + 3.33)
RE = 9.9 / 6.3
RE = 1.5714 kΩ (which can be rounded off to 1.6 kΩ)
The parallel branch has been reduced to as single equivalent resistance. Adding this
equivalent resistance to R1 gives the total resistance of the series/ parallel circuit.
RT = RE + R1 )
RT = (1.6 + 2.4) kΩ
RT = 4 kΩ

1- DC FUNDAMENTAL Circuit Board
2- 15Vdc Power Supply
1- Multimeter

1.3.6 Procedure/s
1. Insert the DC FUNDAMENTALS circuit board into the base unit. Do not turn on the
power sources.
2. Locate the SERIES/ PARALLEL CIRCUIT circuit block, and connect the circuit shown
in Figure 1.3-5.
Figure 1.3-5. Resistance in series / parallel resistive series circuit.
NOTE: Do not apply power to the SERIES / PARALLEL CIRCUIT circuit block.
3. Calculate and record RE for the parallel branch circuit.

RE = 800 Ω
4. Calculate and record RT for the series / parallel circuit.

RT = 1130 Ω
5. Measure and record RE for the parallel branch circuit.

RE = 788 Ω
6. Measure and record RT.

RE = 1136 Ω
7. When more than two resistors are in parallel branch, the reciprocal method is used to find
RE. Calculate RE and RT for the circuit in Figure 2.3-6.

Figure 1.3-6. Series / parallel resistive circuit.
CALCULATED RE AND RT:

RE= 617.14Ω RT = 947.14Ω
8. The circuit shown in Figure1.3-5 is the basic series/ parallel circuit. The circuit in Figure
2.3-6 has an additional resistor, R4, that you can add by closing CM switch 12. Place CM
switch 12 in the ON position. Measure and record the values of RE and RT.
RE = 611 Ω RT = 937 Ω
9. Does adding more resistance in parallel increase or decrease the total circuit resistance of
a series /parallel circuit?
a. Yes, As more and more resistors are added in parallel to a circuit, the
equivalent resistance of the circuit decreases and the total current of the
circuit increases.
10. Place CM switch 12 in the OFF position.
11. Place CM switch 13 in the ON position. Record the values of R1 and RE.
R1 = 323.1 Ω RE = 4.0 Ω
12. Which resistor value changed, and did it increase or it decrease?

a. The resistor that changed its value is R1 and it decreases its value.
13. Was this change due to resistance added in series or in parallel?

a. Due to the resistance added in parallel, As more and more resistors are
added in parallel to a circuit, the equivalent resistance of the circuit
decreases and the total current of the circuit increases.
14. Calculate the new value of RT.
RT = 323.1 + 4.0 = 327.1 Ω
15. Confirm your estimated value of RT by measuring. Is it correct?

RT = 327.4 Ω (measured value)
16. Place CM switch 13 in OFF position.

Instructor:

2. JUNEE BAGAY
2.
3.
4.
5.

 The series/parallel combination, the principles of series circuit and the principles of
parallel circuit are applied to determine the total resistance across the circuit. Applying
also the Ohm’s Law the corresponding voltage or current in a parallel/series combination
in this circuit can be determined.
 The nodes, and branches should also be considered in this circuit in order to identify
whether the resistors are connected in series or in parallel. It can be determined that a
resistor is connected in series, if there are only two branches connected in a single node,
and are connected by a single node. While, it can be determined that is connected in
parallel if two or more branches are connected in a single node, and two or more
branches are connected in the same two nodes. Applying this principle, a resistor can be
determined if it is either connected in series or parallel, thus can apply the right principle.
 In getting the total resistance across the circuit, analyzing the whole circuit is the most
important step. When the whole circuit is in series with a resistor, we can assume that the
total resistance across the circuit is higher than the resistance value of that resistor. On the
other hand, if the whole series/parallel circuit combination is connected in parallel with a
resistor, we can therefore assume that the total resistance across the circuit is lower than
the resistance of that resistor.
 Applying the Ohm’s Law in this series/parallel circuit combination, the voltage supplied
and current across the circuit can be determined. In a series connected circuit, the current
across it is constant, while the voltage supplied in a parallel circuit is constant. With the
use of Ohm’s Law the total voltage supplied in a series circuit can be determined, and the
total current across a parallel circuit can also be determined.

ACTIVITY 2: DELTA-WYE TRANSFORMATION OF RESISTIVE NETWORKS
2.1 EXERCISE TITLE: TEE AND WYE OR PI AND DELTA NETWORKS

g. identify tee, wye, delta and pi networks
h. describe tee, wye, delta and pi networks
i. compare tee, wye, delta and pi networks

1. To identify and compare tee, wye, delta and pi networks.
2. To verify the results by using measured data.

A tee network is identical to a wye network but is schematically drawn in a difference
configuration. For a T and a Y network with identical resistive values, resistances across like
terminals are equal. A pi network is identical to a dental network but is schematically drawn in a
different configuration. For ∆ and π networks with identical resistive values, resistance readings
taken across like terminals are equal.
1- Multimeter

2.1.6 Procedure/s
1. Locate the DELTA TO WYE OR WYE TO DELTA circuit block in the DC NETWORK
THEOREMS circuit board.
2. On the T NETWORK section of the circuit block, measure the resistance across each pair
of terminals. Record your values on Figure 2.1-1 (a).
(a) (b)
Figure 2.1-1. T and Y Networks
3. On the Y NETWORK section of the circuit block, measure the resistance across each pair
of terminals. Record your values on Figure 2.1-1(b).
T-NETWORK Y-NETWORK
R1 1.09 kΩ 1.093 kΩ
R2 1.572 kΩ 1.569 kΩ
R3 0.99 kΩ 0.992 kΩ
Notice that R1 of Y = R1 of T, R2 of Y= R2 of T, and R3 of Y = R3 of T.
4. Based on your data, are the terminal resistances of the T and Y networks identical?
Yes, As we have already seen, we can redraw the T resistor network above to
produce an electrically equivalent Star or Υ type network.
5. Will the resistances of the networks be equal if the specific network resistors are not?
Yes, resistance readings will be taken across like terminals equals.

6. On the π NETWORK section of the circuit block, measure the resistances across each
pair of terminals. Record your values on the Figure 2.1-2(a).
(a) (b)
Figure 2.1-2. Pi and delta networks
7. On the DELTA NETWORK section of the circuit block, measure the resistance across
each pair of terminals. Record your values on Figure 2.1-2(b).
Π NETWORK Δ NETWORK
RA 2.670 kΩ 2.663 kΩ
RB 2.063 kΩ 2.058 kΩ
RC 2.560 kΩ 2.559 kΩ
8. Based on your data, are the terminal resistances of the ∆ and π networks identical?
Yes, the pi network is identical to a dental network.
9. Will the resistances of the networks be equal if the specific network resistors are not?
Yes, resistance readings will be taken across like terminals equals.


Instructor:

3. JUNEE BAGAY
2.
3.
4.
5.
2.1.7.1 Calculations

 Based on the experiment, the measured data of resistors in the Tee network are 1.09 kΩ (R ), 1
1.575 kΩ (R ), and 0.99 kΩ (R ); while the measured data of resistors in the Wye network are
2 3
1.093 kΩ (R ), 1.569 kΩ (R ), and 0.992 kΩ (R ). From this, I concluded that the Tee network is
1 2 3
identical to a Wye network by its resistors, but different in its configuration.
 I also concluded that the resistors of the Delta network and the Pi network are identical, but
different in its configuration. This is proved by comparing the measured data of resistors in the
Delta network and the Pi network. The measured data of resistors in the Delta network are 2.66
kΩ (R ), 2.058 kΩ (R ), and 2.559 kΩ (R ); while the measured data of resistors in the Pi network
A B C
are 2.67 kΩ (R ), 2.06 kΩ (R ), and 2.56 kΩ (R ).

A B C
 I concluded that Tee and Wye networks can be identified by three resistors connected to 4 nodes,
having an extra node between the center of the three resistors. Delta and Pi networks can be
identified by three resistors connected to 3 nodes, having all connected to a node two at a time

ACTIVITY 2.2: TRANSFORMATION OF DELTA AND WYE NETWORKS

j. illustrate the equivalent wye of delta, delta of wye network
k. calculate the resistance of the resistors of the equivalent network
l. compare the computed and measured data

1. convert between delta and wye circuits.
2. verify the results by comparing the measured data

Formulas for delta and wye conversion are derived from Kirchhoff’s laws. The value of
each resistor in a delta network can be determined from the sum of all cross products in the wye
network divided by the opposite resistance in the wye network. This process is illustrated in
Figure 2.2-1.

Figure 2.2-1.Delta from wye.
Each value of the wye network must be known. By applying the formula shown, you can
calculate each resistor value in the equivalent delta network.
The numerator of the formula does not change. The denominator is the value of the wye network
resistor opposite to the delta resistor whose value is to be determined. Therefore, in the formula
given Figure 2.2-1, the denominator is Y1, Y2, or Y3, depending on which delta component value
you want to find.
The value of each resistor in a network can be determined from the product of two adjacent
resistors in the wye network divided by the sum of all resistors in the delta network. This process
is illustrated in Figure 2.2-2.
Each value of the delta network must be known. Be applying then formula shown, you can
calculate each resistor value in the equivalent wye network.
The denominator of the formula does not change. The numerator is the product of the delta
network resistance that is adjacent to Y resistor whose value is to be determined. Therefore, in
the formula given in Figure 2.2-2, the numerator is ∆2 x ∆3 ,∆2 x ∆1, or ∆1 x ∆3, depending on
which wye component value you want to find.
Figure 2.2-2.Wye from delta.
2- Multimeter

2.2.6 Procedure/s
1. Locate the DELTA TO WYE OR WYE TO DELTA circuit block on the DC NETWORK
THEOREMS circuit board. Measure the value of each resistor of the Y NETWORK.
Record your readings on Figure 2.2-3
Figure 2.2-3. Y test network.
R1 R2 R3
1.090 kΩ 1.576 kΩ 1.000 kΩ
2. Using the values of Figure 2.2-3, calculate each resistor value required to complete the
delta equivalent circuit of Figure 2.2-1. Record your results on the figure.

Figure 2.2-4. Delta equivalent of Figure 3.2-3 wye.
CALCULATED MEASURED
RA 4.38 kΩ 4.41 kΩ
RB 2.78 kΩ 2.73 kΩ
RC 4.02 kΩ 4.02 kΩ
3. Measure each resistor value in the π NETWORK, and compare your readings with the
results in Figure 2.2-1. Are your measured and calculated values about the same?
Note: Remove the two-post connector between the Delta terminals of the pi network.
Remember that the pi and delta networks are identical.
The Calculated values are précised values from the accurate one. Maybe due to
round-off errors that’s why the values have a difference with each other.
4. Measure each terminal pair of the ∆ NETWORK and the Y NETWORK. Are the values
about the same?
No, the values are different in measurement but their networks are identical to one
another.
5. Is the ∆ NETWORK equivalent to the Y NETWORK?

Yes by “equivalent,” meaning that the two networks will be electrically identical as
measured from the three terminals.
6. The terminal pair resistances of the Y and ∆ NETWORKS are equivalent. Based on your
results, are the individual resistors of each network equal in value?
Based on the report or data, the networks value differs from one another.
7. Measure the individual resistor values of the π NETWORK. Record each value in the
network of Figure 2.2-5.

Figure 3.2-5. Delta test.
RA RB RC
4.41 kΩ 2.73 kΩ 4.03 kΩ
8. Using the value of the Figure 3.2-5, calculate each resistor value required to complete the
wye equivalent circuit of Figure 3.2-6. Record your results on the figure.
Figure 2.2-6. Wye equivalent of Figure 2.2-5 delta.
R1 R2 R3
1.08 kΩ 1.59 kΩ 1.07 kΩ

9. Measure each resistor value in the T NETWORK, and compare your readings with the
results in Figure 2.2-6. Are your measured and calculated values about the same?
R1 R2 R3
Y - Network 1.08 kΩ 1.59 kΩ 1.07 kΩ
T – Network 1.09 kΩ 1.572 kΩ 0.99 kΩ
Based on the data, they are not the same but they are closed to each other. There are
small differences between them.
10. Measure each terminal pair of the ∆ and Y NETWORKS. Based on your results. Are the
values about the same?
R1 R2 R3
Y - Network 1.08 kΩ 1.59 kΩ 1.07 kΩ
Δ – Network 4.41 kΩ 2.73 kΩ 4.03 kΩ
Based on the data, the Delta Network are much higher that the Y-network.
11. Is the Y NETWORK equivalent to the ∆ NETWORK?

Δ and Y networks can be converted to their equivalent counterparts with the proper
resistance equations. By “equivalent,” I mean that the two networks will be
electrically identical as measured from the three terminals.
12. The terminal pair resistances of the Y and ∆ NETWORKS are equivalent. Based on your
result, are the individual resistors of each network equal in value?
Based on the report or data, the networks value differs from one another.
13. Which components of Figure 2.2-7 form the circuit’s two delta networks?
Figure 2.2-7. Resistive bridge circuit.
14. Using the delta to wye conversion process, complete Figure 2.2-8.

Figure 2.2-8. Converted bridge circuit.
V IT R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
15 31.01 mA 220 Ω 1000 Ω 141.93 Ω 46.83 Ω 212.90 Ω
15. Based on the values of Figure 2.2-8, apply Ohm’s law to determine the total circuit
current IT.
16. Measure the total circuit current on the THEVENIZING A BRIDGE CIRCUIT circuit
block. Does this result agree with calculated current in step 15?
Based on the measured value we got a 31.01 mA or 0.03101 A and we computed
0.03754 A or 37.54 mA. Therefore we got a 21.0577% change or 19.0518%
difference.
17. Does the application of a delta to wye conversion simplify the reduction of a bridge
circuit?
Yes, The Delta-Wye transformation is an extra technique for transforming certain
resistor combinations that cannot be handled by the series and parallel equations.
This is also referred to as a Pi - T transformation.


Instructor:

4. JUNEE BAGAY
2.
3.
4.
5.

2.2.7.1 Calculations
FOR NUMBER 2:
[ }
[ }
[ }
FOR NUMBER 8:
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
FOR NUMBER 14:
FOR NUMBER 16:

 I can concluded that Tee or Wye networks can be converted into Delta or Pi networks by getting
the sum of all cross products in the Tee / Wye network divided by the opposite resistance in the
Tee / Wye network. This was used in converting the Wye network with resistances 1.090 kΩ (R ), 1
1.576 kΩ (R ), and 1.000 kΩ (R ) to a Delta network. The Delta network that was calculated has
2 3
resistors of 4.38 kΩ (R ), 2.78 kΩ (R ), and 4.02 kΩ (R ) resistances. This calculated data was
A B C
compared and verified with the measured data of the Delta network presented in the DELTA TO
WYE OR WYE TO DELTA circuit block which has the resistances of 4.41 kΩ (R ), 2.73 kΩ A
(R ), and 4.02 kΩ (R ). The results showed that it is identical with the percentage difference of
B C
0.68 % for R , 1.81 % for R , and 0% for R .

A B C
 Also, the Delta or Pi networks can be converted into Tee or Wye networks by getting the product
of the two adjacent resistors in the Tee or Wye network divided by the sum of all resistors in the
Delta or Pi network. 4.03 kΩ (R ) to a Wye network. The Wye network that was calculated has
C
resistors of 1.08 kΩ (R ), 1.59 kΩ (R ), and 1.07 kΩ (R ) resistances. This calculated data was
1 2 3
compared and verified with the measured data of the Wye network presented in the DELTA TO
WYE OR WYE TO DELTA circuit block which has the resistances of 1.09 kΩ (R1), 1.576 kΩ
(R2), and 1.000kΩ (R3). The results showed that it is identical with the percentage difference of
0.92 % (R ), 0.88 % (R ), and 6.76 % (R ).

1 2 3
 Lastly, the Tee or Wye network to Delta or Pi network and vice-versa conversions are applied to
simplify the configuration of a circuit. By using these, total resistances of circuits that are not
configuration to series, parallel, or series-parallel connections can be solved. Identification of Tee
or Wye networks and Delta or Pi networks can prove vital in solving complex circuits. I learned
that these conversions are made to make the circuit simpler, not more complicated.


Bagay Junee Bscpe Summative-1

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Electrical Circuits 1 Manual

ACTIVITY 1: SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTION OF LINEAR RESISTORS

ACTIVITY 1.1: RESISTANCE IN SERIES RESISTIVE CIRCUIT

1.1.1 Program Outcomes (POs) addressed by the Activity

1.1.2 Activity’s Intended Learning Outcomes (AILOs)

1.1.3 Objectives of the Activity

1.1.4 Principle of the Activity

ACTIVITY 1: SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTION OF LINEAR RESISTORS

Figure 1.1 Resistors in a series circuit.

RT = 2200Ω + 1000Ω + 500Ω

1- F.A.C.E.T Base Unit

ACTIVITY 1: SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTION OF LINEAR RESISTORS

3. Record the value of R1, R2, and R3.

R1 = 1000 Ω R2 = 1200 Ω R3 = 620 Ω

4. Calculate RT for the series circuit (RT = R1 + R2 + R3).

R1 = 994 Ω R2 = 1178 Ω R3 = 622 Ω RT = 2794 Ω

Figure 1.1-2. Circuit ohmic readings.

ACTIVITY 1: SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTION OF LINEAR RESISTORS

R1 = 496 Ω R2 = 1178 Ω R3 = 622 Ω RT = 2296 Ω

R1 = 994 Ω R2 = 1178 Ω R3 = 622 Ω RT = 2794 Ω

ACTIVITY 1: SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTION OF LINEAR RESISTORS

Section: Date Performed:

Group Members: Signature:

1.1.7.1 Calculations (if applicable)

ACTIVITY 1: SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTION OF LINEAR RESISTORS

1.1.7.3 Rating (See Attached Rubric)

ACTIVITY 1: SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTION OF LINEAR RESISTORS

Electrical Circuits 1 Manual

ACTIVITY 1.2: RESISTANCE IN PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUIT

1.2.1 Program Outcomes (POs) addressed by the Activity

1.2.2 Activity’s Intended Learning Outcomes (AILOs)

1.2.3 Objectives of the Activity

1.2.4 Principle of the Activity

Resistance in a parallel circuit can be reduced to a single total resistance, or equivalent

ACTIVITY 1: SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTION OF LINEAR RESISTORS

Figure 1.2 -2 Equivalent resistance using reciprocal method

ACTIVITY 1: SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTION OF LINEAR RESISTORS

1- F.A.C.E.T Base Unit

R1 = 1000 Ω R2 = 2200 Ω R3 = 4700 Ω

3. Measure and record the value of R1, R2, and R3.

R1 = 9780 Ω R2 = 2132 Ω R3 = 4620 Ω

Figure 1.2-3 Two branch parallel circuit

ACTIVITY 1: SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTION OF LINEAR RESISTORS

NOTE: Add or remove two-post connectors as required to measure R1 and R2.

7. Did R1 and R2 increase, decrease, or remain the same?

Figure 1.2-4 Parallel resistive circuit

ACTIVITY 1: SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTION OF LINEAR RESISTORS

17. Place CM switch 5 in the OFF position.

1.2.7 Activity Report

Section: Date Performed:

Group Members: Signature:

ACTIVITY 1: SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTION OF LINEAR RESISTORS

1.2.7.2 Conclusion/s: Write at least three (3) conclusions.

1.2.7.3 Rating (See Attached Rubric)

ACTIVITY 1: SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTION OF LINEAR RESISTORS

Electrical Circuits 1 Manual

ACTIVITY 1.3: RESISTANCE IN SERIES-PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUIT

1.3.1 Program Outcomes (POs) Addressed by the Activity

1.3.2 Activity’s Intended Learning Outcomes (AILOs)

1.3.3 Objectives of the Activity

1.3.4 Principle of the Activity

RE = (R2 x R3) / (R2 + R3 )