MEASUREMENT: DAY-13 (14-11-22)

Measurement is the quantification of attributes of an object or event, which can be used to

compare with other objects or events. In other words, measurement is a process of determining
how large or small a physical quantity is, as compared to a basic reference quantity of the same
kind.

CONTROL:

Regulating a quantity as per the requirement is known as control.

Sensor/ Signal
Measurement Output
Trans-ducer conditioning

Flow-chart for Measurement and control

FEEDBACK CONTROL:

What is meant by feedback control?

Feedback control is a process that managers can use to evaluate how effectively their teams meet
the stated goals at the end of a production process. Feedback control evaluates the team's
progress by comparing the output the team was planning on producing to what was actually
produced.

Block diagram for Feedback control

SAMPLING:

Sampling is a process that is used to convert analog signal to digital signal.

HOLDING:

Holding is a process that is used to convert digital signal to analog signal.

Continuous and discrete signals

Quantities that need to be measured in day to day life:

 Temperature
 Pressure
 Level
 Flow
 Velocity / Speed
 Force
 Torque
DAY-14 (15-11-22)

SOLVING PROBLEMS USING COEP’s PLC LAB IN VIRTUAL LABS :

1. A metal bar is held in a fixture and shaped by hydraulic press operations. Close IN001 to
start hydraulic press, A, CR017, presses in and stays in pressed position. After 5 seconds,
press actuator, B, CR018, presses in from another direction and holds position. Finally, a
third press actuator, C, CR019 presses in 3 rd direction 10 seconds after closing IN001 and
holds position. Opening IN001 releases all three presses so that the part may be removed.
Develop a Ladder logic for the above description.
2. When a switch is turned on, C goes on immediately and D goes on 9 seconds later.
Opening the switch turns both C and D off.

EMBEDDED SYSTEM:

An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software designed for a

specific function. Embedded systems may also function within a larger system. The systems can
be programmable or have a fixed functionality. Industrial machines, consumer electronics,
agricultural and processing industry devices, automobiles, medical equipment, cameras, digital
watches, household appliances, airplanes, vending machines and toys, as well as mobile devices,
are possible locations for an embedded system.

What are the four types of embedded systems?

Based on Performance and Functional Requirements it is divided into 4 types as follows :
 Real-Time Embedded Systems
 Stand Alone Embedded Systems
 Networked Embedded Systems
 Mobile Embedded Systems

PROCESSOR:
A processor (CPU) is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that
drive a computer. The CPU is seen as the main and most crucial integrated circuitry (IC) chip in
a computer, as it is responsible for interpreting most of the computer’s commands.

Types of processors:

1. CISC (Complex instruction set computer)

2. RISC (Reduced instruction set computer)
ARM PROCESSOR:

ARM stands for Advanced RISC Machine. An ARM processor is a specific type of computer
processor designed according to a model developed by ARM Holdings PLC. This processor
design is described as a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) design, where a simplified
central processing unit (CPU) design accommodates higher performance.
DSP (DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR):

Digital Signal Processors (DSP) take real-world signals like voice, audio, video, temperature,
pressure, or position that have been digitized and then mathematically manipulate them.

DAY-15 (16-11-22)

RASPBERRY PI:

Raspberry Pi is the name of a series of single-board computers made by the Raspberry Pi

Foundation. a UK charity that aims to educate people in computing and create easier access to
computing education.

The Raspberry Pi launched in 2012, and there have been several iterations and variations
released since then. The original Pi had a single-core 700MHz CPU and just 256MB RAM, and
the latest model has a quad-core CPU clocking in at over 1.5GHz, and 4GB RAM. The price
point for Raspberry Pi has always been under $100 (usually around $35 USD), most notably the
Pi Zero, which costs just $5.

All over the world, people use the Raspberry Pi to learn programming skills, build hardware
projects, do home automation, implement Kubernetes clusters and Edge computing, and even use
them in industrial applications.
The Raspberry Pi is a very cheap computer that runs Linux, but it also provides a set of GPIO
(general purpose input/output) pins, allowing you to control electronic components for physical
computing and explore the Internet of Things (IoT).

SENSOR:

A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical
environment. The input can be light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure or any number of other
environmental phenomena.

TRANSDUCER:

A transducer is an electronic device that converts energy from one form to another. Common
examples include microphones, loudspeakers, thermometers, position and pressure sensors, and
antenna.

EXAMPLES OF SENSORS:

1. ULTRASONIC SENSOR: As the name indicates, ultrasonic sensors measure distance

by using ultrasonic waves. The sensor head emits an ultrasonic wave and receives the
wave reflected from the target. Ultrasonic Sensors measure the distance to the target by
measuring the time between the emission and reception.
2. GAS SENSOR: In simple terms, a gas sensor is a device capable of responding to the
presence of gas defined by certain parameters. Detecting gas is based upon the
concentration of gas present in the atmosphere changing the property of the sensor's
material or circuitry. They are commonly used to detect toxic or explosive gases and
measure gas concentration. Gas sensors are employed in factories and manufacturing
facilities to identify gas leaks, and to detect smoke and carbon monoxide in homes

3. HUMIDITY SENSOR: A humidity sensor is an electronic device that measures the

humidity in its environment and converts its findings into a corresponding electrical
signal. Humidity sensors work by detecting changes that alter electrical currents or
temperature in the air. There are three basic types of humidity sensors: capacitive,
resistive and thermal. All three types will monitor minute changes in the atmosphere in
order to calculate the humidity in the air.
4. SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR: Soil moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content in
soil. Since the direct gravimetric measurement of free-soil moisture requires removing, drying, and
weighing of a sample, soil moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content indirectly by using
some other property of the soil, such as electrical resistance, dielectric constant, or interaction with
neutrons, as a proxy for the moisture content.

5. LIGHT SENSOR: Light sensors detect light and convert light energy to an electrical
signal output. Once converted into electrical energy, the radiant energy within the
infrared to ultraviolet light frequency spectrum source can then be measured.
THINGSPEAK:
ThingSpeak is an IoT analytics platform service that allows you to aggregate, visualize and
analyze live data streams in the cloud. ThingSpeak provides instant visualizations of data posted
by your devices to ThingSpeak. ThingSpeak enables sensors, instruments, and websites to send
data to the cloud where it is stored in either a private or a public channel. ThingSpeak stores data
in private channels by default, but public channels can be used to share data with others.

SOME IMAGES OF OUTPUT OF THE ULTRASONIC, TEMPERTURE SENSORS

ETC... UPLOADED TO THINGSPEAK AND ANALYSED USING RASPBERRY PI:
NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS:

NI MULTISIM: Multisim software provides SPICE simulation, analysis, and printed circuit
board (PCB) tools to help you quickly iterate through designs and improve prototype
performance. Move from schematic to layout seamlessly to save time and reduce prototype
iterations.

Designing an inverting amplifier circuit on multisim

DAY-16 (17-11-2022)

NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE

LEARNING FOR ELECTRONICS, CONTROL AND AUTOMATION (NCAECA-2022)

Artificial Intelligence:
Artificial Intelligence refers to the intelligence of machines. This is in contrast to the natural
intelligence of humans and animals. With Artificial Intelligence, machines perform functions
such as learning, planning, reasoning and problem-solving. Most noteworthy, Artificial
Intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence by machines. It is probably the fastest-
growing development in the World of technology and innovation. Furthermore, many experts
believe AI could solve major challenges and crisis situations.

TYPES OF AI:

1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:

 Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence. The
most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of Artificial
Intelligence.
 Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one
specific task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI. Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable
ways if it goes beyond its limits.
 Apple’s Siri is a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a limited pre-defined
range of functions.
 IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow AI, as it uses an Expert system
approach combined with Machine learning and natural language processing.
 Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-commerce
sites, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.
2. General AI:
 General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual task with
efficiency like a human.
  The idea behind the general AI is to make such a system which could be smarter and
think like a human on its own.
 Currently, there is no such system which could come under general AI and can perform
any task as perfect as a human.
 Researchers worldwide are now focused on developing machines with General AI.
 As systems with general AI are still under research, it will take lots of effort and time to
develop such systems.
3. Super AI:
 Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines can surpass human
intelligence and can perform any task better than humans with cognitive properties. It is
an outcome of general AI.
 Some key characteristics of strong AI include the ability to think, to reason, solve the
puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate on its own.
 Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. The development of
such systems in real life is still a world changing task.

DAY-17 (18-11-2022)
INDUSTRY VISIT TO BANGLORE WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE BOARD
(B.W.S.S.B.) T.K. HALLI

 Saw various steps of cleaning the river water and supplying the treated water to
Bangalore city.

The steps in cleaning water include:

(1) Collection;

(2) Screening and Straining;

(3) Chemical Addition;

(4) Coagulation and Flocculation;

(5) Sedimentation and Clarification;

(6) Filtration;
(7) Disinfection;

(8) Storage;

(9) and finally, Distribution.

A few images from the industry visit:

DAY-18 (19-11-2022)

NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE

LEARNING FOR ELECTRONICS, CONTROL AND AUTOMATION (NCAECA-2022)

DIGITAL TWIN:

A digital twin is a digital representation of a real-world entity or system. The implementation of

a digital twin is an encapsulated software object or model that mirrors a unique physical object,
process, organization, person or other abstraction.

With the help of a digital twin, companies can test and validate a product before it even exists in
the real world. By creating a replica of the planned production process, a digital twin enables
engineers to identify any process failures before the product goes into production.
THE FOUR INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS:

 First Industrial Revolution: Coal in 1765.

 Second Industrial Revolution: Gas in 1870.
 Third Industrial Revolution: Electronics and Nuclear in 1969.
 Fourth Industrial Revolution: Internet and Renewable Energy in 2000.

First Industrial Revolution: Coal in 1765

The original industrial revolution transformed our economy from agriculture to industry.
Processes became mechanized and products were manufactured for the first time. During this
period, the discovery of coal and its mass extraction, as well as the development of the steam
engine and metal forging completely changed the way goods were produced and exchanged.
Inventions such as spinning machines and looms to make fabric were making their appearance.
Canal transportation began replacing wagon and mules for moving around these goods.

Second Industrial Revolution: Gas in 1870

As the first industrial revolution was driven by coal, the second revolved around the discovery of
electricity, gas and oil. The invention of the combustion engine went hand-in-hand with these
fuel sources. Both steel- and chemically based products entered the market during this time.
Developments in communication technology got a jump start with the telegraph and later the
telephone. Transportation grew by leaps and bounds with the invention of the plane and car.
Mechanical production grew in speed through the advent of mass production.

Third Industrial Revolution: Electronics and Nuclear in 1969

After another hundred years, nuclear energy and electronics enter the landscape. Nuclear power
began in Europe, grew in both Great Britain and the United States, went into remission for years,
and grew in Asia.

Fourth Industrial Revolution: Internet and Renewable Energy in 2000

As we continue moving through the fourth industrial revolution, we see a shift to renewable
energy such as solar, wind and geothermal. However, the momentum comes not from the shift in
energy but from the acceleration of digital technology. The internet and the digital world mean a
real-time connection within more and more components of a production line, both inside and
outside facility walls. As the development of the Industrial Internet of Things, cloud technology
and artificial intelligence continue, a virtual world will merge with the physical world. Predictive
maintenance and real-time data will lead to smarter business decisions for a myriad of companies
around the world.
COMPARISION BETWEEN 4G AND 5G: