TIP Planning Manual Volume 1 Planning Principles

Totally Integrated Power
Power Distribution Planning Manual

Volume 1: Planning Principles
Answers for infrastructure.

Contents
Integrated Planning – Cost Reduction 4
1 General Planning Considerations 8 4 Power System Concept 60
1.1 The Planner’s Tasks 8 4.1 Network Configurations 60
1.2 Contents of the Individual Project Phases 8 4.2 Protection and Dimensioning Principles 74
1.3 Some Basic Considerations on Power Distribution 11 4.3 Power Quality 79
1.4 Standards, Standardisation Bodies and Guidelines 20 4.4 Electromagnetic Compatibility 82
1.5 Automation, Management and Safety 5 Main Components for Power Distribution 90
for the Building Infrastructure 22
5.1 Medium-voltage Switchgear 90
2 Load Requirements 44 5.2 Distribution Transformers 98
2.1 Estimate of Power Demand 44 5.3 Low-voltage Switchgear 110

5.4 Distribution Boards for Sub-distribution Systems 114
2.2 Type of Power Supply 45
5.5 Routing 117
2.3 Checklist and Simultaneity Factors
for Functional Areas and Building Areas 47
6 Appendix 124
2.4 SIMARIS – Software Tools for Efficient Planning 49 6.1 Planning Steps 124
6.2 List of Abbreviations 128
3 Power Sources 52
3.1 Embedded Generation Systems 52 Your Siemens Contacts 131

3.2 Standby Power Generating Set 52 Contacts for Special Interests 131
3.3 Uninterruptible Power Supply 57 Imprint 132
Introduction
Integrated Planning –
Cost Reduction
Integrated Planning – Cost Reduction
Increasingly higher requirements are placed on modern selected and rated in such a way that an optimum result
buildings. As early as in the planning stage, demands for for the power system as whole is achieved rather than
a high level of safety, flexibility throughout the entire life focusing individual components. All components must
cycle, a low level of environmental pollution, the inte- be sufficiently rated to withstand normal operating
gration of renewable energies and low costs must be conditions as well as fault conditions. In addition, the
taken into account in order to exploit the full potential. following important aspects must be considered, when
A special challenge is the coordination of the individual drawing up the power supply concept:
installations. Basically, the main installations are heating, • Type, use and shape of the building (e.g. high-rise
ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration, fire pro- building, low-rise building, multi-storey building)
tection, protection against intrusion, building control • Load centres must be determined, as well as possible
system and electric power distribution. In modern plan- routes for supply lines and possible installation sites for
ning, the requirements are not simply broken down to transformers and main distribution boards
the individual installations, but have to be coordinated. • Building-related connection values according to spe-
cific area loads that correspond to the building’s type
Regarding the planning concept for power supply, it is of use
not only imperative to observe standards and regula- • Statutory provisions and conditions imposed by build-
tions, it is also important to discuss and clarify economic ing authorities
and technical interrelations. To this end electric equip- • Requirements by the power distribution network
ment, such as distribution boards and transformers, is operator
Feed-in
Power distribution
Short-circuit / overload protection
Power management
no log y
Bu ild in g te ch
g in du str y
manu fa cturin
Pr oc es s an d
sy st em s
uc ts an d
in g, pr od
, co nf igur
Pl anning
Totally Integrated Power – integrated solutions for power distribution
4 Totally Integrated Power – Integrated Planning – Cost Reduction

The greatest potential for the optimisation of a project is
during the planning phase. At this stage, the course is
set for additional costs and cost increases which may
incur during the erection and subsequent use of the
building.
For the purpose of integrated planning, a building is

regarded as an entity, functionality is defined in line
with the processes running without limiting it to the
individual installations, as it used to be done in tradi-
tional approaches. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to
define specifications comprehensively as early as in the
planning stage. This is the only way to implement a
solution with optimally matched systems and compo-
nents. A seamless technical integration of the different
systems will make it possible to attain maximum process
efficiency and reliability. At the same time, costs weigh-
ing on building investors, users and operators can be
reduced by exploiting synergies.
Integrated planning utilizes the synergies of well

matched, intelligent, integrated systems and products
from a single supplier and implements them in cost-ef-
fective solutions. Elaborate interfacing and harmonisa-
tion of different systems and products becomes obso-
lete. The expense for spare parts management and
procurement is reduced. Communication systems can be
used to connect power supply/distribution systems and
products to other installations such as automated pro-
cess and production systems or automated building man-
agement systems. The wiring expense can be substan-
tially reduced by a well matched concept and the wider
utilisation of the cable infrastructure for data transmis-
sion attained through such a concept.
These are merely some examples, how the cost-benefit

ratio can be crucially improved by integrated planning as
compared to conventional planning.
The focus of Totally Integrated Power™ lies on all power

distribution components as an integrated entity. Totally
Integrated Power offers everything that can be expected
from a future-oriented power distribution system: open-
ness, integration, efficient engineering tools, manifold
options for communication and, of course, a substantial
improvement in efficiency. When regarding power distri-
bution requirements in terms of building automation,
fire protection and safety systems, it becomes soon
obvious that the better the individual installations are
networked, the greater the rise in savings potential. Cost
reductions up to 25 percent are feasible. Investors and
building operators can thus provide a cost-effective
power supply system and boost their own efficiency.
Users benefit from high-level electricity supply in both
quality and quantity at favourable conditions.
Totally Integrated Power – Integrated Planning – Cost Reduction 5

Chapter 1
General Planning Considerations
1.1 The Planner’s Tasks 8

1.2 Contents of the Individual Project Phases 8
1.3 Some Basic Considerations
on Power Distribution 11
1.4 Standards, Standardisation Bodies
and Guidelines 20
1.5 Automation, Management and Safety
for the Building Infrastructure 22
1 General Planning Considerations
1.1 The Planner’s Tasks ning Principles”, shall assist you in sizing the superordi-
nate components for technical installations in buildings
It is up to the planner to win an edge over his competi- properly even in these initial project stages. Its focus is
tors and gain unique selling points by offering modern, on the components for electric power distribution.
innovative concepts for the layout of power supply
systems and the selection of equipment. But he is also
responsible for his planning work, which means that he 1.2 Contents of the Individual Project
may be held liable for damages. Therefore it is important
to clarify the project scope and the economic conditions
Phases
with the owner/developer at an early stage.
Phase 1 – Establishment of basic data
The initial project planning stages are of vital importance • Task definition
in this context. They determine the basic set-up and • Review of the project situation
guidelines for the further course of the project. Wrong • Site analysis
assumptions and imprecise specifications may result • Operations planning
either in system oversizing and, consequently, in unnec- • Preparation of a room concept
essary costs, or in undersizing and, consequently, in • Preparation of a concept on the functional scope
equipment overloading and failure. This manual, “Plan- • Environmental impact assessment
1
Communication
IEC 61850
Industrial Ethernet
PROFIBUS
Processes / industrial automation
Products und systems
Medium voltage Transformers
Power substation
e. g. 110 kV
Planning and system configuration
8 Totally Integrated Power – General Planning Considerations

• Recommendations for the total power demand technology, building physics, economics, energy
• Formulation of decision-making aids for the selection management (e.g. regarding efficient power utilisation
of other experts involved in the planning and the use of renewable energies) and landscape
• Summary of results ecology, as well as the impact on and sensitivity of the
affected ecosystems
Phase 2 – Preliminary planning • Preliminary negotiations with public authorities and
(project and planning preparations) other experts involved in the planning as to whether
an official approval can be obtained
• Analysis of the basis • Cost estimation in compliance with DIN 276 or in
• Coordination of objectives (boundary conditions, accordance with statutory provisions for cost calcula-
conflicting objectives) tions of residential dwellings
• Preparation of a planning concept that also includes • Compilation of all preliminary planning results
alternative solutions
• Integration of services rendered by other experts
involved in the planning
• Clarification and explanation of the fundamental
interrelations, processes and conditions in the context
of urban development and design, functions,
Fig. 1/1:
1
Totally Integrated Power –
integrated solutions for
power distribution
BACnet
PROFINET KNXnet/IP
KNX
Installation and
Low-voltage low-voltage Building
distribution circuit protection automation
TIP01_11_001_EN
Totally Integrated Power – General Planning Considerations 9

The design specification / performance specification can • It is a detailed description of the service to be per-
be an important aid for the initial project phases. formed, for example, the erection of a technical plant,
the construction of a tool, or the creation of a com-
Design specification puter program, and it is contractually binding.
• It describes the solutions which the contractor has
The design or product specification describes the worked out for how to implement the project on the
“What?” and “For which purpose?” and outlines the basic basis of the design specification defined by the cus-
requirements. For the contractor it serves as a rough tomer.
performance specification. • The questions as to “How” a project should be put into
• It describes the direct requirements and the desires practice and “Which tools or resources” are to be
placed in a planned product or project from the user's employed are dealt with in the performance specifica-
point of view. tion.
• It serves as a basis for the invitation to tender, the • The contents of the design specification are described
tender or quotation, and the contract. in more detail, completed and written into a plausible
• It represents the scope of requirements defined by the implementation concept and combined with technical
contract awarding party as regards the deliveries and operating and maintenance requirements.
services to be performed by the contractor within the
scope of the contract. Usually, each of the requirements of the design specifi-
1 • The questions as to “What?” and “For which purpose?”

shall be answered in the design specification.
• These requirements shall be quantified and verifiable.
cation can be assigned to one or more services defined
in the performance specification. This also illustrates the
order of the two documents in the development process:
• The design specification is drawn up by the (external or A requirement is fulfilled, when the corresponding
in-house) awarding party, and it is addressed to the feature is implemented.
contractors.
• In software development, the design specification When a design or performance specification is drawn up,
constitutes the result of the planning phase and is it must be considered that subordinate targets such as
usually worked out by the developers as a first stage to investment, losses, reliability, quality, etc., may mutually
the performance specification. influence one another. Listing up such conflicting rela-
tions and weighing them in the project context will
Performance specification foster planning decisions and hence the focus that is
placed on the design and performance specification.
The performance or feature specification represents the Weighing in the context of design or performance speci-
target concept and is technically detailed so far that it fication must be based on different questions posed.
can act as the basis for a technical specification. Tab. 1/1 shows a simple correlation matrix.
Subgoals 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 Low investment costs –
2 Low power losses –
Process-compliant coverage of the
3 –
power demand
4 High reliability of supply –
5 High voltage quality –
6 Low hazard for man and machine –
Low maintenance and repair
7 –
expense
8 Ease of operation –
9 High environmental compatibility –
Confl icting No or insignifi cant confl ict
Tab. 1/1: Conflicting conditions affecting planning decisions based on Kiank, Fruth, 2011, Planning Guide for Power Distribution Plants

1.3 Some Basic Considerations on
Power Distribution
With regard to electric power supply, the most important
task in the stage of establishing basic data is the estima-
tion of the power required for supply. In order to attain a
high level of efficiency, the components should work
with a utilisation of 70–80% of the maximum power.
Undersizing causes malfunctions, while oversizing re-
sults in excess costs.
Network configuration and sources of supply
The network configuration is determined dependent on

the requirements resulting from the building’s use. In
line with the specifications made by the installation
company and the intended use of the building, the
required power output must be distributed between
different sources of supply. If redundancy is a system
requirement, an additional reserve must be considered
in the planning. Besides the demand to be met by the
1
normal power supply (NPS), the power required from a
safe and reliable source of supply must also be esti-
mated. This power demand is divided between the
emergency standby power system (ESPS) and the unin-
terruptible power system (UPS). When the NPS fails, the
UPS shall be supplied from the ESPS. In addition, the
power demand of safety equipment IEC 60364-7-710,
IEC 60364-7-718 to be supplied by the safety power
supply system (SPS) must be considered. The dimension-
ing of the individual components results from the esti-
mate of power and energy required and their allocation
to different sources of supply.
Technical equipment rooms
Besides a proper component rating, another essential

planning aspect is the specification of the size and loca-
tion of the equipment rooms required for electric instal-
lations. The dimensions of these equipment rooms
depend on the dimensions of the components required
and the relevant safety regulations. Boundary conditions
such as room ventilation, ceiling loads and access ways
for moving items in must also be taken into considera-
tion when drawing up room and building plans. Over-di-
mensioned rooms reduce the economic efficiency of a
building (space utilisation). Under-dimensioned rooms
may hinder the implementation of a certain technical
solution or, at least force the use of expensive custom
solutions for the technology applied. This planning
manual contains aids for determining the room dimen-
sions required for the individual components.

Checklist
Review of the project situation
Every project is unique in its own way. For efficient

planning it is important to include as many influencing
factors as possible in a checklist at the project start.
Type of building use

e.g. office, school, hotel, multi-purpose, etc.
Operator concept
1 Is the owner/developer also the user of the real estate?

Goals of the operator regarding tenancy,
variability and period?
Optimized cost of investment and operation
(building energy performance, EnEV, etc.)
Level of building installations, equipment

and furnishing
P premium
P medium
P standard
Cost frame
Scheduled budget
Financing schemes / operator concepts

Checklist
Dimensions
Building area ........ m2
Building height ........ m
Average floor height ........ m
Number of floors ............
Car park, access ways
Building use
Uniform use (e.g. offices)
1
Different use (e.g. shop, garage, office)
Limitations
Defined locations (for cable routing)
Maximum dimensions/weights for moving in

system parts (observe transportation routes)
Specifications for emergency diesel unit (exhaust air,

fuel-tank room)

Checklist
Energy passport
Facade design (let-through values)

Room control functions (lighting, shutters and blinds)
Lighting (light design)
Safety requirements
Power supply
Fire areas
EMC
Video surveillance
1 Fire alarm system

Access control
Time recording
Security system
Safety-relevant installation parts
p Depending on the building use

p Lifts
p Safety lighting for workplaces
p Central batteries for safety lighting of meeting areas
p Sprinkler system / booster pumps
p Lifting systems for sewage water draining
p Smoke and heat vents
p Communications centres
p Electro-acoustic centres (ELA)
p Components of the video surveillance / security
system
p Secondary pipe heating for sprinkler pipes in cold area

p Life-supporting systems
Checklist
Planning documents
Drawings, space assignment and zoning plans, energy
balance tables, technology descriptions, requirements
derived e.g. from installation rules for cabling, factory
regulations and similar.
Building regulations, provisions

made by authorities
Depending on the building use, for example:
p Installations for gathering of people (IEC 60364-7-718)

p Medical locations (IEC 60364-7-710)
p Hazardous locations
1
Areas for technical installations
p Can existing rooms be used?

p Requirements of the supply network operator
–> Technical supply conditions
p Arrangement of areas/rooms (rising ducts, fire areas)

Checklist
Technical requirements from the user
p Reliability of supply
p Quality of supply
p Availability
p Redundancy
P Active “hot” redundancy
P Passive “cold” redundancy
P Homogeneous redundancy
P Diverse redundancy
p Variability of the electricity supply

p Expandability
1
Layout requests
Power management
Control system (Visualisation of systems,

messages, control/commands)
Level of building installations, equipment and furnishing

(low, high …)
Comfort
Installation bus for lighting, shutters and blinds
Room monitoring
Central building control system
Communication

Checklist
Performance targets / conditions / preliminary

clarifications and decisions
Power supply agreed upon with power supply

network operator
Medium-/low-voltage supply
Power demand claimed
Interfacing to existing technologies
1
Time schedule
Date of building completion
Date of completion for planning documents
Time slot for moving in certain
parts of the installation, because otherwise the area
would no longer be accessible (e.g. lifting in the
transformer with a crane)

Checklist
Planning documents for

technical installations in buildings
(electric power supply)
We recommend that all existing technology/systems

and available information required to plan a power
distribution system be checked before you start with
the actual planning work. A complete set of data will
help avoid planning errors and recognize potential for
cost savings.
Below you will find a keyword list of all technologies
typically used in a project. The keywords can be used
as a checklist for examining interdependencies and
completeness of your review of the project situation.
A closer examination of interrelations between
individual technologies will often reveal matters that
have not yet been dealt with, for example:
1 p Joint use of rooms and building areas
p Cable routing
p Crossing lines
F Cables
F Busbar trunking systems
F Sanitary pipes
F Ventilation (air conditioning)
p Have fire areas been taken into account?
p Have all technologies for building automation and

danger management been taken into account and
given their correct priority (networked integrated
planning)?

Checklist
Overview of building installations

Below you will find a summary of the most important p Special radio installation for external communication
work contract sections regarding building installations (electric power, location)
with comments (in brackets) treating the most relevant
aspects for power supply: p Factory radio installation (electric power, location)
p Medium-voltage switchgear p Communication system (electric power, location)
(location, connected load)
p Antenna system (electric power, location)
p Safety power supply (requirements, connected loads, p Data network (electric power, location)
consumers to be supplied, location)
p Standby power supply (requirements, connected p Radio installations (electric power, location)
loads, consumers to be supplied, location)
p Intercoms, emergency call systems (electric power,
p Uninterruptible power supply (requirements, location)
connected loads, consumers to be supplied, location)
p TV wiring (connected loads, locations)
p Low-voltage switchgear (location, connected load) p Technologies/machinery (electric power, location,
p Sub-distribution systems (locations, connected loads)
p Earthing / equipotential bonding (neutral-point
scope)
p Heating (electric power, location) 1

connection, central earthing point, number of poles
of switching devices)
p Ventilation (electric power, location)
p Lightning protection / overvoltage protection (critical p Air conditioning (electric power, location)
loads, requirements)
p Installation equipment and wiring

accessories / installation bus (requirements, design)
p Building automation (scope of performance, linking

with power supply)
p Automation system (connected loads, requirements,

bus system, communication levels, interfaces)
p Drives (connected loads, lifts, pumps, ramp-up

behaviour, control, alarms)
p Visualisation method (user interface, scope of systems

to be integrated)
p General lighting (connected loads, floor plan)

p Workplace lighting (connected loads, floor plan)
p Safety lighting (connected loads, floor plan)
Sun shields (control, scope of performance)
p Smoke and heat vents (electric power, location)

p Public-address system (electric power, floor plan)
p Fire alarm system (electric power, location)
p Intruder detection system (electric power, location)
p Video surveillance system (electric power, location)

1.4 Standards, Standardisation legal standards such as health and safety at work laws.
Bodies and Guidelines Furthermore, the compliance to technical standards is
crucial for any approval of operation granted by authori-
When planning and erecting buildings, many standards, ties, or insurance coverage.
regulations and guidelines must be observed and com-
plied with in addition to the explicit specifications made While in past decades, standards were mainly drafted at
by the building and plant operator (e.g. factory regula- a national level and debated in regional (i.e. European,
tions) and the responsible power distribution network American etc.) committees, it has now been agreed
operator. Tab. 1/3 will give you an overview of the most upon that drafts shall be submitted at the central (IEC)
important documents in this context. level and then be adopted as regional or national
standards. Only if the IEC is not interested in dealing
To minimize technical risks and/or to protect persons with the matter of if there are time constraints, a draft
involved in handling electric equipment or components, standard shall be prepared at the regional level. The
major planning rules have been compiled in standards. interrelation of the different standardisation levels is
Standards represent the state of the art; they are the illustrated in Tab. 1/2. A complete list of IEC members
basis for evaluations and court decisions. Technical and links to more detailed information can be obtained
standards are desired conditions stipulated by profes- at www.iec.ch -> members & experts.
sional associations which are however made binding by
1 Overview of standards and standardisation bodies
Regional America Europe Australia Asia Africa

PAS CENELEC
National USA: ANSI D: DIN VDE AUS: SA CN: SAC SA: SABS
CA: SCC I: CEI NZ: SNZ J: JISC
BR: COBEI F: UTE …
... GB: BS
ANSI American National Standards Institute

BS British Standards
CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (Comité Européen de
Normalisation Electrotechnique)
CEI Comitato Ellettrotecnico Italiano (Electrotechnical Standardisation Committee Italy)
COBEI Comitê Brasileiro de Eletricidade, Eletrônica, Iluminação e Telecomunicações
DIN VDE Deutsche Industrie Norm Verband deutscher Elektrotechniker (German Industry
Standard, Association of German Electrical Engineers)
JISC Japanese Industrial Standards Committee
PAS Pacific Area Standards
SA Standards Australia
SABS South African Bureau of Standards
SAC Standardisation Administration of China
SCC Standards Council of Canada
SNZ Standards New Zealand
UTE Union Technique de l’Electricité et de la Communication
Technical Association for Electrical Engineering & Communication
Tab. 1/2: Outline of national and regional standards in electrical engineering

Standard / Standard series
IEC 60364 VDE 0100 Low-voltage electrical installations
DIN VDE 0101 VDE 0101 Power installations exceeding 1 kV a.c.
IEC 60909 VDE 0102 Short-circuit currents in three-phase a.c. systems
EN 50110 VDE 0105 Operation of electrical installations
EN 1838 Lighting applications – Emergency lighting
DIN 276 Building costs
DIN VDE 0298 VDE 0298 Application of cables and cords in power installations
ISO 8528 Reciprocating internal combustion engine driven alternating current generating sets
ISO 3046 Reciprocating internal combustion engines
EN 61439 VDE 0660-600 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies
VDE 0838,
IEC 61000 VDE 0839, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
VDE 0847
IEC 60898 VDE 0641 Electrical accessories
IEC 62305 VDE 0185-305 Protection against lightning
1
EN 50178 VDE 0160 Electronic equipment for use in power installations
Safety requirements for secondary batteries and battery installations –
EN 50272-2 VDE 0510-2
Part 2: Stationary batteries
EN 50160 Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public grids
IEC 60204 VDE 0113 Safety of machinery – Electrical equipment of machines
IEC 60529 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP code)
IEC 60076 VDE 0532-76 Power transformers
IEC 62271 VDE 0671 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear
DIN 4102 Fire behaviour of building materials and building components
DIN VDE 0141 VDE 0141 Earthing system for special power installations with nominal voltages above 1 kV
Telecommunications; general concepts; requirements and tests for the safety of facilities
DIN VDE 0800-1 VDE 0800-1
and apparatus
Energy Performance of Buildings –
EN 15232 VDE 470-1
Effects of the Building Automation and the Building Management
Directive, regulation, specifi cation
Elt Bau VO Regulation (of the German Länder) on the construction of electrical operating areas
Energy Saving Ordinance (as part of the German building legislation to implement
EnEV
Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Union)
Administrative regulation in Germany as part of the Federal Act on the Protection against
TA Lärm Immissions (BImSchG) relating to this Technical Instruction for the protection from
acoustic exposure
TAB Technical supply conditions set by the local power supply network operator in Germany
VDI 6004 Guideline in Germany for the protection of technical installations in buildings
2001/95/EC Directive on general product safety of the European Union
2006/95/EC Low Voltage Directive of the European Union
2004/108/EC EMC Directive of the European Union
Technical guidelines of local supply network operators in Germany on utilities substations in the medium-voltage grid
Accident prevention rules issued by Employers' Liability Insurance Associations in Germany (e.g. BGV 3 on Electrical installations and
equipment)
Building codes and requirements (such as the model building code, or state building codes of German Länder, the industrial building
guideline, the building regulations for places of public assembly, ...)
Sample Directive on Fireproofing Requirements for Line Systems (MLAR)
Specific standards and connection rules must be observed for the dimensioning of equipment and installations.
Applicable VDE standards can be found in the standards database provided by VDE Publishing House (www.vde-verlag.de).
Tab. 1/3: Essential standards for erecting electric power distribution systems

1.5 Automation, Management and ing cost controlling as well as for the documentation of
Safety for the Building an eco-audit system. A verification of undisturbed opera-
tion is possible. Maintenance-relevant data of the techni-
Infrastructure cal installations and appropriate statistics are available in
the building automation system. At the same time,
1.5.1 Building Automation building automation serves as a tool for management
tasks such as the analysis, adjustment and continuous
Building automation (BA) comprises the equipment, optimisation of operating modes or for circumventing
software and services for automatic control, monitoring technical malfunctions. A building automation system
and optimization as well as operation and management includes the following:
of the technical installations in buildings. It is aimed at • Field devices (detectors, encoders, switching devices
energy-efficient, profitable and safe operation. and positioners
or sensors and actuators)
A large proportion of the electricity consumers in build- • Local priority control units
ings belong to the supply infrastructure, in particular • Cabling, data networks and communication units
heating, ventilation, air conditioning and lighting. The • Control cabinets and automation stations or controllers
latter can be seen in a functional interrelation with • Management and server stations, dialogue-oriented
integrated automated room and zone control, such as control units and peripheral equipment
1 sun shielding and daylight control, whereas HVAC is

interlinked with smoke detection and the fire alarm
system.
• Rights of use (licenses) for software
• Services for the establishment of a BA system
• System maintenance
Electricity supply must be ensured for all these installa- Building automation solutions with integrated energy
tions at any time – for standard operation as much as for services reduce energy consumption and operating cost
exceptional operating situations. This is particularly true and relieve the environment from pollution by reducing
for air conditioning as one of the large electricity con- the CO2 burden. Buildings are responsible for around
sumers. Only when all the components of the power 40% of the world's energy consumption. With Directive
distribution system have been optimally matched, is it 2002/91/EC, the Energy Performance of Buildings Direc-
possible to guarantee reliable and cost-efficient power tive ( EPBD), the European Union is trying to improve
distribution, which is beneficial throughout the entire the energy efficiency of properties. Amongst the most
life cycle of the building. important measures specified are the creation of an
energy certificate for buildings (or energy 'passport')
Both the possibilities for data networking and the access and the determination of minimum requirements for
to the data yield can be exploited for operational optimi- buildings. EN 15232, “Energy Performance of Buildings
sation and hence for cost savings. Building automation – Effects of the Building Automation and the Building
systems provide the data which are necessary for operat- Management” evaluates building automation systems
with regard to their effect on the energy consumption
of buildings. In accordance with the standard, building
BACS Energy Performance Classes – EN 15232 automation systems (BAS) are divided into four different
performance classes (Fig. 1/2):
High energy performance • Class D corresponds to systems that are not energy-
BACS and TBM A efficient; buildings with such systems have to be
modernized, new buildings may not be equipped with
Advanced
BACS and TBM B these systems.
• Class C corresponds to the average standard require-
Standard ments currently in use.
BACS C • Class B designates further advanced systems and
• Class A corresponds to highly efficient systems.
Non-energy-efficient
BACS
D
This standard also contains procedures for the calcula-
BACS Building Automation and Control Systems tion of energy performance by means of user profiles for
TBM Technical Building Management System TIP01_11_002_EN building types of varying complexity:
• Offices
Fig. 1/2: Performance classes of the building automation systems
• Hotels
according to EN 15232
• Schools

• Universities damage or at least to keep this to a minimum. Optimally
• Restaurants coordinated fire detection, alarm, evacuation and fire
• Retail centres extinguishing systems are more effective than separate
• Hospitals solutions. The fire protection system can also be easily
integrated with a management system in a larger secu-
Combinations of these standard elements provide clear rity concept with intrusion protection (protection against
specifications of how to achieve a certain performance the unauthorized intrusion of persons), access control
class. A modern building automation system fulfils the and video surveillance. This results in the creation of a
requirements of this standard in the highest perfor- comprehensive hazard management.
mance classes (BACS performance class A or B). This
specifically means that by the use of predefined energy Alarm and evacuation systems
saving functions in offices, for example, up to 30% of the
energy can be saved compared to the standard (BACS Rapid evacuation saves lives. In addition to the prompt
performance class C). detection of the fire, quick and orderly evacuation of the
building is of prime importance to save lives. Especially
A modern building automation system is a flexible and with regard to the changed court rulings on compensa-
scalable system. It is suitable for projects of all sizes and tion claims, the evacuation is playing an increasingly
complexities including the individual requirements of important role. In tall buildings such as hotels, banks or
use for different building types. End-to-end and consist-
ent compatibility ensures decades of investment protec-
tion across the entire building life cycle. Changes of use,
administration buildings, or in buildings with a large
number of visitors such as shopping centres, universities
and cinemas, efficient evacuation is of prime impor-
1
expansions and modernisations can here be performed tance. The rule of thumb is: the faster evacuation takes
step by step. place, the greater the chance of survival. But what is
most important is that panic does not break out among
the users or residents of the building in an emergency.
1.5.2 Fire Protection and Security Systems
This is best achieved with reassuring information and
Danger management means the limitation and contain- clear instructions. It is therefore best when a fire alarm
ment of a host of different risks, it comprises the consist- occurs that spoken messages are used for the evacua-
ent treatment of the most diverse threatening events tion. Spoken instructions via loudspeakers are clear, they
that may occur. This safeguards the protection of human are understood and followed. This greatly increases the
beings, the security of material assets and the mainte- chances for people to save themselves. For this reason,
nance of operation within a building. The main task of speech-controlled alarm systems are an ideal comple-
danger management is the simple and safe treatment of ment to fire alarm systems in all buildings.
critical alarms and events. As it is imperative to fight
approaching danger immediately and with the best of
means in order to prevent greater damage. Danger Fire extinguishing systems
management is typically associated with the specific
tasks of security systems, but it must also be extended to Intervention at an early stage: A fire extinguishing sys-
the potential hazards caused by any other technical tem cannot prevent a fire starting. However, with
installation. Some examples are, for instance, the in- prompt detection, it can extinguish a fire when it is still
crease of temperature and humidity in an air-conditioned small. Especially in buildings where there are special
room (e.g. in a museum), critical power distribution risks (expensive property, high downtime costs, etc.),
faults (e.g. in hospital), lift alarms, etc. this is of invaluable, existential importance. In many
cases an automatic fire extinguishing system is the first
choice of action. Siemens provides a broad product
Fire Protection range of fire extinguishing systems. Tailored to the area
of application (risk and protection goal) each of these
Constructional measures alone are not sufficient to systems provides optimal protection, as every applica-
prevent the initial ignition turning into a real fire. For this tion requires a suitable extinguishing agent of its own.
reason, effective fire protection is essential. Effective fire Whether powder, wet, foam or a combination of these
protection is in place when the following two conditions extinguishing systems: a fire extinguishing strategy that
are satisfied: Firstly, the fire must be detected quickly has been worked out individually and tailor-made not
and clearly and signalled. And secondly, correct meas- only protects the building but also the environment,
ures must be implemented as quickly as possible. This is when a fire breaks out.
the only way to avoid direct fire and consequential

Planned security 2. Mechanical protection equipment as the first line of
defence
There is a multifaceted risk potential: environmental 3. Electronic robbery and intruder detection systems for
disasters, fire, robbery, burglary and espionage, theft the reliable detection of dangers
and vandalism ranging as far as terrorism and extrem- 4. Forwarding of alarms for the immediate notification
ism. These risks have to be identified and analysed and of personnel providing assistance.
the appropriate security concepts have to be developed.
Prevention, intervention and rescue measures must Electronic robbery and intruder detection systems
often be implemented for many of these risks within the
framework of the legal standards and guidelines. The decisive benefit of an alarm system is the protection
against the established risks and the minimization or
Risk identification total prevention of injury to people or damage to prop-
• Definition of value-added areas erty. An electronic system has decisive advantages
• Macro environment compared to purely mechanical protection measures. For
• Analysis of weak points example, it already detects the first attempt at a break-in
• Risk determination and immediately notifies the required security staff. With
• Analysis of effects a purely mechanical building protection system, bur-
glars, provided they can work unnoticed, could make any
1 Risk assessment
• According to effect and probability
• Quantitative evaluations
number of attempts to overcome the protection system.
If you also consider that mechanical protection measures
often cannot be used with modern building components,
• Representation of a risk portfolio such as glass doors or special lightweight construction
elements, then an active security system is frequently
Risk measures the only alternative. We recommend a sensible mixture
• Organisational measures, e.g. a crisis management of mechanical and electronic protection. The more time
organisation it takes to break in, the more time the notified security
• Technical measures such as the introduction of security team has to intervene. The presumed offender also has
equipment and systems much less time in the building, which can significantly
reduce the possible damage.
Risk controlling
• The independent Siemens “Extended Services” provide
versatile and complex services which make a signifi- Video surveillance systems
cant contribution to holistic risk controlling.
In sophisticated security concepts, the video system
provides the visual basis for decisions and thus plays a
Robbery and intruder detection systems key role – in addition to the real-time monitoring of
critical areas – in the identification of persons with the
The necessity to protect people, property and other aid of biometric processes, and in the detection of
values against violence and theft was never as great as dangers.
at present. Reasonable provisions for the protection of
people, the safeguarding of property or irreplaceable Stationary digital room surveillance
objects of value are are an important factor in modern Stationary systems are used for specific room surveil-
risk management. lance using the existing IT infrastructures. These systems
detect changes and monitor various alarm zones. If an
Four security aspects alarm is triggered, the video sequences are recorded
digitally and forwarded to higher-level management
Naivety and carelessness help burglars just as much as systems.
inadequate security measures. Therefore, protection
must be both passive and active: Recording of alarm situations
• Passive by mechanical protection Video surveillance not only detects incidents, but docu-
• Active using an electronic alarm system ments the entire process when an incident occurs – from
the recording of the video images, the transmission and
Optimum protection of people and buildings is based on storage of this information, the initiation of automatic
the following four pillars. measures through to the centralized data evaluation and
1. Prudence as free-of-charge protection archiving.

Video control centres
The communication between the video system and the
control centre is performed using TCP/IP via any Ether-
net, ATM or TN network structure. In conjunction with a
Video Web Client, operation, control and access is possi-
ble from anywhere in the world.
Time management and access control systems
It must be possible to tailor access authorisation and

simultaneous authentication of persons to individual
needs in a qualified and flexible manner. At the same
time, access must be configured individually in terms of
geographical location and time. The above requirements
can only be resolved with the aid of modern systems for
access control. Open system solutions using flexible
networks are configured under consideration of the
intended use of the building and the organization.
Special structures and specific workflows also have an
impact. Factors such as the size of the company, the
number of people, doors, elevator and access gate
1
control as well as additional functions also have to be
taken into account. Future-oriented solutions include not
only the linking of business management applications,
but also the integration of other security systems. When
linked to the building management systems, the
information can also be optimally used under energy
performance aspects.

1.5.3 Building Automation and Danger Tab. 1/5 and Tab. 1/6 list some typical customers per
Management Systems segment. The typical focuses (the four corners) of the
matrix (Tab. 1/4) are defined as follows:
Normally, both functions are available in a building with 1A Simple, non-complex office buildings, or buildings
differing characteristics and levels of complexity. The containing different units
functionality required in different buildings determines 3A Office building with highly complex building auto-
the level of complexity, which is reflected in the type of mation and control functions
operator control. A certain configuration may correspond 1C: WAN fire protection and security systems,
to any position on the matrix; on the vertical axis this e.g. in a bank
ranges from low-level to high-level building automation 3C: High-tech environment, e.g. at the premises
and control functions, and on the horizontal axis this of a global chip manufacturer
extends from low-risk to high-risk applications.
3 – Business critical 3A 3B 3C
applications p Large office buildings p EDP centres p Internet farms
1
p Administration p Commercial building with p Multinationals
p Large fi ve-star hotels widely spread users p High-tech industry
p Bank HQ / financial
institutions
p Pharmaceutical industry
p Large museums
p Airports
p Large universities, hospitals
BAC – Building automation & control
2 – Performance 2A 2B 2C
enhancing p Small hospitals p University / college campus p WAN networks of telecom
applications p Mid-size office building p Shopping malls p Shelters
p Mid-size hotels p Museums p Underground systems
p Commercial centres p Correctional facilities
1 – Comfort control 1A 1B 1C
applications p Small three-star hotels p Local bank agency p WAN networks in banks
p Small office building p Theme parks p Agencies / post offices
p Small retail stores p High-risk industry p Military shelters
p Low-risk industry p Power stations
Danger management
A – Low-risk B – Local high-risk C – Distributed high-risk

applications applications applications
Tab. 1/4: Market segmentation for integrated systems

1 – Comfort control Primary functional requirements Typical customers
applications
p Simple object display and control Definition:
p Simple or no graphical system navigation Customers do not hire dedicated personnel for
p Easy event handling (problems, alarms) building automation and control. Persons with
other responsibilities are tasked with building
p Simple alarm routing (pager)
automation and control.
p 500 to 1,000 physical data points
p Normally no fulltime Examples:
Small office building, small hotels, small and mid-
size industrial complex, local branch offi ces for
banks.
2 – Performance Primary functional requirements Typical customers
enhancing
applications p Sophisticated display and control Definition:
p Sophisticated graphical navigation Customers employ designated staff to maintain
p Advanced event handling (problems, alarms) building. Often, one person is available on site (at
least during the day) to operate the various building
p Extended alarm routing (e-mail, fax, mobile
disciplines and analyse building performance.
phone)
p Trend / history data analysis Examples:
p 1,000 to 5,000 physical data points University / college campuses, shopping malls,
p Normally one designated operator museums, small hospitals, mid-size offi ce buildings,
p Combination of handling for several building
disciplines with 1,000 to 5,000 physical data
points
p Normally one designated operator
mid-size hotels, business centres.
1
p Combined handling of different building
disciplines
3 – Business critical Primary functional requirements Typical customers
applications
p Sophisticated object display and control Definition:
p Sophisticated graphical navigation Customers employ designated crew to maintain
p Sophisticated event handling (problems, alarms) building, building complex, or a number of
by means of specialists for different events separately located buildings. These persons
(general and specialist operators) are always
p Sophisticated alarm routing dispatch
available on site to operate the buildings, analyse
p Trend / history data analysis performance, maintain and tune the various
p Energy optimisation disciplines. Energy and cost savings are important
p More than 5,000 physical data points issues.
p Many simultaneously working operators
p Combined handling of most building disciplines Examples:
p Facility management possible Large office building / authorities, large fi ve-star
hotels, computer centres, headquarters for
banks / financial institutions, pharmaceutical
companies, Internet farms, large museums,
airports, large universities, university hospitals.
Tab. 1/5: Building automation and control categories

A – Low-risk Primary functional requirements Typical customers
applications
p Simple display and handling of emergencies Definition:
p Minimum history requirements Customers do not employ in-house organisation
p Low need for logical security tasked with security and safety. They rely on
contractors to provide this service. Normally, no
p Communications capability with access control
24 hour surveillance.
and CCTV
Examples:
Small office buildings, hotels, business centres,
low-risk industrial facilities.
B – Local high-risk Primary functional requirements Typical customers
applications
p Sophisticated, procedure-driven event Definition:
management Customers employ in-house security and often have
p User interface optimized for emergency a 24-hour emergency response team on site.
management
p Comprehensive requirements for history to be Examples:
used as evidence in court cases High-risk industrial facilities, large offi ce buildings
with delicate processes, financial institutions,
p Strict monitoring of all fi eld devices against
hospitals, sophisticated educational facilities, large
unauthorized manipulation
entertainment complexes, large museums.
p High requirements of logical security
1
p User access control to system functions is vital
p Strict supervision of confi guration data changes
p Resistance against intelligent, logical attack
p Graphical system optimized to event localization
on building maps and charts
p Capability of complete integration of access
control and CCTV
C – Distributed high-risk Primary functional requirements Typical customers
applications
p Sophisticated, procedure-driven event Definition:
management designed for very large systems Customers own several operations with very
(~ 1,000 locations, > 100,000 objects, delicate security requirements, distributed
~ 1,000,000 data points) nationally, regionally, or globally (e. g. SAP for
p User interface optimized for emergency access control). Own security organization available
management on site around the clock. At least one or several
p Comprehensive requirements for history to be security services on site around the clock. Own
used as evidence in court cases WAN linking the various branch offices.
p Strict monitoring of all fi eld devices against
Examples:
unauthorized manipulation, with mandatory
High-tech industrial facilities, telecommunications
encoding and authentication
companies, financial institutions, primarily banks.
p Communications devices optimized to common
WAN applications
p Stringent requirements for logical security
p User access control to system functions is vital
p Strict supervision of confi guration data changes
p Resistance against intelligent, logical attacks
mounted often by highly skilled in-house staff
p Graphical system optimized to event localization
on building maps and charts
p Capability of complete integration of access
control and CCTV
Tab. 1/6: Categories to manage different types of dangers

1.5.4 Planning Notes for Heating, schools, hospitals, restaurants, cinemas, theatres,
Ventilation, Air Conditioning (HVAC) department stores, etc.
• Industrial systems
A reduction of the energy consumption as it is requested The term 'industrial systems' subsumes all systems
by standards and regulations in various European coun- creating and maintaining a room climate or room
tries can be achieved with tight windows and properly condition in order to ensure certain production
insulated brickwork. Nevertheless, if the necessary air processes, storage or ripening processes.
exchange is not ensured, there is a danger of bad air
quality in rooms due to moisture, radon, organic mat- Energy costs
ters, formaldehyde and other effluviums from building
materials, fitments, etc. The inhabitants' well-being is The control strategy of modern HVAC systems can have
not only impaired by this, but there is also the danger of a significant positive influence on the energy costs. For
structural damage, primarily caused by the growth of an energy-optimized operation, the exchange of infor-
mould. In a highly insulated building, window ventilation mation between the primary and secondary system is
is not only insufficient but also renders void all efforts to important so that only that amount of energy is provided
save energy. Therefore, the installation of a ventilation which is requested by the loads in the secondary circuit.
system should be considered in any case. Systems that The well-being in buildings with ventilation and air-con-
are capable of maintaining a defined air condition in ditioning systems does not have to be bought dearly
terms of temperature and humidity throughout the year
are called air conditioning systems. These systems are
equipped with all necessary components that allow for
nowadays. Heat recovery systems, facade cooling, con-
crete core cooling, shading, solar energy are virtually
part of the standard equipment in building installations.
1
heating, cooling, humidifying or dehumidifying the air as
required. The necessity as to using an air conditioning When planning an HVAC system, the climatic conditions
system must always be examined carefully. The follow- at the building location have to be taken into account.
ing conditions might necessitate air conditioning: The heat increase inside the building due to internal heat
• Heat, oppressiveness sources such as lamps, computers, copying machines is
• Architectural specifications such as large banks of often so high owing to the good insulation of buildings
windows, open-plan offices, lack of shading, etc. and a tight building envelope that cooling is required
• Stringent demands on temperature and humidity even in winter. This kind of heat is called internal gain
• Interior rooms, assembly rooms of heat. In winter, the internal gain of heat can be recov-
• High thermal loads ered as heat contribution and thus the energy consump-
• EDP, machine rooms tion can be reduced. Whereas in summer, considerable
amounts of energy have to be employed for “chilling
Tasks of the HVAC systems it off”.
Depending on the purpose, the tasks of the HVAC Another important aspect in the calculation of the inter-
systems can be divided into two sub-areas: nal gain of heat is the amount of heat released by the
• Comfort systems: people inside the building. Here the total amount of heat
The term 'comfort systems' subsumes all systems dissipated primarily depends on the activity of these
creating and automatically maintaining a comfortable people (Fig. 1/3). These amounts of heat are interesting
room climate which supports people's health and for the planning of heating, ventilation and air-condition-
performance in our residential buildings, offices,
80 Watt 100 Watt 110 Watt 120 Watt 170 Watt 300 Watt 700 Watt
TIP01_11_004
Fig. 1/3: Activity-related heat release of an adult person in watts

ing systems, especially if certain areas are often crowded trical energy required for different building types. These
(e.g. shops, office buildings, schools, cinemas, or restau- factors may already be used for a rough assessment of
rants). In a medium-size cinema, for example, 300 peo- various variants in the pre-planning stage.
ple produce about 30 kW after all, in a three-hour
screening this is a heat output of about 100 kWh!
An overview of the various demands on the room cli-

mate in different buildings is given in EN 1946-2. In
accordance with EN 1946, the rate of fresh air supply in
rooms for the sheltering of persons is to be dimensioned
according to the number of people present at the same
time, and the room use. In rooms exposed to additional
odour nuisance (e.g. tobacco smoke), the minimum rate
of fresh air supply shall be increased by 20 m3/h per
person.
EN 15232 on the energy performance of buildings pro-

vides a simplified procedure to estimate advantages
1 gained through building automation when using electri-

cal energy for lighting and auxiliary systems of the HVAC
installations. Based on the BA performance classes A, B,
C or D. Tab. 1/7 lists efficiency coefficients for the elec-
Electric BA energy performance factors

D C B A
Non-residential building types
Standard Increased energy
Not energy-efficient High energy efficiency
(reference) efficiency
Offices 1.1 1 0.93 0.87
Auditoriums 1.08 1 0.94 0.89
Educational facilities (schools) 1.07 1 0.93 0.86
Hospitals 1.05 1 0.98 0.96
Hotels 1.07 1 0.95 0.9
Restaurants 1.04 1 0.95 0.92
Buildings for wholesale and retail 1.08 1 0.95 0.91
Other types:
• Sports venues
• Warehouses 1
• Industrial facilities
• etc.
1
Electric BA energy performance factors
D C B A
Types of residential buildings
Standard Increased energy
Not energy-efficient High energy effi ciency
(reference) efficiency
• Single-family houses
• Multiple dwellings
1.08 1 0.93 0.92
• Apartment complexes
• Similar residential buildings
Tab. 1/7: BA energy performance factors acc. to EN 15232 for electric energy needed for artificial lighting, auxiliary equipment,
lifts, etc. which is required for building operation

Planning notes for GAMMA instabus (KNX/EIB)
Cost per function
Increasing functionality and comfort make conventional

building engineering more complex, less transparent and
more expensive. Combining individual installations is
only feasible at a great technical expense. In the plan- Conventional design
ning and implementation of functional and industrial
building projects, fault-free, cross-function-networked
and demand-oriented operation today and tomorrow, as
well as the careful use of energy are considered impor- Design using KNX/EIB
tant criteria for the economic efficiency of the real estate
investment. Conventional electrical installations alone
can only meet such requirements to a limited extent and
at the expense of increased labour and material cost. For
this reason, engineering consultants and investors in-
creasingly opt for building systems technology in the
global KNX/EIB standard, which complies with EN 50090.
The use of instabus GAMMA instabus provides

• High degree of flexibility for planning and implementa-
tion thanks to modular system design
1
• Integration of different services and OEM products
thanks to the global KNX/EIB standard based on 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Number of
EN 50090 functions
TIP01_11_005_EN
• Short installation times due to straightforward wiring
and cable routing Fig. 1/4: Cost gradients of conventional and KNX/EIB installations,
• Reduced fire loads due to fewer power lines when comfort and functionality are increased
• Easy handling thanks to user-friendly configuring,
commissioning and diagnostic tools
Compared to solutions using conventional technology, a Air Maxi-

Master
lock at
GAMMA instabus application quickly becomes more speed Bright- mum- alarm IR Broken
Door Motion watch- Clock ness demand Thermo- & alert remote glass
profitable. This is not only true for the operational but contact detector dog timer sensor monitor stat Switch centre control detector
also for the investment phase (Fig. 1/4). Moreover, the
GAMMA instabus solution offers more functionality at a
higher comfort level, while maintaining the straightfor-
ward system structure.
Sensors
(command
Conventional solutions for the control of lighting, shad- instabus KNX transmitters)
ing and HVAC are restricted to one installation each so 230 / 400 V / AC Actuators
(command
that interdependencies between the different installa- receivers)
tions are not taken into account. Only the use of the
TIP01_11_006_EN
building management technology allows for a stronger

integration of the control of different installations in the Lumi- Electric Blinds Fan Lumi- Heater Warning
naire drive naire light
room at justifiable costs.
Fig. 1/5: Actuators and sensors in the instabus KNX EIB system
With coordinated room management on the basis of the
KNX/EIB building management technology standard
(Fig. 1/5), energy consumption for lighting and room cost-optimized operation of energy-efficient buildings as
temperature control can be cut by half over the entire requested by foresightful investors with regard to in-
operating time compared to conventional systems and creasing their property value.
that at the same or even a higher comfort level!
Therefore, a coordinated room management based on

GAMMA instabus is the only possible solution for the

Checklist
Building management
using GAMMA instabus
Project name: ..................................................
Owner/developer: ..................................................
Planning engineer: ..................................................
Type of building use: ..................................................
Degree of protection: ..................................................
1
Functions:
p Lighting control ..................................................
p Single-room control (heating, ventilation, air ..................................................

conditioning)
..................................................
p Blinds and sun shield control
..................................................
p Access control systems
..................................................
p Time recording systems
p Daylight brightness control ..................................................
p Safety lighting ..................................................
p Fire alarm systems ..................................................
p Intruder detection systems ..................................................
p Alarm systems ..................................................

p Media control ..................................................
p Scenario control ..................................................
p Presence signalling ..................................................
p Power management/control and billing
..................................................
p Event logging
..................................................
p Teleservice and communications
..................................................
p Central control units (e.g ON/OFF)
Special functions: ..................................................

1.5.5 Power management Functions of the power management system
• Analysis of the energy data / energy flows with specific
Due to increasing energy costs, saving energy becomes load curve diagrams
more and more important in every commercial and • Visualization of the interdependencies
industrial sector. At the same time, ecological goals are • Detection of savings potentials, assessed minimum and
to be attained, e.g. the specifications with regard to the maximum values
reduction of emissions and greenhouse gases. This • Energy measurements for accounting purposes (inter-
results first of all in the selection of energy-efficient nal cost centre allocation, external billing)
components, but it also necessitates an ecological and • Benchmarking, internal (product line / building part) or
economical power management. external (property/installations with comparable use
based on obtained measured values)
In their joint “Energy Concept for an Environmentally • Visualisation of the power supply with switching states
Sound, Reliable and Affordable Energy Supply” (2010), and energy flows
the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technol- • Preparation of decisions, e.g. regarding power supply
ogy and the Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature expansions
Conservation and Nuclear Safety claim to inspire enter- • Verifiable efficiency improvements
prises to exploit efficiency potentials independently. In • Targeted troubleshooting via fast and detailed informa-
this context, power management systems are regarded tion about events and faults that occur in the power
as an important possibility to identify efficiency poten-
tials. EN 16001 demands:
• All significant energy consumption values and influenc-
distribution system within the installations/building
• Fault and event messages (e.g. switching sequences)
are logged with a date and time stamp, so that down-
1
ing factors shall be measured, monitored, and recorded times can be documented and fault processes can be
on a regular basis. traced and analysed later using the data recorded
• The level of accuracy shall be, and continue to be • Compliance with purchasing contracts via the selective
appropriate to the measuring task. control of consuming devices
• Automatic notification of the service personnel
Planning & operation
In the planning phase, property costs are to be kept as

low as possible while the operator is interested in mini-
mizing operating costs. When planning the electrical
power distribution system, the foundation for power
management should be established. The following
aspects are to be taken into account:
• Provide the required components with interfaces for
measurements and sensors.
• Use standardized bus systems and communication-
capable devices.
• Ensure expandability (e.g. expandable cable laying and System configuration
installation of instrument transformers in the switch-
Operator control
gear cabinet), to keep operational interruptions down and monitoring
to a minimum. Windows or Web-Clients Ethernet
Data processing
Server with
Power management system "powermanager" software
Ethernet (Modbus)
The focus of a power management system is on the
PAC3200 PAC4200 PAC3200
request for improved transparency of energy consump-
Data acquisition
tion and energy quality as well as on ensuring the availa- Measuring/protective devices
Modbus RS485
bility of power distribution. Holistic transparency is the
basis for optimizing energy costs and consumption. The PAC3100 Circuit- Circuit-
breakers breakers
information obtained through this transparency provides 3WL 3VL
a realistic basis for cost centre allocations as well as for TIP01_11_062_EN
measures to improve the energy performance.
Fig. 1/6: A power management system in the network
In addition, savings are documented.

Levels of the power management system Measurements
Power management is the special energy point of view The basis of each power management system are the
on an industrial plant, a functional building, or other measured values and data from the field level in which
piece of property. The view begins with the energy the energy in consumed. To prepare the ground for
import, expands to its distribution and ends at the power EN 16001/ISO 50001 and for budgeting, those measur-
consumers themselves. It comprises the following levels: ing instruments and evaluations tools must be consid-
• Energy value acquisition using 7KT/7KM PAC measuring ered that utilize the communication options of switching
instruments devices at the field level.
• Processing of the measurement data
• Monitoring including visualisation, archiving, report Measuring instruments (multi-function instruments,
and messaging electricity meters, motor management) can output
calculated data (phase displacement, work, power) in
Data acquisition systems and measuring instruments can addition to current and voltage readings Fig. 1/7).
be directly connected to server with the power manage-
ment software via Modbus TCP, e.g. to the “power-
manager”. The software then handles the actual record-
ing, visualisation and logging of the acquired values.
1 A SIMATIC S7 Controller allows to build up a comparable

network for industrial bus systems such as PROFINET or
PROFIBUS-DP. PROFIBUS expansion modules can be used
to integrate measuring instruments such as PAC 3200
and PAC 4200. In addition, a PAC 4200 may serve as a
gateway to a subordinate Modbus RTU network.
Control centre
1 Current transformers
Voltage Current
convert / transform current
L1 L2 L3 UL1-N IL1 measurements into standard
values (1 A or 5 A), as the
currents typically used in
IN low-voltage distribution
1 UL3-1 UL1-2
(up to 6,300 A) cannot
1 be processed directly.
1 UL3-N UL2-3 UL2-N IL3 IL2
Phase displacement Power / Work

cos φL1 P∑
Q∑ 2 The voltage tap directly
2 acquires the voltages
S∑ applied / measured.
cos φ∑
W∑Import
cos φL3 cos φL2 W∑Supply
TIP01_11_008_EN
Fig. 1/7: Structure of a power management system

Checklist
Status acquisition and measurements

Status information, switching commands:
Circuit-breaker-protected switchgear:
Number of circuit-breakers
Number of status information items per circuit-breaker
Total number of switching commands
(for all circuit-breakers) ........................................
Fuse-protected switchgear:
Number of switch-disconnectors
Number of status information items per switch-disconnector
Total number of status information items
(for all switch-disconnectors) ........................................
Measurements: 1
Number of measuring points
Number of current transformers required
Measuring instruments:
Multi-function instruments (total / measured values per device) ............../.................................
Electricity meters (total / measured values per meter) ............../.................................
Motor management systems (total / measured values per device) ............../.................................
Circuit-breakers (total / measured values per switch) ............../.................................
Measurements of other energy types (number of measured values ............../.................................
Measurements
Total number of measured values
(of all measuring instruments) ............../.................................
Plant diagrams:
Number of overview diagrams
Number of diagrams per energy type
Total number of diagrams
(of all energy types) ............../.................................
Energy import monitoring:

Number of monitoring items for electricity
Number of monitoring items for every other energy type
Total number of import monitoring items
(of all energy types) ............../.................................

1.5.6 Emergency Lighting Emergency lighting
Planning emergency lighting requires to observe a multi-

tude of laws, regulations, and rules governing construc- Safety lighting Standby lighting
tion work, health and safety at work, workplaces, places
of public assembly and so on. The planner will follow a Safety lighting for
safe track if he orientates his work to the electrotechni- emergency escape routes
cal and lighting standards for the erection, equipment,
testing, inspection and maintenance of emergency
Anti-panic lighting
lighting systems.
TIP01_11_009_EN
According to the European standard EN 1838, emer-
Safety lighting of workplaces
gency lighting is intended for situations where normal involving special hazards
artificial lighting fails. It is therefore powered from a
source independent of the power supply for normal
Fig. 1/8: Types of emergency lighting according to EN 1838
artificial lighting. Concerning the dimensioning of emer-
gency lighting, Fig. 1/8 illustrates the distinctions that
are made with regard to its intended use. Since emer-
1 gency lighting sets special requirements that may in-

volve costs and specific space assignments, bearing
these requirements in mind is usually indispensable even
its wattage must correspond to that of normal lighting.
At a low illuminance level safety lighting may only be
used for shutting down or terminating work processes.
in basic planning considerations. The planner and his
client should exchange ideas early on a building layout The German pre-standard DIN V VDE V 0108-100, which
that includes emergency escape routes and the fitting of is based the older European standard EN 50172 for safety
emergency lighting systems. lighting systems, requires among other things:
• Along the course of emergency escape routes, two or
In order to meet protection goals such as the chance to more lamps must be installed in every area for reasons
leave a place safely, to avoid the outbreak of panic and of system integrity.
ensure the safety of potentially hazardous workplaces, • If more than one safety light is required in a room, the
safety lighting must maintain the following functions number of luminaires must alternate between two
during a failure of the normal power supply: circuits. A maximum of 20 luminaires may be con-
• lighting or back-lighting of the safety signs for emer- nected into one circuit. Their current input may not
gency escape routes exceed 60% of the rated current of the overcurrent pro-
• lighting for emergency escape routes tection device.
• lighting of fire fighting equipment and alarm systems • Power sources can be distinguished according to
• facilitating rescue actions – single battery systems
– central power supply systems (CPS)
Ordinances and provisions for safety lighting apply to – power supply systems with power limiting (LPS)
locations such as: – power generators with defined interruption time in
• emergency escape routes at workplaces seconds
• workplaces involving special hazards – specially backed networks
• guest accommodation facilities, homes • A distinction is made between permanent lights and
• shops, restaurants standby lights. Safety lights may only be operated
• places of public assembly, theatres, stages, cinemas, together with general lighting in rooms and on emer-
exhibition halls, as well as temporary structures gency escape routes which
intended for public assembly – can be sufficiently illuminated by daylight; and
• basement and multi-storey car parks – cannot be fully darkened during normal operation;
• high-rise buildings and
• airports, railway stations – are not permanently occupied.
• schools • Control systems and bus systems for safety lighting
must be independent of the control and bus systems
Standby lighting is used in order to enable people to for normal lighting.
continue economically or technically important work
during the failure of normal lighting. For this reason, the Boundary conditions for planning that are dependent on
provisions made for safety lighting must be fulfilled and the building have been specified in standards.

Central power supply system (CPS)
power source for safety purposes
Power generator, uninterruptible

Continually operated illuminated
Power generator involving short-

Power supply system with power
Installations for gatherings of
Rated operating period of the
Power generator, mid-scale

time interruption (≤ 0.5 s)
Specially backed network

Max. switch-over time.
Single battery system

or back-lit safety sign
interruption (≤ 15 s)
Illuminance
limit (LPS)
people
(0 s)
[lx]
[h]
[s]
Places of public assembly

and such involving
temporary structures,
theatres, cinemas, (B) 1 3 × × × × × × – –
exhibition halls, shops,
restaurants, airports,
railway stations f)
Stages
Guest accommodation
facilities, homes
3
(B) 15 a)
1
8 e)
3 ×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
× ×
- –
–
1
Schools (B) 15 a) 3 × × × × × × × –
Basement and multi-storey (B) 15 3 × × × × × × × –
car parks
High-rise buildings (B) 15 a) 3 d) × × × × × × × –
Emergency escape routes at (B) 15 1 × × × × × × × ×
workplaces
Workplaces involving special (B) c
0.5 × × × × × × - ×
hazards
a) Depending on the panic risk from 1 s to15 s and endangerment evaluation
b) Illuminance of safety lighting acc. to EN 1838.
c) The period entailing danger for people.
d) 8 h for residential buildings, if the lighting is not switched as detailed under g).
e) 3 h are suffi cient if the lighting is switched as detailed under g).
f) 1 h is also permissible for overground areas in railway stations depending on the evacuation concept.
g) Rated operating time of 3 h, if safety lighting is continually operated together with general lighting; it must be possible to identify at
least one light switch as local switching device from any place even if the normal lighting fails. Safety lighting is automatically off-
switched after a settable time, when supplied from a power source for safety purposes.
× = permissible – = not permissible
Tab. 1/8: Safety lighting requirements of building structures for the gathering of people based on the pre-standard DIN V VDE V 108-100,
as of 2010 (Note: EN 50172, dated 2004 correlates with DIN VDE 0108-100 in the version of 2005 and deviates from it in some parts)

A safety lighting system consists of the following compo- + Expensive and/or intricate construction work for
nents: safety power source, distributors, monitoring tank and exhaust gas routing
devices, cabling, luminaires and rescue signs. First, the • Specially backed networks (normally 2nd system
power source type should be determined as the core feed-in)
element of safety supply. The systems listed below have + Long operating time ratings
specific advantages and disadvantages: + AC-capable power consumers
• Central power supply system (CPS) + Low follow-up costs
+ Cost reduction due to common circuits for continu- + Only for safety-relevant consumers acc. to
ous operation, standby mode and switched perma- IEC 60364-5-56
nent light are possible – Monitoring of individual luminaires not possible
+ Central monitoring from every peripheral location is – Circuit reduction not possible
possible – Only permitted in workplaces
+ Monitoring of individual luminaires
+ Cost reduction due to common circuits for continu- Since a second independent system feed-in is
ous operation, standby mode and switched perma- usually not available, it will be difficult in reality to
nent light are possible obtain a specially backed power system from differ-
+ Low follow-up costs ent supply network operators. With standby power
– Must be placed in F30 / T30 areas (MLAR – Sample generating sets, it is often necessary to consider
1 Directive on Fireproofing Requirements for Conduits

and Line Systems, 2005)
– E30 cabling required down to every fire area (MLAR)
long transmission lines and verify 100 percent
emergency standby capability. The planning ex-
pense for factoring in other power consumers
• Power supply system with power limiting (LPS) connected to the standby power generating set
+ Cost reduction due to common circuits for continu- must also be taken into account.
ous operation, standby mode and switched perma-
nent light are possible A disadvantage of battery power for safety lighting
+ Central monitoring from every peripheral location is is that self-contained emergency luminaires be-
possible come economically inefficient if more than 15
+ Monitoring of individual luminaires luminaires are used. The conditions for luminaire
+ Cost reduction due to common circuits for continu- replacement should always be looked into, too,
ous operation, standby mode and switched perma- when considering the use of self-contained emer-
nent light are possible gency luminaires.
+ Low follow-up costs
– Must be placed in F30 / T30 areas (MLAR – Sample
Directive on Fireproofing Requirements for Conduits
and Line Systems, 2005) Required output [W/m2]
– E30 cabling required down to every fire area (MLAR)
0.7
• Single battery system
+ Low investment costs 0.6
+ Easy retrofitting
+ High redundancy 0.5
– High follow-up costs due to inspections and replace-
ment 0.4
– Only suitable for low power output
0.3
– Fitting in distributed luminaires not possible
– Use under low temperature conditions not possible 0.2
TIP01_11_012_EN
– Limited height of light spot (max. 5 to 8 m)

• Power generators (uninterruptible, short, mid-scale 0.1
interruption)
+ Long operating time ratings
0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10
+ AC-capable power consumers
Room height [m]
+ Low follow-up costs
+ Only for safety-relevant consumers acc. to Fig. 1/9: Power estimate for emergency lighting systems
IEC 60364-5-56 featuring a central battery, based on experience gained with
– Monitoring of individual luminaires not possible fluorescent lamps at an illuminance of 1 lx
– Circuit reduction not possible

TIP01_11_010
Fig. 1/10: Safety lighting plan for a whole storey in an office building
1
Luminaires, Power Visual Standard test Lamps, Servicing
back-up systems consumption inspection batteries
FT
BT
Cost of Cost of Labour cost for Cost share Lamp and battery Labour cost
investment electricity visual inspection FT/BT replacement for servicing
Labour cost Servicing

for test cost
Operating
cost TIP01_11_011_EN
Time
FT functional test
Cost of emergency light system BT battery test
Fig. 1/11: Cost factors of emergency lighting
If the building layout allows for splitting the safety Conduits and Line Systems (MLAR) in Germany. The
lighting by fire areas, the choice could be low power advantage of these systems are their relatively short
systems (LPS, previously known as group battery sys- cable paths, and the energy required in case of fault is
tems). In most cases, however, a central power system available in form of batteries very close to where it is
(CPS), also known as central battery system, can be consumed. It is not necessary to build up and maintain
recommended. intricate and costly switchgear and cable networks for
standby power distribution.
The final circuits from the low power and central power
systems to the luminaires are wired in compliance with With regard to functional endurance, rooms containing
the Sample Directive on Fireproofing Requirements for battery systems and distribution boards for safety power

supply must comply with the requirements of MLAR
2005 and the model building code Elt Bau VO 01/2009 in
Germany. In particular, it must be ensured that the
distribution boards for safety power supply are kept
separate from the distribution boards for normal power
supply in functional endurance class E30. This also
applies in cases where these batteries are part of the
main distribution circuit of the safety power supply. In
those cases, the requirements placed on battery rooms
must also be observed.
When planning a safety lighting system, the space availa-

ble and operational requirements should be clarified
early. In this context, EN 1838 sets the following require-
ments:
The luminaires of a safety lighting system should be

fitted as follows:
1 • at least 2 m above the floor

• at every exit that is to be used in an emergency
• at dedicated emergency exits and at safety signs
• close to staircases (max. distance 2 m) so that every
step is lit
• close to every level change (max. distance 2 m)
• at every directional change of a corridor
• at every corridor junction
• outside and near every exit (max. distance 2 m)
• near every first aid point (max. distance 2 m)
• near every fire-fighting or alarm station (max. distance
2 m)
In addition to this, first aid points and locations with fire

fighting equipment which are not near the emergency
escape route or inside the area of anti-panic lighting
must be especially well lit
(5 lx measured on the floor).
When assessing the budget for emergency lighting, you

should not only look into the pure cost of investment,
but you should also factor in the expense for inspection,
monitoring, replacement and power consumption. To
this end, the depreciation period should be clarified.
For an initial estimate of the emergency lighting system,

the correlation of the installation height of the lumi-
naires and the required power per area can be shown in
form of a straight line, see Fig. 1/9.

Checklist
Safety lighting
Is a fire protection concept requiring
safety lighting available? P Yes P No
How many fire areas does the project have? ..........
Is the estate a building structure for gatherings

of people in compliance with DIN VDE 0108-100
(place of public assembly, guest accommodation facility
high-rise building, shop, workplace etc.)? P Yes P No
Have requirements imposed by state building code,

safety at work legislation, workplace regulations,
building regulations, etc. been considered? P Yes P No
p Rated operating time .......... h
p Switchover times .......... s
p Illuminance .......... lx 1
p Safety lighting already required during
ongoing construction work? P Yes P No
p Other ..........
Special environmental requirements

(higher degree of protection, explosion-prone area,
aggressive gases, etc.) ..........
Has a danger assessment be made (e.g. for workplaces

by the relevant Employer's Liability Insurance Association)? P Yes P No
Have escape routes been specified

(are there any escape route plans)? P Yes P No
Have the locations of fire fighting equipment,

alarm stations and first aid points been determined? P Yes P No
Shall the safety lighting be integrated into the

normal lighting system (higher power requirements,
provisions for switched permanent light necessary)? P Yes P No
Operating mode selection P Permanent operation

P Standby operation
P Combination of permanent and standby operation
Has voltage monitoring of the sub-distribution board

for normal supply been included in the planning for
standby operation? P Yes P No
In case of standby operation, shall normal power supply

be monitored at the main distribution board for safety
lighting (exception: single-battery system)? P Yes P No

Checklist
Is remote signalling to a permanently occupied desk intended

(exception: single-battery system)? P Yes P No
Type of power supply system P CPS P LPS
P EB P AE P BS
p Does a self-contained battery room exist, in case of CPS? P Yes P No
p Can the battery room be aired/vented to the outside? P Yes P No
p Is a charging booster required

(manufacturer's specification)? P Yes P No
p Are luminaires and electronic control gear suitable

for battery systems (voltage: 183.6 V – 259.2 V DC
and firing behaviour)? P Yes P No
Shall the main distribution board for safety power supply

(and battery, if applicable) be installed in a separate room –
are walls and ceilings fire resistant (F90);
1 is the door fire-retardant (T30)?
Shall the sub-distribution board for safety power

P Yes P No
supply be installed in a separate F30 room

or type-tested E30 enclosure? P Yes P No
Do the wiring systems meet the fire protection requirements? P Yes P No
Which light spot heights are available

(selection criterion for luminaire type)? P Yes P No
Alternating luminaire assignment to at least two

independent protection devices? P Yes P No

Chapter 2
Load Requirements
2.1 Estimate of Power Demand 44

2.2 Type of Power Supply 45
2.3 Checklist and Simultaneity Factors
for Functional Areas and
Building Areas 47
2.4 SIMARIS – Software Tools
for Efficient Planning 49
2 Load Requirements
Power supply planning and sizing is based on knowing 2.1 Estimate of Power Demand
the equipment to be connected and the resulting total
power demand. Besides the power demand of large To determine the technical supply conditions, it is neces-
machinery (motors, pumps, etc.), the demand of individ- sary to estimate the future power demand as precisely as
ual functional areas (office, parking, shop, …) must be possible in the preliminary planning stage. The more
ascertained (Tab. 2/1). precisely this power demand can be estimated, the
Average power Simultaneity Average building Average cost for heavy-

demand 1) factor 2) cost per walled-in current installation in a
Building use area walled-in area 2)
[W / m2] g [euro / m3] [euro / m3]

Bank 40–70 0.6 300 – 500 25 – 50
Library 20 – 40 0.6 300 – 450 20 – 40
Office 30 – 50 0.6 250 – 400 17 – 40
Shopping centre 30 – 60 0.6 150 – 300 12 – 35
Hotel 30 – 60 0.6 200 – 450 10 – 35
Department store 30 – 60 0.8 200 – 350 20 – 45
Small hospital (40-80 beds) 250 – 400 0.6 300 – 600 18 – 50
Hospital (200–500 beds) *) 80 – 120 0.6 200 – 500 10 – 40
Warehouse (no cooling) 2 – 20 0.6 50 – 120 3 – 18
2 Cold store
Apartment complex (without night
storage / continuous-fl ow water
500 – 1500
10 – 30
0.6
0.4
150 – 200
180 – 350
10 – 20
18 – 35
heater)
Single-family house (without night
storage / continuous-fl ow water 10 – 30 0.4
heater)
Museum 60 – 80 0.6 300 – 450 20 – 40
Parking garage 3 – 10 0.6 100 – 200 7 – 15
Production plant 30 – 80 0.6 100 – 200 10 – 40
Data centre 500 – 2000 0.6 300 – 500 40 – 80
School 10 – 30 0.6 200 – 400 15 – 30
Gym hall 15 – 30 0.6 150 – 300 8 – 25
Stadium (40,000 – 80,000 seats) 70 – 120 **) 0.6 3,000 – 5,000 **) 30 – 70 **)
Old people’s home 15 – 30 0.6 200 – 400 10 – 25
Greenhouse (artificial lighting) 250 – 500 0.6 50 – 100 5 – 20
Laboratory / Research 100 – 200 0.6
Mechanical engineering industry 100 – 200 0.4
Rubber industry 300 – 500 0.6
Chemical industry ***) 0.6
Food, beverages and tobacco
600 – 1000 0.8
industry
1) The values specifi ed here are guidelines for demand estimation and cannot substitute precise power demand analysis.
2) 2) The simultaneity factor (SF) is a guideline for preliminary planning and must be adapted for individual projects.
*) per bed ca. 2,000–4,000 W; **) per seat; ***) Power demand strongly process-dependent
Tab. 2/1: Average power demand of buildings according to their type of use
44 Totally Integrated Power – Load Requirements

better the power supply system can be sized as well. This considerations. In Germany, certain statutory regulations
applies as much to the components in normal power and specifications are additionally applicable, which
supply (NPS) as to the safety power supply components demand the functional endurance of cables and wires in
(SPS). Specifications for the technical equipment rooms case of fire.
are also derived from the sizing data for power supply.
Although there are no binding standards with regard to
reliability of supply at the moment, the permissible
duration of interruption and corresponding redundancy
2.2 Type of Power Supply requirements should be considered in the planning
phase. The “Technical requirements of the user” in the
Electrical energy can be fed into the power system in checklist stated in section 1.3 are to be applied to the
different ways, determined by its primary function different circuits such as NPS, SPS and UPS.
(Tab. 2/2).
In general, circuits for safety purposes routed through
Feed-in of NPS is performed as follows: fire-threatened areas must be designed fire-resistant.
• Up to approx. 300 kW directly from the public low- Never must they be routed through explosion-prone
voltage grid 400 / 230 V areas.
• Above approx. 300 kW usually from the public
medium-voltage grid (up to 20 kV) via public or in- The power supply for safety installations can be de-
house substations with transformers of 0.5 to 2.5 MVA signed either as non-automatic supply which is activated
by the operating personnel or as automatic supply which
For SPS and UPS, power sources are selected in is independent of any operator actions.
dependency of regulations and the permissible
interruption time: An automatic supply is classified according to its maxi-
• Generators for general standby power supply
and / or SPS
• Uninterruptible power systems
mum load transfer time:
• Without interruption: automatic supply which can
ensure continuous supply during transfer under
2
– Static UPS comprising: rectifier / inverter unit and defined conditions, e.g. with regard to voltage and
battery or flywheel energy storage for bridging frequency fluctuations;
– Rotating UPS comprising: motor / generator set and • Very short interruption: automatic supply which is
flywheel energy storage or rectifier / inverter unit and available within 0.15 s;
battery for bridging • Short interruption: automatic supply which is available
within 0.5 s;
A constellation as described in Fig. 2/1 has proven itself • Average interruption: automatic supply which is availa-
for the building infrastructure level. ble within 5 s;
• Mean interruption: automatic supply which is available
Since the circuits for SPS loads must be laid separately, within 15 s;
their placing inside the building is relevant for budget
Type Example
TIP01_11_013_EN
Normal power T1 T2 T3
Supply of all installations and power
supply G UPS
consumers available in the building
(NPS)
Supply of life-protecting facilities in case of
Safety power sup- danger, e. g.:
ply p Safety lighting
(SPS) p Fire fighting lifts
p Fire-extinguishing systems
Supply of sensitive power consumers which NPS ESPS
must be operated without interruption in network network
Uninterruptible
the event of an NPS failure / fault, e.g.:
power supply
p Tunnel lighting, airfield lighting
(UPS)
p Servers / computers NPS consumer SPS consumer UPS consumer
p Communications equipment
Tab. 2/2: Type of supply Fig. 2/1: Type of supply
Totally Integrated Power – Load Requirements 45

• Long interruption: automatic supply which is available The procedure shown in Fig. 2/2 can be carried out by
after more than 15 s; customers and / or planners for a use-specific classifica-
tion of different power consumers and the associated
In IEC 60364-5-56, the following examples of safety company-critical tasks.
installations are given:
• Emergency lighting (safety lighting) Criteria for the determination of business-critical pro-
• Fire extinguishing pumps cesses might be the following:
• Fire fighting lifts • Effects on life and health
• Alarm systems such as fire alarm systems, carbon • Protection of important legal interests
monoxide (CO) alarm systems and intruder detection • Laws and regulations
systems • Loss of reputation of the institution
• Evacuation systems
• Smoke extraction systems
• Important medical systems
Process definition /
task description
Definition of the permissible

duration of a power failure
2 Is the process / task No

business-critical?
Yes
Consideration of all electricity
consumers contributing
to the process
Is manual
Yes
emergency operation possible
(maybe partially)?
No
Is a short Is a shorter
No bridging time sufficient, No
interruption of the power
supply permissible? e.g. for a shutdown
process?
Yes
Yes
Consumers via UPS Connect consumers

directly to NPS to UPS via SPS
TIP01_11_014_EN
Consumers to UPS which Consumers to UPS which

Consumers to SPS is supplied from NPS Consumers to NPS
is supplied via ESPS
Fig. 2/2: Flowchart for an estimation of NPS, SPS and UPS

2.3 Checklist and Simultaneity power supply. Depending on these requirements, emer-
Factors for Functional Areas gency standby power generating set (ESPS) such as
emergency-power diesel generators and / or uninterrupt-
and Building Areas ible power supply systems (UPS) will then be included in
the planning. A standby power generating set may also
Special requirements consist of an additional medium-voltage supply from an
independent medium-voltage ring main line. This option
Depending on the given building use, additional specifi- depends on the conditions established by the supply
cations may have to be taken into account for power sup- network operator involved and must be clarified with
ply engineering, for example the statutory regulations this party. Tab. 2/1 and Tab. 2/3 shall assist you in esti-
for assembly rooms or hospitals. Special user require- mating the power demand for different types of build-
ments for the power supply of server rooms and data ings and functional areas. The data shown here are
centres, for example, also necessitate very detailed meant as guidelines only and should not be used to
planning. In these cases, a certain proportion of the substitute precise power demand analysis.
supply must comply with the requirements for safe
Functional area / Average power Simultaneity Functional area / Simultaneity factor

building area demand 1) factor 2) building area 2)
[W / m2] g g
Hallway / anteroom, lobby 5 – 15 0.3 Building installations
Staircase 5 – 15 0.3 Escalator 0.5
Equipment, general 5 – 15 0.3 Lift 0.3
Foyer
Access ways (e.g. tunnel)
10 – 30
10 – 20
1
1
Sanitary systems
Sprinklers
0.5
0.1 2
Recreation room / kitchenette 20 – 50 0.3 Heating 0.8
Toilet areas 5 – 15 1 Air conditioning 0.8
Travel centre 60 – 80 0.8 Cooling water system 0.7
Office areas 20 – 40 0.8 Refrigeration 0.7
Press / bookshop 80 – 120 0.8
Flower shop 80 – 120 0.8
Bakery / butcher 250 – 350 0.8
Fruit / vegetables 80 – 120 0.8 Functional area / Average power
building area demand 1)
Bistro / ice cream parlour 150 – 250 0.8
Snack bar 180 – 220 0.8 [W / m2]
Electric fl oor heating,
Diner / restaurant 180 – 400 0.8 65 – 100
living area
Electric fl oor heating,
Tobacco shop 80 – 120 0.8 130 – 150
bathroom
Night storage heating:
Hairdresser 220 – 280 0.8 60 – 70
low-energy house
Night storage heating:
Dry-cleaner’s / laundry 700 – 950 0.7 house with “standard” 100 – 110
insulation
Storage area 5 – 15 0.3 Small aircon unit 60
Photovoltaics *)
Kitchens 200 – 400 0.7 (max. output of the 200 – 300
modules)
1) The values specifi ed here are guidelines for demand estimation and cannot substitute precise power demand analysis.
2) The simultaneity factor is a guideline for preliminary planning and must be adapted for individual projects.
*) Average usable sun radiation in Germany per day 2:75 kWh / m2
Tab. 2/3: Average power demand of various functional / building areas

Checklist
Checklist for determining the power demand (in kW)
Building (see Tab. 2/3)
NPS SPS ESPS UPS
Functional area 1
Functional area 2
Functional area 3
Functional area 4
Functional area 5
Functional area 6
Functional area 7
Functional area 8
Other consumers (see Tab. 2/3)

2 NPS SPS ESPS UPS
Heating
Ventilation
Air conditioning
Sprinklers
(incl. secondary pipe heating in cold areas)
Lifting systems for sewage water draining
Safety lighting
Lifts / escalators
Fire alarm system
Central control room for I&C and

communications
Public-address system
Video monitoring / security system
Other large equipment
(tomographs (CT, MRT), pumps …)

2.4 SIMARIS – Software Tools for From experience, planning an electric power distribution
Efficient Planning system is always subject to considerable changes and
adaptations both in the planning and in the implementa-
Since the requirements for the equipment of non-resi- tion stage, for example also due to concept changes on
dential and industrial buildings as well as the expecta- part of the customer forwarded at short notice. With the
tions with regard to system safety and documentation help of the software, adaptations of the voltage level,
are constantly increasing, the planning of electric power consumer capacities or the technical settings for medium
distribution becomes more and more demanding and or low voltage can be quickly and reliably worked into
complex. The SIMARIS software tools support the plan- the supply concept, for example; this includes an auto-
ning of power distribution systems in buildings and allow matic check for permissibility in accordance with the
for convenient and easy operation thanks to a well applicable standards integrated in the software
designed user interface and functions which can be used (Fig. 2/3).
intuitively.
Determining the space requirements with
Dimensioning with SIMARIS design SIMARIS project
In accordance with the conditions resulting from the When using the “professional” version of SIMARIS design,
project requirements, SIMARIS design can be used to an export file can be generated, which contains all the
dimension the equipment according to the accepted relevant information on the established equipment. This
rules of good installation practice and all applicable file can be imported in SIMARIS project for further edit-
standards (IEC, EN, VDE), from medium-voltage supply ing within the scope of the planning process. Here, the
up to the consumers. SIMARIS design thus supports the established devices and other equipment can be allo-
calculation of short-circuit currents, load flow and distri- cated to the concrete systems. Thus, the space require-
bution, voltage drop and energy report. Moreover, ments of the planned systems can be determined and
SIMARIS design assists in the selection of actually re-
quired equipment, e.g. medium-voltage switching and
protective devices, transformers, generators, low-volt-
the budget be estimated. If an export file from SIMARIS
design is not available, the electrical designer can deter-
mine the required medium-voltage switchgear, trans-
2
age switching and protective devices, and in conductor formers, busbar systems and devices for the low-voltage
sizing, i.e. the sizing of cables, conductors and busbar switchboards and distribution boards directly in SIMARIS
systems. In addition, the lightning and overvoltage project on the basis of the given technical data and
protection can be included in the dimensioning process. defined project structure.
The power supply system to be planned can be designed Depending on the type of system, the systems are repre-
graphically in a quick, easy and clear way with the help sented graphically or in list form. For example, the
of the elements stored in the library. Subsequently, the planner can directly select and graphically place the
planner defines the operating modes required for the
project. This definition can be more or less complex,
depending on the project size and the type and amount
of load feeders and couplings used. However, with
SIMARIS design this definition is quite simple, since the
relevant devices and their switching conditions required
for the respective operating modes are presented graphi-
cally in a clear and well structured manner. All common
switching modes can be mapped and calculated thanks
to the option of representing directional and non-direc-
tional couplings and load feeders at the sub-distribution
level and isolated networks.
Sizing of the complete network or of subnetworks is

done automatically according to the dimensioning target
of “selectivity” or “backup protection” and the calculation
results can be documented with various output options.
With the “professional” version of the software, it is even
possible, among other things, to perform a selectivity
Fig. 2/3: Network design with SIMARIS design
evaluation of the complete network.

panels required for the medium-voltage switchgear,
whereas selected transformers and the components
required for the busbar trunking systems are presented
in list form. For low-voltage switchboards and distribu-
tion boards in SIMARIS project, the devices are compiled
in a list at first and then automatically placed in the
systems. The device arrangement created in this process
can then be modified in the graphic view.
In the further course of the project, the planning can be

adapted to current requirements over and again and
become more and more detailed according to the project
progress. The result which the user gets is concrete
technical data as well as dimensions and weights for all
components in the power distribution system. For the
documentation of the planned systems, SIMARIS project
also allows the creation of view drawings, technical
Fig. 2/4: SIVACON S8 system planning with SIMARIS project
descriptions, component lists and even technical specifi-
cations (Bill of quantities BOQ).
The budget for the planned systems can either be ob-

tained by sending the project file to the responsible
Siemens contact or, you can perform the calculation
yourself. To support your own calculation, a list of the
2 configured systems is created in SIMARIS project as a

summary, in which every system can be assigned a price
as well as additions and reductions (Fig. 2/4).
Displaying characteristic curves with SIMARIS curves
If detailed information on the tripping performance of

individual devices is required for planning preparations
or for documentation purposes, SIMARIS curves can be
used to visualise and assess tripping curves and their
tolerance ranges; the curves can be adapted by simulat-
ing parameter settings. Moreover, SIMARIS curves can
also be used to display and document let-through cur-
Fig. 2/5: Characteristic curves (fuse, moulded-case circuit-
rent and let-through energy curves for the devices breaker) in SIMARIS curves
(Fig. 2/5).
Efficiency of the tools
Frequently required modules, devices and systems can

be saved as favourites and integrated in later planning
files again. The planning expense can thus be further
reduced by using the SIMARIS software tools. The user
can update the stored product data in an uncomplicated
way via an online update. The specifications are, of
course, synchronised between the programs.
Link to the topic
www.siemens.com / simaris

Chapter 3
Power Sources
3.1 Embedded Generation Systems 52

3.2 Standby Power Generating Set 52
3.3 Uninterruptible Power Supply 57
3 Power Sources
In the guidelines for the connection of embedded or to the overall energy concept. As a rule, an investment is
distributed generation systems, emergency generators justified when the payback period does not exceed seven
are considered as such and a distinction is made years, or in certain cases, ten years. Whereby, in the long
according to the connection to the power supply system. term, it should be possible to obtain substantial revenues
from the surplus power and/or heat.
The following are defined as power sources for
safety purposes according to IEC 60364-5-56: An additional improvement in the utilisation can be
• rechargeable batteries; achieved by combining a combined heat and power
• primary cells; station with an absorption refrigeration unit. As no
• generators whose drive machine functions indepen- chlorofluorocarbons1) are used, this is an environmen-
dently of the normal power supply; tally friendly alternative to conventional refrigeration
• a separate system feed-in (for Germany, supplemented units.
by a “dual system”) from the supply network that is
really independent of the normal supply. In addition to the capital costs, the following points
should be clarified for estimating the profitability of CHP
The German VDEW guideline: Emergency generators – operation:
Guideline for the planning, installation and operation of • The location of the combined heat and power station
systems with emergency generators (2004 edition) • The requirements for the simultaneous use of heat/
describes the connection conditions for UPS installations refrigeration and power
and explains the methods of operation of emergency • The control of the fuel supply
generators in different system configurations (for further • The heat/refrigeration management to cover reserve
information on standby generating sets and uninterrupt- and peak loads
ible power systems, refer to 3.2 and 3.3). • The power management to cover reserve and peak
loads
• Service and maintenance
• Dedicated qualified personnel
3.1 Embedded Generation Systems
When connecting an embedded or distributed genera-
tion system for electrical energy to the low-voltage 3.2 Standby Power Generating Set
3 power system of the supply network operator, refer to
the VDEW guideline “Distributed generation systems on
the low-voltage power system” (4th edition 2001, with
A standby power generating set is used to supply power
when the public supply fails and may be required for
VDN supplements from September 2005). The “Technical several reasons:
supply conditions for connection to the low-voltage • To fulfill statutory regulations for installations for
power system” (TAB 2007; German federal wording gatherings of people, hospitals, or similar buildings
example of the VDN) must also be taken into account. • To fulfill official or statutory regulations for the opera-
One-phase connections can be used for distributed tion of high-rise buildings, offices, workplaces, large
generation systems with a rated apparent power of less garages or similar buildings
than 4.6 kVA (for photovoltaic power generating systems • To ensure operation of safety-relevant systems such as
below 5 kWpeak), three-phase connections for systems sprinkler systems, smoke evacuation systems, control
greater than this. A control point with disconnection and monitoring systems or similar systems
function that can be accessed by personnel from the • To ensure operation of IT systems
supply network operator at all times must be provided. • To safeguard production processes in industry
Alternatively, an “Installation for monitoring the power • To cover peak loads or to complement the power
supply with assigned switching devices in series” with supply from the normal grid
test certificate based on E DIN V VDE V 0126-1-1 can be
used. However, numerous boundary conditions must be
taken into account (refer to TAB 2007). A tie breaker
must ensure an all-pole, electrical isolation. The require-
ments of IEC 61000-3-2 or IEC 61000-3-12 must be
satisfied when operating the distributed generation
system. If a standby power supply system is planned, you
should check whether a combined heat and power 1) Chemical nomenclature according to IUPAC, International Union
station (CHP) can be operated economically with regard of Pure and Applied Chemistry: chlorofl uorocarbons (CFC)
52 Totally Integrated Power – Power Sources

Dimensioning of the generator units Some of the decisive criteria for making a choice
between the medium-voltage and the low-voltage level
DIN 6280-13 and ISO 8528 apply for the dimensioning are listed as seen from the medium-voltage viewpoint.
and manufacturing of standby generator units. The
design class of the generator unit results from the load Medium voltage has the following advantages:
demands. • Larger loads can be transmitted easier over longer
distances
The following factors are important for the power rating • Better power quality in extensive networks (voltage
of the generator units: drop)
• Sum of the connected loads = load capacity • Lower purchase price for the power consumption
• Operating behaviour of the consumers (e.g. switched- (approx. 20 % cheaper than low voltage)
mode power supply units, frequency converters and • The required short-circuit current is attained much
static UPS units with high power distortions) easier in the TN-S system for the “Protection through
• Simultaneity factor g = 1 tripping” measure.
• Turn-on behaviour of the consumers
• Dynamic response and load connection response of the Medium voltage has the following disadvantages:
generator unit • The cost effectiveness should be checked when the
• Ambient conditions at the installation site of the gener- power requirement is less than approximately 400 kVA
ator unit • Greater expenses are required for the protection
• Reserves for expansions concept in large networks
• Short-circuit behaviour • (Additional) transformers with the associated
switchgear and the appropriate protection are also
General required in the network for the safety power supply
• More devices and material are required
First a distinction is made between a power generating • Higher qualification is required for personnel operating
unit and a power generating station. The power gener- the switchgear.
ating unit is the actual machine unit comprising drive
motor, generator, power transmission elements and Generally a medium-voltage supply is only economical
storage elements. The power generating station also when higher power quantities must be transmitted over
includes the auxiliary equipment such as exhaust large distances.
system, switchgear and the installation room. This then
constitutes a complete standby power supply system.
The purpose of use and the design have not been taken
Turn-on and operating behaviour of consumers 3
into account yet. The start-up and turn-on behaviour of electric motors,
transformers, large lighting systems with incandescent
Integration into the power system concept or similar lamps has a major effect on the generator unit
output. Especially when there is a large proportion of
The following selection criteria for the standby gener- critical consumers in relation to the generator unit
ating set must be taken into account because of the output, an individual test must be performed. The possi-
consumer-dependent boundary conditions of the SPS bility of staggering the connection of loads or load
such as power requirements, power distribution concept, groups significantly reduces the required generator unit
simultaneity factor and reserves for expansions: output. If turbocharger motors are used, the load must
• Supply on the medium-voltage or low-voltage level be connected in steps.
• Distribution of the SPS load over several standby power
generating sets connected in parallel or supply via one All the available possibilities of reducing the start-up
large standby generating set loads of installed consumers should be fully exploited.
• Central installation or distribution of the individual The operation of some consumer types can also have a
power supplies close to the SPS consumers major effect on the generator unit output and generator
design. A special test must be performed when sup-
The differences in the cabling of the safety power plying consumers with power electronic components
supply, the susceptibility of the control system, the (frequency converters, power converters, UPS).
expense for switching and protection measures as well
as the supply of the consumers “privileged” to receive
emergency power during maintenance and repairs must
be taken into account in the selection and the concept.
Totally Integrated Power – Power Sources 53

Dynamic response approx. 3 to 3.5 × In at the generator terminals. Because
of these small short-circuit currents, special attention
The dynamic response of the generator unit at full load must be paid to the shutdown behaviour (protection of
connection and for the load changes to be expected personnel IEC 60364-4-41. An oversizing of the gener-
must be adapted to the permissible values of the con- ator may be required in such cases. As the active power
sumers. The design class of the generator unit in accord- may exceed the value of the rated generator unit power
ance with ISO 8528 is determined by the consumer type when a short-circuit occurs, the diesel engine may also
or the relevant regulations. Fulfilling the required values have to be oversized in this case.
can result in an oversizing of the engine, generator or
both components. As a rule, modern diesel engines with Room layout and system components
turbochargers and possibly charge air cooling are mostly
not suitable for load connections greater than When planning the generator unit room, the local
approx. 60% in one load impulse. If no particular con- building regulations must be taken into account. The
sumer-related requirements are set as regards the gener- planning of the generator unit room can also have a
ator unit, the load connection must be performed in significant influence on the acquisition costs of a
several steps. standby power supply system. The installation room
should be selected according to the following criteria:
Environmental conditions • Short cable routes to the supply point (low-voltage
main distribution board)
The reference conditions for diesel motors must be taken • The room should be located as far away as possible
into account here. According to ISO 3046-1 and from residential rooms, offices, etc.
DIN 6271, an ambient or air-intake temperature of 27°C, (offending noise)
a maximum installation altitude of 1,000 m above sea • Problem-free intake and exhaust of the required air
level and a relative humidity of 60% apply. If less favour- flow rates
able conditions are present at the installation site of the • Arrangement of the air inlets/outlets taking into
generator unit, the diesel engine must be oversized or account the main wind direction
the engine-specific derating factors must be taken into • Problem-free routing of the required exhaust pipe
consideration. • Easy access for moving in the components
The later generator unit room must be selected so that is
3 Short-circuit behaviour
If no particular measures are taken, the unit generators

it large enough to easily accommodate all the system
components. Depending on the installation size, there
should be 1 to 2 m of access space around the generator
supply a three-pole sustained short-circuit current of unit. The generator unit room should always have a
160 450
TIP01_11_016_EN
TIP01_11_015_EN
140 400
350
m3
l/h
120
300
100
250
80
200
60
150
40 100
20 50
0 0
0 400 800 1,200 1,600 2,000 0 400 800 1,200 1,600 2,000
kVA kVA
Fig. 3/1: Space requirements of a complete standby power Fig. 3/2: Hourly fuel consumption in relation to the rated power
generating set including soundproofing

temperature of at least + 10 °C in order to prevent con-
densation and corrosion forming and to reduce the
engine preheating (Fig. 3/1).
Tank facilities
Diesel fuel or fuel oil can be used for diesel generator

units. Each generator unit tank facility should have
enough fuel for 8 hours of operation at full load
(Fig. 3/2). Facilities that are subject to IEC 60364-7-710
must be dimensioned for at least 24 hours of operation
at full load. In tank facilities for emergency power
supply, the fuel level must be at least 0.5 m above the
injection pump of the diesel engine. In many cases, in
particular for systems in continuous operation, it may be
better to divide the tank facilities into a 24-hour tank
and a storage tank. The 24-hour tank then remains in the
generator unit room with capacity to suit the available
space. The storage tank can then be installed in another
room, or designed as an overground tank for outdoor
installation or as an underground tank. The 24-hour tank
is refuelled by means of an automatic filling device.

Checklist
Standby generator unit

Unit output .......... kW
Power factor cos φ ..........
Power that must be substituted
immediately after power failure .......... kW
Notes on consumers
(heavy starting or special features,
e.g. frequency converter, UPS, power supply unit) ........................................
........................................
........................................
Frequency converter on standby power supply .......... VA
UPS load on standby power supply .......... VA
Rated voltage .......... V
Rated frequency .......... Hz
Power factor (cos φ) ........................................
Power supply system P TN-S P TN-S (EMC-friendly)
P TN-C P TN-C-S P TT P IT
Design class P G1 P G2 P G3 P G4
Fuel P Diesel fuel P Gasoline P Gas
Required operating time at rated power without refuelling .......... h
Type of cooling for combustion engine P Air cooling P Liquid cooling
P P
3
Operating mode Time-limited operation Emergency power
unit
P Peak load unit P
Stand-alone
P In parallel with other power generating units
P Parallel operation with the power system
Expected annual operating hours .......... h
Type of installation P Stationary P Transportable P Mobile
Power generating unit: P With long interruption time
P Quick-starting standby generator unit
P No-break standby generator unit
Effects of weather P Indoor P Outdoor P Open air installation
Ambient temperature .......... °C
Installation altitude (above sea level) .......... m
Air pollution P Sand/dust P Chemicals
Noise limit (maximum level) .......... dB
Emissions ........................................
Exhaust gas emission limits ........................................
Dimensions (width × depth × height) ..... m × ..... m × ..... m
Weight .......... kg

3.3 Uninterruptible Power Supply
In accordance with the classification in fig. 2/1, con-
sumers in business-critical processes and safety equip- The required air flow Q for the ventilation of a battery
ment are supplied via an uninterruptible power system room or container is:
(UPS) if this is necessary when the normal power supply
(NPS) fails. A distinction is also made between the con- Q = 0.05 × n × Igas × CN × 10 –3 [m3/h]
nection possibilities of the UPS to the NPS or a standby
(i.e. redundant) power generating set. In the first case, where
the energy storage belonging to the UPS is dimensioned n = number of cells
according to the requirements of the specific shutdown,
Igas = current that causes gas formation,
i.e. the shutdown of the connected business-critical
in mA per Ah rated capacity
applications. In case of standby supply, it is sufficient to
bridge the start-up phase of the standby power supply C N = capacity C10 for lead-acid batteries [Ah],
system by means of the intermediate energy buffer Us = 1.80 V/cell
belonging to the UPS. at 20°C
or
In addition to the absolute power requirements of the capacity C5 for NiCd cells [Ah], Us = 1.00 V/cell at
connected consumers, simultaneity factors and power 20°C
factors must also be considered for dimensioning the The current Igas is defined in EN 50272-2, if not specified
UPS. The expandability of the UPS to meet planned by the battery manufacturer:
growth should also be taken into account at an early
stage. Modular design and the capability for parallel • for sealed lead-acid batteries Igas = 1 mA/Ah
connection facilitate future-oriented planning, but the • for encapsulated lead-acid batteries Igas = 5 mA/Ah
development period should always be considered criti- • for encapsulated nickel-cadmium batteries Igas = 5 mA/
cally. As a rule, different generations of UPS systems Ah
cannot be connected in parallel. Modular systems have The cross-section of the air inlet and outlet A in cm2 is
only been available for a short time, so that it is not calculated from the airflow Q
possible to guarantee the compatibility of old and new
systems of a specific manufacturer. A = 28 × Q
In addition to the power requirements of the consumers,
the type and bridging time of the energy buffer
(In accordance with EN 50272-2, an air flow rate of
0.1 ms–1 is assumed for this calculation).
3
belonging to the UPS also play a significant role in the
basic planning. If the UPS is supplied from a standby
power generating set when the NPS fails, a battery,
flywheel energy storage or capacitors can be used. If
some of the consumers can be shut down purposefully in
a short time (as a rule, between a few minutes and half
an hour), a stationary battery system is suitable as
storage. If a UPS configuration is desired where the UPS
shall bridge the start-up of the standby power supply
system, the more expensive alternatives compared to
battery systems, flywheel energy storage and DC link
capacitors, can also be considered. This is because spa-
tial requirements for the ventilation have to be observed
for battery systems. This also applies to “maintenance-
free” sealed lead-acid batteries.

Checklist
UPS
Classification according to IEC 62040-3
p Dependent on output (VFI, VFD, VI) ........................................

p Output voltage curve (S, X, Y) ........................................
p Dynamic response of the output (1, 2, 3) ........................................
Rated power, load-side

Required apparent power .......... kVA
Required load power factor (cos φ) P
.......... cap. P ind.
Output voltage, -frequency .......... V, .......... Hz
Power system configuration P TN-S P TN-S (EMC-friendly)
P TN-C P TN-C-S P
TT IT P
Input supply
Power supply source (generator, transformer), number of inputs ........................................
Permissible system perturbations .......... % THDi
System voltage, -frequency .......... V, .......... Hz
Power system configuration P TN-S P TN-S (EMC-friendly)
P TN-C P TN-C-S P
TT IT P
Electromagnetic compatibility .......... e.g. Class C1, C2, C3
Noise .......... dBA in 1 m
Climatic conditions
3 (room temperature, ventilation, …) .......... °C, m3 air flow
Power failure bridging time, shutdown and monitoring

Battery buffering time at 100% load .......... min
Battery service life .......... years
Battery capacity .......... Ah
DC link voltage .......... V
Signalling P Serial P USB P
Ethernet
P Contacts P PROFIBUS P
Modbus/JBus
Shutdown P Yes P No
Redundancy
No redundancy P N (sufficient to supply load)
Redundancy of the devices P N+1 (N devices are sufficient for load supply)
Redundancy of the systems P N+N (2 separate systems that can independently
supply the load)
Redundancy for devices and systems P (N+1) + (N+1) (2 separate systems, each of which
contains one more device than necessary)

Chapter 4
Power System Concept
4.1 Network Configurations 60

4.2 Protection and Dimensioning Principles 74
4.3 Power Quality 79
4.4 Electromagnetic Compatibility 82
4 Power System Concept
Especially in the first stage of planning, the finding of • Sufficient transmission capacity of equipment during
conceptual solutions, the planner can use his creativity normal operation and also in the event of a fault,
for an input of new, innovative solutions and technolo- taking future expansions into account
gies. They serve as a basis for the overall solution which • Sufficient quality of the power supply, i.e. few voltage
has been economically and technically optimized in changes due to load fluctuations with sufficient volt-
terms of the supply task and related requirements. age symmetry and few harmonic distortions in the
voltage
The subsequent calculation and dimensioning of circuits • Compliance with applicable standards and project-
and equipment are routine tasks which can be worked related stipulations for special installations
off efficiently using modern dimensioning tools like
SIMARIS® design (see section 2.4), so that there is more
freedom left for the creative planning stage of finding
conceptual solutions (Fig. 4/1). 4.1 Network Configurations
The following aspects should be taken into consideration The network configuration is determined by the respec-
when designing electrical power distribution systems: tive supply task, the building dimensions, the number of
• Simplification of operational management by transpar- floors above / below ground, the building use as well as
ent, simple network topology the building equipment and power density. An optimal
• Low power loss costs, e.g. by medium-voltage-side network configuration should meet the following re-
power transmission to the load centres quirements:
• High reliability of supply and operational safety of the • Low investment
installations, even in the event of individual equipment • Straightforward network topology
failures (redundant supply, selectivity of the power • High reliability and quality of supply
system protection, and high availability) • Low power losses
• Easy adaptation to changing load and operational • Favourable and flexible expansion options
conditions • Low electromagnetic interference
• Low operating costs thanks to maintenance-friendly
equipment The following characteristics must be determined for a
suitable network configuration:
• Number of supply points
• Type of meshing and size of the power outage reserve
• Size and type of power sources
Compilation of
boundary conditions
Concept finding: Influencing factors 4.1.1 Meshing
o"OBMZTJTPGUIFTVQQMZUBTL
– Selection of the network
4
t#VJMEJOHUZQFQFSJNFUFS
configuration
t#VJMEJOHVTF
Radial networks
o4FMFDUJPOPGUIFUZQF
PGQPXFSTVQQMZTZTUFN t#VJMEJOHNBOBHFNFOU
– Definition of the technical t1PXFSPVUBHFSFTFSWF
tFUD Low-voltage-side power distribution within buildings is
features
preferably designed in a radial topology today (Fig. 4/2).
The clear hierarchical structure provides the following
Calculation: t-JTUTPGQPXFSDPOTVNFST advantages:
– Energy balance t'PSFDBTUTPGFYQBOTJPOT
– Load flow (normal / fault)
• Easy monitoring of the power system
t5FNQFSBUVSFT
– Short-circuit currents t&RVJQNFOUEBUB • Fast fault localisation
(uncontrolled / controlled) tFUD • Easy and clear power system protection
• Easy operation
Dimensioning: t&RVJQNFOUEBUB
o4FMFDUJPOPGFRVJQNFOU – Electrical data
transformers, cables, – Dimensions etc. The low reliability of supply and possibly also the diffi-
QSPUFDUJWFBOETXJUDIJOH t4FMFDUJWJUZUBCMFT culty in maintaining the voltage are the main disadvan-
o4FMFDUJWJUZMJNJUUBCMFT
EFWJDFT FUD o$IBSBDUFSJTUJDDVSWFT tages of a simple radial network.
setting data, etc.
tFUD
Sub-distribution boards and power consumers requiring
TIP01_11_017_EN
a high reliability of supply are supplied by two independ-
ent feed-in systems with a load transfer switch. These
Fig. 4/1: Power system planning tasks
include, among other things, installations for the supply
60 Totally Integrated Power – Power System Concept

of medical locations in compliance with IEC 60364-7-710, • practical difficulties when performing tasks such as the
locations for the gathering of people in compliance with replacement of fuses or recommissioning,
IEC 60364-7-718, but also the supply of important power • the expenditure and complexity of calculations,
consumers via standby power generating sets or uninter-
ruptible power systems. ring-type or meshed networks are considered less often
in the planning stage.
Ring-type or meshed networks
Radial network concepts
Operating a meshed low-voltage network with distrib-
uted transformer feed-in locations places high require- Tab. 4/1 illustrates the technical aspects and influencing
ments on the design and operation of the power system. factors that should be taken into account when electrical
For this reason, ring-line networks in combination with power distribution systems are planned and network
high-current busbar systems are preferred today, in components are dimensioned.
particular when high-energy processes are involved in • Simple radial network (spur line topology):
industry. The advantage of a ring-line network with All consumers are centrally supplied by one power
distributed transformer feed-in locations in the load source. Each connecting line has an unambiguous
centres as compared to central feed-in with a radial direction of energy flow.
network lies in • Radial network with load transfer as power reserve –
• the reliable and flexible supply of power consumers, partial load:
• the better voltage maintenance, in particular in case of All consumers are centrally supplied by two to n power
load changes, sources. They are rated as such that each of them is
• lower power losses. capable of supplying all consumers directly connected
to the main power distribution system (isolated opera-
However, due to tion with open couplings). If one of the power sources
• high investment costs, fails, the remaining sources of supply can also supply
• high fire load, some consumers connected to the other power source.
In this case, any other consumer must be disconnected
(load shedding).
• Radial network with load transfer as power reserve
– full load:
All consumers are centrally supplied by two to n power
sources (isolated operation with open couplings). The
power sources are rated as such that, if one power
source fails, the remaining power sources are capable
of additionally supplying all those consumers normally
supplied by this power source. No consumer needs to
be disconnected. In this case, we speak of rating the
power sources according to the (n-1) principle. With
three parallel power sources or more, other supply
4
principles, e.g. the (n-2) principle, would also be possi-
ble. In this case, these power sources are rated as such
that two out of three transformers can fail without the
continuous supply of all consumers connected being
affected.
• Radial network in an inter-connected grid:
Individual radial networks in which the connected
consumers are centrally supplied by one power source
are additionally coupled electrically with other radial
networks by means of coupling connections. All cou-
plings are normally closed. Depending on the rating of
TIP01_11_018
the power sources in relation to the total load con-

nected, the application of the (n-1) principle, (n-2)
principle, etc. ensures continuous and faultless power
supply of all consumers by means of additional con-
Fig. 4/2: Radial network
necting lines. The direction of energy flow through the
Totally Integrated Power – Power System Concept 61

coupling circuits may vary depending on the line of In a TN system, in the event of a short-circuit to an
supply, which must be taken into account for the rating exposed conductive part, a considerable part of the
of switching / protective devices, and above all for single-pole short-circuit current is not fed back to the
making subsequent protection settings. power source via a connection to earth but via the pro-
• Radial network with power distribution via busbars tective conductor. The comparatively high single-pole
In this special case of radial networks, which can be short-circuit current allows for the use of simple protec-
operated in an interconnected grid, busbar trunking tive devices such as fuses or miniature circuit-breakers,
systems are used instead of cables. In the coupling which trip in the event of a fault within the permissible
circuits, these busbar trunking systems are either used tripping time. In building engineering, networks with TN
for power transmission (from radial network A to radial systems are preferably used today. When using a TN-S
network B etc.) or power distribution to the respective system in the entire building, residual currents in the
consumers. building and thus an electromagnetic interference by
galvanic coupling can be prevented in normal operation
because the operating currents flow back exclusively via
4.1.2 Power Supply Systems according to
the separately laid isolated N conductor. In the case of a
their Type of Connection to Earth central arrangement of the power sources, the TN sys-
Suitable power supply systems according to the type of tem in accordance with IEC 60364-1 (Fig. 4/3) is always
connection to earth are described in IEC 60364-1. The to be recommended. In that, the system earthing is
type of connection to earth must be selected carefully implemented at one central earthing point (CEP), e.g. in
for the MV or LV power system, as it has a major impact the main low-voltage distribution system, for all sources.
on the expense required for protective measures
(Tab. 4/2). On the low-voltage side, it also determines Today, networks with TT systems are only used in rural
the system's electromagnetic compatibility. From experi- supply areas and in few countries. The stipulated inde-
ence, the best cost-benefit ratio for electric systems pendence of the earthing systems RA and RB should be
within the normal power supply is achieved with the observed. In accordance with IEC 60364-5-54 a mini-
TN-S system at the low-voltage level. mum clearance ≥ 15 m is required.
LV-side system configurations
Radial system with changeover Radial system

Radial system
Quality criterion Simple radial connection as power reserve with power
in an inter-
system distribution via
connected grid
Teillast Full load busbars
4
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Low cost of investment • • • • •

Low power losses • • • • •
High reliability of supply • • • • •
Great voltage stability • • • • •
Easy operation • • • • •
Easy and clear system protection • • • • •
High adaptability • • • • •
Low fire load • • • • •
Rating: very good (1) to poor (5) fulfi llment of a quality criterion
Tab. 4/1: Exemplary quality rating dependent on the power system configuration

TN-C TN-C / S TN-S IT system TT system
Characteristics
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Low cost of investment • • • • •

Little expense for system extensions • • • • •
Any switchgear / protective technology
can be used • • • • •
Earth fault detection can be implemented • • • • •
Fault currents and impedance conditions
in the system can be calculated • • • • •
Stability of the earthing system • • • • •
High degree of operational safety • • • • •
High degree of protection • • • • •
High degree of shock hazard protection • • • • •
High degree of fire safety • • • • •
Automatic disconnection for protection
purposes can be implemented • • • • •
EMC-friendly • • • • •
Equipment functions maintained in case
of 1st earth or enclosure fault • • • • •
Fault localisation during system operation • • • • •
Reduction of system downtimes by
• • • • •
4
controlled disconnection
1 = true 2 = conditionally true 3 = not true
Tab. 4/2: Exemplary quality rating dependent on the power supply system according to its type of connection to earth
Networks with an IT system are preferably used for

rooms with medical applications in accordance with IEC
60364-7-710 in hospitals and in production, where no
supply interruption is to take place upon the first fault,
e.g. in the cable and optical waveguide production.
The TT system as well as the IT system require the use of

residual current devices (RCDs) for almost all circuits.

TN system: In the TN system, one operating line is directly earthed; the exposed conductive parts in the electrical installation are connected
to this earthed point via protective conductors. Dependent on the arrangement of the protective (PE) and neutral (N) conductors,
three types are distinguished:
a) TN-S system: b) TN-C system: c) TN-C-S system:
In the entire system, neutral (N) In the entire system, the functions In a part of the system, the functions
and protective (PE) conductors of the neutral and protective conductor of the neutral and protective conductor
are laid separately. are combined in one conductor (PEN). are combined in one conductor (PEN).
Power Power Power
Electrical installation Electrical installation Electrical installation
source source source
L1 L1 L1
L2 L2 L2
L3 L3 L3
N PEN PEN PE
PE N
3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
TT system: In the TT system, one operating line is directly IT system: In the IT system, all active operating lines are
earthed; the exposed conductive parts in the separated from earth or one point is is connected
electrical installation are connected to earthing to earth via an impedance.
electrodes which are electrically independent of the
earthing electrode of the system.
Power Power
Electrical installation Electrical installation
source source
L1 L1
L2 L2
L3 L3
N N
2
RB RA RB RA
3 1 4 3 1 4
First letter = earthing condition of the supplying Further letters = arrangement of the neutral conductor and
power source protective conductor
T = direct earthing of one point (live conductor) S = neutral conductor function and protective conductor function
I = no point (live conductor) or one point of the power are laid in separate conductors.
source is connected to earth via an impedance C = neutral conductor function and protective conductor function
4
are laid in one conductor (PEN).
Second letter = earthing condition of the exposed
conductive parts in the electrical installation
TIP01_11_019_EN
1 Exposed conductive part
T = exposed conductive parts are connected to earth
separately, in groups or jointly 2 High-resistance impedance
N = exposed conductive parts are directly connected to the 3 Operational or system earthing RB
earthed point of the electrical installation (usually
N conductor close to the power source) via protective 4 Earthing of exposed conductive parts RA
conductors (separately, in groups or jointly)
Fig. 4/3: Systems according to the type of connection to earth in acc. with IEC 60364-1

Distributed power supply Central power supply
T1 PS8
PS7
T2 PS6
T1 1MVA T2 1MVA T3 1MVA T4 1MVA PS5
T3 PS4
PS3
T4 PS2
PS1 PS2 PS3 PS4 PS5 PS6 PS7 PS8
PS1
I”k I”k
kA kA
∆u ∆u
% %
TIP01_11_020_EN
Better voltage stability Worse voltage stability
Lower power losses Higher power losses
Facilitated compliance with the conditions for Difficult compliance with the conditions for
disconnection from supply in acc. with HD 60364-4-41 disconnection from supply in acc. with HD 60364-4-41
Fig. 4/4: Comparison of feed-in options with regard to short-circuit current I and voltage drop Du
4.1.3 Power System Planning Modules

Power system planning modules can be used for an easy For feed-in into the building, a central and a distributed
and systematic power distribution design for typical feed-in option are provided for selection, depending on
building structures. These are schematic solution con- the room conditions and the associated load require-
cepts which clarify the spatial arrangement and connec- ments. As shown in Fig. 4/4, the distributed feed-in
tion of important components for power distribution. option provides advantages due to
The modules shown are suggestions for the planning of • lower power losses and voltage drops,
various building types and supply options. The following • higher voltage stability and lower harmonic load,
modules are all based on a clear radial network and the • higher degree of flexibility in the case of load shifts.
following goals are aimed at:
• High reliability of operation and supply
• Good electromagnetic compatibility
For many years, transformer load-centre substations
(S stations) have proven themselves for the configura-
4
• Selectivity tion of distributed medium-voltage / low-voltage feed-in
systems in industrial applications.
100 percent of the total power are drawn from the public
grid, whereof 10 to 30 percent are provided for the
safety power supply (SPS) and 5 to 20 percent for the
uninterruptible power supply (UPS). For medium-voltage
supply, an SF6 gas-insulated medium-voltage switchgear
8DJH, a SIVACON low-voltage main distribution system
with TN-S system, and - due to the room conditions -
GEAFOL cast-resin transformers with reduced losses are
assumed for the modules.

Checklist
Important electrical parameters of the higher-level medium-voltage system
Local supply network operator ........................................
Point of supply: Under responsibility of local supply network operator / customer ........................................
Neutral-point connection of power system P low-resistance earthed

P compensated
P isolated
Maximum short-circuit current I“ kmax .......... kA

Alternatively, maximum system short-circuit rating S “ kmax .......... MVA
Minimum short-circuit current I“ kmin .......... kA
Alternatively, minimum system short-circuit rating S “ kmin .......... MVA
Data of higher-level medium-voltage protection

Current transformer Iprim .......... A
I sec .......... A
Type of protection relay applied

Thermal overload protection available? P Yes P No
Type of characteristic curve: P inverse-time-delayed P definite-time-delayed
Setting zone Ith .......... A / time constant.......... min

Setting zone I > .......... A / t > ......... s
4 Setting zone I >> .......... A / t >> ......... s
Note:
For preparing a comprehensive, end-to-end protection concept, the precise data of the higher-level medium-voltage
protection applied is required, so that the lower-level low-voltage protection system can be adapted in accordance
with the MV protection settings.

4.1.4 Power System Planning Modules customer project requirements. When the preliminary
planning stage has been completed, the power system
The following modules can be used for an easy and can easily be configured and calculated with the aid of
systematic power distribution design for typical building the SIMARIS design software. Up-to-date and detailed
structures. These are schematic solution concepts which descriptions of the applications can be obtained on the
can then be extended and adapted to meet specific Internet at www.siemens.com/tip.
Building Wiring / Floor Power Transformer

Module Supply Floors Total area Generator UPS
type main route area required module
2 × 630 kVA,
Low-rise 1 supply 1,000 – 400 kVA 200 kVA
1 Cable ≤4 2,500 m2 10,000 m2 ukr = 6 %,
building section 2,000 kW (30 %) (15 %)
Ik ≤ 30 kA
2 × 800 kVA,
Low-rise 2 supply 2× 730 kVA 400 kVA
2 Busbar ≤4 2,500 m2 > 2,000 kW ukr = 6 %,
building sections 10,000 m2 (30 %) (15 %)
Ik ≤ 60 kA
1 supply 2 × 630 kVA,
High-rise 400 kVA 200 kVA
3 section, Busbar ≤ 10 1,000 m2 ≤ 10,000 m2 ≤ 1,800 kW ukr = 6 %,
building (30 %) (15 %)
central Ik ≤ 30 kA
1 supply
2 (2 + 1) ×
section,
High-rise 630 kVA, 800 kVA 400 kVA
4 transformers Cable 10 – 20 1,000 m2 ≤ 20,000 m2 ≥ 1,500 kW
building ukr = 6 %, (30 %) (15 %)
at remote
Ik ≤ 45 kA
location
2×3×
1 supply 2× 2×
High-rise 800 kVA,
5 section, Busbar > 20 1,000 m2 > 20,000 m2 ≥ 2,000 kW 630 kVA 300 kVA
building ukr = 6 %,
distributed (30 %) (15 %)
Ik ≤ 60 kA
Tab. 4/3: Design suggestions for the various building modules

The various individual decisions for power supply in
buildings can be combined reasonably as follows:
Functional areas:
Functional
Offices
building?
Briefing rooms
Data centre yes
Canteen kitchen with casino
Heating/ventilation/air conditioning
Radial network
Fire protection
with partial
Transport
load reserve
TN-C-S system,
LVMD with central
earthing point
no
I < 5?
Tip:
Max. side length: a
Floor area A = a2
Height per floor: h Low-rise building High-rise building
Number of floors: i
Max. number of floors
for one supply section:
i ≤ (100 m – 2a) / h
no no
∆ ≤ 2000 m2? I ≤ 10?
Splitting into several

supply sections per area, no
I ≤ 20?
yes i.e. number of floor
distribution boards ≥ 2
Tip: no yes
Ѕmax = P/cosφ Ѕmax ≤ 2 MVA?
Ѕmax < 630 kVA: ukr 4 %
Ѕmax ≥ 630 kVA: ukr 6 %
Central technical Central MV transfer: Distributed
equipment room, distributed MV transfer:
transfer: transformers – transformers –
transformer – LVMD LVMD LVMD
4 Interlocked load
transfer with
4-pole devices
Low-rise building Low-rise building High-rise building High-rise building High-rise building
Module 1 Module 2 Module 3 Module 4 Module 5
yes yes
yes yes yes
Tip:
TIP01_11_026_EN
Busbar trunking system if the

focus is on comfort requirements no
such as good extendibility, Cables? Busbars?
minimisation of fire load no
Fig. 4/5: Overview of the power supply concept modules

Lifts
HVAC
FF lifts
HVAC-SPS
NPS4.2
UPS4.2
SPS4.2
4th floor NPS3.2
UPS3.2
SPS3.2
3rd floor
NPS2.2
UPS2.2
SPS2.2
2nd floor
NPS1.2
UPS1.2
SPS1.2
1st floor
LVMD
NPS SPS
1 2 G
3~ UPS
4
MS
z
Basement
TIP01_11_021_EN
from PCO
NPS Normal power supply

PCO Power company or system operator
FF Firefighters
HVAC Heating – Ventilation – Air conditioning
MS Medium-voltage switchboard
LVMD Low-voltage main distribution
SPS Safety power supply
UPS Uninterruptible power supply
z Power monitoring system
Fig. 4/6: Module 1: Low-rise building, cable, one central supply section

Lifts
HVAC
FF lifts
HVAC-SPS
NPS4.1
SPS4.1
UPS4.1
NPS4.2
SPS4.2
UPS4.2
4th floor
NPS3.1
SPS3.1
UPS3.1
NPS3.2
SPS3.2
UPS3.2
3rd floor
NPS2.1
SPS2.1
UPS2.1
NPS2.2
SPS2.2
UPS2.2
2nd floor
NPS1.1
SPS1.1
UPS1.1
NPS1.2
SPS1.2
UPS1.2
1st floor
LVMD
NPS SPS
1 2 G UPS
3~
MS
z
Basement
TIP01_11_022_EN
from PCO
4
FF Firefighters
Fig. 4/7: Module 2: Low-rise building, busbar, two central supply sections

FF lifts Lifts
HVAC HVAC-SPS
nth floor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
(n–1)th floor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
2nd floor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
1st floor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
LVMD
NPS SPS
1 2 G UPS
3~
MS
z
4
Basement
TIP01_11_023_EN
from PCO

FD Floor distribution boards
FF Firefighters
Fig. 4/8: Module 3: High-rise building, busbar, one central supply section

Lifts FF lifts
HVAC HVAC-SPS
3 4
5th floor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
3rd floor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
4
FD Floor distribution
boards 2nd floor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
PCO Power company or
system operator
FF Firefighters 1st floor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
HVAC Heating –
Ventilation –
Air conditioning
LVMD
MS Medium-voltage
switchboard
LVMD Low-voltage main NPS SPS
distribution G
1 2 3~ UPS
SPS Safety power supply MS
UPS Uninterruptible z
power supply
Basement
z Power monitoring TIP01_11_024_EN
system from PCO
Fig. 4/9: Module 4: High-rise building, cable, one supply section, transformers at remote location

Lifts FF lifts
G
4 5 6 3~ UPS
HVAC HVAC-SPS

System discon- System discon- System discon-
necting point (b) necting point (b) necting point (b)

FD Floor distribution 3rd floor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
boards
PCO Power company or
4
system operator
2nd floor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
FF Firefighters
HVAC Heating –
Ventilation –
Air conditioning 1st floor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
MS Medium-voltage
switchboard
LVMD Low-voltage main
distribution
UPS Uninterruptible NPS SPS
power supply 1 2 3 G
3~ UPS
b 4-pole switch LVMD MS
z
for connecting
the LVMDs Basement
z Power monitoring TIP01_11_025_EN
system from PCO
Fig. 4/10: Module 5: High-rise building, busbar, one distributed supply section

4.2 Protection and Dimensioning For due dimensioning of the connections between
Principles output and target distribution board, requirements must
be met with regard to:
When preparing a planning concept, some thought • Overload protection
should already be given to the dimensioning of the Ib ≤ In ≤ I z for non-adjustable protective equipment,
switching and protective devices in the basic planning Ib ≤ Ir ≤ I z for adjustable protective equipment,
phase. When the basic supply concept for an electrical whereby the rated current In or the setting value of the
power supply system has been defined, a first estimate overload release Ir of the device must be between the
of the equipment and components to be used within the established maximum load current Ib and the maxi-
electrical system can be made. It is thus possible to mum permissible load current I z of the selected trans-
estimate space requirements and costs. mission medium (cable or busbar). And I z > I2 / 1.45,
whereby the so-called high test current I2 is the current
The normative basis for the dimensioning of the switch- which ensures effective tripping within the time speci-
ing and protective devices as well as the connecting lines fied for the protective device.
in circuits are summarized in Fig. 4/11. The dimensioning • Short-circuit protection
target is to obtain a technically permissible combination I2t ≤ K 2S2, whereby the energy caused by the short-
of switching / protective devices and connecting lines for circuit current I must not exceed the energy which
each circuit in the power system. might lead to damage to or destruction of the
connecting line (with conductor cross section S and
material coefficient K in acc. with IEC 60364-5-54.
Overload protection DIN VDE 0100-430

IEC 60364-4-43
Short-circuit protection IEC 60364-4-43/ DIN VDE 0100-430/

IEC 60364-5-54 DIN VDE 0100-540
DIN VDE 0100-410
4
Protection against electric shock IEC 60364-4-41
DIN VDE 0100-520

Voltage drop static / dynamic IEC 60364-5-52
VDE 0175
IEC 60038
TIP01_11_027_EN
IEC 60364-7-710 DIN VDE 0100-710

Selectivity static / dynamic IEC 60364-7-718 DIN VDE 0100-718
IEC 60947-2 DIN EN 60947-2
IEC 60898-1 DIN EN 60898-1
Fig. 4/11: Standards for the dimensioning of protective devices and routings in circuits

Protection against electric shock
Disconnection Signalling
TN system TT system IT system IT system
Overcurrent Overcurrent Insulation Insulation

protection devices protection devices monitoring devices monitoring
devices
Residual-current Residual-current Overcurrent
devices devices (RCD) protection devices
In special cases: Residual-current
TIP01_11_028_EN
fault-voltage-operated devices (RCD)
protective devices
In special cases:
fault-voltage-operated
protective devices
Fig. 4/12: Dependency of personal protection on power supply systems
Cable laying
• Protection against electric shock
4
Advantages + L ower material costs
Dependent on the power supply system, the specified + When a fault occurs along the line, only
protection is to be set up as shown in Fig. 4/12. one distribution board including its
• Permissible voltage drop downstream subsystem is affected
For cable dimensioning, the maximum permissible Disadvantages – High installation expense
voltage drop must be factored in. This means that the (downstream – Increased fire load
voltage drop - cable diameter – bending radiuses – subsystem – E ach cable must be fused separately in the
affected) LVMD (larger switchgear required)
space requirements chain also influences the room size
and costs. Busbar distribution
Advantages + R apid installation
+ Flexible in the case of changes or
4.2.1 Routing expansions
+ L ow space requirements
Nowadays, the customer can choose between cables and + From 2,000 A on more cost-effective than
busbars for power distribution. Tab. 4/4 shows some cable laying
features of the two variants. + R educed fire load (reduced by up to 85%)
+ H alogen-free
These aspects must be weighted in relation to the build- Disadvantages – R igid coupling to the building geometry
ing use and specific area loads when configuring a
specific distribution. Tab. 4/4: Advantages and disadvantages of cable laying and
busbar distribution

4.2.2 Switching and Protective Devices buildings, selective disconnection is gaining more and
more importance, as this results in a higher supply
As early as in the phase of basic planning, it is useful to reliability and quality. Whereas standards such as
determine which technology shall be used to protect IEC 60364-7-710 or -718 prescribe a selective behaviour
electrical equipment. The technology that has been of the protective equipment for safety power supply or a
selected affects the behaviour and properties of the spatial separation of different power supply areas, the
power system and hence also determines certain aspects proportion of buildings where selective disconnection of
of use, such as the protective equipment is demanded by the operator
• reliability of supply, for the normal power supply, too, is rising. Normally, a
• mounting expense, combined solution using selective and partially selective
• maintenance and downtimes. response is applied for the normal power supply in
power systems for buildings when economic aspects are
Type of construction considered. In this context, the following device proper-
ties must be taken into account in particular:
Protective equipment can be divided into the categories
of fuse-protected technology and circuit-breaker-pro- Current limiting:
tected technology. These two technologies can be com-
bined (Tab. 4/5). A protective device has a current-limiting effect if it
shows a lower let-through current in the event of a fault
Protective tripping than the prospective short-circuit current at this fault
location (Fig. 4/13).
Particularly when circuit-breaker-protected technology is
employed, the selection of the tripping unit is crucial for Selectivity:
meeting the defined objectives for protection because
tripping can be set individually. In power systems for When series-connected protective devices cooperate for
graded disconnection, the protective device which is
closest upstream of the fault location must disconnect
Fuse-protected technology
first. The other upstream devices remain in operation.
Advantages + Good current-limiting properties The temporal and spatial effects of a fault are limited to
+ High switching capacity up to 120 kA
+ Low investment costs a minimum (Fig. 4/14).
+ Easy installation
+ Safe tripping, no auxiliary power required
+ Easy grading between fuses
Disadvantages – Downtime after fault
– Reduces selective tripping in connection
with circuit-breakers
4
– Fuse aging
– Separate personal protection required
when switching high currents
Circuit-breaker-protected technology
i
Advantages + Clear tripping times for overload and
short-circuit
+ Safe switching of operating and fault Current flow
currents when zero-current
+ Fast resumption of normal operation after interrupters are used
fault tripping (ACB)
+ Various tripping methods, adapted to the
protective task
+ Communication-capable: signalling and
control of system states
TIP01_11_029_EN
+ Economic utilisation of the cable cross Current flow

sections when current-limiting
Disadvantages – Protection coordination requires short- breakers are used (MCCB)
circuit calculation
– Higher investment costs 4 ms 10 ms t
Tab. 4/5: Advantages and disadvantages of fuse-protected and

circuit-breaker-protected technology in protective devices Fig. 4/13: Current limiting

Back-up protection: The protection zones are defined as follows:
• Zone 0 (LPZ 0):
The provision is that Q1 is a current-limiting device. If the Outside the building / direct lightning impact:
fault current is higher than the rated breaking capacity – No protection against lightning strike (LEMP)
of the downstream protective device in the event of a – LPZ 0A: endangered by lightning strikes
short-circuit, it is protected by the upstream protective – LPZ 0B: protected against lightning strikes
device. Q2 can be selected with Icu or Icn smaller than • Zone 1 (LPZ 1):
Ikmax, Q2. However, this results in partial selectivity only Inside the building / high-energy transients caused by:
(Fig. 4/15). – Switching operations (SEMP)
– Lightning currents
• Zone 2 (LPZ 2):
4.2.3 Protection Against Lightning Current
Inside the building / low-energy transients caused by:
and Overvoltage – Switching operations (SEMP)
Transient overvoltages can be caused by lightning dis- – Electrostatic discharge (ESD)
charge (LEMP – Lightning Electromagnetic Pulse), • Zone 3 (LPZ 3):
switching operations (SEMP – Switching Electromagnetic Inside the building:
Pulse) or electrostatic discharge (ESD). To protect the – No generation of transient currents or voltages
low-voltage power distribution system and the con- beyond the interference limit
nected equipment, conductors in which excess voltages – Protection and separate installation of circuits which
occur must be short-circuited with the equipotential could interact
bonding conductor via surge protection devices (SPD) in
a very short time. SPD and their installation are described in the relevant
standards, e.g. IEC 60364-5-53, IEC 61643 and
The risk management described in IEC 62305-2 is pre- IEC 62305. In accordance with IEC 60364-4-44, the
ceded by a risk analysis in order to establish the neces- required electric strength of the insulation for the elec-
sity of lightning protection first and then define the trical equipment in the various system areas is
technically and economically optimal protective meas- • 6 kV in the central power supply (main distribution)
ures described in IEC 62305-3 and IEC 62305-4. To this • 4 kV in the sub-circuit distribution (sub-distribution)
end, the building to be protected is subdivided into one • 2.5 kV at the terminal
or several lightning protection zone(s) (LPZ). For each • 1.5 kV at particular terminals
LPZ, the geometrical borders, relevant characteristics,
lightning threat data and kinds of damage to be consid-
ered are defined.
4
Trip Q1
Q1
Q2 Q3 Q2 Q3
Trip Trip
TIP01_11_030_EN
TIP01_11_029_EN
Fig. 4/14: Selective tripping Fig. 4/15: Back-up-conditioned fault tripping

SPD for low-voltage installations are therefore arranged
in a multi-stage protection concept (Fig. 4/16): Low-voltage
• Type 1 SPD (lightning current arresters) are required in power supply
system
the case of hazard generated by direct or indirect
strikes of lightning. Their discharge capacity is up to
100 kA (wave form 10 / 350 μs), depending on the S S S
P P P
required lightning protection class. The site of installa-
D D D
tion is the central power supply.
• Type 2 SPD reduce the residual voltage below the
electric strength of the equipment and lines between
sub-circuit distribution and power connection for 6 kV
terminals. In systems with an operating voltage of 4 kV
TIP01_11_032_EN
2.5/1.5 kV
230 V this is 2.5 kV. In most cases, SPD for this operat- Insulation
ing voltage are dimensioned as such that a protection
level of 1.5 kV is attained. The protective circuit con- Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
sists of temperature-monitored varistors with dis-
charge capacities up to 40 kA (wave form 8 / 20 μs). The Fig. 4/16: Three-stage overvoltage protection concept in which all
site of installation is the sub-circuit distribution / sub- SPD were installed at different locations
distribution or the feed-in of control cabinets and
control units at machines.
• Combinations of type 1 + type 2 SPD provide compact
overvoltage protection within the narrowest space and
are interesting particularly for retrofittings.
• Type 3 SPD finally reduce the residual voltage below
the electric strength of the terminals. In devices with
an operating voltage of 230 V this is ≤ 1.5 kV.
For common power supply systems, compact multi-pole

protective devices are provided, whereby versions with a
basic element and connector are standard. The protec-
tive element is accommodated in the connector, while
the basic element contains the connecting contacts. In
the case of overload, the protective connector can be
replaced without intervention in the installation. Moreo-
ver, insulation measurements can be performed without
having to uninstall the SPD. To limit the follow current,
4 the SPD must be provided with an upstream protective

device (e.g. a fuse). SPD protection must be rated in
accordance with the connection values specified by the
manufacturer. Depending on the SPD in use, we recom-
mend using fuses classified as 125 A gG or 160 A gG.
The Siemens SPD provide comprehensive protection

against transient overvoltages. Meanwhile, there are
also SPD for special applications (e.g. for the DC side of
photovoltaic systems).

4.3 Power Quality The IEC defines the term “Power Quality” as follows:
“Characteristic property of electricity at a given position
The electrical utility companies are constrained by the in the electrical energy system, where these properties
respective standards and specifications to provide a must be contrasted with certain technical parameters”.
constantly high quality of the power supply. High-perfor-
mance consumers (machines, induction furnaces, pro- The following parameters are relevant for the system
duction lines) or a large number of power supplies (in voltage quality in accordance with EN 50160:
data centres, in office buildings, at telecommunication • Voltage magnitude, slow voltage changes
service providers) cause system perturbations which • Interruptions of supply (short, long)
affect the quality. With the complexity within the power • Voltage dips
system increasing, it becomes more and more difficult to • Fast voltage changes, flicker
allocate the interferences to the party causing them and • Voltage unbalance, voltage shape (harmonics, subhar-
optimize the system voltage. monics, signal voltages)
• Transient overvoltages and overvoltages with supply
In recent years, the term Power Quality has become a frequency
synonym for the effort to analyse the electric power • Frequency
supply within complex network configurations, to iden-
tify problem areas and eliminate them through suitable A high power quality is defined by a high degree of
solutions. Detailed simulations support the planning of compliance with the standard values. The reasons for
expansion projects or new construction projects in a deficient system voltage quality lie both on the part of
foresighted way. Power Quality also stands for the effi- the network operators and on the part of the connected
cient use of the electrical energy resource and thus in customers. The latter are faced with voltage distortions
many cases provides a considerable savings potential. and flicker effects owing to system perturbations from
customer installations.
Period under
Characteristic Requirements Measurement interval
consideration
Interconnected grid: 50 Hz + 4 % / –6% continuously; 1 year
50 Hz ± 1 % during ≥ 99.5% of a year
System frequency 10 sec average
Isolated operation: 50 Hz ± 15% continuously; 1 week
50 Hz ± 2% during ≥ 95% of a week
Urated + 10 % / –15 % continuously
Slow voltage changes 10 min average 1 week
Urated ± 10 % during ≥ 95 % of a week
Long-term flicker severity Plt < 1 during ≥ 95 % of a 2 h (flickermeter in acc.
Flicker / fast voltage changes 1 week
4
week and ∆U10ms < 2 % Urated with IEC 61000-4-15)
U (negative phase-sequence system) / U (positive
Voltage unbalance phase-sequence system) < 2 % during ≥ 95 % of a 10 min average 1 week
week
< limit value in acc. with DIN EN 50160 and 10 min average of each
Harmonics Un2 … Un25 1 week
THD < 8 % during > 95 % of a week harmonic
Subharmonics being discussed 1 week
< standard characteristic curve = f(f) during ≥ 99 %
Signal voltages 3 sec average 1 day
of a day
Number < 10 … 1000 / year; thereof > 50 % with 10 ms r.m.s. value
Voltage dips 1 year
t < 1 s and ∆U10ms < 60 % Urated U10ms = 1 … 90 % Urated
Number < 10 … 1000 / year; thereof > 70 % with a 10 ms r.m.s. value
Short voltage interruptions 1 year
duration of < 1 s U10ms ≥ 1 % Urated
Long voltage interruptions Number < 10 … 50 / year with a duration of > 3 min 1 year
Number < 10 … 1000 / year; thereof > 70 % with a 10 ms r.m.s. value
Temporary overvoltage (L-N) 1 year
duration of < 1 s U10ms > 110 % Urated
Transient overvoltage < 6 kV; µs … ms n.s.
Tab. 4/6: Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public grids in accordance with EN 50160

Problems in the transmission and distribution network measures for a sustainable power quality optimisation
result, among other things, in shorter or longer interrup- are, among others, reactive power compensation sys-
tions . The reliability of power generation also plays an tems and active network filters.
important part with regard to system voltage quality.
Fig. 4/17 shows important parameters of the supply
voltage as well as known interference factors. Multi-
function measuring instruments are used for measuring
the most important power quality parameters. Suitable
Source of interference Interference phenomenon Effect
Switch Restrike Transient
Atmospheric discharge Spike Overvoltage
Machine Current peak Voltage change
4
Motor Phase displacement Reactive power
Frequency converter Harmonic

TIP01_11_033_EN
Fig. 4/17: Parameters and interference factors of the system voltage

Limitable by
Phenomenon Main causes
Supplier Consumer
Frequency fluctuation Load changes, generation loss Yes No
Slow voltage changes Load changes Yes No
Fast voltage
Switching operations, special loads No Yes
changes / flicker
Voltage asymmetry Asymmetrical phase loads Partly Yes
Harmonics and
Special devices Partly Yes
subharmonics
Signal voltages Information transfer Yes Yes
Direct currents or direct
Special devices (half-wave rectification) No Yes
voltages
Voltage dips and Fault in the supply network / consumer network (short-
No No
interruptions circuits, interruptions)
Fault in the consumer network No Partly
Temporary overvoltage
Resonances in the supply network / grid Partly No
Transient overvoltage Lightning strikes, switching operations No No
Tab. 4/7: Causes and controllability of the system disturbance phenomenons

4.4 Electromagnetic Compatibility The individual phases were loaded nearly symmetrically,
and consequently the PEN conductor was hardly loaded.
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) means that electri-
cal equipment, plants or systems can be operated simul- Owing to an increasing number of high-power single-
taneously without impermissibly high interference being phase consumers and consumers with a high proportion
generated, which might cause malfunction or even of harmonic contents in the third order (switched power
destruction of equipment. supply units), the phases are loaded extremely asymmet-
rically, and the N conductor is sometimes loaded with a
DIN VDE 0870-1(withdrawn since July 1, 2011) defines higher current than the external conductors. As the PE
EMC as “The capacity of an electrical appliance to func- conductor is meant to carry current only in case of a
tion in a satisfactory manner in its electromagnetic fault, the PE conductor and the N conductor must be laid
environment without impermissibly disturbing this separately from the point of supply on in newly con-
environment which may also include other appliances.” structed buildings (see IEC 60364-4-44). If this require-
ment is not observed in an electrical installation, part of
Electric current flows within an electric appliance (emit- the return current might be distributed through all
ter) and causes a magnetic field in its environment. earthing systems and equipotential conductors. Current
Additionally, an electric field is generated. These fields flows back to the voltage source through the smallest
can generate voltages and currents in other electrical resistors, so that unwanted currents might even flow
appliances, which might cause malfunction, damage or through metal pipes and screens of data lines.
even destruction of these appliances (Fig. 4/18). There
are three points of leverage where you can act upon the These “stray” currents may give rise to strong electro-
system to ensure electromagnetic compatibility: magnetic fields which cause strange failures and mal-
• Emitter (e.g. screening, spectral limitation) function of electronic equipment. They may also cause
• Coupling route (e.g. no PEN conductor, filtering, optical corrosion in water pipes. As explained above, higher
waveguides) currents may be present in the N conductor than in the
• Receiver (e.g. screening, filtering) phase conductors. Therefore, the cables / wires might
When an electrical system is planned, any possible

generation, propagation and introduction of electromag-
netic interference should already be considered and
Potentially
precautions should be taken to prevent such interference Source of Coupling
susceptible
interference mechanism
or reduce it to a level which does not cause any distur- equipment
(emitter) (route)
bance to the system (Fig. 4/19). Subsequent rework to (receiver)
ensure system EMC gives rise to considerable extra costs. TIP01_11_034_EN
Fig. 4/18: Interference model
4
EMC-friendly power supply systems –
practical issues and requirements
For several years, increasing malfunction of and damage Cause of interference Coupling mechanisms
to electrical and electronic equipment has been noticed,
for example:
• Unaccountable faults in data transmission networks Switching operation Galvanic
• Desktop and server crashes Electrostatic discharge Inductive
• Printer failures Periodic parasitic frequence Capacitive
• Slowdown of data transmission in the local network, Strike of lightning Interference by waves
Electromagnetic pulse EMC Interference by radiation
even to complete standstill System perturbation
• Triggering of alarm systems and fire detectors Solar wind Filters
• Corrosion in piping and earth conductors Surge arrester
Lightning current arrester
Equipotential bonding
The reasons for these effects often lie in an old-style
TIP01_11_035_EN
Earthing
power distribution where the N conductor and the PE Screening
conductor are combined to form a single PEN conductor.
This wasn’t a problem in the old days, as the number of Precautions against interference
electronic equipment connected into supply was low.
Fig. 4/19: Parameters affecting EMC

need larger dimensioning in acc. with DIN VDE 0298-4,
Appendix B.
Note: The devices must be selected accordingly.
4.4.1 Effects of Conductor Design on EMC

Fig. 4/20 shows an example of galvanic coupling and
demonstrates which problems must be expected if the
PE and N conductors are combined to form a single PEN
conductor. The illustration shows a consumer through
which the current I L flows during operation. Normally,
this current should be taken back to the source through
the PEN conductor. This return current I N, however,
causes a voltage drop in the PEN conductor, which acts
as an interference voltage on all systems connected to
the PEN conductor, resulting in a parasitic current I St
through the consumer screening and a parasitic current
IG in the building. The parasitic currents flowing through
the cable screens interfere with or destroy equipment
which is susceptible to overvoltages. Moreover, parasitic
currents in the building may result in corrosion and give
rise to magnetic fields which may cause further damage.
Separate designing of the N conductor and PE conductor
will prevent such stray currents. Thus, the PE conductor
only carries current in case of a fault (Fig. 4/21).
PE N L PE N L
Distributor Distributor
ON IL ON IL
IN IN
ISt
Screen Screen
IL IL
4
IG ISt IG = 0 ISt = 0
Distributor Token ring Distributor Token ring
∆U = 0
∆U > 0
ISt
IPE N IL IN IL
Transformer Transformer
IL = Current in phase conductor L IL = Current in phase conductor L

IN = Neutral conductor current in PE N IN = Neutral conductor current in PE N
TIP01_11_041_EN
TIP01_11_040_EN
IG = Stray current in the building IG = Stray current in the building

Conductive building ISt = Parasitic currents in screens Conductive building ISt = Parasitic currents in screens
structure, water pipe ∆U = Voltage drop in PE N conductor structure, water pipe ∆U = Voltage drop in PE N conductor
(external voltage) (external voltage)
Fig. 4/20: Current flow with combined PEN conductor Fig. 4/21: Current flow with separate PE and N conductors

Section A Section B
Source
Protective Protective
equipotential equipotential Equipotential
bonding – bonding – bonding –
transformer transformer Generator
Low-voltage main distribution
NPS SPS
L1 L1
L2 L2
L3 L3
PEN
PE
Central
earth
point Main
TIP01_11_042_EN
for sections earthing
A and B busbar
The PEN conductor must be wired separately along its whole course!
Fig. 4/22: Power supply system for central feed-in
Section A Section B
Central
earth
Protective Protective point for
Source
equipotential equipotential section B

bonding – bonding – Main
transformer transformer earthing
a1
terminal –
4
Generator
a2
Interlock
NPS SPS
L1 L1
L2 L2
L3 L3
PEN N
PE PE
Central
TIP01_11_043_EN
earth Main
point for earthing
section A busbar
Fig. 4/23: Power supply system for distributed feed-in

4.4.2 Power Supply Systems as selective grading must also be taken into account, a
second main equipotential bonding conductor is in-
In order to avoid parasitic currents, the type of power stalled for distributed feed-in of the SPS.
supply system must be selected carefully. The following
section explains two typical examples for coupling the The following should be observed for this kind of power
normal power supply network (NPS) and the safety supply system:
power supply network (SPS). In the first case, the SPS is • The PEN conductor must be wired separately along its
installed in the immediate vicinity of the NPS (central whole course in the NPS.
feed-in) and in the second case, the SPS is installed • There must be no connection between the neutral
remote from the NPS (distributed feed-in). point of the transformer and earth or the PE conductor.
Between the neutral point of the generator and earth
Power supply system for central feed-in or the PE conductor, a connection for an additional
equipotential bonding conductor is installed.
The power supply system shown in Fig. 4/22 is recom- • A parallel operation between sections A and B is imper-
mended for central feed-in, with EMC being ensured missible. The transformers may supply sections A and B
even when the supplying sources of sections A and B are at the same time. The generator, however, may only
operated in parallel. We recommend that the PEN con- supply section B.
ductor be marked in light blue and, additionally, in
green-yellow throughout its course. Note: During transfer between transformer and genera-
tor operation, short-time parallel operation under unfa-
The following should be observed for this kind of power vourable EMC conditions, for example during back
supply system: synchronisation, is possible.
• The PEN conductor must be wired separately along its
whole course, both in the SPS and in the NPS, as well • The load transfer switches in the SPS and the generator
as in the LVMD. supply must be in 4-pole design. The feeder switches
• There must be no connection between the neutral for supply of section A must be in 3-pole design.
points of transformer and generator, and earth and PE • All load feeders are designed as a TN-S system, i.e. with
conductor, respectively. distributed N-conductor function and separate PE and
• The feeder switches for supply from SPS and NPS must N conductors. 3-pole and 4-pole switching devices may
be in 3-pole design. be used.
• The supplying sources for sections A and B may be
operated in parallel. By implementing a central earthing point in the power
• A connection between earth and the PE conductor may supply systems described above, suitable measuring
only be made at one point (central earthing point), as devices can be used to make sure that no further - imper-
otherwise the PE conductor and the N conductor would missible - splitter bridge between the N conductor and
be connected in parallel, resulting in unfavourable EMC the PE conductor was installed.
conditions as shown in Fig. 4/22.
• All load feeders are designed as a TN-S system, i.e. with
distributed N-conductor function and separate PE and
4
N conductors. 3-pole and 4-pole switching devices may
be used.
Power supply system for distributed feed-in
Fig. 4/23 depicts the recommended system for distrib-

uted feed-in. Distributed feed-in is encountered if the
following applies to the distance between sections A
and B:
a1 >> a2
As short-circuit currents decrease with the distance from
the main equipotential bonding conductor, and protec-
tive devices require a certain minimum value for safe
tripping in the event of a fault, and

Conductor arrangements
100
TIP01_11_044_EN
L1
Magnetic flux density B in µT

10 cm
L1 = 1000 A e -j0∞
L2 L2 = 1000 A e -j120∞
10 cm L3 = 1000 A e -j240∞
L3 10
L1
10 cm
L1 = 1000 A e -j0∞ 1
L2 L2 = 1000 A e -j120∞
10 cm L3 = 950 A e -j240∞
Interference limit ECG
L3
Interference limit EEG
0,1
Busbar system
SIVACON LXC01 IN = 1000 A
0,01
1 5 10 50 100
Distance to source of interference in m
Fig. 4/24: Field strength curves for various conductor arrangements and comparison with busbar system
4.4.3 Overview of Power Supply Systems The limit value for inductive interference between multi-
according to their Connection to Earth and core cables and wires in the power installation with a
their Relation to EMC conductor cross section > 185 mm2 and the patient
places to be protected will certainly be undershot if the
An overview and evaluation of the different power minimum distance of 9 m is kept as recommended by
supply systems with regard to EMC can be found in the IEC 60364-7-710. When a busbar system is used, this
EN 50310 standard. Besides the TN-S system, IT and TT distance may usually be smaller, as the design properties
systems are also EMC-friendly systems. Further details of busbar systems effectively reduce magnetic interfer-
4 can be seen in Table 1 in the standard.
Interference limits
ence fields for the surroundings.
In order to observe these limits, the magnetic flux den-

sity can be reduced by both increasing conductor clear-
Electromagnetic alternating fields caused by current ance and a suitable conductor arrangement. A busbar
transmission can interfere with the function of sensitive system may possibly be used. Fig. 4/24 depicts the
equipment like computers or measuring tools. For an course of the magnetic flux density and the interference
undisturbed and reliable operation, the interference limits for ECG and EEG. This illustration shows the mini-
limits of the respective equipment should always be mum distances for which the interference limits are
observed. IEC 60364-7-710 defines limit values of mag- observed in hospitals, when cables or busbar systems are
netic fields with supply frequency (mains frequency) in used. The magnetic fields of busbar systems depend on
hospitals. At a patient's place, the magnetic induction at the construction (suitable and symmetrical conductor
50 Hz must not exceed the following values (T = Tesla, arrangement and conductor clearances) of the busbar
magnetic induction B): system and the amperage. The illustration compares a
SIVACON LXC01 busbar system with a rated current of
0.2 μT for electroencephalogram (EEG) 1,000 A to a conductor arrangement of cables. As it can
be seen, the field of the busbar system is initially greater
0.4 μT for electrocardiogram (ECG) in the close area, but it decreases much more with an
increasing distance and already causes a weaker mag-

netic field at a distance of < 1 m than a cable arrange-
ment. For possible applications, characteristic curves of
more busbar systems can be found in the engineering
manual “Planning with SIVACON 8PS.” Moreover, the
illustration shows that even a small asymmetrical load
greatly increases the magnetic field. Generally, the
following aspects have a favourable impact on the
reduction of the course of flux lines:
• Symmetrical conductor arrangement
• Small clearances between conductors
• Symmetrical conductor loads
• Large clearances between conductors and the
potentially susceptible equipment
4.4.4 Overview of EMC-relevant Standards
EN 50174-2
Information technology - Cabling installation - Part 2:
Installation planning and practices inside buildings
EN 50310
Application of equipotential bonding and earthing in

buildings with information technology equipment
IEC 60364-4-44 Section 443
Low-voltage electrical installations - Part 4-44 Protection

for safety – Protection against voltage disturbances and
electromagnetic disturbances – Clause 443: Protection
against overvoltages of atmospheric origin or due to
switching
IEC 60364-5-54
Low-voltage electrical installations – Part 5-54: Selection

and erection of electrical equipment – Earthing arrange-
ments, protective conductors and protective bonding
4
conductors
IEC 60364-4-44 Section 444
Low-voltage electrical installations – Part 4-444: Protec-

tion for safety – Protection against voltage disturbances
and electromagnetic disturbances

Chapter 5
Main Components for Power
Distribution
5.1 Medium-voltage Switchgear 90

5.2 Distribution Transformers 98
5.3 Low-voltage Switchgear 110
5.4 Distribution Boards
for Sub-distribution Systems 114
5.5 Routing 117
5 Main Components for Power Distribution
It is essential to specify the main components for power The influencing factors and stresses on the switchgear
distribution at an early stage in order to estimate the listed in Fig. 5/1 determine the selection and rated
necessary project budget and dimension the utilities values of the switchgear. They are described briefly in
rooms required for electric installations correctly. Based the following.
on the specific project targets and the established de-
mand, steadfast decisions must already be made at this
very stage. Wrong specifications can only be corrected at Line voltage
great expense at a later stage.
The line voltage determines the rated voltage of the
substation, switchgear and other installed components.
The maximum line voltage at the upper tolerance limit is
5.1 Medium-voltage Switchgear the deciding factor.
Depending on the local power supply network operator Assigned configuration criteria for switchgear
and the required transformer power, there are certain • Rated voltage Ur
standards for medium-voltage switchgear which must be • Rated insulation level Ud; Up
observed for the planning/sizing of utility substations. • Primary rated voltage of voltage converters Upr
These standards are described in the Technical Supply
Conditions of the respective supply network operator.
Standard IEC 62271 applies for the implementation on
medium-voltage switchgear (MV switchgear) systems.
t3BUFEWPMUBHF t/FVUSBMFBSUIJOH
t4IPSUDJSDVJUDVSSFOU t$BCMFPWFSIFBEMJOF
Power system parameters
t0QFSBUJOHDVSSFOU t0WFSWPMUBHFQSPUFDUJPO
t-PBEnPX t1PXFSRVBMJUZ
t1SPUFDUJWFGVODUJPOT t3FEVOEBODZ
System protection & measurement t4FMFDUJWJUZ t5SJQQJOHUJNFT
t.FBTVSFNFOU t.FUFSJOH
t1VCMJDHSJET t&NFSHFODZQPXFS
Feeder lines
t%JTUSJCVUFEHFOFSBUJPO t3FEVOEBODZ
t*OTUBMMBUJPOTJUF t"DDFTTJCJMJUZ
Operating area t6UJMJUJFT UFDIOJDBMFRVJQNFOU
SPPN t#VJMEJOHT
t5SBOTQPSU t*OTUBMMBUJPO
t*OEPPSDMJNBUF t"MUJUVEF
Environmental conditions
5
t5FNQFSBUVSF t)VNJEJUZ
t4XJUDIJOHEVUZ t4XJUDIJOHGSFRVFODZ
Sector-specific application
t#VTCBSDIBOHF t"WBJMBCJMJUZ
t0QFSBUJPO t0QFSBUPSQSPUFDUJPO
Sector-specific operating procedures t8PSL t0QFSBUPSJOTUSVDUJPOT
5*1@@@&/
t*OTQFDUJPO t.BJOUFOBODF
t4UBOEBSET t4UBUVUPSZSFHVMBUJPOT
Standards and regulations
t"TTPDJBUJPOHVJEFMJOFT t$PNQBOZSFHVMBUJPOT
Fig. 5/1: Influencing factors and stresses on the switchgear
90 Totally Integrated Power – Main Components for Power Distribution

Short-circuit current current values next to one another along a conducting
path; typically there are different values for busbars and
The short-circuit current is characterized by the electrical feeders. Reserves must be planned when dimensioning
quantities of surge current Ip (peak value of the initial the installations, for example:
symmetrical short-circuit current) and sustained short- • in accordance with the ambient temperature,
circuit current Ik. The required short-circuit current level • for planned overload,
in the system is predetermined by the dynamic response • for temporary overload during faults.
of the loads and the power quality to be maintained, and
determines the make and break capacity and the with- Large cable cross sections or several cables in parallel
stand capability of the switchgear and substations. must be connected for large operating currents; the
panel connection must be rated accordingly.
Attention:
Assigned configuration criteria for switchgear (Tab. 5/1):
The ratio of the surge current to the sustained short-cir- • Rated current of busbar(s) and feeders
cuit current in the system can be significantly greater • Number of cables for each conductor in the panel
than the factor Ip / Ik = 2.5 (for 50 Hz) required in stand- (parallel cables)
ard IEC 62276-200, which is used for the construction of • Rating of the current transformers.
switches and switchgear. A possible cause, for example,
are motors that feed power back to the system when a The smallest possible standardized grading of the switch-
short circuit occurs, thus increasing the surge current gear rated values should be selected for a cost-optimized
significantly. dimensioning of the medium-voltage switchgear,
whereby the operating current conditions and the short-
Operating current and load flow circuit current conditions must be satisfied.
The operating current refers to current paths of the

system infeeds, busbar(s) and load feeders. Because of
the spatial arrangement of the panels, the current is also
distributed and therefore there may be different rated
Max. system operating
Sustained short-circuit
voltage incl. tolerance
Insulation capacity 1)
Consumer operating
alternating current
Rated short-circuit
Rated short-circuit
Rated short-circuit
Peak short-circuit
Peak short-circuit
breaking current
making current
Rated voltage
Rated current
current 2)
currents
currents
current
Ur > Ub Ir > Ir Ima, Idyn > ip I SC > I“ k Ith > Ik
[kV] [kV] [kV] [A] [A] [kA] [kA] [kA] [kA] [kA] [kA]
5
Circuit-breaker × × × × × ×
Switch-disconnector × × × × ×
HV HRC fuse × × iD ×
Current transformer × × × ×
Voltage transformer × × 3)
Switchgear × × × × ×
1) Insulation capacity includes rated power-frequency withstand voltage (50 Hz/1 min) and rated surge voltage.
According to IEC 62271 two tables are permitted; usually the greater requirements of Tab. 2 are used.
2) The rated short-time current always requires the specifi cation of the short-circuit duration 1 s or 3 s
3) Voltage converters are not short-circuit proof and therefore must be installed short-circuit proof .
Tab. 5/1: Configuration criteria for medium voltage
Totally Integrated Power – Main Components for Power Distribution 91

8DJH switchgear
Rated voltage Ur [kV] 7,2 12 15 17,5 24
Rated short-duration power-frequency
Rated insulation level 20 28 36 38 50
withstand voltage Ud [kV]
Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage Up [kV] 60 75 95 95 125
Rated frequency fr 50 / 60 Hz
for branch circuits up to 400 A or 630 A
Rated operating current Ir
for busbar up to 630 A
for switchgear with tcw = 1 s [up to kA] 20 25 20 25 20 25 20 25 20
Rated short-time current Icw
for switchgear with tcw = 3 s (option) [kA] 20 – 20 – 20 – 20 – 20
Rated surge current Ip [up to kA] 50 63 50 63 50 63 50 63 50
Rated short-circuit making current Ima [up to kA] 50 63 50 63 50 63 50 63 50
without secondary equipment – 25/– 40 to + 70 °C
Ambient temperature T
with secondary equipment – 5 to + 55 °C
Tab. 5/2: Electrical data of gas-insulated 8DJH switchgear
System protection
Gas-insulated switchgear should be used for the me-
dium-voltage utilities substation. The advantages of • Protective devices (SIPROTEC) reliably detect faults in
gas-insulated switchgear are: the network and shuts down the relevant system
• Up to approx. 70 % less space required (with 20 kV) components quickly and safely.
compared to air-insulated switchgear • In a radial network, a grading of non-directional time-
• Smaller transportation size and consequently easier overcurrent protection relays is sufficient.
shipping • Flexibility through different protocols, such as
• Increased safety of operation due to hermetically according to IEC 61850, IEC 60870-5-103,
sealed primary switchgear section (adverse impact PROFIBUS-DB, MODBUS RTU or DNP 3.0 should be
such as dirt, small animals, contact, condensation are taken into consideration.
excluded due to the encapsulation)
• Maintenance-free primary section (lubrication and Automation system:
re-adjustment is eliminated; maintenance-free gas
compartment for the entire service life thanks to stain- • The main advantages of energy automation
less steel tank) systems are
• Better eco balance than air-insulated switchgear with – High degree of availability and safety
regard to the service life – Short response times
• When a pressure absorption system is used, the rise in – Central operator control and monitoring
pressure when a fault occurs is significantly less than • An integrated energy automation system such as
with air-insulated switchgear, which means that a SICAM comprises all systems from the supply input of
smaller room is possible the local power utility through the integration of the
emergency power supply to the low-voltage level.
5 Operator protection:
• Safe to touch thanks to the earthed metal encapsula-

• SICAM uses specially tested components and standards
to ensure the advantages mentioned above
• The connection of the building automation system,
tion. e.g. via OPC (OLE for Process Control), and to higher-
• HV HRC fuses and cable terminations are only accessi- level control systems, e.g. via IEC 60870-5-101 or
ble if branch circuits are earthed. 60870-5-104, allow integrated automation solutions
• Operation is only possible if the enclosure is fully
sealed (and any doors closed). Extendibility
• Maintenance-free pressure absorption system, laid out
as “special cooling system” reduces pressure-related The switchgear should be extendible with a minimum
and thermal effects of an arc fault so that the person- time expense. A modular system with ordering options
nel and the building remain protected. for busbar extensions on the right, left or both sides
provides the best prerequisite for this:

• Individual panels and panel blocks can be mounted • If operator corridors do not exceed a length of 10 m,
side-by-side and extended as desired – no gas work one exit is sufficient. If the escape route is longer than
required on site 10 m, an (emergency) exit is required at both ends.
• Low-voltage compartment (cubicle) is available in two • Fixed ladders or similar facilities are permissible as
heights, wired to the switchgear panel by means of emergency exits in escape routes.
plug connectors
• All panels can be replaced at any time
Installation site:
The switchgear is to be used indoors in compliance with

IEC 61936 (Power installations exceeding 1 kV a.c.) and
HD 637 S1. We distinguish between:
• Switchgear types in locations with no access from the
public, outside closed off electrical operating areas.
Switchgear enclosures can only be removed with the
aid of tools and operation by ordinary persons must be
prevented.
• Closed electrical operating areas: A closed electrical
operating area is a room or location used solely for the
operation of electrical switchgear and is kept locked.
Access is only granted to electrically skilled persons
and electrically instructed persons; for ordinary per-
sons only when accompanied by electrically skilled or
instructed persons.
Operating and maintenance areas
In accordance with HD 637 S1, note the following:

• These are corridors, connecting passages, access areas,
transportation and escape routes.
• Corridors and access areas must be sufficiently dimen-
sioned for work, operation and transportation of com-
ponents.
• The corridors must have a minimum width of 800 mm.
• Corridor width must not be obstructed by equipment
protruding into the corridor, such as permanently
installed drives or switchgear trucks in disconnected
position.
• The width of the escape route must be at least 500
mm, even if removable parts or fully open doors pro-
trude into the escape route.
• Note that the doors of switchgear cubicles and panels
must close in the escape direction.
• For mounting and maintenance work behind enclosed
5
units (stand-alone) a passage width of 500 mm is
sufficient.
• A minimum height of 2,000 mm below ceilings, covers
or enclosures, except for cable basements is required.
• Exits must be arranged in way that the escape route
length does not exceed 40 m when rated voltages
above 52 kV are applied, and 20 m in case of rated
voltages up to 52 kV. This requirement does not apply
to walk-in busbar or cable conduits or ducts.

Pressure development in switchgear rooms tural characteristics must have been inspected and
approved by the statics engineer.
In case of a fault within a gas-insulated switchgear
station, an arcing fault can occur which strongly heats Fig. 5/3 provides an overview of stationary pressures
the surrounding gas resulting in an extreme rise in occurring and the precautions to be taken, as well as
pressure. The height of the pressure rise depends on the possible effects of an internal arcing fault on different
room geometry, the existence of pressure relief outlets rooms. In case of highly complex geometries or higher
and arcing fault energy. short-circuit powers, it is necessary to perform a detailed
pressure calculation (please turn to the Siemens Consult-
The consequences of such a (rare) fault can be extremely ant Support for assistance – see contact data) that also
serious not only for operating personnel, but also for the takes the dynamic pressure development into account.
room. For this reason, appropriate measures must have The procedure in Fig. 5/4 to estimate the size of the
been taken for pressure relief, such as pressure relief required pressure relief outlet only serves as a guide for
outlets, ducts, absorbers or coolers (Fig. 5/2). The actual the basic planning and is not a substitute for pressure
pressure loadability of the building as well as its struc- calculation in later planning.
1 Low-voltage compartment
Switchgear room Switchgear room
1 – Standard for
1 2 circuit-breaker panels
≥ 2400
2
≥ 1000 – Option for every
3 9 other panel type
≥ 1000
4 2 Pressure-relief opening
10
890 3 Room height
5
≥ 2400
775 ≥ 1000 4 Panel depth

2300
2000
828 5 Access corridor

6 6 Cable space cover
7 Cable
8 Height of cable basement
7 300 11 corresponding to cable
bending radius
115 9 Direction of pressure relief
~200
2 > 600 8 12 10 Pressure absorption canal
834
9 Cable basement 11 Height of pressure absorption
Cable basement
canal base beneath the
switchgear panel
Side view Side view
12 Depth of pressure absorption
canal behind the
switchgear panel
≥ 15 ≥ 15
≥ 200
≥ 200
620
5
620
≥ 50
≥ 50
TIP01_11_046_EN
Top view Top view
Switchgear arrangement with standard panels Switchgear arrangement with rear pressure absorption canal (option)
Fig. 5/2: Room layout for switchgear with pressure relief downward (left) and with pressure absorption duct

Single-row installation at the wall Stand-alone, back to back
≥ 1000
Operation and supervision
≥ 50
≥ 1000
≥ 1000
Two-row installation at the wall

≥ 50
≥ 1000
Wall installation
≥ 50
≥ 1000
TIP01_11_047_EN
Dimensions in millimeter
Medium-voltage panels
≥ 50
Low-voltage panels
Fig. 5/3: Examples for the arrangement of panels and corridors (acc. to AGI Worksheet J 12)
Pressure diagram 16 kA 1 s without absorbers

60
50
Excess pressure [hP a]
40
30
A = 0.1 m3
A = 0.2 m3
20
A = 0.4 m3
A = 0.5 m3
10 A = 0.6 m3
5
A = Size of the pressure
0 relief outlet
10 15 20 25 30 35
Building volume [m3]
Framework conditions: Definition of the pressure relief outlet

Short-circuit current 16 kA 1 s 1. Max. permissible pressure for “approved brick wall“
Medium-voltage switchgear approx. 30 hPA
without absorbers 2. Building volume 20 m3
TIP01_11_048_EN
Free building volume 20 m3 3. Intersection of 30 hPA and 20 m3 results in the

Type of wall: approved brick wall required size of the pressure relief outlet: approx. 0.15 m3
4. The recommended pressure relief outlet
of 0.2 m3 should be selected
Fig. 5/4: Example of stationary excess pressures resulting from internal arcing faults

Checklist
Medium-voltage switchgear
Installation site/altitude (above sea level):
Room/door dimensions:
Type of installation P At the wall P Stand-alone
Rated voltage P 12 kV P 4 kV P .......... kV

Operating voltage P 0 kV P 20 kV P .......... kV
Rated operating current of the busbar P 630 A P .......... A
Rated short-time current (1 s) P 16 kA P 20 kA P .......... kA
Internal arcing qualification P IAC (Internal Arc Classification)
Type of pressure relief (note room height) P Pressure relief downward
P Pressure relief backward/upward
P Pressure relief upward with pressure absorption

system
Low-voltage compartment
(as top unit for protective devices, measuring instruments …) P 600 mm P 900 mm
Number of switchgear panels can be extended P Yes P No
Maintenance-free switchgear P Yes P No
Further points that should be considered when planning/dimensioning

medium-voltage switchgear:
Power system parameters
P Operating voltage ........................................
P Rated short-time current ........................................
P Neutral-point connection ........................................
P Load flow, power to be distributed ........................................
5 P Cable / overhead line network ........................................
P Overvoltage protection ........................................
P Power quality (unsteady loads) ........................................
System protection
P Integration of the system protection concept

of the local network operator ........................................
P Use of SIPROTEC protective devices ........................................

Checklist
Specify protective function numbers according to ANSI:

Energy automation
Energy automation solution planned P Yes P No
Specification of the required functions
Visualisation system – Human Machine Interface (HMI):
Systems to be connected P Protection P
Substation automation
P Power quality P
Control centre
P Process automation POther
Operating area
P Access to the operating area (skilled personnel only Yes/No)
P Installation:
– Arrangement, required space (=> panel width)
– False floor / cable routes
– Operation/installation corridor
P Transportation routes
P Pressure relief of the switchgear room
P Ambient temperature
P Climatic conditions (pollution, salt, humidity, aggressive gases)
P Installation altitude (note derating factor for more than 1000 m above sea level)
Sector-specific application
P Switching duty
P Switching frequency of the consumers
P Availability
P Service/maintenance
Operation
P Operation (handling, clearness …)
P Operator protection
P Expansion capability of the system
P Operator control (monitoring and switching)
P Control and monitoring
P Interlock concept
P
P
Measurement and metering
Integration of the system operation and the 5
Production process

P Regulations of the local network operator (Technical Supply Conditions)
P Electrical standards (IEC/VDE)
P Association guidelines (VDEW/VDN)
P Statutory regulations
P Internal regulations

5.2 Distribution Transformers for “Power transformers” and the requirements of the
standards and specifications of EN 50464 for “Oil-
A secure power supply requires a well-developed power immersed AC distribution transformers, 50 Hz, …” or
supply network with powerful transformers. Distribution HD538 revised for “AC dry-type transformers, 50 Hz, …”.
transformers are designed for a power range from 50 to
2500 kVA and maximum 36 kV. In the last stage, they Loss evaluation of a transformer
feed electrical energy into the consumer networks by
transforming it from medium voltage into low voltage. The greatly increased prices for energy are practically
They are designed either as liquid-insulated transformers forcing purchasers of electrical machines to carefully
or as cast-resin dry-type transformers. consider the system-inherent losses of these machine.
This is of special importance for distribution transform-
Power transformers, including distribution transformers, ers that are in continuous operation and work under
must comply with the relevant specification IEC 60076 load. Materials of higher quality are increasingly being
Capital cost Example: Distribution transformer
taking into account the purchase price Cp, the interest rate p, Depreciation period n = 20 years Depreciation
and the depreciation period n Interest rate p = 12 % p. a. factor r = 13.39
Cc = Cp × r / 100 [amount / year] Energy charge Ce = 0.25 € / kWh
Demand charge Cd = 350 € / (kW × year)

Cp = purchase price
r = p × qn / (qn –1)= depreciation factor Equivalent annual load factor _ = 0.8

q = p / 100 + 1 = interest factor
p = interest rate in % p.a
n = depreciation period in years A. Low-cost transformer B. Loss-optimized transformer
P0 = 19 kW no-load loss P0 = 16 kW no-load loss

Cost of no-load loss Pk = 167 kW load loss Pk = 124 kW load loss
Cp = € 521,000 purchase price C p = € 585,000 purchase price
based on the no-load loss P0, and energy cost Ce
CP0 = Ce × 8,760 h / year × P0 Cc = 521,000 × 13.39 C c = 585,000 × 13.39

100 100
Ce = energy charges [amount / kWh] = € 69, 762 / year = € 78,332 / year
P0 = no-load loss [kW]
CP0 = 0.2 × 8,760 × 19 C P0 = 0.2 × 8,760 × 16

Cost of load loss = € 33,288 / year = € 28,032 / year
based on the load loss Pk, the equivalent anual load factor a, CPk = 0.2 × 8,760 × 0.64 × 167 CPk = 0.2 × 8,760 × 0.64 × 124
and energy cost Ce = € 187,254 / year = € 139,039 / year
C Pk = Ce × 8,760 h / year a2 Pk
5
CD = 350 × (19 + 167) CD = 350 × (16 + 124)
a = constant opperation load / rated load
= € 65,100 / year = € 49,000 / year
Pk = copper loss [kW]
Total cost of owning and Total cost of owning and

operating this transformer operating this transformer
Cost resulting from demand charges is thus: is thus:
€ 355,404 / year € 294,403 / year
based on the no-load loss P0, and energy cost Ce
CD = Cd (P0 + Pk)
The energy saving of the optimized distribution transformer of
Cd = demand charges [amount / (kW . year)] € 61, 001 per year pays for the increased purchase price in less
than one year.
Tab. 5/3: Calculation of the individual operation cost of Tab. 5/4: Example for cost saving with optimized distribution
a transformer in one year transformer

used in the manufacture of low-loss transformers, which Environment category limited
raises their purchase price. However, in most cases the Category E0 No condensation, pollution can be neglected
higher cost of a loss-optimized transformer can be com-
Occasional condensation, limited pollution
pensated in less than three years by savings due to lower Category E1
possible
energy consumption. Loss evaluations for the transform-
Frequent condensation or pollution, also both
ers allow the planning engineer to make estimations of Category E2
at the same time
the total costs with regard to the intended operation
time and agree this with the customer. Climate category
Category C1 Indoor installation not under –5 °C

Tab. 5/3 shows a simplified calculation method to quickly
estimate costs caused by power losses for the transform- Category C2 Outdoor installation down to –25 °C
ers listed as examples, assuming the following: Fire safety category
• The transformers are in continuous operation.
• The transformers work in partial-load operation, with There are no measures to limit the danger of
Category F0
fire
constant partial load.
• Additional costs and inflation factors are not taken into The danger of fire is limited by the properties
Category F1
of the transformer
account.
• The power prices refer to 100 percent full load.
Tab. 5/5: Environment, climate and fire-safety categories
according to IEC 60076-11
Tab. 5/4 shows a fictitious example. The factors used are
common in Germany. The effects of inflation on the
assumed power price are not factored in.
5.2.1 GEAFOL Cast-resin Transformers

E1 to the E2 environment category. GEAFOL Basic offers
Cast-resin transformers are the solution wherever distri- an optimal cost-benefit ratio, with a corresponding
bution transformers in the immediate proximity to compromise of smaller dimensions, but slightly higher
people must guarantee the greatest possible safety. The power losses than the standard version.
restrictions of liquid-filled transformers have been
avoided with cast-resin transformers, but their proven Installation site requirements
characteristics such as operational safety and durability
have been retained. Cast-resin transformers place the lowest demands on the
installation site. This results from the regulations for
Requirements for the site of installation in accordance water protection, fire protection and functional endur-
with HD637 S1 (water protection, fire protection and ance in HD637 S1, IEC 60364-7-718 and the Elt Bau VO
functional endurance) suggest the use of cast-resin (Tab. 5/6 and Tab. 5/7).
dry-type transformers (e.g. GEAFOL). Compared to
oil-immersed transformers using mineral oil, silicone oil How many transformers are required?
or diester oil, these transformers place the lowest de-
mands on the installation site while fulfilling higher Depending on the application, the use of several trans-
requirements in terms of personal protection and low formers operated in parallel may be useful. GEAFOL
fire load. Cast-resin transformers should at least meet transformer require almost no maintenance. For this
the requirements C2 (Climate Category), E1 or E2 (Envi-
ronment Category) and F1 (Fire Safety Category) as
defined in IEC 60076-11.
reason, a back-up transformer for maintenance work
need not be considered. 5
Caution! Make sure that the two transformers to be
Important! In accordance with IEC 60076-11, operated in parallel have the same technical character-
the required classes may be defined by the operator istics (including their rated short-circuit voltages). The
(Tab. 5/5). following is specified as reference value for the dimen-
sioning of two transformers operated in parallel: rated
Standard GEAFOL cast-resin transformers are suitable for power of each transformer = (power requirement /
the E2 environment category. Transformers of the GEA- 0.8)/2.
FOL Basic series can be optionally re-equipped from the

Cooling method
Transformer In closed electrical operating
according to General Outdoor installations
versions areas
EN 60076-2
Mineral oil * O a Oil sumps and collecting pits Impermeable fl oors with sills No oil sumps and collecting
b Discharge of liquid from the are sufficient as oil sumps and pits under certain
collecting pit must be collecting pits for max. 3 circumstances
prevented transformers, each (The complete text from
c Water Resources Act and the transformer with less than HD637 S1, sections 7.6 and 7.7
state-specifi c regulations 1,000 l of liquid must be observed.)
must be observed
Silicone oil or K As for coolant designation O
synth. diester
oil**
Cast-resin dry- A No measures required
type transformers
* Or fire point of the coolant and insulation liquid ≤ 300 °C; ** Or fire point of the coolant and insulation liquid > 300 °C
Tab. 5/6: Protective measures for water protection according to HD637 S1
Coolant General Outdoor installations

designation
O a Rooms: fire resistant F90A, separated a Adequate clearances
b Doors: fire-retardant T30 or
c Low flammability required for external doors b Fire resistant partitions
d Oil sumps and collecting pits are arranged so that a fi re cannot spread; except
for installations in closed electrical operating areas with max. 3 transformers,
each transformer with less than 1,000 l of liquid
e Fast acting protective devices
K As for coolant designation O; a, b and c can be omitted when e is present No measures required
A As for coolant designation K; but without d No measures required
Tab. 5/7: Protective measures for fire protection and functional endurance according to HD637 S1
Additional transformer ventilation for more power The economic efficiency of such a transformer can be
verified by means of a loss evaluation.
The output of GEAFOL transformers up to 2,500 kVA, in
degree of protection IP00, can be increased to 130 % or Reference value: If the cost factor for one kilowatt hour
150 % when cross-flow fans are installed. Efficient blow- does not exceed 2,000 EUR per annum, the increased
ing can, for example, raise the continuous output of a cost for a transformer with reduced losses will pay off
1,000 kVA transformer to 1,300 kVA or 1,500 kVA. How- within five years.
ever, the short-circuit losses are also twice or 2.3 times
the value of the power loss for 100 % nominal load.
Additional ventilation is a proven means for covering
5 peak loads as well as compensating a transformer fail-

ure, when transformers are operated in parallel.
No-load losses – reduced losses
In accordance with the “Guideline for Sustainable Build-

ing” from the former German Ministry of Transport,
Building and Housing (presently: German Ministry for
Transport, Building and Urban Affairs) and with regard to
the energy performance certificate for buildings accord-
ing to the energy-saving regulations (EnEV 2009), trans-
formers with reduced losses should generally be used.

Conditions for installation – room layout Ambient temperature
Load capability
(annual mean)
GEAFOL cast-resin transformers can be installed in the –20 °C 124 %

same room as medium- and low-voltage switchgear -10 °C 118 %
without any extra precautions. For plants which come 0 °C 112 %
within the scope of Elt Bau VO, the electric utilities room +10 °C 106 %
must be enclosed by fireproof walls and doors (walls in +20 °C 100 %
fire resistance rating F90A, doors in F30A). +30 °C 93 %
Tab. 5/8: System load capability depending on the ambient
Temperature of the cooling air temperature
In accordance with the relevant standards, transformers

are dimensioned for the following cooling air values: structive measures may be required, e.g. support of the
• Maximum 40 °C upper yokes.
• Daily mean 30 °C
• Annual mean 20 °C Ventilation of the transformer room
The normal service life consumption is achieved during Heat losses result during the operation of all transform-
normal operation. Particularly the mean annual tempera- ers. They must be dissipated from the transformer room.
ture and the load are decisive for the service life con- The possibility of natural ventilation should be checked
sumption. Different ambient temperatures change the first. If this is not sufficient, a mechanical ventilation
load capability of the system (Tab. 5/8). system must be installed (Fig. 5/5).
Special conditions for installation
Extreme local conditions must be taken into account

when planning the system:
• The paint finish and prevailing temperatures are rele-
vant for use in tropical climates.
• When used at altitudes greater than 1000 m above sea
level, a special configuration with regard to heating
and insulation level is required (refer to IEC 60076-11).
• With increased mechanical stressing – use in a ship,
excavator, earthquake region, etc. – additional con-
QD
KD A D, K D Qv Total dissipated losses (kW)
Pv Transformer power loss (kW)
v Air velocity (m/s)
5
A1, 2 Air inlet/outlet cross section (m2)
AW
Air temperature rise (K), = 2− 1
A2 VL Q v = ∑P v H Thermally effective height (m)
V2 KW
QW, D Losses dissipated via walls and ceilings (kW)
H
AW, D Area of walls and ceilings

QW KW,D W
Heat transfer coefficient ( m3K )
Indices: W − wall, D – ceiling
VL Air flow rate
1U 1V 1W A1
TIP01_11_049_EN
Fresh air supply

Warm exhaust air
Heat dissipation via walls and ceilings
V1
Fig. 5/5: Specifications for the ventilation calculation

5
102
Rated power Primary Secondary Impedance No-load Short-circuit Power loss Air fl ow rate Power loss at Air fl ow rate Sound Total Length Width Height Roller-to-
rated rated voltage losses losses at at rated required for maximum required for cooling power weight roller
voltage voltage 120 °C transformer cooling at rated transformer at maximum level2) centre
power transformer power power (150 %)1) transformer power spacing
(approx. values for (approx. values for 25 °C
Sr U r OS U r US u zr Po P k 120 P v (rated) 25 °C air temperature) P v (max) air temperature)1) LWA (A) (B) (H) (E)
[kVA] [kV] [kV] [ %] [W] [W] [W] [m3/min] [W] [m3/min] [dB] [kg] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm]
without
100 10 0.4 4 440 1850 2480 8 5020 16 59 600 1210 670 840 wheels
without
0.4 4 320 1850 2360 7 4900 15 51 720 1230 675 845 wheels
without
0.4 6 360 2000 2560 8 5310 16 59 570 1200 680 805 wheels
without
0.4 6 290 2000 2490 8 5240 16 51 720 1280 685 890 wheels
without
20 0.4 4 600 1750 2530 8 4930 15 59 620 1220 740 925 wheels
without
0.4 4 400 1750 2330 7 4730 15 51 740 1260 745 945 wheels
without
0.4 6 460 2050 2720 9 5530 17 59 610 1250 750 915 wheels
without
0.4 6 340 2050 2600 8 5410 17 51 730 1280 750 940 wheels
160 10 0.4 4 610 2600 3470 11 7050 22 62 820 1270 690 1025 520
0.4 4 440 2600 3300 10 6880 21 54 960 1260 685 1100 520
0.4 6 500 2750 3530 11 7310 22 62 690 1220 685 990 520
0.4 6 400 2750 3430 11 7210 22 54 850 1290 695 1010 520
20 0.4 4 870 2500 3620 11 7060 22 62 790 1280 745 1060 520
0.4 4 580 2500 3330 10 6770 21 54 920 1320 755 1060 520
0.4 6 650 2700 3620 11 7330 22 62 780 1320 760 1040 520
0.4 6 480 2700 3450 11 7160 22 54 860 1350 765 1050 520
250 10 0.4 4 820 3200 4340 13 8740 27 65 1010 1330 700 1055 520
0.4 4 600 3200 4120 13 8520 26 57 1250 1340 700 1190 520
0.4 6 700 3300 4330 13 8870 27 65 960 1340 705 1055 520
0.4 6 560 3300 4190 13 8730 27 57 1130 1390 715 1070 520
20 0.4 4 1100 3200 4620 14 9020 27 65 1070 1370 730 1115 520
0.4 4 800 3200 4320 13 8720 27 57 1230 1420 740 1130 520
0.4 6 880 3400 4620 14 9300 28 65 1020 1390 740 1105 520
0.4 6 650 3400 4390 14 9070 28 57 1190 1430 745 1125 520
30 0.4 6 1280 4000 5680 18 11180 34 67 1190 1450 825 1365 520
315 10 0.4 4 980 3500 4830 15 9650 30 67 1120 1340 820 1130 670
0.4 4 730 3500 4580 14 9400 29 59 1400 1400 820 1195 670
Totally Integrated Power – Main Components for Power Distribution

0.4 6 850 3900 5140 16 10500 32 67 1130 1360 820 1160 670
0.4 6 670 3700 4740 15 9830 30 59 1260 1400 820 1170 670
20 0.4 4 1250 3500 5100 16 9920 30 67 1370 1490 835 1145 670
0.4 4 930 3500 4780 15 9600 29 59 1590 1520 835 1205 670
0.4 6 1000 3800 5180 16 10410 32 67 1350 1490 835 1180 670
0.4 6 780 3800 4960 15 10190 31 59 1450 1520 840 1205 670
Tab. 5/9: Transportation, dimensions, weights – GEAFOL cast-resin transformers, 100 to 500 kVA
30 0.4 6 1450 4700 7140 22 14250 43 69 1460 1510 915 1445 670
400 10 0.4 4 1150 4400 5990 18 12040 37 68 1290 1370 820 1230 670
0.4 4 880 4400 5720 18 11770 36 60 1500 1390 820 1330 670
0.4 6 1000 4900 6390 20 13130 40 68 1230 1400 820 1215 670
0.4 6 800 4900 6190 19 12930 39 60 1390 1430 820 1230 670
20 0.4 4 1450 3800 5630 17 10860 33 68 1470 1460 830 1285 670
0.4 4 1100 3800 5280 16 10510 32 60 1710 1520 835 1305 670
0.4 6 1200 4300 5930 18 11840 36 68 1380 1490 840 1260 670
0.4 6 940 4300 5670 17 11580 35 60 1460 1500 840 1260 670
30 0.4 6 1650 5500 7700 24 15260 46 69 1590 1560 925 1500 670
500 10 0.4 4 1300 5900 7790 24 15900 48 69 1490 1410 820 1315 670
0.4 4 1000 5300 6830 21 14120 43 61 1620 1420 820 1340 670
0.4 6 1200 6400 8240 25 17040 52 69 1420 1450 820 1245 670
0.4 6 950 6400 8000 24 16800 51 61 1540 1490 820 1265 670
20 0.4 4 1700 4900 7090 22 13830 42 69 1550 1460 840 1365 670
0.4 4 1300 4900 6690 20 13430 41 61 1700 1490 845 1370 670
0.4 6 1400 5100 7010 21 14020 42 69 1500 1530 855 1275 670
0.4 6 1100 5100 6710 21 13720 42 61 1670 1560 860 1290 670
30 0.4 6 1900 6000 8500 26 16750 51 70 1810 1560 925 1615 670
1) Power increase through extra ventilation 2) Without extra ventilation
rated rated voltage losses losses at at rated required for maximum required for cooling power weight roller
voltage voltage 120 °C transformer cooling at rated transformer at maximum level2) centre
(approx. values for (approx. values for 25 °C
Sr U r OS U r US u zr Po P k 120 P v (rated) 25 °C air temperature) P v (max) air temperature)1) LWA (A) (B) (H) (E)
[kVA] [kV] [kV] [ %] [W] [W] [W] [m3/min] [W] [m3/min] [dB] [kg] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm]
630 10 0.4 4 1500 7300 9530 29 19570 59 70 1670 1410 820 1485 670
0.4 4 1150 7300 9180 28 19220 58 62 1840 1440 820 1485 670
0.4 6 1370 7500 9620 29 19950 61 70 1710 1520 830 1305 670
0.4 6 1100 7500 9350 28 19700 60 62 1850 1560 835 1330 670
20 0.4 4 2000 6900 9590 29 19080 58 70 1790 1470 840 1530 670
0.4 4 1600 6900 9190 28 18680 57 62 1930 1520 845 1565 670
0.4 6 1650 6800 9130 28 18480 56 70 1750 1560 860 1365 670
0.4 6 1250 6800 8730 27 18080 55 62 1900 1600 865 1385 670
30 0.4 6 2200 6600 9460 29 18540 56 71 2090 1620 940 1640 670
800 10 0.4 4 1800 7800 10380 32 21110 64 72 1970 1500 820 1535 670
0.4 4 1400 7800 9980 30 20710 63 64 2210 1530 825 1535 670
0.4 6 1700 8300 10830 33 22240 67 72 2020 1590 840 1395 670
0.4 6 1300 8300 10430 32 21840 66 64 2230 1620 845 1395 670
20 0.4 4 2400 8500 11750 36 23440 71 72 2020 1550 850 1595 670
0.4 4 1900 8500 11250 34 22940 69 64 2220 1570 855 1595 670
0.4 6 1900 8200 10920 33 22200 67 72 2020 1610 870 1435 670
0.4 6 1500 8200 10520 32 21800 66 64 2220 1650 875 1455 670
30 0.4 6 2650 7900 11340 34 22200 67 72 2620 1740 965 1695 670
1000 10 0.4 4 2100 10000 13100 40 26850 81 73 2440 1550 990 1730 820
0.4 4 1600 10000 12600 38 26350 79 65 2850 1620 990 1795 820
0.4 6 2000 9500 12450 38 25510 77 73 2370 1640 990 1490 820
0.4 6 1500 9500 11950 36 25010 75 65 2840 1710 990 1565 820
20 0.4 4 2800 9500 13250 40 26310 79 73 2420 1570 990 1790 820
0.4 4 2300 8700 11870 36 23830 72 65 2740 1680 990 1665 820
0.4 6 2300 9000 12200 37 24580 74 73 2310 1640 990 1620 820
0.4 6 1800 9000 11700 36 24080 73 65 2510 1660 990 1620 820
30 0.4 6 3100 10000 14100 43 27850 84 73 2990 1800 1060 1795 820
1250 10 0.4 6 2400 11000 14500 44 29630 89 75 2780 1740 990 1635 820
0.4 6 1800 11000 13900 42 29030 87 67 3140 1770 990 1675 820
20 0.4 6 2700 11200 15020 46 30420 92 75 2740 1780 990 1645 820
0.4 6 2100 11200 14420 44 29820 90 67 3010 1810 990 1645 820
Tab. 5/9: Transportation, dimensions, weights – GEAFOL cast-resin transformers, 630 to 2500 kVA
30 0.4 6 3600 11500 16250 49 32060 97 75 3580 1870 1065 1895 820
1600 10 0.4 6 2800 14000 18200 55 37450 113 76 3490 1830 990 1735 820
0.4 6 2100 14000 17500 53 36750 111 68 4130 1880 990 1775 820
20 0.4 6 3100 13500 17950 55 36510 111 76 3440 1840 995 1830 820
0.4 6 2400 13500 17250 52 35810 109 68 3830 1870 1000 1880 820
30 0.4 6 4100 13500 18950 57 37510 113 76 4350 1970 1090 1995 820
2000 10 0.4 6 3500 15700 20770 63 42360 128 78 4150 1940 1280 1935 1070
0.4 6 2600 15700 19870 60 41460 126 70 4890 1970 1280 2015 1070
20 0.4 6 4000 15400 20940 64 42115 128 78 4170 1980 1280 1960 1070
0.4 6 2900 15400 19840 60 41015 124 70 4720 2010 1280 1985 1070
30 0.4 6 5000 15000 21500 65 42130 127 78 5090 2100 1280 2135 1070
2500 10 0.4 6 4300 18700 24870 75 50590 153 81 4840 2090 1280 2070 1070
0.4 6 3000 18700 23570 72 49290 149 71 5940 2160 1280 2135 1070
20 0.4 6 5000 18000 24800 75 49550 150 81 5200 2150 1280 2165 1070
0.4 6 3600 19000 24500 74 50630 153 71 6020 2190 1280 2180 1070
30 0.4 6 5800 20000 27800 84 55300 166 81 5920 2280 1280 2215 1070

103
5
5
104
rated voltage rated voltage losses losses at at rated required for maximum required for cooling power weight roller
voltage 120 °C transformer cooling at rated transformer at maximum level2) centre
Sr U r OS (approx. values for (approx. values for 25 °C
[kVA] [kV] U r US u zr Po P k 120 P v (rated) 25 °C air temperature) P v (max) air temperature)1) LWA (A) (B) (H) (E)
[kV] [ %] [W] [W] [W] [m3/min] [W] [m3/min] [dB] [kg] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm]
630 10 400 4 1500 7700 9970 30 20560 62 70 1540 1270 820 1430 670
10 400 4 1150 7700 9620 29 20210 61 62 1730 1300 820 1470 670
10 400 6 1400 7400 9540 29 19720 60 70 1490 1385 835 1285 670
10 400 6 1100 7400 9240 28 19420 59 62 1640 1415 840 1325 670
20 400 4 1800 7700 10270 31 20860 63 70 1620 1340 855 1435 670
20 400 4 1350 7700 9820 30 20410 62 62 1880 1390 860 1505 670
20 400 6 1650 6900 9240 28 18730 57 70 1550 1460 875 1270 670
20 400 6 1200 6900 8790 27 18280 55 62 1750 1490 880 1320 670
800 10 400 4 1800 8700 11370 35 23340 71 72 1840 1360 830 1470 670
10 400 4 1400 8700 10970 33 22940 69 64 2040 1390 835 1455 670
10 400 6 1700 8300 10830 33 22250 67 72 1790 1440 845 1400 670
10 400 6 1300 8300 10430 32 21850 66 64 1980 1465 850 1400 670
20 400 4 2150 8700 11720 36 23690 72 72 1870 1400 865 1525 670
20 400 4 1550 8700 11120 34 23090 70 64 2100 1435 870 1510 670
20 400 6 1950 8500 11300 34 22990 70 72 1800 1465 875 1435 670
20 400 6 1450 8500 10800 33 22490 68 64 1990 1465 880 1435 670
1000 10 400 4 2100 10000 13100 40 26850 81 73 2170 1395 990 1615 820
10 400 4 1650 10000 12650 38 26400 80 65 2410 1435 990 1615 820
10 400 6 2000 9300 12230 37 25020 75 73 2080 1500 990 1440 820
10 400 6 1500 9300 11730 36 24520 74 65 2300 1535 990 1480 820
20 400 4 2500 10000 13500 41 27250 82 73 2180 1435 990 1655 820
Tab. 5/10: Transportation, dimensions, weights – GEAFOL Basic, 630 to 2500 kVA
20 400 4 1800 10000 12800 39 26550 80 65 2460 1460 990 1695 820

20 400 6 2300 9500 12750 39 25820 78 73 2120 1525 990 1535 820
20 400 6 1700 9500 12150 37 25220 76 65 2370 1575 990 1520 820
1250 10 400 6 2400 11600 15160 46 31110 94 75 2390 1595 990 1545 820
10 400 6 1850 11600 14610 44 30560 92 67 2670 1640 990 1545 820
20 400 6 2700 11600 15460 47 31410 95 75 2550 1635 990 1635 820
20 400 6 2050 11600 14810 45 30760 93 67 2780 1615 990 1710 820
1600 10 400 6 2800 13600 17760 54 36460 110 76 2940 1705 990 1605 820
10 400 6 2100 13600 17060 52 35760 108 68 3300 1745 990 1650 820
20 400 6 3100 13200 17620 54 35770 108 76 3150 1765 1010 1690 820
20 400 6 2400 13200 16920 51 35070 106 68 3540 1800 1015 1780 820
2000 10 400 6 3500 15500 20550 62 41870 126 78 3560 1805 1280 1705 1070
10 400 6 2600 15500 19650 60 40970 124 70 4020 1855 1280 1755 1070
20 400 6 3900 15800 21280 64 43010 130 78 3620 1785 1280 1900 1070
20 400 6 2900 15800 20280 61 42010 127 70 4000 1820 1280 1950 1070
2500 10 400 6 4300 20000 26300 79 53800 163 81 4280 1895 1280 1940 1070
10 400 6 3000 20000 25000 75 52500 159 71 4940 1920 1280 2005 1070
20 400 6 4700 17800 24280 73 48760 147 81 4370 1910 1280 1950 1070
20 400 6 3500 17800 23080 70 47560 144 71 4860 1955 1280 2000 1070

Calculation of the heat loss in the room To illustrate the size of the variables for the different
ventilation methods, linear dependencies can be derived
The heat loss results from the power loss of the trans- by specifying realistic values. For a thermally effective
former. The power loss of a transformer is: height of 5 m, an air temperature rise of 15 °C between
the inside and outside area, a uniform heat transfer
P v = P0 + 1.1 × PK120 × (SAF / SAN)2 [kW] coefficient of 3.4 W/m2 for 20 cm thick concrete and an
air flow rate of 10,000 m3/h for forced ventilation, which
Whereby: is led through an air duct with an inlet/outlet cross
P0: no-load losses (kW) section that is approximately 4-times as large.
1.1 × PK120 (kW): short-circuit losses at 120 °C (according
to the list or, if already available, the test certificate spec- Qv1 = approx. 13 [kW/m2] × A1,2 [m2]
ifications), multiplied by a factor of 1.1 for the working (Example: Q v1 = 8 kW for a cross section of approx. 0.62 m2)
temperature of the insulation categories OS/US = F/F for
GEAFOL transformers. Qv2 = approx. 0.122 [kW/m2] × A D [m2]
S AF : power [kVA] for forced ventilation AF (air forced) (Example: Q v2 = 8 kW for a surface area of approx. 66 m2)
S AN: power [kVA] for natural ventilation AN (natural air
flow) Qv3 = approx. 44 [kW/m2] × A1,2 [m2]
(Example: Q v3 = 8 kW for a cross section of approx. 0.18 m2)
The total heat loss in the room (Q v) is the sum of the
heat losses of all transformers in the room: The simple examples show that the heat dissipation
through walls and ceilings quickly reaches the limits of
Qv = Σ P v the room and that for large transformer outputs, a
detailed configuration of the forced ventilation may be
Siemens Consultant Support can support the electrical necessary (refer to the Siemens publication “GEAFOL
designer with complex calculations of the heat dissipa- Cast-resin Transformers”; Planning Information, order no.
tion for arbitrary parameters and when combining venti- E50001-G640-A109-V3).
lation measures (refer to the Contact pages).
Calculation of the heat dissipation
The following methods are available for the dissipation

of the entire power loss in the room (Q v):
Q v1: dissipation with the natural air flow
Q v2: dissipation via walls and ceilings
Q v3: dissipation with the forced air flow
Q v = P v = Q v1 + Q v2 + Q v3

5.2.2 Oil-immersed Distribution Hermetically sealed tank A = length;
Transformers B = width;
H = height
E = roller-to-roller centre spacing
Distribution transformers with oil as a cooling and insu-
8 2 5
lating liquid are either hermetically sealed or have an
7
expansion tank. In TUNORMA® distribution transformers, 2N 2U 2V 2W
the oil level in the tank and in the top-mounted bushing
H
1U 1V 1W
B
insulators is kept constant by means of an oil expansion 4
tank, which is mounted at the highest point of the trans- 6
5
former. Changes in the oil level caused by varying ther- 1 3
E E A
mal conditions only affect the oil expansion tank. The
TIP01_11_050_EN
hermetically sealed system of the TUMETIC® distribution 1 Oil drain 5 Earth connections
2 Thermometer well 6 Pulling lug, Ø 30 mm
transformers prevents the ingress of oxygen, nitrogen or
3 Adjuster for off-circuit tap changer 7 Lashing lug
moisture into the coolant. This improves the ageing 4 Rating plate (moveable) 8 Filler tube
properties of the oil to such an extent that the trans-
formers remain maintenance-free throughout their Fig. 5/6: Hermetically sealed oil-immersion distribution
transformer
entire service life. Generally, transformers of the
TUMETIC type are lower than transformers of the
TUNORMA type (Fig. 5/6 and Fig. 5/7). With expansion tank A = length; B = width; H = height
E = roller-to-roller center spacing
A distinction is also made between the cooling and the 4
1 5
insulating liquid: 3 8
• Mineral oil that meets the requirements of the Interna- 10
tional regulations for insulating oil, DIN EN 60296, H
2N 2U 2V 2W
– for distribution transformers without any special 1U 1V 1W
B
7
requirements,
• Silicone oil that is self-extinguishing when a fire 8 9
2 6
occurs. Due to its high fire point of over 300 °C, it is E E A
classified as a Category K liquid according to IEC 61100, 1 Oil level indicator 6 Adjuster for off-circuit
TIP01_11_051_DE
• Diester oil, which does not pollute water and is bio- 2 Oil drain tap changer
3 Thermometer well 7 Rating plate (moveable)
degradable. Diester oil also has a fire point of over 4 Buchholz relays (on request) 8 Earth connections
300 °C, a high level of safety against fires and is also 5 Desiccant breather (on request) 9 Pulling lug, Ø 30 mm
classified as K-liquid according to IEC 61100 10 Lashing lug
Fig. 5/7: Expansion tank of oil-immersion distribution transformer

The design of the transformers depends on the require-
ments. For example, double-tank versions are available
for special requirements in protected water catchment
areas and versions with ultra-high interference reduction
for use in EMC-sensitive areas (Tab. 5/11).

Checklist
Distribution transformers
Rated power .......... kVA (from power requirement calculation)
Number of transformers .......... (from power demand calculation)
Primary rated voltage .......... kV (specification by electrical utility company)
Secondary rated voltage (no-load) .......... kV (low-voltage level)
Primary winding tapping P Yes P No
Rated short-circuit voltage P 4% P 6%
Vector group P DYN5 P DYN11
No-load losses and noise P Reduced (advisable) P Not reduced
Maximum ambient temperature (standard 40 °C) .......... °C
Cast-resin transformer version P Standard P Basic

Accessories and monitoring equipment P Systems for alarms and tripping
P System for fan control
P Acoustic emission insulation
P Extra ventilation at the transformer
P Make-proof earthing switch at the transformer
P Partial discharge less than 5pC at twice the rated
voltage
Transformer casing
P Degree of protection IP20 – indoor
P Degree of protection IP23 – indoor
P Degree of protection IP23 – outdoor
Oil-immersed distribution transformer P Sealed

P Mineral oil P Diester oil
P Hermetic protection
P Expansion tank
P Mineral oil P Diester oil
Accessories and monitoring equipment P Dial thermometer with 2 contacts
P Transformer protection block
P Pressure switch, 2 contacts
P Pressure relief valve
P Buchholz relay (expansion tank)
P Desiccant breather (expansion tank)
Corrosion protection
P
P
Standard (125 μm)
Hot-galvanized
5
P Hot-galvanized and additional coating
Primary connection
P Standard porcelain bushings
P Outside cone – device connection
Secondary connection with transformer connection
terminals
and covers
P For indoor installation
P For outdoor installation

5
108
Power Transformation ratio Connec- Losses Dimensions Weight Noise
tion
Loss series uk p0 pk L/W/H Oil Total LWA L PA L PA
EN 50464-1 1m 0.3 m
[kVA] [V] [ %] [W] [W] [mm] [kg] [kg] [dB(A)]
Ck-C0 250 10000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 4 425 3250 1240/800/1355 210 1030 55 43 47
Ck-C0 250 20000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 4 425 3250 1240/800/1400 205 1030 55 43 47
Ck-C0 400 10000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 4 610 4600 1080/840/1475 255 1250 58 43 48
Ck-C0 400 20000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 4 610 4600 1080/840/1520 255 1260 58 43 48
Ck-C0 630 10000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 4 860 6500 1220/900/1560 340 1715 60 46 50
Ck-C0 630 20000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 4 860 6500 1220/900/1605 340 1715 60 46 50
Ck-C0 800 10000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 930 8400 1580/950/1585 430 1995 61 45 49
Ck-C0 800 20000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 930 8400 1580/950/1630 430 1995 61 45 49
Ck-C0 1000 10000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 1100 10500 1610/1000/1730 485 2430 63 48 52
Ck-C0 1000 20000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 1100 10500 1610/1000/1775 485 2430 63 48 52
Ck-C0 1250 10000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 1350 13500 1770/1150/1810 625 3135 64 46 50
Ck-C0 1250 20000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 1350 13500 1770/1150/1855 625 3135 64 46 50
Ck-C0 1600 10000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 1700 17000 1870/1180/1885 640 3425 66 53 56
Tab. 5/11: Oil-immersed distribution transformers – standard transformers

Ck-C0 1600 20000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 1700 17000 1870/1180/1925 645 3420 66 53 56
Ck-C0 2000 10000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 2100 21000 2110/1380/1882 795 4465 68 52 55

Ck-C0 2000 20000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 2100 21000 2110/1380/1895 790 4460 68 52 55
Ck-C0 2500 10000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 2500 26500 2160/1390/2100 985 5210 71 59 62
Ck-C0 2500 20000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 2500 26500 2160/1390/2145 985 5210 71 59 62
Bk-C0 250 10000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 4 425 2750 1070/790/1310 215 1055 55 43 47
Bk-C0 250 20000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 4 425 2750 1070/790/1310 215 1055 55 43 47
Bk-C0 400 10000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 4 610 3850 1150/810/1400 275 1415 56 43 48
Bk-C0 400 20000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 4 610 3850 1150/810/1400 275 1415 56 43 48
Bk-C0 630 10000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 4 860 5400 1270/870/1565 380 1890 60 46 50
Bk-C0 630 20000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 4 860 5400 1270/870/1565 380 1890 60 46 50
Bk-C0 800 10000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 950 7000 1400/1010/1455 475 2270 59 45 49
Bk-C0 800 20000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 950 7000 1400/1010/1455 475 2270 59 45 49
Bk-C0 1000 10000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 1100 9000 1640/1000/1620 480 2615 63 48 52
Power Transformation ratio Connec- Losses Dimensions Weight Noise
tion
Loss series uk p0 pk L/B/H Oil Total LWA L PA L PA
EN 50464-1 1m 0.3 m
[kVA] [V] [ %] [W] [W] [mm] [kg] [kg] [dB(A)]
Bk-C0 1000 20000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 1100 9000 1640/1000/1620 480 2615 63 48 52
Bk-C0 1250 10000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 1350 11000 1560/1050/1645 580 2915 63 46 50
Bk-C0 1250 20000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 1350 11000 1560/1050/1645 580 2915 63 46 50
Bk-C0 1600 10000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 1700 14000 1560/1130/2120 815 3975 68 53 56
Bk-C0 1600 20000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 1700 14000 1560/1130/2120 815 3975 68 53 56
Bk-C0 2000 10000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 2100 18000 1830/1380/2120 860 4450 66 52 55
Bk-C0 2000 20000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 2100 18000 1830/1380/2120 860 4450 66 52 55
Bk-C0 2500 10000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 2500 22000 1870/1380/2200 1050 5280 74 59 62
Bk-C0 2500 20000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 2500 22000 1870/1380/2200 1050 5280 74 59 62
Bk-A0 250 10000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 4 300 2750 1240/750/1345 210 1085 47 36 39
Bk-A0 250 20000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 4 300 2750 1240/750/1345 210 1085 47 36 39
Bk-A0 400 10000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 4 430 3850 1370/830/1480 305 1500 50 38 42
Bk-A0 400 20000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 4 430 3850 1370/830/1480 305 1500 50 38 42
Bk-A0 630 10000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 4 600 5400 1280/868/1655 385 2075 52 40 44
Bk-A0 630 20000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 4 600 5400 1280/868/1655 385 2075 52 40 44
Bk-A0 800 10000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 650 7000 1340/1000/1655 435 2120 53 41 45
Bk-A0 800 20000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 650 7000 1340/1000/1655 435 2120 53 41 45
Bk-A0 1000 10000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 770 9000 1600/1010/1755 515 2550 55 43 47
Bk-A0 1000 20000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 770 9000 1600/1010/1755 515 2550 55 43 47
Bk-A0 1250 10000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 950 11000 1595/1055/1785 500 2850 56 43 48
Bk-A0 1250 20000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 950 11000 1595/1055/1785 500 2850 56 43 48
Bk-A0 1600 10000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 1200 14000 1780/1060/1880 700 3610 58 44 49
Bk-A0 1600 20000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 1200 14000 1780/1060/1880 700 3610 58 44 49
Bk-A0 2000 10000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 1450 18000 1810/1380/1980 775 4240 60 46 50
Bk-A0 2000 20000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 1450 18000 1810/1380/1980 775 4240 60 46 50
Bk-A0 2500 10000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 1750 22000 2040/1380/2250 980 5570 63 46 50
Bk-A0 2500 20000 ± 2 × 2.5 % / 400 Dyn5 6 1750 22000 2040/1380/2250 980 5570 63 46 50

109
5
5.3 Low-voltage Switchgear The prevention of personal injury and damage to equip-
ment must, however, be the first priority in all cases.
When planning a low-voltage switchboard, the prerequi- When selecting appropriate switchgear, it must be en-
sites for its efficient dimensioning are knowledge of the sured that it is a type-tested switchgear assembly (de-
local conditions, the switching duty and the demands on sign verification according to IEC 61439-1/-2 with ex-
availability. tended testing of behaviour in the event of an internal
arcing fault IEC/TR 61641, Addendum 2). The selection of
As no large switching frequencies have to be considered the switching and protective devices must always be
in the planning of power distribution systems in func- made under consideration of the regulations that have to
tional buildings and no major extensions are to be ex- be observed with regard to the requirements for the
pected, performance-optimized technology with high entire supply system (full selectivity, partial selectivity).
component density can be used. In these cases, mainly
fuse-protected equipment in fixed-mounted design is The minimum clearances between switchgear and obsta-
used. cles specified by the manufacturer must be taken into
account when installing low-voltage switchgear
However, in a power distribution system or motor con- (Fig. 5/9). The minimum dimensions for operating and
trol centre for a production plant, replaceability and servicing corridors according to IEC 60364-7-729 must
reliability of supply are the most important criteria in be taken into account when planning the space require-
order to keep the downtimes as short as possible. With- ments (Fig. 5/10, Fig. 5/11).
drawable-unit design not only in circuit-breaker-pro-
tected, but also in fuse-protected systems is an impor-
tant basis.
Fig. 5/8: SIVACON S8 low-voltage switchboard

Checklist
Low-voltage switchgear
Installation
Installation site/altitude (above sea level) P ≤ 2000 m P > 2000 m
Type of installation P Wall-standing P Double-front
P Back-to-back
Degree of protection P IP30 P IP31 P IP40 P IP41 P IP.....
Ambient temperature (24 h mean) P 35 °C P …… °C
Supply system / feed-in data
System configuration P TN-S P TN-S (EM-compatible) P CEP
Number of transformers .......... units
Transformer power (per transformer) .......... kVA
Transformer rated short-circuit voltage ukr P 4% P 6%
Rated operating voltage Ue .......... V
Rated frequency f P 50 Hz P ........ Hz
Rated feed-in current Ie .......... A
Busbar system
Rated current Ie of the main busbar NPS/SPS section .......... A / .......... A
Rated short-time withstand current Icw
of the main busbar NPS/SPS section .......... kA (1 s) / .......... kA (1 s)
PEN / N-conductor cross section P 50 % P 100 %

Type-tested modules according to DIN EN 61439-1/-2 P Yes
Protection against accidental arcing DIN EN 60439-1 Addendum 2 P Operator safety
P Operator and system safety
P Busbar insulation
Connection data
Connection of incoming/outgoing feeders > 630 A P Busbar trunking system P Cable
5
Connection direction to switchgear P Top P Bottom P Top/bottom
Mounting designs
Incoming feeders P Fixed mounting P Withdrawable unit
Couplings P Fixed mounting P Withdrawable unit
Outgoing feeders > 630 A P Fixed mounting P Withdrawable unit
Outgoing feeders ≤ 630 A P Fixed mounting P Withdrawable unit
P Plug-in unit
Type of outgoing feeders ≤ 630 A P Circuit-breaker-protected P Fuse-protected

Double-front installations Space requirements
In the double-front installation, the panels are posi- 2,000 mm and 2,200 mm
Height:
tioned in a row next to and behind one another. The (optionally with 100 mm or 200 mm base)
main advantage of a double-front installation is the For data required for the addition of panels please
Width:
extremely economic design through the supply of the refer to the panel descriptions
branch circuits on both operating panels from one main
Busbar position
Rated current
busbar system. The “double-front unit” system structure
busbar entry
of the main
installation
is required for the assignment of certain modules. A Depth:
Type of
double-front unit (Fig. 5/12) consists of a minimum of
busbar
Cable /
two and a maximum of four panels. The width of the
double-front unit is determined by the widest panel (1)
600 mm Rear 4,000 A Single front Top & bottom
within the double-front unit. This panel can be placed on
the front or rear side of the double-front unit. Up to 800 mm Rear 7,010 A Single front Top & bottom
three panels (2), (3), (4) can be placed on the opposite 1,000 mm Rear 4,000 A Double front Top & bottom
side. The sum of the panel widths (2) to (4) must be 1,200 mm Rear 7,010 A Double front Top & bottom
equal to the width of the widest panel (1). The panel
500 mm Top 3,270 A Single front Bottom
combination within the double-front unit is possible for
all technical installations with the following exceptions. 800 mm Top 6,300 A Single front Bottom
Exceptions: 1,200 mm Top 3,270 A Single front Top & bottom

The following panels determine the width of the double- Tab. 5/12: SIVACON S8 switchgear dimensions
front unit and may only be combined with an empty
panel.
• Bus sectionalizer unit
• 5,000 A incoming/outgoing feeder
• 6,300 A incoming/outgoing feeder
Min. corridor width Escape Min. free passage
700 or 600 mm direction 500 mm 1)
A
2)
Front
B Front B A: 100 mm from the
rear side of the
1) With switchgear fronts facing each other, the space
installation
B: 100 mm from the requirements only account for obstruction by open doors
TIP01_11_054_EN
side side panels from one side (i.e. doors that don’t close in escape direction)
C
C: 200 mm from the 2) Take door widths into account,

rear panels with back i.e. door can be opened at 90 ° minimum
to back installation Full door opening angle = 125 ° (Sinus 55 °)
Front TIP01_11_052_EN
Fig. 5/11: Minimum corridor width for switchgear fronts
Fig. 5/9: Clearances to obstacles
5 Double-front installations – top view

Double-front installations only with main busbar system at the rear
(1)
2000 1)
TIP01_11_053_EN
(2) (3) (4)
600 600
700 700 700 700
Double-front units TIP01_11_055_EN
1) Minimum height of passage under covers or enclosures
Fig. 5/10: Reduced corridor widths within the range of open doors Fig. 5/12: Panel arrangement for double-front installations

Low-voltage switchgear – example
Circuit- Universal Plug-in 3NJ6 in-line Fixed-mounting Fixed 3NJ4 in-line Reactive power
breaker mounting switch-disconnector with front cover switch-discon- compensation
design design design nector design
2200
2000 A
A
B B
A
1800 C B
A
D B
A
1600 E B
A
F B
A
1400 G B
A
H B
A
1200 J B
A
K B
A
1000 L B
A
M B
A
800 N B
A
P B
A
600 Q B
A
R B
A
400 S B
A
T B
A
200 U B
V
0
600
400 1000 1000 1000 600 800
400
200
TIP01_11_056_EN
0
4800
Installation front
75 W–150 Boring 4 x Ø 14,8 mm
Threaded hole M12
Installation front
300
75 W–150 Boring 4 x Ø 14,8 mm W Panel width

Threaded hole M12 D Panel depth
D–50
Free space in the

D–350
D–50
Depth 800, 1000, 1200 fastening plane for

Depth 500, 600, 800
D
300
300
(depth 800 only for cable and busbar

(depth 800 only for
main busbar at top) penetration
25
main busbar at rear)

25
W–100 W–100
50 50
50
50
W W
Fig. 5/13: SIVACON S8, busbar position at the rear 2200 × 4800 × 600 (H × W × D in mm)
Circuit-breaker Universal 3NJ6 in-line switch- Fixed-mounted 3NJ4 in-line switch Reactive power
Panel type
design mounting design disconnector design design disconnector design compensation
Fixed mounting
Fixed mounting Fixed-mounted
Mounting Plug-in design
Withdrawable-unit Plug-in design design with Fixed mounting Fixed mounting
design Withdrawable-unit
design front covers
design
Central
5
Supply from
Cable outlets compensation of
Function Outgoing feeder Cable outlets Cable outlets Cable outlets
Motor feeders the reactive
Coupling
power
Up to 630 A /
Current In Up to 6,300 A max. 630 A max. 630 A max. 630 A Up to 600 kvar
Up to 250 kW
Connection Front and rear side Front and rear side Front side Front side Front side Front side
Panel width 400/600/800/
600/1000/1200 1000/1200: 1000/1200: 600/800: 800
[mm] 1000/1400
Internal
1*, 2b, 4a, 3b,
compart- 1*, 2b, 3a, 4b 2b, 4a, 3b, 4b 1*, 3b, 4b 1*, 2b 1*, 2b
4b
mentalisation
Busbars Rear/top Rear/top Rear/top Rear/top Rear Rear/top/without
* Alternative form 1 plus main busbar cover for shock protection
Tab. 5/13: Various mounting designs according to panel types

5.4 Distribution Boards for Sub-
distribution Systems
Distribution boards are available in flush-mounted or sur-
face-mounted design and as floor-mounted cabinets. Surface- Partly Flush-mounted
Sub-distribution boards are often installed in confined mounted recessed with cover frame
spaces, recesses or narrow corridors. This often results in
a high device packing density.
In order to prevent device failures or even fire caused by TIP01_11_057_EN
excess temperatures, special attention must be paid to

the permissible power loss, with regard to the distribu- Fig. 5/14: Mounting options for the wall-mounted
distribution board
tion board size, its degree of protection and the ambient
temperature.
Connection compartments
After the installation of the switchgear and distribution

boards, the internal or external connection compartment
available for outgoing cables and wires is decisive for the
rational sequence of the connection work. At first, a
particularly small encapsulation appears to be very
economical because of the low purchase price. However,
due to the confined space, the installation expenses can
be so high when connecting cables and wires the first
time and later, that the cost-effectiveness is lost. For
cables with a large cross section, make sure that there is
enough room to spread the wires and for routing the
cable.
Important factors for the selection and arrangement of

the sub-distribution boards are the number and position
resulting from the planning modules (refer to chapter 4),
as the costs for the cabling also play a role. Busbars can
also be used as an alternative to cable laying.

Distribution Cabinet Outer Inner Modular Degree of Safety Permissible power loss of device
board for max. depth dimensions dimensions widths protection class P v for built-in devices at
current carrying HxW HxW IP overtemperature 30 K, ambient
capacity up to temperature 35 °C [W]
[A] [mm] [mm] [mm] [pcs.] [W]
1250 400 1950 × 300 1800 × 250 144 55 1 158

1250 400 1950 × 550 1800 × 500 288 55 1 309
1250 400 1950 × 800 1800 × 750 432 55 1 414
1250 400 1950 × 1050 1800 × 1000 576 55 1 478
1250 400 1950 × 1300 1800 × 1250 720 55 1 550
630 250 1950 × 300 1800 × 250 144 55 2 129
630 250 1950 × 550 1800 × 500 288 55 2 182
630 250 1950 × 800 1800 × 750 432 55 2 324
630 250 1950 × 1050 1800 × 1000 576 55 2 410
630 250 1950 × 1300 1800 × 1250 720 55 2 466
630 210 1950 × 300 1800 × 250 144 43 1 110
630 210 1950 × 550 1800 × 500 288 43 1 124
630 210 1950 × 800 1800 × 750 432 43 1 278
630 210 1950 × 1050 1800 × 1000 576 43 1 384
630 210 1950 × 1300 1800 × 1250 720 43 1 440
630 320 1950 × 300 1800 × 250 144 55 2 155
630 320 1950 × 550 1800 × 500 288 55 2 262
630 320 1950 × 800 1800 × 750 432 55 2 384
630 320 1950 × 1050 1800 × 1000 576 55 2 448
630 320 1950 × 1300 1800 × 1250 720 55 2 514
630 320 1950 × 300 1800 × 250 144 55 1 155
630 320 1950 × 550 1800 × 500 288 55 1 262
630 320 1950 × 800 1800 × 750 432 55 1 384
630 320 1950 × 1050 1800 × 1000 576 55 1 448
630 320 1950 × 1300 1800 × 1250 720 55 1 514
400 210 650 × 300 600 × 250 48 43 1+2 50
400 210 650 × 550 600 × 500 96 43 1+2 78
400 210 650 × 800 600 × 750 144 43 1+2 109
400 210 650 × 1050 600 × 1000 192 43 1+2 130
400 210 650 × 1300 600 × 1250 240 43 1+2 158
400 210 800 × 300 750 × 250 60 43 1+2 60
400 210 800 × 550 750 × 500 120 43 1+2 90
400 210 800 × 800 750 × 750 180 43 1+2 118
400 210 800 × 1050 750 × 1000 240 43 1+2 150
400 210 800 × 1300 750 × 1250 300 43 1+2 194
400 210 950 × 300 900 × 250 72 43 1+2 68
400
400
400
210
210
210
950 × 550
950 × 800
950 × 1050
900 × 500
900 × 750
900 × 1000
144
216
288
43
43
43
1+2
1+2
1+2
102
131
176
5
400 210 950 × 1300 900 × 1250 360 43 1+2 239
400 210 1100 × 300 1050 × 250 84 43 1+2 77
400 210 1100 × 550 1050 × 500 168 43 1+2 107
400 210 1100 × 800 1050 × 750 252 43 1+2 148
400 210 1100 × 1050 1050 × 1000 336 43 1+2 208
400 210 1100 × 1300 1050 × 1250 420 43 1+2 290
400 210 1250 × 300 1200 × 250 96 43 1+2 85 u
Tab. 5/14: Guide values for dimensions an device power losses at an ambient temperature of 35 °C

Distribution Cabinet Outer Inner Modular Degree of Safety Permissible power loss of device
board for max. depth dimensions dimensions widths protection class P v for built-in devices at
current carrying HxW HxW IP overtemperature 30 K, ambient
capacity up to temperature 35 °C [W]
[A] [mm] [mm] [mm] [pcs.] [W]
u 400
400
210
210
1250 × 550
1250 × 800
1200 × 500
1200 × 750
192
288
43
43
1+2
1+2
114
168
400 210 1250 × 1050 1200 × 1000 384 43 1+2 247
400 210 1250 × 1300 1200 × 1250 480 43 1+2 338
400 210 1400 × 300 1350 × 250 108 43 1+2 94
400 210 1400 × 550 1350 × 500 216 43 1+2 122
400 210 1400 × 800 1350 × 750 324 43 1+2 194
400 210 1400 × 1050 1350 × 1000 432 43 1+2 288
400 210 1400 × 1300 1350 × 1250 540 43 1+2 378
400 210 950 × 300 900 × 250 72 55 1+2 68
400 210 950 × 550 900 × 500 144 55 1+2 102
400 210 950 × 800 900 × 750 216 55 1+2 131
400 210 950 × 1050 900 × 1000 288 55 1+2 176
400 210 950 × 1300 900 × 1250 360 55 1+2 219
400 210 1100 × 300 1050 × 250 84 55 1+2 77
400 210 1100 × 550 1050 × 500 168 55 1+2 107
400 210 1100 × 800 1050 × 750 252 55 1+2 148
400 210 1100 × 1050 1050 × 1000 336 55 1+2 208
400 210 1100 × 1300 1050 × 1250 420 55 1+2 290
400 210 1250 × 300 1200 × 250 96 55 1+2 85
400 210 1250 × 550 1200 × 500 192 55 1+2 102
400 210 1250 × 800 1200 × 750 288 55 1+2 168
400 210 1250 × 1050 1200 × 1000 384 55 1+2 247
400 210 1250 × 1300 1200 × 1250 480 55 1+2 338
400 210 1400 × 300 1350 × 250 108 55 1+2 96
400 210 1400 × 550 1350 × 500 216 55 1+2 132
400 210 1400 × 800 1350 × 750 324 55 1+2 194
400 210 1400 × 1050 1350 × 1000 432 55 1+2 288
400 210 1400 × 1300 1350 × 1250 540 55 1+2 378
160 140 500 × 300 450 × 250 21 43 2 34
160 140 500 × 550 450 × 500 34 43 2 57
160 140 500 × 800 450 × 750 49 43 2 80
160 140 650 × 300 600 × 250 25 43 2 42
160 140 650 × 550 600 × 500 41 43 2 68
160 140 650 × 800 600 × 750 58 43 2 96
160 140 650 × 1050 600 × 1000 75 43 2 124
5
160 140 800 × 300 750 × 250 30 43 2 49
160 140 800 × 550 750 × 500 47 43 2 78
160 140 800 × 800 750 × 750 66 43 2 109
160 140 800 × 1050 750 × 1000 81 43 2 133
160 140 950 × 300 900 × 250 34 43 2 56
160 140 950 × 550 900 × 500 54 43 2 89
160 140 950 × 800 900 × 750 68 43 2 112
160 140 950 × 1050 900 × 1000 87 43 2 144
160 140 1100 × 300 1050 × 250 39 43 2 64
160 140 1100 × 550 1050 × 500 60 43 2 100
160 140 1100 × 800 1050 × 750 73 43 2 121
160 140 1100 × 1050 1050 × 1000 102 43 2 168

5.5 Routing The following is a list of the criteria for the selection of
the routing variant:
The routing of the power distribution system can be • Cable laying
performed via busbars and/or cables and wires. When + Lower material costs
deciding between cables/wires and busbars, the purpose + When a fault occurs along the line, only one distribu-
and the available space must be clarified in good time. tion board including its downstream subsystem will
Although cables and busbars perform the basic function be affected
of energy transmission in the same way, the application – High installation expense
conditions and exact use must be taken into account – Increased fire load
during the planning. This is because there is a major • Busbar distribution
difference in how busbars and cables/wires can be used + Rapid installation
in terms of power distribution. + More economic than cable laying as of 2000 A
+ Reduced fire load (reduced by up to 85 percent)
In case of a fire, the cabling must also function for a + Flexible for changes and extensions under voltage
defined period (e.g. for systems in medical locations (e.g. load feeders)
in compliance with IEC 60364-7-710 and for installa- + Low space requirements
tions for gatherings of people in compliance with + Halogen-free as standard, therefore reduced fire load
IEC 60364-7-718). For this purpose, the cables/wires and – The routing must be configured before the start of
busbar systems must comply with a functional endur- installation
ance classification in accordance with DIN 4102-12. This
ensures that the wires, cables and busbar systems can A further advantage of busbar systems compared to
resist a fire and not cease to function because of a short- cables is the more favourable characteristic with regard
circuit, interruption or loss of their insulation. to temperature-dependent reduction in power
(Fig. 5/15).
The cable system including all the material required for
fixing (cable racks, plugs) must be tested and approved. These aspects must be weighted in relation to the build-
The test conditions are described in DIN 4102-12. Protec- ing use and specific area loads when configuring a
tion through enclosure (refer to section 5.5.2) and the specific distribution. Connection layout comprises the
integrated functional endurance for cables and wires following specifications for wiring between output and
(refer to section 5.5.1) can be selected for the functional target distribution board or consumer:
endurance. • Overload protection
• Short-circuit protection (thermal)
A further criterion, with regard to costs, during the initial • Protection against electric shock in the event of indi-
planning phase is the choice of material to be used for rect contact (operator protection)
the wires – copper or aluminium. The different material • Permissible voltage drop
properties also result in different spatial requirements
and weight, as well as differences in their manufacture
and operating behaviour. Aluminium is used for busbar
trunking systems asx well as for cables and wires in the 140
TIP01-11_058_EN
medium-voltage range of 10/20 kV, whereas copper is

preferred for low-voltage cables and wires.
I e [%]
120
Ie =100
Busbar
5
80
60
Cable
40
15 10 25 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Ambient temperature [°C]
Fig. 5/15: Comparison of busbar trunking systems and cables with

regard to the temperature response and power reduction

5.5.1 Cables and Wires Cables with integrated functional endurance are approxi-
mately 30 percent more expensive than cables that are
The criteria mentioned above must be checked for the not flame retardant.
dimensioning and cost estimation of cables and wires. In
standard DIN VDE 0298-4 (IEC 60364-5-52), the operat- The conductor cross section must be adapted for the
ing mode, laying method, cable accumulation and envi- integrated functional endurance in order to compensate
ronmental conditions, such as the temperature, are for the increased voltage drop as a result of the in-
taken into account for the configuration of the cables creased temperatures. A simple estimation of the de-
and wires, and specified for the planning. The properties pendency of the temperature when a fire occurs and the
of the cables and the cable sheaths must be taken into percentage of the cable length in the largest fire area
account. can be specified on the basis of the temperature depend-
ency of the resistance per unit length (refer to Kiank,
The different types of cable sheath are: Fruth; 2011: Planning guidelines for power distribution
• PVC (polyvinyl chloride) systems, page 287). This factor can be read from Fig. 5/16
• EPR (ethylene-propylene-rubber) depending on the temperature and the percentage of
• XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) the total cable length in the largest fire area.
• PE (polyethylene)
Example:
Conversion factors for the laying method, air tempera-
ture and accumulation of cables and wires must be taken The estimation of the current carrying capacity for a
into account in the calculation of the current carrying single cable results in a cable cross section of 10 mm2.
capacity with the specified laying in accordance with
DIN VDE 0298-4 or IEC 60364-5-52. Without specific With a conversion factor of 0.7, this result in:
data, the product of all the individual conversion factors
between 0.6 and 0.7 can be assumed as a rough value in Cable cross section = 16 mm2 (= next largest cross sec-
order to be able to estimate the permissible current tion to 14.3 mm2 = 10 mm2 / 0.7)
carrying capacity of cables and wires.
The largest fire area is assumed to be 25 % of the total
The significantly more expensive, flame-retardant cables cable length and the functional endurance for E90 at
made of special polymer compositions with mineral 1000 °C required.
insulation are used when
• the flammability is to be reduced, From Fig. 5/16, this results in:
• the smoke development is to be reduced,
• the fire load is to be reduced, Factor B (25 %, 1000 °C) = 2.0
• the development of corrosive and toxic gases is to be
avoided. This means that a cable cross section of 25 mm2 must be
selected (next largest cross section to the calculated
value of 20 mm2 = 2.0 × 10 mm2).
6
Factor B for: The larger of these two cross sections must be selected
5 – because of the integrated functional endurance
1000 °C
Factor B
(25 mm2) or when taking the conversion factors into
5
4
400 °C
3 account (16 mm2) – therefore 25 mm2 in this example.
150 °C
2
The difference between copper and aluminium as con-
1
ductor material is also relevant for the dimensioning of
TIP01_11_059_EN
0 the cross section. The electrical conductivity of copper

0% 50 % 100 %
(k Cu = 56 Sm/mm2 at 20 °C) is more than 50 % greater
Percentage of the cable
length in the fire area than that of aluminium (k Al = 37 Sm/mm2 at 20 °C). This
is linked to a larger cable cross section, then as a rough
Fig. 5/16: Factor for the increase in the cross section of cables/ value, the rated value for the current carrying capacity of
wires for the integrated functional endurance (1000 °C for cables aluminium is only approximately ¾ of the value for
with integrated functional endurance; 400 °C for protection copper. However, in some case the greater cost of cop-
through enclosure for the busbar trunking system; 150 °C for
per more than compensates for this disadvantage of
protection through enclosure for cables and wires)
aluminium. Generally, the significantly higher premium

rate for copper compared to aluminium is the reason for 5.5.2 Busbar Trunking Systems
this price difference. In spite of this, copper is generally
selected as the conductor material for cables: Considering the complexity of modern building projects,
• Compared to copper, aluminium has lower ductility. transparency and flexibility of power distribution and
Aluminium wires break more easily after being bent power transmission are indispensable requirements. In
several times. There can be a problem when the cable industry, the focus is on continuous power supply which
is operated with a large current (close to the rated is essential for multi-shift production. Whereby the
current) and melts at a narrow section caused by capability for retrofitting and changeover without inter-
bending. This occurs much more often with aluminium rupting production is a decisive economic advantage.
than with copper because of the lower melting point Siemens busbar trunking systems are type-tested low-
and the lower thermal conductivity. An arcing fault can voltage switchgear assemblies (TTA). Because of the
occur which represents an acute fire hazard. simple planning, quick installation and high level of
• Aluminium is sensitive to pressure and yields to high flexibility and reliability, they satisfy the requirements of
pressure over time. This so-called long-term yield can a cost-effective power distribution system.
result in connections slowly loosening. This in turn
results in greater expense for monitoring and mainte- The advantages of the busbar trunking systems
nance. are (Fig. 5/17):
• When exposed to air, aluminium quickly forms a • Straightforward network configuration
resistant oxide layer which does not conduct electricity • Low space requirements
and therefore impairs the contacting. The increased • Easy retrofitting in case of on-the-spot changes of
contact resistance results in an increased risk of fire. locations and connected loads of equipment
• High short-circuit strength and low fire load
• Increased planning security
Industrial Ethernet BACnet KNX instabus EIB ...
System LX System LD
System BD2
System BD2
System LX 5
System LR
System BD2
TIP01_11_060
System BD01 System CD-L
Fig. 5/17: Busbar trunking systems for different requirements and loads

Power transmission Fire protection
Trunking units without tap-off points are here used for The following must be taken into account for fire
power transmission. They are available in standard protection
lengths and custom lengths. Besides the standard • Reduction of the fire load
lengths, the customer can also choose a specific length • Prevention of the fire spreading
from various length ranges to suit individual constructive
requirements. The entire length must be considered because the elec-
trical routing runs through the whole building and is
As of a rated current of approximately 1600 A, busbars used to supply special installations and systems, such as
have a significant advantage over cables and wires in the • Lifts with evacuation system
material and installation prices as well as in the costs for • Fire alarm systems
additional material such as cable terminations or for the • Emergency power systems
wall bushings. Not only these costs, but also the time • Ventilation systems for safety stairways, lift wells and
saved during the installation increase with the rising machine rooms of fire fighting lifts
rated current. • Systems to increase the pressure of the water supply
for fire fighting
Variable power distribution • Emergency lighting
This means that with the busbar trunking system, elec- “In order to prevent the development and spreading of
tricity cannot just be tapped from a permanently fixed fire and smoke, and to be able to effectively extinguish
point as with a cable installation. Tapping points can be fires and save people and animals in the event of a fire”
varied and changed as desired within the entire power (state building regulations in Germany), neither fire nor
distribution system. In order to tap electricity, you just flue gas may spread from one floor or fire area to an-
have connect a tap box to the busbar system at the other. With busbar trunking systems, the fire walls
tapping point. This way a variable distribution system is between various fire areas in the building complying
created for linear and/or area-wide, distributed power with fire resistance classes S60, S90 and S120 according
distribution. Tap-off points are provided on either or just to DIN 4102-9, can be ordered together with the busbar
one side on the straight tap boxes. For each busbar system, depending on the design and type. The fire walls
trunking system, a wide range of tap boxes is available must have at least the same fire resistance class as the
for the connection of equipment and electricity supply. relevant wall or ceiling.
It may be necessary to provide additional protection for

the busbar system in the room for the functional endur-
ance. Depending on the required functional endurance
class and the planned carrier/support system, different
1 1 design variants are offered with Promatect boards (en-
2 2 capsulation on 2, 3 or 4 sides, refer to Fig. 5/18). Because
3
3
4
of the poorer ventilation and heat dissipation through
4
5 5 the protective housing, the reduction factors of the
6 7
manufacturers must be taken into account in later plan-
ning steps, in order to determine the maximum permissi-
5
Functional endurance
with 4-sided compartmentalisation ble currents. A reduction factor of 0.5 can be assumed
for an initial estimation.
1
1
2
3
6
Contrary to cables and wires, the insulation used in
3
5
7 2 busbar trunking systems does not contain any materials
that produce corrosive or poisonous gases in the event of
Functional endurance Functional endurance
a fire. There is also no burning of material in busbar
with 3-sided compartmentalisation with 2-sided compartmentalisation
trunking systems so that the rooms remain clean and the
TIP01_11_061_EN
1 Busbar system 5 Threaded rod (M12/M16) escape routes are not impeded.
2 Compartmentalisation 6 Bracket in compliance with the statics
3 Strengthened compartmentalisation at the edges 7 Carrier profile in compliance
4 Load distribution plate with the statics
Fig. 5/18: Functional endurance through compartmentalisation

Checklist
Busbar trunking systems
Project name ........................................
Owner/developer ........................................
Planning engineer ........................................
Rated operating voltage ........................................
Rated current
(dependent on degree of protection and lying method) ........................................
Ambient temperature ........................................
Degree of protection ........................................
Supply system P TN-S P TN-S (EM-compatible)

Type-tested connection to the LVMD P Yes
Conductor configuration P L1, L2, L3 P N P 2N P L1, L2, L3
P N
P 2N
P PE
P . . . . . . . . PE
P
5
PE = casing
Maximum voltage drop
(from supply to busbar to the final load feeder) ........................................
Number of fire walls (wall bushings) ........................................
Proportion of busbars with fire walls (in m) ........................................
Fastening/routing of busbar ........................................
Busbar layout drawing
(incl. lengths and loads) ........................................

Chapter 6
Appendix
6.1 Planning Steps 124

6.2 List of Abbreviations 128
6 Appendix
6.1 Planning Steps
Checklist
In all planning phases of a power supply system the
following aspects should always be considered
independent of specific project characteristics:
General
p Involve the responsible experts / public
authorities / inspection and testing bodies in the
concept at an early stage
p Pay attention to efficiency aspects, the safety of
persons and supply as well as the availability/reliability
of the power supply system
p Determine the power system / supply concept
p Use tested and approved technology (inspection and
testing protocols, references, ...)
p Pay attention to the system integration of individual
components, spare parts management (stockkeeping),
service and warranties (choose the components for
the entire power supply system from one supplier, if
possible)
p Determine and document the power balance, voltage
drop, conditions for disconnection from supply,
selectivity together with the selection of components
p Room layout (e.g. room size, room height, air
conditioning, operator aisles, escape routes)
p Check access routes and on-site conditions for moving
(parts of) the installation into place (ceiling loads,
doors, hoisting gear)
p Observe fire protection requirements
p Observe EMC requirements when selecting
components
p Observe EN 15232 requirements (energy performance
of buildings)
Medium-voltage switchgear
p Observe the technical supply conditions and
implementation guidelines (TAB in Germany) of the
6
local power supply network operator and announce
your power demand early
p Observe specifications for nominal voltage, busbar
current and breaking capacity
p Use no-maintenance/low-maintenance systems
p Observe specifications for room heights derived from
arcing fault tests
124 Totally Integrated Power – Appendix

Checklist
p Make provisions for a pressure relief in the switchgear

room in case of a fault; verify by calculation, if
necessary
p Consider plant expandability options at minimum time
expense (modular systems)
Distribution transformers
p Use low-loss transformers (operating costs)
p Pay attention to noise emission (can be reduced by
using low-loss transformers or a housing)
p Take fire hazards and environmental impact into
account (oil-immersed versus cast-resin transformer)
p Take the service life (partial discharge behaviour) into
account
p Ensure sufficient ventilation
p Dimensioning target: 80% of the nominal power
rating
p Look into a possible performance increase by using
forced air cooling (AF) (e.g. cross-flow ventilation for
cast-resin transformers)

p Consider degree of protection, heating up, power loss
and exhaust air requirements
p Observe specifications for busbar current and current
breaking capacity (e.g. reduce the main busbar
trunking system by an output-related panel
arrangement)
p Ensure safety of persons (only use factory-assembled,
type-tested switchgear with arc fault testing)
p Use standard/modular systems to ensure system
expandability
p Standardize built-in components, if possible, in order
to minimize stockkeeping of spare parts and to be
able to replace devices in case of a fault (circuit-
breakers, releases)
p Assess flexibility/availability requirements (fixed-
mounted, plug-in, or withdrawable-unit design)
p Consider the capability of the switchgear to
communicate with a visualisation system (power
management, operating states, switching functions)
p Take increased safety requirements for accidental
arcing into account (use design precautions that avoid
6
earthing points which might provide a root for an
accidental arc, inner compartmentalisation, insulated
busbars)
p Type-tested incoming/outgoing feeders to busbar
system (pay attention to room height)
p Segmentation of busbar sections (take short-circuit
current into account)
Totally Integrated Power – Appendix 125

Checklist
p Use low-loss motors (take operating time into

account)
p Do not let motors and drives run idle unnecessarily
(use load sensors)
p Provide variable-speed drives for systems with varying
loads (power saving)
p Take power feedback from large drives into account in
the event of a short circuit (increased short-circuit
load on the grid)
p Take the impact of harmonic content from variable-
speed drives into account
p Choose a manufacturer that provides an integrated,
well coordinated range of products (selectivity,
interfaces, service, maintenance)
p Use modular systems (e.g. circuit-breakers: same
accessories for different sizes)
p Use communication-capable equipment with
standardized bus systems (interfacing to the
protection and control system etc.)
p Circuit-breaker protected / fuse-protected technology
Busbar trunking system
p Observe current carrying capacity in view of mounting
position / ambient temperature / degree of protection
p Select suitable protective device for the busbar
system (current carrying capacity, overcurrent and
short-circuit protection)
p Use type-tested products (type test for busbar,
busbar/distribution)
p Maintain a system approach throughout (connection
of transformer to LVMD, LVMD to sub-distribution
boards, busbar trunking system, ...)
p Consider fire loads (busbar/cable)
p Make sure that busbars/cables are made of
halogen-free materials
Distribution boards
p Use type-tested products (TTA)
p Choose flexible and integrated, well matched
products (flush-mounting, surface-mounting, same
accessories)
p Observe permissible power loss
6 p Determine/check safety class (1 or 2)
p Choose an integrated, well coordinated product range
(uniform design / mounting heights / grid dimensions
for communication units and switchgear/controlgear
units)
p Are interfacing options to the central building control
system provided/desired?

Checklist
UPS
p Consider input network characteristics (power supply
system, supply quality – voltage, harmonics,
frequency, short interruption – power factor)
p System perturbations from UPS on the input network
(6-pulse, 12-pulse, IGBT rectifier, filter)
p Determine connected load on safe busbar; factor in
scheduled reserve for nominal power, power factor,
crest factor
p Look into the parallel connection of several UPS units
to implement redundancy concepts, consider central
bypass for service purposes
p Determine the power factor of connected loads
p Dimension battery / flywheel energy storage
dependent on bridging time, service life,
maintenance, location
p Consider ventilation, air conditioning, cable sizing
p Determine communication link and shutdown
functionality
Control system / power management

p Define control system requirements (safe switching,
safe data transmission)
p Define energy/power measuring points (in
coordination with the operator)
p Use standardized bus systems / communications
(communication with other systems)
p Limit the number of bus systems to an absolute
minimum (interfaces are expensive, linking systems
might be problematic)
p Choose a visualisation system with standard
interfaces (e.g. AS-i, KNX, PROFIBUS, Ethernet)
p Prefer systems that use standard modules (cost
minimisation)
p Choose systems from manufacturers providing a good
service network (availability)
p Avoid systems offering only a narrow range of
applications
p Take data volumes and transmission rates into account
for your system choice
p Overvoltage protection (e.g. use optical waveguides
for outdoor installations)
p Use expandable systems (that can be upgraded with a
power management system)
6
Standby power supply
p Rate generator units according to use (safety/standby
power supply)
p Separate room layout (fuel storage, air intake and
outlet system, exhaust gas system, etc.)
p Switchgear requirements (e.g. parallel, stand-alone,
or isolated operation)

6.2 List of Abbreviations E
EB Emergency lights fitted with single batteries
ECG Electrocardiogram
EEG German Act on Renewable Energies
A
EL Extra light (fuel oil quality)
ACB Air circuit-breaker
ELA Electro-acoustic systems
AF Forced airflow
Elt Bau VO German Ordinance on the construction of
AGI Arbeitsgemeinschaft Industriebau
electrical operating areas
[Working Group for Industrial Building]
EMC Electromagnetic compatibility
AN Natural airflow
EN European standard
ATM Asynchronous transfer mode
EnEV Energy Saving Ordinance (Germany)
B EPBD Energy Performance of Buildings Directive
BA Building automation EPR Ethylene-propylene-rubber
BACnet Data communication protocol for building ESD Electro-static discharge

automation and control networks ESPS Emergency standby power supply
BACS Building automation and control system EV Energieverteiler
BMS Building management system
H
C HOAI Honorarordnung für Architekten und
CEP Central earthing point Ingenieure (German regulation of
architects’ and engineers’ fees)
CHP Combined heat and power station
HVAC Heating, ventilation, air conditioning
CPS Central power system (emergency lights)
I
D
I&C Instrumentation and control
DIN VDE Deutsches Institut für Normung, Verband
der Elektrotechnik, Elektronik und IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
Informationstechnik (German IGBT Insulated gate bipolar transistor
Standardisation Institute, German ISO International Organization for
Association for Electrical, Electronic and Standardization
Information Technologies)
K
KNX International standard for building
surveillance and management systems (in
compliance with IEC 14543-3, EN 50090
and EN 13321-1, and GB/Z 20965)
KNXnet/IP KNX protocol based on the Internet
protocol for bus systems in buildings
acc. to KNX standard

L T
LAN Local area network TAB Technical supply conditions
LEMP Lightning electro-magnetic pulse TBM Technical building management system
LPS Low-power system) (emergency lights) TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol /
LPZ Lightning protection zone Internet Protocol
LVMD Low-voltage main distribution TIP Totally Integrated Power

TN Transport network (network configuration)
M TTA Type-tested switchgear assembly
MCCB Current-limited moulded-case TÜH Staatliche technische Überwachung Hessen
circuit-breaker (Governmental Technical Control Board of
Hesse/Germany)
TÜV Technischer Überwachungsverein
N
(German Technical Control Board)
NiCd Nickel-Cadmium (storage battery)
NPS Normal power supply U
P
USB Universal serial bus
PE 1) Polyethylene;
2) Protective earth conductor
V
PG Power generating unit
VDN Verband der Netzbetreiber e. V. (Registered
PL Permanent light Association of Network Operators)
PMS Power management system VFD Voltage-frequency-dependent
PVC Polyvinyl chloride VFI Voltage-frequency-independent
VI Voltage-independent
R
VNB Supply network operator
RA Earthing of exposed conductive parts
RB Operational or system earthing W
RCD Residual current device WAN Wide area network
RWA Smoke and heat vents
X
S XLPE Cross-linked polyethylene
SAP Systems, applications and products in
data processing
SEMP Switching electro-magnetic pulse
SF6 Sulphur hexafluoride
SL Standby light
SPD Surge protective device
SPD Surge protection device

Kiel
Rostock
Hamburg
Bremen
North
Ha
Hannover
Osnabrück Berlin
Magdeburg
Münster Braunschweig
Dortmund Bielefeld
Essen East
Cottbus
West
Düsseldorf Kassel Leipzig Dresden
Wuppertal
Köln Siegen Erfurt
Aachen Chemnitz
Wetzlar
Koblenz
Frankfurt am Main
Bayreuth
Mainz
Würzburg
Central
Mannheim Nürnberg
Saarbrücken
Regensburg
Karlsruhe
Stuttgart Bavaria
Augsburg
Ulm
South West
Freiburg München
6
Fig. 6/1: Sales Regions in Germany

Your Siemens Contacts
Consultant Support
Austria Russia United Arabian Emirates

Erich Thauer Ravil Gimadiev Paul Fairweather
Tel.: +43 51707 22986 Tel.: +7 495 737 1697 Tel.: +971 4 3660053
E-mail: erich.thauer@siemens.com E-mail: ravil.gimadiev@siemens.com E-mail: paul.fairweather@siemens.com
Belgium Spain Brasil

Luc Mertens Juan Manuel Fernandez Fernandez Luiz Eustaquio Perucci da Silva
Tel.: +32 253 62604 Tel.: +34 91 514 9309 Tel.: +55 11 3833 4823
E-mail: luc.mertens@siemens.com E-mail: jmanuel.fernandez@siemens.com E-mail: silva.luiz@siemens.com
France Switzerland Canada

Alexander Pfab Roger Weigold Ken Clune
Tel.: +33 6 4664-5794 Tel.: +41 585 586 518 Tel.: +1 289 313 5465
E-mail: alexander.pfab@siemens.com E-mail: roger.weigold@siemens.com E-mail: ken.clune@siemens.com
Italy Turkey USA

Luca Leccese Cahit Atay Kevin Koder
Tel.: +39 02 243 64266 Tel.: +90 216 4593182 Tel.: +1 770 326 2166
E-mail: luca.leccese@siemens.com E-mail: cahit.atay@siemens.com E-mail: kevin.koder@siemens.com
Netherlands UK China
Martin van de Wijgerd Howard John Ole Baranowski
Tel.: +31 70 333 3315 Tel.: +44 1619 985454 Tel.: +86 10 64763657
E-mail: martin.van_de_wijgerd@siemens.com E-mail: howard.john@siemens.com E-mail: ole.baranowski@siemens.com
Portugal Saudi-Arabia India

Carmen Oliveira Loay Hasan Saikat Majumder
Tel.: +351 21 417 8893 Tel.: +966 1 277 8147 Tel.: +91 22 33265703
E-mail: carmen.oliviera@siemens.com E-mail: loay.hasan@siemens.com E-mail: saikat.majumder@siemens.com
Contacts for Special Interests
Standby power supply Safety lighting

Evers & Co. CEAG Notlichtsysteme GmbH
Standard Aggregatebau KG Senator-Schwartz-Ring 26
Grünauer Straße 24 D-59494 Soest
D-12557 Berlin Tel.: +49 29 21 / 6 93 60
Tel.: +49 30 65 47 27 23 Fax: +49 29 21 / 6 96 02
Fax: +49 30 65 47 27 26 www.ceag.de
www.sab-hamburg.de
Lutz Schulz Wolfgang Peter

E-mail: l.schulz@sab-berlin.de E-mail: wolfgang_peter@ceag.de

Our thanks go to Evers & Co. Standard Aggregatebau KG
(standby power supply) and CEAG Notlichtsysteme
GmbH (safety lighting) for their expert support in
compiling this manual.
Imprint
Totally Integrated Power
Power Distribution Planning Manual –
Volume 1: Planning Principles
Published by
Siemens AG
Infrastructure & Cities Sector
Low and Medium Voltage Division
Building Technologies Division
Energy Sector
Power Transmission Division
Editor and Author

Dr. Siegbert Hopf, Siemens AG, IC LMV LV TIP
Publishing House
Publicis Publishing
Nägelsbachstr. 33
D-91052 Erlangen
Image Rights
page 3 © Siemens AG; page 7 © Krause, Johansen;
page 43 © Roland Halbe/Messe Stuttgart; page 51 ©
Oberhäuser; page 59, 89 © Wolfgang Geyer/Forum
Wetzlar.
Any other non-identified images
and graphics © Siemens AG.
Print
Kösel GmbH & Co. KG
Am Buchweg 1
D-87452 Altusried-Krugzell
© 2011 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft

Berlin and Munich
All rights reserved. Nominal charge 10.00 EUR
All data and circuit examples without engagement.
Subject to change without prior notice.
6 Order no. E10003-E38-1B-T0020-7600

Dispo 27612
The omission of any specific reference with regard to trademarks, brand

names, technical solutions, etc., does not imply that they are not
protected by patent.

Siemens AG
Energy Sector
Power Transmission Division
Freyeslebenstr. 1
91058 ERLANGEN
GERMANY
Siemens AG
Low and Medium Voltage Division
Freyeslebenstr. 1
91058 ERLANGEN
GERMANY
Siemens AG
Building Technologies Division
Gubelstraße 22
6301 ZUG
SWITZERLAND
The information provided in this manual contains merely All product designations may be trademarks or product
general descriptions or characteristics of performance names of Siemens AG or supplier companies whose use
which in case of actual use do not always apply as by third parties for their own purposes could violate the
de-scribed or which may change as a result of further rights of the owners.
development of the products. An obligation to provide
the respective characteristics shall only exist if expressly
agreed in the terms of contract.

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Totally Integrated Power

Power Distribution Planning Manual

Answers for infrastructure.

1 General Planning Considerations 8 4 Power System Concept 60

1.1 The Planner’s Tasks 8 4.1 Network Conﬁgurations 60

1.3 Some Basic Considerations on Power Distribution 11 4.3 Power Quality 79

1.4 Standards, Standardisation Bodies and Guidelines 20 4.4 Electromagnetic Compatibility 82

2 Load Requirements 44 5.2 Distribution Transformers 98

2.1 Estimate of Power Demand 44 5.3 Low-voltage Switchgear 110

3.1 Embedded Generation Systems 52 Your Siemens Contacts 131

Short-circuit / overload protection

Totally Integrated Power – integrated solutions for power distribution

4 Totally Integrated Power – Integrated Planning – Cost Reduction

For the purpose of integrated planning, a building is

Integrated planning utilizes the synergies of well

These are merely some examples, how the cost-benefit

The focus of Totally Integrated Power™ lies on all power

Totally Integrated Power – Integrated Planning – Cost Reduction 5

1.1 The Planner’s Tasks 8

Products und systems

Medium voltage Transformers

Planning and system conﬁguration

8 Totally Integrated Power – General Planning Considerations

Totally Integrated Power – General Planning Considerations 9

1 • The questions as to “What?” and “For which purpose?”

10 Totally Integrated Power – General Planning Considerations

Network configuration and sources of supply

The network configuration is determined dependent on

Technical equipment rooms

Besides a proper component rating, another essential

Totally Integrated Power – General Planning Considerations 11

Review of the project situation

Every project is unique in its own way. For efficient

Type of building use

1 Is the owner/developer also the user of the real estate?

Level of building installations, equipment

12 Totally Integrated Power – General Planning Considerations

Building height ........ m

Average floor height ........ m

Number of floors ............

Car park, access ways

Maximum dimensions/weights for moving in

Specifications for emergency diesel unit (exhaust air,

Totally Integrated Power – General Planning Considerations 13

Facade design (let-through values)

1 Fire alarm system

Safety-relevant installation parts

p Depending on the building use

p Secondary pipe heating for sprinkler pipes in cold area

Building regulations, provisions

p Installations for gathering of people (IEC 60364-7-718)

p Can existing rooms be used?

p Arrangement of areas/rooms (rising ducts, fire areas)

Totally Integrated Power – General Planning Considerations 15

Technical requirements from the user

p Variability of the electricity supply

Control system (Visualisation of systems,

Level of building installations, equipment and furnishing

16 Totally Integrated Power – General Planning Considerations

Performance targets / conditions / preliminary

Power supply agreed upon with power supply

Totally Integrated Power – General Planning Considerations 17

Planning documents for

We recommend that all existing technology/systems