Chapter One-Power System Planning: Basic Principles

Power system Planning
CHAPTER ONE- POWER SYSTEM PLANNING: BASIC PRINCIPLES
Power system Planning and Management

Introduction
Power System Elements
Power System Structure
Power System Studies, a Time-horizon Perspective
Power System Planning Issues
Outlines • Static Versus Dynamic Planning
• Transmission Versus Distribution Planning
•Long-term Versus Short-term Planning

Basic Renewable Energy
and Management
Power System Planning
 It is a process in which the aim is to decide on new as well
as upgrading existing system elements to adequately satisfy
the loads for a foreseen future.
 It a process of fulfilling system adequacy and maintaining
network security. More generally it is a process of having a
reliable power system network for a foreseen future.
Introduction
 Planning studies consists of studies for the next 1-10 years
or higher.

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 A typical power system is comprised of enormous number of
elements.
 The elements may vary from a small lamp switch to a giant generator.
 Generation facilities
 Transmission facilities
• Substations
• Network (lines, cables)
 Loads
The Elements

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Generation facilities can be for one of those kinds:
 Wind based plants
 Hydro based plants
 Nuclear based Plants
 Thermal based plants
Generation  Tidal based plants
facilities  Solar based plants
 Biomass based plants and etc.

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Substations can be one of the followings:
1. According to service requirement
Transformer sub-stations
Switching substation
Frequency Changer substation
Power Factor Improving substation
Converting substation
Industrial substation
Substations 2. According To Constructional Features.
Indoor substation
Out-door substation
Underground substation
Pole mounted substation

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Transmission Lines can be:
1.Based the Distance
Short Transmission line
Medium Transmission Line
Long Transmission Line
Transmission 2. Based on the Voltage
Low Voltage Transmission line
Lines Medium Voltage Transmission line
High Voltage Transmission line
3. Based Construction
Overhead Transmission Lines
Underground Transmission Lines

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Three basic types of loads exist in circuits:
 capacitive loads,
 Inductive loads,
 Resistive loads.
 In power system planning, the details of each element

design are not of main interest.
Loads
 For instance, for a generation facility, the type (steam
turbine, gas turbine, etc.), the capacity and its location are
only determined

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 A typical power system, comprising of the generation, the
interface and the load.
 The generations and the loads are distributed throughout
the system.
 As a result, some interfaces should be provided to transfer
Power System the generated powers to the loads.
Structure  The generations may be in the form of a small solar cell or a
diesel generator to a very giant nuclear power plant.
 The loads start, also, from a small shop/home to a large
industrial complex.
 Due to both the technical and the economical viewpoints,
the generation voltages may be as high as 33 kV or so, while
the load voltages may be much lower.

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 To reduce the losses and to make the transmission possible,
we have to convert the generation voltages to much higher
values and to reconvert them to lower ones at the receiving
ends (load centers).
 As a result, the interfaces between the generations and the
loads may comprise of several voltages, such as 20, 63, 132,
230, 400, 500 kV or even higher.
 The available voltages depend much on each utility
experiences within each country.
 Regardless of what the available voltages are, it is of
normal industrial practice to classify these voltages to
 Transmission (for example, 230 kV and higher)
 Sub-transmission (for example, 63, 132 kV, and similar)
 Distribution (for example, 20 kV and 400 V).

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 Due to these various voltages, transformers are allocated
throughout the network substations.
 Each substation is also equipped with circuit breakers,
current and potential transformers, protection equipment,
etc. Fig Shows a typical substation layout.
Transformer sub-stations
Line Trap: Prevent the transmission of high
frequency (40 kHz to 1000 kHz) carrier signals of
power line communication to unwanted
destinations.
CVT: Step down voltage transformer used for
metering or operating a protective relay

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Typical Power
System Network

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 In this time based study the state of the system is divided in
to two.
1. Operational state- Current state of the system
Power System 2. Planning sate-Future state of the system.
Studies, a Time-  Operational state concerns mainly about short-term study
horizon while planning state concerns about long-term study
Perspective period.
 Power system decision making ranges from nano second
happening scenario (Transient cases) to 10th of years
scenarios (planning case).
 The operation and control studies include: Unit
Commitment, Economic Dispatch, Optimal Power Flow,
AGC and etc.

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 Power System Study is used to plan and reliably deliver our
resources.
Cases
1. Typical long-term study of power systems
 First, suppose it is foreseen that the predicted load in 10
years from now, may be served provided that a new power
Planning State plant is built.
 The expert has to decide on its required capacity, type and
where the plant has to be connected to the network.
 Once decided properly, its constructing has to be started
ahead of time, so that the plant is available in 10 years time

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2. Typical very short-term study of power systems
 Suppose we are going to build a transmission line, passing
through a mountainous area.
 Once built, the line may be subject to severe lightning.
 Lightning is such a very fast phenomena that it affects the
system within nanoseconds.
 The designer should think of appropriate provisions on the
line, by proper modeling the system in these very fast
situations and performing enough studies, to make sure
that the line does not fail, if such lightning happens in
practice.

and Management
3. Typical maintenance scheduling study.
 Provided sufficient generation and transmission facilities
are available for serving the loads, a power system decision
maker should perform a 1 week to 1 year study to decide, in
advance, on maintaining power system elements (power
plants, transmission lines, etc.).
 This type of study is strictly required since if the plants are
not maintained properly, they may fail in severe loading
conditions.
 Moreover, the decision maker should know which elements
are not available within the current year, so one can base
his next decisions only on available elements.
 Maintenance scheduling study is also named as operational
planning study.
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4. The operational phase starts from 1 week to minutes.
These types of studies may be generally classified as:
 Hours to 1 week (unit commitment),
 Several minutes to 1 h (economic dispatch, Optimal Power Flow(OPF)),
 Minutes (Automatic Generation Control (AGC)).
5. Transient and Dynamic state
 Power system dynamics studies occurs in milliseconds to seconds.
 In this time period, the effects of some components such as the power
plants excitation systems and governors may be significant.
 Example: stability studies (for example, small signal, large signal,
voltage stability, etc.).
 The other very fast phenomenon of power system study is the
transients studies, involving studies on lightning, switching transients
and similar.
 The time period of interest is from milliseconds to nanoseconds or even
picoseconds.
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 Suppose from ten power plants of a system, in the coming
week, three are not available due to scheduled
maintenances.
Explanation

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 We should decide on using the available plants for serving
the predicted load for each hour of the coming week.
 Moreover, he or she should decide on the generation level
of each plant, as the generation capacities of all plants may
be noticeably higher than the predicted load.
 This type of study is commonly referred to as unit
commitment.

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 A complete list for all hours of the week should be
generated.
 Once we come to the exact hour, the actual load may not
be equal to the predicted load.
 Suppose, for instance, that the actual load at hour ‘Y’ is
greater than what predicted during unit commitment.
 A further study has to be performed in that hour to allocate
the actual load among the available plants at that hour .
 This type of study may be based on some technical and/or
economical considerations and is commonly referred to as
economic dispatch or Optimal Power Flow (OPF)

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 Coming to the faster time periods, the next step is to
automatically control the generation of the plants (for
instance operating units) via telemetry signals to required
levels, to satisfy the load at hour ’Y’.
 This task is normally referred to as Automatic Generation
Control (AGC) and should be performed, periodically (say in
minutes); as otherwise, the system frequency may
undesirably change.

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 Further going towards the faster time periods, we come to
power system dynamics studies, in milliseconds to seconds.
 In this time period, the effects of some components such as
the power plants excitation systems and governors may be
significant.
 Two typical examples are stability studies (for example,
small signal, large signal, voltage stability, etc.) and Sub-
Synchronous Resonance (SSR) phenomenon.
 The very fast phenomenon of power system behaviors is
the so called power system transients studies, involving
studies on lightning, switching transients and similar.
 The time period of interest is from milliseconds to
nanoseconds or even picoseconds.

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General Definition
 The word planning stems of the transitive verb to plan,
meant as to arrange a method or scheme beforehand for
any work, enterprise, or proceeding.
Power System Planning
Power System  Power system Planning is a process in which the aim is to
decide on new as well as upgrading existing system
Planning Issues elements, to adequately satisfy the loads for a foreseen
future.
The Elements can be:
 Generation facilities
 Substations
 Transmission lines and/or cables
 Capacitors/Reactors

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The decision should be:
 Where to allocate the elements (Position, Direction)
 When to install the element (Time Frame)
 What to select, in terms of the element specifications (for
instance, number of bundles and conductor type).
To meet: The loads should be adequately satisfied.
Planning
Decisions

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Classifications of Planning
Static Versus Dynamic Planning
Static Planning
 Let us assume that our task is to decide on planning for
2021 –2026. If the peak loading conditions are to be
investigated, the studies involve six loading conditions. One
way is to, study each year separately irrespective of the
other years. This type of study is referred to as static
planning which focuses on planning for a single stage.
Dynamic Planning
 The other is to focus on all six stages, simultaneously, so
that the solution is found for all six stages at the same time.
This type of study is named as dynamic planning.

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Semi static, semi-dynamic
 Obviously, although the static planning for a specific year
provides some useful information for that year, the process
as given above leads to impractical results for the period as
the solutions for a year cannot be independent from the
solution from the preceding years.
 One way to solve the problem is to include the results of
each year in the studies for the following year.
 This may be referred to as semistatic, semi-dynamic, quasi-
static or quasi-dynamic planning.
 It is apparent that the dynamic planning solution can be
more optimal in comparison with the semi-static planning
solution

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Transmission Versus Distribution Planning
Transmission Planning
 There must be load forecast before transmission planning is
done.
 Once we have the load forecast and generation location, it is easy
to identify ‘where to build lines and how many’.
 Transmission planning of any country is done as per the
Transmission Planning Criteria prepared by a given countries
manual.
 Setting Transmission Voltage and etc.
Distribution Planning
 Distribution planning sets arrangement of different equipments.
 Setting distribution Voltage and etc.
 A small generation connection to the network, as some types of
local generations (named as Distributed Generations, or DGs) can
be planned in distribution planning.
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Long-term Versus Short-term Planning
 There is no golden rule in specifying short-term or long-
term planning issues.
 Normally less than 1 year falls into the operational planning
issues in which the aim is typically to manage and operate
available resources in an efficient manner.
 More than 1 year falls into the planning stages. If installing
new equipment and predicting system behavior are
possible in a shorter time (for instance, for distribution
systems, 1–3 years), the term of short-term planning may
used.
 More than that (3–10 and higher) is called long-term
planning (typically transmission planning) in which
predicting the system behavior is possible for these longer
periods.

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1. Suppose that, for the peak loading condition of the coming
year, a power system utility expert notices that from the
two lines, feeding a substation, one would be overloaded
by 10% of its rating, while, the other would be loaded by
60% of its rating. After careful studies, he or she finds out
that if a control device is installed on one line, the load
distribution may be balanced on both lines. Once decided,
QUIZ the installation process of this device can be performed in
such a way that no problem arises for the coming year.
What type of planning is it: Explain your choice
A) Short term transmission planning decision.
B) Long term transmission planning decision.
C)Short term Distribution planning decision.
D) Long term Distribution planning decision.

and Management
Thank You
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