L ABORATORY MANUAL

(An Institution Of ICARE)

Hatiberia, Haldia, Dist – Purba Medinipur (W.B)

Pin-721657

Program - ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

PART - II, 2nd SEMESTER

Course –POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS & APPLICATION

Vision of the Department:

Electrical Engineering Department strives practical based learning, conceptually framed and
innovative thinking encapsulated future technologist and Engineers for the betterment of the
entire society in coming era.

Mission of the Department:

M1: To produce quality human resource with capacity to serve the fraternity in a wide variety of
roles including science, engineering, academics, research, entrepreneurship and management.

M2: Putting emphasis on areas such as communication skills, professional and ethical
responsibility, lifelong learning and contemporary issues to complement the technical aspects of
the engineering course.

M3: To ensure combination of engineering and complementary course works in the curriculum
so that Electrical Engineering diploma engineers are well rounded, able to work effectively in
team settings and able to adapt to different work environments.

PEO statements:

PEO 1: Students will be able to solve problems in electrical engineering domain as well as in
relevant domains to meet thriving socio- economic demand of industry and society.

PEO 2: Students will be able to successfully work in various public and private sector
organizations, at regional, state and national levels, with professional competence and ethical
administrative acumen.

PEO 3: Students will be able to improve their technical and intellectual capabilities through
lifelong learning process, which may include professional career and/or postgraduate education,
for successful adaptation to technological and cultural changes and to foster adept functioning in
society.

PEO 4: Students will be able to receive total quality education by gaining knowledge and active
teaching-learning process regarding electrical engineering with proper infrastructural facilities
to become technical leaders and entrepreneurs for future.

PEO 5: Students will be able to fulfil the needs of society in solving technical problems using
engineering principles, tools and practices, in an ethical and responsible manner.

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 Name of the Course: Power Electronics Converters and Application
Course Code: EEPC 204 Semester: 4th
Credits: 01 Maximum Marks: 100
Teaching Scheme Examination Scheme
Practical: 2 hrs./week Internal Marks: 60 Marks
Continuous Assessment: 50 Marks External Marks: 40 Marks
Attendance: 10 Marks

Suggested list of Laboratory Experiments:

Sl. No List of Practical:

Determine the latching current and holding current using V-I characteristics of
1
SCR.
Use CRO to observe the output waveform of half wave-controlled rectifier with
2
resistive load and determine the load voltage.
Use CRO to observe the output waveform of Full wave-controlled rectifier with R
3
load, RL load, freewheeling diode and determine the load voltage.
Determine the firing angle using DIAC and TRIAC phase-controlled circuit on
4
SCILAB software under different loads such as lamp, motor or heater

5 Perform the operation of Class – A, B, C turn off circuits.

6 Perform the operation of Class –D, E, F turn off circuits.

7 Test the performance of given UPS.

8 Study on SMPS.

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 INDEX

Sl Experiment
Name of The Experiment Page
No. No.

Determine the latching current and holding current using V-I

1 EEPC 204/1 7
characteristics of SCR.
Use CRO to observe the output waveform of half wave-
2 EEPC 204/2 controlled rectifier with resistive load and determine the load 11
voltage.
Use CRO to observe the output waveform of Full wave-
3 EEPC 204/3 controlled rectifier with R load, RL load, freewheeling diode 14
and determine the load voltage.
Determine the firing angle using DIAC and TRIAC phase-
4 EEPC 204/4 controlled circuit on SCILAB software under different loads 17
such as lamp, motor or heater

5 EEPC 204/5 Perform the operation of Class – A, B, C turn off circuits. 20

6 EEPC 204/6 Perform the operation of Class –D, E, F turn off circuits. 23

7 EEPC 204/7 Test the performance of given UPS. 27

8 EEPC 204/8 Study on SMPS. 30

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 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS WITH CO

EXP NO. TITLE COs

Determine the latching current and holding current
EEPC 204/1 CO1
using V-I characteristics of SCR.
Use CRO to observe the output waveform of half wave-
EEPC 204/2 controlled rectifier with resistive load and determine CO3
the load voltage.
Use CRO to observe the output waveform of Full wave-
EEPC 204/3 controlled rectifier with R load, RL load, freewheeling CO3
diode and determine the load voltage.
Determine the firing angle using DIAC and TRIAC phase-
EEPC 204/4 controlled circuit on SCILAB software under different CO4
loads such as lamp, motor or heater

EEPC 204/5 Perform the operation of Class – A, B, C turn off circuits. CO2

EEPC 204/6 Perform the operation of Class –D, E, F turn off circuits. CO2

EEPC 204/7 Test the performance of given UPS. CO5

EEPC 204/8 Study on SMPS. CO5

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 Course Information
Program: Diploma in Electrical Engineering
Course Title: Power Electronics Converters Application
Course Code: EEPC 204
Academic Year: 2021- 2022
Academic Semester: 4th
Class Schedule:
Prerequisite Basic electronics, electrical machine
Required Textbooks • Power Electronics by J.B.Gupta
• Power Electronics by P.S.Bhimra
• Power Electronics by M.H.Rashid

Course Coordinators: Eshan Samanta, eshansamanta@gisthaldia.org, 9732580034

Somesubhra Panda, Somsubhra.gist@gmail.com,9775569096
Sourangshu Sekhar Kar, sourangshu.kar@gmail.com,9679377233

The aim of this course is to help the student to attain the following industry identified competency through
various teaching learning experiences:
• Maintain the proper functioning of power electronic devices.

The practical experiences and relevant soft skills associated with this course are to be taught and implemented, so
that the student demonstrates the following industry-oriented COs associated with the above-mentioned competency:

1. Perform the testing of power electronic devices for specific applications.

2. Apply different turn-on and turn-off circuits of Thyristors.

3. Maintain phase-controlled rectifiers.

4. Apply converters for industrial control circuits.

5. Understanding of performance of different power supply.

PREREQUISITES
The reader is expected to know the following concepts:
✓ Basic Electronics.
✓ Fundamentals of AC, DC Machines.

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 EXPERIMENT EEPC 204/1
TI TL E : Determine the latching current and holding current using V-I characteristics of SCR.

OBJECTIVE: - To identify the terminals of Thyristor and plot V-I characteristics of Thyristor (SCR)

APARATUS REQUIRED: - SCR Trainer Kit

Voltmeter (0-50V)
Ammeter (0-50mA)
Ammeter (0-500mA)
Patch Chord

THEORY: SCR is a four-layered PNPN switching device having three junctions and three terminals known
as Anode, Cathode and Gate terminals. When the end P-layer is made positive with respect to the end N-
layer, the two outer junctions J1 & J3 are forward biased but the middle layer is reversed biased. Thus, the
junction J2 because of the presence of depletion layer is does not allow any current to flow through the
device. Only leakage current negligibly small in magnitude flows through the device due to the drift of the
mobile charges. This current is insufficient to make the device conduct. The depletion layer mostly of
immobile charges does not conduct. This is called forward blocking state of the device.
On reverse biased conduction, J1 & J3 are reverse biased while J2 is forward biased. The junction J1 & J3
do not allow any current to flow through the device. Only very small leakage current flows through the
device. This is known as reverse blocking state or off state of the device.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -

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PROCEDURE: -

1) Study the circuit given on front panel of kit.

2) Connect milli ammeter &voltmeter in the circuit.
3) Connect dc power supply in gate & A to K circuit.
4) Keeping gate current constant increase VAK in steps to note anode – cathode current IAK, for each step
till SCR fires.
5) Note the value of IH by gradually decreasing the voltage VAK.
6) Plot SCR characteristics between IAK&VAK.

OBSERVATION TABLE: -

VAK IA

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PRECAUTION: -
1) Set all the switches to the OFF position.
2) To switch ON and OFF the supply voltage correct sequence.
3) Use isolation transformer.

CONCLUSION: -
Characteristics of SCR were studied & found that SCR turned on when IA>IL& Remained in on state until
IA>IH

LAB VIVA QUESTIONS: -

1) What is triggering angle?

Ans: The turning on Process of the SCR is known as Triggering. In other words, turning the SCR from Forward-
Blocking state to Forward-Conduction state is known as Triggering.

2) What is conduction angle?

Ans: It is the angle at which the SCR/Thyristor in On State and experience the current flow. The below figure
shows the output voltage curve where the connected load is purely Resistive. The SCR naturally gets turned off
when the Supply voltage reaches

3) What is latching current in SCR?

Ans: Latching current can be defined as it is the least amount of anode current which is necessary to supply
from the anode terminal to the cathode terminal to activate the SCR after detaching the gate terminal. This is
allied with the turned-off method. ... This current is always below the latching current.

4) What is holding current in SCR?

Ans: Holding current of SCR or thyristor is that minimum value of current below which anode current must
fall to come in OFF state. ... Once the current through the SCR i.e. anode current Ia falls below holding current,
the current becomes zero. This means the SCR stops conducting.

5) What is forward break over voltage.?

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 Ans: Forward break over voltage of SCR is the minimum forward voltage at which SCR starts conducting.
... It blocks the current up to this particular voltage. During this period the leakage current only flows through
the device which is very less (negligible current). This region is called as forward blocking region.

6) what is the application of SCR?

Ans: SCRs are mainly used in devices where the control of high power, possibly coupled with high voltage, is
demanded. Their operation makes them suitable for use in medium- to high-voltage AC power control applications,
such as lamp dimming, power regulators and motor control

7) What is delay angle of SCR?

Ans: The delay angle is the angle at which thyristors are triggered after zero crossing. After zero crossing of supply
voltage, one pair of thyristors is forward biased. After delay angle(α) these SCRs are triggered.

8) What is the triggering angle?

Ans: Firing Angle (α) It is the angle at which the SCR gets turned on and starts conducting. This is the angle where
the designers apply the gate pulse to control SCR/Thyristor.

9) What is alpha and beta in SCR?

Ans: if the SCR is triggered at a firing angle of α, the load current increases slowly, since the inductance in the load
forces the current to lag the voltage. ... The current continues to flow until β (called the advance angle), when the SCR
turns off.

10) How is SCR triggering?

Ans: To trigger, or fire, an SCR, voltage must be applied between the gate and cathode, positive to the gate and
negative to the cathode. ... SCRs may be turned off by anode current falling below the holding current value (low-
current dropout) or by “reverse-firing” the gate (applying a negative voltage to the gate).

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 EXPERIMENT EEPC 204/2
TITLE: - Use CRO to observe the output waveform of half wave-controlled rectifier with resistive load
and determine the load voltage.
OBJECTIVE: -To observe the output waveform of half wave-controlled rectifier with resistive load and
determine the load voltage.

APPARATUS REQUIURED: -
1) Lab single phase half and fully controlled bridge rectifier trainer.
2) CRO.
3) Digital multimeter.
4) Set of patching wires.

THEORY: - Consider the figure as shown in circuit diagram four SCRS are included in two arms of the
bridge rectifier and a constant voltage power supply is obtained at the secondary .by controlling the firing
time of the SCRS during each half cycle the duration of conductor of the bridge is varied and the dc output
is controlled in accordance with the setting of the output voltage control.
The firing of the SCRS can be set individually either from a different source and the SCRS are therefore
turned off as soon as the input voltage polarity ever.

CKT DIAGRAM: -

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APPARATUS REQUIURED: -
1)Lab single phase half and fully controlled bridge rectifier trainer.
2)CRO.
3)Digital multimeter.
4)Set of patching wires.

PROCEDURE: -
1) Study the circuit configuration given on the front panel of the trainer.
2) Connect the circuit as shown in wiring diagram.
3) Energized the trainer and check the power supply to be 18V AC using a multimeter in the ac
mode.
4) Similarly, observe the firing angles for angles for SCR3 and SCR4.
5) Connect the mid end of the potentiometer to the corresponding SCRS as indicated by points
ABCD.
6) Observe the firing angle of SCR 1 which controls the positive half cycle by varying 100k
potentiometer which is marked a.
7) Similarly, the firing angle of SCR2 controls the negative half cycle by varying 100k potentiometer
which is marked b.
8) Now disconnect the CRO and current across the output terminals.
VIVA QUESTIONS: -
1) What is the important thing to operate controlled rectifier?
Ans: Gate terminal of SCR.
2) How many no. of SCR is used for halfwave controlled rectifier?
Ans: Two SCR.
3) How many no. of SCR is used for full wave-controlled rectifier?
Ans: Four SCR.
4) What are the advantages of controlled rectifier?
Ans: To compensate the DC line voltage variations caused by voltage variations on the medium
voltage power network. To keep voltage constant even in case of load variations. To control the

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 fault current on faults far from the electrical substation and consequently to increase line
protection settings.
5) What is the advantage of controlled rectifier over uncontrolled rectifier?
Ans: By varying the firing angle, we can change the output in a controlled rectifier and there is no
firing or triggering concept in the uncontrolled rectifier

6) what is the function of freewheeling diode?

Ans: It reduces the harmonics and it also reduces sparking and arching across the mechanical
switch
7) what is the necessity of controlled rectifier of dc drives?
Ans: Controlled rectifiers are used to get variable dc voltage from an ac source of fixed voltage.
There are several types of converters which can be used for feeding DC motors. AS thyristors are
capable of conducting current in one direction all these rectifiers are capable of conducting current
only in one direction.
8) What is the disadvantage rectifier of dc drives?

Ans: Drawbacks of Rectifier Fed DC Drives:

• Distortion of Supply: Source current of a rectifier has harmonics. ...
• Low power factor: Assuming sinusoidal supply voltage, power factor (PF) of a rectifier can be defined as.
...
• Ripple in Motor Current:

9) What is the efficiency of controlled rectifier?

Ans: One of the main indicators of single-phase controlled rectifier is the power factor that
determines the energy efficiency of using electrical energy (in case of alternating current). The power
factor value of widely used controlled rectifiers lays in the range from 0.2 to 0.85.

10) What is the application of controlled rectifier?

Ans: Their operation makes them suitable for use in medium- to high-voltage AC power control
applications, such as lamp dimming, power regulators and motor control. SCRs and similar devices are
used for rectification of high-power AC in high-voltage dc power transmission.

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 EXPERIMENT EEPC 204/3
TITLE: - Use CRO to observe the output waveform of full wave-controlled rectifier with resistive load
and determine the load voltage.
OBJECTIVE: -To observe the output waveform of half wave-controlled rectifier with resistive load and
determine the load voltage.

APPARATUS REQUIURED: -
1) Lab single phase half and fully controlled bridge rectifier trainer.
2) CRO.
3) Digital multimeter.
4) Set of patching wires.

THEORY: - Consider the figure as shown in circuit diagram four SCRS are included in two arms of the
bridge rectifier and a constant voltage power supply is obtained at the secondary .by controlling the firing
time of the SCRS during each half cycle the duration of conductor of the bridge is varied and the dc output
is controlled in accordance with the setting of the output voltage control.
The firing of the SCRS can be set individually either from a different source and the SCRS are therefore
turned off as soon as the input voltage polarity ever.

CKT DIAGRAM: -

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APPARATUS REQUIURED: -
1)Lab single phase half and fully controlled bridge rectifier trainer.
2)CRO.
3)Digital multimeter.
4)Set of patching wires.

PROCEDURE: -
1) Study the circuit configuration given on the front panel of the trainer.
2) Connect the circuit as shown in wiring diagram.
3) Energized the trainer and check the power supply to be 18V AC using a multimeter in the ac
mode.
4) Similarly, observe the firing angles for angles for SCR3 and SCR4.
5) Connect the mid end of the potentiometer to the corresponding SCRS as indicated by points
ABCD.
6) Observe the firing angle of SCR 1 which controls the positive half cycle by varying 100k
potentiometer which is marked a.
7) Similarly, the firing angle of SCR2 controls the negative half cycle by varying 100k potentiometer
which is marked b.
8) Now disconnect the CRO and current across the output terminals.
VIVA QUESTIONS: -
11) What is the important thing to operate controlled rectifier?
Ans: Gate terminal of SCR.
12) How many no. of SCR is used for halfwave controlled rectifier?
Ans: Two SCR.
13) How many no. of SCR are used for fullwave controlled rectifier?
Ans: Four SCR.
14) What is the advantages of controlled rectifier?
Ans: To compensate the DC line voltage variations caused by voltage variations on the medium
voltage power network. To keep voltage constant even in case of load variations. To control the

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 fault current on faults far from the electrical substation and consequently to increase line
protection settings.
15) What is the advantage of controlled rectifier over uncontrolled rectifier?
Ans: By varying the firing angle, we can change the output in a controlled rectifier and there is no
firing or triggering concept in the uncontrolled rectifier

16) what is the function of free wheeling diode?

Ans: It reduces the harmonics and it also reduces sparking and arching across the mechanical
switch
17) what is the necessity of controlled rectifier of dc drives?
Ans: Controlled rectifiers are used to get variable dc voltage from an ac source of fixed voltage.
There are several types of converters which can be used for feeding DC motors. AS thyristors are
capable of conducting current in one direction all theses rectifiers are capable of conducting
current only in one direction.
18) What is the disadvantage rectifier of dc drives?

Ans: Drawbacks of Rectifier Fed DC Drives:

• Distortion of Supply: Source current of a rectifier has harmonics. ...
• Low power factor: Assuming sinusoidal supply voltage, power factor (PF) of a rectifier can be defined as.
...
• Ripple in Motor Current:

19) What is the efficiency of controlled rectifier?

Ans: One of the main indicators of single-phase controlled rectifier is the power factor that
determines the energy efficiency of using electrical energy (in case of alternating current). The power
factor value of widely used controlled rectifiers lays in the range from 0.2 to 0.85.

20) What is the application of controlled rectifier?

Ans: Their operation makes them suitable for use in medium- to high-voltage AC power control
applications, such as lamp dimming, power regulators and motor control. SCRs and similar devices are
used for rectification of high-power AC in high-voltage dc power transmission.

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 EXPERIMENT EEPC 204/4

TITLE: - Determine the firing angle using DIAC and TRIAC phase-controlled circuit on SCILAB
software under different loads such as lamp, motor or heater

OBJECTIVE: - To determine the firing angle using DIAC and TRIAC phase-controlled circuit on
SCILAB software under different loads such as lamp, motor or heater

THEORY: The angle in the AC cycle at which the thyristor starts conducting at the application of positive
voltage to gate is known as the firing angle α. Firing Angle of SCR is defined as the angle between the
instant SCR would conduct if it were a diode and the instant it is triggered.
Firing Angle Control: Basically, by controlling the firing angle means managing the point on the AC signal
waveform when the SCR is going to be triggered or in other words, the time corresponding to the AC signal
waveform when the SCR gate is going to be given DC supply voltage. The firing angle of SCR decreases
as the SCR fires earlier during positive half cycle. The average voltage across armature increases as the
firing angle of SCR decreases. This will result in speed of motor increases.
SCR Firing:
The application of GATE voltage is known as firing.

Types of SCR firing:

Generally, there are two types of firing:

Zero Voltage Cross Over firing: Zero-crossing control mode (also called fast cycling, integral cycle, or
burst firing) operates by turning the SCR’s on only when the instantaneous value of the sinusoidal voltage
is zero.

Phase angle control method: The phase angle is varied, i.e. the application of gate pulses is delayed by a
certain time and the conduction is controlled.

Firing Circuits:

Features of the firing circuit:

Firing circuits should produce trigger pulses for the thyristor at appropriate instants.
There needs to be electrical isolation between firing circuits and the thyristor. It is achieved using a pulse
amplifier or an opto-isolator.

Firing Angle:
The number of degrees from the beginning of the cycle when SCR is switched on is firing angle. Any SCR
would start conducting at a particular point on the ac source voltage. The particular point is defined as the
firing angle. The earlier in the cycle the SCR is gated ON, the greater will be the voltage applied to the load.

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RELEVENT DIAGRAM: -

Figure 1: Gesture of a waveform after introducing firing angle

CODING: -

// Control of DC motors //
Edca1 =230;
N1 =1500;
N2 =500;
Eb1 =210;
printf ( 'Eb1=230-20=210 volts' );
Eb2 = Eb1 *N2/N1;
printf ( '\nEb2=%d volts',Eb2);
V =40; //motor armature drop at rated load in volts //
Edca2 = Eb2 +V;
printf ( '\nEdca2=%f volts',Edca2 );
C1 =1; // cosine of the firing angle corresponding to 1000 rpm load //
C2=C1* Edca2 / Edca1 ; // cosine of the firing angle corresponding to 500 rpm load //
printf ( '\nCosine of the firing angle corresponding to 500 rpm load=C2=%f ',C2);
A= acos (C2) *180/ %pi; // firing angle corresponding to 500 rpm load in degrees //
printf ( '\nfiring angle corresponding to 500 rpm load A=%f degrees',A);

//The ac Motor Control //

PFi =0.1; // input power factor //
PFl =0.9; // load power factor //
A =( acos ( sqrt (2) * PFi / PFl ) ) *180/3.14;
printf ( 'firing angle of cycloconverter drive=A=%f degrees',A ) ;
IDF =0.7;
DF = PFi / IDF ;
printf ( '\ n distortion factor=DF=%f ' , DF );

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RESULT:

//The ac Motor Control //

--> exec('E:\GIST - Documents\SCILAB\Firing Angle 01.sce', -1)

firing angle of cycloconverter drive=A=81.000433 degrees
distortion factor=DF=0.142857

// Control of DC motors //

--> exec('E:\GIST - Documents\SCILAB\Firing Angle 02.sce', -1)

Eb1=230-20=210 volts
Eb2=70 volts
Edca2=110.000000 volts
Cosine of the firing angle corresponding to 500 rpm load=C2=0.478261
firing angle corresponding to 500 rpm load A=61.428122 degrees

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sl. No. N1 (RPM) Firing Angle (Degree)

1 750
2 1000
3 1250
4 1500
5 1750
6 2000
7 2250

CONCLUSION:

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 EXPERIMENT EEPC 204/5
TITLE: Perform the operation of Class – A, B, C turn off circuits.

OBJECTIVE: - To perform the operation of Class – A, B, C turn off circuits.

THEORY: Unlike the turn-off process of thyristor, the turn-off is not associated with any gate triggering
pulse. And once the device gets turned on then even after the removal of the gate triggering pulse, the SCR
remains in on state. So, some techniques must be implemented to turn the device off.
This involves two methods; one is current commutation where the anode current of the circuit is reduced
below the holding current. While the other is voltage commutation where the anode terminal is kept at low
potential than the cathode terminal i.e., applying reverse-biased voltage. Either of the methods is to be
applied for a definite period of time to turn the device off. Class A commutation of thyristor is a type of
forced commutation and is also referred to as Load Commutation. It is one of the widely used commutation
techniques that mainly find applications in high-frequency operations. On applying an external dc input
signal, the current starts flowing through the circuit. In order to turn on the SCR in the circuit, a gate trigger
pulse is required. So, simultaneously gate signal is applied that will put the thyristor in forward conduction
mode. We have already discussed the same that gate pulse is necessarily required to turn on the SCR. Hence,
after the SCR gets on, the forward current that flows through the SCR begins to charge the capacitor. At the
same time, the inductor connected in the circuit stores energy.
Class B commutation of thyristor is another type of forced commutation technique that is used to turn off
the SCR. In this commutation technique, the device gets turned off by building reverse current in a gradual
manner from cathode to anode. Thus, is also referred to as current commutation or resonant pulse
commutation. A sub-classification of forced commutation in which the device is commutated by transferring
the load current of the main thyristor to another thyristor in the circuit is Class C Commutation of the
Thyristor. Another name for this type of commutation is complementary commutation.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 1: Class A

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 Figure 2: Class B

Figure 3: Class C
OBSERVATION: -

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CONCLUSION: -

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 EXPERIMENT EEPC 204/6
TITLE: Perform the operation of Class – D, E, F turn off circuits.

OBJECTIVE: - To perform the operation of Class – D, E, F turn off circuits.

THEORY: Unlike the turn-off process of thyristor, the turn-off is not associated with any gate triggering
pulse. And once the device gets turned on then even after the removal of the gate triggering pulse, the SCR
remains in on state. So, some techniques must be implemented to turn the device off.
This involves two methods; one is current commutation where the anode current of the circuit is reduced
below the holding current. While the other is voltage commutation where the anode terminal is kept at low
potential than the cathode terminal i.e., applying reverse-biased voltage. Either of the methods is to be
applied for a definite period of time to turn the device off. A sub-classification of forced commutation
technique in which the main thyristor is commutated by application of reverse voltage along with the use of
an auxiliary thyristor is known as Class D Commutation of Thyristor. As it uses reverse-biased voltage to
turn the thyristor off it is also referred to as Voltage Commutation. Sometimes it is called parallel capacitor
commutation and the reason for this is that here when the auxiliary thyristor is turned on then to turn off the
main thyristor, C gets connected across it. Class-E Commutation is one of the forced commutation methods
to turn off an SCR / Thyristor. An external current pulse is used in this technique to commutate SCR. This
is the reason, Class-E commutation is also known as External Pulse Commutation. This external current
pulse is obtained from a separate voltage source. In natural commutation, the source of commutation voltage
is the supply source itself. If the SCR is connected to an AC supply, at every end of the positive half cycle,
the anode current naturally becomes zero (due to the alternating nature of the AC Supply). As the current in
the circuit goes through the natural zero, a reverse voltage is applied immediately across the SCR (due to
the negative half cycle). These conditions turn OFF the SCR.
This method of commutation is also called as Source Commutation or AC Line Commutation or Class F
Commutation. This commutation is possible with line commutated inverters, controlled rectifiers, cyclo
converters and AC voltage regulators because the supply is the AC source in all these converters.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 1: Class D

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 Figure 2: Class E

Figure 3: Class F

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OBSERVATION: -

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 Waveform representation of Class E Commutation

Waveform representation of Class F Commutation

CONCLUSION: -

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 EXPERIMENT EEPC 204/7

TITLE: - Study the operation and circuit diagram of Uninterrupted Power Supply unit.

OBJECTIVE: - To study the operation and circuit diagram of Uninterrupted Power Supply unit.

THEORY: When electrical utility power fails or drops to an unacceptable level, Uninterruptible Power
Systems (UPS) are key in saving and protecting valuable computer data. UPS equipment provides power
conditioning, power regulation and, in case of power outages, provides the crucial backup power needed for
an orderly shutdown of computer processes and files. UPS are also used for emergency power supplies for
Hospitals, data centers, municipalities, industrial and commercial centers to supply power in case of power
failure from main supply authority.
All UPS include core circuitry that manipulates electricity, converting it from the AC
power produced by the utility company to DC power stored in the battery, and back again for use by your
equipment via an inverter. The exact type, nature, size and quality of this circuitry depend on the type of
UPS, and more specifically the make and model you have chosen. Most modern UPS are microprocessor-
controlled. There is actually a small computer embedded within the UPS itself that controls the key functions
of the UPS. This includes detecting AC power failures, handling switching between power sources,
monitoring the status of the battery, controlling the status indicators and so on.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 1: Circuit connection of Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS)

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OBSERVATION: –

FAULT
SWITCHES AT
OBSERVATION POSSIBLE REASON
FAULT
POSITION
F1 1.Output disconnected
2.inverter section not working at
back up mode
3.FaultyTransfer switch/Relay
section
F2 1.Input AC disconnected
2. Faulty Transfer switch/Relay
section.
F3 Buzzer fault

F4 1.Backup section fault

2.LED not working /Damage.

CONCLUSION:

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1) What is the main function of UPS?
Ans: An uninterruptible power supply (UPS), also known as a battery backup, provides backup
power when your regular power source fails or voltage drops to an unacceptable level.
2) Why is UPS beeping?
Ans: A constant beep (every second or two, and never stopping) generally means the UPS is very
low on battery power.
3) What happen if you over load the UPS?
Ans: The UPS transfers the load to bypass (for a few minutes) until the overload condition is
reversed.
4) What types of rectifier use in UPS?
Ans: Diode rectifier is use in UPS.
5) Which electronics components give constant voltage in UPS?
Ans: Zener diode.
6) Which type of transformer use in UPS?
Ans: Step down transformer.
7) What is the function of capacitor in UPS?
Ans: To remove the ripple in circuit.

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 8) What is the efficiency of UPS?
Ans: energy-efficient UPSs generally range from 92% to 95% efficient
9) What is the no. of diode in UPS?
Ans: 4007
10) What is the type of output voltage in UPS?
Ans: D.C.

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 EXPERIMENT EEPC 204/8

TITLE: - Study on SMPS

OBJECTIVE: - To study in details on SMPS.

THEORY: - The full name of SMPS is Switch-Mode Power Supply. SMPS is defined in simple language
when the need for electricity comes in the form of a switch. In which electrical energy is converted from
one form to another with essential properties called SMPS. This power is used to obtain a regulatory DC
input voltage from DC output or uncontrollable AC for power. SMPS is just as complex as any other power
supply system. This is a power source used for loading. Switched-mode power supplies can also be
substantially smaller and lighter than a linear supply because the transformer can be much smaller. This is
because it operates at a high switching frequency which ranges from several hundred kHz to several MHz
in contrast to the 50 or 60 Hz mains frequency. Despite the reduced transformer size, the power supply
topology and the requirement for electromagnetic interference (EMI) suppression in commercial designs
result in a usually much greater component count and corresponding circuit complexity.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure: Circuit of a complete AC to DC converter SMPS

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OBSERVATION: –

Set Current Output Voltage Duty cycle

CONCLUSION: -

VIVA QUESTIONS:

Question1. What is SMPS?

Answer –

SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply).

It works on high frequency.
First it converts AC to DC first then chops it at high frequency.
SMPS working on feedback which contains to maintain the output signal.

Question2. What are the Main Parts of SMPS?

Answer –

Input Rectifier & Filter.

Inverter Stage
Transformer steps down.
Output Rectifier & Filter.
Feedback.
Control Circuit PWM.
Output.

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 Question3. What is Input Rectifier?

Answer – It converts AC supply into DC supply is called rectification which is a rectifier electronics
component that is made of a combination of the diode.

Question4. What is Inverter Stage?

Answer – In this stage, DC power is converted into AC power which is the output that comes at a low-
frequency transformer.

Question5. What is Output Rectifier & Filter?

Answer – If need to isolate the output to input then have to use a high-frequency transformer which can get
required output as per load.

Question6. What is Feedback?

Answer – In this stage, input and output between connecting one sensor which deducts the continue the output
voltage, current and temperature through this can regulate the output voltage.

Question7.How many types of SMPS?

Answer –

There are two types of SMPS:

Isolated
NON – Isolated
Question8. What is Isolated SMPS?

Answer – In this topology use Transformer, while it can produce an output of higher or lower voltage than
the input by adjusting the turn’s ratio for some topologies.

Question9. What is Non – Isolated SMPS?

Answer – It converts a higher input voltage into a regulated lower output voltage. This is non-isolating and
ideally suited to step down voltages as a DC to DC converter. It is a relatively simple circuit with the inductor
current controlled by a top switch and diode.

Question10. How many types of Isolated SMPS?

Answer –
Buck Converter
Boost Converter
Buck-Boost SMPS

Question11. How many types of Non-Isolated SMPS?

Answer –

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 1. Flyback

2. Ringing choke converter (RCC)

3. Push-pull

4. Half-bridge

5. Full-bridge

6. Resonant, zero voltage switched

Question 12. What is the Advantage of SMPS?

Answer –

It is a smaller size, lower noise, and lighter weight.

It is use in high voltage application.
It is heat dissipated.

Question 13. What is the comparison of SMPS and Linear Power Supply?

Answer –

Linear Power Supply – In Linear Power supply has a large transformer to drop voltage from an AC line to a
much lower AC voltage and then uses a series of rectifiers. It is bulky and noisy so that it does not use high
voltage.

SMPS – Switch-Mode Power Supply which is converting wall-voltage AC power to lower voltage DC power
and It has a smaller transformer due to higher operating frequency which operates at 50 kHz – 1 MHz It has
Size and weight of adequate RF shielding may be significant.

Question 14. What is the Power factor?

Answer –

It is the ratio of working power, measured in kilowatts, to apparent power, measured in kilovolt amperes.

Question 15. What is the application of SMPS?

Answer –

Mobile Phone Charger

Laptop Charger

All types of LED TV SMPS

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