COURSECODE COURSETITLE PREREQUISITE L T P C

Pre-requisite
UEE1402
UEE1603 PROTECTIONAND SWITCHGEAR 3 0 0 3
UEE1501

PREAMBLE:
The importance of electric supply has constructed such circumstances that we must secure the
Power system from large faults and provide protection to the machineries and devices used
and to ensure maximum continuity of the power supply. For this purpose, machines such as
generators and motors are needed to be switched on and off many times. Means provided to
achieve this are called ‘Switch Gear’. Power system switchgear and protection is a subject
which touches our lives every day, in a very non-intrusive manner. Reliable protection of
electric energy systems against faults like short circuits is in fact, the cornerstone of power
system reliability. Based on this, the course aims at giving an adequate exposure in
Switchgear equipment and protection schemes for various apparatus.

SYLLABUS

TOPIC DESCRIPTION PERIODS

UNIT I FUSES AND PRINCIPLES OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS 9

Fuses -Fuse Characteristics, Types of Fuses, Selection of Fuses.Circuit Breakers - Difference
between fuse and circuit breaker, Requirement of a circuit breakers, Difference between an
isolator and circuit breaker, Basic principle of operation of a circuit breaker, Phenomena of
arc, Properties of arc, Initiation and maintenance of arc, Arc interruption theories - Slepian’s
theory and Energy balance theory, Restriking voltage, Recovery voltage, Rate of rise of
Restriking voltage, DC circuit breaking, AC circuit breaking, Current chopping, Capacitance
switching, Resistance switching, Selection of breakers.
UNIT II TYPES OF CIRCUITS BREAKERS 9
Air Circuit breakers – Air break and Air blast Circuit breakers, Oil Circuit breakers - Single
break, double break, minimum OCB, SF6 breaker - Preparation of SF6 gas, Puffer and non
Puffer type of SF6 breakers. Vacuum circuit breakers. (Principle of operation and
constructional details, Advantages and disadvantages of different types of Circuit breakers).
UNIT III PROTECTIVE RELAYS 9
Introduction, Fundamental requirements of protective relaying, Zones of Protection - Primary
and Back up Protection, Classification of Relays. Electromagnetic Relays-Attracted
Armature, Balanced Beam, Induction disc, Thermal Relays. Relay timing, Functional
protective relay schemes - over current, directional and non-directional, distance, negative
sequence, differential relays (Brief Description only).

UNIT IV APPARATUS PROTECTION 9

Alternator Protection: Stator, rotor and other miscellaneous protections -Stator inter turn
fault, Earth fault and Differential protection. Transformer Protection - Protection against
internal faults, Percentage Differential Protection, overheating Protection, Buchholz Relay,
Protection against magnetizing inrush current, Earth fault protection, Overfluxing protection.
Bus bar protection - Differential current protection. Feeder protection – Over-current,
distance, pilot wire and carrier current protection.
UNIT V POWER SYSTEM EARTHING 9
Objective- tolerable limits of body current – step and touch voltage (tolerable and actual
values) – Impulse behaviour of earthing systems – Neutral earthing – Arc suppression coils –
grounding practice.

TEXT BOOKS

1. Rao S.S. "Switchgear and Protection",13th ed. Khanna Publishers: Delhi; 2007.
2. Badri Ram, Vishwakarma, ‘Power System Protection and Switchgear’, Tata McGraw Hill,
2001.

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. Soni M.L., Gupta P.V., Bhatnagar V.S., Chakrabarti A., "A Text Book on Power System
Engineering", Dhanpat Rai & Co., 1998.
2. IJ.Nagrath, D.P.Kothari, “Power system Engineering”, TMH, 1994.
3. C .L. Wadhwa, “Generation, Distribution and Utilisation of Electrical Energy", Wiley
Eastern Ltd., 1993
4. Wadhwa C.L., "Electrical Power Systems", Newage International (P) Ltd., 2000.
5. Ravindranath B., and Chander N., "Power System Protection & Switchgear", Wiley
Eastern Ltd., 1977.
6. Rajput R.K, “A Text book of Power System Engineering” Laxmi Publications, First
Edition Reprint 2007.
7. Paithankar Y.G. and Bhide S.R., "Fundamentals of Power System Protection", Prentice
Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi–110001, 2003.
8. Oza, Nair, Mehta and Makwana, “Power System Protection and Switchgear”, Tata
McGraw- Hill.
9. T.S. Madhava Rao “Digital/Numerical Relays”, Tata McGraw Hill 1st edition - 2005
10. V.K.Metha, Rohit Mehta, "Principles of power system", S.Chand Publications, Reprint-
2006 Edition.

COURSE OUTCOMES

After completing this course, the students will be able to

CO1: Discuss the theory behind the operation of circuit breakers and select fuses for a given
situation.
CO2: To analyse and compare different types of circuit breakers and select the type of
circuit breaker for a given application.
CO3: To analyze the functioning of various protective relays and to explain their
characteristics.
CO4: To apply proper protective schemes for power apparatus and to design the protective
system for the given power system components.
CO5: Analyse various methods of power system earthing.

ASSESSMENTS
 Three Continuous Assessment Tests (CAT) and one assignment with a total
weightage of 40% as per SSN schedule.
 End semester examination with a total weightage of 60% as per final examination
schedule.
ASSESSMENTS THAT MEASURE A COURSE OUTCOME WITH JUSTIFICATION

Section B and C of end semester examination are chosen for measuring COs, as there is right
mix of descriptive, illustrative, analysis type of questions. Marks are all normalized over 100.
(Every examiner needs to ensure that section B &C in the end semester examination has the
appropriate mix based on COs. The marks for each question may be made flexible without
changing total marks for the section.)

 Average of marks of circuit breaker theory discussion and fuse selection type of
questions in CAT1 and, sections B &C ofend semester examinationare taken for CO1
attainment.
 Average of marks of descriptive and analysis type questions on various circuit breakers
in CAT2 and sections B &C of end semester examinationare used for measuring CO2
attainment.
 Average of marks of analysis type questions on various protective relays in sections B
&C of end semester examinationand assignment on CEPsare used to measure CO3
attainment. (Assignment involves realization of relays operation using any modern
simulation tools. It also involves adequate mathematical analysis that is required for
analysis/design of relays and there is no unique solution as different type of relay can be
chosen by the students.)
 Average of marks of questions on application of appropriate relays for various power
apparatus protection in CAT3 and sections B &C ofend semester examinationare
considered for CO4 attainment.
 Average of marks of analysis type questions on various grounding techniques in sections
B &C of end semester examination is used for CO5 attainment.

CO-PO Mapping Table

CO/PO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 3 1
CO2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
CO3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
CO4 3 2 1 1 2 2 2 2
CO5 3 1 1 1
* 3 - strong , 2- medium, 1- fair

JUSTIFICATION FOR COURSE OUTCOME AND PROGRAM OUTCOME

MAPPING

 CO1, CO2, CO3,CO4, and CO5 are assessing Engineering fundamentals and analysis
that are required to solve Complex Engineering Problems. Hence they all map to PO1 on
Engineering Knowledge with highest strength of 3.
 Analysis part of CO1, CO2, assess students mathematical, engineering skills for
selection of fuse/circuit breakers and map to PO2 fairly and that of CO3, CO4 map to
PO2 at a medium strength, as they deal with larger protection schemes.
 As students can analyse, design proper circuit breaker and investigate appropriate
protective schemes for a power system component, CO2 and CO4 map to PO3 and PO4
at a weaker strength of 1.
 As CO3 evaluates the students ability to perform various relay realization using different
software based engineering toolsand addresses complex engineering design solutions, it
maps to PO3 and PO5 with strength 2.
 CO3 and CO4are very useful to address various aspects of PO6, PO7, PO8, as they are
all about protection, safety, environment etc., and thus they map them with medium
strength 2. The brief study with CO2, and CO5 covers PO6, PO7, PO8 only at fair level.
 CO2, CO3,CO4 cultivate the life long self learning and students will be able to be self
driven in industries. Hence they map to PO12.

COMPLEX ENGINEERING PROBLEMS

This is an advanced course in EEE program and students practice application of the course
knowledge and skills in solving complex engineering problem in which power
PROTECTION or SWITCHGEAR are required.

COURSE OUTCOME 1 (CO1):-

1. Explain the selection of appropriate fuse for any typical practical fault under consideration.

COURSE OUTCOME 2 (CO2):-

1. Select the type of circuit breaker to be used for each of the following applications:
i) Circuit breaker for the high voltage arc furnace in metallurgical industry.
ii) 415 volts circuit breaker, load current1000 A, typically required in IT industry.

COURSE OUTCOME 3 (CO3):-

1. Show how an overcurrent relay can be realized with microprocessor in substations.

COURSE OUTCOME 4 (CO4):-

1.Some problems envisaged with differential protection scheme of transformer are listed
below Give the remedies with justification: The voltage ratings of both sides of
transformer are different; hence the CTs used are not identical. So there may be some
“spill” current flowing through the relay that may cause mal-operation.
Remedy:
2. The full load current of transformer primary and secondary are different. CT should be
selected such that the pilot wire current is the same on both sides otherwise maloperation of
relay would occur. To achieve this, the CT ratios required on primary and secondary side are
different from the standard ratio.
Remedy:
3. At no load, the transformer secondary current is zero but the magnetizing current flows in
the primary. Hence mal-operation of relay may occur due to the presence of spill current.
Remedy: As the magnetizing current is only 1-2% of the rated current the basic setting of
relay is done such that it does not operate at no-load.
Remedy:
4. During heavy external faults, CT ratio error will result in significant spill current flowing
through the operating coil of the relay. Hence the relay can mal-operate.
Remedy:
5. The power transformers are always provided with a tap-changing arrangement to regulate
output voltage as demanded by the load. But CTs are chosen with respect to the normal
tap. Hence, tap changing results in a spill current through the relay causing mal-operation.
Remedy:
6. When the transformer is switched on there is a large magnetizing inrush which depends on
the instant of switching. This current is 8-10 times the normal rated current. Hence relay
will mal-operate and will not allow the switching of transformer.
Remedy:
7. The modern transformers are designed to operate near the knee point voltage of the B-H
curve of their core. Hence 20% voltage rise would cause the rise in magnetizing current by
400%. This may cause mal-operation of relay. As the wave shape of the magnetizing
current under this condition is rich of 5th harmonic, the 5th harmonic bypass circuit of the
relay avoids the mal-operation. In early days, a time delay was used to deal with the
magnetizing inrush. This compromised relay performance when the transformer energizes
with a fault already present in the system.
The present remedies are:

COURSE OUTCOME 5 (CO5):-

1. Interpret how the magnitude of overvoltages due to direct and indirect lightning strokes on
overhead lines be calculated.

REFLECTIONS ABOUT THE COURSE(need to be filled by the teacher after course

completion)

COURSE DESIGNER

(Dr. S. TamilSelvi)