Lab Manual 19EC3021

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
LABORATORY MANUAL
19EC3021 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGIES AND SOLAR
POWER SYSTEMS
III B.TECH 2022-23 ODD SEMESTER

K L UNIVERSITY| EMBEDDED CONTROLLERS-17EC3307
Department of ECE| KLEF (Deemed to be University), NAAC - “A++”, Guntur, AP

LABORATORY MANUAL
19EC3021 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGIES AND SOLAR
POWER SYSTEMS
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
STUDENT NAME
REG.NO
YEAR
SEMESTER
SECTION
FACULTY

COURSE INTRODUCTION
Course Title : ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGIES AND SOLAR
POWER SYSTEMS
Course Code : 19 EC 3021
L-T-P structure : 3-0-2-0
Credits :4
Pre-Req : Nill
Course Coordinator : Dr. Ngangbam Phalguni Singh
Team of Instructors : Dr. Ngangbam Phalguni Singh, Dr. Ernest Ravindhran, Dr. P
Saleem Akram
Team of Associates : NIL
Course Objective:
This course provides a comprehensive exposure to the basic of electrical technologies
and solar power system. The course is aimed to enable student to design and develop
electrical system for power transmission and renewable power generation via solar powe r
system. Lab course paves foundation of basic electrical machines/phenomena and their
application in the working of electrical machine including DC generator and motors. The
course gives the practical idea to on various performance parameters, their meas urements
techniques and different connection strategies of solar modules. Available solar spectrum, a
through experimentation on the efficiency calculation, impact of solar indent angle, reflection
losses on power output and MatLab programing for performance characterization of a solar
cells and application of ML/AI in the energy system. Also, student will perform a project to
demonstrate their understanding in designing, developing energy generation system for real -
time applications.
Course Rationale:
The purpose of this course is to expose students the fundamentals of electrical
technologies and solar power system. The future of energy generation system is renewable
energy as it can meet ever growing energy demand and it generates clean pollution free
energy. The energy transmission system is transforming from convention to smart grid. Upon
completing the course the students will be able to design smart grid for power
generation/distribution and standalone/grid connected renewable solar power system for
home consumption, and industrial/commercial requirement. Finally, the students will perform
a project developing an optimal solar power system for given energy requirement.

(NAAC Accredited “A++” Graded University)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Year/Semester: III/I – FLEXI CORE
Course Title: Electrical Technologies And Solar Power Systems
Course Code: 19 EC 3021 L-T-P-S 3-0-2-0
Course Code: Nil
Pre-requisite: Credits 4
Course Title: Nil
S. No. List of Experiments
1 Study experiments for familiarization with frequently used electrical equipment
2 Analyze the magnetic field along the axis of a circular coil carrying current
3 Speed control of DC motor by field resistance control
4 Load characteristics of DC Shunt Generator.
5 Speed Control of DC motor by Armature Resistance Control

6 Study experiment for solar panel measurement and series parallel connection
7 Analyze the spectral response and efficiency of PV cell.
8 I-V characteristic of a solar panel and performance parameters
9 Analyze the angle of incidence and reflection losses in PV power output.
10 Study experiment for the application of machine learning in smart grid

11 Matlab programing for calculating solar cell performance parameters
S. No. Mini projects (Default Options)
1 Designing a Solar power system for home.

Organization of the Student Lab Manual
The laboratory framework includes a creative element but shifts the time-intensive aspects
outside of the Two-Hour closed laboratory period. Within this structure, each laboratory
includes three parts: Prelab, In-lab, and Post-lab.
A. Pre-Lab
The Prelab exercise is a homework assignment that links the lecture with the laboratory
period - typically takes 2 hours to complete. The goal is to synthesize the inf ormation they
learn in lecture with material from their Techbook to produce a working piece of instruction.
Prelab Students attending a two-hour closed laboratory are expected to make a good-faith
effort to complete the Prelab exercise before coming to the lab. Their work need not be
perfect, but their effort must be real (roughly 80 percent correct).
B. In-Lab
The In-lab section takes place during the actual laboratory period. The First hour of the
laboratory period can be used to resolve any problems the students might have experienced in
completing the Prelab exercises. The intent is to give constructive feedback so that students
leave the lab with a significant accomplishment on their part. During the second hour,
students complete the In-lab exercise to reinforce the concepts learned in the Prelab. Students
leave the lab having received feedback on their Prelab and In-lab work.
C. Post-Lab
The last phase of each laboratory is a homework assignment that is done following the
laboratory period. In the Post-lab, students analyses the efficiency or utility of a given system
call. Each Post-lab exercise should be completed.

ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGIES AND SOLAR POWER SYSTEMS
(19EC3021)
2022-23 ODD SEMESTER LAB CONTINUOUS EVALUATION
Expt. Date PRE- IN-LAB (35M) POS Viva TOTA Sign.

No. LAB Logic Executi Result Analysis T- (5M) L
(5M) (10M) on (10M) (5M) LAB (50M)
(10M) (5M)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
2022-23 ODD SEMESTER PROJECT CONTINUOUS EVALUATION

S.N Date Name of Project Implementation Demonstr Results & Viva Total Faculty
o The Report & Methodology ation Analysis Voce (50m) Signature
Project (10) (10) (10) (10) (10) With
Date
1.

EXPERIMENT NO.1:
Date of the Session: ___/___/___ Time of the Session: _____to______
AIM: Familiarization with the frequently used electrical .
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
1. Virtual lab
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
1. Resistors
2. Capacitor
3. Inductor
4. Voltmeter
5. Ammeter
6. Relay
7. Circuit Breaker
8. Auto Transformer
9. DC Motor
10. Rheostat
Pre-Lab Work:
1. Read about the list of electrical equipment along with their symbol and their function.
2. Function of Rheostat
3. Differentiate Galvanometer and ammeter
4. How transformer works
5. How does DC machine work.
6. How to Capacitor and Inductor work?
Theory:
1) Resistor:
Resistance can be defined as the opposition to current caused by a resistor. The resistance R
in ohms (Ω) is equal to the voltage in volts (V) divided by the current I in amps (A): R = V /I
Figure: Resistor color guide

2) Capacitor:
A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component
used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors
vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric
(i.e., insulator). The conductors can be thin films of metal, aluminum foil or disks, etc. The
'nonconducting' dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. A dielectric can be
glass, ceramic, plastic film, air, paper, mica, etc. Capacitors are widely used as parts of
electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, a capacitor does not
dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field
between its plates. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a constant capacitance C, in f arads
in the SI system of units, defined as the ratio of the positive or negative charge Q on each
conductor to the voltage V between them: C = Q/V
3) Inductor:
An Inductor, also called a choke, is another passive type electrical component consisting of a
coil of wire designed to take advantage of this relationship by inducing a magnetic field in
itself or within its core as a result of the current flowing through the wire coil. Forming a wire
coil into an inductor result in a much stronger magnetic field than one that would be produced
by a simple coil of wire. Inductors are formed with wire tightly wrapped around a solid
central core which can be either a straight cylindrical rod or a continuous loop or ring to
concentrate their magnetic flux. The schematic symbol for an inductor is that of a coil of wire
so therefore, a coil of wire can also be called an Inductor.
4) Rheostat:
Rheostat, adjustable resistor is used in applications that require the adjustment of current or
the varying of resistance in an electric circuit. The rheostat can adjust generator
characteristics, dim lights, and start or control the speed of motors. Its resistance element can
be a metal wire or ribbon, carbon, or a conducting liquid, depending on the application. For
average currents, the metallic type is most common; for very small currents, the carbon type
is used; and for large currents, the electrolytic type, in which electrodes are pla ced in a
conducting fluid, is most suitable.
5) Voltmeter:
A voltmeter, also known as a voltage meter, is an instrument used for measuring the potential
difference, or voltage, between two points in an electrical or electronic circuit. Some
voltmeters are intended for use in direct current (DC) circuits; others are designed for
alternating current (AC) circuits. A basic analog voltmeter consists of a sensitive
galvanometer (current meter) in series with high resistance. The internal resistance of a
voltmeter must be high. Otherwise, it will draw significant current, and thereby disturb the
operation of the circuit under test. The sensitivity of the galvanometer and the value of the
series resistance determine the range of voltages that the meter can display .
6) Ammeter:
The meter uses for measuring the current is known as the ammeter. The current is the flow of
electrons whose unit is ampere. Hence the instrument which measures the flows of current in
ampere is known as ampere meter or ammeter. The ideal ammeter has zero internal
resistance. But practically the ammeter has small internal resistance. The measuring range of
the ammeter depends on the value of resistance. Galvenometer can be converted into an
ammeter by connecting a low resistance called shunt resistance in parallel to the
galvanometer.
7) Relay:
The relay is the device that open or close the contacts to cause the operation of the other
electric control. It detects the intolerable or undesirable condition with an assigned area and
gives the commands to the circuit breaker to disconnect the affected area. Thus protects the
system from damage. It works on the principle of an electromagnetic attraction. Then the
circuit of the relay senses the fault current, it energizes the electromagnetic field w hich
produces the temporary magnetic field. This magnetic field moves the relay armature for
opening or closing the connections. The small power relay has only one contact, and the high
power relay has two contacts for opening the switch. The inner section of the relay is shown
in the figure below. It has an iron core which is wound by a control coil. The power supply is
given to the coil through the contacts of the load and the control switch. The current flows
through the coil produce the magnetic field around it. Due to this magnetic f ield, the upper
arm of the magnet attracts the lower arm. Hence close the circuit, which makes the current
flow through the load. If the contact is already closed, then it moves oppositely and hence
open the contacts.
8) Circuit Breaker:
A circuit breaker is a switching device that interrupts the abnormal or faults current. It is a
mechanical device that disturbs the flow of high magnitude (fault) current and in addition,
performs the function of a switch. The circuit breaker is mainly designed f or the closing or
opening of an electrical circuit, thus protects the electrical system from damage.
9) Auto Transformer:
An Auto Transformer is a transformer with only one winding wound on a laminated core. An
autotransformer is similar to a two winding transformer but differs in the way the primary
and secondary winding are interrelated. A part of the winding is common to both primary and
secondary sides. On load condition, a part of the load current is obtained directly f rom the
supply, and the remaining part is obtained by the transformer action. An Autotransformer
works as a voltage regulator.
PROCEDURE:
This Experiment is performed in virtual lab and is submitted for evaluation as assignment.
To perform the experiment: Using virtual lab link go to simulation, and run it.
Step 1: Click on name, symbol and function of respective equipment.

Step 2: Click on "Next".
Step 3: Drag the component/symbol from first row to the suitable second row box based on
description given.
Step 4: Click on name, symbol and function of respective equipment.
Step 5: Click on "Next".
Step 6: Drag the component/symbol from first row to the suitable second row box based on
description given.
Step 5: Click on "Submit".

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RESULT: The tabulated list of electrical equipment with their image, function and symbol
for familiarisation using virtual lab is generates.
Post Lab Requirements:

1. Save the simulation generated PDF. Submit the write-up along with the simulation
generated PDF.
2. Note the readings as instructed by your advisor.
3. Submit practical report for correction.
Viva Questions:
1. What happens to current and resistance if the voltage doubles?
2. Direction of rotation of motor is determined by which law?3.
3. What is the difference between ammeter and galvanometer?
4. What is the use of Resistor?
5. Capacitor stores which type of energy?
6. The electrical energy consumed by a coil is stored in which form?
References:
http://vlabs.iitb.ac.in/vlabs-dev/vlab_bootcamp/bootcamp/Sadhya/experiments/lab-
equipment-familiarization-iitr/
Evaluator’s Observation
Marks Secured: _______ out of ________
Signature of the Evaluator with Date
Comment of the Evaluator (if Any)

EXPERIMENT NO.2:
AIM: Analyse the magnetic field along the axis of a circular coil carrying current.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
1. Virtual lab
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
1. Resistors
2. Magnetic compass
3. Coil
4. Battery bank
5. Ammeter
6. Rheostat
Pre-Lab Work:
1. Read and prepare a diagram of Biot-Savart’s law.
2. What is the pattern of magnetic field around current carrying wire and Maxwell right hand
thumb rule?
3. Explain Faraday laws. What is 1 Gauss equivalent to?
Theory:
A current carrying wire generates a magnetic field. According to Biot-Savart’s law, the
magnetic field at a point due to an element of a conductor carrying current is,
1. Directly proportional to the strength of the current, i
2. Inversely proportional to the square of the distance r between the element and the point.
3. Directly proportional to the length of the element, dl
4. Directly proportional to the Sine of the angle θ between the element and the line joining the
element to the point.
Mathematical expression is given by
𝜇 0 𝑖𝑑𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝐵 =
4𝜋 𝑟 2
PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Do initial adjustment by fixing the compass parallel to apparatus (set rotate compass
within range 48-56)
Step 2: Rotate the apparatus to make set the needle at 0. (set the rotate compass at 26). Click
on show normal.
Step 3: To perform the experiment: Using virtual lab link go to simulation, and run it.
Step 4: Connect the circuit and press insert key.
Step 5: Fix the radius at desired values. Varies the rheostat to take reading of current and
magnetic field.
Step 6: Fix radius of coil at 5 cm, take reading of magnetic field at 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.1, 0.05
Amps.

Step 7: Fix the radius of coil at 7.5 cm and take reading of magnetic field at 1,
0.5,0.25,0.1,0.05 Amps
Step 8: Fix the radius of coil at 10 cm and take reading of magnetic field at 1,
0.5,0.25,0.1,0.05 Amps.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RESULT: The variation of magnetic field with current in the coil and wit the radius of the
coil is plotted.
1.Save the simulation generated PDF. Submit the write-up along with the simulation
generated PDF.
2. record the reading accrding to the observation table.
3. Plot I vs B for all three radius coil and analyze the trend of magnetic field with current and
(b) coil radius.
Observation Table
S.No Radius 5cm Radius 7.5cm Radius 10cm
Current , I B Current B Current (Amp) B
(Amp) (Amp)
1 1 1 1
2 0.5 0.5 0.5
3 0.25 0.25 0.25
4 0.1 0.1 0.1
5 0.075 0.075 0.075
6 0.05 0.05 0.05
4. Submit the analysis result for correction.
Viva Questions:
1. What is the dependence of magnetic field on the current in the coil?
2. What is the dependence of magnetic field on the radius of the coil?
References:
1. http://emv-au.vlabs.ac.in/electricity-magnetism/Circular_Coil/#

EXPERIMENT NO.3:
AIM: Analyse the speed control of DC Motor by field resistance Control. Draw the graph
between the armature current and motor speed by varying the field resistance.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
1. Virtual lab
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
1. Connecting wires
2. DC motor
3. Voltmeter
4. Ammeter
5. Rheostat
Pre-Lab Work:
1. Read and prepare a diagram of DC motor.
2. Draw the diagram of field resistance in DC motor
Theory:
The speed of shunt motor is given by: N = (V-IaRa)/kФ
Where, V is the voltage applied across the armature and φ is the flux per pole and is
proportional to the field current. Armature current Ia is decided by the mechanical load
present on the shaft. Therefore, by varying V and I we can vary N. For fixed supp ly voltage
and the motor connected as shunt we can vary V by controlling an external resistance
connected in series with the armature. I of course can be varied by controlling external f ield
resistance Ra connected with the field circuit.
Thus for shunt motor we have essentially two methods for controlling speed, namely by:
1. Varying armature resistance.

2. Varying field resistance.
PROCEDURE:
Step 1. Connect all dots in the following manner:

(a) A to K
(b) A to Y
(c) A to J
(d) B to P
(e) E to M
(f) F to D
(g) G to R
(h) H to I
(i) I to C

(j) C to H
(k) Q to L
Step 2: Then Check the connections by clicking on Check Button.
If it shows alert "Incorrect Corrections" then press reset button and make connection again.
Step 3: If it shows alert "Correct Connections" then Turn On the MCB.
Step 4: Then set the Voltmeter first with the help of the second slider.
Step 5: Now, move the first slider to get corresponding values of Ammeter and Speedometer.
Step 6: Press the "Add to table" button to insert the values in table.
Step 7:After inserting values on table click on "Plot graph" to get your required graph.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RESULT: The variation of speed of motor with the field resistance is plotted.
generated PDF.
2. Record the observation table. Plot the graph between armature current and speed (RPM)
3. Analyze the relation between armature current and speed (RPM)
Observation Table
S.No Armature Current RPM
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Viva Questions:
1. Why does the RPM decreases with the armature current?
References
1. http://vlabs.iitb.ac.in/vlabs-dev/vlab_bootcamp/bootcamp/Sadhya/experiments/dcmotor -
field-resistance-control-iitr/

EXPERIMENT NO.4:
AIM: Analyze the load characteristics of DC Shunt Generator. Draw the external characteristics
under different loading condition.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
1. Virtual lab
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
1. Connecting wires
2. DC generator
3. Voltmeter
4. Ammeter
5. Electrical load
Pre-Lab Work:
1. Explain DC shunt generator and DC series generator.
2. Which type of dc generator gives constant output voltage at all loads?
Theory:
In a shunt generator, the field winding is connected in parallel with the armature winding so
that terminal voltage of the generator is applied across it. The shunt field winding has many
turns of fine wire having high resistance. Therefore, only a part of armature current flows
through shunt field winding and the rest flows through the load. Figure shows the
connections of a shunt wound generator. The armature current Ia splits up into two parts; a
small fraction Ish flowing through shunt field winding while the major part IL goes to the
external load.
PROCEDURE:

Step 1: Make all the Correct Connections.
1. Positive Terminal of MCB - Positive Terminal of A Meter-1.

2. Positive Terminal of MCB - Positive Termainal of V Meter-2.
3. Negative Terminal of MCB - Negative Terminal of V Meter-1.
4. Negative Terminal of MCB - A2 of Motor.
5. A2 - F2.
6. L - Negative Termianl of A Meter-1.
7. F - Z1.
8. A - A1.
9. L2 - A2 of Generator.
10. A2 of Generator - F2 of Generator.
11. F2 of Generator - Negative Termianl of V Meter-2.
12. Negative Terminal of A Meter-2 - Positive Terminal of V Meter-2.
13. L1 - Positive Terminal of V Meter-2.
14. Positive Terminal of A Meter-2 - A1 of Generator.
15. Positive Terminal of A Meter-2 - Z1 of Generator.
Step 2: Click on "Check" Button.

Step 3: After Correct Connections the Circuit will be turned ON.
Step 4: Select the No. of "Bulbs" from the Lamp load.
Step 5: Note Down the readings of the Ammeters & Voltmeters.
Step 6: Click "Add" Button to Add the values to the Observation Table.
Step 7: Add different values to the Table.
Step 8: Click on "Graph" Button to Create Graph.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RESULT: The Load characteristics of DC shunt generator is plotted.

generated PDF.
2. Plot the current vs voltage curve and analyze the load characteristic of generator.
3. Submit (i) the simulation generated PDF and (ii) the analysis result.
Observation Table
S. No Current Voltage
Viva Questions:
1. Why generator voltage decays with load?
2. The terminal voltage of dc shunt generator drops on load because of:
Armature reaction, Armature resistance, weakening of the field due to armature reaction,
all of these
References:
1. http://vlabs.iitb.ac.in/vlabs-dev/vlab_bootcamp/bootcamp/Sadhya/experiments/load-
characteristics-dc-shunt-iitr/procedure.html

EXPERIMENT NO.5:
AIM: Analyse the speed Control of DC motor by Armature Resistance control
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
1. Virtual lab
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
1. Connecting cables
2. DC motor
3. Voltmeter
4. Ammeter
5. Rheostat
Pre-Lab Work:
1. How the armature resistance effect DC motor speed?
2. How does rotor in DC motor make a full circle?
3. In the dc machine the angle between the stator and the rotor field
4. Two electrical wires run to a machine. One wire is 6mm thick, and the other is 3mm thick.
For the two wires to carry the same current, the larger wire require high voltage or lower
voltage, explain.
Theory:
N = (V-IaRa)/kФ
Where, Va is the voltage applied across the armature and φ is the flux per pole and is
proportional to the field current If.. As explained earlier, armature current Ia is decided by the
mechanical load present on the shaft. Therefore, by varying Va and If we can va ry n. For
fixed supply voltage and the motor connected as shunt we can vary Va by controlling an
external resistance connected in series with the armature. If of course can be varied by
controlling external field resistance Rf connected with the field circuit.
Thus forshunt motor we have essentially two methods for controlling speed, namely by:
1. Varying armature resistance.

2. Varying field resistance.
Figure: Equivalent circuit for armature control of DC motor

Speed control by varying armature resistance

In this method a variable series resistor Re is put in the armature circuit. In this case the field
is directly connected across the supply and therefore the flux ɸ is not affected by variation of
Re. in this case the current and hence the flux are affected by the variation of the armature
circuit resistance. The voltage drop in Re reduces the voltage applied to the armature and
therefore the speed is reducing.
PROCEDURE:
The following procedure is to be followed for the simulation:
1. Make the proper Connections as per the Instructions.
a) first of all connect the + (positive) terminal of MCB to the (-)negative terminal of
Voltmeter(V) and to the motor's A2 and F2 Port respectively .
b) Connect - (negative) terminal of MCB to the L port of the Starter.
c) Connect The F port of the starter to the positive (+) terminal of the Ammeter(A).
d) Connect the A port of starter to the positive (+) terminal of the Armature Resistance .
e) Connect the positive(+) terminal of the voltmeter(V) to the negative(-) terminal of the
Armature Resistance and to the motor's A1 Port respectively.
f) Connect Ammeter's negative(-) terminal to the positive(+) terminal of the Field Resistance.
g) Connect Negative (-) Terminal of the Field Resistance to the Port F1 of the Motor.
h) Connect Port A1 of the Motor to the Negative (-) terminal of the Armature Resistance.
1. Tap on the MCB to turn on the circuit.

2. Move slider second to get variations over the voltmeter readings.
3. Then tap on Add to Table Button to values to table.
4. Repeat steps 3 & 4 to add more values in table
5. After getting 6 or more rows on table then click on Create Graph button to make a
respective graph regarding the values in above table.
6. In order to print the page click on Print button.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

RESULT: The speed control of DC motor by armature resistance is simulated and plotted as
curve.
generated PDF.
2. Note the readings as the observation table.
3. Plot the graph between voltage and RPM.
4. Analyze the relation between armature resistance and motor speed.
Observation table for the variation of RPM with the voltage.

S. No Current Voltage RPM
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Viva Questions:
1. What is the shape of curve of voltage vs RPM, explain?
Reference:
1. http://vlabs.iitb.ac.in/vlabs-dev/vlab_bootcamp/bootcamp/Sadhya/experiments/dcshunt-
motor-armature-control-

EXPERIMENT NO.6:
AIM: Study experiment for solar panel measurement and series parallel connection
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
1. Virtual lab tools
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
7. Solar cell panel
8. voltmeter
9. Ammeter
10. Connecting wire
11. Resistive load
Pre-Lab Work:
What is the photovoltaic working principle?
What is short circuit current JSC, open circuit voltage VOC?
Solar cell connection in series and parallel.
What is the FF in the solar cell
Theory:
Solar cell open-circuit voltage, VOC, is the maximum voltage available from a solar cell, and
this occurs at zero current.
The short-circuit current JSC, is the current through the solar cell when the voltage across the
solar cell is zero (i.e., when the solar cell is short circuited). The measurement of solar panel
is done by connecting ammeter in series and voltmeter in parallel.
Solar cell produces direct current (DC). The output of a panel is in few volts and few amperes
only. To achieve desire voltage and current rating the panels are required to be arranged in
the series and parallel formation. This this way a desired voltage magnitude or current
magnitude could be achieved.
PROCEDURE:
From the references provided with this experiment, collect information about the basic
measuring of solar cell module and its connection in series and parallel. Get familiar with the
basic of solar cell and module and its working so as to be prepared for experiments on solar
cells. Submit a write-up for the measurement of solar panel for V OC, JSC, series and parallel
connection with complete circuit diagram.

RESULT: The various measurement of open circuit voltage , short circuit current, parallel
and series connection are performed..
1. Save the generated PDF. Submit the write-up along with the simulation generated PDF.
2. Perform open circuit voltage, short circuit measurement and parallel and series connection
measurement.
3. Submit the screen short of measurement result for correction.
Viva Questions:
1. A Panel has rating of 12 V, 6A. How to arrange 10 such panel so to obtain 60 V, 12 A
output?
2. What is short circuit current?
3. What is open circuit voltage VOC ?
4. What is Vmax in a solar module?
References:
1. 1https://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/solar-cell-operation/short-circuit-current
2. https://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/solar-cell-operation/open-circuit-voltage
3. https://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/solar-cell-operation/solar-cell-efficiency
4. https://infinitypv.com/learn/virtual-tools/c06
5. Solar photovoltaic system and technology, Chetan singh solanki PHI press

EXPERIMENT NO.7:
AIM: Analyse the spectral response and to calculate the efficiency of a solar cell device as a
function of solar spectrum
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
Pre-Lab Work:
1. Read and prepare about the Solar Spectrum available on earth surface.
2. Could the whole spectrum be absorbed?
3. What is the available material for absorption?
Theory:
The AM1.5 solar spectrum reaching on earth surface contain wavelength from 300 -4000nm
and corresponding photon energy from 0.25eV to 4eV. This wide spectrum is absorbed by a
suitable bandgap semiconductor to generate the electric energy. The theoretical ef ficiency
limit as a function of bandgap is given by the Schockley -Queisser, SQ limit. When the
bandgap is changed the spectral efficiency is calculated along with the theoretical efficiency
limit.
Figure: Solar spectrum (Ref.: infinity.org)
PROCEDURE:
1. Vary the bandgap of the device and observe the spectral efficiency and theoretical
efficiency.
2. Vary the bandgap from 0.5eV-4eV, with the step size of 0.02eV. Note the values of
spectral efficiency and theoretical efficiency for each variation. Plot the relation of bandgap
and the efficiency of solar cell device.
3. Mark the bandgap value at which efficiency is maximum.
4. Mark the bandgap value at which spectral efficiency is maximum.
RESULT: The solar cell/module efficiency dependence on the solar spectrum is plotted. The
spectral efficiency is also plotted.

generated PDF.
2. Note the readings as per the observation table..
Observation table
S. No Bandgap Spectral efficiency Efficiency
3. Plot the Band gap vs efficiency curve by varying bandgap in the virtual lab.
4. Analyze the maximum value of efficiency, bandgap where efficiency is maximum, range
of bandgap for which efficiency is above 20%, 15%.
5. Analyze why efficiency is lower for high bandgap. Submit the analysis result for correction.
Viva Questions:
1. What is the SQ limit?
2. Why is the spectral efficiency and solar cell efficiency are different?
References:
1. https://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/solar-cell-operation/short-circuit-current

EXPERIMENT NO.8:
AIM: I-V characteristic of a solar panel and performance parameters.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
1. Solar cell panel
2. Source meter
3. Connecting wire
4. Resistive load in form of led bulb small fan etc.
Pre-Lab Work:
1. Prepare a description of efficiency calculation of solar cell.
2. What are the factor which are limiting efficiency of solar cell/module.
3. Differentiate between cell, module, sub module, array.
Theory:
The solar cell I-V curve is calculated by varying the resistive/electrical load across it. I-V
characteristics reveal the various performances parameters of solar cell like V OC, JSC,
maximum power point, Fill-factor and efficiency. The area under the I-V curve is the power
generated by the solar cell. The formula for FF and efficiency is given as
Vmax∗Jmax
Fillfactor, FF is given by =
VOC∗JSC
VOC∗JSC∗FF
Efficiency of the cell is given by 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
Power input
The values of VOC, JSC, Vmax, Jmax are obtained from the I-V curve.
On I-V curve the value of Volatge at which current is zero is open circuit voltage, V OC
On I-V curve the value of current at which Voltage is zero is Short circuit current, J SC
Vmax and Jmax are the point at which power (V*I) becomes maximum. Solar cell produces
direct current (DC). The output of a panel is in few volts and few amperes only. To achieve
desire voltage and current rating the panels are required to be arranged in the series and
parallel formation. This this way a desired voltage magnitude or current magnitude could be
achieved.
PROCEDURE:
1. Make connection across the cell. Ammeter in series and voltmeter in parallel.
2. In the virtual lab varies the voltage applied across the cell and observe the current
across it using ammeter.
3. Varies the voltage from 0 to the value at which current become positive.
4. Vary voltage in step size of 0.1V. Draw the I-V curve.
5. Find the VOC, JSC, Vmax, Jmax and maximum power point values
6. Calculate the FF, efficiency using above parameters.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RESULT: The current – voltage (I-V) characteristic of solar cell is drawn and the
performance parameter V OC, JSC, Vmax, Jmax, Fill factor, Maximum power point, Efficiency
are marked and calculated.
1. Take reading to completed the observation table.

2. Plot the i-v curve. On the plot mark VOC, JSC, Vmax, Jmax and maximum power point.
3. Calculate VOC, JSC, Vmax, Jmax, FF and efficiency from the graph.
4. How efficiency can be increased?
Observation Table
S. No. Load V J MPP=VOC*JSC

Viva Questions:
1. What is the shape of the I-V curve?
2. At what load the out power is maximum?
3. Why power is not maximum at low load?
4. What is the fillfactor?
References:
1. https://www.pveducation.org

EXPERIMENT NO.9:
AIM: Analyse the effect of the angle of incidence in combination with the index of refraction
on the power production of a solar cell
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
12. A solar panel with rotational arrangement.
13. Source meter
14. Load
15. Digital protactor
Pre-Lab Work:
Read and prepare about the solar cell performance dependence on incidence angle of
sunlight.
What is Air-mass?
What is AM1.5?
What is Diffused and direct radiations?
Theory:
The solar cell performance depends upon the angle of incidence of sunlight. Below is an
overview of the angles involved in calculating the amount of solar radiation that a PV panel
receives at any given time (also see Figure 3). The angle at which the sun hits a PV panel is
the basis for understanding how to design the most efficient PV array for a specific location.
Zenith Angle, θz: This is the angle between the line that points to the sun and the vertical —
basically, this is just where the sun is in the sky. At sunrise and sunset this angle is 90º.
Solar Altitude Angle, αs: This is the angle between the line that points to the sun and the
horizontal. It is the complement of the zenith angle. At sunrise and sunset this angle is 0º.
Angle of Incidence, θ: This is the angle between the line that points to the sun and the angle
that points straight out of a PV panel (also called the line that is normal to the surface of the
panel). This is the most important angle. Solar panels are most efficient when pointing at the
sun, so engineers want to minimize this angle at all times.
Latitude, φ: This is the angle between a line that points from the center of the Earth to a
location on the Earth’s surface and a line that points from the center of the Earth to the
equator. This can be easily found on a map.
Solar tracking systems design help optimize the amount of sunlight that hits a PV panel over
time (day, month, year). Whether a panel is fixed in one direction or integrated with a single -
or double-axis tracking system, it is important to know the location of the sun throughout the
year and the effect that the angle of sunlight hitting the panel has on its overall efficiency.

Reflection losses: Effect the power from a solar cell by lowering the short-circuit current.
Reflection losses consist of light which could have generated an electron-hole pair, but does
not, because the light is reflected from the front surface, or because it is not absorbed in the
solar cell. The reflectivity, R, between two materials of different refractive indices is
determined by:
𝑛0 −𝑛𝑠 2
R= ( )
𝑛0 +𝑛𝑠
where n 0 is the refractive index of the surroundings and n S is the complex refractive index of
solar cell material. Solar cell produces direct current (DC). The output of a panel is in few
volts and few amperes only. To achieve optimum performance solar tracking and minimum
reflection through front surface are essential.
PROCEDURE:
1. In the virtual lab, frist fix refractive index at 1.Varies the angle of incidence from -85 0
to 55 0 with a step size of 10 degrees.
2. For each angle of incidence tabulate the value of power form virtual lab.
3. Fix angle of incidence at -34 0. Varies the refrectiev index from 1 to 4.5 with a step
size of 0.5 degrees.
4. For each value of refractive index tabulate the value of power form virtual lab.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

RESULT: The solar panel performance variation with respect to the angle of incidence and
the refractive index is plotted.
1. Complete the reading s as tper the observation table.

Observation table for angle of incidence and reflection loss of the solar cell.
S. No. Refractive index at 1 Angle of incidence (-34 0)
Angle of Power output Refractive Power out put
incidence index
2. Plot the graph between angle of incidence and power output. Locate the value of incidence
angle for maximum power.
3. Plot the graph between Refractive index and power output. locate the value of refractive
index for maximum power
Viva Questions:
1. Why angle of incidence affect the solar power output?
2. What are the causes of reflection losses in a solar cell?
3. What is the value of solar insolation on earth surface?
4. What is the AM1.5?
5. What is Zenith angle?
References:
1. https://www.pveducation.org

EXPERIMENT NO.10:
AIM: Study experiment for machine learning application in energy system/smart grid.
Pre-Lab Work:
Read the reference for the application of machine learning in smarts grids.
What is AI and ML?
Procedure:
Collect the information from the reference provided below and presents a report on various
applications of machine learning techniques in smart grid. Prepare a tabulated report of the
various application of machine learning in smart grids.
2. Collect information about the major machine learning model and a description of each
model as used in the energy systems.
RESULT: Generate the report on the application of AI machince learning in the energy
system field.
1. Tabulate the various application of AI machine learning in the energy system field.
2. Submit the report for correction.
Viva Questions:
1. What are the major algorithms used in machine learning for energy systems.
2. What are the major applications of machine learning in energy system.
References:
1. EKLAS HOSSAIN et al. “Application of Big Data and Machine Learning in Smart Grid,
and Associated Security Concerns: A Review” IEEE Access 2019, 7; doi:
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2894819
2. Amir Mosavi et al. “State of the Art of Machine Learning Models in Energy Systems, a
Systematic Review” Energies 2019, 12, 1301 ; doi:10.3390/en12071301


EXPERIMENT NO.11:
AIM: Write a MatLab to calculate the FF of a solar cell from a given current- voltage (I-V)
curve of the solar cell.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
1. MatLab programming
Pre-Lab Work:
How to read a .xls file in MatLab, what is the syntax used?
How is Matlab can be applied in solar power system?
Theory
The current voltage characteristic of a solar panel is available from its specification data
sheet. The I-V curve data is saved as text /xls file. Using Matlab we have to write program to
calculate the FF, maximum power, and plot I-V curve from the available data.
PROGRAM:
A=xlsread('cell2.xlsx');
V=A(:,1);
A=xlsread('cell2.xlsx');
I=A(:,2);
Isc=interp1(V,I,0)%calculate the short circuit current
Voc=interp1q(I,V,0)%calculates the open circuit voltage
C=V.*I;
Pm=max(C)%maximun power (Pm)
P0=Isc*Voc;%ideal power
FF=(Pm/P0)%fill factor= max power / ideal power
plot(V,I)
xlabel('Voltage')
ylabel('Current')
grid on
PROCEDURE:
1. Polt the I-V curve of a solar cell in MatLab from the I-V data given in the Xls file.
Read the Xls file in MatLab
2. Prepare a MatLab program to find Voc, Isc and fill factor from the given I-V curve

RESULT: The program is written in MatLab to calculate the maximum power, fill factor and
plotting the I-V curev of the solar cell.
1. Submit the Values of VOC, JSC and FF as obtained from the program. Submit the output
plot generated from the program.
4. Submit the program and plotted data for correction.
Viva Questions:
1. In which quadrant I-V curve for a solar cell?
2. What is the maximum value of FF achievable in solar cell?

PROJECT WORK
Designing a solar power system for home

In this project you will identify electrical load for a grid tied building (your home) and
calculate its daily and annual electrical needs, determine viable options to reduce that
electrical usage and calculate the new daily and annual electrical load, and then select
and size a PV array to meet the building's annual electrical needs.
1. Describe your site and its usage, being sure to include relevant details needed to design a
PV system for a specific situation. These details include residential building, patterns of
usage (single family home, multiple family home), overall size (how many floors, rooms,
overall square footage), and footprint of the building. Calculate your average annual sunlight
hours at your location using the link https://solargis.com/maps-and-gis-data/download/india.
2. In a spreadsheet or a table, quantify all of the major electrical devices in the building.
Include the power consumption for the appliance, the number of each ap pliance, an estimate
of hours used each day, and days used per year. Describe any assumptions being used in your
calculations. For example, an electric space heater is used 6 hours daily, but only during 4
months of the year; a window AC unit is used only on days above 27 °C (90 °F), which on
average is 60 days per year at particular location. Calculate the average daily electrical
energy usage for each item and the total annual energy usage for each item in kWh. Based on
these values, calculate the total average daily electrical usage for the building and total annual
energy usage. Next, identify any areas where efficiencies could be introduced to reduce the
total load (for example: changing all incandescent bulbs to LED bulbs, replacing a washing
machine with a high efficiency unit, replacing 2 bulb fluorescent overhead lighting with
single bulbs). Copy the first table and create a new table in the same document labeled
“efficiency improvements.” For the areas where you've identified efficiency improvements ,
input the new power consumption for any new efficient appliances within the existing rows,
along with any changes in the quantity of items, and/or new estimated usage times. Calculate
the new daily and annual electrical usage for those rows, and then recalculate the building’s
new potential average daily electrical energy usage and total annual electrical usage in kWh.
Cost savings/input is not needed for this assignment.
3. Based on your site description and your calculated building energy needs after e f ficiency
improvements, calculate the power of a PV array capable of meeting your building’s energy
needs. Use the total annual solar irradiance for your specific location and assume a 25% loss
during PV generation and conversion. Then, select a commercially available module to use
that can be used to create the array. Post a link to module’s specification sheet and summarize
the key specifications of the module you used in the selection process. Calculate the number
of modules required to produce the calculated system power. Calculate the voltage and
current output of the system at maximum power based on series wiring.


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ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III B.TECH 2022-23 ODD SEMESTER

Department of ECE| KLEF (Deemed to be University), NAAC - “A++”, Guntur, AP

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Department of ECE| KLEF (Deemed to be University), NAAC - “A++”, Guntur, AP

Department of ECE| KLEF (Deemed to be University), NAAC - “A++”, Guntur, AP

3 Speed control of DC motor by field resistance control

4 Load characteristics of DC Shunt Generator.

5 Speed Control of DC motor by Armature Resistance Control

8 I-V characteristic of a solar panel and performance parameters

9 Analyze the angle of incidence and reflection losses in PV power output.

10 Study experiment for the application of machine learning in smart grid

S. No. Mini projects (Default Options)

1 Designing a Solar power system for home.

Department of ECE| KLEF (Deemed to be University), NAAC - “A++”, Guntur, AP

Department of ECE| KLEF (Deemed to be University), NAAC - “A++”, Guntur, AP

2022-23 ODD SEMESTER LAB CONTINUOUS EVALUATION

Expt. Date PRE- IN-LAB (35M) POS Viva TOTA Sign.

2022-23 ODD SEMESTER PROJECT CONTINUOUS EVALUATION

Department of ECE| KLEF (Deemed to be University), NAAC - “A++”, Guntur, AP

Date of the Session: ___/___/___ Time of the Session: _____to______

AIM: Familiarization with the frequently used electrical .

Figure: Resistor color guide

Step 1: Click on name, symbol and function of respective equipment.

Department of ECE| KLEF (Deemed to be University), NAAC - “A++”, Guntur, AP

Post Lab Requirements:

Marks Secured: _______ out of ________

Signature of the Evaluator with Date

Comment of the Evaluator (if Any)

Department of ECE| KLEF (Deemed to be University), NAAC - “A++”, Guntur, AP

Date of the Session: ___/___/___ Time of the Session: _____to______

Department of ECE| KLEF (Deemed to be University), NAAC - “A++”, Guntur, AP

Post Lab Requirements:

4. Submit the analysis result for correction.

Marks Secured: _______ out of ________

Signature of the Evaluator with Date

Comment of the Evaluator (if Any)

Department of ECE| KLEF (Deemed to be University), NAAC - “A++”, Guntur, AP

Date of the Session: ___/___/___ Time of the Session: _____to______

1. Varying armature resistance.

Step 1. Connect all dots in the following manner:

Department of ECE| KLEF (Deemed to be University), NAAC - “A++”, Guntur, AP

Post Lab Requirements:

Marks Secured: _______ out of ________

Signature of the Evaluator with Date

Comment of the Evaluator (if Any)

Department of ECE| KLEF (Deemed to be University), NAAC - “A++”, Guntur, AP

Date of the Session: ___/___/___ Time of the Session: _____to______

Department of ECE| KLEF (Deemed to be University), NAAC - “A++”, Guntur, AP

1. Positive Terminal of MCB - Positive Terminal of A Meter-1.

Step 2: Click on "Check" Button.

RESULT: The Load characteristics of DC shunt generator is plotted.

Department of ECE| KLEF (Deemed to be University), NAAC - “A++”, Guntur, AP

Marks Secured: _______ out of ________

Signature of the Evaluator with Date

Comment of the Evaluator (if Any)

Department of ECE| KLEF (Deemed to be University), NAAC - “A++”, Guntur, AP

Date of the Session: ___/___/___ Time of the Session: _____to______

AIM: Analyse the speed Control of DC motor by Armature Resistance control

1. Varying armature resistance.

Figure: Equivalent circuit for armature control of DC motor

Department of ECE| KLEF (Deemed to be University), NAAC - “A++”, Guntur, AP

1. Make the proper Connections as per the Instructions.

Date of the Session: _/_/_ Time of the Session: _to____

Marks Secured: _ out of __

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Marks Secured: _ out of __

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Marks Secured: _ out of __