LAB MANUAL

Electrical Engineering
Lab [2nd year Chemical]

EE-296

Department of Electrical Engineering

Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology
Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh

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Course Title Electrical Engineering Lab [2nd year Chemical]
Course number EE-296
Credit Value 2.0
Course Category ESA
Pre-requisite Basics of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
(EE-111)
Contact Hours (L-T-P) 0-0-3
Type of Course Lab
Course Objectives To give the practical exposure to electrical machines, measurement circuits and
application of electrical transducers for the measurement of physical quantities.
Course At the end of the course the students will be able to:
Outcomes 1. Perform load tests on various types of electrical machines and to plot their
different characteristics.
2. Perform different tests on single phase transformers for determining their
voltage regulation and efficiency.
3. Realize various resonant and measurement circuits.
4. Use electrical transducers for the measurement of various physical
quantities as per the need and interpret their different characteristics.
5. Calibrate a given energy meter.

Syllabus List of Experiments

1. To conduct short-circuit and open-circuit test of a single phase transformer.
2. To determine the efficiency Vs load, speed Vs load & torque Vs load
characteristics of a d.c. series motor and predict its speed torque
characteristics.
3. Determination of characteristics of 3 phase induction motor by load test.
4. Determination of speed load and efficiency load characteristics of a d.c.
shunt and compound motor.
5. To obtain data of a series and parallel resonance circuit of R, L & C
elements and to plot the resonance curve.
6. To Calibrate the given thermocouple pyrometer and to determine
temperature of given furnace by optical pyrometer.
7. Study the construction and principle of operation of 1-Ph induction type
energy meter and draw graphs of Percentage error verses load current at
unity power factor.
8. To measure strain in a bar specimen using electrical resistance gauge and
verification of the same by measuring the deflection in the bar.

Books*/References 1. Nagrath& Kothari; Electrical Machines; Tata-McGraw Hill, New Delhi.

2. D. R. Kohli and S. K. Jain, A laboratory course in Electrical Machines,
Asia Publishing House, 2000.
3. P.S. Bhimra, Electrical Machinery, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi.
4. A.K. Sawhney, A course of Electrical and Electronic Measurement and
Instrumentation, Dhanpat Rai & Co (Pvt.) Ltd., Delhi, 1999.
5. V. Del Toro, Electrical Engineering Fundamentals, PHI Learning, New
Delhi.
Course Viva 20 Marks
Assessment/ Sessional Evaluation of report 40 Marks
Evaluation/Gradin
g Policy End Semester Examination (3 Hours) 40 Marks
Total 100 Marks

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 PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

PEO 1: Students will have a successful technical or professional careers, including supportive and
leadership roles on multidisciplinary teams.

PEO 2: Students will be able to acquire, use and develop skills as required for effective professional
practices.

PEO 3: Students will be able to attain holistic education that is an essential prerequisite for being a
responsible member of society.

PEO 4: Students will be engaged in life-long learning, to remain abreast in their profession and be
leaders in our technologically vibrant society.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

a) Students will demonstrate knowledge of mathematics, science and Electrical Engineering.

b) Students will demonstrate an ability to identify, formulate and solve Electrical engineering
problems.
c) Students will demonstrate an ability to design electrical and electronic circuits and conduct
experiments with electrical systems, analyze and interpret data.
d) Students will demonstrate an ability to design a system, component or process as per needs and
specification within realistic constraints.
e) Students will demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary
tasks.
f) Students will demonstrate skills to use modern engineering tools, software and equipment to
analyze problems.
g) Students will demonstrate knowledge of professional and ethical responsibilities.
h) Students will be able to communicate effectively.
i) Students will show the understanding of impact of engineering solutions on the society and also
will be aware of contemporary issues.
j) Students will develop confidence for self-education and ability to engage in life-long learning.
k) Students can participate and succeed in competitive examinations.

Mapping with POs

POs a b c d e f g h i j k
x x x x x x x

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GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR PERFORMING EXPERIMENTS IN THE LAB

1. All students shall carry out experiments in groups.

2. Each group will carry out a particular experiment, assigned to them in each term.

3. The next experiment to be performed is the next experiment mentioned in the list of

experiments (cyclic order).

4. The student should come prepared and should go through the experiment sheet

provided to them and the relevant theory.

5. After completion of the connection of circuit, get the connection checked by

Instructor or lab staff.

6. After performing the experiment, get the observation signed by a teacher.

7. Submit the Report, complete in all respect, on the consecutive next turn. Provide

sample calculation, graph, comment on result etc.

8. No student will be allowed to proceed to next experiment, unless he/she submits the

report of previous experiment. In such case no attendance will be marked for the

defaulter student.

9. The lab report will be checked and viva-voce will be held at the time submission on

each tern.

10. The Instructors and lab staff are available to assist the students in their work.

11. In case of any accident while performing experiments, turn off the power supply

immediately. Use fire extinguisher, if anything catches fire.

12. In case of any injury, use the first aid kit provided in the lab.

13. It is prohibited to smoke, eat or drink in the laboratory.

14. The class room discipline has to be maintained in the laboratory.

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 M/C-1/1
Object:To conduct short-circuit and open-circuit test of a single phase transformer.

Theory: Open circuit and short circuit test of a transformer enable us to predict its
performance namely efficiency and voltage regulation without actually loading it.
However, these tests are not accurate rather approximate. Therefore, actual test
will always be required for the measurement of actual voltage regulation,
efficiency and temperature rise.
Let
Wo = Power input at no load
Vo = Primary voltage applied under no load
Vsc = Primary voltage applied under short circuit condition.
Io = Primary current at no load
Isc = Primary current under short circuit condition
Wsc = Power input with the current Isc under short circuit condition
V1 = Rated primary voltage
I1fl = Rate full load primary current
I2fl = Rate full load secondary current
Wo = Iron losses
Wcufl = Full load copper loss
= W
Copper losses for ‘x’ times full load
Wcux= x2Wcufl
I
When x = 2
I2fl

I2 = Current at any load

V2 I2 Cos 
Efficiency = -------------------------------
V2 I2 Cos + Wo + Wcux
Where Cos is the power factor of the load.
From S.C. test, the equivalent impedance referred to primary side is determined as;
Vsc
Z1 = -----
Isc
The equivalent resistance referred to primary side R1 = Wsc/Isc2
The equivalent reactance referred to primary side X  Z 2  R 2
1 1 1
The voltage regulation for a primary current I1 and power factor Cos  is

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 M/C-1/2
I1 (R1Cos X1Sin )
V.R.= --------------------------------
V1

Where (+) sign is for lagging p.f.

and (-) sign is for leading p.f.

Procedure:
(A) Open circuit and short circuit test:
( i ) Make the connections as shown in the diagram choosing appropriate values
for the instruments.
( ii ) For O.C. Test:
(a) Leave the secondary terminals of the transformer open.
(b) Adjust the variac to supply rated voltage to the primary side and take
readings.
( iii ) For short circuit test:
( a ) Short circuit the secondary terminals.
( b ) Adjust the primary input voltage for various currents not exceeding the
rated current and take corresponding readings.
( c ) Calculate Z1, R1 and X1 for every reading and then find their average
values to be used in the formula for voltage regulation.
( d ) Load Test:
( a ) Make the connections of the transformer as shown.
( b ) Energize the primary by a 230 VAC source.
( c ) Take the readings under no load condition.
( d ) Load the secondary and record the readings of the instruments connected
for different load conditions.
Observations:
Open circuit test:
Voltmeter reading V0 =………………..
Ammeter reading I0 =…………………
Wattmeter reading W0 = ……………..

Short circuit test:

S.No. Voltmeter reading Ammeter reading Wattmeter reading

Vsc Isc Wsc

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 M/C-1/3
3. Load test:
No load secondary voltage, V20 = .........................
S.No. Primary Side Secondary Side

Ammeter Voltmeter Wattmeter Voltmeter Ammeter

reading reading reading reading reading
I1 V1 W1 V2 I2

Calculations:
Determination of series parameters and full load copper loss:

S.No. Z1 
Vsc
R1 
Wsc X1  Z12  R12  I 1 fl 
2

I sc I sc2 WCuf    .Wsc

 I sc 

Mean R1=....... Mean X1=....... Mean Wcufl=....

Determination of voltage regulation at different loads for (i) unity power factor
(ii) 0.8-lagging power factor (iii) 0.8 leading power factor
S.No. x Voltage Regulation
Unity power factor 0.8 lagging power 0.8 leading power
factor factor

3. Determination of efficiency at different loads for o.8 power factor lagging

S.No. x I2=x*I2fl Wcux=x2*Wcufl Efficiency

Plot Voltage regulation vs. Load and Efficiency vs. Load curves.

4. Determination of Voltage Regulation and Efficiency from load test.

S.No. I2 V20  V2 V2 * I 2
V .R.  
V2 W11

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 M/C-1/4
Circuit Diagram:

M L
A

230 V V1 V2
AC V
Supply

Variac Open Circuit Short Circuit

Circuit Diagram for OC & SC Test

M L
A A

V1 V2 L
V V O
A
D

Circuit Diagram for Load Test

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 M/C-4/1
Object: To determine the efficiency Vs load, speed Vs load & torque Vs load
characteristics of a d.c. series motor and predict the speed torque characteristics.

Theory: Ref: PP. 318, Electrical Machines by Nagrath & Kothari.

Formula used: Input to the motor = V.I watts.

2πN (T1 - T2) R.g.

Motor = ----------------------- Watts, where T1 and T2 are the values of
60
tension in the belt on tight and slack side respectively
R= effective radius of the pulley (m)
N= speed of the motor (rpm)
g = acceleration due to gravity (m/sec2 )
Output
Therefore Efficiency of the motor = ----------- *100 %
Input
and Torque developed = (T1 - T2) Rg (N-m)

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as shown in figure.
2. Put some load on the shaft of the motor by tightening the brake belt.
3. Keeping the drum handle at OFF position, release the ON contact of the
starter which makes out supply available at the controller.
4. Start the motor by moving the drum handle to position No. 1 and then
gradually cut out all the starting resistance by moving handle up to position
No. 5.
5. Increase the load on the motor shaft by tightening the belt till full load
current flows in the motor. Note down the supply voltage, armature current,
tension on two sides of belt and speed of motor. Now decrease the load in
steps such that motor draws a current of about 50% of its rated value. Note
down various values for each load.

Observations:
Effective radius of the pulley R =

S. No. V (Volt) I (Amp) T1 (Kgf) T2 (Kgf) N (rpm)

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 M/C-4/2
Report:
1. Why do the dc series motors give high starting torque?
2. Mention industrial applications of dc series motors.

Circuit Diagram:

+ -- L
A

Series

Field
230 V
Winding
+
DC
V
Through
--
Starter

--
LL

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 M/C-7/1
Object: Determination of characteristics of 3 phase induction motor by load test.

Theory: When three phase supply having time phase difference of 1200 are fed
into three phase windings having space displacement of 1200, a rotating magnetic
field is produced, which rotates at synchronous speed given by the expression:
120f
Ns = ---------- r.p.m.
P
Where: f – supply frequency in Hz.
P – Number of poles.
Ns – Synchronous speed in rpm.
If an armature, whose conductors form close circuits, be placed in this rotating
field, it will develop torque because of the induced currents acting in conjunction
with the rotating magnetic field. The armatures can never attain the speed of the
field ; for if it did, there will be no relative motion between the rotor conductors
and field and hence no induced emf and current in the rotor conductors and thus no
torque will be developed.

The difference between the speed of the rotating field and that of the rotor is called
the absolute slip. It is more convenient to express the slip as a fraction of the
synchronous speed.

If the speed of rotor is N and synchronous speed is Ns, then the fractional slip
NS - N
S = ------------
NS
Efficiency of the machine is defined as the ratio of output to input power. Output
power may be measured by using belt braking (with tension say T1 and T2) and
input may be measured by using a wattmeter. In this case efficiency may be given
as follows:
Output 2N * Torque
Efficiency = ----------- = ----------------------
Input 60 (w1 w2)
   D
Where Torque = T  T .  g Nw-m
1 2 2

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 M/C-7/2
where T1 and T2 are in kg, The diameter of the pulley D in m , w1 &w2 are the
readings of the wattmeter in watts, and g the acceleration due to gravity 9.81
m/Sec2.
Procedure: First make the connection as shown in the diagram then increase the
input voltage gradually with help go auto-transformer up to motors rated value.
Now gradually load the motor by tightening the belt and note down the readings of
the meters, tension of the belt-sides and speed of the motor for each load.

Observation & Result:

S. No. Voltage (V) Current (I) Wattmeter reading Tension (T) Speed Frequency
volts Amp. (Watts) (Kgf) (N) (f) Hz
rpm
W1 W2 T1 T2

Result Table:
S. No. Load Current Speed Input power Torque Output Power %
(I) Amp. (N) (W1+ W2) N-m (Watts) efficiency
rpm watts

Report: Plot the following characteristics:

1. Efficiency VS Load.
2. Torque VS speed.
3. Speed VS Load.
Circuit Diagram:
P
M L A
A

S
L M
230 V

3-ph L CC M M
PC

3 phase B C
V1
variac

CIRCUIT DIAGR AM FOR LO AD TEST ON 3 PHASE INDUCTIO N MOTO R

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 M/C-3/1

Object: Determination of speed load and efficiency load characteristics of a d.c.

shunt and compound motor.

Theory: The speed load characteristics of a d.c. motor mainly depends upon the
type of excitation provided. The speed of a d.c. shunt motor is given by the
equation.
V – Ia Ra
N = k ( --------------- )

Where V = applied voltage
Ia = armature current
Ra = armature resistance
 = flux/pole
K = constant of the machine

Thus with an increase in armature current the armature resistance drop (Ia Ra)
increases and the speed decreases, but this is countered by a decrease in flux 
caused by the armature reaction. Since Ia Ra drop predominates, the speed will
fall somewhat with load and a drooping characteristic is obtained.
The drooping can be increased or reduced by cumulatively or differentially
compounding the motor. Cumulative compounding means that the series field
aids the shunt field so that the flux/pole increases with the armature current and as
a consequence the speed decreases more rapidly as compared to a shunt motor. In
a differentially compounded motor the series field opposes the shunt field so that
the flux/pole decreases with an increase in the armature current resulting in a
higher motor speed as compared to a shunt motor. For the calculation of
efficiency, the d.c. motor is used to drive a d.c. generator which is connected to an
electric load. Thus the output of the motor and hence its efficiency can be
determined by measuring the power input to motor, power output from generator
and assuming a suitable value of generator efficiency (let it be 85%).

Procedure:
i) Connect the machines as shown choosing appropriate instruments and
keeping the motor in the first instance as shunt excited.
ii) Start the motor with the help of starter.
iii) Adjust the speed of the d.c. motor to its no load speed with the help of
rheostat Rh1

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 M/C-3/2

iv) Adjust the no load voltage of the d.c. generator to its rated value with the
help of rheostat Rh2
iv) Gradually increase the electrical load on the generator simultaneously noting
down the input to the motor, the output of the generator and speed while
keeping the generator output voltage constant.
v) Repeat with the motor cumulatively compounded.
vi) Repeat with the motor differentially compounded.
Observations:

S.No. Input to motor Output from generator Speed

V I V I N
(Volts) (Amp) (Volts) (Amp) (Amp)

Note: i) For differential compounding inter change Y & YY terminals of the

motor.
ii) For shunt excitation series fld wdg (Y –YY) of the motor is to be left out
of the circuit.

Report:

1. Explain why dc shunt motors are regarded as constant speed motors.

Mention industrial applications of shunt motors.
2. Why is the starting torque of cumulatively compounded motor better than
shunt motor?

Circuit Diagram:

13
 Gen-2/1

Object: To obtain data of a series resonance circuit of R, L & C elements and to

plot the resonance curve.

Theory: Resonance in an ac circuit can be defined in the following ways:

1. An ac circuit is resonant when the circuit power factor is unity.
2. An ac circuit is resonant when the applied voltage and the input current are in
phase.
3. An ac circuit is resonant when the reactive component of the input impedance is
zero.
4. An ac circuit is resonant when the susceptance component of the input
admittance is zero.

Consider a series RLC circuit as shown in Fig. 1. The general expression for the
impedance is
Z  R  (X L  X C )
Resonance in a series RLC circuit requires that X L  X C  0 or X L  X C  0 or
2f0L= 1/2f0C, solving for the f0 we get; f0=1/2LC or WO =1/LC this
frequency fo at which the resonance occurs is called the resonant frequency. The
term quality factor (Q) is used to described the effectiveness of a coil and is
defined by
Maximum Stored energy per cycle
Q = 2
Energy dissipated per cycle
The expressions for Q in a series resonant circuit can be given by
ω L ωo resonant frequency
QO = o or QO= =
R ω ω bandwidth
2 1

Parallel Resonance circuit: In this circuit, the value of impedance at resonance

conditions is maximum and current is minimum. The current at resonance is given
by
I = = , where Z = (𝑍 is called the dynamic impedance of the circuit)

Resonance frequency f = −
The phasor diagram is shown in figure. The capacitor current I leads the supply
voltage V by 900 and the inductor current I lags the voltage V by the angle

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 Gen-2/2
𝜑 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 . The supply current I is the phasor sum of I and I . At resonance I
is in phase with V and I = I sinφ .

Circuit Diagram:

R L

C VTVM

A u d io
O s c illa o r

Series Resonance Circuit

VTVM

i
iL iC

Va RL
z C
Audio
Oscillator

Parallel resonance Circuit

Procedure:
1. Calculate the resonance frequency f0 of the given circuit.
2. Make the connections and switch OPN the oscillator and VTVM. Allow warm
up time.
3. Starting from a frequency sufficiently below f0 measure the voltage across
capacitance at suitable interval of frequency in case of series resonance and

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 Gen-2/3
voltage across the resistor in case of parallel resonance, keeping input voltage
constant, say at 1 volts, up to a sufficiently above f0.It is desirable to take the
readings at close intervals near resonance.
4. Calculate XC and I and plot current V/s frequency, find the resonance
frequency and compare it with f0.

Observation Format:

Series Resonance: V = 1V

Sr. No. f(Hz) Voltage across capacitance (Volts) V XC I (amp.)

Parallel Resonance: V = 1V

Sr. No. f(Hz) Voltage across resistor (Volts) V R I (amp.)

Report:

1. Comments on the results obtained.

2. Determine the Q factor of a coil.
3. Determine the % error in resonance frequency.

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 Inst-3/1
Object: To Calibrate the given thermocouple pyrometer and to determine
temperature of given furnace by optical pyrometer.

Theory: The output voltage of thermocouple of two dissimilar metals is a function

of the difference in temperature between hot and cold junction, when the cold
junction is maintained at a constant temperature. The energy content of a particular
wave length of the radiation from a black body is a function of its absolute
temperature. Thus the intensity of light of any single wave length depends upon the
temperature of the hot body. In the optical pyrometer image of the hot body is
projected upon the plane of this filament of a incandescent lamp used in the
pyrometer. The current through the filament is varied by a rheostat until the
filament just disappears against the image of the hot body when viewed through
the red glass piece. The temperature of the hot body is now same as that of
filament which in turn depend upon the current through the temperature indicator.

Procedure: Take the hot junction of the chromel-Alumel thermo-couple out of the
porcelein sheath and study the construction of the thermo-couple. Study also the
circuit diagram of the furnace and the function of its different parts. Put back the
thermocouple in the porcelain sheath; connect the compensating leads and insert
the cold junction at 50o C. The copper wires twisted to the ends of the leads are
taken to a voltage measuring device such as a potentiometer (multiplier setting x
0.01) or a milli voltmeter.

Start the furnace and note the readings of the pyrometer mounted in the furnace
body (the output voltage of the chromel-alumal thermo-couple) at intervals of say
40oC upto 1000oC.

When the temperature exceeds the lower range of the optical pyrometer, focus it on
the hot body and adjust the rheostat, till the heated filament just disappears against
the image the hot body. Note the reading of temperatures of the furnance and
those given by optical pyrometer.

Observations:

(a) For Calibration of Thermocouple pyrometer:

S.No. Temp oC E.m.f. (by potr.)

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 Inst-3/2
Assuming that the pyrometer mounted on the furnance is the reference, calculate
the errors of the chromel-Alumel thermocouple and optical pyrometer.

Furnance-pyrometer Chromel-Alumal pyrometer Optical pyrometer

reading Reading Reading

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 Inst-12/1
Experiment: Study and calibration of 1- phase Energy meter.

Object:
(a) Study the construction and principle of operation of 1-Ph induction type
energy meter.
(b) To draw graphs of Percentage error verses load current at unity power factor.

Theory: Energy meter is an integration type of meter which measures the energy
that has passed through the meter during given instant of time. It does not indicate
the power at any instant during that interval. The induction type energy meter
consist of laminated electromagnets one of them excited by the current and the
other by proportional to the voltage across the load. The pressure ckt (Coil) is
made high inductive so that the current lag behind the voltage by 90 . A thin
Aluminium disc is mounted so as to cut the flux from both the magnets and it is
free to rotate.

It can be proved that the torque produced in this arrangement is indirectly

proportional to the average power. A separate permanent magnet is used for
breaking purpose.

At constant angular speed the power P = VI CosФ is proportional to the angular

speed in r.p.s.

If Nt = Total Number of revolution per Kwh of meter under test

W = Wattmeter reading at particular load.
T = Time is second for ‘n, revolution of meter under test
3.6 *10 6 * n
Incorrect reading of the member under test = Watt- Sec.
Nt
Correct reading = W * t Watt. Sec

Incorrect reading – Correct reading

% error = ------------------------------------------- * 100%
Incorrect reading

Procedure: Connect the variable resistive load between phase and neutral. The
current coil of the energy meter are connected is series with load, Pressure coil
across the supply.

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 Inst-12/2
Circuit Diagram:

W E
M L C C
A
300
Com
Single P P P P
V
phase
Supply Lamp
230V.
Load

Observations:
Nt = Constant of energy meter under test
(V rated * I rated)
M.F. of wattmeter = ----------------------
W rated
S. V in I in W in N T (sec) Incorrect Grant %
No. Volts Amp. Watt No of rev. of disc Energy Energy Calibration
of Energy Et Es

Sample Calculation: (at unity pf)

Draw the graph of percentage error verses load at unity Power factor.

Reports:

1. What is the creeping in Energy meter? How it is prevented?

2. Why the pressure coil of Energy meter made highly inductive?
3. How can be measure VARH with an induction type energy meter.
4. Draw a diagram, showing constructional features of 1 phase induction type
energy meter.
5. Describe the construction of working of a poly phase watt hour meter.

20
 Inst-5/1
Experiment: Measurement of strain.

Object: To measure strain in a bar specimen using electrical resistance gauge and
verification of the same by measuring the deflection in the bar.

Theory:
Stress
Strain 
Young's modules

Unit strain is defined as the ratio of change in length in a particular direction to the
original length in that direction. It can be measured by straining a resistance
known as resistance strain gauge. Due to strain the resistance of the gauge
changes. This change in resistance is a measure of the strain. If G is the gauge
factor of the strain gauge then the

ΔR
Strain,
R G

Procedure: Construct a wheat stone bridge and determine the resistance of the
given gauge. Support the bar specimen between two edges and strain it by means
of known weights. In Fig. Keep R2 = R3 = R4. Vary R2/ which is a high resistance
connected in parallel with R2 so that the Galvanometer deflection is zero again.
If R = Resistance of strain gauge (unstrained)
R1 = Resistance of strain gauge (strained)

R 2 R2
R1 = -----------
R 2 + R2

Knowing R1, the change in resistance (R1-R) can be calculated from where strain
can be determined. Measure also the deflection of the bar specimen when strained
using the dial gauge and calculate the strain using the expression.

6 d
Strain = -------
L2

Where  = deflection of bar specimen

d = thickness of bar specimen
& L = Distance between the supports
21
 Inst-5/2
Observations:
Resistance of the strain gauge = R =
Gauge factor =
Width of the bar specimen =
Thickness of the bar specimen =
Distance R2 to bring Galvanometer Deflection in the bar
S.No. Wt. between Deflection to zero specimen
supports shown by dial gauge.

Circuit Diagram:
a
R 2'
au in
G tra
ge

R2
S

d b
G

R4 R3

2V

22