HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

O V E R V I E W OF E A R L Y P H I L I P P I N E S E T T L E M E N T S
HOUSE TYPE EARLY PH SETTLEMENT ETHNIC GROUP BRIEF DESCRIPTION LOCATION
GUNU BONG / GUNU T’BOLI S. Cotabato,
Hill Top House For The Large Clan
Clan House CLAN S. Mindanao
MANOBO TRIBE Southern
Tree House BAGOBO House Mostly / Purely Bamboo Materials
Lumad Subgroup Mindanao
House On Stilts / ISNEG Cordillera
BINURON House Profile of Boat; Roof Like Inverted Hull
Raised / Elevated BOAT PEOPLE Region, Luzon
House On Stilts / High Pitch Thatch Roof – For Granary Cordillera
BALAI House APAYAO
Raised / Elevated Detachable Wall Panel; Floor Mats Region, Luzon
Flared–Out / Projected Roof
Stone Stair below Wood Ladder
BINANGIYAN /
House On Stilts / KANKANAI & IBALOI BAEY / BABAYAN – General (Parts) Cordillera
BAEY / BABAYAN
Raised / Elevated HOUSE BINANGIYAN – For Affluent / Rich Region, Luzon
House
APA / INAPA – For Poor
ALLAO – Temporary Dwelling
High Pitch Thatch Roof
Intricate & Colorful Embroidery
House On Stilts / Sulu Region
LUMAH House YAKAN Few Small Windows; Houses around Mosque
Raised / Elevated & Mindanao
Porch & Mezzanine for Women
Door Faces EAST; Stair Steps in ODD
House On Stilts / TAUSUG / “SULUK” TADJUK PASUNG – Roof Finials Decor Sulu Region
BAY SINUG House
Raised / Elevated “People of the Tide” (2) Two Types: Inland & Coastal Houses & Mindanao
PANOLONG – Flaring-Up End Beam Design
LARGE
TOROGAN MARANAO TOROGAN – For Royal / Sultan Sulu Region
House On Stilts /
Royal / Sultan House TRIBE MALA–A–WALAI – For High-Rank / Datu & Mindanao
Raised / Elevated
LAWIG – For Common
Both w/ Painted Round Human Figures
Detachable Wall Panel; Stone Peg
KALINGA
BINAYON / FINARYON Exterior Bamboo Siding; Both w/ Basements Cordillera
Mountain House North / Upper Area
Octagonal House (2) Two Types: Region, Luzon
South / Lower Area
BINAYON / FINARYON – For Rich; Upper
Rectangular Layout – For Common; Lower
Stone Material for Hostile Climate (Typhoons)
KAVAHAYAN – Village
JINJIN (Thatch)
RAHAUNG – Work & Storage Area
Thatch & Stone SINADUMPARAN (Stone) Cordillera
IVATAN JINJIN – Thatch House; Gable Roof
House MAYTUAB (Stone) Region, Luzon
SINADUMPARAN – Stone; Gable Roof
CHIVUVUHUNG (Stone)
MAYTUAB / NITUAVAN – Stone; Hip Roof
CHIVUVUHUNG – 1-Side Stone; Gable Roof
Sulu Region,
SAMA / SAMAL / Near Shallow Coastal Waters
Beach / Coastal Zamboanga,
SAMAL House SAMALAN Muslim PANTAN – Connecting Bridge
House Palawan, &
Group PELANG – Fishing Boat
S. Mindanao
Staggered Neighborhood; Windowless
Connected through:
JAMBATAN – Footbridge
BADJAO TAYTAYAN – Own Catwalk per House
Beach / Coastal LEPA (Boat House) Sulu Region
Known as “Orang Selat HARUNAN – Ladder Access to Waters
House LUMA (Inland House) & Mindanao
or Orang Laut” (2) Two Types: LEPA & LUMA
LUMA has (2) Two Types:
DJENGING – Roofed; Walled all Sides
DAPANG / VINTA – Unroofed; for Fishing
House w/ Granary “House within a House”
INAGAMANG / TINOKBOB Cordillera
Built Directly SAGADA Steep, Thick Roof to withstand Cold Climate
House Region, Luzon
On GROUND Upper Granary; Windowless; Stone Pig Pen
Upper Granary; Steep, Thick Roof
Almost Covering Wood Perimeter Walls
FAY–U – For Affluent / Rich
KATYUFONG – For Poor
House w/ Granary
AFONG / AFUNG BONTOC KOL–LOB – For Widows Cordillera
Built Directly
House Mountain Province AFUNG HOUSE – Family Dwelling Region, Luzon
On GROUND
BABAREY – Village in Bontoc
ATOR – Men’s Meeting Place
PABAFUNAN – Boy’s Dormitory
PANGIS – Girl’s Dormitory
“The House as a Womb”
IFUGAO
ELEVATED BALE / FALE BABLE – Village of Ifugao Natives Cordillera
Built on Ifugao
House w/ Granary House BALE / FALE – For Affluent Region, Luzon
Rice Terraces
ABONG – For Poor
House On Stilts / Sulu Region
BAHAY KUBO / NIPA HUT Island of Panay ““Passively–Cooled Cube House”
Raised / Elevated & Mindanao
Wood & Stone SPANISH PERIOD Hybrid-Type Housing Intramuros,
BAHAY NA BATO
House Built in Intramuros Made After Manila’s Great Fire Luzon
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 HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

PRE–SPANISH ERA
GENERAL PH AR CHARACTERISTICS

 Near Bodies of Water – Earliest Settlements

 Indigenous Materials Used
 Tied, Fitted, or Doweled Connections
 Raised Platform from Ground; Buried Posts / Rests on Stone
 Single Room Interior; Little or No Openings
 Pitched Roof W/ Thatch Cover

EARLY PH SETTLEMENTS – PRE–SPANISH ERA

Early Form PH Houses

30,000 Years LUNGIB / KWEBA Cave TABON CAVE, Lipuun Point, Palawan – Prehistoric PH Cave
Earliest PH Shelter CAVES IN ANGONO, Rizal with Ancient Petroglyphs

IDJANG Rock–Hewn Fortresses

PINANAHANG LEAN–TO – 1st Attempt at Building; Windbreaks / Windscreens

NEGRITOS of Zambales (hunters, wanderers, farmers)
AGTAS of Palanan, Isabela

320 AD BALANGAY Wooden Boathouse; 25 Meter Length; for Seafaring by Ancient City of Butuan

TREE HOUSE Single Room Built On High Trees; Tree Stump As Main Support
PH Tree Dwellers:
Gaddang & Kalinga of Luzon Moros of Lake Lanao (Southern Mindanao)
Bagobo of Mindanao Manobos & Mandaya of Mindanao
Ilongot – Ethnic Group of Luzon Negritos of Bukidnon & North Central Mindanao
Bilaan – Pagan people of Southern Mindanao

200 BC BAHAY KUBO or NIPA HUT – Primitive Dwelling; “BALAI” & Spanish “CUBO” / Cube–Shaped House

Hill Top House GUNU BONG / GUNU T’BOLI LARGE CLAN HOUSE; No Partitions South Cotabato, Southern Mindanao

Tree House BALE BAGOBO HOUSE; Subgroup of Manobo Tribe, Lumad Group Southern Mindanao
MATERIALS: Mostly ( Having Timber Foundation ) to Purely Bamboo

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Stilt House BINURON ISNEG HOUSE – Home of Isneg Boat People Cordillera Region
Suggest profile of a boat; Roof suggests an Inverted Hull;
Removable Sidings, Pyramidal / Hip Roof
DATAG / XASSARAN – Main Section
TAMUYON – Slightly Raised Platform on three sides

Stilt House BALAI HOUSE APAYAO, Cordillera Region, Luzon Cordillera Region
Elevated Rectangular One-Room Structure; High-Pitch Thatch Roof; Has Removable Wall Panel &
Removable-Washable Floor Mats, Closely Spaced Wood Floor for Ventilation thru Its Floor

Parts of an Apayao Balai House

RARAT – Roof Under sheathing; Dried Reed Grass Material
TABUNGAN – Gable Opening, For Smoke Exhaust
DAPUG – Earthen Hearth
PADUROT – Length of House
SOBA – Breadth / Overall Width of Main House
GAWAYAN – Interior of House; Spacious Hall
AGDAN – Ladder; Bamboo / Wooden
BALATAD – Path walk; Stone Pavers from One Settlement to Another
SOTAN / LAMDAW – Window; From Removable Wallboards
BANGA – Cooking Jar; Earthen Pot
AMOTO – Earthen Jar For Water
ARANGAT – Shelf above Dishwashing Area
Structural Parts:
ATEP – Roof CHINGCHING – Wallboard
FOGSOR – Rafter TOKOD – Post; Square / Circular; for both Granary or Roof Structures
OWAY – Roof Under sheathing TEY–TEY – Ladder; to access Central Granary
KAEW – Floorboard

Stilt House BINANGIYAN KANKANAI & IBALOI HOUSE Cordillera Region

BINANGIYAN – Traditional KANKANAI House for the Wealthy; Similar to Ifugao House
APA / INAPA – for the Poor or Temporary Abode
ALLAO – dwelling more Temporary
BAEY / BABAYAN – Elevated; Square One–Room of the KANKANAI & IBALOI; Hip Roof

Parts of a BAEY / BABAYAN House

SEDNGAL – Inclined Support; TETEY – Wood Ladder
To Hold Up Flaring Section of SAKIATAN – Stone Stair; Base of Wood Ladder
the Roof or TIKEL (Rafter) TOKDOAN – Bench Inside the House
BALANSAG – Bench Under the House
TIKEL – Flared Out Rafter PANGTEW – Door; Removable
DET–A – Floor SAGAANG – Shelf
ABEK – Mat PANANUMAN – Water Container
BANGA – Cooking Jar

Stilt House LUMAH HOUSE YAKAN, Mountainous Basilan Island Mindanao & Sulu Region
Elevated rectangular one-room structure; few small windows; high pitch thatch roof; Door Faces EAST; Steps in Odd
3rd Largest Ethnic Community in Sulu, after Tausug & Badjao; known for their intricate & colorful embroidery

Parts of Yakan–Lumah House

LANGGAL – Mosque; where houses are KOSINA – Kitchen
scattered around PATUNG – Wooden Flitch; 0.25x0.25m
KOKAN – Sleeping Area ANGKAP – Mezzanine for Girls above the Sleeping Area
TINDAKAN – Multi–Use Living Space GAWANG – Door
PANTAN / SIMPEY – Porch HARREN – Ladder

Stilt House BAY SINUG HOUSE TAUSUG / “SULUK” HOUSE, Ethnic Sulu Group, Southern PH Mindanao & Sulu Region
“Tau” (People) “Suk” (Tide) – “People of the Tide”
2–More Houses on Stilts; connected by elevated Open Space house extensions

(2) Distinct Tausug Communities

TAU–GIMBA – Inland People
TAU–HIGAD – People along the Shore

Parts of TAUSUG / “SULUK” House

TADJUK PASUNG – Finials; Bargeboard-End Décor in Naga (Sea serpent) / Manuk-Manuk (Bird)
SUNGAN – Hip Roof w/ Triangular Vents
LIBUT – Pyramidal Roof w/ Vents at Apex
LAWANG – Door
GIBAYAN – Main House; has 9-Posts; Living & Sleeping Areas
PANTAN – Elevated Open Space Extension; Living Space, Hall, & where fruits/veg/fishing tools are kept
PANG GONG – Receiving Area & to entertain guests
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DAGTONG – Bamboo Water Containers; laid near Kitchen & Bath area

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Large Stilt House TOROGAN MARANAO (ROYAL / SULTAN’S) HOUSE Mindanao & Sulu Region
Also venue for social events; Dwellers of Lake Lanao;
Malaysian & Indonesian Ancestry; Huge One-Room w/ PUKANANAN

PUKANANAN / PUGIGAAN – Mat for Each Member

BAOL – Wood Chest for Storage & Belongings
AKIR – Maranao Art Form Applied In Sarimanuk & Panolong
Decor for House Int / Ext, boats, weapons, instruments
SARIMANUK – Wild Rooster; Symbolizes Wealth, Prestige, & Power
PANOLONG – End Beam Design (Flares Upward); at EAST Section to get Sun’s Energy
NAGA (Sea-Serpent) or PAKO RABONG (Growing Fern) Ornaments
Other Maranao Houses
MALA–A–WALAI Large House of Highest Rank / Richest Datu; “PAGAWID” Principality
Partitionless Structure w/ OKIR Decor; No PANOLONG End-Beam Design
LAWIG Small House for Common People; Light Materials; No Décor
Raised On Stilts; With or Without Indoor Cooking Area

Parts of a Maranao–Torogan House – Every Post Rests On 5–6 Pieces of Well-Closed Rocks
For Foundation, & Protection from Termite & Moisture

LAMIN – Princess’ Room; Private Space for Sultan’s Daughter & Her Attendants; Lady’s Dormitory Tower
Richly Decorated; At top of roof / Apex; has LAPA – Princess’ Bed
SENDIGAN – Sultan’s Area; Away from Entrance; w/ PANGGAO (Bed) & Richly Ornamented Fabrics
MAMANDIANG – Horizontally Wall-Laid Fabric; above Sultan’s Bedrest
LALANSAY – Vertically Wall-laid drapery below MAMANDIANG
SOMANDEG – Horizontally laid Fabric below LALANSAY
TULANG – Kitchen W/ TAPAAN (Fish Drying Area) & LAYA (Storage for Bamboo Containers)
PUKANANAN – Dining Area; also a Sleeping Area or PUGIGAAN
PUGIGAAN – Sleeping Area
TOWA – Stair; Main Access
KERIT – Tread; Rectangular Boards / Planks; Stair Steps

Mountain Houses HOUSE (North & South) KALINGA BINAYON / FINARYON (Octagonal) & Rectangular House Cordillera Region

BINAYON / FINARYON – Octagonal Layout (For the Rich) – North / Upper Kalinga; Scattered Houses

Parts of an Octagonal Kalinga House Both Layouts have Painted Round Human Figures
TATAGON – Floor Mat
CHINGCHING – Lower Floor Wallboards
OKONG – Upper Floor Wallboards
FOT–ANG – Floor Joist
CHOSAR – Fixed Wooden Floor

Rectangular Layout (Common) – Another Traditional Kalinga House; Southern / Lower Kalinga; Town-like settlement
Elevated; Rectangular One-Room Timber House; Removable Wall Panel; Elevated Floor for Seating/Sleeping

Parts of a Rectangular Kalinga House

TALOB – Roof
TUNGLOB – Gable Wall; Triangular; w/ horizontal Bamboo Strips
SAWANG – Door
DATTAGON – Upper Floor; Living & Sleeping Area; Central Section; elevated 1.2m from ground
DABI – Wallboard
SAGPATAN – Shelf
DAIPONG – Raised Stove; Rear Corner
SIPI – Elevated Wood Panel Flooring; slightly elevated Side Sections
BAN–OGA SAWANG – Window; once DABI (Wallboard) is removed
SOGWAS / DOLA – Basement; Ground Floor; often Working Area
ALISOT – Bamboo Siding at Lower Floor / Basement
SINGIT–TUKOD – Stone Peg

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IVATAN JINJIN (Ivatan Thatch House) & SINADUMPARAN (Ivatan Stone House) Cordillera Region

Stone & Thatch House KAVAHAYAN Village; Batanes (North Luzon) Housing Section of a Town / Community
RAHAUNG – Working & Storage Area for Fishing Implements

Ivatan House Types

MAYTUAB / NITUAVAN – One-Storey House; Partially Submerged Basement for Storage
Thick Walls (made of Stone & Lime against Batanes’ Hostile Climate)
4-Sided (Hip Type) Thick Cogon Grass Roof (Cuatro Aguas)

SINADUMPARAN – Ivatan Stone House

One-Storey House; Stone Masonry; Thick Walls & Cogon Grass Roofing (Gable Type)
The Difference Is, It Has 2-Sided Roof (Dos Aguas)
Windows at South & West due to strong winds from North & NE during Typhoons

SINADUMPARAN–A–BINEDBERAN Variation of Sinadumparan w/ Cogon Roof (Gable Design)

JINJIN – Ivatan Thatch House

Timber Framed Structure; Walls Made Of Woven Cogon with Bamboo or Wood Framework

KAMADID – Lower Part–Wood; Upper Part–Cogon Grass; Thick Hip Type Roof
MAYHURAHED – Cogon Roof; Masonry Lower Floor; Cogon Grass Upper Floor

CHIVUVUHUNG – 3 Sides Cogon Grass; Stone Retaining Wall; Cogon Grass Roof (Gable Design)

Parts of an Ivatan Stone House

ATEP Roof; 4–5 Layers Thick Of Cogon Grass
AHBU Basement; 1st Floor for Jar, Boat, & Other Household Storage
RIYAN Eaves
RIHAS Balustrade; Railing System (Wood Decor)
RAKUH Main House; Living Quarters (Sleep, Work, Eat)
KUSINA Kitchen
RAPUYAN – Stove
TAVUHEN – Elevated Wall for Native Jars
PADAGAK – Built–In Cabinet
DULANG – Low Table
BANGKU – Small Chairs
TUKAH – Tie Beam above Stove; Connects Lower End of Rafters; Often Used As PAYA
PAYA – Cooking / Firewood Shelf

Beach House SAMAL HOUSE South Mindanao, built also in Palawan, Zamboanga, & Sulu
Rectangular one-room structure near shallow coastal waters;
PANTAN – Bridge connecting clustered houses
PELANG – fishing boat; in space from underneath house

Beach House LEPA (Boats) BADJAO HOUSE, Sulu, Southern PH, Muslim Mindanao Mindanao & Sulu Region
Ethnic Community known as “Orang Selat / Orang Laut”
Built above Coastal Waters; Windowless One-Room; Light Materials; Thatch Roof

Boat–House LEPA – Traditional Badjao Boat–House

DJENGING – Roofed, Walled all sides (wood)
DAPANG / VINTA – Not Roofed; Used for Fishing & Short Trips

House on Land LUMA – Traditional Badjao Inland House

Houses Built In Staggered Pattern Connected To Neighborhood Thru:

JAMBATAN – Footbridge
TAYTAYAN – Own Catwalk per House
HARUNAN – Ladder Access to Waters

Parts of Badjao House

ATUP – Thatch Roof; Palm or Coconut Leaves
MADEYON – Living Space; Open Multi–Use Space
DING–DING – Wall; Windowless Enclosure
LANTAY – Floor; Closely Laid Bamboo Strips
HAG – Post; Wood or Thick Bamboo; 6-Meters below Sea Bed

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HARUN – Stairs where Women Wash Clothes & Kitchen Utensils

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House w/ Granary INAGAMANG / TINOKBOB HOUSE Traditional House in Sagada; “House within a House” Cordillera Region
Built Directly On Ground One of the Earliest Houses in Sagada; Similar To BONTOC & NABALOI Houses
Elevated Struc. for Granary Only; Steep Thick Roof to Withstand Cold Weather
Windowless; Ground Space for Eating, Sleeping, Cooking, & Working

Parts of a Sagada–Tinokob House

ATEP – Roof
SEGPAN – Doorway
AGAMANG – Upper Level Granary at Central
DAPOGAN – Cooking Area
AGDAN – Ladder
KAMALIG – Storage Space
LOMENG – Pig Pen; Shallow Stone Pit

House w/ Granary AFUNG / AFONG House BONTOC, Mountain Province, Cordillera, Luzon Cordillera Region
Built Directly On Ground Open Living Space; Central Granaries; Thick Roof Almost Covers the Wooden Perimeter Wall
Covered Roof Space (Main House); Elevated Central Rice Granary Storage

FAY–U – For the Affluent / Rich

KATYUFONG – Dwelling for the Poor
KOL–LOB – Dwelling for Widows
AFUNG / AFONG HOUSE – Family Dwelling; for Married Couples & Children Up To 8 Years Old
BABAREY – Village / Settlement Area in a Bontoc Community
ATOR – Men’s Meeting Place
PABAFUNAN – Boy’s Dormitory
PANGIS – Girl’s Dormitory
CHAP–AY – Open Space W/ Flat Stone in Circular Layout
AKHAMANG / AGAMANG – Upper Level Rice Granary

Parts of Bontoc–Afung House

FALIG – Granary; Elevated One-Room Structure
SOKLUT – Cooking & Fireplace Area; Left Corner; Adjoining To the ANG–AN (Sleeping Area)
ANG–AN – Sleeping Area; With ATAG (Sleeping Mat)
TAP–AN – Rice Pounding Area; Area W/ Stone Pavement & Pounding Hole
LI–IM – Eating Area; Most Spacious In House; Has PANANNOM (Water Jar) & PATYAY (Elevated Stick Rack)
PANANNOM – Water Jar in One Corner
PATYAY – Elevated Stick Rack; Suspended On Wall; Stored Are The Following:
FANGA – Pots
KHYAG – Rattan Plates
FANILAG – Rattan Trays
PALATO – Enamel Plates
TASA – Enamel Cups
MALLAKONG – Enamel Bowls
UNGOT – Coconut Shells / Wooden Bowls

ELEVATED BALE / FALE IFUGAO HOUSE, Cordillera Admin. Region, Luzon Cordillera Region
House w/ Granary Hand-Hewn Timber & Mortised without Nails or Hardware; Built on Rice Terraces
Can Be Disassembled, Raised & Moved In a New Site in a Day

BABLE – Village / Settlement of Ifugao Community; built on Ifugao Rice Terraces

BALE / FALE – For the Affluent; Traditional Ifugao House; “The House as a Womb”
ABONG – Dwelling for the Poor

Parts of an Ifugao – Bale/Fale House

PALAN – Attic; Storage Area for Rice Grain
PATYIE – Shelf; Rectangular Wood Boards
PUNCHAPALAN – Fireplace
NUNDATU – Male Side
NA–ULYA – Female Side
PANTO – Door
HALIPAN – Rat Guard; Wooden Cylindrical Disc; 2-14” thick, 36-40” Diameter
SILONG – Basement; with Stone Pavement
TETEH – Ladder; removable & Wooden/Bamboo Material
HAGABI – Bench; Rich Status Symbol

Structural Parts:
ATOP – Steep Pyramidal Cogon Roof
AMBUBULAN – Square Frame Box; Apex
GAOB – Wallboard, 1½” Thick
DOTAL – Floor Board
TUKUD – Post; secured w/ Stone Boulders
POGNAD – Stone Foundation; Termite & Moisture Protection

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BAHAY KUBO CUBE HOUSE, Island of Panay Mindanao & Sulu Region
One–Room House; Raised (Protection from damp & humid Earth)
Traditional Lowland Dwelling, Northern & Central Regions; “Passively–Cooled House”
Horizontality of Windows; Surrounding Gardens
Parts of a Bahay Kubo

PASILBI – Lean–To–Roof (Gable or Hip) DULANG – Low Table

HAGDAN – Stair, Main Access GILIR – Kitchen Area
SAGANG – Railing For Porch Area ABUHAN – Cooking Area
SILONG – Animal & Farm Tool Storage DAPOGAN – Stove
BULWAGAN – Living Room KAMALIG – Rice Storage
SILID – Sleeping Area BATALAN – Porch W/ Jars for Washing
TAMPIPI – Closet BANGAHAN / BANGGERA / BANGUERAHAN – Pot Storage

SPANISH PERIOD Important Structures: BAHAY NA BATO & CHURCHES

17th Cen. Filipino (Ancestral) House / Bahay Na Bato Hybrid-Type Housing; Brought About Changes in Society & Economy
Built In INTRAMUROS; Classical European & Traditional Chinese House Influence
Earthquake Proof; Climate-Responsive Elements of Traditional Lowland Houses (Bahay Kubo)

BINTANANG CAPIS Capis Window; Unique Feature of Filipino House

CONCHA – Capis Panes Fixed By a Wooden Frame
CONCHERIA – Assembly of Capis Panes Fixed By a Wooden Frame
DOUBLE FACADE Sustainable Element Applied To Filipino House
Other Features – Wide Eaves & Awnings; Louvers; Floor-To-Ceiling Operable Walls & Partitions; Open Courtyard

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1580s BAHAY NA BATO Made After Manila’s Great Fire; Spanish, Neo-Classical, Gothic, & Baroque Influence
3 Possible Origins:
1) BAHAY KUBO Pointed Roof, Open Plan, & Ventilation),
2) TRIBAL LEADER’S HOUSE Const’n, Decor, Spacious), &
3) CONVENTOS Adjacent to Church)

REGIONAL DIFFERENCES
1) ILOCOS – Sober Architecture; Vigan Houses Are Entirely Made Of Bricks, Pilasters Embedded On Sides,
Dignified Without Too Much Decoration
2) CEBU – Expansive, Ground Floor Made Of Huge Coral Stones
3) SOUTHERN TAGALOG – “Airy”. Second Flanges Over The Walls Of The Ground

Parts of a Bahay Na Bato Steep, Hip Roof; Post & Lintel Const’n
TEHA / TEJA Roof Tile; Semi-Cylindrical; Burnt–Clay Material; TEJADO (Tiled Roof)
BALUSTRE Short, Vertical Wood/Clay Railings of Stairs, Open Deck, & BINTANILYA (Small Window)
CALLADO Tracery / Open Wooden Fretwork On Top Of Partitions;
Fixed over a window or placed as space dividers
PASAMANO Window Sill
PERSIANA Large Windows with Slats Covered With Capiz to Filter Light; Unique In Southeast Asia
VENTANILLAS Small Windows; Vents beneath the Window Sill Which Reach To the Floor
BARANDILLAS Wooden Balusters OR Wrought Iron Traceries on the Wall

GROUND FLOOR – Made Of Coral Stones, Adobe or Rubble; With Small Windows; Area Include
TINDAHAN TIENDA; Store; Ground-Level; Commercial Use Adjacent To Streets
COCHERA Driveway or Garage
ZAGUAN Wine & Float of Saints Storage;
Or Vestibule usually for the CARUAJES / CAROZA (Carriages)
CUADRA QUADRA; Horse Stables
BODEGA Palay & Old Furniture Storage (& Old CARUAJES); Storeroom
PATIO Enclosed Courtyard
ENTRESUELO ENTRASUELO; Mezzanine under Master Bedroom;
For Offices or Servant’s Quarters; Vault
ORATORIO Praying Area; located in the ENTRESUELO

ESCALERA Wooden Staircase

CEREMONIAL STAIRS 1st Three (3) Steps (DESCANZO – Break/Interval) Made Of Marble Tiles;
Landing With Bastonera; Remaining Steps Are Made Of Narra

COCINA Kitchen Area; Can be found in Ground & 2nd Floor

Contains the PAMINGGALAN (Food Cabinet) & DISPENSA (Rice Storage)
BANGGERA Where Dishes are Kept
AKSESORYA Accessory; Extension or Annex to a House
ALJIBE Rainwater Cistern

2nd FLOOR – Wide Double Doors May Be Opened To Connect the Spaces & Create A Large Hall
COMEDOR Dining Room; PLATERIA (Silverware) & long table
BAÑO PALIGUAN; Bathroom
LATRINA COMON; Toilet
AZOTEA FLAT ROOF; Open Terrace for Drying Clothes
Open Terrace of Stone & Ceramic Placed Near the COCINA; With an ALJIBE
MIRADOR Viewing Space on Tower-Like Structure above Main House / At AZOTEA
Surrounded By Windows & Latticework Décor

SILID / CUARTOQUARTO; Sleeping Area; Dormitorio; Usually Three (3)

Contains four-posted beds, armories, chests;
SANTOS (Saints) with ivory heads & hands are placed at the master bedroom
ALCOVA Additional QUARTOS
BALCON Balcony
GALERIA VOLADA / CORRIDOR – Flying Wooden Gallery; Cantilevered Walkway
Used by Servants to go from room to room
Flying gallery over the ZAGUAN; protects the Interior from Heat & Rain

CAIDA / ANTE SALA Upper Entrance Hall; Transition Space after Stairs
For Acquaintances; Spacious Hall Separated By CALLADO (Reserved)
Leads To SALA or to COMEDOR

SALA Living Room; Facing Street or Plaza; Family’s Leisure / Social Activity Room
Divided by BIOMBO (Movable Screens)

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MORE VERNACULAR TERMS:

UNOSINOTRA Alternate/Staggered BISAGRA Hinge ESTANYO Soldering Bar

LIYABE Anchor PULGADA Inches BIENTO Spacing

BATIDURA Astragal PENDULUM King Post STAKA Stake

MEDYA AGUA Awning PIYON Laborer MADRE DE ESCALERA – Closed Stringer

BARANDILLAS Baluster ASINTA Laying Of CHB TRABE ANZO Horizontal Stud

RODAPIS Baseboard SIBE Lean-To Roof PILARETE Vertical Stud

TIRANTE Bottom Chord DULANG Low Table LATERO Tinsmith

PIE DE GALLO Brace KANTERO Mason BAYTANG Tread

LADRILLO Brick KANTO MESA Miter PERGOLA Trellis

KOSTILYAHE Ceiling Joists PAUPO Mortar KILO Truss

SINTURON Collar KOSTURA Mortar Joints ASOLEHOS Wainscoting Tiles

LARGA MASA Concrete Slab ESTANYO Nikolite Bar BAGAD Wall Post

ESCONDRO Crushed Stone TRUERKA Nut PITSA Washer

ABANG Dowel ESTOPA Oakum PASAMANO Window Sill

TUBO DE BANADA – Downspout DE BANDEHA Panel Door POLEYA Wiring Knob

ESCOMBRO Earth Fill LINGUETA GI Strap HASPE Wood Grain

ALERO Eaves TAPON Plug TABLA Wood Plank

TABIKE Exterior Siding HULOG Plumb Bob PLANTSUELA Wrought Iron Strap

PIYE Feet BOLADO Projection PALITADA Plaster

BATIDURA Fillet REOSTRA Purlins KALINYA Aligned

DOTAL Floorboards MASILYA Putty TRANKILYA Barrel Bolt

SOLERAS Floor Joists MEDIA CANA Quarter Round BIGA Beam

GUILILAN Floor Sill VACIADA Rabbet HIERO Iron

SUELO Flooring KABILYA Reinforcing Bars KISAME Ceiling

ALAHADO Flush KABALLETE Ridge Roll BARAL DE KADENA – Chain Bolt

KAPATAS Foreman TAKIP SILIPAN Riser POSTE Column

BALANGKAS Framework RIMATSE Rivets KONTRATISTA Constructor

DOS AGUAS Gable Roof LASTILLAS Sand & Gravel KANTO Corner

KULING Girder ANDANYO Scaffolding DISH RACK Bangguerahan

SEPO Girt REBOKADA Scratch Coat SUMBRERO PINTUAN – Door Head

CANAL Groove DUTCHA Shower HAMBA PINTUAN – Door Jamb

ALULOD O KANAL – Gutter PRIGADERO Sink SENEPA Fascia Board

CAIDA Hall KROKIS Sketch Plan TAMBAK Fill

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 HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

PHILIPPINE HISTORY

PRE COLONIAL
250,000 Yrs. Ago Immigration Via Land-Bridges, & Later, Sea-Vessels; Immigrants of Malay Origin, Food Gatherers & Hunters
3000 BC Joined By Advanced Agricultural Race from Indonesia, With Barangays as Tribal System
Laws on Marriage, Inheritance, Ownership, Crime, and Behavior; Elaborate Animistic Religion
4th & 5th Cen. BC INDIANS
3rd & 4th Cen. AD CHINESE
1300 AD ARABS - Converted Some Parts to Islam
Trade Center of the Orient – Sulu Frequented By Ships from China, Cambodia, Sumatra, Java, India, Arabia

SPANISH RULE
1521 Ferdinand Magellan Landed
1564 Miguel Lopez De Legazpi Brought Christianity; Christianized Most Part of the Country
Introduced European Institution & Thought
Spanish Galleon Trade Economically Linked Manila with Mexico & the Rest of the World
1762–1764 British Forces Brief Occupation; Attempted Seizure by Dutch & Chinese
Until 1900's Spanish Colony
Nationalist Movement By Jose Rizal, Unsuccessful Revolt by Aguinaldo
1890’s Art Nouveau Swirling Vines & Flowers for Staircase Balustrades, Etched or Colored Glass Panels Replaced Capiz
Emergence of Filipino & Foreign Architects Working In the PH
FELIX ROXAS – First Filipino Architect; Served As Architect to the Manila Gov’t; Studied In England & Spain
1863 & 1880 JUAN HERVAS – A Catalan; One of the Spanish AR Invited To Reconstruct Manila after the Earthquake (1863 & 1880)

AMERICAN RULE Islands Were Sold or Ceded To America, As A Result Of Spanish War with USA
Democracy Was Introduced - Allowed a Self-Government Called the Commonwealth Era

Dec 1941 JAPANESE INVASION Established a Puppet Government; Citadel of Christianity & Democracy in East Asia
July 1945 Liberation When Gen. McArthur Returned
1946 Independence

RELIGION Islam; Roman Catholicism; Protestantism, Aglipayan, Iglesia Ni Kristo

GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY 3 Main Island Groups: Luzon, Visayas & Mindanao
Archipelago of 7100 Islands – Mountainous & Fragmented
Southeast Asia, Pacific Ocean - Strategic Position - In the Path of Far East Trade
Major Earthquake & Volcanic Belt; In the Path of Typhoons from the Pacific

CLIMATE Dry & Wet Season; Typhoons & Tropical Storms

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Tropical Architecture; Light; Open & Transparent

BUILDING CAPABILITY No Large Megalithic Structures; Engineering Capability – Rice Terraces of Northern Luzon

SETTLEMENTS Big Villages along Key Trade Centers; Near the Sea-Shore, Beside Rivers & Streams
For Purposes of Travel, Communication & Sanitation

FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE Shaped By the Climate, Terrain, Vegetation, & Fauna around It
Two Elements In Making A House:
1) Tradition or Following the Generally Accepted Form & Structural Patterns; And
2) Chance or “Playing It By Ear”, Allowing Minor Modifications for the Builder & His Family
PH SCHOOLS
1890 ESCUELA PRACTICA Y PROFECIONAL DE ARTES OFICIO DE MANILA Taught Maestros De Obras
LICEO DE MANILA – First School to Open Three Year Course in Architecture
MO–P “MAESTROS DE OBRA-PRACTICA”
MO–A “MAESTROS DE OBRA-ACADEMIA”
Escuela de Ingenieria Y Arquitectura – Closed After One Year
1925 Mapua Institute of Architecture 1st School Of Architecture
Adamson University 2nd School Of Architecture
1930 UST College of Architecture 3rd School Of Architecture

ORGANIZATIONS:
Philippine Architects Society
Philippine Institute of Architects
League of Philippine Architects
Association of Phil. Government Architects
1975 PIA + LPA + APGA = United Architects of the Philippines

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SPANISH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
REDUCCION – Forced Urbanization & Resettlement
BAJO de las CAMPANA – Under the Sound of the Bells
ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM – Colony divided into parcels & assigned to an
ENCOMENDERO (Spanish Colonist)
Mandated to allocate, or distribute domain resources
SYSTEM OF CITIES & TOWNS – Hierarchal Settlement System
CABECERA – City
POBLACION – Town
CORE OF THE MUNICIPALITY
BARRIOS
ADJACENT BARANGAYS
(Completed 1872) INTRAMUROS – Concept: Europe’s Walled Fortress;
Reserved for the Nobility & the Clergy
Seven Gates; Made Of Bricks & Hard Adobe from the Pasig River
Quarries; Walls Are 45 Ft Thick & Rise 25 Ft Above The Moat
EXTRAMUROS – Living beyond the Walls
PUEBLOS – Villages outside the walls
PARIAN – Separate Chinese Community
DILAO – for the Japanese Community
CUADRICULA – System Grid Patterned Streets & Blocks
LAWS OF THE INDIES, 1573 proposed by Vitruvius & Alberti
Encapsulates the Classicists Theories of Urban DS
CHARACTERISTICS – Elevated Location; Orderly Grid Streets;
Central Plaza; Defensive Wall; Zones For: Churches, Shops,
Government Buildings, Hospitals, & Slaughterhouses
PLAZA COMPLEX – Grid Street Pattern; w/ the Main Center
Plaza; Surrounded by the Church, the Tribunal (Court); Other
Government Bldgs.; & Marketplace
COLONIAL INFRASTRUCTURES
New Building Typologies & Construction Technology was
introduced; Buildings were built to facilitate ventures in military
control, public health, education, & commerce
CHURCHES – Edifices for Religious Conversion
Church Complex
CHURCH
CONVERTO / RECTORY– Parish House
CAMPANARIOS – Bell Towers
Parts of a Church
ALTAR MAYOR – Main Altar
SAGRARIO – Tabernacle
PULPITO – Pulpit
RETABLO – Ornamented Altar Screen
SACRISTIA – Where Priest & Assistants put on their robes
CORO – Choir loft
TRIBUNAS – Screened Gallery
CONSERVATION – Legislations declared as Nat’l Cultural Treasures;
Nat’l Historical Landmarks; & World Heritage Properties
RA 10066 – NAT’L HERITAGE LAW
RA 10086 – NAT’L HIST’L COMMISSION OF THE PH LAW
FORTRESSES – Stone Walls, Moats, Grid Road Layouts, Bastions,
Keeps, & Watchtowers built to cover blind spots; Defense (Moro Pirates)
REAL FUERZA DE SANTIAGO also called
FORT SANTIAGO, Intramuros – “Shrine of Freedom”
By: FR. ANTONIO CEDENO, Engr. DIEGO JORDAN
Parts of a Fort
CORTINAS – Thick Perimeter Walls
BASTIONES / BALUARTES – 4-Soded Bulwarks
Skirting the CORTINAS on both ends
FOSO – Moat
CASAMATAS – Stone Embrasures; artilleries propped up here
INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS – Monumental Civic AR epitomized the
colonial institutions under the Spanish governance
HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE
AYUNTAMIENTO, Intramuros – Seat of Colonial Governance;
Housed Several Administrative Offices & Archives;
“Casa Del Cabildo / Casa Consistorial / Casa Real”;
PALACIO REAL, Intramuros, Manila
Residence of the highest official of the land
MALACANANG PALACE
The Summer Residence of the Governor General
OTHER CIVIC BUILDINGS
REAL AUDIENCIA – Tribunal / Trial Court
ADUANA – Custom’s House
HACIENDA PUBLICA – Treasury
MUNICIPIO – “Casa de Municipal / Casa Real” smaller version of
AYUNTAMIENTO in the provincial towns
CASA HACIENDA – expansive housing spaces for the administrators
& his workers on a landed estate
EDUCATIONAL & SCIENTIFIC BLDGS. – Religious Orders by the
Missionary of Bringing Education, Healthcare, & Social Welfare
SCHOOLS
UNIVERSITY OF STO. TOMAS, Manila
Asia’s Oldest Established University
COLEGIO / UNIVERSIDAD – Found In the Urban Areas
ESCUELA PRIMARIA – Found In Different PUEBLOS
HOSPITALS
HOSPITAL REAL – 1st Hospital; Built by Franciscans;
Catered Only To the Spaniards
HOSPITAL DE SAN GABRIEL – For the Chinese in Binondo
HOSPITAL DE SAN LAZARO – For the Lepers
OBSERVATORIES
MANILA OBSERVATORY Also Called
Observatorio Astronomico Y Meteorologico De Manila
Established by the Jesuits to Assists in Forecasting Typhoons
INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS – Hispanic urban program, living standards
were elevated through urban infrastructure & public works
BRIDGES – PUENTE DE ESPANA / BRIDGE OF SPAIN
COLGANTE SUSPENSION BRIDGE – Only for Pedestrians
TRAIN STATIONS
TUTUBAN STATION – MNL–Dagupan Railway Line
LIGHTHOUSES – PASIG FAROLA /
SAN NICOLAS LIGHTHOUSE – PH Oldest
WATER SYSTEM – CARRIEDO WATERWORKS – Free to Public
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS – Manila–Based Asian Trading Empire
City Became One of the Major Colonial Port Cities in SE Asia
SHOPS ALCAICERIA DE SAN FERNANDO–Large Comm’l Silk Market;
Has Chinese Shop Houses & Gov’t Offices
TABACALERAS – Tobacco & Cigar Factories
SARI–SARI / CARINDERIAS
HOTELS HOTEL LA PALMA DE MALLORCA; HOTEL DE PARIS; &
HOTEL DE ESPANA – Hotels in Intramuros
CASA DE HUESPEDES – Boarding Houses; Cheaper Lodgings
BANKS BANCO ESPANOL–FILIPINO DE ISABEL II – 1st Bank Built
DOMESTIC STRUCTURES – Reflecting the Differences in Social Class
ACCESORIAS
APARTMENT DWELLINGS – Evolved from the need of migrant
laborers for cheap housing in commercial & industrial areas
VIVIENDA (Living Place), each unit; has a ZAGUAN (Hallway),
SALA & Sleeping Quarters
ARQUITECTURA MESTIZA – Struc. Built Partly Of Wood & Stone
A New Hybrid Type of Construction
Coined By: JESUIT FRANCISCO IGNACIO ALCINA
BAHAY NA BATO – Combined Indigenous &
Hispanic Building Traditions; 2–Storey; Hip Roof
Ex.) LA CASAS FILIPINAS DE ACUZAR, Bataan
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PHILIPPINE CHURCHES

Luzon SAN IGNACIO, INTRAMUROS – First Church Designed By a Filipino Architect; By: FELIX ROXAS

Luzon, Neo Romanesque MANILA CATHEDRAL, Manila Restored in 2012 (Structural Problems) By: Bishop DOMINGO SALAZAR
Restored By: FERNANDO CAMPO

Luzon BARASOAIN Church, Bulacan 1st PH Congress; Malolos Construction; Inaguration of 1st PH Rep.
By: Augustinian JUAN GIRON Rebuilt By MAGPAYO

Luzon, Baroque ANGAT CHURCH, Bulacan – Corinthian & Doric Columns; Statues Ringed w/ Wreath-Like Ornaments Flank Niches,
“STA. MONICA Parish” (Town of Angat) Windows w/ Bas-Relief “Curtains” Plain 3-Storey Belltower w/ Balustered Top

Luzon TAAL BASILICA, Batangas Asia’s Largest Catholic Church; Ionic & Corinthian Columns, 3 Pediments
“BASILICA OF ST. MARTIN DE TOURS” By: Fr. MARTIN AGUIRRE & ANTON & OLIVER

Luzon MALATE CHURCH, Manila Dedicated to Our Lady of Remedies

Luzon QUIAPO Church, Manila Minor Basilica of the BLACK NAZARENE; Dome & 2nd Belfry Reconstruction
Restored By: JUAN NAKPIL & JOSE MARIA ZARAGOSA

Luzon, Neo Gothic SAN SEBASTIAN Church, Manila 1st All–Steel Church in Asia; By: EIFFEL & Ar. GENARO PALACIOS

Luzon, Neo Gothic SHRINE OF OUR LADY OF CHARITY, Ilocos Sur – Belfry served as a Watchtower for Pirates

Luzon, Spanish Baroque MORONG Church, Rizal By: Fr. BLAS Dela MADRE

Luzon CALASIAO, Pangasinan 2nd Best Bell Tower By: Fr. RAMON DALINAO

Luzon LAOAG Church, Ilocos Norte Sinking Bell Tower By: Fr. JOSEPH RUIZ

Luzon STA. ANA Church, Manila By: Fr. VICENTE INGLES Restored By: JUAN NAKPIL

Luzon STA. MARIA CHURCH, Ilocos Sur Brick Walls Devoid of Ornament; On Hilltop w/ a Defensive Wall
“NUESTRA SENORA DE LA ASUNCION CHURCH”

Luzon LAS PIÑAS CHURCH / ST. JOSEPH PARISH Bamboo Pipe Organ By: Fr. DIEGO CERA

Luzon STO. DOMINGO CHURCH, QC By: JOSE MARIA ZARAGOSA

Luzon, Ultra–Baroque TUMAUINI CHURCH / SAN MATIAS CHURCH, Isabela – Red Bricks; Serpentine Reliefs, Spiral Curves, Cherubs &
Saints; Circular Belltower (Limestine Fin.) By: DOMINICAN DOMINGO
FORTO

Luzon, 18th Cen. Baroque STA. MARIA CHURCH, Ilocos Sur Brick Church on Hill; Circular Buttresses; 85 Steps; Semicircular Pediment
Built By: Augustinian BENIGNO FERNANDEZ

Luzon, Baroque Elements VIGAN CATHEDRAL / Metropolitan Cathedral of the Conversion of St. Paul the Apostle, Ilocos Sur
UNESCO World Heritage Site Three Arched Doorways; Chinese Fu Dogs; Urn-Like Finial at Pediment

Luzon, Baroque Church PAOAY CHURCH, Ilocos Norte 1973 Nat’l. Cultural Treasure; Massive Coral Stone Bell Tower
UNESCO World Heritage Site “ST. AUGUSTINE CHURCH;” Example Of “Earthquake Baroque” By: ANTONIO ESTAVILLO
Volutes of Contrafuertes (Buttresses) & In the Pyramidal Finials of Wall Facades

Luzon SAN AGUSTIN Church, INTRAMUROS 1st Church Built In Luzon; Oldest Stone Church in Manila
UNESCO World Heritage Site “Immaculate Conception of San Agustin Church” By: Fr. JUAN MACIAS
High Baroque Style Retablo Burned down twice in 1500s; Only Structure in Intramuros to Survive WWII
Ceiling Paintings in the Trompe L’oeil Style; Chinese Fu Dogs at Entry

Luzon PANAY Church, Ilocos Sur Largest Bell, From 30 Sacks of Coins Donated By: Townspeople
UNESCO World Heritage Site “STA. MONICA Parish” (From Panay Island)

Visayas, Fortress Baroque MIAG–AO Church, IloIlo Coconut Tree Facade; Towers as lookouts against Muslim Raids
UNESCO World Heritage Site “STO. TOMAS DE VILLANUEVA CHURCH” By: Fr. FERNANDO COMPOREDONDO & GONZALES

Visayas STO. NINO CEBU / BASILICA MINORE DEL STO. NINO, Cebu – PH’s Oldest Church By: Fray DIEGO DE HERRERA
Moorish, Romanesque & Neoclassical Elements; Trefoils on Doorways

Visayas BACLAYON Church, Bohol Oldest Stone Church in the Country

Visayas LOBOC Church, Bohol / “SAN PEDRO APOSTOL Parish”; Biggest No. of Murals on Walls & Ceilings

Visayas, Neo Mudejar CARCAR CHURCH, Cebu / “STA. CATALINA DE ALEXANDRIA CHURCH”; Minaret–like Bell Towers

Visayas, Baroque DARAGA CHURCH, Albay Established By People from Cagsawa Who Fled the Eruption of Mt. Mayon
Tablet w/o columns & cornices, twisted columns, medallions, statues & reliefs
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AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

COLONIAL INFRASTRUCTURES Buildings were built to facilitate ventures in military control, public health, education, and commerce

OFFICIAL ARCHITECTURAL STYLES – A “Regime” Of Reinforced Concrete & Galvanized Iron

COLONIAL REVIVAL MISSION

Use of clay roof tiles, adobe, concrete, stucco, gabled roof, round arch entrances, arcades, corridors, and mirador towers
NEOCLASSICISM
Revival of using Greek and Roman orders as decorative motifs

BUREAU OF PUBLIC WORKS Nerve Center of Colonial Architectural Production; Consultations, repair, Const’n DS & supervision

Consulting Architects: WILLIAM PARSONS, GEORGE FENHAGEN, & RALPH HARRINGTON DOANE

CAMP JOHN HAY, Baguio Recreation Camp for Officers & Men; nearby gold mines; American military presence in N. Luzon
FORT WILLIAM MCKINLEY, Manila Home of the PH Division; The main American ground unit in the PH
GABALDON SCHOOLHOUSES – Set of mass-produced model schoolhouses
DAVAO MUNICIPAL HALL & CALAPE MUNICIPAL BUILDING, Bohol
CAPITOL OF PANGASINAN Supervised By: RALPH HARRINGTON DOANE
PHILIPPINE GENERAL HOSPITAL, Manila By: WILLIAM PARSONS
MANILA HOTEL – One of the most prestigious hotels in the world during its time By: WILLIAM PARSONS
1st hotel in Asia; 1st with elevator Renovated by LOCSIN in 1975

IMPROVEMENTS IN SANITATION
CUBETA / “PAIL SYSTEM” Intro to Toilet Concept to Bahay Kubo Dwellers
Public Toilet Sheds – In Congested Nipa Districts
Latrine System – for remote areas

THE SANITARY BARRIO Neighborhood concept; Nipa Houses built on Highly Regulated Blocks of Subdivided Lots
 Public Latrines – Built-In System of Surface Drainage
 Public Bath Houses & Laundry
 Public Water Hydrants, Which Are Free of Charge

TSALET “The Healthy Housing Alternative” Middle Class; Suburban House

Vernacular Buildings with Hygienic Structural Principles; Wood or Ferroconcrete
Steps Leading To a Veranda, Floor To Ceiling Partitions, Bedrooms, Living & Dining Rm., Kitchen, Toilet & Bath

1930’s – Continued Urban Development; Emergence of Multi-Storey, Multi-Family Dwellings & Commercial Structures;
Distinct Simplification of Lines, Emphasis on Verticality;
Other Architects Contradicted the Trend by Putting Horizontal Strips of Glass Window

URBAN PLANNING – Proposed ideas of organized Comprehensive Urban Planning based on the principles of the City Beautiful Movement

FORMULAIC ELEMENTS A Civic Core; Wide Radial Avenues; Landscaped Promenades; Visually Arresting Panorama
Proposed Plans for the Development of Manila & Baguio By: DANIEL BURNHAM

NEW MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Importing American Architecture & Building Technology
Adoption of Standardized Plans & Modularized Systems for Building Types
 KAHN TRUSS SYSTEM – Trussed Bars Were Placed Within Concrete Moulds for Floor Slabs & Beams
 Steel-Framed Skeleton Construction
 Concrete Hollow Blocks
 Reinforced Concrete (Ferroconcrete)
 Prefabricated Components & Precast Concrete

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 HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

EARLY AMERICAN PERIOD

1900–1919 NOTABLE ARCHITECTS:

WILLIAM CAMERON FORBES – American Commissioner
DANIEL BURNHAM – Commissioned by Gov. General W.H. Taft to Master Plan of Manila & Baguio (Summer Capital)
& Government Buildings (Agri-Finance Building, Senate Building, among others)
Prepared Site For:
POST OFFICE
PHILIPPINE GENERAL HOSPITAL
ARMY & NAVY CLUB Rest & Recreation for US Soldiers
MANILA HOTEL 1st Hotel in Asia; 1st with elevator
Renovated By: LOCSIN in 1975
PIERCE ANDERSON – Assistant of D. Burnham
WILLIAM PARSONS – Implementation of D. Burnham’s Plans
Buildings Designed:
“GABALDON” – Schoolhouse, Most Visible, 5 Prototypes
PHILIPPINE GENERAL HOSPITAL
ARMY & NAVY CLUB
MANILA HOTEL
PHILIPPINE NORMAL SCHOOL
WOMEN’S DORMITORY OF THE NORMAL SCHOOL
UNIVERSITY HALL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PH – By: PADRE FAURA
YMCA BUILDING
ELK’S CLUB
MANILA CLUB
GEORGE FENHAGEN
RALPH HARRINGTON DOANE – Capitol of Pangasinan
TOMAS MAPUA – 1st Registered Architect in Country
ANTONIO TOLEDO – Assistant to WILLIAM PARSONS
JUAN ARELLANO
ALEJANDRO LEGARDO
CARLOS BARREDO

OTHER NOTABLE WORKS:

UST MAIN BUILDING By: ROQUE RUENO
MASONIC TEMPLE, ESCOLTA 1st Multi–Storey Reinf. Concrete Bldg. in Escolta
NATIONAL MUSEUM 1st Was the Legislative Building
Art Noveau UY-CHACO Bldg. PH’s First & Only ART NOVEAU High-Rise
French Baroque Style LUNETA HOTEL 2nd Hotel in Asia; French Baroque Style
INTENDENCIA BUILDING Adjacent To Manila Cathedral
RIZAL MONUMENT Obelisk
STA. ISABEL COLLEGE

1935 – 1945 COMMONWEALTH ERA PH’s 10 Year Transitional Period in Preparation for Independence from US
(PH Independence Act / Tydings-McDuffie Law; Article XVIII of the 1935 Constitution)
Transition Government; Increasing Population in Manila
A New City Was Being Contemplated To Cushion the Impending Urban Sprawl

BARRIO OBRERO Homesite Project

Aims To Provide the Workingmen & Permanent Employees with Homes at Reasonable Cost
Will Serve As Model Residential & Community Center

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF DESIGN BY:

1) 1st Gen. JUAN ARELLANO
2) 2nd Gen. ANDRES LUNA DE SAN PEDRO
3) 2nd Gen. JUAN NAKPIL
4) 2nd Gen. PABLO ANTONIO
5) 2nd Gen. FERNANDO OCAMPO
6) 3rd Gen. ANGEL NAKPIL
7) - - - - - - VICTORIO EDADES

UAP United Architect of the Philippines Merged PH Institute of Architects (PIA), League of PH Architects (LPA),
& the Association of PH Government Architects (APGA)

ORDER OF NATIONAL ARTISTS Recognizes excellence in the fields of

Music, Dance, Theater, Visual Arts, Literature, Film & Broadcast Arts, & Architecture or Allied Arts

NATIONAL ARTISTS FOR ARCHITECTURE

1973 JUAN NAKPIL
1976 PABLO S. ANTONIO
1990 LEANDRO V. LOCSIN
2006 ILDEFONSO P. SANTOS, JR. (LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE)
2014 JOSE MA. V. ZARAGOZA

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 HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

FILIPINO ARCHITECTS

FIRST GENERATION PENSIONADO PROGRAM, scholarship launched by the government that allowed
Filipino students to pursue university education in the United States
Leading Filipino MAESTROS DE OBRAS (“Master Builders”)
Acquired Title either from Practical Experience or Completed Academic Training of Master Builder’s Course

ARCADIO ARELLANO First Filipino to be employed by the Americans as their

Consulting Architect Appointed by C.G. Taft
Pioneered the PH AR’l & Surveying Office

INSULAR ICE PLANT & STORAGE – First Large Building Erected By Americans
GOTA DE LECHE Bldg., Manila – Pioneered in the establishment of an AR’l & surveying office in the country
MAUSOLEUM OF THE VETERANS OF THE REVOLUTION, Manila

JUAN ARELLANO Most Prolific Artist-Designer; Promoted the Shift to

Proto-Modern (Art Deco & Streamline Modern) & Nativist Phase of PH AR
Brother of ARCADIO ARELLANO

Early American Period; Neoclassicism
Early American Period
Art Deco
NATIONAL MUSEUM (formerly the LEGISLATIVE BUILDING), Manila – Major Work
POST OFFICE BUILDING, Manila – at Liwasang Bonifacio
METROPOLITAN MUSEUM, Manila – Tropical Fruits & Flora Motifs, Bamboo Banister Railings,
Carved Banana & Mango Ceiling Relief, & Batik Mosaic Patterns
RIZAL MEMORIAL STADIUM
Master plan of UP Diliman Campus
BENITEZ HALL (Education) & MALCOLM HALL (Law), UP Diliman
VILLAMOR HALL, UP Campus in Taft
SUPREME COURT OF THE PH
JONES BRIDGE

TOMAS ARGUELLES Public Administrator; Advocated “Building Code of Manila”

HEACOCK’S BUILDING – One of the major department stores of the period

ELIZALDE BUILDING ON MUELLE DE LA INDUSTRIA, Manila

CARLOS BARETTO First Pensionado; First Filipino Architect with Academic Degree Abroad (Pennsylvania)
Became one of the pioneering staff of the Division of Architecture

ANTONIO TOLEDO Master of Neoclassicist Style; Among the First Architect-Educators

Assistant to WILLIAM PARSONS
MANILA CITY HALL
DEPT. OF TOURISM BLDG. (AGRICULTURE & COMMERCE)
DEPT. OF FINANCE
LEYTE CAPITOL BUILDING
NATIONAL MUSEUM BUILDING
CEBU CUSTOM HOUSE
UP PADRE FAURA CAMPUS
COLLEGE OF MEDICINE ANNEX & UP LIBRARY, Manila

TOMAS MAPUA 1st Registered Architect in the PH; Established Second School (followed by UST & Adamson)

M.I.T. MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY – Established In 1925; the First & Oldest AR’L School in the PH
Early American Period DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY, MAIN BUILDING – Classic Revivalist Influences
NURSE’S HOME – at the PH Gen. Hospital Compound
CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY

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1920s–1930s SECOND GENERATION Introduced ART DECO; having Foreign Education

Halt of Arch’l. Production due to a Three-Year Japanese Occupation

ANDRES LUNA DE SAN PEDRO Popularized the “EL NIDO” Style; introduced new AR’l forms in the PH by
Incorporating Modern & Exotic Design Motifs through Art Deco
Son of the Great Filipino Painter, JUAN LUNA

PERKIN’S HOUSE / “EL NIDO” (The Nest) – Awarded 1st in Manila’s 1925 House Beautiful Contest
Art Deco CRYSTAL ARCADE, Manila – Manila’s Most Modern Building before WWII
French Renaissance LEGARDA ELEMNTARY SCHOOL
French Renaissance RAFAEL FERNANDEZ HOUSE – Official Residence of CORAZON AQUINO during her Presidency
Art Deco & Modern PEREZ-SAMANILLO BLDG.
REGINA BLDG., Manila
NATIVIDAD BLDG.
ST. CECILIA’S HALL, ST. SCHOLASTICA’S COLLEGE
SY CONG BIENG MAUSOLEUM, Manila North Cemetery

JUAN NAKPIL 1st National Artist of Architecture (1973); dictum “Less In More”
Worked Largely In the Art Deco Style, Combining Stylized Flora & Angular Forms
QUIAPO CHURCH, Manila – Reconstruction & Addition of Dome & Belfry
GERONIMO REYES BUILDING
GONZALES HALL, MAIN LIBRARY Bldg., UP Diliman
QUEZON HALL, UP ADMINISTRATION Bldg., UP Diliman
Art Deco Facade QUEZON INSTITUTE – superimposed a native touch on the art deco facade via high-pitch roof
Tausug Roof Finials COTABATO MUNICIPAL HALL – Tausug House Silhouette; Naga Tadjuk Pasung Gable Finial
Folded Plates COMMERCIAL BANK & TRUST Bldg. – Now ALLIED BANK
State AR; Folded Plates SSS (Social Security System), Quezon City – Use of Folded Concrete Plates as Aesthetic Features
Folded Plates RIZAL THEATRE
EVER THEATRE – 1st to use Glass as Prominent Material
CAPITOL THEATRE
MANILA JOCKEY CLUB

PABLO ANTONIO 2nd National Artist of Architecture

Building Character: Clean Lines, Plain Surfaces, & Bold Rectangular Masses
He also became president of the Philippine Institute of Architects

Art Deco FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY Main Bldg.

Brise Soleil CAPTAIN LUIS GONZAGA Bldg., Rizal Avenue Corner Carriedo
Brise Soleil MAY Bldg.
PH NAT’L BANK
MANILA RAILROAD COMPANY
IDEAL THEATRE
GALAXY THEATRE
LYRIC THEATRE
BEL–AIR ALHAMBRA APARTMENTS
SYQUIA APARTMENTS
SEA TOWER APARTMENTS

FERNANDO OCAMPO Co-Founded the UST School of Fine Arts & Architecture In 1930
FEATI UNIVERSITY BUILDING
AMBASSADOR HOTEL – 1st skyscraper 4–Storeys
Neo–Romanesque MANILA CATHEDRAL Neo–Romanesque with Art–Deco Ornaments
UST Central Seminary Building

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 HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

1946, 1947 THIRD GENERATION 1946 – Post-War II Era & the Republic Years; Form Follows Function / International Style
1947 – ARs & Engg’s on Manila’s Master Plan (study from modern US & Latin American capitals)
CESAR CONCIO
1st Brise Soleil INSULAR LIFE BUILDING – 1st Brise Soleil; Skyscraper Type; 30-storey
First office building to surpass the old height restriction in the Makati CBD
Redeveloped in 2005 by the Japanese firm, TAKENOBU MOHRI ARCHITECTS & ASSOCIATES

Soft Modernism; Thin Shell CHURCH OF THE RISEN LORD (UP)

Pierced Screens VINZON’S HALL, UP Diliman
PALMA HALL (UP–Arts & Sciences Building), UP Diliman
MELCHOR HALL (UP–Engg. & Arch Building), UP Diliman
Protestant Chapel & Fellowship Center, UP Diliman
Buildings in Silliman University
UP College of Forestry, Los Banos, Laguna
CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL – NORTH General Hospital / Jose Reyes Hospital Pablo Cruz

ANGEL NAKPIL Cousin of JUAN NAKPIL; Manila’s City Planning Commissioner (Post-War Reconstruction)
Regional Tropicalism NATIONAL PRESS CLUB, Intramuros, Manila – Bauhaus Inspired
LOPEZ MUSEUM, Pasay
PICACHE BUILDING, Quiapo, Manila – First Skyscraper in the Philippines; 12–Storeys

ALFREDO LUZ Modern but Tropical Style (Late 50s & Early 60s)
RAMON MAGSAYSAY CENTER, Manila
INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, Los Banos, Laguna
W.H.O. – WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION REGIONAL HEADQUARTERS, Manila
ERMITA CENTER

OTILIO ARELLANO Nephew of JUAN ARELLANO; Native Symbols as Inspiration; Int’l Style Generation
Neo–Vernacular; Salakot Roofed PH PAVILION – 1964 PH International Exposition; New York’s Fair
Restoration of METROPOLITAN THEATRE
NBI, Manila – Nat’l Bureau of Investigations, Taft Avenue
PALACIO DEL GOBERNADOR, Intramuros
RCBC – Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation, Buendia, Makati

FELIPE MENDOZA
Regional Tropicalism DEVELOPMENT ACADEMY OF THE PHILIPPINES, Pasig City
Modern Church MANILA MORMON TEMPLE, Quezon City
Marcosian AR BATASANG PAMBANSA BUILDING
Marcosian AR NAYONG FILIPINO – Asia & World’s First Cultural Park Established
A Miniature Village Simulating the Folk Art & AR Drawn From Different Regions
Marcosian AR CCP Complex Cultural Center of the Philippines
Land Reclaimed From the Historic Manila Bay; Venue For Folk Festivals & Spectacular State Rituals;
Such As: Kasaysayan Ng Lahi; Miss Universe, 1974; Manila Int’l Film Festival; & Enshrining Of Nat’l
Artists
FEU Hospital, Nicanor Reyes Street Manila
LIBRARY & SCIENCE CENTER, XAVIER UNIVERSITY, Cagayan de Oro
SAN JOSE SEMINARY BUILDING, Ateneo de Manila University
ASSUMPTION SCHOOL BUILDINGS, Antipolo

GABRIEL FORMOSO
“VALLEY” GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB
ASIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT
CENTRAL BANK OF THE PHILIPPINES
PACIFIC STAR BUILDING, Makati
PBCOM TOWER

CARLOS ARGUELLES 5th Son of TOMAS ARGUELLES

PHILAMLIFE HOMES, Quezon City
PHILAMLIFE BUILDING
MANILA HILTON (now MANILA PAVILLION), United Nations Avenue
“URDANETA” APARTMENTS
TUSCANY APARTMENTS
AGLIPAYAN CHURCH
Modern Church CATHEDRAL OF THE HOLY CHILD, Manila

CRESENCIANO DE CASTRO
Skyscraper ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK BUILDING, Manila – Introduced the Use of Exposed Aggregate Finish

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 HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

POST-WAR ARCHITECTURE
 Mediocre Design, Uncontrolled & Hasty Rebuilding Only Resurrected Old Designs
 Development of Community Planning; Commercial Building Drew Inspiration from Contemporary Architecture in the West
 BUNGALOW – Introduced In 1948; One-Storey House with Wide Picture Windows, a Lanai & a Carport For Up To Three Cars
 Modern Architecture with a Renewed Interest in Filipino Motifs; Use of Pointed Roofs, Lattices, Screens, Wood Carvings
 Architecture of LEANDRO LOCSIN & FRANCISCO MANOSA

OTHER NOTABLE ARCHITECTS

IP SANTOS Father of PH Landscape AR

FRANCISCO FAJARDO
AUGUSTO FERNANDO
CARLOS BANAAG
GINES RIVERA
ANTONIO HEREDIA

LEANDRO LOCSIN (1990) 3rd National Artist for Architecture; The Poet of Space; space as defined by
Stark Modernity, Spatial Purity, Expansive Strength, Distinct Outlines & Straightforward Geometry
Produced 71 Residences, 81 Buildings & Sultanate Palace

NAIA – MANILA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT – Terminal Tower One

Most Impressive Work ISTANA NURUL IMAN / PALACE OF RELIGIOUS LIGHT, BRUNEI – Palace of Sultan in Brunei
Renovated in 1975 MANILA HOTEL – 1st Hotel in Asia; 1st with Elevator By: WILLIAM PARSONS
MANDARIN HOTEL
Thin Shell ST. ANDREW CHURCH, Makati City
Soft Modernism; Thin Shell PARISH OF THE HOLY SACRIFICE, UP Diliman Chapel – His 1st Project

CULTURAL CENTER OF THE PHILIPPINES (CCP)

Marcosian AR TANGHALANG PAMBANSA, CCP Main Theater
Marcosian AR NATIONAL ARTS CENTER, Laguna – on Mt. Makiling
Marcosian AR FOLK ARTS THEATER, TANGHALANG FRANCISCO BALAGTAS
Arena-type, 10,000-seat Theater constructed within 77 days
Intended venue for the 1974 Ms. Universe Pageant
Marcosian AR PICC, Philippine International Convention Center
Marcosian AR PHILCITE, Philippine Center for International Trade & Exhibitions
Regional Tropicalism BENGUET CORPORATION BUILDING PH’s First & Oldest Mining Company
Neo-Vernacular PHILIPPINE PAVILION 1970 Osaka World Exposition
HYATT REGENCY HOTEL, Roxas Boulevard
MAKATI STOCK EXCHANGE
MONTEREY APARTMENTS, AYALA Avenue
PHILIPPINE STOCK EXCHANGE
NEW ISTANA, BRUNEI

JOSE ZARAGOZA (2014) 5th National Artists for Architecture

Bris Soleil MERALCO BUILDING – First building to rise along Ortigas Avenue
Restoration QUIAPO CHURCH – Restored with NAKPIL
Folded Plate UNION CHURCH
Modern Church STO. DOMINGO CHURCH & CONVENT, Quezon City
PHILIPPINE AIRLINES Bldg., Ayala Avenue

JORGE RAMOS Designer of Several Government Hospitals

Regional Tropicalism
Marcosian AR; Health Facility
Marcosian AR; Health Facility
Marcosian AR; Health Facility
Marcosian AR; Health Facility
Marcosian AR; Health Facility
Marcosian AR; Health Facility
Marcosian AR; Health Facility
GOLDEN MOSQUE, Quiapo, Manila
GSIS BUILDING, Pasay City
Expansion of (PGH) PH GENERAL HOSPITAL
PHILIPPINE HEART CENTER, Quezon City
LUNG CENTER
EYE CENTER
KIDNEY INSTITUTE
RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR TROPICAL MEDICINE
LUNGSOD NG KABATAAN (CHILDREN’S CITY)

FEDERICO ILUSTRE – Head of the Division of Architecture – Consulting Architect (State Architecture Period)
State AR GSIS BUILDING, Manila
State AR RUPERTO GAITE QUEZON CITY ASSEMBLY HALL, Quezon City
State AR; Art Deco QUEZON MEMORIAL SHRINE – 3 Pylons Topped W/ Winged Figures Representing 3 Islands
State AR; Demolished VETERANS MEMORIAL BUILDING, Manila
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 HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

MAÑOSA BROTHERS (JOSE, FRANCISCO, AND MANUEL JR.)

Space Age AR RESIDENCE OF IGNACIO ARROYO

Space Age AR MUTYA NG PASIG REVOLVING RESTAURANT
SULO HOTEL
Regional Tropicalism SAN MIGUEL CORPORATION BUILDING By: MAÑOSA BROTHERS & IP SANTOS
Regional Tropicalism TAHANANG FILIPINO / COCONUT PALACE By: FRANCISCO MANOSA (Best Work)
State Guest House at the CCP Complex by the Bay
In Promotion of Imelda’s Coconut Utilization Program
Showcased a Double Roof Reminiscent Of the Salakot (A Wide Brimmed Hat)
& Swing-Out (Naka-Tukod) Window Borrowed From the Bahay Kubo

Marcosian AR; Housing Project
PAGASA BLISS HOUSING – Bagong Lipunan Improvement of Sites & Services (BLISS)
Imelda’s Idea Of A Model Community Plan, A Self-Reliant & Self-Sufficient Settlement
Designed For 50-100 Families In A Two-And-A-Half Hectare Area
By: De Leon, Manosa, Paloma, Manahan
SIERRA LAKE RESORTS, Laguna
HIDDEN VALLEY SPRINGS RESORT, Laguna
COLEGIO DE SAN AGUSTIN, Makati

MARCOS DE GUZMAN
Space Age AR RESIDENCE OF ARTEMIO REYES Plateriform, Saucer-Shape Motif

DOMINADOR LUGTU
Thin Shell Struc. ARANETA COLISEUM, Cubao, Quezon City
Designed by the Progressive Development Corporation owned by J. Amado Araneta
One of Asia’s largest coliseums & indoor facilities; One of World’s largest clear span domes
VICTOR TIOTUYCO
Folded Plate UP INTERNATIONAL CENTER, UP Diliman

CARLOS SANTOS–VIOLA
Modern Church IGLESIA NI CRISTO, CENTRAL, Quezon City

ROBERTO NOVENARIO
Pierced Screens ABELARDO HALL (Music), UP Diliman

JULIO VICTOR ROCHA Initiated the Successful Use of Brise Soleil

Bris Soleil UST ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE BLDG
Bris Soleil ROQUE ROANO BUILDING, UST Manila

LUIS MA. ARANETA

Skyscraper ARANETA-TUASON BUILDING, Manila – First To Use Vertical Brise Soleil as a Decorative Feature
TIMES THEATRE – 1st with Backlights
MANILA DOCTOR’S HOSPITAL
FROILAN HONG
Marcosian AR MANILA FILM CENTER – Applied classical proportions in the design of its facade

GERONIMO MANAHAN
Marcosian AR; Housing Proj. “The Passively Cooled Urban House” – A Prototype House
Collaboration: MINISTRY OF ENERGY
CRESENCIANO DE CASTRO
Soft Modernism PHILIPPINE ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTER
Skyscraper ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK BUILDING, Manila – Introduced the Use of Exposed Aggregate Finish

WUDERMAN & BECKET

JAI-ALAI BUILDING

WILLIAM COSCOLLUELA
ROBINSON’S GALLERIA

ANTONIO SINDIONG
SM MEGAMALL

GABINO DE LEON
SHELL HOUSE
KAPITBAHAYAN HOUSING PROJECT

ANTONIN RAYMOND CZECH AMERICAN ARCHITECT

VICTORIA’S CHURCH / ST. JOSEPH THE WORKER Church, Victorias City, Negros (1949)

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 HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

MODERN ARCHITECTURE Represented growth, progress, advancement, & decolonization; Features Utilization of reinforced concrete, steel & glass;
predominance of cubic forms, geometric shapes, Cartesian grids; & absence of applied decoratio

1950s – 1970s STATE ARCHITECTURE Capital cities, institutional buildings, and national monuments as symbols of national power

1950s SPACE AGE ARCHITECTURE Significant events in science fueled faith in technology

1950s – 1960s THIN SHELL A three-dimensional curved plate struc. of reinforced concrete; Thin compared to its dimension & load-carrying

1950s FOLDED PLATE A roof structure in which strength & stiffness is derived from pleated or folded geometry
Formed by joining flat, thin slabs along their edges

1950s SOFT MODERNISM Sculptural Plasticity of Poured Concrete; Soft & Sinuous Organic Forms via Thin-Shell Technology

MODERN CHURCHES Worship spaces adapted Sculptural acrobatics achieved via Poured Concrete (Liquid Stone)

1970s REGIONAL TROPICALISM

Imelda Marcos pursued a singular “National AR’l Style” Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa (One Nation, One Soul)
Incorporation of attributes of the region’s endemic & traditionally built environment
The oil crisis of 1973 to a movement for energy-efficient designs

1950s – 1960s PIERCED SCREENS Masonry that is perforated, pierced, or lattice-like

Functioned mainly as diffusers of light and doubled as exterior decorative meshes

1950s – 1960s BRISE SOLEIL Sun Breakers; AR’l baffle device on windows or projected over the entire surface of a building’s facade

SKYSCRAPERS Manila Ordinance No. 4131 allowed maximum height of bldgs. to be increased from 30 to 45 meters

NEO–VERNACULAR Attempt to Recreate a Past Style; “Folk Architecture” & the Bahay Kubo Became AR’l Archetypes

MARCOSIAN ARCHITECTURE MARCOS REGIME – “Golden Age of PH AR” Launched its New Society; Extravagant Building Programs
Headed By: IMELDA MARCOS

PLANNING DEVELOPMENTS – Addressing the Growing Dilemma in Urban Migration

THE NEW CAPITOL CITY

R.A. No. 333 of July 17, 1948: Quezon City was inaugurated as the new capital city & the Capital City Planning Commission was created

ARELLANO–FROST PLAN
CONSTITUTION HILLS – New Site of the Government Center Located On a High Plateau

SUBURBIA & THE BUNGALOW – Subdivision Development; Patterned After the AMERICAN SUBURBIA (Automobile Culture)
Planning Concepts: “GARDEN CITY” (Ebenezer Howard) & “NEIGHBOURHOOD UNITS” (Clarence Perry)

HOUSING AGENCIES

PEOPLE’S HOMESITE CORPORATION (PHC)

First Government Housing Agency; Established Model Residential Communities for the Low Income Bracket

NATIONAL HOUSING CORPORATION (NHC) Constructed Heroes Hill, the Residential Units for Military Officials

PHHC PEOPLE’S HOMESITE & HOUSING CORPORATION, Merged PHC & NHC – Single-Detached, Duplex, & Rowhouses
Designed & Developed the Mass-Fabrication of Low-Cost Bungalow Units
(Kamuning Housing Projects & Projects 1 - 8 & 16)

MID – & HIGH–INCOME SUBDIVISIONS

PHILAM LIFE HOMES Developed by the PH American Life Insurance Company for moderate income families

AYALA Y COMPANIA Developer of exclusive suburban villages

Aimed to transform Makati into the most modern community in the country

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 HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

CONTEMPORARY PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE
PLURALISM
Characterized by an overt application of historical references
and blunt symbolism
PHILIPPINES 2000
An economic program for the “Newly Industrialized Country”
through “Global Architecture” in the PH
MICHAEL GRAVES
WORLD TRADE EXCHANGE, Binondo, Manila
I.M. PEI
ESSENSA TOWERS, Taguig, Metro Manila
Megamalls have become an urban fixture generating new urban spatial
experiences under a singular, enclosed domain
ANTONIO SINDIONG
SM Megamall – Largest mall in Asia with its concept
of a self-contained city, 1992
ARQUITECTONICA
ROBERT CARAG ONG & Associates as AOR (AR of Record),
2006
SM MALL OF ASIA
RTKL Associates Inc.
(Rogers, Taliaferro, Kostritsky & Lamb Associates Inc.)
OASIS, GLASS–ENCASED FLOATING GARDEN, 2004

AYALA CENTER, Cebu – Endeavors To Create a Highly

ARQUITECTONICA with Pedestrianized Urban Center
RECIO + CASAS ARCHITECTS, AOR
1999 PACIFIC PLAZA TOWER 1 & 2, Taguig City GATEWAY MALL, Cubao – Set the Standard for the Upscale
Westin Times Square Hotel, New York Malling Experience in Cubao
SM MOA
MOA Arena
SMX Convention Center HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS
Megamall (expansion)
SM Aura Premier (PRS) PIMENTEL, RODRIGUEZ, SIMBULAN & PATNERS
SM City North EDSA PLDT TOWER, Ayala Avenue, Makati City
6790, Ayala avenue, Makati City
SOM (Skidmore, Owings & Merrill) with
W.V. COSCOLLUELA & ASSOCIATES, AOR CITIBANK TOWER, Paseo de Roxas, Makati City
AYALA LIFE FGU, Ayala Avenue, Makati City
RCBC Plaza (Yuchengco Tower), Ayala Avenue, Makati EQUITABLE BANK TOWERS,
RENNAISANCE 2000
HIGH-TECH ARCHITECTURE RENNAISANCE TOWERS
New Multinational Style; Cybertopia Inspired; Sleek Machine Iconography,
Unadorned, Industrial Facade; Cutting-Edge Technology LOCSIN & PARTNERS
AYALA TOWER 1, Ayala Avenue, Makati City
SOM with GF & Partners Architects, AOR (Consultant: S.O.M.)
2000 PBCom Tower, Ayala Avenue, Makati
PH’s Tallest Office Building RECIO + CASAS
JOHN HANCOCK CENTER
PACIFIC PLAZA TOWERS, Fort Bonifacio (Arquitectonica)
BURJ KHALIFA
NAIA Terminal 3 KINGSWOOD, Vito Cruz, Makati City
MANANSALA TOWER, Rockwell center, Makati City
KPF (Kohn, Pendersen, & Fox) with
GF & Partners Architects, AOR GABRIEL FORMOSO & PARTNERS
2001 GT INTERNATIONAL TOWER, Makati City GT INTERNATIONAL TOWER, Ayala Avenue, Makati City
1999 ICEC (LKG) TOWER, Manila (RECIO + CASAS) OAKWOOD PREMIER RESIDENCE
PBCOM TOWER, Ayala Avenue, Makati City
PHILIP RECTO
ONE SAN MIGUEL BUILDING, Pasig City S.O.M. Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
1999 PETRON, MEGAPLAZA, Makati / (Mega World Plaza)
ROGELIO VILLAROSA
2000 ROXAS TRIANGLE 1 & 2
TEKTITE TOWER, Ortigas – Use of Mirror Glass
ADB – ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
JIN MAO TOWER
DECONSTRUCTION Exaggerated Geometric Compositions
H.O.K HELLMUTH, OKATA, KASSABAUM
EDUARDO CALMA 1998 ROBINSON’S EQUITABLE TOWER (Cosculluela)
DLSU-CSB School of Fine Arts & Design, Manila
PHILIP RECTO
MICRO–CITIES ONE SAN MIGUEL, Ortigas
Self-Contained Total Environments, Disney-fication
Typifies the Character of the Capitalist Space PALAFOX
ROCKWELL (S.O.M.)
ROCKWELL CENTER & EASTWOOD CITY FORBES TOWER, manila (RMJM London unlimited)
Disney–fication, The Urban Space Gradually Transformed into an
Environment Akin To Theme Parks PEI COBB FREED & PARTNERS
ESSENSA TOWERS (Pablo Antonio Jr.)
TAGAYTAY HIGHLANDS
A Community as an Escape from the City to a Life Enveloped By Nature

RETAIL ESTABLISHMENTS

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