1 of 39

Electric And Gravitational Fields Are Calibrated For Life

By

Ian Beardsley

Copyright © 2022 by Ian Beardsley


 2 of 39

Abstract………………………………………………………………..3
Electric Fields…………………………………………………………4
Here we talk about electric fields and explain just what the
natural constants are and what they mean.
1.0 The Mass of a Proton……………………………………………5
Here we find the mass of a proton in terms of quantum
mechanics’ h and classical gravity’s G, if we take the unit
of a second as a natural duration.
2.0 Proton-Seconds, Proton Radius, Hydrocarbons…….7
Here we formulate the idea of proton-seconds and find we
can do something without yet finding the second as a natural
duration of the atom, particularly in biochemistry’s
hydrocarbon skeleton’s.
3.0 Theory For The Atoms…………………………………………10
Here we introduce the idea of intermediary mass,
and NA𝔼 that we can combine with Giordano’s Relationship
to produce the constant k, laying the groundwork for the
duration of a second as natural.
4.0 The Principle of Least Action………………………………..16
Here we use the equation for duration of the second
as natural so we can use it to formulate a prediction of the
radius of the proton. and develop a field equation of
gravity that uses classical gravity’s G and quantum
mechanics’ h.
5.0 Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation………………….20
Here we develop a field equation of
gravity that uses classical gravity’s G and quantum
mechanics’ h.
6.0 Rigorous Formulation of Proton-Seconds………………22
Here we formulate our idea of proton-seconds more rigorously
so we can apply it to the periodic table as a mathematical
constructs.
7.0 Theory of Compounds…………………………………………..25
Here we show the elements and their ensuing
compounds are not just chemical constructs but
mathematical constructs.
8.0 The Cause of the Electric Fields……………………………..28
Here we propose a theory for the source of electric
Fields, and show they seem to suggest carbon to be
again at center stage.
9.0 Natural Units……………………………………………………….30
We show that strangely in terms of our theories here the
SI system of units comes out with its basis of kg, m, and s
as natural
10.0 Abstract Cosmology…………………………………………….37
We introduce the idea of abstract cosmology
 3 of 39

Abstract

Here we look at the structure of Nature, what we think it is and why it is calibrated the way it is.
We look at the structure of matter, space, and time, and show through the natural constants,
which are a measure of the way matter space and time are calibrated, that this calibration is
such that it allows for life from the microcosmos calibrated with Planck’s constant h for the
subatomic particles such as protons, electrons, and photons, to the intermediary, like the
elements made from the subatomic particles, and their ensuing compounds, such as the
hydrocarbons the skeleton’s of life chemistry, to the Sun, the planets, and their moons on the
large scale of the macrocosmos. We show there is some indication the structure of the
microcosmos is formulated in terms of the intermediary realms such as the elements and their
compounds, and in terms of the larger scale, the planets, moons and stars. One might suggest
this structure has the purpose of allowing for life, such that carbon, the core element of
biological life chemistry, is at the core of the overall construct. One might suggest the reason
this scenario is, is so that the Universe can be conscious. We find a recursive 6-fold symmetry
is behind all of this structure. A strange thing that falls out of this is that meters, second, and
kilograms are natural units.

 4 of 39

Electric Fields

We all know matter causes the gravitational field and that it is an attractive force the acts only
between masses. It is only noticeable for large masses, not just larger than atoms or the
subatomic particles that make them up, but larger than say a boulder; we would be hard
pressed to measure the gravitational attraction between to grains of sand, which are even
millions of times more massive than the silicon and oxygen atoms from which they are made.

But there are other kinds of force fields that allow matter to interact with one another, and the
one we are interested in here is the electric fields. We can measure these fields that are
associated with the subatomic particles the protons, and electrons. Unlike gravity, they are not
just attractive, but repulsive. Where gravity is a construct based on two, one mass attracts
another, electric fields are based on three. We notice that a proton and electron attract one
another, but that two protons repel one another and two electrons repel one another. The way
we have dealt with this is to say that the proton has positive charge, and the electron has
negative charge and established the convention that a positive and negative charge attract one
another and that two like charges repel one another. So while the positive proton attracts the
negative electron, the positive proton repels the positive proton, and the negative electron
repels the negative electron. What we mean by a proton having a positive charge physically we
just don’t know, nor of the electron having a negative charge either. We could have called the
proton negative and the electron positive, but we chose the convention to be the other way
around.

As well unlike gravity, we don’t know that electric charge is a function of mass, and indeed the
proton, which is about 1836 times more massive than the electron carries a charge equivalent
to that of an electron. This is what we want to explore, which is why nature is calibrated as it is.
We hope to show that this calibration allows for life. For instance, if the charges in the protons
are equivalent to one another, but the masses are different, then the acceleration of a proton
attracted to the electron is less than the acceleration of the same electron attracted to the
same proton, and this in turn determines the structure of the periodic table of the elements,
and their properties, that allows for life, among other things.

Our formulation of electric fields is geometric. We explain the electric field by placing an
arbitrary surface around a point charge and say the field exiting the surface, covers the surface
such as it equals the volume of charge contained in it. We say the electric field, the E ⃗ field, has
a flux, which is itself dotted over the area of the surface a ⃗ , is the charge in coulombs divided
by a constant epsilon determined by experiment contained in that volume:

E ⃗⋅ d a ⃗ =
Q
∮

ϵ0
Thus Q and epsilon are measures for the degree to which this holds, and represent the
calibration of Nature. If they were other than they are, things would work differently, or not at
all, not just in terms of the electric field, but in terms of other aspects of Nature, which seem to
be properly calibrated to allow for something as complex as life, or other aspects of Nature,
like the balance in stars that allows them to give warmth and light to the planets. We measure
Nm 2
in the laboratory if we say charge q in coulombs is q= 1.602E-19C, then Ke = 8.988E 9 ,
C2
1
where Ke = . Thus the electric field is force per coulomb at a point in space

4πϵ0
 5 of 39

q 1 q 1 q
E= ⋅ = ⋅ = ke

ϵ0 4π r 2 4πϵ0 r 2 r2

In my work A Theory of Space, Time, and Matter (Beardsley 2022) I developed a theory for the
mass of a proton in terms of G, h, and c which are the gravitational constant, Planck’s
constant, and the speed of light. Thus with G of classical gravitational theory and h of quantum
mechanics we are in the realm of quantum field theory which attempts to unify quantum
mechanics with gravitation theory. I wrote section 1…

1.0 The Mass of a Proton Gravity is a property of space measured by the universal constant
of gravity, G:

m2 m3
Equation 1.1 G = 6.674E − 11N = 6.674E − 11
s2 s 2 ⋅ kg
Matter, or inertia, which measures matter’s ability to resist a force is for each particle (protons
and neutrons) we will suggest given by:
 6 of 39

h kg ⋅ s
Equation 1.2. =
Gc m
Which describes mass per meter over time, which is:

kg ⋅ s
Equation 1.3: 1.82E − 16
m
1
It must be adjusted by the fine structure constant α. It is my guess the factor should be which
α2
is 18,769.:

Equation 1.4. (1.82E − 16kg ⋅ s /m)(18,769) = 3.416E − 12kg ⋅ s /m)

Here we are suggesting that the proton and neutron are the 3-dimensional cross-sections of a
hypersphere. Thus we consider the surface area of a proton, Sp:

Equation 1.5. Sp = 4π rp2 = 8.72E − 30m 2

We take the square root to get meters:

Equation 1.6. Sp = 2.953E − 15m

We multiply that with the value we have in equation 1.4:

kg ⋅ s
Equation 1.7. (2.953E − 15m)(3.416E − 12 ) = 1.009E − 26kg ⋅ s
m
We find that the mass of a proton mp realizes if we divide this by six seconds:

1E − 26
Equation 1.8. mp = = 1.67E − 27kg
6secon d s
That is hydrogen. We see that the element carbon manifests if we divide instead by 1 second:

1E − 26kg ⋅ s
Equation 1.9. mc = = 1E − 26kg = 6pr oton s = 6mp
1secon d
Carbon (C) is the core element of life chemistry and it combines with hydrogen (H) to make the
skeletons of organic matter, the so-called hydrocarbons:

1E − 26kg ⋅ s
Equation 1.10. mp =
6secon d s
1E − 26kg ⋅ s
Equation 1.11. mc =
1secon d
If we divide 1E-26kgs by something greater than 6 seconds we get fractional protons. The rest of
the elements in the periodic table occur for dividing by something less that 1-second. It seems
 7 of 39

the duration of a second is natural. If it is, since it was formed by a calendar based on
reconciling the periods of the moon and the sun in the earth sky, it should be in the Earth-moon
orbital mechanics. I find it is, that:

K Emoon
(Ear th Da y) ≈ 1secon d
K Eearth
That is, the earth day (86,400 seconds) times the kinetic energy of the moon to the kinetic
energy of the earth is about 1 second (about 1.2 seconds). The earth day changes very little, by
very small amounts over millions of years. The solar system has evolved towards this since the
explosion of life called the Cambrian, and will slowly decay away from it.

3rp 4πh
1.12 mp =
18α 2 Gc
Where

Ue
1.13. α2 =
mec 2
Is the fine structure constant squared is the ratio of the potential energy of an electron in the
first circular orbit to the energy given by the mass of an electron in the Bohr model times the
speed of light squared.

I then developed the concept of proton-seconds in section 2.0 where time is associated with
atoms through the number of protons they have.

2.0 Proton-Seconds, Proton Radius, Hydrocarbons We show carbon, the core element
of life is six-fold symmetric with hydrogen in terms of the natural constants that characterize
space, time, and matter:

mP : 1.67262 × 10−27 kg (Proton Mass)

h : 6.62607 × 10−34 J ⋅ s (Planck Constant)

rp : 0.833 × 10−15m (Proton Radius)

m2
G : 6.67408 × 10−11N (Gravitational Constant)
kg 2

c : 299,792,459m /s (light speed)

α : 1/137 (Fine Structure Constant)

We find one second gives six protons which is carbon:
 8 of 39

Equation 2.1

1 h 4π rp2
= 6pr oton ⋅ secon d s = carbon(C )
α mp
2 Gc

We find six seconds gives 1 proton is hydrogen:

Equation 2.2

1 h 4π rp2
= 1pr oton ⋅ 6secon d s = hydr ogen(H )
α mp
2 Gc

For time t greater than 6 seconds we have fractional protons. For t<6 we the have other
elements.

1 h 4π rp2
α mp
2 Gc

Is proton-seconds. Divide by time we have a number of protons because it is a mass divided by

the mass of a proton. But these masses can be considered to cancel and leave pure number. We
make a program that looks for close to whole number solutions so we can create a table of values
for problem solving.

By what value would you like to increment?: 0.25

How many values would you like to calculate for t in equation 1 (no more than 100?): 100
24.1199 protons 0.250000 seconds 0.119904 decpart
12.0600 protons 0.500000 seconds 0.059952 decpart
8.0400 protons 0.750000 seconds 0.039968 decpart
6.0300 protons 1.000000 seconds 0.029976 decpart
4.0200 protons 1.500000 seconds 0.019984 decpart
3.0150 protons 2.000000 seconds 0.014988 decpart
2.1927 protons 2.750000 seconds 0.192718 decpart
2.0100 protons 3.000000 seconds 0.009992 decpart
1.2060 protons 5.000000 seconds 0.205995 decpart
1.1486 protons 5.250000 seconds 0.148567 decpart
1.0964 protons 5.500000 seconds 0.096359 decpart
1.0487 protons 5.750000 seconds 0.048691 decpart
1.0050 protons 6.000000 seconds 0.004996 decpart
0.2487 protons 24.250000 seconds 0.248659 decpart
0.2461 protons 24.500000 seconds 0.246121 decpart
0.2436 protons 24.750000 seconds 0.243635 decpart

A very interesting thing here is looking at the values generated by the program, the smallest
integer value 1 second produces 6 protons (carbon) and the largest integer value 6 seconds
produces one proton (hydrogen). Beyond six seconds you have fractional protons, and the rest of
the elements heavier than carbon are formed by fractional seconds. These are the hydrocarbons
the backbones of biological chemistry. Here is the code for the program:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
 9 of 39

int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {

int n;
float value=0, increment,t=0, p=1.67262E-27, h=6.62607E-34,G=6.67408E-11,
c=299792459,protons[100],r=0.833E-15;

do
{
printf("By what value would you like to increment?: ");
scanf("%f", &increment);
printf("How many values would you like to calculate for t in equation 1 (no more than 100?):
");
scanf("%i", &n);
}
while (n>=101);
{

for (int i=0; i<n;i++)

{
protons[i]=((137*137)/(t*p))*sqrt(h*4*(3.14159)*(r*r)/(G*c));

int intpart=(int)protons[i];
float decpart=protons[i]-intpart;
t=t+increment;
if (decpart<0.25)
{ printf("%.4f protons %f seconds %f decpart \n", protons[i], t-increment, decpart);
}}}}

We need an interpretation of equation 2.1, which was

1 h 4π rp2
= 6pr oton ⋅ secon d s = carbon(C )
α mp
2 Gc

Matter is that which has inertia. This means it resists change in position with a force applied to
it. The more of it, the more it resists a force. We understand this from experience, but what is
matter that it has inertia? In this analogy we are suggesting a proton is a three dimensional
bubble embedded in a two dimensional plane. As such there has to be a normal vector holding
the higher dimensional sphere in a lower dimensional space. Thus if we apply a force to to the
cross-section of the sphere in the plane there should be a force countering it proportional to the
normal holding it in a lower dimensional universe. It is actually a 4-dimensional hypersphere
whose cross-section is a sphere. This counter force would be experienced as inertia. (Fig. 2)
Since plank’s constant h is a measure of energy over time where space and time are concerned it
must play a role. Of course the radius of a proton plays a role since squared and multiplied by 4π
it is the surface area of our proton embedded in space. The gravitational constant is force
produced per kilogram over a distance, thus it is a measure of how the surrounding space has an
effect on the proton giving it inertia. The speed of light c has to play a role because it is the
velocity at which events are separated through time. The mass of a proton has to play a role
because it is a measurement of inertia itself. And alas the fine structure constant describes the
degree to which these factors have an effect. We see the inertia then in equation 6 is six protons
over 1 second, by dimensional analysis.
 10 of 39

Fig. 2

We see the radius of a proton is given by carbon (1 second):

18 2 Gc
Equation 2.3. rp = α mp = 8.288587 × 10−16 m = 0.829f m
3 4πh
The experimental radius of a proton is:

Equation 2.4. rp = 0.833 ± 0.014f m

The fine structure constant squared is the ratio of the potential energy of an electron in the first
circular orbit to the energy given by the mass of an electron in the Bohr model times the speed of
light squared:

Ue
Equation 2.5. α2 =
mec 2
But we need to find the unit of a second as a natural duration in terms of the atom, which I did
with an innovation applied to Giordano’s Relationship in section 4.0. Here we will call it section
3.0

3.0 Theory For The Atoms We have determined the mass and radius of the proton, but still
need to derive the second to open it up to other realms and I find this can be done by deriving a
constant k by theorizing the atom, something made up of protons, neutrons and electrons. But I
have derived such a constant from Giordano’s relationship.

We now formulate what I call Giordano’s Relationship: Warren Giordano writes in his paper
The Fine Structure Constant And The Gravitational Constant: Keys To The Substance Of The
Fabric Of Space, March 21, 2019:

In 1980, the author had compiled a series of notes analyzing Einstein’s geometric to kinematic
equations, along with an observation that multiplying Planck’s constant ‘h’ by ‘1 + α’, where ‘α’
is the Fine Structure Constant, and multiplying by 10 23 yielded Newton’s gravitational constant
numerically, but neglecting any units.

Let’s do that

(6.62607E-34Js)(1+1/137)(1E23)=6.6744E-11 Js
 11 of 39

And it works, G is:

G=6.67408E-11 N(m2/kg2)

Let us reformulate this as:

(1 + α) kg 2 ⋅ s
Equation 3.1 h NA H = 6.0003
G m
Where NA = Avaga dr o′s − Nu m ber = 6.02E 23atom s /gr a m and H=1 gram/atom

Because for hydrogen 1 proton is molar mass 1 gram, for carbon 6 protons is 6 grams and so on
for 6E23 atoms per gram. Thus,…

atom s 1gr a m
NA H = 6.02E 23 ⋅ = 6.02E 23
gr a m atom
Since grams and atom cancel we can work in grams even though our equations are in kilograms.
Let us not write H, since formally it is grams per mole of hydrogen but write
gr a m
ℍ=1
atom
We have:

(1 + α) s
h ⋅ NAℍ = 6.0003kg 2 ⋅
G m
Or,…

Equation 3.2 h(1 + α)NAℍ = 6Gx

Where
s
Equation 3.3 x = 1.00kg 2
m
Let us say we were to consider Any Element 𝔼 say carbon ℂ. Then in general

(1 + α) s
Equation 3.4 h ⋅ NA𝔼 = 6.0003kg 2 ⋅
G m
We have

6gr a m s 6(6E 23pr oton s)

ℂ= and NA =
6pr oton s 6gr a m s
Because there are six grams of protons in carbon which has 6 protons and 6 neutrons and a
molar mass of 12. We have
 12 of 39

12-6=6 grams of protons in the 12 grams of protons and neutrons. Thus

NAℂ = 6E 23
And it follows that

(1 + α) s
h ⋅ NAℂ = 6.0003kg 2 ⋅
G m
We see in general since the atomic number Z is the number of protons in an atom that in general
this holds for all elements 𝔼 because

Z ⋅ 6E 23pr oton s
NA =
Z ⋅ gr a m s
And,

Z ⋅ gr a m s
𝔼=
Z ⋅ pr oton s
Therefore we always have:

Equation 3.5 NA ⋅ 𝔼 = 6E 23
This works nicely because we formulated molar mass nicely; we said element one (hydrogen)
which is one proton and one electron has one gram for a mole of atoms. Historically this was
done because we chose carbon (element six) to have 12 grams per mole, and determined what
the mole was such that it would hold. The reason this works is that hydrogen is one proton and
has no neutrons, but carbon has twelve neutrons but since hydrogen doesn’t have any neutrons,
and the neutron has the same mass as the proton, and our theory makes use only of protons (in
this instance of its formulation) equation 4.3
s
x = 1.00kg 2
m
Comes out to have x equal to 1.00 (nearly) even. It is at this moment that we point out, because
it is important, that in equation 4.5

NA ⋅ 𝔼 = 6E 23

𝔼 is not molar mass, and that NA is a variable determined by 𝔼; it is the number of a mole of
atoms multiplied by the number of protons in 𝔼. The reason we point this out, though it may
already be clear, is we wish to find the physical theory behind it. That is we need to find the
physical explanation for equation 4.4

(1 + α) s
h ⋅ NA𝔼 = 6.0003kg 2 ⋅
G m
It is the integer 6 to 3 ten thousandths. Which classifies it as interesting because since it is in
kilograms, seconds, and meters, it may mean these units of measurement have some kind of a
meaning. We can in fact write it:
 13 of 39

(1 + α) s
h ⋅ NA𝔼 = 6.000kg 2 ⋅
G m
We know that

Ue
α2 =
mec 2
The fine structure constant squared is the ratio of the potential energy of an electron in the first
circular orbit to the energy given by the mass of an electron in the Bohr model times the speed of
light squared. To begin our search for the meaning of equation 1.4 we convert x, the factor of
s
1.00 kg 2 ⋅ to astronomical units, years, and solar masses, as these are connected to the orbit
m
of earth as it relates to the sun. We have:

kg 2 s (1.98847E 30)2 M⊙2 1.4959787E11m year

⋅ ⋅ ⋅
1 m kg 2 AU 3.154E 7s

M⊙2 ⋅ year
=1.8754341E64
AU
We can now write

(1 + α) AU
Eq 3.6. h ⋅ NA𝔼 = 8.2172E 32M⊙
G year

This unit of AU/year is very interesting. It is not 2π AU/year, which would be the Earth’s orbital
velocity, but is a velocity given by the earth orbital radius to its orbital period, which is quantum
mechanical in nature. It relates to earth as as a state, as we have with atoms, a number. We
multiply both sides by 4π 2 and we have earth velocity on the left and the units stay the same on
the right. But what we will do is return to the form in kg-m-s and leave it as an equation but put
in the Earth mean orbital velocity which is 29.79km/s (Zombeck, Martin V. 1982). We get:

(1 + α)
Eq. 3.7 h ⋅ NA𝔼 ⋅ ve = 422.787kg
G
This brings up an interesting question: while we have masses characteristic of the microcosmos
like protons, and masses characteristic of the macrocosmos, like the minimum mass for a star to
become a neutron star as opposed to a white dwarf after she novas (The Chandrasekhar limit)
which is 1.44 solar masses, we do not have a characteristic mass of the intermediary world where
we exist, a truck weighs several tons and tennis ball maybe around a hundred grams. To find
that mass let us take the geometric mean between the mass of a proton and the mass of 1.44
solar masses. We could take the average, or the harmonic mean, but the geometric mean is the
squaring of the proportions, it is the side of a square with the area equal to the area of the
rectangle with these proportions as its sides. We have:
 14 of 39

M⊙ = 1.98847E 30kg

We multiply this by 1.44 to get 2.8634E30kg. The mass of a proton is mp = 1.67262E − 27kg.
We have the intermediary mass is:

Eq. 3.8 mi = (2.8634E 30)(1.67262E − 27) = 69.205kg

All we really need to do now is divide 4.7 by 4.8 and we get an even number that is the six of our
six-fold symmetry.

1 (1 + α)
Eq. 3.9 h ⋅ NA𝔼 ⋅ ve = 6.1092 ≈ 6
mi G
The six of our six-fold symmetry.

We have something very interesting here. We have

1 s
6kg 2 ve = 6
69.205kg m

This is:

Equation 3.10 k ve = 6
 15 of 39

Where k is a constant, given

1 s
Equation 3.11 k =
800 m
We can take the velocity of earth as being 30,000 m/s by rounding it. We have

30,000 1
= 37
800 2

37.5 = 6.123734357

1 1 h 4π rp2
⋅ 2 = 1.004996352secon d s
6 α mp Gc

Using k ve = 6, we write

1 h 4π rp2
= 1pr oton ⋅ secon d
α mp
2 G ck ve

(K . E . Moon)(Ear th Da y)
≈ 1secon d
(K . E . Ear th)

1 h 4π rp2 (K . E . Ear th)

= 1pr oton
α mp
2 G ck ve (K . E . Moon)(Ear th Da y)

1 h 4π rp2 (K . E . Ear th)

= 6pr oton s
α mp
2 Gc (K . E . Moon)(Ear th Da y)

1 h 4π rp2 (K . E . Ear th)

Eq. 3.12 =ℍ
α 2 mp G ck ve (K . E . Moon)(Ear th Da y)

ℍ = hydr ogen
The primordial element from which all others were made.

We can explicitly write the constant k:

 16 of 39

1 (1 + α)
Equation 3.13 k = h ⋅ NA𝔼
mi2 G

It was the Indian physicist Chandrasekhar who found the limit in mass for which a white dwarf
will not have its gravity overcome the degeneracy pressure and collapse. The non-relativistic
equation is:

c 3 ℏ3
Equation 3.14 M ≤ 0.77 = 1.41 ⊙
GN3 mp4

Let us approximate 0.77 with 3/4. Since we have our constant

1 1+α
k = h ⋅ NA𝔼
mi2 G

And mi = Mmp

Then
1/2
3 c 3ℏ3
Equation 3.15 mi =
2 G 3mp2

Since ℏ = h /2π our constant k in terms the Chandrasekhar limit is

4 8π 3G
Equation 3.16 k = mp (1 + α) ⋅ NA𝔼
3 c 3h

The innovations here were the idea of an intermediary mass, and NA𝔼 where NA is a variable,
Avogadro’s number multiplied by the number of protons in 𝔼. We can now develop the second
as a natural duration in the atom and we will do this here in section 4.0 which was section 5.0.

4.0 The Principle of Least Action We consider two paths, one with velocity c in one
medium, the other with velocity v in another. In order to go from one point two another over
two paths, the refraction is such that the sine of the angle of incidence equals the sine of the
angle of refraction.

sin α v
=
sinβ c
We have the two paths are travelled in a time t:
c +v
t = rp
cv
This is the mysterious Nature of reality, the path of least time is taken. This falls under the
general heading The Principle of Least Action, attributed to firstly the French Natural
Philosopher and mathematician Louis Maupertuis of the early eighteenth century. I say
 17 of 39

mysterious, because as it is said in physics, for something to know the path of least action and
take it, it is as if it has explored first all paths between A and B to know which one would be the
path of least action. Everything in physics comes to this principle. It is called a principle, not a
theory, law, or rule. Yet it seems to be the way Nature behaves, and it is mysterious. Richard
Feynman applied it to quantum mechanics, probably because the mysterious Planck’s constant
that governs quantum mechanics is in Joule-seconds, energy over time, and this is the terms in
which action is formulated mathematically.

In our scenario here we regard matter, the proton in particular, as the cross-section of a
hypersphere. Our two mediums are hyperspace and space and the least action principle applies
in the same mathematical form. This is abstract cosmology, that really is the underlying
mathematics is common to all systems, that in effect they are manifestations of one another.

We have
t
cv − v = c
r
We make the approximation
t
cv = c
r
So that
r
v=
t
We are saying t=6 seconds is the proton, and r is the radius of a proton r=0.833E-15m. Thus

0.833E − 15m
v= = 1.389E − 16m /s
6s
The radius of a hydrogen atom is Rh = 1.2E − 10m.

1.2E − 10m
t = = 863,930.8855s
1.389E − 16m /s
t
= 431,965.4428s
2
t
= (773.5m /s)(431,965.4428s) = 334,125,270m
k
334,125,270m 334,125,270m
= = 1.11452193secon d s
c 299,792,459m /s
And we have our one second as a natural constant with respect to the atom. We see it occurs at
t/2 which is at half the radius of a hydrogen atom. We want to deal with that size or around it;
our velocity comes from it and it can be thought of as a proton drift velocity akin to the electron
drift velocity in a wire that gives rise to an electrical current. We find if we derive the equation
that represents these computations, we have
 18 of 39

r
v=
t
Where,…

1 h 4π rp2 1 Gc rp Gc
t = 6s = 2 , = α 2 mp , v = = α 2 mp
α mp Gc t h 4π rp2 t h 4π

Radius of hydrogen atom RH = 1.2E − 10m

Rh 1 h 4π
t = = Rh ⋅ 2
v α mp Gc

Remember our constant k equation 4.16 (Don’t forget to divide by two somewhere):

1 3 1 c 3h 1 1 1 3 1 c 3h 1
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ≈ = ⋅ ⋅
k 4 mp 8π 3G 1 + α NA𝔼 k 4 mp 8π 3G NA𝔼

t 3 2 h 1 R
= ⋅ ⋅ 2 ⋅ H
ck 16 G π α mp NA𝔼

t 3 2 6.626E − 34 18769 1.2E − 10 1

= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = 1.12secon d s
ck 16 6.674E − 11 (1.6726E − 27)2 6.02E 23 π
Since we have the equation of the radius of a proton is given by, by evaluating it at one second
which is carbon:

18 2 Gc
rp = α mp = 8.288587 × 10−16 m = 0.829f m
3 4πh
And 1 second in terms of the atom is given by

3 2 h 1 R
⋅ ⋅ 2 ⋅ H = 1.12secon d s
16 G π α mp NA𝔼

Then the equation for the radius of a proton is:

9 1 hc RH
Equation 4.1. rp = 2⋅ ⋅
8 mp 4π 3G NA𝔼

And since
 19 of 39

3 2 h 1 R
⋅ ⋅ 2 ⋅ H = 1.12secon d s
16 G π α mp NA𝔼

1 h 4π rp2 K Eof Moon

≈6⋅ ⋅ Ear th Da y = (6)1.2secon d s
α mp
2 Gc K Eof Ear th

Then,…

3 2 h 1 R K Eof Moon
Equation 4.2. ⋅ ⋅ 2 ⋅ H = ⋅ Ear th Da y
16 G π α mp NA𝔼 K Eof Ear th

Let’s verify equation 4.1:

9 1 (6.626E − 34)(299,792,459) 1.2E − 10

rp = 2 ⋅ = 0.93f m
8 1.67E − 27 (6.674E − 11)4π 3 6.02E 23

Remember that in equation 4.1, which is

9 1 hc RH
rp = 2⋅ ⋅
8 mp 4π 3G NA𝔼

That, NA𝔼 must remain coupled. NA is determined by the number of protons in 𝔼.

Making the approximation 9/8~1 we can write equation 5.1 as

Equation 4.3

1 hc RH
rp = ⋅
mp 2π 3G NA𝔼

Which gives

rp = 8.26935E − 16m ≈ 0.827f m

( s ) ( s ) ( m ) NAℍ
1 m2 m s2 RH 1
rp = kg kg 3 = (kg) m
kg kg

We form constants:

hc
Equation 4.4. k = = 6.93E − 9kg
2π 3G
 20 of 39

RH
Equation 4.5 = 1.99E − 34m
NA𝔼
And we have the Equation:

RH
Equation 4.6 rp mp = k
NA𝔼
We can say that Avogadro’s number is not an arbitrary number because it is such that there are
twelve grams of carbon and carbon is 6 neutrons plus 6 protons equals 12.

We now want to add to this section the equation of the mass of a proton.

1 hc RH
Equation 4.7. mp = ⋅
rp 2π 3G NA𝔼

We now want to write a new section for this paper that uses this in Newton’s Universal Law of
Gravitation in section 5.0…

5.0 Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation Newton’s equation is

m1m 2
F =G
r2
And, the mass of a proton is equation 4.7

1 hc RH
mp = ⋅
rp 2π 3G NA𝔼

Letting m1 = m 2 = mp we have the gravitational attraction between two protons or neutrons is

1 h c RH2 1
Equation 5.1. F=
rp2 2π 3 N A2𝔼2 r 2

And we see we lost the constant G and have a quantum mechanical equation for gravity. We
want to write the equation of acceleration and we will do it for the moon first:

1 Gh c RH 1
Equation 5.2. am = ⋅ (Nm)
rp 2π 3 NA𝔼 Rm2

Where Rm is the radius of the moon (1,737,400 meters) and Nm is the number of proton making
up the moon. The mass of the moon is 7.342E22 kg and the mass of a proton is 1.6726E-27 kg
meaning it has 4.39E49 protons. This gives

1 Gh c RH 1
Equation 5.3 am =
rp
⋅
2π NA𝔼 Rm
3 2 (Np) = 1.61m /s 2
 21 of 39

Which is correct. We used G=6.674E-11, h=6.626E-34, c=299,792,459, and the radius of a

proton is 0.83rt3E-15. RH = 1.2E − 10m and NA𝔼 = 6.02E 23. We consider the factors

RH 1.2E − 10m N
= = 6.9E − 17 and. m = 7.3E 25 to get
RM 1,737,400m NA𝔼
Ne RH
Equation 5.4. ⋅ = 5E 9
NA𝔼 RM
If we do this for the Earth we get since the mass of the Earth is 5.97212E24 kg, and again the
mass of a proton is 1.6726E-27 kg meaning it has 3.57E51 protons. Radius of the earth 6,371,000
meters. This gives

1 Gh c RH 1
Equation 5.5. am = ⋅ 2 (Ne) = 9.73m /s 2
rp 2π NA𝔼 Re
3

Which is correct (9.81 m/s2)

RH 1.2E − 10m Ne
= = 1.88E − 17 and. = 5.93E 27 to get
Re 6,371,000m NA𝔼
Ne RH
Equation 5.6. ⋅ = 1E11
NA𝔼 RE
We took this little digression to see what is there and we find for the moon we evenly get 5
billion, and the earth ten hundred billion. What we really want to do is look at equation 5.1

1 hc RH2
F=

rp2 2π 3 N A2𝔼2

We said it is a quantum mechanical equation for gravity between two protons. To see this as a
field equation simply substitute mp for m, and we have:

1 hc RH2 1
Equation 5.7. a= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ N

mprp2 2π 3 N A2𝔼2 r 2

Where N is the number of protons in the body from which the field emanates. The innovations
laid out so far in this paper lead to a more rigorous approach to our idea of proton-seconds,
which in turn leads to a mathematical structuring of the elements in the periodic table, beyond
the chemical structuring we have today. We address this now in sections 6.0 and 7.0…

 22 of 39

6.0 Rigorous Formulation of Proton-Seconds

We can actually formulate this differently than we have. We had

1 1 h 4π rp2
= 6pr oton s
t1 α 2 mp Gc

1 1 h 4π rp2
= 1pr oton
t6 α 2 mp Gc

But if t1 is not necessarily 1 second, and t6 is not necessarily six seconds, but rather t1 and t2 are
lower and upper limits in an integral, then we have:

1 h 4π rp2 t2
1
G c ∫t1
Equation 6.1 dt = ℕ
α mp
2 t2

This Equation is the generalized equation we can use for solving problems.

Essentially we can rigorously formulate the notion of proton-seconds by considering

∫t ∬S
Equation 6.2 qdt = t 2 ρ(x, y, z)d x d y

⃗ ⃗
Is protons-seconds squared where current density is J = ρ v and ρ = Q /m 3 (ρ can also be
Q /m 2). We say

∫V
Equation 6.3 Q= ρd V

Keeping in mind q is not charge (coulombs) but a number of charges times seconds, here a
number of protons. It is

1 h 4π rp2
Equation 6.4 ℕ= 2
α mp Gc

Dividing Equation 6.2 through by t:

Equation 6.5

1 h 4π rp2 dt
G c ∫t t ∬S
=t ρ(x, y, z)d x d y
α 2 mp

Which is proton-seconds. Dividing through by t again:

 23 of 39

1 h 4π rp2 dt
G c ∫t t 2
Equation 6.6 = pr oton s
α mp
2

⃗ ⃗
We see that if J = ρ v where ρ = Q /m 3 and v = m /s then J is I/m2 (current per square meter)
is analogous to amperes per per square meter which are coulombs per second through a surface.
Thus we are looking at a number of protons per second through a surface. Thus we write:

1 h 4π rp2 tC
dt 1.0

G c ∫tMg ∫0.5
=6 t −2 dt = − 6(1 − 2) = 6
α mp
2 t2

Is carbon where 0.5 seconds is magnesium (Mg) from the values of time corresponding to
protons in the output from our program and 1.0 seconds is carbon (C). We see we have the
following theorem:

1 h 4π rp2 dt ⃗

G c ∫t t 3 ∬S
⃗
Equation 6.7 = J ⋅ d S
α 2 mp

So as an example,…

( 0.25 )
1 h 4π rp2 1.0
dt ⃗ 1 pr oton s
G c ∫0.5 ∬S
⃗
= J ⋅ d S = − 3 1 − = 9
α 2 mp t3 secon d

Is fluorine (F). Divide by xy with x=y=1 and we have current density. And multiply by 1 second
which is carbon and we have protons per square meter.
⃗ ⃗
J(x, y, z) = (0,0, J ) = − J k
⃗ ⃗
d S = d x d yk
⃗ ⃗
J ⋅ d S = (0,0, J ) ⋅ (0,0, d x d y) = − Jd x d y
 24 of 39

We are now equip to do computations in proton-seconds. We use equation 7.6 from two to
three, the smallest prime numbers that multiply to make six-fold symmetry in our hexagonal
proton that we found described its radius (My feeling is we introduce the factor of 2 because
carbon is 6 protons +6 neutrons and 2 times 6 is twelve):

2 h 4π rp2 dt
G c ∫t t 2
= pr oton s
α mp
2

Now we integrate from phosphorus is 15 protons=0.396 seconds to aluminum is 13 protons =

0.462 seconds which is to integrate across silicon (divide your answer 10 by 2 to get protons):

By what value would you like to increment?: 0.006

How many values would you like to calculate for t in equation 1 (no more than 100?): 100
251.2490 protons 0.024000 seconds 0.248978 decpart
59.1174 protons 0.102000 seconds 0.117416 decpart
50.2498 protons 0.120000 seconds 0.249805 decpart
40.1998 protons 0.150000 seconds 0.199844 decpart
37.2221 protons 0.162000 seconds 0.222080 decpart
27.1621 protons 0.222000 seconds 0.162058 decpart
25.1249 protons 0.240000 seconds 0.124907 decpart
20.0999 protons 0.300000 seconds 0.099916 decpart
17.0338 protons 0.354000 seconds 0.033823 decpart
16.2096 protons 0.372000 seconds 0.209604 decpart
15.2272 protons 0.396000 seconds 0.227202 decpart
14.1549 protons 0.426000 seconds 0.154862 decpart
13.2236 protons 0.456000 seconds 0.223620 decpart
13.0519 protons 0.462000 seconds 0.051885 decpart
12.1084 protons 0.498000 seconds 0.108375 decpart
11.1666 protons 0.540000 seconds 0.166615 decpart
11.0439 protons 0.546000 seconds 0.043906 decpart
10.1515 protons 0.594000 seconds 0.151471 decpart

Equation 6.9.

2 h 4π rp2 tAl
dt
G c ∫tP
= − 6(6.376 − 4.685) = 5pr oton s /secon d = bor on
α mp
2 t3

Silicon can be doped with phosphorus to make negative (n-type) silicon that semi-conducts thus
enabling the construction of logic circuits that you can use to make computing machines. But
this must be joined with positive (p-type) silicon which usually uses boron, but boron is in the
same group as aluminum, just above it. This results in a theory for AI elements as mathematical
constructs, that we will go into now.
 25 of 39

7.0 Theory of Compounds

Above we see the artificial intelligence (AI) elements pulled out of the periodic table of the
elements. As you see we can make a 3 by 3 matrix of them and an AI periodic table. Silicon and
germanium are in group 14 meaning they have 4 valence electrons and want 4 for more to attain
noble gas electron configuration. If we dope Si with B from group 13 it gets three of the four
electrons and thus has a deficiency becoming positive type silicon and thus conducts. If we dope
the Si with P from group 15 it has an extra electron and thus conducts as well. If we join the two
types of silicon we have a semiconductor for making diodes and transistors from which we can
make logic circuits for AI.

As you can see doping agents As and Ga are on either side of Ge, and doping agent P is to the
right of Si but doping agent B is not directly to the left, aluminum Al is. This becomes important.
I call (As-Ga) the differential across Ge, and (P-Al) the differential across Si and call Al a dummy
in the differential because boron B is actually used to make positive type silicon.

That the AI elements make a three by three matrix they can be organized with the letter E with
subscripts that tell what element it is and it properties, I have done this:

E13 E14 E15

E23 E24 E25
E33 E34 E35

Thus E24 is in the second row and has 4 valence electrons making it silicon (Si), E14 is in the
first row and has 4 valence electrons making it carbon (C). I believe that the AI elements can be
organized in a 3 by 3 matrix makes them pivotal to structure in the Universe because we live in
three dimensional space so the mechanics of the realm we experience are described by such a
matrix, for example the cross product. Hence this paper where I show AI and biological life are
mathematical constructs and described in terms of one another.

We see, if we include the two biological elements in the matrix (E14) and and (E15) which are
carbon and nitrogen respectively, there is every reason to proceed with this paper if the idea is to
show not only are the AI elements and biological elements mathematical constructs, they are
described in terms of one another. We see this because the first row is ( B, C, N) and these
happen to be the only elements that are not core AI elements in the matrix, except boron (B)
which is out of place, and aluminum (Al) as we will see if a dummy representative makes for a
mathematical construct, the harmonic mean. Which means we have proved our case because the
first row if we take the cross product between the second and third rows are, its respective unit
vectors for the components meaning they describe them.
 26 of 39

The Computation
⃗
A = (Al, Si, P )
⃗
B = (G a, G e, As)

̂ ̂ ̂
⃗ B C N ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
A×B = = (Si ⋅ As − P ⋅ G e) B + (P ⋅ G a − Al ⋅ As) C + (Al ⋅ G e − Si ⋅ G a) N
Al Si P
G a G e As
⃗ ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
A × B = − 145 B + 138 C + 1.3924 N

A= 26.982 + 28.092 + 30.972 = 50g /m ol

B= 69.722 + 72.642 + 74.922 = 126g /m ol

⃗ ⃗
A ⋅ B = A Bcosθ
6241
cosθ = = 0.99
6300
θ = 8∘
⃗ ⃗
A × B = A Bsin θ = (50)(126)sin8∘ = 877.79

877.79 = 29.6g /m ol ≈ Si = 28.09g /m ol

And silicon (Si) is at the center of our AI periodic table of the elements. We see the biological
elements C and N being the unit vectors are multiplied by the AI elements, meaning they
describe them. But we have to ask; Why does the first row have boron in it which is not a core
biological element, but is a core AI element? The answer is that boron is the one AI element that
is out of place, that is, aluminum is in its place. But we see this has a dynamic function.

The Dynamic Function

The primary elements of artificial intelligence (AI) used to make diodes and transistors, silicon
(Si) and germanium (Ge) doped with boron (B) and phosphorus (P) or gallium (Ga) and arsenic
(As) have an asymmetry due to boron. Silicon and germanium are in group 14 like carbon (C)
and as such have 4 valence electrons. Thus to have positive type silicon and germanium, they
need doping agents from group 13 (three valence electrons) like boron and gallium, and to have
negative type silicon and germanium they need doping agents from group 15 like phosphorus
and arsenic. But where gallium and arsenic are in the same period as germanium, boron is in a
different period than silicon (period 2) while phosphorus is not (period 3). Thus aluminum (Al)
is in boron’s place. This results in an interesting equation.

Si(As − G a) + G e(P − Al ) 2B
Equation 7.1. =
SiG e G e + Si
 27 of 39

The differential across germanium crossed with silicon plus the differential across silicon
crossed with germanium normalized by the product between silicon and germanium is equal to
the boron divided by the average between the germanium and the silicon. The equation has
nearly 100% accuracy (note: using an older value for Ge here, it is now 72.64 but that makes the
equation have a higher accuracy):

28.09(74.92 − 69.72) + 72.61(30.97 − 26.98) 2(10.81)

=
(28.09)(72.61) (72.61 + 28.09)

0.213658912 = 0.21469712
0.213658912
= 0.995
0.21469712
Due to an asymmetry in the periodic table of the elements due to boron we have the harmonic
mean between the semiconductor elements (by molar mass):

Si Ge 2SiG e
Equation 7.2 (As − G a) + (P − Al ) =
B B Si + G e
Now we move on to section 8.0 where I propose a theory for how the electric filed arises and
show that it is calibrated for life, for carbon, and its six-fold symmetry…
 28 of 39

8.0 The Cause of the Electric Fields

I construct the electric field as such: x is one component of ℝ3(x, y, z). Events in ℝ3(x, y, z) are
through time with components ct1 and ct2 where c is the speed of light. The electrons and the
protons qe and qp in the presence of one another cross ct1 into ct2 giving themselves acceleration
in the x and −x directions. We have

i⃗ j⃗ k ⃗
0 ct1 0 = (ct1 − ct2 ) i ⃗
0 0 ct2

We suggest

x·· ∝ (ct1 − ct2 ) i ⃗

The position of x changes in the space of ℝ3(x, y, z) and has travelled to t (0,ct1, ct2 ) a place in
m
time, as well. Since ct=meters there is a g such that x·· = g(ct1 − ct2 ) i .⃗ Thus since g ⋅ m =
s2
1 1 1 m m
and g = = that is ⋅ ⋅ s = . Thus g is frequency squared (f 2) and we suggest it is
s 2 t 2 s 2 s s 2
 29 of 39

derived from the separation between the charges qe and qp. That there is some velocity v such

(x)
v
that f = . We call upon our equation for 1 second:

rp h 4π
= 1secon d
mp Gc

(x)
2 rp
v h 4π k q2
(c) = e⋅ 2
mp Gc m x

rp h 4π q2
v 2(c) = ke
mp Gc m

α2 1
Letting v= ⋅ from equation 3.16
6 k

4 8π 3G 1 s
k = mp (1 + α) ⋅ NA 𝔼 =
3 c 3h 773.5 m

1 m
= 773.5
k s
And m = mp we have

2
h 4π rp2
ke ( 6 k )
c α2 1
⋅ = q2
Gc

h 4π rp2 (6.626E − 34)(4π)(0.833E − 15)2

= = 5.37E − 31
Gc (6.674E − 11)(299,792,459)

We get

1
q= (0.033) 773.52(5.37E − 31) = 9.1435E − 19C
36(187692 )

q 9.1435E − 19C
=⋅ = 5.71pr oton s ≈ 6pr oton s
qp 1.602E − 19C
Is carbon. We see the six-fold symmetry that is the carbon 1/6α 2 is due to the cube having 6
faces. I think I can be more accurate using space expanding in a sphere as opposed to a cube.


 30 of 39

9.0 Natural Units

In total, the list of our constants are:

mP : 1.67262 × 10−27 kg (Proton Mass)

h : 6.62607 × 10−34 J ⋅ s (Planck Constant)

rp : 0.833 × 10−15m (Proton Radius)

−11 m2
G : 6.67408 × 10 N 2 (Gravitational Constant)
kg

c : 299,792,459m /s (light speed)

α : 1/137 (Fine Structure Constant)

qp = qe = 1.6022E − 19coulom bs

Nm 2
ke = 8.988E 9 2
C
One of the interesting things that happens is if we take our equation
2
h 4π rp2
ke ( 6 k )
c α2 1
⋅ = q2
Gc

And set q equal to the charge of a proton or electron and change α 2 to ϕ 3 and 6 to 6α 2 :

ke ( 3α k )
c 2 1
2 h 4π rp2
⋅ = (1.6022C )2
Gc

And solve for k, we get:

2

c ( 6α 2 )
ke ϕ 3 Gc
⋅ 1.6022E − 19C = k2
h 4π rp2

c ( 6(0.000053) )
2
ke 0.236 Gc
⋅ 1.6022E − 19C = k2
h 4π rp2

Which is:

299,792,459 ( 6(0.000053) )
2
8.988E 9 0.236 (6.67408E − 11)(299,792,459)
⋅ 6.022E − 19 =
(6.62607E − 34)4π (0.833E − 15)2
 31 of 39

(4.2388E − 31)(1.861E 30) = k 2

k = 0.888m /s ≈ 0.9 ≈ 1
We said the unit of a second was

1 1 h 4π rp2
⋅ 2 = 1.004996352secon d s
6 α mp Gc

Where 6mp is six proton masses is carbon the core element of life chemistry. Upon seeing this
we suggested the second was a natural unit, and that, if it was, should be in the orbital
mechanics of the earth because the second comes from the calendar, which is based on the
orbital period of the year (1 year, 365.25 days) and the orbital period of the moon, and the
rotation of the Earth. We found that it was as the following:

K Emoon
(Ear th Da y) ≈ 1secon d
K Eearth
Let’s show that…

K . E . Moon = 3.67E 28J

K . E . Ear th = 2.649E 33j

To find the translational kinetic energy of the moon:
Distance from earth: 3.85E8m
2π (3.85E 8m) = 2.419E 9m
Orbital period:
T=27.32 days=2.36E6seconds
v=1.025E3m/s~1000m/s
Mass: 7.34767E22kg

1
Use E = mv 2
2
E=3.67E28 Joules

To find the translational kinetic energy of the earth:

Distance from Sun: 1AU=1.496E11m

2π (1.496E11m) = 9.399E11m
Orbital period: 1 year=3.1558E7 seconds
v=2.9785E4m/s, Earth mass: 5.9722E24kg
E=2.649E33 Joules

Earth day=(24)(60)(60)=86,400 seconds.

We have exactly
 32 of 39

1 h 4π rp2 K Eof Moon

≈6⋅ ⋅ Ear th Da y = (6)1.2secon d s
α mp
2 Gc K Eof Ear th

Since we have the second as a natural unit, and meters per second as natural, then we have
meters as natural. We have

1 1 h 4π rp2
⋅ 2 = 1.004996352secon d s
6 α mp Gc
1
2 2

c ( 6α 2 )
ke ϕ 3 Gc
⋅ qp = 0.888m /s
h 4π rp2

That is
1
2 2
h 4π rp2
c ( 6α 2 p)
ke ϕ 3
1 1 Gc
⋅ 2 ⋅q = 0.89m
6 α mp Gc h 4π rp2

One of the other things I found in my work Logos, was

ϕ
360∘ = 2AU
100
Where 2AU is the diameter of the Earth orbit and ϕ is the golden ratio conjugate 0.618. I found
this by arriving at the following

orbit r otat ion orbit m oon

min ⋅ d a y k m
29.786k m minute 1d a y k ilom eter = ⋅ 2
d eg s
secon d 27.83k m d egree secon d

Consider minute times day:

(min)(d a y) = 60(24 ⋅ 60 ⋅ 60) = 864,000sec 2

Thus,..

min ⋅ d a y k m 86,400s 2 k m km
⋅ 2 = ⋅ 2 = 86,400 ⋅
d eg s d eg s d eg
The circle is divided into 360 units, each unit (each degree) is the distance the earth moves
around the Sun in a day, where a day is one turn of the earth on its its axis, and as such there are
360 such turns in the time it takes the earth to go around the sun approximately (365.25 days).
We have:
 33 of 39

km
86,400 ⋅ ⋅ 360∘ = 311,040,000k m
d eg
1 astronomical unit (AU) is the distance of the earth from the sun on the average, and is always
close to that because its orbit is approximately circular. We have

311,040,000k m
= 2.079AU
149,598,000k m /AU
This is approximately the diameter of the Earth orbit. We define our variables:

km
Earth orbits: ve = 29.786
s
27.83k m 27.83k m min km
Earth rotates: ωe = = ⋅ = 0.4638
min min 60sec sec
1d a y (24)(60)(60) sec
Earth orbits: θe = = = 14,400
d eg d eg d eg
1k m
Moon orbits: vm =
sec
Earth completes a 360 degree orbit yields:

ve ⋅ θe ⋅ vm 360∘ v ⋅θ ⋅v
⋅ = 2π e e m
ωe 1AU ωe ⋅ re

Where on the right it is in radians and re = 1AU is the radius of the Earth’s orbit. We have

(29.786)(14,400)(1k m /s)
360 = 2.225AU
(0.4638)(149,598,000)
This is (0.00618)360=2.225

ϕ
0.00618 is
100
1
Where ϕ is the inverse of the golden ratio. ϕ = 0.618 = .
Φ
We have:

ϕ
360∘ = 2AU
100
The important thing about this is just as we had the second in the earth-moon orbital
mechanics:
 34 of 39

K Emoon
(Ear th Da y) ≈ 1secon d
K Eearth
We have our meters per second multiplied by 1000 is the lunar orbital velocity:

vm = 1k m /s

Or the velocity of the moon is

vm = 1000m /s

Thus in total we have…

1 1 h 4π rp2
1. ⋅ 2 = 1s
6 α mp Gc
K Emoon
2. (Ear th Da y) = 1s
K Eearth
1
2 2

c ( 6α 2 )
ke ϕ 3 Gc
3. ⋅ qp = 0.888m /s
h 4π rp2
4. vm = 1000m /s
ϕ
5. 360∘ = 2AU
100 1
2 2
h 4π rp2
c ( 6α 2 )
1 1 ke ϕ 3 Gc
6. ⋅ 2 ⋅ qp = 0.89m
6 α mp Gc h 4π rp2

In the 17th century Christiaan Huygens suggested a definition for the meter noticing pi squared
is approximately the gravitational constant for earth, g. That is:

π 2 = 9.87
And, if we were to redefine g as 9.87m/s2 instead of having it 9.81m/s2 then from the equation
for the period of a pendulum

a
T = 2π
g

Then if a the length of the arm of the pendulum is 1 meter we have

π 2(1m)
T =2 = 2secon d s
π 2 m /s 2

That is the period of the pendulum would be 2 seconds a swing left and back right, or vice versa.
 35 of 39

Just how close is this suggested definition of a meter to the meter we have today? It depends on
the value you use for earth gravity, g. The nominal average is gn = 9.80665m /s 2, and at the
equation it is ge = 9.78033m /s 2. I find the latter more natural because it is pointed to by the
rotation of the Earth. We have

T2
ge = 0.990955054m
π2
So we see the meter as we have it today is very near something we could call a natural meter. We
want the kilogram as natural. To see this we write out ge in terms of the mass of the Earth and its
radius.

Since

GM
ge =
Re
We have

1secon d 2 GM
= 1secon d
π2 Re
Since

K Emoon
(Ear th Da y) ≈ 1secon d
K Eearth
We have

( KEearth (Ear th Da y)) GM

KEmoon 2

= 1m eter
π2 Re
We have that seconds and meters are natural units, meters in terms of the constants other than
this above in terms of Lunar and Earth kinetic energies, We have
 36 of 39

1 1 h 4π rp2
⋅ 2 = 1s
6 α mp Gc
1
2 2
h 4π rp2
c ( 6α qp )
1 1 ke ϕ 1 Gc
⋅ 2 ⋅ = 1m
6 α mp Gc 2 h 4π rp2

In order to define the SI system of units as natural, we only need an expression for kilograms. To
do this we take our equation 3.15 on page 16, of section 3.0 for intermediate mass:
1/2
3 c 3ℏ3
mi =
2 G 3mp2

We change 3 /2 to α /2 and change ℏ to h, and have

1/2
α c 3h 3
= 1.137kg
2 G 3mp2

In total we have a natural system of units:

Natural System of Units

1 1 h 4π rp2
⋅ 2 = 1s
6 α mp Gc
1
2 2
h 4π rp2
c ( 6α 2 )
1 1 ke ϕ 3 Gc
⋅ 2 ⋅ qp = 1m
6 α mp Gc h 4π rp2

1/2
α c 3h 3
= 1kg
2 G 3mp2

And we might include in terms of the Earth and Moon:

( KEearth (Ear th Da y)) GMe

KEmoon 2

= 1m eter
π2 Re
 37 of 39

10.0 Abstract Cosmology We have our natural system of units that falls conveniently out of
our theories here:

1 1 h 4π rp2
⋅ 2 = 1s
6 α mp Gc
1
2 2
h 4π rp2
c ( 6α 2 )
1 1 ke ϕ 3 Gc
⋅ 2 ⋅ qp = 1m
6 α mp Gc h 4π rp2
1/2
3 3
α c h
= 1kg
2 G 3mp2

( KEearth (Ear th Da y)) GMe

KEmoon 2

= 1m eter
π2 Re
While the first and the third are close to 1s and 1kg respectively, the second is actually 0.8924
meters. If we consider the the fourth

( K Ee ) π 2 Re
K Em GM
Te = 1m eter

( K Ee )
K Em
We see since Te where Te is given by the Earth rotation period is

(24hrs)(60 min)(60 sec)=86,400 seconds, that the period is

3.67E 28J
⋅ 86,400sec = 1.197secon d s
2.649E 33
We have redefined the period as one swing left or one swing right of a pendulum as opposed to
the convention of a period as a swing left and then right. So instead of

a a a
T = 2π We have 2T = 2π Or T = π
g g g

Where g is earth gravity actually given by

Me (6.674E − 11)(5.972E 24kg)

g =G = = 9.82m /s 2
Re
2 (6,371,000m)2
GMe
Thus we have: a = T 2 = 1.4256m eters
Re2
 38 of 39

We want 1.00 meters…but ϕ(1.4256m) = 0.618(1.4256m) = 0.88m. But we have said our
equation for the meter as a natural is 0.8924m, so when we equate the fourth and second
equations, we introduce the factor of ϕ.

We find if we add the factor of ϕ in our equation for meters number two and equate it with our
equation for earth and moon, we have the relationship between meters of protons and their
charges and how they are affected by gravity (G) and the speed of light (c). This is the approach
of Abstract Algebra more a subject studied by mathematicians than by physicists. We can call it
Abstract Cosmology, The idea is we can connect the atomic world with the world of the solar
system through the physics of the pendulum as an abstraction because it has to abide by it
because the units work by dimensional analysis. We are then left with an equation we can
analyze to figure out what it represents. Our hypothesis here will be that it is in the formation of
the moon around the Earth because there are periodic forces as found in the pendulum, like the
number of rotations of the Earth per unit time, and atomic forces involving the charge of
electrons and protons and their is gravity acting on them in terms of their masses and radiation
pressures from the Sun, when the accretion discs accrete into the moon orbiting the Earth and
the Earth orbiting the Sun. Our equation is:

( 6α 2 ) mp
2 q

( K Ee ) Re2
πϕ p ke K Em Me
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 𝕄𝕃 = Te
G 2c

Where we have introduced a concept that is a variation on momentum

h s
𝕄= = kg
Gc m

𝕃= 4π rp2 = m

Is a length.
 39 of 39

The Author