[adfh`hsho
& Cuogl Ehwhfho

DHRADHRLCH
Canhs5 
0 WD[/DRs

Dhtadhtlch Canhs 0 <<8

 

FHF 8
[mnh Flnhoiho

Nhtl`ho Wmhn 8
Fhilho H Dhch sucu ca-16 hbhnh` 6;8.
Ehwhfho5 H
8. Wusuoho flnhoiho yhoi dadfaotuc pmnh
tartaotu hthu hturho tartaotu. 0. [ar`htlcho pmnh fhrlsho farlcut.
Ehwhfho5 H 7, 2, :, <, 87, 80
 
6. [mnh flnhoiho yhoi daduht flnhoiho- +8 +6 +7 +2 +1
flnhoiho :, 8;, 81, 68 hbhnh` Wailtlih  
Ehwhfho5 F +8 +8 +8 +8
Ehbl buh sucu farlcutoyh hbhnh` 87 bho 80
7. [mnh flnhoiho
flnhoiho yhoi curhoi tapht hbhnh`
Ehwhfho5 H
[mnh flnhoiho sailtlih sadfhrhoi.
Ehwhfho5 B <. Elch o 48
2. o(o + 8)

8(8 + 8)
[mnh ihdfhr farlcutoyh5 6
Rlbhc dadaou`l fhrlsho tarsafut
Elch o 48 Elch o 46
o(o ∖ 8) o(o ∖ 8)
Ehwhfho5 G
8(8 ∖ 8) 6(
6(6
6 ∖ 8)
1. Barat flnhoiho hbhnh` [aoeudnh`h
[aoeudnh`ho
o sucu-
;   6
sucu bhrl suhtu fhrlsho.
Ehwhfho5 H Rlbhc dadaou`l fhrlsho tarsafut
Elch o 48 Elch o 46
:. Blcath`ul5
(o + 8)( o ∖ 8) (o + 8)(o ∖ 8)
h4 7
f41 (8 + 8)(8
)(8 ∖ 8) (6 + 8)(6 ∖ 8)
o ;
Q o4476
h + ( o ∖ 8)f 2 ∖ 6 + 6 ∖8
  7  
Q 76 4 8))1
  7 + (76 ∖ 8
Elch o 47
4 7 +(78 Ù 1)
( o + 8)( o ∖ 8)
  4 7 +811
(7 + 8)(7
)(7 ∖ 8)
  4 810
< ∖ 7 + 7 ∖8
Dhch sucu ca-76 hbhnh` 810.
Ehwhfho5 G 0
Dadaou`l fhrlsho flnhoiho tarsafut.
9. Wucu ca-165
Ehwhfho5 G
h 4 -7 Q 16 4  ∖7 + (16 ∖ 8) 2
f42 8;. Wucu ca-1 bhrl suhtu fhrlsho baoiho
4 7 +(18 Ù 2) rudus 7o ∖ 1  hbhnh` ....
o 4 16
Q o 4 h + (o ∖8)f   4 7 +6;2 [adfh`hsho5
  4 6;8 o 41

<<6 [adfh`hsho bho Cuogl Ehwhfho

 

7o ∖ 1 o
W8: 4 (Q8 + Q 8: )
7(1) ∖ 1 6
8:
81 ∖ 1 4 (7 + 20)
6
8; 4 0(18)
Ehwhfho5 F
4 2;0
1. Q 
Q  2  4
  8<
Fhilho F
8. 1;, 21, 7<, 76, 62, 81 Q 
9
Q o  4
 479
h + (o ∖ 8)f
 
-1 -: -9 -0 -< Q2 4 h
  + (2 ∖ 8)f
  h + 7f 4 8<
-8 -8 -8 -8
Q9 4 h
  + (9 ∖ 8)f
Ehwhfho 62 bho 81
h + :f 4 79
6. h 4 <<
f 4 -: h + :f 4 79
o 4 66 h + 7f 4 8<   -
Q o 4 h + (o ∖ 8)f 7f 4 80
Q 66  4
  << + ( 66 ∖ 8). ∖ : f4:
4 << + ( 68Ù (∖:)
68 :)) Wufstltuslcho f 4 :5

4 << + ( ∖86:
86:) f4:
4 ∖69
h + 7f 4 8<
7. o 48 o 46
h + 7(:
(:)) 4 8<
6o ∖ 8 6o ∖ 8
h + 80 4 8<
6(8
6(8) ∖ 8 (6)) ∖ 8
6(6
h 4 8< ∖ 80
6 ∖8 4 8   2 ∖8 4 7
h 48
o 47 o 42 Wucu ca-62 hbhnh`5
Q o 4 h + (o ∖ 8)f
6o ∖ 8 6o ∖ 8
Q 62  4
  8 + (62
(62 ∖ 8):
6(
6(7
7) ∖ 8 6(2)
(2) ∖ 8 4 8 + ( 67 Ù :)
: ∖8 4 1   0 ∖8 4 9 4 8 + 870
o flnhoiho hsnl hcho dadfaotuc suhtu 
suhtu   4 87<
pmnh flnhoiho ihoeln
Eudnh` sucu ca-625
2. h4 7 o
f47 Wo 4 (Q8 + Q o )
6
o 4 8:
o
Q o 4 h + (o ∖8)f W 62 4 (Q 8 + Q 62 )
6
Q 8:  4
  7 + (8: ∖ 8).7 62
4 (8 + 87<
87<))
4 7 + (81 Ù 7) 6
4 86(82;)
4 7 + (21
(21)
4 8.:0;
4 20
:. Vudus sucu ca-o barat iamdatrl
o Q o 4 hr o  ∖8
Wo 4 (Q8 + Q o )
6
bldhoh

Dhtadhtlch Canhs 0 <<7

 

h 47 8;. [mnh blfhwh` lol blfuht bhrl susuoho

r 4 6 cmthc.
sa`loiih
o  ∖8
Q o 4 hr  Fhoyhc cmthc phbh pmnh ca-8; hbhnh` ....
  1 ∖8 Ihdfhr ca-8 hbh 8 parsail
Q 1 4 7(6)
Ihdfhr ca-6 hbh 6 parsail
4 7(6) 2 Ihdfhr ca-7 hbh 7 parsail
4 7(8:) Ihdfhr ca-2 hbh 2 parsail

4 20 Dhch pmnh ca-8; hbh 8; parsail

9. Q 1  4 762
h  4 2 Fhilho G
o  ∖8
Bhrl Q o 4 hr  8. [aoyanashlho 3
h. Q o 4 h + ( o ∖ 8)f
Q o 4 hr o ∖8
762 4 2r 1∖8
Q1 4 h
  + (1 ∖ 8)f
2   h + 2f 4 87
762 4 2r 
762
Q< 4 h
  + (< ∖ 8)f
2
r  4
2   h + 0f 4 68
r 2 4 08 h + 0f 4 68
r 2 4 72 hthu h + 2f 4 87
    -
r 2 4 (∖7)2 2f 4 0
 ehbl   f46
r 4 7ht hu Wufstltuslcho f465
r  4 ∖7 f46
0. [ar`htlcho ihdfhr pmnh farlcut! h + 2f 4 87
h + 2(6
(6)) 4 87
h + 0 4 87

Fhoyhcoyh nloichrho phbh pmnh farlcutoyh

h 4 87 ∖ 0
hbhnh`....   h41
6, :, 86, 6;, 7;, 26 f. Wucu ca-8;
 
+2 +: +0 +8;   +86
+8; Q 8; 4 h
  + (8; ∖ 8)f
  4 1 + <(6
(6))
+6 +6 +6 +6
4 1 + 80
Ehwhfho 7; bho 26
  4 67
<. [ar`htlcho pmnh farlcut!
6. [ar`htlcho barat flnhoiho iamdatrl
farlcut5
6 + : + 80 + 12 + . . . + 8210 , taotucho
Wo !
[aoyanashlho 5
Blcath`ul 5 h 4 6 bho r 4 7
Ehwhf 5
Fhrlsho flnhoiho yhoi blfaotuc mna` fhoyhc Nhoich` parthdh daoghrl o tarnafl`
sailtlih phb pmnh tarsafut hbhnh`.... bh`unu , yhltu baoiho ghrh 5
Ehwhfho 8,2,<,8:,... h  4 6

<<2 [adfh`hsho bho Cuogl Ehwhfho

 

r  4 7 Q1 4 h
  + (1 ∖8)f
Q o 4 hr o  ∖8
h + 2f 4 6;;
Q o 4 hr o ∖8
h + 2f 4 6;;
82 6.7o∖8
10 4 6.7
8210
8210 h + f 4 861   -
o ∖8
47
6 7f 4 91
96< 4 7o∖8
7: 4 7o∖8
f 4 61
Wufstltuslcho f4615

o ∖8 4 : f 4 61
o49 h + f 4 861
Wanhoeutoyh, dhsuccho ca bhnhd rudus 5
h + 61 4 861
o
h(r  ∖ 8) h 4 861 ∖ 61
W o 4
r ∖ 8
h 4 8;;
6(79 ∖ 8) f. Wucu ca-:
W 9 4
7 ∖8
Q: 4 h
  + (: ∖8)f
6(6809
6(6809 ∖ 8)
4 4 8;
8;;
; + 1(61)
(61)
6

4 680:   4 8;
8;;
; + 861
861
  4 661
7. [adfh`hsho5
1. [hbh safuh` iabuoi partuoeuccho,
h 4 8;;; fhoyhc cursl phbh fhrls phnloi bapho
f 4 6; hbhnh` 6; cursl, fhoyhc cursl phbh fhrls
o 4 8; blfanhchoioyh sanhnu nafl` 2 cursl bhrl
Q o 4 h + (o ∖ 8)f fhrls bl baphooyh. Fhoyhc cursl phbh fhrls
Q 8;  4 8;;; + (8; ∖ 8).
  8;;; ).6;
6; ca-81 hbhnh`...
4 8;;; + (< Ù 6;) h 4 6;
4 8;;; + (80;
8;;; 80;)) f42
4 8.80; o 4 81
o
Q o 4 h + (o ∖8)f
Wo 4 (Q8 + Q o )
6
o   6; + (81 ∖ 8).2
Q 81  4
Q8; 4 (Q8 ∖ Q 8; ) 4 6; + (82 Ù 2)
6
8; 4 6; + (1:)
  4 (8;;; Ù8.80;)
6
4 9:
  4 1(6.80;)
  4 8;.<;;

2. [adfh`hsho5
Q o 4 h + (o ∖8)f
Q6 4 h
  + (6 ∖8)f
h + f 4 861

Dhtadhtlch Canhs 0 <<1

 

FHF 6
Flbhoi Chrtaslus

Nhtl`ho Wmhn 8
Fhilho5 H Qotuc parthoyhho omdmr 7 - 8; par`htlcho
ihdfhr blfhwh` lol5
8. Elch tltlc-tl
tltlc-tltlc
tlc tarsafut bl`ufuoicho hcho
8;  y
dadfaotuc sailtlih slcu-slcu baoiho tltlc <

slcu-slcu bl tltlc F. 0

8;  y
9
B
:
<
H
1
0
G
2
9
F
7
:
F 6
1
G 8
2  x
7 -8; -< -0 -9 -: -1 -2 -7 -6 -8 ; 8 6 7 2 1 : 9 0 < 8;
-8
6
-6
8 A
H -7
 x
-8; -< -0 -9 -: -1 -2 -7 -6 -8 ; 8 6 7 2 1 : 9 0 < 8; -2
@
-1
J
Ehwhfho5 G -:

-9
6. Blcath`ul bhnhd cmmrbloht chrtaslus -0
I

tarbhpht tltlc [(2,:) bho X(9,8). Elch -<

-8;
tltlc-tltlc tarsafut bl`ufuoicho hcho
dadfaotuc sailtlih slcu-slcu, dhch 7. Cmmrbloht tltlc H hbhnh` ....
cmmrbloht tltlc V hbhnh` .... Cmmrbloht tltlc H5 (9,1)
[adfh`hsho5 Ehwhfho5 G
Rltlc V yhoi hcho dadfaotuc slcu-slcu 2. Cmmrbloht tltlc F hbhnh` ....
tarnathc hbh tltlc cmmrbloht (2,8) Cmmrbloht tltlc F5 (2,7)
Ehwhfho5 B Ehwhfho5 H
8;
 y

< 1. Cmmrbloht tltlc A hbhnh` ....

0
9
Cmmrbloht tltlc A5 (-7,-7)
: Ehwhfho5 B
[
1
:. Cmmrbloht tltlc I hbhnh` ....
2

7 Cmmrbloht tltlc I5 (6,-0)

6 Ehwhfho5 F
8
V X  x 9. Rltlc-tltlc yhoi farehrhc 2 shtuho
Rltlc-tltlc shtuho tar`hbhp
-8; -< -0 -9 -: -1 -2 -7 -6 -8 ; 8 6 7 2 1 : 9 0 < 8;
-8 sudfu \ hbhnh` ....
-6

-7
Rltlc F bho G
-2 Ehwhfho5 H
-1

-:
0. Rltlc-tltlc yhoi farehrhc 7 shtuho
Rltlc-tltlc shtuho tar`hbhp
-9 sudfu P hbhnh` ....
-0
Rltlc A bho I
-<

-8;
Ehwhfho5 F

<<: [adfh`hsho bho Cuogl Ehwhfho

 

<. Rltlc-tltlc yhoi farhbh hbh cuhbrho L Fhilho G

hbhnh` ....
8. Ihdfhrnh` tltlc H(-2,6),
H(-2,6), F(-2,<), G(6,6)
[adfh`hsho5
bho B(7,<), phbh cmmrbloht chrtaslus
Cuhbrho L hbhnh` yhoi olnhl x pmsltlj bho 8;  y

olnhl \ pmsltlj ehbl yhoi farhbh bl cuhrho L F (-2,<)

<
B (7,<)
0
hbhnh` tltlc H bho F 9
Ehwhfho5 H :
1
8;. Rltlc
Rltlc-tltlc
-tltlc yhoi farhbh hbh cuhbrho LLL 2

hbhnh` .... H (-2,6)

7
G (6,6)
6
[adfh`hsho5 8
 x
Cuhbrho
Cuhbrh o LLL hbhnh` yhoi olnhl x oaihtlj bho -8; -< -0 -9 -: -1 -2 -7 -6 -8 ; 8 6 7 2 1 : 9 0 < 8;
olnhl \ oaihtlj ehbl yhoi farhbh bl cuhbrho -8

-6
LLL hbhnh` tltlc A bho J -7

Ehwhfho5 G -2

-1

-:

Fhilho F -9

-0

8. Ihrls-ihrls yhoi saehehr baoiho sudfu P5 -<

-8;
ihrls saehehr hbhnh` ihrls yhoi tlbhc
farpmtmoiho, ehbl ihrls yhoi saehehr baoiho 6. Bhrl smhn
smhn omdmr 8 taotucho ehrhc satlhp
satlhp
sudfu P hbhnh` ihrls c bho ihrls n tltlc baoiho sudfu P bho sudfu \

6. Ihrls-ihrls yhoi saehehr baoiho sudfu \5 Ehrhc tar`hbhp Wudfu P5

Ihrls saehehr hbhnh` ihrls yhoi tlbhc Rltlc H 4 6 shtuho
farpmtmoiho, ehbl ihrls yhoi saehehr baoiho Rltlc F 4 < shtuho
sudfu \ hbhnh` ihrls d bho ihrls o Rltlc G 4 6 shtuho
Rltlc B 4 < shtuho
7. Ihrls c bho ihrls n hbhnh`
hbhnh` buh ihrls
ihrls yhoi
yhoi
Ehrhc tar`hbhp Wudfu \5
saehehr chraoh ihrls c bho ihrls n tlbhc
Rltlc H 4 2 shtuho
parpmtmoiho
Rltlc F 4 2 shtuho
2. Ihrls d bho ihrls n hbhnh`
hbhnh` buh ihrls yhoi
yhoi Rltlc G 4 6 shtuho
farpmtmoiho Rltlc B 4 7 shtuho
1. Ihrls yhoi farhbh blsafanh` clrl sudfu
sudfu \ 7. Ihdfhrnh` 7 tltlc phbh flbhoi
flbhoi chrtaslus
chrtaslus
hbhnh` ihrls d yhoi farehrhc 2 shtuho bhrl tltlc [(-:,7)
 y
:. Ihrls yhoi farhbh bl hths
hths sudfu
sudfu P hbhnh` 8;

<

ihrls c 0

9
9. Ehrhc ihrls o tar`hbhp sudfu
sudfu \ hbhnh` 6 [6 (-:,9)
:
shtuho 1

2
0. Ehrhc ihrls n tar`hbhp sudfu P hbhnh` : [8 (-8;,7) [ (-:,7) [7 (-6,7)
7

shtuho 6

8
<. Cmmrbloht tltlc pmtmoi ihrls d bho
bho c5  x
-8; -< -0 -9 -: -1 -2 -7 -6
-: -8 ; 8 6 7 2 1 : 9 0 < 8;
tltlc pmtmoi hbhnh` tltlc cmmrbloht tadpht [2 (-:,-8)
-8

-6
parpmtmoiho ihrls d bho ihrls c, dhch -7

tltlc pmtmoioyh hbhnh` (-1,7) -2

-1
8;. Cmmrbloht tltlc pmtmoi ihrls o bho c5 -:

tltlc pmtmoi hbhnh` tltlc cmmrbloht tadpht -9

-0
parpmtmoiho ihrls o bho ihrls c, dhch -<

-8;

tltlc pmtmoioyh hbhnh` (6,7)

Dhtadhtlch Canhs 0 <<9

 

2. Ihdfhrnh` ihrls t yhoi danhnul tltlc B(-6,1) 1. Ihdfhrnh` ihrls c yhoi danhnul
danhnul tltlc X(-
yhoi tlbhc taihc nurus tar`hbhp sudfu P 7,1) yhoi saehehr baoiho sudfu P bho
ho tlbhc taihc nurus tar`hbhp sudfu \! taihc nurus baoiho sudfu \!
8;  y 8;  y
< <
0 0
9 9
: :
B (-6,1) B (-7,1)
1 1
2 2
7 7
6 6
8 8
 x  x
-8; -< -0 -9 -: -1 -2 -7 -6 -8 ; 8 6 7 2 1 : 9 0 < 8; -8; -< -0 -9 -: -1 -2 -7 -6 -8 ; 8 6 7 2 1 : 9 0 < 8;
-8 -8
-6 -6
-7 -7
-2 -2
-1 -1
-: -:
-9 -9
-0 -0
-< -<
-8; -8;

FHF 7
Vanhsl bho Juoisl

Nhtl`ho Wmhn 8
Fhilho H 7. [adathho bhrl `ldpuoho H ca `ldpuoho
F hbhnh` ranhsl yhoi dadhshoicho satlhp
8. Blc5 [ 4 {8,6,7,1} bho X 4 {6,7,2,:,0,8;}.
hoiimth `ldpuoho F, yhoi dadaou`l syhrht
Elch bltaotucho `ldpuoho phshoiho
safhihl padathho hbhnh` (8) bho (7)
farurutho {(8,6), (6,2), (7,:), (1,8;)},
Ehwhfho5 F
dhch ranhsl bhrl `ldpuoho [ ca `ldpuoho
X hbhnh`.... 2. \hoi dadaou`l syhrht safhihl juoisl
[adfh`hsho 5 hbhnh` blhirhd phoh` B chraoh tapht
8 Wataoih` bhrl 6 shtu hoiimth bmdhlo hthu `ldpuoho
6 sataoih` bhrl 2 [ blphshoicho baoiho cmbmdhlo hthu
7 Wataoih` bhrl : `ldpuoho X
1 sataoih` bhrl 8; Ehwhfho5 B
Ehwhfho5 F 1. j(6) 4 7(6)
7(6) + 6 4 0
6. Hohc yhoi dadpuoyhl casuchho daounls j(7) 4 7(7) + 6 4 88
garpao, tathpl tlbhc such fanhehr canmdpmc j(2) 4 7(2) + 6 4 82
hbhnh`5 j(1) 4 7(1) + 6 4 89
Hohc yhoi dadpuoyhl casuchho daounls Bharh` `hslnoyh 4 {0, 88, 82, 89}
garpao, tathpl tlbhc such fanhehr canmdpmc Ehwhfho5 B
hbhnh` Rhujc :. j(;) 4 -6 ↖   p(;) + q 4 -6 ↖   q 4 -6
Ehwhfho5 G j(6) 4 2

<<0 [adfh`hsho bho Cuogl Ehwhfho

 

p(6) + q 4 2 6h 4 7; + 86
6p + (-6) 4 2 6h 4 26
6p - 6 4 2 h 4 68
6p 42 + 6 :. Blcath`ul juoisl j(x) 4 hx ‗ f, sabhoicho
p 4 :/6 4 7 j(7) 4 2 bho j(‗1) 4 ‗60, dhch olnhl h bho
Ehwhfho5 B f farturut-turut5
9. j(7) 42 j(-1) 4 -60
x ; 8 6 7 7h - f 4 2 .....8) -1h - f 4 -60 .....6)
6x-6 -8 8 7 1 Anldlohsl f bhrl pars. 8 bho 6
@ldpuoho [hshoiho faruruthooyh
faruruthooyh55 7h - f 4 2
{(;, -8), (8, 8), (6, 7), (7, 1), (2, 9)} 1h + f 4 60 +
Ehwhfho5 H 0h 4 76
0. h 42
Wufstltuslcho h 4 2 ca parshdhho 8) 5
x -6 -8 ; 8 6 7
7(2) - f 4 2
7x -6 -0 -1 -6 8 2 9
Vhoia 5 {(6, -0), (-8, -1), (;, -6), (8, 8), 86 - f 4 2
(6, 2), (7, 9)} -f 4 2 ‗ 86
Ehwhfho5 H f40

<. j(1) 4 80 9. Olnhl h bho f farturut-turut5

1h - 9 4 80 j(6) 4 87 j(1) 4 66
6h + f 4 87 .... 8) 1h + f 4 66 .... 6)
1h 4 61,
1h 4 80 + 9
dhch h41 Anldlohsl f bhrl parshdhho 8 bho 6
Ehwhfho5 H   6h + f 4 87
-1h - f 4 -66 +
8;. j(h) 4 -6;
-7h 4 -<
7h ‗ 88 4 -6;
h 47
7h 4 -6; + 88
Wufstltuslcho h 4 7 ca parshdhho 8) 5
7h 4 -<
6(7) + f 4 87
h 4 -7
:+f 4 87
Ehwhfho5 H
f 4 87 - : 4 9
Ehbl olnhl h 4 7 bho f 4 9
Fhilho F
0. Juoisl j bloyhthch
bloyhthchoo baoiho rudus
rudus `(x) 4
8. Vanhsl bhpht bloyhthcho baoiho 7 ghrh
px + q, elch `(‗:) 4 76 bho `(2) 4 ‗0,
yhltu5 Blhirhd phoh`, blhirhd chrta-
dhch olnhl p bho q farturut-turut5
slus, `ldpuoho phshoiho farurutho `(-:) 4 76 `(2) 4 -0
6. Bharh` `hsln
`hsln blsafut euih Vhoia -:p + q 4 76.... 8) 2p + q 4 -0 .... 6)
7. Hturho ranhsl yhoi
yhoi blihdfhrcho baoiho Anldlohsl f bhrl parshdhho 8 bho 6
blhirhd phoh` hbhnh` Jhctmr bhrl.  -:p + q 4 76
2. [hbh padathho j 5 x ↖  7x + 6, elch j 5  -2p - q 4 0 +
(h)↖ 70, dhch olnhl h hbhnh`5 -8;p 4 2;
j(h) 4 70 p 4 -2
7h + 6 4 70 Wufstltuslcho p 4 -2 ca parshdhho 8) 5
7h 4 70 - 6 -:(-2) + q 4 76
7h 4 7: 62 + q 4 76
h 4 86 q 4 76 - 62 4 0
1. Blcath`ul juoisl , elch
elch j(h) 4 8;, dhch Ehbl olnhl p 4 - 2 bho q 4 0
<. Blcath`ul juoisl j(x) 4 hx ‗ f, sabhoicho
olnhl h 5 j(7) 4 9 bho j(‗1) 4 ‗61, dhch rudus
6h - 86 4 7.8;

Dhtadhtlch Canhs 0 <<<

 

juoisl j(x)5 P ; 8 6 7 2 1
j(7) 4 9 j(-1) 4 -61 6x+6 H 2 f g 8; 86
7h - f 4 9 .... 8) -1h - f 4 -61 .... 6) j(;) 4 6(;) + 6 ↖  h 46
Anldlohsl f bhrl parshdhho 8 bho 6 j(6) 4 6(6) + 6↖ f 4:
7h - f 4 9 j(7) 4 6(7) + 6
1h + f 4 61 +  g 4 0
0h 4 76 dhch olnhl h, f, bho g 4 {6, :, 0}
h 42
7. H 4 {8, 6, 7, 2} bho F 4 {h, f, g, b}
Wufstltuslcho h 4 2 ca
ca parshdhho 8) 5 [adfh`hsho 5
7(2) - f 4 9
h. {(8, h), (6, f), (7, g), (2, b)}
86 - f 49
f. (8 x 6 x 7 x 2) 4 62
-f 4 9 - 86 4 1
2. h. j(x) 4 hx + f, elch j(6) 4 87 dhch 5
Vudus juoisl j(x)
juoisl j(x) 4 2x - 1
  j(6) 4 6h + f ↖  6h + f 4 87 ... 8)
8;. Juoisl j bloyhthcho baoiho rudus j(x) 4
j(x) 4 hx + f, elch j(1) 4 66 dhch 5
hx + f, elch j(6) 4 87 bho j(1) 4 66, dhch
  j(1) 4 1h + f ↖  1h + f 4 66 ... 6)
rudus juoisl j(x)5
  Anldlohsl f bhrl pars. 8) bho 6)
j(6) 4 87 j(1) 4 66
  6h + f 4 87
6h + f 4 87 ..... 8) 1h + f 4 66 .... 6)
  1h + f 4 66 ‗
Anldlohsl f bhrl parshdhho 8 bho 6
  ∖7h 4 ∖<↖h 4 7
6h + f 4 87
  Wufstltuslcho h 4 7 ca pars. 8)
-1h - f 4 -66 +
  6h + f 4 87 ↖6(7) + f 4 87
-7h 4 -<   : + f 4 87 ↖f 4 9
h 47
  Olnhl h 4 7 bho f4 9
Wufstltuslcho h 4 7 ca parshdhho 8) 5
f. Wufstltuslcho h 4 7 bho f 4 9 ca juoisl
juoisl
6(7) + f 4 87
j, dhch rudus juoisl daoehbl 5 j(x) 4
:+f 4 87
7x + 9
f 4 87 - : 4 9
g. j(x) 4 7x + 9, elch j(8;) dhch 5
Vudus juoisl j(x) 4 7x + 9
  j(8;) 4 7(8;) + 9
  4 7; + 9 4 79
Fhilho G
1. h. `(x) 4 px + q, elch `(∖:)
`(∖:) 4 76 dhch5
8. Juoisl j bloyhthcho
bloyhthcho baoiho rudus
rudus `(x)
`(x) 4 `(∖:) 4 ∖:p + q ↖∖:p + q 4 76 ... 8)
px + q, elch `(‗:) 4 76 bho `(2) 4 ‗0, `(x) 4 px + q, elch `(2) 4 ∖0 dhch 5
dhch rudus juoisl `(x)5 `(2) 4 2p + q ↖2p + q 4 ∖0 ... 6)
`(-:) 4 76 `(2) 4 -0
-:p + q 4 76 ..... 8) Anldlohsl q bhrl pars. 8) bho 6)
2p + q 4 -0 .... 6) ∖:p + q 4 76
Anldlohsl f bhrl parshdhho 8 bho 6 2p + q 4 ∖0 -
 -:p + q 4 76 ∖8;p 4 2; ↖p 4 ∖2
 -2p - q 4 0 + Wufstltuslcho p 4 ∖2 ca pars. 8)
-8;p 4 2; ∖:p + q 4 76 ↖ ∖:(
 ∖:(∖2)
∖2) + q 4 76
p 4 -2 ↖ 62 + q 4 76↖q 4 76 ‗ 62 4 0

Wufstltuslcho p 4 -2 ca parshdhho
parshdhho 8) 5
-:(-2) + q 4 76 f. Wufstltuslcho p 4 ∖2 bho q 4 0 ca
62 + q 4 76 juoisl `, dhch rudus juoisl daoehbl 5
q 4 76 - 62 4 0 `(x) 4 ∖2x + 0
Ehbl rudus juoisl j(x) 4 -2x + 0
6. Olnhl h, f bho g bhrl
bhrl thfan j(x) 4 6x + 6, g. `(x) 4 ∖2x + 0, elch `(∖6) dhch 5
farturut-turut5   `(∖6) 4 7(∖6) + 0 4 ∖: + 0 4 6

8;;; [adfh`hsho bho Cuogl Ehwhfho

 

FHF 2
[arshdhho Ihrls Nurus
Nhtl`ho Wmhn 8
Fhilho H :. Irhblao ihrls yhoi danhnul tltlc (-7,2) bho
(-0,-:) hbhnh`
8. \hoi tardhsuc bhnhd parshdhho ihrls
nurus hbhnh` 6 y + x ∖ 8; 4 ; chraoh ( y6 ∖ y8 )
  d4
daoihobuoi uosur h, f, g. ( x6 ∖ x8 )

Ehwhfho5 H (∖ : ∖ 2)
d4
6.  y 4 6 x + 7   Irhblaooyh hbhnh` 6, chraoh (∖0 ∖ (∖7)
7))
 y4dx+g bldhoh d 4 irhblao ∖8;
Ehwhfho5 G d4
∖1
7. d46
  y Wufstltuslcho
 x Ehwhfho5 F
4{-7,-6,-8,;,8,6,7} ca
 x4{-7,-6,-8,;,8,6,7}
 x
 -7
 -7 -9 9. [arshdhho ihrls nurus yhoi danhnul tltlc
parshdhho 2 x- x-6
6 y-
 y-6
64;
(;,7) baoiho irhblaot -6 hbhnh`5
-6 -1  y  ‗ y8 4 d (x ‗ x8 )
-8 -7 Ehbl tltlc yhoi tarna-
; -8 thc phbh parshdhho  y  ‗ 7 4 -6 ( x ‗ ; )
8 -8 tarsafut hbhnh` (6,7)
6 7  y ∖ 7 4 ∖6 x
7 -1 Ehwhfho5 B  y 4 ∖6 x + 7hthu
2. Irhblao bhrl 6 x + 2 y + 2 4 ;  hbhnh`5  y + 6 x 4 7
6 x + 2 y + 2 4 ; Ehwhfho5 B
2 y 4 ∖ 6 x ∖ 2 0.
( y ‗ y8 ) ( x   ‗ x8 )
6  4
 y 4 ∖ x∖2 ( y6 ‗ y8 ) (x6 ‗ x8 )
2
6 8 ( y ‗ 6) ( x   ‗ 8)
Irhblaot4 ∖ hthu ∖  4
2 6 ( 2 ‗ 6) (7 ‗ 8)
Ehwhfho5 F
1. [ar`htlcho ihdfhr irhjc farlcut lol! ( y ∖ 6) ( x ∖ 8)
4
6 6 x6
6 y ∖ 2 4 6 x ∖ 6
6 y 4 6 x ∖ 6 + 2
6 y 4 6 x + 6
 y 4 x + 8
Hrh` choho fhwh` irhblaooyh farthobh Ehwhfho5 B
 y 2 6 <. [arshdhho ihrls yhoi danhnul
[arshdhho danhnul tltlc (7,:)
oaihtlj 4 4 4∖  
 x ∖: 7 bho saehehr baoiho ihrls 6 y + 6 x 4 7  
Ehwhfho G

Dhtadhtlch Canhs 0 8;;8

 

6.
6 y + 6 x 4 7 ↖ 6 y 4 ∖6 x + 7
6 y 4 ∖ 6 x + 7
8
 y ∖ 7 x 4 6
6 x6
6 7
 y 4 ∖ x+ 8
6 6  y 4 7 x + 6
7 6
 y 4 ∖ x +  y 4 : x + 86
6
Dhch d  4- 8   Dhch irhblaot (d) 4 :
Chraoh 8ihrlsoyh saehehr dhch d8 4 d6   7. Irhblao ihrls yhoi
yhoi danhnul
danhnul tltlc (8,6)
(8,6) bho
bho
 ehbl (7,2) hbhnh`5

 y  ‗ y8 4 d (x ‗ x8 ) ( y6 ∖ y8 )
d4
 y ∖ : 4 ∖8( x ∖ 7) ( x6 ∖ x8 )

 y ∖ : 4 ∖ x + 7 (2 ∖ 6)
d4
 y 4 ∖ x + 7 + : (7 ∖ 8)
 y 4 ∖ x + < 6
d4 48
Ehwhfho5 H 6   Dhch irhblaot (d)48
8;. 2 y ∖ : x + 8; 4 ; ↖ 2 y 4 : x ∖ 8;
2 y 4 : x ∖8;
8; 2.  y  ‗ y8 4 d (x ‗ x8 )

 y 4 2 x ∖ 8;  y   ‗ 2 4  -7 (x  ‗ (-1) )
: :  y ∖ 2 4 ∖7( x + 1)
6 1
 y 4 x ∖  y ∖ 2 4 ∖7x ∖ 81
7 7
Ehbl  y 4 ∖7x ∖ 81 + 2

d8  4
6  chraoh taihc nurus dhch
d8 Ù d6 4  ∖8
 y 4 ∖ 7x ∖ 88
7 7
 ehbl d6  4 ∖   1. ( y ‗ y8 ) ( x   ‗ x8 )
6  4
 y   ‗ y8 4 d (x ‗ x8 ) ( y6 ‗ y8 ) ( x6 ‗ x8 )
7 ( y ‗ (-2)) ( x   ‗ 9 )
 y ∖ (∖7) 4 ∖ ( x ∖ 2)  4
6 (: ‗ (-2)) (< ‗ 9 )
7
 y + 7 4 ∖ x + :  y + 2 x∖9
6 x6 8; 4 6
6 y + : 4 ∖7x + :
6 y + 0 4 8; x ∖ 9;
6 y 4 ∖7x + : ∖ :
6 y 4 8; x ∖ 9; ∖ 0
6 y 4 ∖7x ∖ ;
6 y 4 8; x ∖ 90
6 y + 7x 4 ;
Ehwhfho5 H  y 4 1 x ∖ 7<
:. Blcath`ul ihrls tarsafut
tarsafut danhnul
danhnul buh tltlc
Fhilho F (;,7) bho tltlc (-2,;), dhch irhblaooyh5
irhblaooyh5
8. Qfh` parshdhho
parshdhho tarsafut ca
ca parshdhho
parshdhho ( y6 ∖ y8 )
d4
udud  y4dx+g ( x6 ∖ x8 )
7 x + 6 y 4 : (7 ∖ ;)
d4
6 y 4 ∖ 7 x + : ((∖2
2)) ∖ ;)

 y 4 ∖ 7 x + 7 Dhch irhblaot (d) 4 ∖ 7    d 4 7 4 ∖ 7 Dhch Irhblaooyh ∖

7
6 6 ∖2 2 2

8;;6 [adfh`hsho bho Cuogl Ehwhfho

 

9. Ihrls  i   taihc nurus baoiho ihrls yhoi 8

∖ Ù d6 4 ∖8
parshdhhoyh 6 y ∖ 7x 4 : . Irhblaot ihrls  i  7
6 y ∖ 7x 4 : d6 4 7  
6 y 4 7x + : [arshdhho ihrls yhoi danhnul tltlc
(-2,-6) bho taihc nurus baoiho ihrls
7
 y 4 x+7 6 x + : y ∖ 86 4 ;  hbhnh`5
6
7  y ∖ y8 4 d( x ∖ x8 )
Dhch d8  4 6   chraoh taihc nurus dhch  y ∖ ( ∖6) 4 7( x ∖ ( ∖2))
d8 Ù d6 4  ∖ 8  ehbl d6  4  ∖ 6    y + 6 4 7x + 86
 
0. Blcath`ul5 ihrls tarsafut danhnul tltlc (;,;)  y 4 7 x + 86 ∖ 6
bho (2,7). Chraoh shnh` shtu tltlc oyh (;,;)  y 4 7 x + 8;
dhch parshdhho ihrlsoyh  y 4 dx
Ehbl5  y 4 dx
Fhilho G
7 4 d2
8. Ihrls yhoi danhnul tltlc H(-6,7) bho F(6,p)
F(6,p)
7  y 8
d4 4? Chraoh d4 dadlnlcl irhblao p!  
 . taotucho olnhl p!
2    x
[adfh`hsho5 6
7
Ehbl parshdhho ihrlsoyh hbhnh`  y 4 x 
2 ( y6 ∖ y8 )
d4
<. Irhblaot ihrls 6 x + 7 y 4 :  hbhnh` ( x6 ∖ x8 )
6 x + 7 y 4 :
8  p ∖ 7
6 4
 y 4 ∖ x+6 6 6 ∖ (∖6)
7
8  p ∖ 7
6 4
d 4∖ 6 6+6
7
8  p ∖ 7
[arshdhho ihrls yhoi danhnul tltlc (-7,6) 4
6 2  x6
bho saehehr baoiho ihrls 6 x + 7 y 4 :  
hbhnh`.... 2 4 6 p ∖ :
 y ∖ y8 4 d( x ∖ x8 ) 6 p 4 ∖ : ∖ 2
6 6 p 4 ∖ 8;
 y ∖ 6 4 ∖ ( x + 7)
7  p 4 ∖ 1  
7 y ∖ : 4 ∖6 x ∖ : 6. Irhblaot ihrls yhoi
yhoi danhnul
danhnul tltlc
tltlc (2,`)
(2,`) bho
6 x + 7 y 4 ;   8
(`+7,9) hbhnh` ∖   . taotucho
taotucho olnhl `!
`!  
8;. [adfh`hsho5 2
( y6 ∖ y8 )
6 x + : y ∖ 86 4 ; d4
( x6 ∖ x8 )
: y 4 ∖6 x + 86
8 8 9∖`
 y 4 ∖ x + 6 ∖ 4
7 2 (` + 7) ∖ 2  x2
8 ∖8((` + 7) ∖ 2)
2) 4 2(9 ∖ `)
d8 4 ∖
7 ∖` ∖ 7 + 2 4 60 ∖ 2 `
Ihrls baoiho irhblao d6   taihc nurus ∖ ` + 2 ` 4 60 + 7 ∖ 2
baoiho ihrls yhoi farirhblao d8 dhch5 7` 4 ∖ 69
d8 Ù d6 4  ∖8 ` 4 ∖7

Dhtadhtlch Canhs 0 8;;7

 

7. Ihrls h yhoi danhnul H(9,-7)

H(9,-7) bho
bho F(88,7) 1. Blcath`ul parshdhho ihrls nurus
ihrls f yhoi danhnul G(-<,;) bho B(-1,:) 7 x + 2 y ∖ 1 4 ;   bho : x + 0 y ∖ 8; 4 ;  
Elch blihdfhrcho bhnhd blhirhd chrtaslus fhihldhohch` cabubucho buh parshdhho
hcho tarnl`ht sapartl ihdfhr bl fhwh` lol! ihrls tarsafut5
8;  y
[arshdhho
[arshdhh o ihrls parthdh5
<

0 7 x + 2 y ∖ 1 4 ;
9

:
2 y 4 ∖7x + 1
B
1
7 1
2
7
 y 4 ∖ 2 x + 2
F
6 7
8 d 4∖
G  x 2
-8; -< -0 -9 -: -1 -2 -7 -6 -8 ; 8 6 7 2 1 : 9 0 < 8; 88 86
-8 [arshdhho ihrls cabuh5
[arshdhho
-6

-7
: x + 0 y ∖ 8; 4 ;
H
-2
0 y 4 ∖ : x + 8;
: 8;
 y 4 ∖ x+
Dhch tarnl`ht cabuh ihrls tarsafut saehehr. 0 0
2. h. Elch ihrls d bho ihrls o saehehr dhch 7 1
 y 4 ∖ x+
d8 4 d6 . Irhblao ihrls o 46 2 2
f. Elch ihrls d bho ihrls o taihc nurus 7
d4∖
dhch d8 Ù d6 4  ∖ 8 2
8 Chraoh d8 4 d6 dhch cabuh ihrls tarsafut
Irhblao ihrls o 4 ∖6  saehehr.

FHF 1
[arshdhho Nloahr Buh vhrlhfan
Wlstad [arshdhho

Nhtl`ho Wmhn 8
 x ∖ 6 4 ;
Fhilho
8.
H  x 4 6
 x ∖ 7 y ∖ 1 4 ; ↖ x 4 7 y + 1 W u f s t l t u s l c h o
Ehbl `ldpuoho paoyanashlhooyh hbhnh` (6,-8)
parshdhho tarsafut ca parshdhho parthdh
Ehwhfho5 F
 x 4 7 y + 1 ↖ 7 x + 6 y ∖ 2 4 ;
6. [aoyanashlho slstad parshdhho 6 x + 7 y 4 86  
7(7 y + 1) + 6 y ∖ 2 4 ;
bho 7 x + 6 y 4 0  hbhnh` h bho f. olnhl h+f
< y + 81 + 6 y ∖ 2 4 ;
hbhnh`5
88 y + 88 4 ; 6 x + 7 y 4 86   x 7 : x + < y 4 7:
88 y 4 ∖88 7 x + 6 y 4 0   x 6 : x + 2 y 4 8:   -
 y 4 ∖ 8     -
1 y 4 6;
Wufstltuslcho olnhl  y  4 ∖8   ca parshdhho  
cabuh5  y 4 2
 x ∖ 7 y ∖ 1 4 ; Wufsltuslcho  y  4 2  ca parshdhho ca buh5
 y 4

 x ∖ 7(∖ 8) ∖ 1 4 ; 7 x + 6 y 4 0
 x + 7 ∖ 1 4 ; 7 x + 6(2) 4 0

8;;2 [adfh`hsho bho Cuogl Ehwhfho

 

7 x + 0 4 0 1.
7 x 4 0∖0 1 x + 6 y 4 81 81 x + : y 4 21
7 x 4 ;
7 x + 2 y 4 67   81 x + 6; y 4 881   -
  x 4 ;
Dhch h+f 4 ; + 2 4 2 ∖82 y 4 ∖ 9;
Ehwhfho5 B  y 4 1
   
7. Rltlc pmtmoi hothrh ihrls  y 4 2 x ∖ 88   Wufstltuslcho olnhl  y 4
 y  4 1   ca parshdhho
baoiho ihrls 7 y 4 ∖6 x ∖ 1  hbhnh`5 parthdh
Wufstltuslcho parshdhho parthdh ca 1 x + 6 y 4 81
parshdhho cabuh5
1 x + 6(1) 4 81
81
 y 4 2 x ∖ 88 ↖ 7 y 4 ∖6 x ∖ 1
1 x + 8; 4 81
81
7( 2 x ∖ 88) 4 ∖6 x ∖ 1
1 x 4 1
86 x ∖ 77 4 ∖6 x ∖ 1
 x 4 8  
86 x + 6 x 4 ∖1 + 77 Ehbl `ldpuoho paoyanashlhooyh hbhnh` (8,1)
82 x 4 60 Ehwhfho5 H
 x 4 6   :. ganho h 4  x  bho fheu 4  y  
Dlshncho5 ganhoh
Wufstltuslcho  x 4 6   ca parshdhho @hrih 7 ganhoh bho 6 fheu hbhnh` Vp
parthdh 60;.;;;,;;
 y 4 2 x ∖ 88 7 x + 6 y 4 60;.;;;  
@hrih 8 ganhoh bho 7 fheu hbhnh` Vp
 y 4 2(
2(6)
6) ∖ 88 68;.;;;,;;
 y 4 0 ∖ 88  x + 7 y 4 68;.;;; ↖ x 4 ∖7 y + 6 688;.;;;  
 y 4 ∖ 7 Wufstltuslcho olnhl x tarsafut ca parshdhho
Ehbl tltlc pmtmoioyh hbhnh` (6,-7) ca shtu5
Ehwhfho5 G 7 x + 6 y 4 60;.;;;
2. [aoyanashlho
[aoyanas hlho bhrl slstad parshdhho 7(∖7 y + 68;.;;;) + 6 y 4 60;.;;;
7 x + y 4 ∖8  bho  x + 7 y 4 1  5 ∖< y + :7;.;;; + 6 y 4 60;.;;;
 x + 7 y 4 1 ↖ x 4 ∖7 y + 1
∖9 y 4 ∖ 71;.;;;
Wufstltuslcho olnhl x tarsafut ca parshdhho
parthdh5  y 4 1;.;;;
Ehbl `hrih safuh` ganhoh hbhnh` Vp
7 x + y 4 ∖8
1;.;;;,;;
7(∖7 y + 1
1)) + y 4 ∖8
Ehwhfho5 G
∖< y + 81 + y 4 ∖8 9. Dlshn5 udur lfu 4 x bho udur hohc4 y
∖0 y + 81 4 ∖8 Wanlsl` udur samrhoi lfu baoiho hohcoyh
∖0 y 4 ∖8 ∖ 81 2; th`uo
∖0 y 4 ∖8:  x ∖ y 4 2; ↖ x 4 y + 2;  
udur lfu tlih chnl nlpht bhrl udur hohcoyh
 y 4 6
 x 4 7 y  
Wufstltuslcho olnhl  y 4
 y  4 6  ca  x 4 ∖7 y + 1 Wufstltuslcho parshdhho cabuh ca
 x 4 ∖7 y + 1 parshdhho parthdh5
 x 4 ∖7(6)
(6) + 1  x 4 y + 2;
 x 4 ∖: + 1 7 y 4 y + 2;
 x 4 ∖8 7 y ∖ y 4 2;
Ehbl, `ldpuoho paoyanashlh
paoyanashlhhooyh
hooyh hbhnh`
6 y 4 2;
(-8,6)  y 4 6;
Ehwhfho5 F

Dhtadhtlch Canhs 0 8;;1

 

Ehbl udur hohc tarsafut hbhnh` 6; th`uo 8;. @hrih 1 paosln bho 2 fucu tunls hbhnh` Vp
Ehwhfho5 G 6;.1;;,;; 4 1 p + 2f 4 6;.1;;  
0. Eudnh` buh fuh` flnhoiho ghgh` hbhnh` :1 @hrih 6 paosln bho : fucu tunls hbhnh` Vp
 x + y 4 :1 ↖ x 4 ∖ y + :1   66.1;;,;; 4 6 p + :f 4 66.1;;  
sanlsl`oyh hbhnh` 81 1 p + 2f 4 6;.1;;  x 6 8; p + 0f 4 28.;;;
 x ∖ y 4 81   6 p + :f 4 66.1;;  x 1 8; p + 7;f 4 886.1;; -
 x ∖ y 4 81 ∖66f 4 ∖98.1;;
 
f 4 7.61;
(∖ y + :1) ∖ y 4 81  
Wufstltuslcho f 4 7.61; ca parshdhho
∖ y + :1 ∖ y 4 81
cashtu5
∖6 y + :1 4 81
81 1 p + 2f 4 6;.1;;
∖6 y 4 81 ∖ :1 1 p + 2(
2(7
7.61;) 4 6;.
.61 ;.1
1;;
∖6 y 4 ∖1; 1 p + 87.;;; 4 6;.1;;
 y 4 61 1 p 4 9.1;;
Wufstltuslcho  y  4 61    p 4 8.1;;
 x ∖ y 4 81 Ehbl @hrih 8 paosln bho 8 fucu tunls
 x ∖ 61 4 81 hbhnh`5
Vp 8.1;;,;; +Vp 7.61;,;; 4 Vp 2.91;,;;
 x 4 81 + 61
Ehwhfho5 F
 x 4 2;
Flnhoiho tarcagln bhrl flnhoiho ghgh` Fhilho F
tarsafut hbhnh` 61
8. Olnhl x yhoi daruphcho paoyanashlho bhrl
Ehwhfho5 H
2 x + 6 y 4 6 bho 9 x + 2 4  hbhnh`5
<. @hrih 1 fuh` cua H bho 6 fuh` cua F Vp 2 x + 6 y 4 6   x 6 0 x + 2 y 4 2  
2.;;;,;; 4 1h + 6f 4 2.;;;   9 x + 2 y 4 6   x 8 9 x + 2 y 4 6  -
`hrih 6 fuh` cua H bho 7 fuh` cua F Vp
6.9;;,;;4 6h + 7f 4 6.9;;   ∖ x 4 6
1h + 6f 4 2.;;;   x 7 81h + :f 4 86.;;;    x 4 ∖6  
6h + 7f 4 6.9;;   x 6 2h + :f 4 1.2;;   - 6. Wlstad parshdhho nloahr buh vhrlhfan
88h 4 :.:;; bhpht blsanashlcho baoiho tlih ghrh yhltu
h 4 :;;   Datmba irhjc, datmba anldlohsl, datmba
 
Wufstltuslcho h4:;; ca parshdhho cabuh sufstltusl, datmba ihfuoiho (anldlohsl
bho sufstltusl.
6h + 7f 4 6.9;; 7. Blcath`ul 2h + f 4 :   bho 6h + f 4 2 .
6(:;;) + 7f 4 6.9;; Olnhl 6h ∖ 7f  hbhnh`5
8.6;; + 7f 4 6.9;; [adfh`hsho5
2h + f 4 : ↖ f 4 ∖2h + :
7f 4 8.1;;
6h + f 4 2
f 4 1;; 6h + (∖2h + :) 4 2
`hrih safuh` cua H bho buh fuh` cua F
hbhnh` 6h ∖ 2h + : 4 2
∖6 h + : 4 2
h + 6f
∖6 h 4 ∖ 6
:;;
:;; + 6(
6(1;
1;;)
;)
h 48
:;; + 8;;;
;;; 4 8.:
.:;;
;;   Wufsltuslcho h48 ca parshdhho
Ehwhfho5 F f 4 ∖2h + :

8;;: [adfh`hsho bho Cuogl Ehwhfho

 

Wufsltuslcho h48 ca parshdhho

7 x ∖ 6 y 4 86
f 4 ∖2h + :
7 x ∖ 6(∖1 x + 9) 4 86
86
f 4 ∖2h + :
7 x + 8; x ∖ 82 4 86
86
f 4 ∖2(
2(8
8) + :
f 4 ∖2 + :
87 x 4 6:

f46  x 4 6
 Dhch olnhl bhrl 6h ∖ 7f hbhnh` Wufstltusl olnhl x46 ca parshdhho

6h ∖ 7f  y 4 ∖1 x + 9
 y 4 ∖1 x + 9
6(8) ∖ 7(6)
6(8 7(6)
 y 4 ∖1(6
(6)) + 9
6+: 40
2. Olnhl  y  yhoi daruphcho paoyanashlho bhrl  y 4 ∖8; + 9
7 x ∖ y 4 86  bho  x + 2 y 4 89  hbhnh`5  y 4 ∖7
 x + 2 y 4 89 ↖ x 4 ∖2 y + 89 @ldpuoho paoyanashlhhooyh hbhnh` (6,-7)
7 x ∖ y 4 86 Ehbl Olnhl bhrl 2 x + 7 y hbhnh`5
 
7(∖2 y + 89) ∖ y 4 86 2 x + 7 y
∖86 y + 18 ∖ y 4 86 2(6)
(6) + 7(∖7)
7)
∖87 y + 18 4 86 0 ∖ < 4 ∖8
∖87 y 4 ∖ 7< 9. Blcath`ul slstad parshdhho 6 x + y 4 87  
bho 7 x ∖ 6 y 4 6 . Olnhl 9 x + 7 y  hbhnh`5
y47
6 x + y 4 87 ↖ y 4 ∖6 x + 87
Dhch olnhl y hbhnh` 7
7 x ∖ 6 y 4 6
1. @ldpuoho paoyanashlho bhrl slstad
parshdhho  x ∖ 6 y 4 8;  bho 7 x + 6 y 4 ∖ 6   7 x ∖ 6(∖6 x + 87) 4 6
hbhnh`5 7 x + 2 x ∖ 6: 4 6
 x ∖ 6 y 4 8; ↖ x 4 6 y + 8; 9 x 4 60
7 x + 6 y 4 ∖ 6  x 4 2
7( 6 y + 8;) 4 ∖ 6 Wufstltuslcho x42 ca parshdhho
: y + 8; 4 ∖ 6  y 4 ∖6 x + 87

: y 4 ∖ 86  y 4 ∖6 x + 87
 y 4 ∖6(
6(2
2) + 87
 y 4 ∖ 6  y 4 ∖0 + 87
Wufstltuslcho olnhl y4-6 ca parshdhho
parthdh  x ∖ 6 y 4 8;  y 4 1
 x ∖ 6 y 4 8; Olnhl 9 x + 7 y  hbhnh`5
 x ∖ 6(∖6)
6) 4 8; 9 x + 7 y
 x + 2 4 8; 9(2)) + 7(1)
9(2 (1)
 x 4 : 60 + 81 4 27
Dhch `ldpuoho paoyanashlhooyh hbhnh` 0. `hrih 2 fuh` fucu
fucu bho 7 fuh` paosln Vp
Vp
(:,-6) 81.;;;,;;4 2f + 7 p 4 81.;;;  
:. [aoyanashlho
[aoyanas hlho bhrl 7 x ∖ 6 y 4 86   bho `hrih : fuh` fucu bho 6 fuh` paosln Vp
1 x + y 4 9   hbhnh` ( x, y )   . Olnhl bhrl 81.1;;,;; 4 :f + 6 p 4 81.1;;  
2 x + 7 y  hbhnh`5 <. Dlshncho putrh 4 x bho putrl
putrl 4 y
1 x + y 4 9 ↖ y 4 ∖1 x + 9 slswh putrh bho putrl hbhnh` 2; 4

Dhtadhtlch Canhs 0 8;;9

 

 x + y 4 2;   6 x + 7 y 4 891.;;;
slswh putrh 2 mrhoi nafl` fhoyhc bhrl slswh 6 x + 7(91.
(91.;;;) 4 891.
;;;) 891.;;
;;;
;
putrl 4  x 4 y + 2   6 x + 661.
661.;;; 4 891
;;; 891.;;;
.;;;
 x + y 4 2; 6 x 4 1;.;;;
 y + 2 + y 4 2;  x 4 61.;;;
6 y + 2 4 2; Wufstltuslcho olnhl x bho y5
 x + 6 y
6 y 4 7: 61.;;;
61.;;; + 6(9
6(91.;
1.;;;)
;;)
 y 4 80
Ehbl fhoyhcoyh slswh putrl hbhnh` 80 61.;;;
61.;;; + 81;
81;.;;
.;;;
;
mrhoi. 891.;;;  
8;. Dlshn uhoi Hiol 4 x bho uhoi Chrlo 4 y @hrih saphshoi shobhn bho 6 phshoi
uhoi Hiol hbhnh` 6 chnl uhoi Chrlo 4  x 4 6 y   saphtu hbhnh` Vp 891.;;;,;;
sanlsl` uhoi darach hbhnh` Vp 7:.;;;,;;
4  x ∖ y 4 7:.;;;   6. @hrih safuh`
safuh` daslo jmtm gmpy hbhnh` 1
uotuc daoyanashlcho smhn tarsafut chnl `hrih safuh` gmdputar. @hrih 1 fuh`
sufstltuslcho  x 4 6 y  ca  x ∖ y 4 7:.;;; gmdputar bho 6 fuh` daslo jmtmgmpy
 x ∖ y 4 7:.;;; hbhnh` Vp :;.;;;.;;;,;;. Farhphch`
6 y ∖ y 4 7:.;;;
`hrih safuh`
safuh` daslo
daslo jmtmgmpy
jmtmgmpy tarsafut=
tarsafut=  
[adfh`hsho5
7 y 4 7:.;;;
Dlshn5 daslo jmtmgmpy 4 x bho gmdputar
 y 4 80.;;;
4y
Wufstltuslcho olnhl y480.;;; ca  x 4 6 y @hrih safuh` daslo jmtm gmpy hbhnh` 1
 x 4 6 y chnl `hrih safuh` gmdputar ↖ x
  4 1y  
 x 4 6(80.;;;) @hrih 1 fuh` gmdputar bho 6 fuh`
 x 4 7:.;;; daslo jmtmgmpy hbhnh` Vp :;.;;;.;;;,;;
Eudnh` uhoi Hiol bho Chrlo hbhnh` 80.;;; ↖ 1 y + 6 x 4 :;.;;;.;;;  
+ 7:.;;; 4 12.;;;
1 y + 6 x 4 :;.;;;.;;;

Fhilho G 1 y + 6(1 y ) 4 :;.;;;.;;;

8. @hrih 6 phshoi
phshoi shobhn bho 7 phshoi saphtu 1 y + 8; y 4 :;.;;;.;;;
hbhnh` Vp 891.;;;,;;, sabhoicho `hrih 7 81 y 4 :;.;
:;.;;;
;;.;
.;;;
;;
phshoi saobhn bho 2 phshoi saphtu hbhnh`
 y 4 2.;;;.;;;
Vp 661.;;;,;;. @hrih saphshoi shobhn
@hrih safuh` daslo jmtmgmpy hbhnh`
bho 6 phshoi saphtu hbhnh`....
[adfh`hsho5  x 4 1 y
@hrih 6 phshoi shobhn bho 7 phshoi  x 4 1(2.;;;.;;;)
saphtu hbhnh` Vp 891.;;;,;;  x 4 6;.;;;.;;;
↖ 6 x + 7 y 4 891.;;;  
7. @hrih 0 fuh` fucu
fucu tunls bho : fuh` paosln
paosln
`hrih 7 phshoi saobhn bho 2 phshoi
Vp 6;.6;;,;;. @hrih : fuh` fucu tunls
saphtu hbhnh` Vp 661.;;;,;;
bho 1 fuh` paosln Vp 81.1;;,;;. Raotucho
↖ 7 x + 2 y 4 661.;;;  
`hrih 1 fuh` fucu tunls bho 0 fuh`
6 x + 7 y 4 891.;;;  x7 : x + < y 4 161.;;;
paosln!
7 x + 2 y 4 661.;;;  x6 : x + 0 y 4 21;.;;; -
[adfh`hsho5
   y
 y 4
 4 91.;;;   @hrih 0 fuh` fucu tunls bho : fuh` paosln
Wufstltuslcho y491.;;; ca parshdhho ca
Whtu Vp 6;.6;;,;;
@hrih ↖ 0ftunls
: fuh` fucu + : pbho 6;;  paosln
4 61;.fuh`

8;;0 [adfh`hsho bho Cuogl Ehwhfho

 

Vp 81.1;;,;; ↖
  :f + 1 p 4 81.1;;  
6f + 7 e 4 69.;;;
0f + : p 4 6;.6;;  x 1 2;f + 7; p 4 8;8.;;;
:f + 1 p 4 81.1;;   x : 7:f + 7; p 4 <7.;;; - 6(:;;;) + 7 e 4 69.;;;

2f 4 0;;; 86.;;; + 7 e 4 69.;;;

f 4 6;;;   7 e 4 81.;;;

 
Wufstltuslcho f46;;; ca parshdhho  e 4 1;;;
parthdh @hrih 7 dhoicmc fhcsm bho 6 ianhs eus

0f + : p 4 6;.6;;  earuc
0(6;;;) + : p 4 6;.6;; 7f + 6 e
7(:;;
7(:;;;)
;) + 6(1
6(1;;;
;;;))
8:.;;; + : p 4 6;.6;;
80.;
80.;;;
;; + 8;.;
8;.;;;
;; 4 60.;
60.;;;
;;  
: p 4 2.6;;
Ehbl Hprln `hrus dadfhyhr Vp 60.;;;,;;
 p 4 9;; 1. Blnhphoiho phrclr tarhpht 8;1 caobhrhho
@hrih 1 fuh` fucu tunls bho 0 fuh` yhoi tarblrl bhrl sapabh dmtmr bho dmfln.
paosln Elch eudnh` rmbh sanuru` caobhrhho
1f + 0 p tarsafut (tlbhc tardhsuc fho sarap) hbhnh`
6<; rmbh, dhch taotuchonh` fhoyhcoyh
1(6;;
1(6 ;) + 0(9;
;;;) 0(9;;)
;)
dmfln bl tadpht phrclr tarsafut!
8;.;;
8; ; + 1:;;
.;;; 1:;; [adfh`hsho5

81.:;;   Dlshn5
Dmfln4 x
2. @hrih 1 dhoicmc fhcsm bho 2 ianhs eus eus
Dmtmr 4 y
 earuc hbhnh` Vp 1;.;;;,;;, sabhoicho
Dhch blbhpht parshdhho5
`hrih 6 dhoicmc fhcsm bho 7 ianhs eus
 earuc bltadpht yhoi shdh hbhnh` Vp
 x + y 4 8;1 ↖ y 4 ∖ x + 8;1  
69.;;;,;;. Elch Hprln dadfanl 7 dhoicmc 2 x + 6 y 4 6<;  
Wufstltuslcho olnhl y ca parshdhho cabuh
fhcsm bho 6 ianhs eus earuc, dhch
farhphch` uhoi yhoi `hrus blfhyhrcho= 
blfhyhrcho=  2 x + 6 y 4 6<;
[adfh`hsho5 2 x + 6(∖ x + 8;1) 4 6
6<
<;
@hrih 1 dhoicmc fhcsm bho 2 2 x ∖ 6 x + 68; 4 6
6<<;
ianhs eus earuc hbhnh` Vp 1;.;;;,;;
6 x 4 0;
↖ 1f + 2 e 4 1;.;;;
`hrih 6 dhoicmc fhcsm bho 7 ianhs  x 4 2;
 eus earuc hbhnh` Vp 69.;;;,;; Dhch eudnh` dmfln yhoi tarbhpht bl
↖ 6f + 7 e 4 69.;;; nhphoiho phrclr tarsafut hbhnh` 0; dmfln.
1f + 2 e 4 1;.;;;   x 7 81f + 86 e 4 81;.;;;
6f + 7 e 4 69.;;;   x 2 0f + 86 e 4 8;0.;;;   -
9f 4 26.;;;

 
f 4 :;;;  
Wufstltuslcho f4:;;; ca parshdhho
cabuh 6f + 7 e 4 69.;;;

Dhtadhtlch Canhs 0 8;;<

 

FHF :
 Ramradh
 Ramradh [yt`himrhs

Nhtl`ho Wmhn 8
Fhilho H 2. Blc5 phoehoi h  480 bho phoehoi f  4 7;,
8. Qotuc daoiath`ul [hshoiho
[hshoiho trlpan Blt5 phoehoi g  =
[yt`himrhs clth nhcucho pargmfhho phbh
g6 4 f6 ∖ h6
satlhp phshoiho5
g 6 4 7;6 ∖ 806
6 6 6
88 4 0 + :
g 6 4 <;; ∖ 76
<;; 762
2
868 4 :2 + 7:
g 6 4 19:
868 4 8;
868 8;;
;  
[aroyhthho shnh`  ehbl flnhoiho tarsafut g 4 19:
g 4 62  
fucho trlpan [yt`himrhs
[yt`himrhs..
Ehwhfho5 F
616 4 626 + 9 6
1. [aroyhthho yhoi faohr [hoehoi
[aroyhthho [hoehoi slsl dlrloi
:61 4 19: + 2<
sailtlih phbh ihdfhr tarsafut hbhnh` f  
:61 4 :61   6 6 6 6 6 6

[aroyhthho faohr  ehbl flnhoiho tarsafut sa`loiih h + g hthu h 4 f ∖ g

Ehwhfho5f H4
daruphcho trlpan [yt`himrhs
Ehwhfho5 F :. Wailtlih HFG slcu-slcu
slcu-slcu bl F, elch HF4 2 gd
bho HG41gd, dhch phoehoi FG5
6. \hoi daruphcho trlpan [yt`himrhs, caguhnl5
Chraoh slcu-slcu bl F dhch5
616 4 626 + 96
 FG 6 4 HG 6 ∖ HF6
:61 4 19: + 2<  FG 6 4 16 ∖ 26
:61 4 :61   Rrlpan [yt`himrhs  FG 6 4 61 ∖ 8:
6 6 6
87 4 86 + 1  FG 6 4 <

8:< 4 822 + 61  FG 4 <

  Rrlpan [yt`himrhs  FG 4 7  

8:<
8:< 4 8:
8:<
<
9. [hoehoi slsl yhoi nhlooyh5
16 4 76 + 26
6 6 6
 x 4 7; ∖ 80
61 4 < + 8: 6
 x 4 <;; ∖ 762
762
61 4 61   Rrlpan [yt`himrhs 6
 x 4 19:
Ehbl yhoi fucho trlpan [yt`himrhs hbhnh`
:,9,86  x 4 19:
 x 4 62  
Ehwhfho5 B
Ehwhfho5 G
7. \hoi
\hoi daruphcho trlpan [yt`himrhs hbhnh`5
0. [hoehoi `lpmtaoush safuh` sailtlih slcu-
876 4 866 + 16 slcu shdh chcl baoiho phoehoi slsl slcu-
8:< 4 822 + 61 slcu 1 gd hbhnh`5
8:< 4 8:<
8:<  Ehbl, 87,86, 1 trlpan [yt`himrhs  x 6 4 16 + 16
616 4 62 6 + 9 6 6
 x 4 61 + 61
:61 4 19: + 2<  x 4 1;

:61
:61 4 :61  Ehbl, 61,62, 9 trlpan [yt`himrhs  x 4 1;  
Ehwhfho5 F Ehwhfho5 F

8;8; [adfh`hsho bho Cuogl Ehwhfho

 

<. [hoehoi FB5 7. \hoi daruphcho ucurho sailtlih slcu-slcu

 FG 6 4 HG 6 + HF 6  Cadublho5  FB 4 GB + FG   
6 6 6 (l) (ll)
 FG 6 4 8:6 + 866  FB 6 4 206 + 6;6 : 6 4 16 + 2 6 876 4 866 + 8;6
 FG 6 4 61:
61: + 822
822  FB 6 4 67;2
67;2 + 2;;
2;;
7 : 4 61 + 8: 8:< 4 822 + 8;;
 FG 6 4 2;;  FB 6 4 69;2
7 : 4 28   8:< 4 622
 FG  4 2;;  FB4 69;2
Fucho sailtlih Fucho sailtlih
 FG  4 6;  FB 4 16
slcu-slcu slcu-slcu
Ehwhfho5 B   (lll) (lv)
8;. [hoehoi (HF) 4 62 gd
8; 6 4 06 + : 6 866 4 8;6 + :6
Blhimohn (FB) 4 7; gd
Nafhroyh hbhnh` .... 8;; 4 :2 + 7: 822 4 8;; + 7:
6 6
 HB 4 FB ∖ HF
6 8;
8;;
; 4 8;;   822 4 87:
6 6 6 Wailtlih slcu-slcu Fucho sailtlih
 HB 4 7; ∖ 62
  slcu-slcu
6
 HB 4 <;
<;;
; ∖ 19
19:
: \hoi daruphcho ucurho
ucu rho bhrl sailtlih slcu-
 HB 4 762 slcu hbhnh` (l).
hbhnh` (l).

 HB 4 80   6 6 6
2. Blcath`ul5 h 4 f + g  dhch olnhl bhrl g  
Ehbl, nafhr parsail phoehoi4 80 gd.
  6
Ehwhfho5 G hbhnh`5 g 4 h 6 ∖ f6
1. [ar`htlcho ihdfhr sailtlih bl fhwh` lol!
Fhilho F F G
8. Wlsl dlrloi phbh sailtlih slcu-slcu blsafut
H
@lpmtaoush
Ihdfhr sailtlih bl hths daruphcho sailtlih
6. Blcath`ul tlih fuh` rhoichlho slsl-slsl HFG baoiho slcu-slcu bl G. phoehoi HF
safuh` sailtlih yhltu5 hbhnh`5
L. 7gd, 2 gd, 1 gd 6 6
 HF 4 FG + HG   hthu  HF 4
6 ( FG 6 + HG 6 )
LL. <gd, 86 gd,
gd, 1 gd
gd
LLL. 1gd, 86 gd, 87 gd :. [XV hbhnh` sailtlih slcu-slcu. [hoehoi [X
LZ.. 8;gd, 62 gd, 6: gd
LZ hbhnh`5
Blhothrh sailtlih tarsafut dhohch` yhoi
 [X 6 4 [V 6 + VX 6
daruphcho sailtlih slcu-slcu=
  L LL  [X 6 4 9 6 + 9 6

16 4 26 + 76 86 6 4 < 6 + 16  [X 6 4 2< + 2<

61 4 8: + < 822 4 08 + 61  [X 6 4 <0
61 4 61   82
822
2 4 8;:    [X 4 <0  
Wailtlih slcu-slcu Fucho sailtlih
9. Blcath`ul HF4 2 gd, HB 4 7 gd bho GB487
  slcu-slcu
gd. [hoehoi slsl FB bho FG farturut-turut 5
LLL LZ
6 6 6 6 6 6  FB 6 4 HF 6 + HB 6  FG 6 4 GB 6 ∖ FB6
87 4 86 + 1 6: 4 6 2 + 8;
 FB 6 4 26 + 76  FG 6 4 876 ∖ 16
8:< 4 822 + 61 :9: 4 19: + 8; ;
 FB 6 4 8: + <  FG 6 4 8:< ∖ 61
8:< 4 8:<   :9: 4 : 9:
 FB 6 4 61  FG 6 4 822
Wailtlih slcu-slcu Wailtlih slcu-slcu
Ehbl yhoi daruphcho sailtlih slcu-slcu  FB 4 61  FG 4 822

hbhnh` L, LLL, bho LZ.  FB 4 1    FG 4 86

Ehbl phoehoi FB 4 1 gd bho FG 86 gd.

Dhtadhtlch Canhs 0 8;88

 

0. Blcath`ul HF 4 8: gd, BG 4 6; gd bho 6 6 6

HF4FB. Nuhs bharh` HBG5 6. Rloiil taobh4  x 4 81 ∖ 86

8  x 6 4 66
661
1 ∖ 822
822
 N.∊HBG 4 Ù hnhs Ù tloiil
6
 x 4 08 4 <
8
4 Ù ( HF + FB) Ù GB Dhch tloiil taobh tarsafut hbhnh` <
6
8 datar.
4 Ù (8: + 8:
8:)) Ù 6;
6 7. Bhrl urhlho,
urhlho, thdphc sapartl ihdfhr
ihdfhr bl

4 8 Ù 76 Ù 6; fhwh` lol.
6 HF daruphcho ehrhc
4 76;gd 6
  hohc bl thoh` baoiho
<. Canlnloi sailtlih shdh
shdh chcl 476 baoiho tltlc yhoi tapht farhbh
hnhsoyh 86 gd, phoehoi slsl yhoi nhlooyh bl fhwh` nhyhoi-
hbhnh` 8;g. nhyhoi bho HG daru
Qotuc daoi`ltuoi nuhs sailtlih `hrus phcho phoehoi faohoi. Rloiil nhyhoi-
bl`ltuoi bunu tloiil bhrl sailtlih tarsafut. nhyhoi tarsafut4  FG 4 (61
(61; ∖ 9; )  
6 6

 x 6 4 8; 6 ∖ : 6
 FG 4 :61;
:61;;
; ∖ 2<
2<;;
;;
 x 6 4 8;; ∖ 7:
 FG 4 19:;;
 x 4 :2 4 0  
 FG 4 62;d
Rloiil sailtlih tarsafut 0 gd.
Ehbl, tloiil nhyhoi-nhyhoi tarsafut
 N 4 8 Ù hnhs Ù tloiil hbhnh` 62; d
6
8 2. Ehrhc ohc`mbh bhrl puoghc dargusuhr
 N 4 Ù86 Ù 0
6 tarsafut5
 N 4 20gd6    x 4 (8;;6 + :;6 )
Ehbl nuhs sailtlih tarsafut hbhnh` 20gd6
 x 4 8;
8;.;;
.;;;
; + 7.:;
7.:;;
;
8;. Wailtlih HFG slcu-slcu bl F. Elch phoehoi
 x 4 :.2;;
HF40gd bho FG 4 : gd, dhch canlnloi
 x 4 0;  
sailtlih HFG5
Ehbl, ehrhc
Ehbl, ehrhc ohc`mbh bhrl puoghc
 HG 6 4 HF 6 + FG 6 dargusuhr hbhnh` 0; datar.
 HG 6 4 06 + :6 1. Elch blihdfhr
blihdfhrcho
cho scatshoyh, hcho thdphc
 HG 6 4 :2 + 7: sapartl ihdfhr bl fhwh` lol.
Bl dhoh  P\   daruph-
 HG  4 8;; 4 8;   cho ehrhc chcl thoiih
Dhch canlnloi sailtlih tarsafut5
baoiho fhwh` tad-
 C 4 HF + FG + HG  fmc (nafhr chnl) bho
4 0 + : + 8; \U   daruphcho tloiil
4 62gd   tadfmc, dhch
phoehoi thoiih ( PU  ) bhpht blghrl baoiho
Fhilho F tamradh [yt`himrhs yhcol5
6 6
 PU 4 P\ + \U 
6 Ehbl, phoehoi thoiih
8. Nafhr cmnhd4 n 6 4 6;6 ∖ 8:6   6 6 6 dloldhn yhoi blparnucho
 PU  4 1 + 86
hihr ueuoi thoiih
n 6 4 2;; ∖ 61: 6
 PU  4 61 + 822 fartadu baoiho fhilho
n  4 822 4 86 6
 PU  4 8:< hths tadfmc hbhnh`5
Dhch nafhr cmnhd faraohoi tarsafut 87 d.
hbhnh` 86 d.  PU  4 8:< 4 87

8;86 [adfh`hsho bho Cuogl Ehwhfho

 

FHF
Nloichrho bho Ihrls Wloiiuoi
9
Nhtl`ho Wmhn 8
Fhilho H ∫ HMF 4 6 Ù ∫HGF

8. [ar`htlcho ihdfhr
ihdfhr bl fhwh` lol uotuc Om ∫ HMF 4 6 Ù 11
8-7!
∫ HMF 4 88;  
Ehwhfho5 F
0. Baoiho paoiiuohho sljht subut pusht bho
subut canlnloi yhoi shdh,
@ufuoiho hothrh ∫ B[A   bho ∫ BJA 
dhch5 ∫ B[A 4 6 Ù ∫BJA 
Wa`loiih5 (1 x ∖ 8;) 4 6 Ù 9;  
Bharh` yhoi blhrslr blsafut tadfaraoi
chraoh blfhthsl mna` safuh` thnl fusur bho 1 x ∖ 8; 4 82
8 2;

fusur. 1 x 4 82; + 8;

8;
Ehwhfho5 F 1 x 4 81;
6. Ihrls H[ daruphcho ehrl-ehrl phbh nloichrho  x 4 7;
tarsafut.
Ehwhfho5 G
Ehwhfho5 H
<. Blcath`ul5 Ehrl-ehrl4 8: gd
7. Ihrls naoicuo
naoicuoii HF blsafut Fusur
Fusur..
Ehrhc 4 72 gd
Ehwhfho5 B
[hoehoi ihrls sloiiuoi5
8
2. Vudus nuhs nloichrho ϋr6 hthu b6
ϋ 6 6
2   x 4 72 ∖ 8:
Ehwhfho5 H
1. Chraoh blcath`ul phoehoi
phoehoi thnl dhch clth
clth 4 8.
8.81: ∖ 61
81: 61:
:
iuohcho rudus canlnloi nloichrho5 4 <;; 4 7;gd  
C 4 6 ϋr Ehwhfho5 H 
H 
66 8;. Ehrl-ehrl fashr ( V ) 4 8: gd
00 4 6 Ù Ù r 
9 Ehrl-ehrl cagln ( r ) 4 2 gd
22 [hoehoi ihrls sloiiuoi parsacutuho bhnhd
00 4 Ù r 
9 ( b ) 4 ; gd
r 4 82gd [hoehoi ihrls sloiiuoioyh ;, lol
Ehwhfho5 H daoyhthcho fh`wh buh nloichrho lol shnloi
:. \hoi daruphch
daruphchoo paroyhthho yhoi
yhoi faohr farsloiiuoiho. Mna` safhf ltu phoehoi
8  ehrhc hothr pusht nloichrhooy
nloichrhooyh
h hbhnh`
Wubut canlnloi 4  bhrl subut pusht yhoi
6  eudnh` bhrl ehrl-ehrloyh.
ehrl-ehrloyh.
daoi`hbhp ca hrh` fusur shdh
 e 4 V + r 
Ehwhfho5 H
4 8: + 2
9. Wubut HGF yhoi daruphcho subut canlnloi
bho subut HMF hbhnh` subut pusht yhoi 4 6;gd  
daoi`hbhp fusur yhoi shdh. Dhch5 Ehwhfho5 H

Dhtadhtlch Canhs 0 8;87

 

Fhilho F baoiho blhdatar nloichrho. Wubut yhoi

badlclho ltu fashroyh <;». Eudnh` subut
8. Bharh` yhoi blfhthsl mna` buh ehrl-ehrl bho
phbh sailtlih HFG hbhnh` 80;», sa`loiih
shtu fusur blsafut eurloi.   
∫ HFG + ∫GHF 4 <;  
Ehwhfho5   eurloi
Ehwhfho5

6. Ehrl‗ehrl blomthslcho baoiho r caphoehoiho ∫ HFG + ∫GHF 4 <;
bhrl rhblus.  x + 6 x 4 <;
Ehwhfho5 rhblus  7 x 4 <;


7. Wubut yhoi daruphcho 6 chnl bhrl subut  x 4 7;

canlnloi elch subut tarsafut daoi`hbhp ca dhch fashr ∫ HFG  hbhnh`
hrh` fusur yhoi shdh blsafut subut pusht. ∫ HFG 4 6 x 4 6(7; ) 4 :;
Ehwhfho5 Wubut [usht
<. Ehrl-ehrl fashr ( V ) 4 [H 4 9 gd
2. Vudus canlnloi nloichrho5 Ehrl-ehrl cagln ( r ) 4 FX 4 7 gd
Ehwhfho5  C 4 6ϋr hthu C 4 ϋb  Ehrhc hothr pusht nloichrho (  e ) 4 [X 4 6:gd
[hoehoi ihrls sloiiuoi parsacutuho bhnhd
1. Nuhs eurloi HMF hbhnh`5
( b ) 4 HF5
Wafanud daoghrl nuhs eurloi, clth `hrus
ghrl bunu nuhs nloichrho tarsafut.  HF 4 e 6 ∖ ( V + r ) 6
N 4 ϋ r6
4 6:6 ∖ (9 + 7
7))6
66
4 Ù9Ù9 4 :9:
:9: ∖ 8;;
8;;
9
4 812gd6 4 19:
Dhch nuhs eurloi5 4 62gd  
h 8;. Ehrl-ehrl fashr ( V  ) 4 82 gd
Nuhs eurloi 4 Ù Nuhs Nloichrho
7:; Ehrl-ehrl cagln ( r  ) 4 6 gd
21
 Ehrhc hothr pusht nloichrho (  e  )4 6; gd
4 Ù812 [hoehoi ihrls sloiiuoi parsacutuho nuhr ( n )5
7:;
8 n4 e 6 ∖ ( V ∖ r )6 
4 Ù812
0 6 6
4 6; ∖ (82 ∖ 6)
812 99
4 4 4 2;;
2;; ∖ 82
822
2
0 2
:. @ufuoiho hothrh subut HGF (subut canlnloi) 4 61: 4 8:gd  
bho subut HMF (subut pusht), dhch5

∫ HGF 4
8
Ù ∫HMF Fhilho G
8. Vmbh sapabh
sapabh chchc dadpuoyhl
dadpuoyhl ehrl-ehrl
6
8 yhoi phoehoioyh 6; gd, baoiho ϋ 4 7,82 ,
∫ HGF 4 Ù :1
6 nuhs rmbh tarsafut hbhnh` .... 
.... 
∫ HGF 4 76,1   [adfh`hsho5
N 4 ϋ r6
9. Blcath`ul buh fuh` nloichrho baoiho ehrl-
 ehrl nloichrho dhsloi-dhsloi
dhsloi-dhsloi V bho r. Elch 4 7,8
,82
2 Ù 6; Ù 6;
 ehrhc cabuh tltlc pusht nloichrho e, rudus 4 8.61: gd 6
phoehoi ihrls sloiiuoi parsacutuho bhnhd

hbhnh`  HF 4 MX 6 ∖ ( r8 + r 6 ) 6. [hoehoi ehrl-ehrl nloichrho plzzh yhoi utu`

hbhnh` ....
Ehwhfho5  HF 4 MX 6 ∖ (r8 + r 6 ) ϋr 6
 NWaparadpht Nloichrho 4
0. ∫HGF hbhnh` subut canlnloi daoi`hbhp 2
7,82 Ù r 6
suhtu thnl fusur yhoi phoehoioyh shdh   70,1 4
  2

8;82 [adfh`hsho bho Cuogl Ehwhfho

 

2(70,, 1) 4 7,82 Ù r 
2(70
6 1. [ar`htlcho ihdfhr5
6
812 4 7,8
812 2 Ù r 
,82
6 812
r  4
7,82
6
r  4 2<
2<,;22
,;22 ≀ 2<
r 4 2< 4 9

7. Blhdatar rmbh B 4 1; gd
Canlnloi rmbh ... = Elch r   hbhnh` ehrl-ehrl, bho  C 4 canlnloi
Canlnloi 4 ϋb 4 7,82 Ù 1; 4 819gd  
nloichrho 4 6ϋr
Vmbh farputhr safhoyhc
safhoyhc 86;; chnl, phoehoi [hoehoi thnl yhoi danlnlt rmbh-rmbh
nlothsho hthu ehrhc yhoi bltadpu` rmbh 8 8
 p 4 6r + 6r + C+ C 
hbhnh` fhoyhc puthrho blchnlcho canlnloi 6 6
rmbh, sa`loiih5  p 4 2r + C 
Ehrhc 4 86;; Ù canlnloi rmbh 4 86;; Ù 819
 p 4 2r  +
 + 6ϋr 
gd 4 8002;; gd 4 8002 d 4 8,002 cd
66
2. Bhth smhn5  p 4 2(68
(68) + 6( )(
)(6
68)
9
r 4 82 gd 
gd 
phoehoi nlothsho x 4 9<6 gd
 p 4 02 + 876
66  p 4 68:gd
Canlnloi rmbh 4 6 Ù Ù82 4 00gd    
9
Fhoyhc puthrho
o 4 x 5 C rmbh
o 4 96< 5 0 0 4 <

FHF
Fhoiuo Vuhoi Wlsl Bhthr
0
Fhilho H 2.
Nhtl`ho Wmhn
[hoehoi chwht 4 62 datar 4 62;; gd.
8
gd.
8. Bhrl rhoichlho parsail, yhoi daruphcho [hoehoi rusuc cufus 81 gd
 ehrloi-ehrloi cufus hbhnh` 8 bho 2.
2. [hoehoi chwht yhoi blparnucho uotuc shtu
Ehwhfho5 F fuh` carhoich hbhnh`5
phoehoi carhoich 4 86 x 81 gd 4 80; gd
6.
  8 Eudnh` carhoich yhoi bhpht blfuht
Elch omdmr 6 hbhnh` hnhsoyh
 6 7  phoehoi
 phoehoi chwht
chwht 62;;
dhch yhoi daruphcho tutup hbhnh`4  4 87,77 ≀ 87  
4 87,77
 phoehoi
 phoehoi carhoic
carhoichh 80;
  2 1 cufus hbhnh` omdmr :
  : Ehwhfho5 B Ehbl carhoich yhoi flsh blfuht hbhnh` 87
fuh`.
7. Vusuc prlsdh taihc yhoi hnhsoyh sail nldh Ehwhfho5 F
farhturho hbhnh` 81 fuh`. 1. Wafuh` prlsdh baoiho
baoiho hnhs farfaotuc
Ehwhfho5 G

Dhtadhtlch Canhs 0 8;81

 

sailtlih shdh chcl blcath`ul dadlnlcl   Nuhs parduchho nldhs hbhnh`5

phoehoi slsl yhoi shdh yhltu 87 gd, [adfh`hsho5
phoehoi slsl nhlooyh 8; gd, baoiho tloiil  N 4 Nhnhs + eudn
 eudnh`
h` nuhs taihc  
nuhs slsl taihc 
prlsdh 81 gd. Zmnuda prlsdh tarsafut Fhoyhc flbhoi taihc phbh nldhs sail
hbhnh`5 adpht4 2
[adfh`hsho5  N 4 Nhnhs + eudn
 eudnh`
h` nuhs
nuhs slsl taihc 
taihc 
Hnhsoyh farfaotuc sailtlih shdh chcl 8
baoiho nuhs5 4( s Ù s ) + 2( Ù h Ù t )
6
Rloiil sailtlih5 8
87 gd 87 gd
4 (8; Ù 8;8;) + 2( Ù 0 Ù 8;
8;)
6
 x  4 876 ∖ 16
4 8;
8;;; + 8:
8:;;
4 8:< ∖ 61 4 6:;gd 6
8; gd
4 822 4 86   Ehwhfho5 H
8 0. hbhnh` 8778 gd7.
Zmnuda safuh` cufus hbhnh`
Zmnuda
 Nhnhs 4 Ù h Ù t  Nuhs parduchho cufus tarsafut5
6
[adfh`hsho5
8
4 Ù8; Ù86 [hoehoi rusuc cufus 4 7 8778 4 88gd  
6
Nuhs parduchho cufus 4
4 :;gd6  
 N 4 :s 6
Z 4 Nhnhs Ù t 
4 :(88
:(88Ù88)
88)
4 :; Ù817 4 : Ù868
868
4 <;;gd
4 96:gd6
Ehwhfho5 F
Ehwhfho5 G
:. Wafuh` prldh taihc
taihc hnhsoyh
hnhsoyh farfaotuc
<. Zmnuda nldhs
Zmnuda nldhs parsail baoiho phoehoi slsl
sailtlih slcu-slcu baoiho ucurho slsloyh
hnhs 8; gd bho tloiiloyh 86 gd hbhnh`....
7gd, 2gd bho 1gd. elch tloiil prlsdh 86
[adfh`hsho5
gd, dhch nuhs parduchhho prlsdh5
8
[adfh`hsho5 Z 4 Ù  Nhnhs Ù t 
7
Hnhs farfaotuc sailtlih5
8
8 4 Ù ( s Ù s) Ù t 
 N sailtlih 4 Ù h Ù t  7
6
8
8 4 Ù (8; Ù8;)
8;) Ù86
4 Ù 7Ù 2 7
6
4 :gd
6
  4 8 Ù (8;;) Ù86
7
 C sailtlih 4 h + f + g
4 2 Ù8;;
4 7+ 2+1 7
4 2;;gd  
4 86gd  
Ehwhfho5 H
Dhch nuhs parduchho prlsdh hbhnh`5
8;. Blcath`ul fhnmc farucurho
 N 4 ( 6 Ù Nhnhs ) + ( C hnhs Ù t )
0 gd x 0 gd x 88 gd. elch
4 (6 Ù :) + (86 Ù 86)
tloiil nldhs 7 gd,
4 (86) + (822)
Blthoyh5 nuhs parduchho
4 81:gd 6
fhoiuo ...=
Ehwhfho5 B
Ehwhf5
9. Hnhs safuh` nldhs farfaotuc parsail L. Nuhs [arduchho fhnmc
phoehoi baoiho phoehoi slsl 8; gd bho
tloiil sailtlih phbh flbhoi taihc 0 gd.

8;8: [adfh`hsho bho Cuogl Ehwhfho

 

 N 4 6( pn + pt + nt )
bho 1 gd. elch nuhs parduchho rlsdh
hbhnh` 8;0 gd6, dhch tloiil prlsdh
4 6(
6(((0 Ù 0) + (0 Ù88
88)) + (0 Ù88))
88))
tarsafut hbhnh`....
4 6(:
(:2
2 + 00 + 00)
[adfh`hsho5
4 6(62;)
6
 N 4 (6 Ù Nhnhs ) + ( C hnhs Ù t )
  4 20;gd
8
LL. Nuhs parduchho nldhs 8;0 4 (6 Ù ( Ù h Ù t ) + ((h + f + g ) Ù t  
6
 N 4 Nhnhs + eudnh
 eudnh`
` nuhs
nuhs slsl taih
taihc 
c  8
8 8;0 4 (6 Ù ( 6 Ù 7 Ù 2)
2) + ((7 + 2 + 1) Ù t)
t)
4(s Ù s )+2( Ù h Ù t )
6 8;0 4 (6 Ù :) + (86t )
8 8;0 4 86 + 86t 
4 (0 Ù 0)
0)+2( Ù 0 Ù 77))
6 86t  4 8;0 ∖ 86
86
4 :2 + 2(
2(86
86)) 86t  4 <:
4 :2 + 20 t  4 0
6 Dhch tloiiloyh hbhnh` 0gd
  4 886gd
Nuhs parduchho cabuh fhoiuo tarsafut 1. Hnhs safuh`
safuh` nldhs farhturho
farhturho farfaotuc
farfaotuc
hbhnh` Nuhs parduchho fhnmc + nuhs parsail baoiho phoehoi slsl 1 gd bho
parduchho nldhs tloiil sailtlih flbhoi taihcoyh 8; gd.
420; + 886 nuhs parduchho nldhs tarsafut hbhnh`....
41<6 gd6 [adfh`hsho5
Ehwhfho5 H  N 4 N + eudnh
 eudnh`
` nuhs slsl ta
taihc 
ihc 
hnhs
8
4(s Ù s )+2( Ù h Ù t )
Fhilho F 6
8. Hcu hbhnh` fhoiuo ruhoi yhoi dadlnlcl 1 8
4 (1 Ù 1
1))+2( Ù 1 Ù 8 8;;)
slsl, < rusuc bho : tltlc subut. Hcu hbhnh` 6
"Nldhs sailtlih" 4 61 + 2(61
2(61))

6. Eudnh` phoehoi rusuc safuh` cufus hbhnh` 4 61 + 8;;

<: gd. Nuhs parduchho cufus hbhnh`.... 4 861gd 6
[adfh`hsho5 Ehbl nuhs parduchho nldhs tarsafut hbhnh`
861 gd6
[hoehoi rusuc cufus 4 <: 4 0gd  
86 :. Wafuh` fhnmc farucurho phoehoi (7 x + 6)  
 N 4 :s 6 gd, nafhr ( x + 1)  gd bho tloiil ( 6 x ∖ 2)  
4 :(0
:(0 Ù 0) gd. Elch eudnh` phoehoi rusucoyh 81:,
4 : Ù :2 dhch olnhl  x  hbhnh`....
4 702gd 6 [adfh`hsho5
Eudnh` phoehoi rusuc fhnmc4
7. Nuhs [arduchho fhnmc5
81: 4 (2 Ù  p) + ((2
2 Ù n ) + ((2
2 Ù t )
 N 4 6( pn + pt + nt )
:) + (81 Ù t ) + (: Ù t ))
18: 4 6((81 Ù :) 7 x + 6)) + (2 Ù ( x + 1)) + (2 Ù (6
81: 4 (2 Ù ((7 (6 x ∖ 2))
18: 4 6(<; + 81t + :t ) 81: 4 (86 x + 0) + ((2
2 x + 6;) + ((0
0 x ∖ 8:)
18
18: 6(<; + 68t )
: 4 6(< 81: 4 62 x + 86
18: 4 80; + 26t  62 x 4 81: ∖ 86
86
26t  4 18: ∖ 80
80; 62 x 4 822
26t  4 77:  x 4 :  
t  4 0
9. Wafuh` fhnmc farucurho phoehoi 86 gd,
gd,
Dhch tloiiloyh bhnh` 0 gd.
nafhr : gd bho tloiil 2 gd, dhch nuhs
2. Hnhs safuh` prlsdh
prlsdh farfaotuc sailtlih parduchho fhnmc hbhnh`....
slcu-slcu baoiho phoehoi slsl 7gd, 2 gd

Dhtadhtlch Canhs 0 8;89

 

[adfh`hsho5 Fhilho G
 N 4 6( pn + pt + nt ) 8. @lndl dadfuht dmban fhnmc phbht yhoi yhoi
4 6((86 Ù :) + (86Ù 2) + (: Ù 2) tarfuht bhrl fh`ho Ilpsud baoiho nuhs
4 6(96 + 20 + 62) hnhs 6;; gd6 baoiho tloiiloyh < gd. @hrih
Ilpsud parnltar Vp 81.;;;,;;. @ltuoi
4 6(822)
farhph dloldhn uhoi yhoi `hrus `lndl
6
4 canuhrcho uotuc dadfuht dmban fhnmc!
Dhch nuhs parduchho fhnmc hbhnh` 600 gd6
[adfh`hsho5
0. Zmnuda fhnmc farucurho 87 gd x 81 gd x Zmnuda fhnmc4
89 gd hbhnh`....
Z 4 pÙn Ùt  
[adfh`hsho5
Z  4 6;; Ù <
Z 4 pÙn Ùt  
4 87 Ù81 Ù 89 Z 4 8.0;;gd7
8.0;; gd748,0 nltar
7
4 7.781gd dhch uhoi yhoi `hrus blcanuhrcho `lndl
Dhch vmnuda fhnmc hbhnh` 7.781 gd7 hbhnh` 8,0 Ù Vp81.;;;,;;
,;; 4 Vp 69.;;;,;;
,;;  
<. gd6,
Elch nuhs parduchho cufus hbhnh` <: gd 6. Hnhs nldhs R. HFGB farfao
farfaotuc
tuc parsail.
dhch phoehoi rusuc cufus hbhnh`.... 7
Hphflnh vmnudaoyh 702 gd   bho tloiil
[adfh`hsho5 nldhs 0 gd, `ltuoinh`5 
`ltuoinh`5 
 N 4 : s 6 h. Nuhs hnhs

<: 4 : s 6 f.
g. [hoehoi rusucparduchho
Nuhs sanuru` hnhs nldhs nldhs
<: [adfh`hsho5
 s 6 4
: h. Nuhs hnhs4
 s 6 4 8: 8
Z 4 Ù Nhnhs Ù t 
 s 4 8: 4 2 7
Dhch phoehoi rusuc cufus tarsafut hbhnh` 8
2 gd. 702 4 Ù Nhnhs Ù 0
7
8;. Wafuh` prlsdh hnhsoy
hnhsoyh
h farfaotuc fanh` 702 Ù 7
catupht baoiho phoehoi blhimohn 8:  Nhnhs 4
0
gd bho 86 gd, nuhs parduchho prlsdh
tarsafut elch tloiiloyh 86 gd hbhnh`....  Nhnhs 4 822gd6
 
[adfh`hsho5 f. [hoehoi rusuc hnhs4
[hoehoi slsl fanh` catupht5   822 4 86gd  
g. Nuhs sanuru` parduchho nldhs4
 x 4 06 + :6
 N 4 Nhnhs +  eudnh` nuhs slsl taihc 
 x 4 :2 + 7:
 x 4 8;; 4 8;  
8
4822+2( Ù 86 Ù 0)
0)
6
 N 4 (6 Ù Nhnhs ) + ( C hnhs Ù t )
4 822 + 2(20
822 2(20))
8
4 ( 6 Ù ( Ù b8 Ù b 6 ) + ((2 s) Ù t ) 4 822 + 8<6
822 8<6
6
6
8   4 77:gd
4 (( 6 Ù ( Ù8: Ù8686) + (( 2 Ù8;8;) Ù86
8 6)
6 7. Hnhs safuh` prlsdh
prlsdh farfaotuc sailtlih
4 (6 Ù <:) + (2;
(2; Ù86) slcu-slcu yhoi phoehoi slsl-slsloyh 81 gd,
0 gd bho 89 gd. elch tloiil prlsdh 6; gd,
4 8<6
8<6 + 20;
`ltuoinh`5 
`ltuoinh`5 
4 :96gd6 h. Nuhs hnhs prlsdh

8;80 [adfh`hsho bho Cuogl Ehwhfho

 

f. Nuhs parduchho prlsdh datar parsail. Farhphch` sanuru` flhyh

g. Zmnuda prlsdh paoiaghtho hunh hbhnh`....
[adfh`hsho5 [adfh`hsho5
h. Nuhs hnhs prlsdh5
 N 4 6( pn + pt + nt )
8
 N sailtlih 4 Ù h Ù t  4 6((< Ù 9) + (< Ù 2) + (9 Ù 2))
6
8 4 6(:7 + 7: + 62)
4 Ù 0 Ù81
6 4 6(867) 6
  4 :;gd6   4 62:gd
f. Nuhs parduchho prlsdh5 Flhyh paoiaghtho4
 N 4 (6 Ù Nhnhs ) + ( C hnhs Ù t ) 62:gd 6 Ù Vp1;.;;;, ;;
;; 4 Vp86.7;;.;;;, ;;
;;  
4 (6 Ù :;) + ((h + f + g ) Ù 6;) 1. Wuhtu fhnmc dadlnlcl nuhs parduchho 800
4 (86;) + ((81 + 0 + 89) Ù 6;)
6;) gd6. Elch nafhr bho tloiil fhnmc dhsloi-
dhsloi 0 gd bho : gd. taotucho phoehoi
4 (86
86;)
;) + (2
(2;
; Ù 6;
6;))
fhnmc tarsafut! 
tarsafut! 
4 86
86;
; + 0;
0;;
;
[adfh`hsho5
6
  4 <6;gd  N 4 6( pn + pt + nt )
g. Zmnuda prlsdh5
6;0 4 6(( p Ù 0) + ( p Ù :) + (0 Ù :
:)))
Z 4 Nhnhs Ù t 
6((0 p + : p + 20)
6;0 4 6
4 :; Ù 6;
7
6;0 4 8: p + 86 p + <:
  4 8.6;;gd 6;0 4 6
600 p + <:
2. Wafuh` hunh farfaotuc fhnmc baoiho 60 p 4 6;0 ∖ <:
ucurho phoehoi < datar
dat ar,, nafhr 9 datar bho
60 p 4 886
tloiil 2 datar, blobloi fhilho bhnhdoyh
hcho blght baoiho flhyh Vp 1;.;;;,;; par  p 4 2gd

FHF
Wthtlstlch
<
Nhtl`ho Wmhn 8
Fhilho H 6. Dmbus hbhnh`
hbhnh` bhth yhoi
yhoi sarloi duogun
duogun
hthu jracuaosloyh tarfashr. Ehbl dmbus
8. Daho hbhnh` eudnh` sanuru` olnhl bhrl bhth
bhrl bhth tarsafut hbhnh` 2.
blfhil fhoyhcoyh bhth
Ehwhfho5 H
 eudnh` olnhl bhth
 Daho ( P )  4 7. Chraoh yhoi blthoyhcho dablho dhch
 fhoyhcoyh
 fhoyhcoyh bhth
2+7+1+:+9+1+0+9+9+6
urutcho bunu bhthoyh5 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, :,
4 :, :, :, :, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
8;
12
0, 0, <, <, <, 8;, 8;, 8;, 8;. bho chraoh
4 4 1, 2 jracuaosl/eudnh`
jracuaosl/eudnh ` bhthoyh 76 farhtl iaohp
8; dhch rudus yhoi bliuohcho5
Ehwhfho5 F

Dhtadhtlch Canhs 0 8;8<

 

8
 xo xo   4 (9 ∖ 1)
+ +8 6
6 6
 Da 4 4
8
(6)
6 6
48
9 +0
4 4 9,1
6 Ehwhfho5 B
Ehwhfho5 G <. Eudnh` olnhl 8; slswh 4 8; x 9,6 4 96
2. Olnhl yhoi
yhoi nafl` bhrl : hbhnh` olnhl 9 bho 0, Eudnh` olnhl 8; + 2 slswh 4 82 x 9,; 4 <0
fhoyhc slswh yhoi nafl` bhrl : hbhnh` 2 + Eudnh` olnhl 2 slswh 4 <0 - 96 4 6:
6 4 : mrhoi. 6:
Olnhl rhth-rhth 2 slswh 4 4 :,1  
Ehwhfho5 F 2
Ehwhfh5 B
1. Fhoyhcoyh slswh yhoi daobhpht olnhl
8;. Rloiil 1 hohc4 1 x 89; 4 01;
curhoi bhrl rhth-rhth
Rloiil 8; hohc 4 8; x 891 4 891;
 eudnh`
 eudnh` o
olnhl
lnhl bhth
bhth Wanlsl` eudnh` tloiil 4 891;-01; 4 <;;
( P )  4
 fhoyhco
 fhoyhcoyh
yh bhth
Vhth-rhth tloiil hohc 4 <;; 4 80;
80;gg  
1) + (1 Ù 7) + (: Ù 2) + (9 Ù 7) + (0 Ù1) + (< Ù 6) + (8; Ù8
8))
Ehwhfho5 F
67
+ 81 + 62 + 68 + 2; + 80 +8;
67 Fhilho F
8. Olnhl taoih` bhrl cudpunho bhth yhoi tanh`
4 :,27
blurutcho blsafut dablho.
Dhch olnhl yhoi curhoi bhrl rhth-rhth
hbhnh` 2, 1 bho : hbhnh` 1+7+2 4 86 Ehwhfho5 Dablho
6. Wanlsl` hothrh cuhrtln hths bho cuhrtln
Ehwhfho5 F
fhwh` blsafut ehoichuho lotarcuhrtln.
:. Qrutcho bhth bhrl bhth taraobh`
taraobh` shdphl
shdphl Ehwhfho5 Ehoichuho Lotarcuhrtln
bhth tartloiil
7. Vudus uotuc daoghrl ehoichuho bhrl
7, 2, 1, :, :, 9, <, <, 88, 86, 87
suhtu bhth5
X8 4 1 Ehwhfho5  E 4 xdhx ∖ xdlo
X6 4 9 2. Dmbus bhrl bhth 96, :<, :7, 96, 9<, :9,
99, :9, :1 hbhnh` :9 bho 96.
X7 4 88  
Ehwhfho5 dmbusoyh hbhnh` :9 bho 96
Ehwhfho5 F
1. Qrutcho bhth bhrl yhoi tarcagln
tarcagln shdphl
shdphl
9. Qrutcho tarnafl` bh`unu bhth tarsafut5
yhoi tarfashr 21, 11, 11, :;, :1, 9;, 9;,
6, 7, 7, 2, 1, :, 9, 9, 0, <
91, 01, 01, 01, 01, <;, <;, <1, 8;;.
X8 4 7 Fhoyhc bhth4 :;
X6 4 1,1  x o x o
+ +8
6 6
 Da 4
X7 4 9,
9,11 6
Ehwhfho5 H 91 + 01 8:;
4 4 4 0;
6 6
0. Qrutcho tarnafl` bh`unu bhth tarsafut5
2, 2, 1, 1, :, :, 9, 9, 9, 0, < :. Qrutcho bhth bhrl yhoi tarcagln
tarcagln shdphl
shdphl
yhoi tarfashr
X8 4 1
0;, 08, 06, 07, 01, 0:, 00
X6 4 :
 E 4 xdhx ∖ xdlo
X7 4 9
4 00 ∖ 0;
Wldphoiho cuhrtln4
40
8
Xb  4 6 (X7 ∖ X8 ) Dhch ehoichuho bhrl bhth tarsafut hbhnh` 0.

8;6; [adfh`hsho bho Cuogl Ehwhfho

 

9. Qrutcho bhth bhrl yhoi tarcagln

tarcagln shdphl
shdphl (7 Ù 6) + (2 Ù :) + (1 Ù 2) + (: Ù0) + (9 Ù :) + (0 Ù9) + (< Ù 1) + (8; Ù 6)
4
yhoi tarfashr5
tarfashr5 1, 1, :, 9, 9, 0, 0, < 6+:+2+0+:+9+1+ 6
  1+: : + 62 + 6; + 20 + 26 + 1: + 21 + 6;
X8 4 1, 1  
4 1,1 4
77
6
Dhch cuhrtln fhwh` bhrl bhth tarsafut 6:8
4 4 9,<;
hbhnh` 1,1 77

0. Fhoyhcoyh slswh yhoi olnhloyh nafl` bhrl f. Dablho

rhth-rhth5   Eudnh` bhth 4 77

 eudnh`
 eudnh` olnhl
olnhl bhth
bhth Farhrtl Dablho bhrl bhth tarsafut
 Daho
 Daho( P 
P  )  4 hbhnh` bhth ca 8: yhltu :.
 fhoyh
 fhoyhcoy
coyhh bhth
bhth
g. Dmbus
(:; Ù 7) + (9; Ù :) + (91 Ù 9) + (0; Ù 0) + (<; Ù 2) + (8;; Ù 6)
4   Dmbus hbhnh` bhth yhoi sarloi duogun
7+ :+ 9+ 0+ 2+ 6
hthu bhth yhoi jracuaosloyh phnloi
80; + 26; + 161 + :2; + 7:; + 6;;
4 fhoyhc.
7;
  Bhrl bhth tarsafut, bhth baoiho
6.761
4 4 99,1 jracuaosl phnloi fhoyhc hthu dmbus
7;
Wlswh yhoi daobhpht olnhl nafl` bhrl 99,1 oyh hbhnh` :.
hbhnh` yhoi daobhpht olnhl 0;, <;, 8;; 6. h. Rmthn canuhrih yhoi hbh bhnhd
baoiho eudnh` 2 + 2 + 6 4 82 mrhoi. nloicuoiho tarsafut5
<. Fhoyhcoyh slswh yhoi daoilcutl   :+88+9+<+2+647< canuhrih
radablhn5 f. Eudnh` canuhrih yhoi dadpuyhl hohc

 eudnh` olnhl
olnhl bhth nafl` bhrl 6
 Daho( P 
P  )  4   <+2+6481 canuhrih
 fhoyhcoyhh bhth
 fhoyhcoy
7. [arsaothsa fhoyhcoyh slswh yhoi tlbhc
(1 Ù 2) + (: Ù 1) + (9 Ù 9) + (0 Ù8
877) + (< Ù :) + (8; Ù 1)
4 nunus phbh Qelho Hc`lr Wadastar phbh
2 + 1 + 9 +87+: + 1
87
6; + 7; + 2< +8;2 + 12 + 1;
dhth panhehrho L[H5
4
2;  eudnh`
 eudnh` oln
olnhl
hl bht
bhthh
 Daho( P 
P  )  4
7;9  fhoyhcoy
 fhoyhcoyhh bht
bhthh
4 4 9, :
2; (1 Ù 68) + (: Ù81
81)) + (9 Ù 6;) + (0 Ù8:
8:)) + (< Ù 0) + (8; Ù 0)
4
Wlswh yhoi lcut radablhn hbhnh` yhoi 68 + 81 + 6; + 8: + 0 + 1
81
farolnhl 9, :, 1 safhoyhc 9+1+2 48: 8;1 + <; + 82; + 860 + 96 + 0;
4
mrhoi. 01
8;. Vhth-r
Vhth-rhth
hth Farht fhbho 7; hohc4 7; x :81
4 4 9,67
01
26,14 8.691 Dhch Wlswh yhoi tlbhc nunus hbhnh`
Vhth-rhth farht fhbho 7;+6 hohc 4 76 x
28,0 4 8.779,: slswh yhoi olnhloyh 1 bho :, fareudnh`
Wanlsl` eudnh` farht fhbho 4 8.779,:- 68+8147: mrhoi
8.691 4 :6,1 parsaothsa fhoyhc slswh yhoi tlbhc nunus
Vhth-rhth farht fhbho 6 mrhoi slswh phbh Qelho Hc`lr Wadastar phbh dhth
panhehrho L[H tarsafut hbhnh`5
:6,:
4 78,7 7:
6 Ù 8;;%
8;;% 4 26,71
26,71%%
01  

Fhilho G 2.  h. Cauotuoiho taraobh`

Cauotuoiho taraobh` hbh phbh funho
ca-: yhltu safashr Vp 81.;;;.;;;,;;
8.  h. Daho
  Cauotuoiho
Cauotuoih o tartloiil hbh hbh funho
 ]] 
  eudnh` olnhl bhth ca-86 yhltu safashr Vp 67.;;;.;;;,;;
 Daho ( P ) 4
fhoyhcoyh
fhoyhcoyh bhth f. Qrutcho tarnafl` bh`unu bhth phbh
thfna bl hths5 81, 8:, 8:, 89, 80, 6;,

Dhtadhtlch Canhs 0 8;68

 

6;, 6;, 68, 66, 66, 67 1.  Vhth-rhth olnhl5

X8 4 8: Eudnh` hohc sachrhoi5 89

6; + 6; 81
81(:
  (:;)
;) + 9; + 02
X6 4 4 6;  P  ihf 4
6 89
X7 4 66 8.;12
    4 4 :6
89  
Ehbl rhth-rhth olnhl sachrhoi hbhnh` :6. 
:6.  

FHF 8;
[anuhoi

Nhtl`ho Wmhn 8
Fhilho H Ehbl, fhoyhc ruhoi shdpan hbhnh` 0.
8. Vuhoi shdpanoy
shdpanoyh
h safhihl farlcut5 Ehwhfho5 G
H 4 hoich 1. [anuhoi tarhdflnoy
tarhdflnoyh
h fmnh cuoloi5
I 4 ihdfhr fmnh cuoloi  : 7
 [ ( H) 4 4 4
H I  eudnh` fmnh 6; 8;

H (H, H) (H, I) Ehwhfho5 B

I (I, H) (I, I) :. Vuhoi Whdpan buh fuh` bhbu yhoi blnadphr5
Ehbl, fhoyhc ruhoi shdpanoyh hbh 2. 8 6 7 2 1 :
Ehwhfho5 F 8 (8,8) (6,8) (7,8) (2,8) (1,8) (:,8)
6 (8,6) (6,6) (7,6) (2,6) (1,6) (:,6)
6. [anuhoi adplrlc caduogunho dhth hoich
7 (8,7) (6,7) (7,7) (2,7) (1,7) (:,7)
hbhnh`5 2 (8,2) (6,2) (7,2) (2,2) (1,2) (:,2)
o ( H) 2; 6 1 (8,1) (6,1) (7,1) (2,1) (1,1) (:,1)
 [ (H) 4 4 4 : (8,:) (6,:) (7,:) (2,:) (1,:) (:,:)
o ( W ) 8;; 1  
[anuhoi tamrltlc duogun dhth bhbu cadfhr5
Ehwhfho5 G
: 8
7. Dhth cmlo
cmlo fucho hoich 4 8;; - 20 4 16.  [ ( H)  4
4
7: :  
[anuhoi adplrlc duogun fucho hoich5 Ehwhfho5 B
o ( H) 16
 [ (H) 4 4 9. Vuhoi shdpan
shdpan 8 fuh` bhbu bho 8 fuh`
o ( W ) 8;;
uhoi nmihd5
Ehwhfho5 F
Dhth Bhbu
2. Vuhoi shdpanoyh5 8 6 7 2 1 :

H 4 hoich Qhoi H (8,H) (6,H) (7,H) (2,H) (1,H) (:,H)

Nmihd I (8,I) (6,I) (7,I) (2,I) (1,I) (:,I)
I 4 ihdfhr
H (H,H,H) [anuhoi tamrltlc duogun dhth bhbu „8— bho
H
I (H,H,I) dhth cmlo „Hoich—5
H
H (H,I,H)
I o( H) 8
I (H,I,I)  [ ( H) 4 4
o(W) 86  
H (I,H,H)
H
Ehwhfho5 G
I (I,H,I)
I
H 0. [anuhoi tamrltlc duogunoyh
duogunoyh dhth bhbu
I (I,I,H)
I (I,I,I) fareudnh` 0 bhnhd paoiuoblho hbhnh`....

8;66 [adfh`hsho bho Cuogl Ehwhfho

 

8 6 7 2 1 : 9. Ihdfhr 4 7;-8: 482

8 (8,8) (6,8) (7,8) (2,8) (1,8) (:,8) [anuhoi duogun ihdfhr5
6 (8,6) (6,6) (7,6) (2,6) (1,6) (:,6)
7 (8,7) (6,7) (7,7) (2,7) (1,7) (:,7)
o(I ) 82
 [ (I ) 4 4
2 (8,2) (6,2) (7,2) (2,2) (1,2) (:,2) o( W ) 7;  
1 (8,1) (6,1) (7,1) (2,1) (1,1) (:,1)
0. [anuhoi duogun 8 hoich bho 8 ihdfhr
: (8,:) (6,:) (7,:) (2,:) (1,:) (:,:)
[anuhoi tamrltlc duogun dhth bhbu phbh panadphrho buh uhoi nmihd5
fareudnh` 05 Vuhoi shdpan 4

o( H) 1 H I
 [ ( H) 4 4 H (H, H) (H, I)
o ( W ) 7:  
I (I, H) (I, I)
Ehwhfho5 H [anuhoi duogun 8 hoich bho 8 ihdfhr5
<. Vlcl tlbhc dadlnlcl fhnmo farwhroh `lthd. o ( H) 6 8
Ehbl panuhoioyh ;.  [ ( H) 4 4 4
o (W) 2 6  
Ehwhfho5 H
<. Vuhoi shdpan 7 caploi
caploi uhoi nmihd5
8;. [hbh chth „DHRADHRLCH—
„DHRADHRLCH— fhoyhcoyh `uruj
H (H,H,H)
4 o(W) 4 8; H
I (H,H,I)
Fhoyhc `uruj D 4 o(D) 4 6 H
H (H,I,H)
I
[anuhoi tarhdfln `uruj D 4 I (H,I,I)

o( D ) 6 H (I,H,H)
 [( D ) 4 4 H
I (I,H,I)
o( W ) 8;   I
H (I,I,H)
Ehwhfho H I
I (I,I,I)
Fhoyhcoyh ruhoi shdpan 4 o(W) 4 0
Fhilho F Chehblho duogun catlihoyh ihdfhr 4 H 4
(I, I, I) 4 o(H) 4 8
8. \hoi daruphcho shdpan hbhnh` bhrl catlih
bucu yhoi bl gmfh. o( H) 8
 [ ( H) 4 4
Ehwhfho5 catlih bucu yhoi blgmfh o ( W ) 0 

6. [anuhoi yhoi olnhloyh

olnhloyh bltaotucho danhnul
danhnul 8;. Fhoyhc caehblho 6 Hoich bho 8 Ihdfhr 4
pargmfhho yhoi blnhcucho farunhoi chnl H 4 (H, H, I), (H, I, H), (I, H, H) 4 o(H) 4 7
blsafut panuhoi adplrlc. o( H) 7
 [ ( H) 4 4
Ehwhfho5 [anuhoi Adplrlc o ( W ) 0
7. [anuhoi tamratlc daruphcho rhslm bhrl `hsln
yhoi bldhcsub baoiho saduh `hsln yhoi Fhilho G
duoiclo phbh suhtu acsparldao tuoiihn. 8. Ihdfhr4 2 chnl duogun
Ehwhfho5 Acsparldao tuoiihn Hoich 4 : chnl duogun
2. Lstlnh` nhlo bhrl panuhoi
panuhoi tamrltlc
tamrltlc hbhnh` .... h. [anuhoi adplrlg duogun ihdfhr
ihdfhr55
Ehwhfho5 panuhoi cnhslc o(I) 2 6
 [(I) 4 4 4
1. Baoiho pargmfhho yhoi blnhcucho saghrh   o( W ) 8; 1 
farunhoi-unhoi, olnhl panuhoi adplrlc f. [anuhoi adplrlg duogun hoich
hoich55
suhtu caehblho hcho .... olnhl panuhoi o (H) : 7
 [ (H) 4 4 4
tamratlcoyh.   o ( W ) 8; 1
Ehwhfho5 daobachtl 6. Eudnh` canaraoi (ruhoi shdpan) (W)4 27
:. Vuhoi shdpan5 (8, 6, 7, 2, 1, :) Canaraoi sanhlo darh`4 27 ‗ 8;477
Dhth bhbu nafl` bhrl 2 4 (2 ,1) 4 o(H)4 6 panuhoi tamrltlc tarhdfln canaraoi sanhlo
[anuhoi duogun dhth bhbu nafl` bhrl 25 darh`5

 [ ( H) 4 o( H) 4 2 4 6  [( H) 4 o( H) 4 77
o ( W ) : 7   o( W ) 27  

Dhtadhtlch Canhs 0 8;67

 

7. eudnh` canaraoi flru 4  x

0
 elch panuhoi tamrltlc tarhdfln canaraoi
canaraoi flru hbhnh` dhch olnhl  x 4 8:
6<
bho eudnh` sanuru` canaraoi (W) 410
panuhoi tamrltlc elch yhoi blhdfln canaraoi `lehu5
o ( @ ) 882
2 9
 [ ( @ ) 4 4 4
o( W ) 10 6<  

2. Vuhoi shdpan5 8;+62+8:41;

panuhoi yhoi hcho tarplnl` hbhnh` pasarth farudur < th`uo5
o( H) 62
 [ ( H) 4 4
o( W ) 1;  
1. Vuhoi shdpan cmthc H5 9+<+8; 4 6:
[anuhoi dmfln phbh cmthc H5
o( H) 9
 [ ( H) 4 4 4 7. 98
o( W )   6:
Vuhoi shdpan cmthc F5 0+86+0460
[anuhoi dmfln phbh cmthc F5
o(F) 0
 [ (F) 4 4 4 7, 1
o( W ) 60  
Vuhoi shdpan cmthc G5 <+86+< 4 7;
[anuhoi dmfln phbh cmthc G5
o (G ) <
 [ (G) 4 4 4 7, 77
o( W )   7;
Ehbl yhoi dadlnlcl panuhoi tarfashr daobhphtcho dmfln hbhnh` cmthc H chraoh dadlnlcl olnhl
panuhoi nafl` fashr.

8;62 [adfh`hsho bho Cuogl Ehwhfho