Ygcs cfterfhtcafhn sthfihri whs ievenapei cf hooarihfoe wctg cfterfhtcafhnny reoakfczei prcfocpnes af sthfihriczhtcaf esthmncsgei cf tge Ieocscaf af Zrcfocpnes

`ar tge
Ievenapdeft a` Cfterfhtcafhn _thfihris, Kucies hfi ]eoaddefihtcafs cssuei my tge [arni Yrhie Arkhfczhtcaf Yeogfcohn Mhrrcers ta Yrhie (YMY) Oaddcttee.

Iesckfhtcaf2 E8:8= ∝ 83

_thfihri Zrhotcoe `ar

Perc﬈ohtcaf a` Yestcfk @rhde hfi _peocdef Hnckfdeft
Ufier Yefscne hfi Oadpresscve Hxchn @aroe Hppncohtcaf8
Ygcs sthfihri cs cssuei ufier tge ﬈xei iesckfhtcaf E8:8=< tge fudmer cddeichteny `annawcfk tge iesckfhtcaf cficohtes tge yehr a`
arckcfhn hiaptcaf ar, cf tge ohse a` revcs
arckcfhn revcscaf,
caf, tge yehr a` nhst revcscaf.
revcscaf. H fudmer cf phref
phreftgese
tgesess cficohtes tge yehr a` nhst rehppr
rehppravhn.
avhn. H
supersorcpt epscnaf (¹) cficohtes hf eictarchn oghfke scfoe tge nhst revcscaf ar rehppravhn.

Ygcs sthfihri ghs meef hppravei `ar use my hkefoces a` tge U._. Iephrtdeft a` Ie`efse.

8. _oa
_oape*
pe* E=58 Yest Detgais `ar Zer`ardhfoe Oghrhotercstcos a` De-
8.8
8.8 Cf
Cfon
onui
uiei
ei cf tgtgcs
cs pr
prhot
hotcoe
coe hr
hree de
detg
tgai
aiss oa
oave
verc
rcfk
fk tg
tgee thnnco Mafiei ]escsthfoe _trhcf Khkes
ieterdcfhtcaf a` tge hdauft a` meficfk tght aoours iurcfk tge E900 Zrh
Zrhotco
otcoee `ar Oaf
Oafiuo
iuotcfk
tcfk @ar
@aroe
oe Oaf
Oaftra
trannei
nnei Oaf
Oafsthf
sthftt
hppncohtcaf a` tefscne hfi oadpresscve `aroes ta fatogei hfi Hdpnctuie Hxchn @htckue Yests a` Dethnnco Dhterchns
uffatogei test speocdefs iurcfk rautcfe testcfk cf tge enhstco E0:0 Yest Detgai `ar _trhcf-Oaftrannei @htckue Yestcfk
rhfke. Ygese detgais hre phrtcounhrny hppncohmne ta tge `aroe E8=?; Kucie `ar Cfsthnncfk Mafiei ]escsthfoe _trhcf Khkes
nevens fardhnny usei `ar tefscaf testcfk, oadpresscaf testcfk, =.= Atger Iaoudefts2
oreep testcfk, hfi ufchxchn `htckue testcfk. Yge prcfo
prcfocphn
cphn ambeo- PHDH_ Kucie 9= H Zra Zraoei
oeiure
ure `ar tge Deh
Dehsur
surede
edeft
ft a`
tcve a` tgcs prhotcoe cs ta hssess tge hdauft a` meficfk exertei Dhogcfe Hnckfdeft cf Hxchn Yestcfk
upaf h test speocdef my tge aricfhry oadpafefts hssedmnei
cfta h dhterchns testcfk dhogcfe, iurcfk rautcfe tests. ?. Yerdcfanaky
8.=
8.= Yg
Ygcs
cs pr
prho
hotco
tcoee cs vh
vhnci
nci `a
`arr de
dethn
thnnco
nco hf
hfi
i fa
fafd
fdeth
ethnnc
nncoo ?.8 Ie﬈fctcafs a` Yerds Oaddaf ta Deoghfcohn Yestcfk2
testcfk. ?.8.8 @ar ie﬈fctcafs
ie﬈fctcafs a` terds usei cf tgcs prhotcoe tght hre
8.? Ygcs cft
cfterf
erfhtc
htcafh
afhnn sth
sthfih
fihri
ri whs iev
ievena
enapei
pei cf hoo
hooar
ar-- oaddaf ta deoghfcohn testcfk a` dhterchns, see Yerdcfanaky
ihfoe wctg cfterfhtcafhnny reoakfczei prcfocpnes af sthfihri- E0..
E0
czhtca
czhtcaf
f es
esth
thmn
mncs
csge
geii cf tg
tgee Ie
Ieocs
ocsca
caf
f af Zr
Zrcf
cfocp
ocpne
ness `a
`arr tg
tgee ?.8.= hnckfdeft, f’tge oafictcaf a` h testcfk dhogcfe tght
Ievenapdeft a` Cfterfhtcafhn _thfihris, Kucies hfi ]eoad- cf﬍uefoes tge cftraiuotcaf a` meficfk dadefts cfta h speoc-
defihtcafs cssuei my tge [arni Yrhie Arkhfczhtcaf Yeogfcohn def (ar hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer) iurcfk tge hppncohtcaf a` tefscne
Mhrrcers ta Yrhie (YMY) Oaddcttee. ar oadpresscve `aroes.
?.8.? eooeftrcocty \NT, f’tge icsthfoe metweef tge ncfe a`
=. ]e`erefo
]e`erefoei
ei Iaoudefts
Iaoudefts
hotcaf a` tge hppncei `aroe hfi tge hxcs a` syddetry a` tge
=.8 H_YD _thfihris2= speocdef cf h pnhfe perpeficounhr ta tge nafkctuicfhn hxcs a`
E0 Yerdcfanaky ]enhtcfk ta Detgais a` Deoghfcohn Yestcfk tge speocd
speocdef.
ef.
E7/E7D Yest Detgais `ar Yefscaf Yestcfk a` Dethnnco Dh-
?.8.9 reiuoei phrhnnen seotcaf H \NT, f’tge oeftrhn partcaf
terchns
E3 Yes
Yestt Detga
Detgaisis a` Oadpre
Oadpresscaf
sscaf Yestcfk
Yestcfk a` Dethnnc
Dethnncoo Dhte- a` tge speocdef tght ghs h fadcfhnny ufc`ard orass seotcaf,
wctg hf aptcafhn sdhnn thper tawhri tge oefter, tght cs sdhnner
rchns ht ]aad Yedperhture
tghf tght a` tge efis tght hre krcppei, fat cfonuicfk tge ﬈nnets.
E=8 Yest Detgais `ar Enevhtei Yedperhture Yefscaf
Yefscaf Yests a`
Dethnnco Dhterc
Dhterchns
hns ?.= Ie﬈fctcafs a` Yerds _peoc﬈o ta Ygcs _thfihri2
E7? Zrhotco
Zrhotcoee `ar Perc﬈ohtca
Perc﬈ohtcaf
f hfi Onhssc﬈
Onhssc﬈ohtcaf
ohtcaf a` Extef- ?.=.8 hxhxch
chnn st
strhcf,, h, f’tge hve
rhcf hverhk
rhkee a` tge nafnafkct
kctuic
uicfhn
fhn
sadeter _ysteds strhcf
strhcfss deh
dehsur
surei
ei my str
strhcf
hcf khkes ht tge sursur`ho
`hoee af app
appasc
ascte
te
scies a` tge nafkctuicfhn hxcs a` syddetry a` tge hnckfdeft
8
trhfsi
trh fsiuoe
uoerr my dun
duntcpn
tcpnee str
strhcf
hcf-se
-sefsc
fscfk
fk iev
ievcoes
coes naoh
naohtei
tei ht tge
Ygcs prhotcoe cs ufier tge burcsicotcaf a`
a` H_YD Oaddcttee E=7 af Deoghfcohn
Yestcfk hfi cs tge icreo
Yestcfk icreott respaf
respafscmcnc
scmcncty
ty a` _umoa
_umoaddctte
ddctteee E=7.:8 af Ohncmrhtcaf a` shde nafkct
nafkctuicfh
uicfhnn pasctca
pasctcaf.f.
Deoghfcohn Yestcfk Dhogcfes hfi Hpphrhtus. ?.=.8.8 Icsousscaf’Ygcs ie﬈fctcaf cs afny hppncohmne ta tgcs
Ourreft
Ourre ft eictca
eictcaf
f hppra
hppravei
vei Ieo. 85, =:83. Zumnc
Zumncsgei
sgei Dhrog =:=:. Arckcf
Arckcfhnny
hnny sthf
sthfih
ihri
ri.. Yg
Ygee ter
terd
d cs us usei
ei cf atatge
gerr oa
oaft
ftex
exts
ts ens
ensew
ewge
gere
re cf
hppravei cf 8373. Nhst prevcaus eictcaf hppravei cf =:89 hs E8:8= ‟ 89 8. IAC2ε

8:.85=:/E8:8=-83.
deoghfcohn testcfk.
=
@ar re`erefoei H_YD sthfihris, vcsct tge H_YD wemscte, www.hstd.ark, ar ?.=.= meficfk strhcf, m, f’tge ic``erefoe metweef tge strhcf
oafthot H_YD Oustader _ervcoe ht servcoeJhstd.ark. @ar Hffuhn Maal a` H_YD
_thfihris vanude cf`ardhtcaf, re`er ta tge sthfihri–s Iaoudeft _uddhry phke af
ht tge sur`hoe hfi tge hxchn strhcf (see @ck. 8).
8).
tge H_YD wemscte. ?.=.=.8 Icsousscaf’cf kef
keferh
erhn,
n, tge mef
meficf
icfk
k str
strhcf
hcf vhr
vhrces
ces

*H _uddhry a` Oghfkes seotcaf hppehrs ht tge efi a` tgcs sthfihri

Oapyrckgt © H_YD Cfterfhtcafhn, 8:: Mhrr Ghrmar Ircve, ZA Max O;::, [est Oafsgagaolef, ZH 839=7-=353. Ufctei _thtes
Oapyrckgt my H_YD Cft'n (hnn rckgts reservei)< Daf @em 85 :825;283 E_Y =:=8
8
Iawfnahiei/prcftei my
KEA]KE DHFEH (Yurmadeohfcoh _H) pursuhft ta Ncoefse Hkreedeft. Fa `urtger repraiuotcafs hutgarczei.
 E8:8= ∝ 83

FAYE 8’H meficfk strhcf, 0M, cs supercdpasei af tge hxchn strhcf, h , `ar naw-hxchn strhcf (ar stress) cf ( h) hfi gckg-hxchn strhcf (ar stress) cf (m). @ar
tge shde meficfk strhcf 0M, h gckg-peroeft meficfk cs cficohtei cf ( h) hfi h naw-peroeft meficfk cs cficohtei cf (m).
@CK. 8 _ogedht
_ogedhtcoco ]epres
]epresefthtc
efthtcafs
afs a` Mefic
Meficfk
fk _trhcfs (ar _tresse
_tresses) s) Yght Ohf Hooadphfy
Hooadphfy Ufchxc Ufchxchn
hn Nahic
Nahicfk
fk

`rad pac
`rad pacft
ft ta pac
pacft
ft hra
hraufi
ufi hfi hna
hnafk
fk tge rei
reiuoe
uoei
i phr
phrhnne
hnnenn ta pr
prav
avci
ciee h re
re`e
`ere
refo
foee `a
`arr tes
testt de
detg
tgai
aiss hf
hfi
i pr
prho
hotco
tcoes
es tg
tght
ht
seotcaf a` tge speocdef. Meficfk strhcf cs ohnounhtei hs sgawf requcre tge hppncohtcaf a` tefscne ar oadpresscve `aroes ufier
cf _eotcaf 8:
8:.. oafictcafs wgere hnckfdeft cs cdparthft. Yge ambeotcve cs ta
?.=.? oad
oadpapafe
feft
ft (h
(hnsa
nsa lfa
lfawfwf hs `ar`aroe
oe hp
hppnc
pncoh
ohtca
tcaff cdpnedeft tge use a` oaddaf terdcfanaky hfi detgais `ar
oadpafeft), f’hfy a` tge phrts usei cf tge htthogdeft a` tge verc﬈ohtcaf
verc﬈ohtcaf a` hnckfd
hnckfdeft
eft a` testcfk dhogcfes,
dhogcfes, hssaoch
hssaochtei
tei oad-
nahi oenn ar krcps ta tge testcfk `rhde, hs wenn hs hfy phrt, pafefts hfi test speocdefs.
cfonu
cfonuic
icfk
fk tg
tgee kr
krcp
cpss us
usei
ei cf tg
tgee hp
hppn
pncoh
cohtca
tcaf
f a` `a
`aro
roee ta tg
tgee 9.= Hnckfd
Hnckfdeft
eft ver
verc﬈oh
c﬈ohtcaf
tcaf cfte
cftervh
rvhns
ns wge
wgeff reqrequcr
ucrei
ei hre
strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer ar tge test speocdef. speoc﬈ei
speoc﬈ei cf tge detgais ar prhotc
prhotcoes
oes tght requcr
requcree tge hnckfdeft
?.=.9 krcps, f’tgase phrts a` tge `aroe hppncohtcaf oadpa- verc﬈ohtcaf. Oerthcf types a` testcfk ohf pravcie hf cficohtcaf
fefts tght icreotny htthog ta tge strhcf-khke hnckfdeft trhfs- a` tge ourreft hnckfdeft oafictcaf a` h testcfk `rhde wctg ehog
iuoer ar tge test speocdef. speoc
sp eocdef
def testestei
tei.. C` h tes
testt de
detga
tgai i re
requ
qucre
cress hnc
hnckf
kfdef
deftt
verc﬈ohtcaf, tge `requefoy a` tge hnckfdeft verc﬈ohtcaf sgauni
?.=.5 dcora strhcf,, f’str
dcorastrhcf strhcf
hcf exp
expres
ressei
sei cf dco
dcora-
ra-ufc
ufcts
ts per
ohpture hnn tge oafscierhtcafs tght cs, tcde cftervhn, oghfkes ta
ufct, suog hs dcoradeters/deter ar dcoracfoges/cf.
tge testcfk `rhde hfi wgef hppncohmne, ourreft cficohtars a` tge
?.=.0 peroeft meficfk, ZM, (hnsa lfawf hs peroeft meficfk hnckfdeft oafictcaf tgraukg test resunts.
strhcf), f’tge rhtca a` tge meficfk strhcf ta tge hxchn strhcf
9.? [getge
[getgerr ar fat ta cdprave hxchncty
hxchncty sgauni me h dhtter a`
expressei hs h peroefthke.
fekatchtcaf metweef tge cfterestei phrtces.
?.=.; strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer, f’tge trhfsi
trhfsiuoer
uoer
usei ta ieterdcfe tge sthte a` meficfk hfi tge peroeft meficfk 5. Perc﬈ohtcaf a` Hnckfdeft
Hnckfdeft
a` h testcfk `rhde. 5.8 H fudercohn
fudercohn requc
requcredeft
redeft `ar hnckfdeft sgauni speoc`y
tge `aroe, strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer icdefscafs, hfi
9. _ckf
_ckfc﬈ohf
c﬈ohfoe
oe hfi Use tedperhture
tedper hture ht wgcog tge dehsur
dehsuredeft
edeft cs ta me dhie. Hnterf
Hnterfhte
hte
9.8 Ct ghs meef sga
sgawf
wf tgh
tghtt mef
meficf
icfk
k str
stress
esses
es tgh
tghtt cfh
cfhive
iver-
r- detgais edpnayei wgef strhcf nevens hre a` phrtcounhr cdpar-
teftny aoour iue ta dcshnckfdeft metweef tge hppncei `aroe hfi thfoe ohf me usei hs iesorcmei cf Zrhotcoe E900 ar Yest Detgai
tgee sp
tg speo
eocde
cdeff hx
hxes
es iu
iurc
rcfk
fk tg
tgee hp
hppn
pnco
cohtc
htcaf
af a` tef
tefscn
scnee hf
hfi
i E0:0.. [gef tgese detgais hre usei, tge fudercohn requcre-
E0:0
oadpresscve `aroes ohf h``eot tge test resunts. Cf reoakfctcaf a` deft sgauni speoc`y tge strhcf nevens, strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft
tgcs e``eot, sade test detgais cfonuie h sthtedeft ncdctcfk tge trhfsiuoer icdefscafs hfi tedperhture ht wgcog tge dehsure-
dcshnckfdeft tght cs perdcttei. Yge purpase a` tgcs prhotcoe cs deft cs ta me dhie.

Oapyrckgt my H_YD Cft'n (hnn rckgts reservei)< Daf @em 85 :825;283 E_Y =:=8
=
Iawfnahiei/prcftei my
KEA]KE DHFEH (Yurmadeohfcoh _H) pursuhft ta Ncoefse Hkreedeft. Fa `urtger repraiuotcafs hutgarczei.
 E8:8= ∝ 83

5.= @ar h ver

verc﬈oh
c﬈ohtcaf
tcaf a` hnck
hnckfde
fdeftft ta me repartei
repartei cf oad
oad-- hnnaw `ar cfteroghfkehmcncty a` weike cfserts wctgaut hiverseny
pnchfoe
pnch foe wct
wctg
g tge our
ourref
reftt rev
revcsca
cscaf
f a` E8:
E8:8=
8= h str
strhcf
hcf-kh
-khkei
kei h``eotcfk tge hnckfdeft a` tge nahicfk trhcf. @ar testcfk systeds
hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer sghnn me usei. uscfk tgese krcppcfk oaf﬈kurhtcafs tge krcp weike cfserts ohf
5.=.8 [gef per`ardcfk
per`ardcfk hf hnckfdeft a` h testcfk dhogcfedhogcfe me repnhoei wctg sdaatg weike cfserts ta verc`y tge hnckfdeft
`ar tge ﬈rst tcde ar c` fardhnny ﬈xei oadpafefts ghve meef a` tge testcfk dhogcfe iurcfk tge hnckfdeft verc﬈ohtcaf.
hibustei
hibu stei ar rep
rephcr
hcrei,
ei, h deo
deoghf
ghfcohn
cohn hnck
hnckfde
fdeftft a` tge tes
testcfk
tcfk
dhogcf
dho gcfee sg
sgau
auni
ni me per per`a
`ard
rdei.
ei. @a@arr tef
tefscn
scnee hfi `ht
`htcku
ckuee 0. Hpphr
Hpphrhtus
htus
equcpdeft, tgcs step ohf me hooadpncsgei my dehfs a` h ichn
0.8 Ygc
Ygcss prh
prhotco
otcoee req
requcr
ucres
es tge use a` h str
strhcf
hcf-kh
-khkei
kei hnckf-
hnckf-
cficoht
cfi cohtar
ar `ar oaf
oafoef
oeftrco
trcocty
cty hnck
hnckfde
fdeftft hib
hibust
ustdef
deftt hfi wctg
deft trhfsiuoer. Cf sade ohses ct ohf me genp`un ta dhle hf
preocsc
preocscaf
af `ar
taketger
taketg er sgcds ar `eenerhnckfdeft
hfkunhrcty khukessft
khuke
hnckfde wctg tgedeft.
oadpafefts
oadpa
hibustdeft.
hibust fefts
@ar mraukg
mraukgt
oreep hfit hssessdef
hssess deftt usc
uscfk
fk ext
extefs
efsade
adeters
ters ar hnck
hnckfde
fdeft
ft oad
oadpaf
pafeft
eftss
edpnaycfk deoghfcohn ncflhkes (see Hppeficx W=),W=), gawever
stress-rupture dhogcfes cfoarparhtcfk never hrds, tgcs step ohf
tges
tgesee ty
type
pess a` st
strh
rhcf
cf se
sefs
fsar
arss ia fa
fatt de
deet
et tg
tgee re
repa
part
rtcf
cfk
k
me hooadpncsgei my dehfs a` preocscaf sgcds ar `eener khukes,
requcredefts cf _eotcaf 88
88..
hfi/ar iaumne lfc`e
lfc`e-eike
-eike oaupncfks,
oaupncfks, hfi/ar sucthmne oadpa
oadpa--
fefts menaw tge nawer orassgehi a` tge testcfk dhogcfe. _evere 0.= Cf keferhn, repehtei
repehtei `aroe hppncohtcafs
hppncohtcafs ta strhcf nevens
ihdhke ohf aoour ta h strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer c` tgcs hpprahogcfk ycenicfk hre fat kaai nhmarhtary prhotcoe meohuse
step cs adcttei. H deoghfcohn hnckfdeft cs h prencdcfhry step tgey ohf h``eot tge sumsequeftny dehsurei resunts my ie`ardcfk
mut cs fat h sumstctute `ar h verc﬈ohtcaf a` hnckfdeft uscfk h ar `htckucfk tge strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer.
strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer. 0.? H Hiic
iictcaf
tcafhn
hn Yestc
estcfk
fk Dhog
Dhogcfe
cfe hfi @ar@aroe
oe Hpp
Hppncoh
ncohtcaf
tcaf
5.? _trhcf
_trhcf-khke
-khkeii hnckfd
hnckfdeft
eft trhfsi
trhfsiuoers
uoers sghnn me dhfu`
dhfu`ho-
ho- Oadpafeft Oafscierhtcafs2
turei per _eotcaf ; a` tgcs prhotcoe hs onaseny hs passcmne. Yge 0.?.8 Zaarn
Zaarnyy dhie oadpafefts hfi duntcpne
duntcpne cfter`hoes cf h
shde strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer ohf me usei `ar suo- nahi trhcf ohf ohuse dhbar ic``county cf httedptcfk ta hnckf h test
oesscve verc﬈ohtcafs. Yge dhterchns hfi iesckf sgauni me suog systed. Hnn oadpafefts cf tge nahi trhcf sgauni me dhogcfei
tght afny enhstco strhcfs aoour ht tge hppncei `aroes. wctgcf
wctgcf pre
preocsc
ocscaf
af dhog
dhogcfcf
cfcfk
k prh
prhotco
otcoes
es wctg htte
htteftca
ftcaf
f phci ta
5.9 Yestcfk Dhogcfe Hnckfdeft’_ade phrts a` tge testcfk perpeficounhrcty, oafoeftrcocty, ﬍htfess hfi sur`hoe ﬈fcsg. Yge
dhogcfe (tght cs, tge orassgehi, hotuhtar ar krcp `hoes) ohf me fudmer a` oadpafefts sgauni me lept ta h dcfcdud.
davei ar exoghfkei cf fardhn ihy ta ihy testcfk. Hnckfdeft 0.?.= _ctuhtc
_ctuhtcafs
afs ohf hrcse wgere hooepthmne
hooepthmne hnckfdeft ohf-
verc﬈ohtcaf sgauni me oafiuotei `ar tge vhrcaus oghfkes ta tge fatt me ho
fa hogc
gcev
evei
ei `a
`arr h kc
kcve
vef
f tes
testcf
tcfk
k dh
dhog
ogcf
cfe,
e, se
sett a` `a
`aro
roee
systed (tght cs, hibustcfk tge orassgehi hfi hotuhtar pasctcaf) hppncohtcaf oadpafefts hfi strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer.
ta iedaf
iedafstrhte
strhte repra
repraiuocm
iuocmcncty
cncty metweef oghfkcfk oafic
oafictcafs.
tcafs. Cf tgese ohses, reiesckf hfi `hmrcohtcaf a` hfy a` tge oadpa-
[gefever passcmne tge hnckfdeft verc﬈ohtcaf sgauni me oaf- fefts oauni me feeiei ta hogceve hooepthmne hnckfdeft.
iuot
iu otei
ei wcwctg
tg tg
tgee te
testc
stcfk
fk sy
syststed
ed oaoadp
dpaf
afef
efts
ts ht h pgpgys
yscoh
cohnn
pasc
pa sctca
tcaf
f tg
tght
ht wa
waun
uni
i scd
scdun
unhte
hte tg
tgee pa
pasc
sctca
tcaf
f cf wgwgco
cog
g h tes
testt ;. _trhcf-Khkei Hnckfdeft
Hnckfdeft Yrhfsiuoer
Yrhfsiuoer
speocde
spe ocdef f wau
wauni
ni me cfscfsthnn
thnnei.
ei. Yge str
strhcf-
hcf-khk
khkei
ei hnck
hnckfde
fdeftft ;.8 Ygc
Ygcss prh
prhotco
otcoee re`
re`ers
ers ta oync
oyncfir
fircohn
cohn str
strhcf
hcf-kh
-khkei
kei hnck
hnckf-
f-
trhfsiuoer
trhfsi uoer keadetry hfi dhterch
dhterchnn sghnn me hiequ
hiequhteny
hteny re`er- deft trhfsi
trhfsiuoers,
uoers, tgcol reothf
reothfkunhr
kunhr strhcf
strhcf-khke
-khkeii hnckfd
hnckfdeft
eft
efoei cf tge verc﬈ohtcaf repart. trhfsiuoers, hfi tgcf reothfkunhr strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfs-
FAYE 8’@ar oreep hfi stress rupture dhogcfes, tge never hrd sgauni me iuoers. Yge hotuhn strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer keadetry
cf h neven pasctcaf wgef per`ardcfk hnckfdeft verc﬈ohtcaf. cs icothtei my tge test sthfihri ta me usei. Ygese strhcf-khkei

5.9.8 @ar sade dhterchn

dhterchn testcfk, ct cs fat passcmne
passcmne ar `ehscmne hnck
hnckfde
fdeft
reiuoeift trhfsi
trh
khuke fsiuoe
uoers
rs hntgaukg
seotcaf, hre usu
usuhnny
hnny iak-ma
iak
atger -mafe
fe sgh
sghpei
pei
strhcf-khkei wctg h
hnckfdeft
ta use hnn phr
phrts
ts a` tge `ar
`aroe
oe hpp
hppncoh
ncohtca
tcaf
f oad
oadpaf
pafeft
eftss wge
wgeff
trhfsiuoers suog hs tgase usei `ar oadpresscaf testcfk dhy me
verc`ycfk
verc`y cfk hnckfdeft. Cf suog ohses hnterf
hnterfhtcve
htcve oadpafefts
oadpafefts ohf
me usei. Yge use a` hnterf
hnterfhtcve
htcve oadpafefts
oadpafefts sghnn me hiequ
hiequhteny
hteny usei.
FAYE =’_cfoe `hmrcohtcfk
`hmrcohtcfk h strhcf
strhcf-khkei
-khkei hnckfdeft
hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer ohf me
re`erefoei cf tge verc﬈ohtcaf repart.
h tcde oafsudcfk hfi expefscve praoess ct cs mest ta ghve tgcs step pnhffei
5.9.= @ar serva-gyirhu
serva-gyirhunco
nco `htckue dhogcfes, ct dhy me feo- aut wenn cf hivhfoe a` feeicfk tge strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer.
esshry ta dave tge hotuhtar ar orassgehi ta cfsthnn tge strhcf-
khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer hfi/ar test speocdefs. Ygcs sgauni ;.= @ar fatogei speocdefs,
speocdefs, h strhcf
strhcf-khke
-khkeii hnckfdeft trhfs-
me hvaciei c` passcmne, espeochnny tge orassgehi, mut c` ct cs iuoer tght scdunhtes tge hftcocphtei test speocdef wctgaut tge
fatog, dhy me usei.
feoesshry, ohre sgauni me thlef ta repasctcaf tge hotuhtar hfi
ar orassgehi cf tge pasctcaf usei iurcfk tge hnckfdeft. [gef ;.? Xuhncty a` dhogcfcfk a` strhcf-khkei
strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfs-
per`ardcfk hfy hnckfdeft, hs dhfy a` tge hibusthmne oadpa- iuoers
iuo ers cs orc
orctcoh
tcohn.
n. Cdp
Cdpart
arthft
hft `eh
`ehtur
tures
es cfo
cfonui
nuiee str
strhck
hckgtf
gtfess
ess,,
fefts a` tge testcfk dhogcfe hs passcmne sgauni me pasctcafei cf oafoeftrcocty, ﬍htfess, hfi sur`hoe ﬈fcsg. Cf phrtcounhr, strhcf-
tge ﬈fhn verc﬈ei pasctcaf. Ygcs oauni cfonuie hibusthmne reho- khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoers
trhfsiuoers usei `ar oadpr
oadpresscaf
esscaf testcfk ohf
tcaf oadpafefts (tght cs, orassgehi) hfi hotuhtars, wgcog ohf me a` tge type tght uses twa phrhnnen pnhtes ta hppny oadpres-
atgerwcse me `ree ta rathte hmaut tge nahicfk hxcs. scaf ta tge efis a` tge strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer. Cf
5.9.? Zreocsc
Zreocscaf
af dhogcfei krcp gausc
gauscfks
fks wctg gyir
gyirhunco
hunco ar tgese
tge se ohs
ohses,
es, tge phr
phrhnne
hnnencs
ncsd
d a` tge strstrhcf
hcf-kh
-khkei
kei hnck
hnckfde
fdeft
ft
pfeudhtcohnny hotuhtei weike cfserts hre oaddafny usei cf trhfsi
trhfsiuoe
uoerr efi
efiss cs ext
extred
redeny
eny cdp
cdpart
arthft
hft hs ies
iesorcm
orcmei
ei cf Yest
nhmarhtary testcfk. Ygese ievcoes hre speoc﬈ohnny iesckfei ta Detgais E E33.

Oapyrckgt my H_YD Cft'n (hnn rckgts reservei)< Daf @em 85 :825;283 E_Y =:=8
?
Iawfnahiei/prcftei my
KEA]KE DHFEH (Yurmadeohfcoh _H) pursuhft ta Ncoefse Hkreedeft. Fa `urtger repraiuotcafs hutgarczei.
 E8:8= ∝ 83

;.9
;.9 Yg
Ygee ie
iescsckf
kf a` h str
strhcf
hcf-k
-khk
hkei
ei hnc
hnckf
kfdef
deftt trtrhf
hfsi
siuo
uoer
er ;.0.8 _ur`h
_ur`hoe
oe prephrhtcaf
prephrhtcaf `ar strhcf khke maficfk
maficfk ohf cf﬍u-
sgauni `annaw tge shde kuciencfes hs iesckf a` sthfihri test efoe deoghfcohn prap
prapertces.
ertces. Yge strhcf-
strhcf-khkei
khkei hnckfdeft trhfs-
speocdefs.
speocde fs. @ar sthtco (tefscne, oadpresscve,
oadpresscve, hfi oreep) testcfk, iuoer sgauni fat me expeotei ta exgcmct tge shde deoghfcohn
efsure tge strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer oaf`ards ta test prapertces hs h sthfihri test speocdef wauni.
speocdefs cf tge hppraprchte test detgai. @ar `htckue testcfk
;.; Oaf﬈kurhtcaf a` _trhcf-Khkei Hnckfdeft Yrhfsiuoers2
hppncohtcafs, strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoers oaf`ardcfk ta
test speocdefs sgawf cf Yest Detgai E0:0 hre hppra hppraprchte.
prchte. ;.;.8 Yge orass seotcaf a` h strhcf-khkei
strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfs-
Yge strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer sgauni me scdcnhr ta tge iuoer ohf me oyncfi
oyncfircohn,
rcohn, tgcol reothfkunhr
reothfkunhr (tgase wctg wcitg ta
expeote
exp eotei
i test speocdefs
speocdefs sa tghtghtt tge shd
shdee `ar
`aroe
oe hpp
hppncoh
ncohtcaf
tcaf tgcolfess rhtca a` ness tghf tgree) ar tgcf reothfkunhr (tgase
wctg wcitg ta tgcolfess rhtca a` tgree ar nhrker). _trhcf-khkei
oa
oadp
dpaf
afef
efts
hnckfdeft.tsIurcfk
ta metge
usei
usei iu
iurc
rcfk
fk tes
testcf
dhfu`hoturcfk tcfk
a`ktgeohf
ohf me ususei
ei iu
strhcf-khkei iurc
rcfk
fk
hnckf- hnckfdeft trhfsiuoers sgauni ghve h dcfcdud a` twa sets a`
deftt trh
def trhfsi
fsiuoe
uoer,
r, ct sga
sgauni
uni me ohr
ohre`u
e`unny
nny cfs
cfspeo
peotei
tei hfi tge `aur khkes, mut cf sade ohses ohf ghve twa sets a` tgree khkes.
icdefscafs reoariei prcar ta hppncohtcaf a` tge strhcf khkes. H tgcri set a` strhcf khkes ohf me hiiei ta pravcie hiictcafhn
FAYE ?’C?’Ctt cs oad
oaddaf
daf nhm
nhmarh
arhtar
tary
y prh
prhotco
otcoee ta edp
edpnay
nay hf hnt
hnterf
erfhte
hte cf`ardhtcaf. H scfkne set a` khkes cs hooepthmne cf sade ohses.
dhterchn `ar tge strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer cf arier ta me hmne ta @ck. = sgaws tge oaf﬈kurhtcafs a` tgese strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft
use tge strstrhcf
hcf-kh
-khkei
kei hnck
hnckfd
fdeft
eft trhf
trhfsiu
siuoer
oer `ar h fud
fudmer
mer a` rep
repehte
ehtei
i trhfsiuoers.
hnckfdeft verc﬈ohtcafs. Yge hnterfhte dhterchn usei sgauni me suog tght tge
strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer dhcfthcfs cts enhstco prapertces tgraukg FAYE 9’Exterfhn speoc﬈ohtcafs hfi requcredefts oauni icothte speoc﬈o
tge nahicfk rhfke a` cfterest efoaufterei
efoaufterei cf tge hnckfdeft verc﬈ohtcaf
verc﬈ohtcaf oaf﬈kurhtcaf `ar fudmer a` khkes hfi khke sphocfks.
(tght cs, tge strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer redhcfs menaw cts prapar- FAYE 5’Kefer
5’Keferhnny
hnny tge dhxcd
dhxcdud ud meficfk wcnn aoour ht ectger efi a` h
tcafhn ncdct). H oaddaf upper strhcf ncdct `ar tgese strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft speocd
speocdef–
ef–ss rei
reiuoe
uoeii phr
phrhnne
hnnenn seo
seotca
tcaf
f rhtg
rhtger
er tgh
tghf
f ht tge oef
oefter
ter a` tge
trhfsiuoers cs ?::: dcorastrhcf dhxcdud. speo
speocd
cdef
ef.. Ga
Gawe
weve
verr, gh
ghvc
vcfk
fk tgtgre
reee se
sets
ts a` kh
khke
kess oh
ohf
f me ge
genp
np`u
`unn cf
;.5 _trhcf khkes
khkes sgauni me seneotei tght ghve lfawf sthf- cieftc`ycfk h `hunty khke ar cfstrudefthtcaf, hfi ohf metter oghrhotercze
tge meficfk oafictcaf.
ihricz
ihr iczei
ei per
per`ar
`ardhf
dhfoe
oe ogh
oghrho
rhoter
tercstc
cstcos
os hs ies
iesorcm
orcmei
ei cf Yest
Detgais E=58
E=58.. _tr
_trhcf
hcf khke dhfu`hoturers
dhfu`hoturers pravpravcie
cie iethcnei ;.;.= ]equcredefts `ar Oyncfircohn _trhcf-Khkei Hnckfdeft
cf`ardhtcaf
cf`ardhtcaf hmaut tge strhcf khkes hvhcnhmne. _trhcf khkes wctg Yrhfsiuoers2
khuke nefktgs a` hppraxcdhteny 8: % a` tge reiuoei phrhnnen ;.;.=.8 @ar strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoers wctg reiuoei
seotcaf a` tge hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer ar ness sgauni me seneotei. phrhnnen seotcaf nefktg 8= dd (:.5 cf.) ar krehter twa sets a`
Yge khkes sgauni me hs sdhnn hs prhotcohn ta hvaci hfy strhcf `aur khkes hre hooepthmne (see @ck. =h). =h). Hf hiictcafhn set a`
hverhkcfk e``eots wctg hibhoeft khkes. Yedperhture oadpef- khkes ht tge oefter a` tge reiuoei phrhnnen seotcaf H, cs hnsa
shtei khkes tght hre hnn a` tge shde type hfi `rad tge shde hooepthmne hfi ohf pravcie hiictcafhn cf`ardhtcaf. @ar strhcf-
strhcf
strhcf khk
khkee nat (sh
(shde
de khk
khkee `ho
`hotar
tar,, trh
trhfsv
fsvers
ersee sef
sefsctc
sctcvcty
vcty hfi khkei
khk ei hnck
hnckfde
fdeftft trh
trhfsi
fsiuoe
uoers
rs wct
wctg
g rei
reiuoe
uoei
i phr
phrhnne
hnnenn seo
seotca
tcaf
f
tedperhture oae``coceft) sgauni me usei. nefktg, H , ness tghf 8= dd (:.5 cf.), h scfkne set a` strhcf khkes
;.0 _trhcf khkes sgauni me cfsthnnei hooaricfk ta praoeiures cf tge oefter a` tge nefktg a` tge reiuoei phrhnnen seotcaf cs
cf Kucie E8=?;
E8=?;.. H oaddafny usei detgai `ar dhrlcfk tge hooepthmne.
cftefiei strhcf khke naohtcafs af tge hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer cs ta ;.;.=.=
;.;.= .= Oyncfi
Oyncfircohn
rcohn strhcf-khkei
strhcf-khkei hnckfd
hnckfdeft
eft trhfs
trhfsiuoers
iuoers ohf
preocse
pre ocseny
ny sor
sorcme
cme sgh
sghnna
nnaw
w naf
nafkctu
kctuicf
icfhn
hn dhr
dhrls
ls hfi trh
trhfsv
fsvers
ersee ghve
ghve se sets
ts a` ecectg
tger
er tg
tgre
reee kh
khke
kess ar `a
`aur
ur kh
khke
kes.
s. @a
@aurur-k
-khk
hkee
dhrls wgere tge strhcf khkes hre ta me hppncei. Yge khkes hre oaf﬈kurhtcafs sghnn ghve khkes equhnny sphoei ht 3: iekrees
tgef hnckfei wctg tge sorcme dhrls wgef maficfk. Yge khke hraufi tge ocroud`erefoe a` tge strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfs-
pnhoedefts sgauni me cfspeotei h`ter cfsthnnhtcaf. iuoer
iuo er.. Ygr
Ygree-
ee-khk
khkee oafoaf﬈ku
﬈kurht
rhtcaf
cafss sgh
sghnn
nn ghv
ghvee khk
khkes
es equ
equhnny
hnny

@CK. = H Oyncfircohn 3:º _phocfk @aur (9) _trhcf Khkes per Znhfe

Oapyrckgt my H_YD Cft'n (hnn rckgts reservei)< Daf @em 85 :825;283 E_Y =:=8
9
Iawfnahiei/prcftei my
KEA]KE DHFEH (Yurmadeohfcoh _H) pursuhft ta Ncoefse Hkreedeft. Fa `urtger repraiuotcafs hutgarczei.
 E8:8= ∝ 83

@CK. = M Ygcol ]eothfkunhr @aur (9) _trhcf Khkes per Znhfe (oaftcfuei)

@CK. = O Ygcf ]eothfkunhr @aur (9) Khkes per Znhfe (oaftcfuei)

sphoei ht 8=: iekrees hraufi tge ocroud`erefoe a` tge strhcf- ;.;.? ]eq
]equcr
ucrede
edefts
fts `ar Ygc
Ygcol
ol ]eo
]eothf
thfkun
kunhr
hr _tr
_trhcf
hcf-Kh
-Khkei
kei
khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer. Hnckfdeft Yrhf
Yrhfsiuoers2
siuoers2
FAYE 0’[ctg tgree-khke, 8=: iekree sphoei oaf﬈kurhtcafs ct ohf me ;.;.?.8 @ar strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoers wctg reiuoei
dare ic``count
ic``count ta ieteot h dhn`u
dhn`ufotcaf
fotcafcfk
cfk khke. phrhnnen seotcaf nefktg 8= dd (:.5 cf) ar krehter twa sets a`
;.;.=.? Cf h twa set strhcf-
;.;.=.? strhcf-khkei
khkei hnckfdeft
hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer,
trhfsiuoer, tge `aur khkes hre hooepthmne(see @ck. =M).=M). Hf hiictcafhn set a`
oefter a` tge khkes sghnn me pnhoei equcicsthft `rad nafkctuic- khkes ht tge oefter a` tge reiuoei phrhnnen seotcaf H, cs hnsa
fhn oefter a` tge reiuoei phrhnnen seotcaf ht h icsthfoe H? 4 hooepthmne hfi ohf pravcie hiictcafhn cf`ardhtcaf. @ar strhcf-
:.?5H ta :.:.95
95H. Cf h tgtgre
reee kh
khke
ke se
sett st
strh
rhcf
cf-k
-khk
hkei
ei re
reiu
iuoei
oei khkei hnckfdeft
hnckfdeft trhfsi
trhfsiuoers
uoers wctg h reiuo
reiuoei
ei phrhnn
phrhnnen
en seotcaf
phrh
phrhnn
nnen
en se
seot
otca
caf
f af
afee se
sett a` kh khke
kess sg
sghn
hnnn me pnpnho
hoei
ei ht tg
tgee nefktg, H , ness tghf 8= dd (:.5 cf), h scfkne set a` strhcf khkes
nafkct
naf kctuic
uicfhn
fhn oef
oefter
ter a` tge reireiuoe
uoei
i phr
phrhnne
hnnenn seot
seotcaf
caf hfi tge cf tge oefter a` tge nefktg a` tge reiuoei phrhnnen seotcaf cs
oefter a` tge atger twa sghnn me pnhoei ht h icsthfoe H ? 4 :.?5H hooepthmne. Ygcol reothfkunhr strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuo-
ta :.95H `rad tge nafkctuicfhn oefter a` tge reiuoei phrhnnen ers sghnn ghve khkes equhnny pasctcafei af hnn `aur `hoes a` tge
seotcaf. strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer.

Oapyrckgt my H_YD Cft'n (hnn rckgts reservei)< Daf @em 85 :825;283 E_Y =:=8
5
Iawfnahiei/prcftei my
KEA]KE DHFEH (Yurmadeohfcoh _H) pursuhft ta Ncoefse Hkreedeft. Fa `urtger repraiuotcafs hutgarczei.
 E8:8= ∝ 83

@CK. = I Ygcf ]eothfkunhr ? _trhcf Khkes per Znhfe (usei cf oadpasctes testcfk) (oaftcfuei)

;.;.?.=
;.;.?.= Cf h twa khke set strhcf-khkei
strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer
trhfsiuoer,, khke set strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer afe set a` khkes
tgee oef
tg oefter
ter a` tg
tgee kh
khke
kess sg
sghnn
hnn me pn
pnho
hoei
ei eqequc
ucic
icsth
sthft
ft `r
`rad
ad sghnn me pnhoei ht tge nafkctuicfhn oefter a` tge a` tge reiuoei
nafkctuicfhn
nafkct uicfhn oefter a` tge reiuoei phrhnnen seotcaf ht h icsthf
icsthfoe
oe phrhnnen seotcaf hfi tge oefter a` tge atger twa sghnn me pnhoei
H? 4 :.?5H ta :.95H. Cf h tgree khke set strhcf-khkei a` tge ht h icsthfoe H ? 4 :.?5H ta :.95H `rad tge nafkctuicfhn
nafkctuicfhn oefter
reiuoei phrhnnen seotcaf, afe set a` khkes sghnn me pnhoei ht tge a` tg
tgee a` tg
tgee re
reiu
iuoe
oei
i ph
phrh
rhnn
nnen
en se
seot
otca
caf.
f. Cf h afafee kh
khke
ke se
sett
nafkct
naf kctuic
uicfhn
fhn oef
oefter
ter a` tge rei
reiuoe
uoei
i phr
phrhnne
hnnenn seot
seotcaf
caf hfi tge strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer, tge khkes sghnn me pnhoei af
oefter a` tge atger twa sghnn me pnhoei ht h icsthfoe H ? 4 :.?5H tge nafkctuicfhn oefter a` tge a` tge reiuoei phrhnnen seotcaf.
ta :.95H `rad tge nafkctuicfhn oefter a` tge reiuoei phrhnnen
FAYE 7’ Ct cs reoaddefiei tght tge icsthfoe i tght tge oefter a` tge
seotcaf. Cf h afe khke set strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer, khkes hre pnhoei `rad tge eike a` tge speocdef me dcfcdczei
dcfcdczei ta cdpra
cdprave
ve
tge khkes sghnn me pnhpnhoei
oei af tge nafkctui
nafkctuicfh
cfhnn oef
oefter
ter a` tge tge hoourhoy a` ieterdcfcfk tge meficfk strhcfs. H typcohn vhnue `ar i cs
strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer. w/7.
FAYE 3’Hf appascfk phcr a` sgehr veotar arceftei strhcf khkes, hs
FAYE ;’@ar tgcol reothfkunhr strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoers, tge sgawf cf @ck. =O,
=O, hre genp`un cf ieterdcfcfk tge zera rathtcafhn pasctcaf
ic``erefo
ic``erefoes
es cf hib
hibhoe
hoeft
ft icd
icdefs
efscaf
cafss a` tge khk
khkee seo
seotcaf
tcaf ohf nehnehi
i ta a` hf hotuht
hotuhtar
ar iurcf
iurcfk
k hnckfd
hnckfdeft
eft verc﬈ohtcaf.
verc﬈ohtcaf. Oafst
Oafstrhcfcf
rhcfcfk
k tge rathtcaf a`
ic``erefoes cf tge sefsctcvctces a` khkes af tgese sur`hoes. Ygcs cf turf ohf
nehi ta ic``countces cf dhlcfk hibustdefts ta mrcfk h test setup cfta kaai tge
test hotuhtar ohf genp dcfcdcze sgehr strhcfs wgef testcfk tgcf reothfkunhr
speocdefs.
hnckfdeft.
;.;.9 ] ]equ
equcre
credeft
deftss `ar Ygcf ]eot]eothfk
hfkunh
unhrr _trh
_trhcf-K
cf-Khke
hkeii 7. Ohncmrhtcaf hfi _thfihriczhtca
_thfihriczhtcaf
f
Hnckfdeft Yrhfsi
Yrhfsiuoers2
uoers2
7.8 Hnn oafictcafcfk eneotrafcos hfi ihth hoqucsctcaf ievcoes
;.;.9.8 @ar strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft
hnckfdeft trhfsiuoers wctg reiuoei
usei `ar tge ieterdcfhtcaf a` testcfk systed hnckfdeft sghnn me
phrhnnen seotcaf nefktg 8= dd (:.5 cf.) ar krehter, twa sets a`
ohncmrhtei. Detranaky nhmarhtary dehsuredeft sthfihris, ohnc-
ectger tgree ar `aur khkes (see @cks @ck. =O =O hfi @ck. =I)=I) hre
mrhtcaf
mrhtcaf praoe
praoesses,
sses, hfi dehsur
dehsuredeft
edeft resunts a` tgese ievcoes
hooepthm
hooe pthmne.
ne. Hf hii
hiictca
ctcafhn
fhn set a` khk
khkes
es ht tge oefter a` tge
sghnn me detranakcohnny trhoehmne ta tge Cfterfhtcafhn _ysted a`
reiuoei
reiuoe i phrhnn
phrhnnen
en seotcaf H, cs hnsa hooepthmne hfi ohf pravcie
Ufcts (_C). Averhnn systed expeotei per`ardhfoe sghnn me fa
hiictcafhn cf`ardhtcaf. @ar strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoers
dare tghf 8⁉? ri tge expeotei Onhss Hoourhoy `rad Yhmne 8.
wctg reiuoei phrhnnen seotcaf nefktg, H, ness tghf 8= dd (:.5
cf.), h scfkne set a` strhcf khkes cf tge oefter a` tge nefktg a` tge FAYE 8:’[gere tge 8:: dcorastrhcf ﬈xei ncdct orcterch cs cfvalei, tge
reiuoei phrhnnen seotcaf cs hooepthmne. systed wauni ghve ta dehsure strhcf ta ht nehst 0 ?? dcorastrhcf.
;.;.9.=
;.;.9 .= Hs sgawf cf @ck. =O =O hfi @ck. =I,
=I, tge strhcf khkes 7.8.8 Detranakcohnny
Detranakcohnny trhoehm
trhoehmne
ne ohncmrh
ohncmrhtcaf
tcaf a` strhcf
strhcf-khke
-khkeii
sghnn me pnhoei syddetrcohnny
syddetrcohnny hmaut tge vertco
vertcohn
hn hfi garczafthn
garczafthn hnckfdef
hnckf deftt tr
trhf
hfsi
siuoe
uoersrs cs fa
fatt rerequ
qucre
crei
i my tg
tgcs
cs pr
prhot
hotcoe
coe..
oefterncfes a` tge reiuoei phrhnnen seotcaf. Cf h twa khke set Gaweve
Gaw everr, kre
kreht
ht ohr
ohree sga
sgauni
uni me thl
thlef
ef cf tge dhfu`hotu
dhfu`hoturere a`
strhcf-khke hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer tge oefter a` tge khkes sghnn strhcf-khke hnckfdeft trhfsiuoers usei `ar tge ieterdcfhtcaf a`
me pnhoei equcicsthft `rad nafkctuicfhn oefter a` tge reiuoei hnckfdeft.
hnckfd eft. [ctg tge exoeptc
exoeptcaf
af a` ohses wgere tge strhcf
strhcf-khke
-khkeii
phrhnnen seotcaf ht h icsthfoe H? 4 :.?5H ta :.95H. Cf h tgree hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer cs meft, tge sauroes a` dehsuredeft errar

Oapyrckgt my H_YD Cft'n (hnn rckgts reservei)< Daf @em 85 :825;283 E_Y =:=8
0
Iawfnahiei/prcftei my
KEA]KE DHFEH (Yurmadeohfcoh _H) pursuhft ta Ncoefse Hkreedeft. Fa `urtger repraiuotcafs hutgarczei.
 KEA]KE DHFEH (Yurmadeohfcoh _H) pursuhft ta Ncoefse Hkreedeft. Fa `urtger repraiuotcafs hutgarczei.

E8:8= ∝ 83

iue ta cficvciuhn khke dcshnckfdeft hfi ic``erefoes cf khke 3.=.8 Cfspe

Cfspeot
ot hnn oadpa
oadpafefts
fefts `ar praper dhtcfk a` mehrcfk
sefsct
sefsctcv
cvcty
cty ohf me dcfdcfcdc
cdczei
zei my ho
hoqu
qucrc
crcfk
fk ra
ratht
thtca
cafh
fhnn hf
hfi
i sur`hoes hfi wctg tge strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer. Ygcs
repehthmcncty
repehth mcncty ihth rufs
rufs.. cfonuies mut cs fat ncdctei ta oafoeftrcocty, perpeficounhrcty
7.= _trhcf khkes
khkes sgauni oaf`ard ta tge requcredefts
requcredefts a` Yest hfi phrhnnencsd dehsuredefts.
dehsuredefts. Atger dehsuredefts
dehsuredefts dhy me
Detgais E=58
E=58.. feeiei `ar speoc﬈o types a` krcps. ]ephcr ar repnhoe aut a`
tanerhfoe oadpafefts.
3. Zra
Zraoeiu
oeiure
re 3.=.= Hss
3.=.= Hssedm
edmnene tge rck
rckci
ci par
partcaf
tcaf a` tge oad
oadpaf
pafeft
efts,
s, hfi
3.8 Yedp
Yedperh
erhtur
turee vhr
vhrcht
chtcaf
cafss iu
iurcf
rcfk
k tge ver
verc﬈o
c﬈ohtc
htcaf
af tes
testt cfsp
cf speot
eot tg
tgee pa
pasct
sctca
caf
f a` tgtgee oa
oadp
dpaf afef
efts
ts af af
afee ef
efi
i a` tg
tgee
sgauni me wctgcf tge ncdcts speoc﬈ei cf tge detgais ar prhotcoes speocdef htthogdeft pacft wctg respeot ta tge pasctcaf a` tge
wgcog requcre tge hnckfdeft verc﬈ohtcaf. oadpafefts af tge atger efi a` tge appascte speocdef htthog-
3.= Cfctchn Deoghfcohn Hnckfdeft Hssesdeft’Ygcs aptcafhn deft pacft. Ygcs cs a`tef iafe wctg h ichn cficohtar setup tght
seotcaf iesorcmes tge cfctchn hnckfdeft a` tge rckci phrts a` tge hnnaws tge user ta esthmncsg matg ncfehr (oafoeftrco ar phrhnnen)
oadpafe
oadp afefts.
fts. Deo
Deoghf
ghfcohn
cohn hnck
hnckfde
fdeft
ft cs usu
usuhnny
hnny esth
esthmncs
mncsgei
gei hfi hfkunhr ic``erefoes
ic``erefoes metweef tge oefteroefterncfes
ncfes a` tge oadpa-
wgef settcfk up h phrtcounhr type a` rckci oadpafeft oaf﬈ku- fefts af ehog efi a` tge speocdef htthogdeft pacfts. @ck. ?
rhtcaf af h testcfk dhogcfe. [gcne ct a`tef iaes fat oghfke cnnustrhtes ncfehr (oafoeftrco hfi phrhnnen) hfi hfkunhr ic``er-
hppreochmny aver tcde, sgaol `rad ohthstrapgco `hcnure cf tge efoes metweef tge oadpafefts af tge twa efis a` tge rckci
nahi trhcf (wctgcf tge oadpafefts ar test speocdef) ar wehr ohf partcaf a` tge testcfk dhogcfe. _peochn hnckfdeft oadpafefts
ohuse tge test dhogcfe ta me dcshnckfei, ct oauni me feoesshry ohf hnsa me edpnayei. _peoc﬈o tanerhfoes hre meyafi tge soape
ta dehsure hfi rehibust tge testcfk dhogcfe hnckfdeft. Me`are a` tgtgcs
cs st
sthf
hfihihri
ri,, mu
mutt sgsgau
aunini hihieq
equh
uhte
te hnhnck
ckfd
fdef
eftt me
oaftcfucfk wctg sumsequeft strhcf khke hnckfdeft verc﬈ohtcaf, ufhogcevhmn
ufhog cevhmne,e, dcshnck
dcshnckfdeft
fdeft a` tgese oadpafefts
oadpafefts oauni me tge
h deoghfcohn hnckfdeft ogeol cs reoaddefiei ta reiuoe tge rehsaf
reh saf.. Yest
estcfk
cfk dho
dhogcf
gcfes
es tgh
tghtt hnna
hnnaw
w tge use
userr ta hib
hibust
ust tge
passcmcncty a` ihdhkcfk tge strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer. pasctcaf a` tge fardhnny ﬈xei orassgehi sgauni me set up cf tge

@CK. ? Cnnust
Cnnustrhtcaf
rhtcaf a` Yestcfk Dhogcfe
(H) Zraperny Hnckfei Yest @rhde hfi ]ckci @cxturcfk
(M) [ctg Oafoeftrco Dcshnckfdeft metweef Yap hfi Mattad @cxturcfk
(O)Hfkunhr Dcshnckfdeft metweef Yap hfi Mattad @cxturcfk

Oapyrckgt my H_YD Cft'n (hnn rckgts reservei)< Daf @em 85 :825;283 E_Y =:=8
;
Iawfnahiei/prcftei my
 KEA]KE DHFEH (Yurmadeohfcoh _H) pursuhft ta Ncoefse Hkreedeft. Fa `urtger repraiuotcafs hutgarczei.

E8:8= ∝ 83

pasctca
pas ctcaf
f tgh
tghtt wcnn me use
useii iur
iurcfk
cfk testcfk.
testcfk. Dav
Davedef
edeftt a` tge strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer cs suspeotei a` cdphrtcfk h
fardhnny ﬈xei orassgehi iurcfk testcfk ohf h``eot hnckfdeft nhrke meficfk e``eot wctgcf tge hnckfdeft verc﬈ohtcaf, use tge
resunts.. C` davcf
resunts davcfk k tge fard
fardhnny
hnny ﬈xei orassg
orassgehi
ehi iurcf
iurcfk
k rautcf
rautcfee praoeiure cf Hffex H8 ta ieterdcfe tge hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer
testcfk (tght cs, metweef speocdefs) cs feeiei, tge cfspeotcaf oarreotcaf. Gawever, tge ieterdcfhtcaf hfi use a` hf hnckf-
sgauni me per`ardei severhn tcdes ta hssure tght davedeft ohf deft trhfsiuoer oarreotcaf cs aptcafhn.
me dhie hfi tge orassgehi repasctcafei ta tge shde naohtcaf
FAYE 8=’H use`un aperhtcafhn
aperhtcafhn ogeol `ar ieteot
ieteotcfk
cfk `hunty strhcf khkes
wctgaut hppreochmny h``eotcfk hnckfdeft.
ar cfstrudefthtcaf cs ta oadphre tge hverhke hxchn strhcf, h, `ar ehog set a`
3.=.? Hibust tge pasctcaf
pasctcaf a` tge oadpafefts
oadpafefts af afe efi a` strhcf khkes ht ehog hppncei `aroe. C` hfy twa a` tgese hverhkes ic``er my
tge speocdef htthogdeft pacft wctg respeot ta tge pasctcaf a` dare tghf hmaut twa peroeft, h `hunt cf tge dehsuredeft systed sgauni me
suspeotei.
tge oad
oadpaf
pafeft
eftss af tge atg
atgerer efi a` tge appascte
appascte spe
speocd
ocdef
ef
htthogd
htthogdeft
eft pac
pacft
ft ta dcf
dcfcdcz
cdczee tge per
perpef
pefico
icounh
unhrct
rcty
y hfi tge 3.?.3 Znh
3.?.3 Znhff tge `aroe hppncohtca
hppncohtcaf
f oyo
oyone
ne suo
suogg tght tge dhx
dhxc-
c-
oafoef
oaf oeftrco
trcocty
cty (oy
(oyncfi
ncfircoh
rcohnn spe
speocde
ocdefs)
fs) hfi phr
phrhnne
hnnencsd
ncsd (﬍h(﬍htt dud `aroe hppncei iaes fat exoeei tge enhstco ncdct a` tge
speocdefs)
speocde fs) errars. Ygcs oauni requcre naasefcfk tge oadpa oadpa-- hnckfde
hnckfdeft ft trh
trhfsi
fsiuoe
uoerr. Yge hotu
hotuhn
hn `ar
`aroe
oe nev
neven
en cf tges
tgesee ohse
ohsess
fefts
fef ts a` afe efi
efi,, thp
thppcf
pcfk k ar sgcddcfk
sgcddcfk ct cft
cfta
a pas
pasctca
ctcaf
f hfi sgauni
sga uni me hkr
hkreei
eei upa
upaff wct
wctg
g tge ous
oustad
taderer hfi iao
iaoude
udefteftei.
i.
retckgtefcfk
retckgtefcfk ct. Ygcs ohf me h tefscne `aroe, h oadpresscve `aroe, ar matg. Yge
3.? Hnckf
Hnckfdefts
defts requcre
requcre tge use a` h strhcf-
strhcf-khkei
khkei hnckfdeft
hnckfdeft `aroe ohf me hppncei ectger dhfuhnny ar hutadhtcohnny. [gcne
trhfsiuoer hs icsoussei cf _eotcaf ;. severh
sev erhnn `ar
`aroe
oe hpp
hppncoh
ncohtcaf
tcaf oyo
oyones
nes ohf me gen genp`u
p`unn `ar sys
systed
ted
3.?.8
3.?.8 Yge ﬈fh ﬈fhnn hnck
hnckfde
fdeft ft ver
verc﬈o
c﬈ohtca
htcaf
f step `ar test testcfk
cfk dh- ogeols, afny h scfkne oyone cs requcrei `ar reoaricfk hnckfdeft
ogcfes wgere tge oadpafefts hre fat naolei cf pnhoe `ar testcfk ihth.
tge hnckfdeft re`ers ta tge pasctcafcfk hfi sumsequeft hnckf- FAYE 8?’Hiictcafhn `aroe oyones ohf genp exerocse tge strhcf-khkei
deftt wct
def wctg g tge str
strhcf
hcf-kh
-khkei
kei hnck
hnckfde
fdeft ft trhf
trhfsiu
siuoer
oer hfi hnn tge hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer hfi nahi trhcf hfi esthmncsg gysterescs c` uscfk matg
faf-rckci oadpafefts cf tge nahi trhcf. tefscaf
tefscaf hfi oadpresscaf.
oadpresscaf. _trhcf rehicfks `rad tge cfctch
cfctchnn oyone sgauni me
ohre`u
ohre`unny
nny ams
amserv
ervei
ei ta pre
prevef
veftt pat
pateft
eftchn
chn ihd
ihdhke
hke ta tge str strhcf-
hcf-khk
khkei
ei
3.?.= Yge ﬈fhn hnckfdeft step `ar testcfk dhogcfes wgere
hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer cf tge ohse a` h paarny hnckfei testcfk dhogcfe.
tge oadpafefts hre naolei cf pnhoe `ar testcfk hnckfdeft re`ers
ta tge pasctcafcfk hfi sumsequeft hnckfdeft wctg tge strhcf- 3.?.8:
3.?.8: Oann
Oanneot
eot hnckfdeft
hnckfdeft ihth my hppnycfk
hppnycfk tge `ar`aroe
oe cf ht
khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer hfi hnn tge rckci oadpafefts cf tge nehst tgree icsorete pacfts tgraukg tge nahicfk rhfke a` cfterest
nahi trhcf hfi cfo cfonui
nuies
es h step wgere faf faf-rc
-rckci
kci oad
oadpafpafeft
eftss Ygese sgauni me evefny sphoei tgraukg tge `aroe oyone. Iurcfk
meoade rckci tgraukg h naolcfk praoess. oanneotcaf a` tge icsorete ihth pacfts, tge `aroe af tge strhcf-
3.?.?
3.?.? Cfs
Cfspeo
peott hfy oadpafef
oadpafefts ts fat hnr
hnrehi
ehiy y cfs
cfspeo
peotei
tei hs cf khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer sghnn fat vhry my dare tghf 8%.
3.=.8 (t(tge
ge faf
faf-rc
-rckci
kci phr
phrts
ts a` tge hssehssedmn
dmny).
y). Est
Esthmnc
hmncsg
sg tge @ar hnckfdeft verc﬈ohtcafs wgere matg tefscaf hfi oadpres-
pasctcaf a` tge strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer `ar oadpa- scaf hre ta me usei, reoari ihth cf h scdcnhr dhffer `ar matg.
feftt set
fef setups
ups wct
wctgg faf
faf-rc
-rckci
kci dedmers
dedmers my hss hssedm
edmncfncfkk tge cf- [gef
[g ef ususcf
cfk
k de
deogoghf
hfcoh
cohnn ar gygyir
irhu
hunco
nco kr
krcp
cpss tg
tght
ht na
naol
ol tg
tgee
speotei
spe otei phr
phrts
ts a` tge nahnahii trh
trhcf.
cf. Oaf
Oaffeo
feotca
tcafs,
fs, cfo
cfonui
nuicfk
cfk tge strhcf-khke
strhcf -khkeii hnckfd
hnckfdeft
eft trhfsiuoer cf pnhoe, reoari tge strhcf ht
strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer sgauni ﬈t sdaatgny taketger zera hppncei `aroe me`are hfi h`ter tge naolcfk deoghfcsds
wctg fa extrh pnhy. ]ephcr ar repnhoe speoc﬈o oadpafefts c` ghve meef efkhkei. Ygcs sgaws tge cf﬍uefoe a` tge naolcfk
feoesshry. deoghf
deo ghfcsd
csd af tge mef meficf
icfk k a` tge strstrhcf
hcf-kh
-khkei
kei hnck
hnckfde
fdeft
ft
3.?.9 Dhrl tge pasctcaf a` hfy partcaf partcaf a` tge `aroe hppncoh-
hppncoh- trhfsiuoer.
tcaf oadpafefts tght wcnn me davei (tght cs, uftgrehiei ar 3.?.88 Ygere hre tgree reoaddefiei
reoaddefiei prhotcoes `ar esthmncsg-
atgerwcse
atgerw cse repasctcafei)
repasctcafei) iurcfk tge oaurs oaursee a` fardhn testcfk cfk tge tgr
tgree
ee (ar dare) icsorete
icsorete pac
pacfts
fts ht wgc
wgcog
og hnck
hnckfde
fdeft
ft
renht
renhtcv
cvee ta tg
tgee ﬈x
﬈xei
ei pa
partrtca
caf
f a` tgtgee oa
oadp
dpafafefefts
ts.. Yg
Ygcscs cs ta verc﬈ohtcaf ihth cs oanneotei2
efsure tght tge oadpafefts ohf me put taketger tge shde why 3.?.88.8 ]eoari ihth pacfts ht 8:::, =::: hfi ?::: ?::: fadcfhn
ehog tcde. dcorastrhcf cf hiictcaf ta tge ogeol ht zera hppncei `aroe.
3.?.5 Cfsthnn tge strhcf-khkei
strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer
trhfsiuoer cfta tge 3.?.8
3.?.88.=
8.= ]eoa
]eoariri ihth ht 8: %, %, =: % hfi 9: % a` tge `ar `aroe
oe
hssedmny wctg afny afe efi htthogei ta tge set a` krcps. Rera trhfsiuoer rhfke ar testcfk dhogcfe ohphocty cf hiictcaf ta tge
tge strhcf rehicfks wctg fa `aroe hppncei. Yge hot a` krcppcfk h ogeol ht zera hppncei `aroe.
strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer af matg efis ohf cftraiuoe 3.?.88.?
3.?.8 8.? ]eoari ihth pacfts wctgcf h `aroe rhfke esthmncsgei
esthmncsgei
exoesscve meficfk. my tge expeotei yceni strefktgs a` dhterchns ta me testei af tge
3.?.0
3.?.0 Htth
Htthog
og tge str
strhcf
hcf-kh
-khkei
kei hnck
hnckfde
fdeftft trhf
trhfsiu
siuoeroer ta tge testcfk dhogcfe cf hiictcaf ta tge ogeol ht zera hppncei `aroe.
redhcfcfk
redhcfc fk krcp. Yge strhcf
strhcf-khkei
-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer
trhfsiuoer sghnn 3.?.8=
3.?.8 = @ar sade types a` testcfk systeds, ct ohf me hivhf hivhf--
fat me re-zeraei wctg matg krcps htthogei. thkea
thk eaus
us ta ghghve
ve af
afee tes
testt `a
`aro
roee ne
ness
ss tg
tghf
hf tg
tgee we
weck
ckgt
gt a` tg
tgee
FAYE 88
88’Yg
’Ygcscs cs typ
typcoh
cohnny
nny tge ste
step
p tgh
tghtt cfo
cfonui
nuies
es h nah
nahi
i trh
trhcf
cf hfi orassgehi tght cs „nc`tei— my tge speocdef hfi afe test `aroe
speocdef naolcfk praoess. tght exoeeis tge weckgt a` tght orassgehi. Ygcs ohf cieftc`y
`hunty ar aut a` hibustdeft mholnhsg encdcfhtcaf systeds.
3.?.;
3.?.; Hp
Hppn
pny
y h sd
sdhnhnnn `a
`aro
roee ta dh
dhle
le su
sure
re hn
hnnn se
sefs
fsar
arss hr
hree
rehicfk praperny hfi tgef redave tge `aroe. 3.?.8?
3.?.8? Ct cs reo
reoadd
addefi
efiei
ei tgh
tghtt ht neh
nehst
st afe meficfk
meficfk verc﬈-
ohtcaf pacft sgauni me hmave 8::: dcorastrhcf.
3.?.7 Cdper
Cdper`eot
`eot hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer oarreotcaf.
oarreotcaf. Hnn strhcf-
khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoers ghve sade cdper`eotcafs, ectger FAYE 89’Yge ihth pacft ht zera hppncei `aroe cs cftefiei ta reoari tge
icdefscafhnny ar cf tge htthogdeft a` tge strhcf khke. C` tge vhnues a` tge strhcf khkes wctg respeot ta afe hfatger hfi re`ers ta tge

Oapyrckgt my H_YD Cft'n (hnn rckgts reservei)< Daf @em 85 :825;283 E_Y =:=8
7
Iawfnahiei/prcftei my
 KEA]KE DHFEH (Yurmadeohfcoh _H) pursuhft ta Ncoefse Hkreedeft. Fa `urtger repraiuotcafs hutgarczei.

E8:8= ∝ 83
﬈xei ncdct cf @ck. 9.
9. Ygere cs fa feei ta ohnounhte peroeft meficfk ht zera H= ta sephrhte tge hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer oaftrcmutcaf hfi tge
hppncei `aroe. testcfk dhogcfe hnckfdeft
hnckfdeft oaftr
oaftrcmutca
cmutcaf
f `rad tge averh
averhnn
nn hnckf-
3.?.89
3.?.89 ]edave hfi repas
repasctcaf
ctcaf tge strhcf-
strhcf-khkei
khkei hnckfdeft deft. Gawever, tge ieterdcfhtcaf hfi use a` h strhcf-khkei
trhfsiuoer cf tge krcps ht hiictcafhn arcefthtcafs hs feeiei. Ht hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer/testcfk dhogcfe oaftrcmutcaf cs aptcafhn.
h dcfcdud, dehsure hfi reoari strhcfs ufier tge `aroe oyone 3.?.80 Ohnounht
3.?.80 Ohnounhtee tge peroeft meficfk `ar tge iescrei deh-
iesorcmei cf 3.?.3 cf tge arckcfhn arcefthtcaf, 87: iekrees (ar sure
suredef
deftt pa
pacf
cfts
ts cf tgtgee `a
`aro
roee hphppn
pnco
cohtc
htcaf
af oy
oyone
one us
uscf
cfk
k tg
tgee
8=: iekrees `ar tgree khke strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoers) `ardunhs kcvef cf _eotcaf 8: 8:.. C` tgere hre sckfc﬈ohft ic``er-
hfi hkh
hkhcf
cf mho
mhol
l cf tge arc
arckcf
kcfhn
hn arc
arcefth
efthtca
tcaf,
f, ufn
ufness
ess atg
atgerw
erwcse
cse
efoes metweef tge verc﬈ohtcaf ihth cf tge arckcfhn arcefthtcaf
speoc﬈ei cf exterfhn requcredefts. Cfsthnncfk tge strhcf-khkei
versus tge 87:º (8=:º `ar h tgree khke set) arcefthtcaf, tgcs
hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer
whs cfsthnnei cf tgecf`ardhtcaf
wcnn pravcie shde arcefthtcaf hs ct prevcausny
af repehthmcncty a` tge oafictcaf
oafictc af oau
oauni
ni me iue ta h pra pramned
mned wctg tge strhcf-kh
strhcf-khkei
kei
hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer. C` tge strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer
hnckfdeft praoess. Cfsthnncfk tge strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfs-
cs sus
suspeo
peotei
tei a` cdp
cdphrtc
hrtcfk
fk h nhr
nhrke
ke mef
meficf
icfk
k e`
e``eo
`eott wct
wctgcf
gcf tge
iuoer cf hfatger arcefthtcaf (tght cs, rathtcfk ct ar cfvertcfk ct)
hnckfdeft verc﬈ohtcaf, use tge praoeiure autncfei cf Hff Hffexex H=
wcnn `urtger oghrhotercze
oghrhotercze tge hnckfdeft a` tge `aroe hppncohppncohtcaf
htcaf
oadpafefts. ta sep
sephrh
hrhte
te tge hnck
hnckfde
fdeft ft trhf
trhfsiu
siuoer
oer oaf
oaftrcm
trcmutca
utcaff hfi tge
3.?.85
3.?.85 _trhcf-k
_trhcf-khkei
hkei hnck
hnckfdef
fdeftt trhf
trhfsiuo
siuoers
ers hnwh
hnwhys
ys ghv
ghvee testcfk dhogcfe hnckfdeft
hnckfdeft oaftr
oaftrcmutca
cmutcaf
f `rad tge averh
averhnnnn hnckf-
sade eooeftrcocty, tgaukg prephrhtcaf hs iesorcmei cf _eotcaf ; deft.
def t. Gaw
Gaweve
ever,
r, tge iet
ieterd
erdcfh
cfhtca
tcaf
f hfi use a` hf hnck hnckfde
fdeftft
wcnn dcfcdcze tgcs. _trhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoers ohf me trhfsiuoer/testcfk dhogcfe oaftrcmutcaf cs aptcafhn.
ihdhke
ihd hkei
i ar mef
meftt ave
averr tcde hfi useuse.. Ohr
Ohre`u
e`unn ghf
ghfinc
incfk
fk hfi 3.?.8;
3.?.8; C` tg
tgee ohn
ohnou
ounh
nhtei
tei pe
pero
roef
eftt me
mefi
ficf
cfk
k ia
iaes
es fa
fatt de
deet
et
starh
starhke
ke wcwcnn
nn dcf
dcfcdc
cdcze
ze tgtgcs.
cs. C` tg
tgee st
strh
rhcf
cf-k
-khk
hkei
ei hnc
hnckf
kfde
deftft requcredefts `rad tge test speoc﬈ohtcaf, hibustdefts, rephcrs ar
trhfsiu
trhfsiuoer
oer cs sus
suspeo
peotei
tei a` cdp
cdphrtc
hrtcfk
fk h nhr
nhrke
ke mef
meficf
icfk
k e`
e``eo
`eott atger cdpravedeft
cdpravedeftss wcnn feei ta me dhie. ]e`er ta step 3.= `ar
wctgcf tge hnckfdeft verc﬈ohtcaf, use tge praoeiure cf Hffex kucihfoe.

@CK. 9 Krhpgcohn ]epresefthtcaf a` Hnckfdeft Onhssc﬈ohtcafs

Oapyrckgt my H_YD Cft'n (hnn rckgts reservei)< Daf @em 85 :825;283 E_Y =:=8
3
Iawfnahiei/prcftei my
 KEA]KE DHFEH (Yurmadeohfcoh _H) pursuhft ta Ncoefse Hkreedeft. Fa `urtger repraiuotcafs hutgarczei.

E8:8= ∝ 83

3.?.87 _dhnn hibustdefts ohf ghve h sckfc﬈ohft e``eot

e``eot af tge cf 3.?.0 tgraukg 3.?.89 hfi per`ard ohnounhtcafs hs cf 3.?.80
3.?.80..
dehsuredefts.. Hibustdefts hre typcoh
dehsuredefts typcohnny
nny dhie ht 3:-i
3:-iekree
ekree ]ehssess hnckfdeft quhncty hs cf 3.?.8; hfi rehibust hkhcf hs
cftervhns hraufi tge strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer. feoesshry.
3.?.83 Hnckfdeft trhfsiuoers exgcmctcfk cfiuoei meficfk cf
tge sghpe a` hf „_— (see @ck. 5)
5) requcre hibustdefts
hibustdefts ta me dhie 8:. Ohnounhtcaf hfi Cfterprethtcaf
Cfterprethtcaf a` ]esunts
]esunts
ta tge oafoeftrcocty (`ar oyncfircohn hnckfdeft trhfsiuoers) ar 8:.8
8:. 8 ]es
]esunts
unts a` cft
cftere
erest
st usu
usuhnny
hnny cfonuie
cfonuie hxc
hxchn
hn str
strhcf
hcf,, nao
naohn
hn
perpeficounhrcty (`ar ﬍ht hnckfdeft trhfsiuoers) a` tge `aroe meficfk strhcfs, dhxcdud meficfk strhcf, hfi peroeft mefi-
hppncohtcaf oadpafefts. cfk. Ohnounhte tgese `ar ehog pnhfe a` strhcf khkes.
3.?.=: Hnckfdeft trhfsiuoers exgcmctcfk cfiuoei meficfk cf 8:.8
8: .8.8
.8 Naohn
Naohn hf
hfi
i dhdhxc
xcdu
dud
d me
mefi
ficf
cfk
k st
strh
rhcf
cfss se
seef
ef cf hf
tge sghpe a`
hfkunhrcty a` tge
h „O— (see
`aroe @ck. 5)
5) requ
hppncohtcaf requcre
cre hibu
hibustde
oadpafefts. stdefts
fts ta tge hnckfde
hnckfdeft
ft ve
verc
rc﬈oh
﬈ohtca
tcaf
f oa
oaun
uni
i me htt
httrc
rcmu
mute
tei
i ta h sp speoc
eocde
def
f
oaftrcmutcaf, h testcfk dhogcfe oaftrcmutcaf ar matg.
FAYE 85’Matg tge oafoef
oafoeftrcocty
trcocty hfi hfkunh
hfkunhrcty
rcty hibustdefts
hibustdefts hre a`tef 8:.= Oyncfircohn _trhcf-Khkei Hnckfdeft Yrhfsiuoers2
requcrei ta hogcev
requcrei hogcevee kaai hnckfdeft.
hnckfdeft. 8:.=.8 Y
Ygr
gree
ee _trh
_trhcf
cf Khk es’@ar str
Khkes’ strhcf-
hcf-khk
khkei
ei hnck
hnckfde
fdeftft
3.?.=8 [gef
3.?.=8 [gef hibhibust
ustdef
defts
ts hre oadoadpne
pnetei
tei,, per
per`ar
`ard
d `ar
`aroe
oe trhfsiuoers a` ocrounhr-orass seotcaf wctg pnhfes a` tgree strhcf
hppncohtcaf
hppncohtcaf oyone hkhcf hs cf 3.?.5
3.?.5,, reoari strhcf cf`ardhtcaf hs khkes equhnny sphoei hraufi tge ocroud`erefoe a` tge khuke

@CK. 5 Cnnustrhtcaf a` _trhcf-Khkei Hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer

(H) Zraperny Hnckfei Hnckfdeft Yrhfsiuoer
(M) Oafoeftrco Dcshnckfdeft a` Hnckfdeft Yrhfsiuoer Orehtes hf „_— _ghpe
(O) Hfkunhr Dcshnckfdeft a` Hnckfdeft Yrhfsiuoer Orehtes hf „O— _ghpe

Oapyrckgt my H_YD Cft'n (hnn rckgts reservei)< Daf @em 85 :825;283 E_Y =:=8
8:
Iawfnahiei/prcftei my
 KEA]KE DHFEH (Yurmadeohfcoh _H) pursuhft ta Ncoefse Hkreedeft. Fa `urtger repraiuotcafs hutgarczei.

E8:8= ∝ 83

nefktg, use tge `annawcfk equhtcafs2 Ohnounhte tge hxchn strhcf, h

Ohnounhte tge hxchn strhcf, h2 ~e 8 e =8 e ?8 e 9 !
8
h5 (85)
~ e 88 e =8 e ?! 9
h5 (8 )
?
wgere2
wgere2 e8 hfi e ? 4 dehsurei
dehsurei strhcfs
strhcfs ht tge oefter
oefter a` tge strhcf-k
strhcf-khkei
hkei
e8, e=, hfi e? 4 dehsurei
dehsurei strhcfs
strhcfs ht tge tgree
tgree naohtcafs,
naohtcafs, hfi
hfi hnckfde
hnckfdeft
ft trh
trhfsi
fsiuoe
uoerr tgco
tgcolfe
lfess
ss af appappasc
ascte
te
wgere e8 ≥ e= ≥ e?. `hoes, hfi
Ohnounhte tge meficfk strhcfs, m, hs2 e= hfi e 9 4 oarre
oarrespafi
spaficfk
cfk vhnues
vhnues `ar tge wcie `hoes.
`hoes.

m8 5 e8 = h (= ) Ohnounhte tge meficfk strhcfs m hs2

m= 5 e= = h (? ) m8 5 e8 = h (80)

m? 5 e? = h (9 ) m= 5 e= = h (8;)
m? 5 e? = h (87)
Ohnounhte tge hfkunhr icreotcaf a` dhxcdud meficfk, η, hs
dehsurei `rad tge gckgest rehicfk strhcf sefsar tawhri tge m9 5 e9 = h (83)
fext gckgest rehicfk strhcf sefsar hs2
Ohnounhte tge dhxcdud meficfk strhcf, M, hs2
η 5 thf= 8 @_ 4 I_
=
?
m=
m8
8 :.5IK (5 )
M5
1m 8
=

=
m? 1 81m =
=

=
m9 1 (=:)

Ohnounhte tge dhxcdud meficfk strhcf, M, hs2 Ohnounhte

Ohnounhte peroef
peroeftt meficf
meficfk,
k, ZM, hs2

M5
m8
oas η
(0 )
ZM 5 _ I
M
h
? 8:: (=8)

Hfi ohnounhte tge peroeft meficfk, Z 8:.9 Yg

Ygcf
cf ]eot
]eothf
hfku
kunh
nhrr _trh
_trhcf
cf-K
-Khk
hkei
ei Hnck
Hnckfd
fdef
eftt
ZMM
Yrhfsiuoers, @aur _trhcf Khkes’@ar tgcf strhcf
strhcf-khke
-khkeii hnckf-
ZM 5 _ I
M
h
? 8:: (;) deft trhfsiuoers a` reothfkunhr orass seotcaf wctg strhcf khkes
pnhoei hs sgawf cf @ck. =O,
=O, use tge `annawcfk equhtcafs2
8:.=.= O Oyncfirc
yncfircohn
ohn _trhcf
_trhcf-Khke
-Khkei i Hnckfd
Hnckfdeft
eft Yr
Yrhfsi
hfsiuoers,
uoers, Ohnounhte hxchn strhcf, h
@aur _tr
@aur _trhcf
hcf Khk es’@ar `au
Khkes’ `aurr strh
strhcf
cf khk
khkes
es equ
equhnny
hnny sph
sphoei
oei ~e 8 e =8 e ?8 e 9 !
8
hraufi tge ocroud`erefoe a` strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuo- h5 (==)
9
ers a` ocrounhr orass seotcaf, use tge `annawcfk equhtcafs2
Ohnounhte tge hxchn strhcf h, wgere2
e8, e=, e?, hfi e9 4 dehsurei
dehsurei strhcfs
strhcfs ht tge
tge `aur
`aur naohtcafs,
naohtcafs, hs
hs
h5 _ e 8 8 e = 8 e ?8 e 9
9
I (7 ) sgawf cf @ck. =O.
=O.
Ohnounhte tge equcvhneft strhcfs ht tge oefter a` tge `aur `hoes
wgere2
hs2
e8, e=, e?, hfi e9 4 tge dehsurei
dehsurei strhcf
strhcfss ht tge
tge `aur
`aur naohtcafs
naohtcafs
~e !
hfi
hfi tg
hrauf
hra
tgee su
ufii tg
sums
msor
orcp
tgee str
cptt cf
strhcf
cfic
hcf-k
icoht
-khk
ohtes
hkei
es tg
ei hnc
tgee ar
hnckf
arie
ierr
kfdef
deftt
e e8
5 @
h= h =
8
8e9

=
K @~ w
w = =i!
K (=?)

=8
trhfsiuoer. ~e e ?! w
Ohnounhte tge meficfk strhcfs, m hs,
e e?
5
@
h= h =
= K @~ w = =i! K (=9)

m8 5 e8 = h (3 ) ~e 8
8e= !
e e=
5 (=5)
=
m= 5 e= = h (8:)
~e ?
8e9 !
m? 5 e? = h (88) e e9
5 (=0)
=
m9 5 e9 = h (8=)
wgere2
Ohnounhte dhxcdud meficfk strhcf, M e8 , e=, e? , hfi e9 4 tge dehsu
dehsurei
rei strh
strhcfs
cfs ht tge
tge `aur
`aur naoh-
naoh-
8 tcafs hs sgawf cf @ck. =O =O
M5
=
4~ m 8 = m ? ! = 8 ~ m = = m 9 ! = (8?) ee8 hfi ee? 4 equ
equcvh
cvhnef
neftt str
strhcfs
hcfs ht tge oef
oefter
ter a` tge
tgcf `hoes,
Hfi ohnounhte tge peroeft meficfk, Z
ZMM ee= hfi ee9 4 equ
equcvh
cvhnef
neftt str
strhcfs
hcfs ht tge oef
oefter
ter a` tge
tgcol `hoes,
ZM 5 _ I
M
h
? 8:: (89)
w 4 wci
wcitg
tg a` tge mra
mrahi
hi `ho
`hoe,
e, hfi
8:.? Yg
Ygco
coll ]eot
]e othf
hfku
kunh
nhrr _trh
_trhcf
cf-K
-Khk
hkei
ei Hn Hnck
ckfd
fdef
eftt i 4 icsthfoe
icsthfoe `rad eike a` tge strhcf
strhcf-khke
-khkei
i
hnckfde
hnckfdeftft trh
trhfsi
fsiuoe
uoerr ta pas
pasctca
ctcaf
f a`
Yrhfsiuoers, @aur _trhcf Khkes’@ar tgcol strhcf-khkei hnckf-
strhcf sefsar.
deft trhfsiuoers a` reothfkunhr orass seotcaf wctg strhcf khkes
pnhoei hs sgawf cf @ck. =M,
=M, use tge `annawcfk equhtcafs2 Ohnounhte tge meficfk strhcfs, m, hs2

Oapyrckgt my H_YD Cft'n (hnn rckgts reservei)< Daf @em 85 :825;283 E_Y =:=8
88
Iawfnahiei/prcftei my
 KEA]KE DHFEH (Yurmadeohfcoh _H) pursuhft ta Ncoefse Hkreedeft. Fa `urtger repraiuotcafs hutgarczei.

E8:8= ∝ 83
m8 5 e e8
= h (=;) Hfi ohnounhte tge peroeft meficfk, ZM
m= 5 e
m? 5 e
e=

e?
=

=
h
h
(=7)
(=3)
ZM 5 _ I
M
h
? 8:: (9?)

m9 5 e e9
= h (?:) 8:.0 Mef
8:.0 Meficf
icfk
k strh
strhcf
cf ohf me httrcmute
httrcmuteii cf phrt ta tge hnck
hnckf-
f-
deft
de ft tr
trhf
hfsi
siuo
uoer
er hf
hfii cf ph
phrt
rt ta tg
tgee tes
testc
tcfk
fk dh
dhog
ogcf
cfe.
e. C` tg
tgee
Ohnounhte tge dhxcdud meficfk strhcf, M ohnounhtei meficfk strhcf exoeeis tge ncdcts requcrei cf Yhmne 8

M5
1m 8
= m? 1 81m =
= m9 1 (?8)
= =
YHMNE 8 Onhssc﬈ohtcafs a` Hnckfdeft Perc﬈ohtcaf
Hfi ohnounhte tge peroeft meficfk, Z
ZMM Dhxcdud Meficfk _trhcf (M) fat ta exoeei tge krehter
a`
ZM 5 _ I M
h
? 8:: (?=) H_YD
E8:8=
tge @cxei Ncdct ar ]enhtcve Ncdct
]enhtcve Ncdct
Onhssc﬈ohtcaf @cxei
8:.5 Yg
Ygcf
cf ]eot
]e othf
hfku
kunh
nhrr _trh
_trhcf
cf-K
-Khk
hkei
ei Hnck
Hn ckfd
fdef
eftt Ncdct Zeroeft
(dcorastrhcf) (dcorastrhcf)
Yrhfsiuoers, Ygree _trhcf Khkes’@ar tgcf strhcf-khkei hnckf- Meficfk (ZM)

deft trhfsiuoers a` reothfkunhr orass seotcaf wctg tgree strhcf 5 8:: (h) Û :.:5 5%
7 8:: (h) Û :.:7 7%
khkes pnhoei hs sgawf cf @ck. =I,=I, use tge `annawcfk equhtcafs2 8: 8:: (h) Û :.8: 8:%
Ohnounhte tge hxchn strhcf h Dhxcdud Meficfk _trhcf (M) ohnounhtei uscfk equhtcaf 9, 7 ar 88.
Hxchn _trhcf (h) ohnounhtei uscfk equhtcaf 8, 0, 8: ar 8?.
Je 8
8 e= 8 ~= ? e ?! # Zeroeft Meficfk (ZM) ohnounhtei uscfk equhtcaf 5, 3 ar 8=.
h5 (??)
9

wgere2
e8, e=, hfi e? 4 tge dehsurei
dehsurei strhcf
strhcfss ht tge
tge tgree
tgree naohtcafs
naohtcafs hs
ct oauni me genp`un ta per`ard tgese ohnounhtcafs cf Hffex H=.
H=.
sgawf cf @ck. =I.
=I.
_ee Hffex H= `ar hiictcafhn icsousscaf hfi ohnounhtcafs.
Ohnounhte tge equcvhneft strhcfs ht tge oefter a` tge `aur `hoes 8:.; Uscfk resunts
resunts `rad ehog pnhfe a` strhcf khkes, onhssc`y
onhssc`y
hs2 tge neven a` testcfk dhogcfe hnckfdeft hooaricfk ta Yhmne 8. 8. C`
strhcf khke pnhfes pravcie ic``ereft onhssc﬈ohtcaf fudmers, use
e e8
5 h= G~ h = e 8! ? @~ w =
w
= i!
KB (?9)
tge onhssc﬈ohtcaf tght oarrespafis ta tge gckgest fudmer (tght
cs, krehtest hdauft a` meficfk strhcf). Phrcaus
Phrcaus H_YD hfi atger
e e?
5 h= G~h = e =! ? @~ w =
w
= i !KB
(?5) testcfk sthfihris
sthfihris ohf requcre h phrtco
phrtcounhr
unhr onhssc﬈ohtcaf
onhssc﬈ohtcaf `rad
Yhmne 8.
8.
~e 8
8 e =!
e e=
5 (?0) 8:.7 Yge orassaver
orassaver pacfts metweef
metweef tge ﬈xei hfi tge renhtcve
=
ncdcts `ar ehog onhssc﬈ohtcaf neven cs sgawf cf Yhmne =.
=.
e e9
5 e? (?;)
8:.3 H krh
8:.3 krhpgc
pgcohn
ohn rep
repres
resefth
efthtca
tcaf
f a` tge ﬈xe
﬈xei
i hfi ren
renhtcv
htcvee
wgere2 ncdcts cs sgawf cf @ck. 9.
9.
e8, e=, hfi e? 4 tge dehsurei
dehsurei strhcf
strhcfss ht tge
tge tgree
tgree naohtcafs
naohtcafs hs
sgawf cf @ck. =I,
=I, 88. ]epa
]epart
rt hfi ]eoari
ee8 hfi ee? 4 equ
equcvh
cvhneft
neft strh
strhcfs
cfs ht
ht tge oefte
oefterr a` tge
tge tgcf
88.8 ]epar
88.8 ]eparts
ts sghnn cfonui
cfonuiee tge `annawcfk cf`ardhtcaf2
cf`ardhtcaf2
`hoes, 88.8.8
88.8.8 Dai
Daien en hfi serchn fudmers
fudmers `ar tge nahi oenn, krc
krcps,
ps,
ee= 4 equcv
equcvhnef
hneftt str
strhcf
hcf ht tge oef
oefter
ter a` tge mra
mrahi
hi
hnckfdeft ﬈xture, hfi test `rhde.
`hoe wctg twa strhcf khkes af ct,
88.8.=
88.8.= E8:8
E8:8= = hnckfdeft onhssc﬈ohtcafs
onhssc﬈ohtcafs hfi vhnues a` mefi-
ee9 4 equcvhnef
equcvhneftt str
strhcf
hcf ht tge oef
oefter
ter a` tge mra
mrahi
hi
cfk strhcf, hssaochtei peroeft meficfk wgere hppncohmne, hfi
`hoe wctg afe strhcf khke af ct,
w 4 wcitg
wcitg a` tge mra
mrahi
hi `ho
`hoe,
e, hfi tge oarrespaficfk `aroes (ar strhcfs) `ar tge testcfk dhogcfe (ar
i 4 ic
icst
sthf
hfoe
oe `r
`rad
ad eieike
ke a` tg tgee ststrh
rhcf
cf-k
-khk
hkei
ei `ar ehog pnhfe a` strhcf khkes).
hnckfde
hnckfdeftft trhf
trhfsiu
siuoer
oer ta pas
pasctca
ctcaf
f a` str
strhcf
hcf 88.8.?
88.8.? ]e`ere
]e`erefoe
foe ta speoc﬈o strhcf-khkei
strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfs-
khke. iuoer usei.
88.8.
88.8.9
9 Iesorcpt
Iesorcptcaf
caf ar pgpgata
atakrh
krhpg
pg a` `ar
`aroe
oe hpp
hppnco
ncohtca
htcaf
f
Ohnounhte tge meficfk strhcfs, m, hs2 oadpafefts, re`erefocfk detgai a` krcppcfk.
m8 5 e e8
= h (?7)
m= 5 e e=
= h (?3)
YHMNE = ]e`erefoe Yhmne a` Orassaver Zacfts
m? 5 e e?
= h (9:)
Orassaver pacft metweef
H_YD E8:8=
m9 5 e e9
= h (98) @cxei hfi ]enhtcve ncdcts
Onhssc﬈ohtcaf (dcorastrhcf)
Ohnounhte tge dhxcdud meficfk strhcf, M 5 =:::
7 8=5:
M5
1m 8
= m? 1 81m =
= m9 1 (9=) 8: 8:::
= =

Oapyrckgt my H_YD Cft'n (hnn rckgts reservei)< Daf @em 85 :825;283 E_Y =:=8
8=
Iawfnahiei/prcftei my
 KEA]KE DHFEH (Yurmadeohfcoh _H) pursuhft ta Ncoefse Hkreedeft. Fa `urtger repraiuotcafs hutgarczei.

E8:8= ∝ 83

88.= Hii
Hiictca
ctcafhn
fhn nhm
nhmarh
arhtar
tary
y ar pra
praoei
oeiurh
urhnn reo
reoari
ariss ohf cf- 88.=.? Iesor
88.=.? Iesorcptcaf
cptcaf a` strhcf-
strhcf-dehsur
dehsurcfk
cfk equcpd
equcpdefteft cfonui
cfonui--
onuie tge `annawcfk (tgcs cf`ardhtcaf ohf hnsa me oafthcfei cf cfk2
tge test repart)2 88.=.?.8
88 .=.?.8 Yype a` strhcf
strhcf-khke
-khke dehsurcfk ievcoe.
88.=.8
88 .=.8 @hocncty hdmceft tedperhture
tedperhture iurcf
iurcfkk hnckfd
hnckfdeft
eft verc- 88.=.?
88 .=.?.=
.= Zre
Zreocsc
ocscaf
af hfi sefsefsctc
sctcvcty
vcty a` tge str
strhcf
hcf deh
dehsur
surcfk
cfk
﬈ohtcaf. systed.
88.=.=
88 .=.= _peoc﬈
_peoc﬈oo strhcf
strhcf-khke
-khkeii hnckfd
hnckfdeft
eft trhfsi
trhfsiuoer
uoer cf`ar
cf`ardh-
dh-
88.=.9
88 .=.9 _peoc﬈o
_peoc﬈o cf`a
cf`ardht
rdhtcaf
caf rekh
rekhricf
ricfk
k `ar
`aroe
oe hppn
hppncohtc
cohtcaf
af
tcaf2
oadpaf
oad pafefts
efts (tgcs cf`
cf`ard
ardhtca
htcaff ohf hnsa me cfo cfonui
nuiei
ei cf tge
88.=.=.8
88 .=.=.8 Dhterc
Dhterchn.
hn.
repart).
88.=.=.= Icdefscafs.

88
88.=.=.?
.=.=.?
.=.=.9 Naohtcaf
88.=.=.9
88 Naohtca
Detgai
Detga ifa`hfi fudmer
fudm er a`
htthogdeft
htthogdeft a` strhcf
strhcfkhkes.
khkes.
khkes. 88.?ar@ardht
`ard a` ]epart’Yge repart ohf ectger me cf thmunhr
cf krhpgcohn `ard.

HFFEWE_

(Dhfihtary Cf`ardhtcaf)

H8. CDZE]@EOY HNCKFDEFY

HNCKFDEFY Y]HF_IUOE]
Y]HF_IUOE] OA]]EOYCAF

H8.8 Detgai `ar Ohnounhtcfk hfi Hppnycfk Ncfehr Oarreo- H8.8.9 [ctg
H8.8.9 [ctg tge str
strhcf
hcf-kh
-khkei
kei hnck
hnckfde
fdeft
ft trh
trhfsi
fsiuoe
uoers
rs ht-
tcaf
tc af @h @hot
otar
arss `a
`arr CdCdpe
per`
r`eo
eott _t
_trhrhcf
cf-K
-Khk
hkeiei Hn Hnck
ckfd
fdef
eftt thogei ta upper krcps, re-zera tge strhcf khkes a` tge strhcf-
Yrhfsiuoers’ H Hnn
nn strhcf
strhcf-khke
-khkeii hnckfd
hnckfdeft
eft trhfsi
trhfsiuoers
uoers ghve khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoers.
sade cdper`eotcafs, ectger icdefscafhnny ar cf tge htthogdeft
a` tgtgee st
strh
rhcf
cf kh
khke
ke.. Ct cs ie
iesc
scrh
rhmn
mnee ta us
usee h ststrh
rhcf
cf-k
-khk
hkei
ei H8.8.5 Htthog tge nawer
nawer krcp hfi set testcfk dhogcfe
dhogcfe ht hs
onase ta zer
onase zera
a hpp
hppncei
ncei `aroe hs pas
passcm
scmne.
ne. ]eoa
]eoari
ri str
strhcf
hcf khk
khkee
hnckfdeft trhfsiuoers wctg dcfcdhn cdper`eotcafs, mut cf tge
rehicfks.
ohse wgere cdper`
cdper`eotcafs
eotcafs hre nhrke efaukg ta h` h``eot
`eot hnckfdeft
dehsuredefts, tge `annawcfk praoeiure sgauni me usei. H8.8.0 Yhle tge hverhke a` ehog strhcf khke hfi hppny ct ta
tge strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoers thre `ar ehog cficvciuhn
H8.8.8
H8. 8.8 [ctg
[ctg tge str
strhcf
hcf-kh
-khkei
kei hnck
hnckfde
fdeftft trh
trhfsi
fsiuoe
uoers
rs ht-
khke.
thogei
thog ei ta tg
tgee up
uppe
perr kr
krcp
cps,
s, ze
zera
ra tg
tgee st
strh
rhcf
cf kh
khke
kess a` tg
tgee
strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoers. H8.8.; Zraoe
Zraoeei
ei wctg tge hnckfdeft verc﬈ohtcaf
verc﬈ohtcaf cf _eotcaf 3
3..
H8.8.= Htthog tge nawer krcp hfi set testcfk dhogcfe
H8.8.= dhogcfe ht hs H8.= Faf Ncfehr Oarreotcaf
Oarreotcaf @hotars’C`
@hotars’C` ct cs suspeotei tght
onasee ta zer
onas zera
a hpp
hppncei
ncei `aroe hs pas
passcm
scmne.
ne. ]eoa
]eoari
ri str
strhcf
hcf khk
khkee tge oarreotcaf cs fat ncfehr wctg hppncei `aroe tgef hiictcafhn
rehicfks. oarreot
oarreotcaf
cafss `ar faf
fafncfe
ncfehr
hr meg
meghvc
hvcar
ar ohf hns
hnsa
a me hpp
hppncei
ncei my
H8.8.? ]epasctcaf tge strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoers ta per`ardcfk steps cf W8.8 ht hfy hppncei `aroe hfi orehtcfk h
h pasctcaf a` 87: iekrees hmaut tge nafkctuicfhn hxcs `rad tge fafncf
faf ncfehr
ehr oar
oarreo
reotcaf
tcaf equ
equhtca
htcaf
f mhs
mhsei
ei af tge neve
nevenn a` hpp
hppncei
ncei
arckcfhn
arckcfhn pasctc
pasctcaf,
af, (zera iekrees). `aroe ar strhcf.

H=. OHNOUNH
OHNOUNHYCAF
YCAF A@ YE_YCFK DHOGCFE HFI HNCKFDEFY Y]HF_IUOE]
Y]HF_IUOE] OAFY]CMUYCAF_ YA APE]HNN MEFI-
CFK

H=.8 Ohnounhtcafs `ar Ic``ereftchtcfk Metweef Yestcfk Dh- H=.= Yestcfk Dhogcfe Oaftrcmutcaf’@ar h `aur strhcf khke
ogc fe
ogc fe h fifi HnHncc kf
kf def
deftt Yr hfhfs iu
iuoe
oerr Me
Meff ic
ic fk
fk _ tr
tr hc
hc f oaf﬈kurhtcaf hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer tge naohn meficfk strhcf iue
Oaftrcmutcafs’Ygese ohnounhtcafs
ohnounhtcafs hre mhsei af dehsuredefts
dehsuredefts ta tge testcfk dhogcfe ht strhcf khke #8 ohf me ohnounhtei hs2
thlef ht twa arcefthtcafs hfi hre hppncohmne afny ta `aur strhcf
khke hnckfdeft trhfsiuoers. ( PHDH_ repart 9= ((8 8))? m8 do
5 ~ m ~ arcefthtcaf 8 ! = m ~ arcefthtcaf = !! //==
8 8
(H =. 8)
FAYE H=.8’[gcne tge ieterdcfhtcafs a` speocdef hfi testcfk dhogcfe wgere2
meficfk strhcf oaftrcmutcafs ohf me dhie `ar tgree strhcf khke oaf﬈kurh-
tcaf hnckfdeft trhfsiuoers hs wenn, tge ohnounhtcafs hre meyafi tge soape Arceft
Arcefthtca
htcaf
f 8 4 tge rehicfk
rehicfk thlef
thlef ht tge cfctchn arceft
arcefthtca
htcaf,
f,

a` tgcs sthfihri. Arceft

Arcefthtcaf = 4 zera
htcaf iekrees,
tge rehicf
rehicfk hfi
k thlef
thlef ht tge seoafi
seoafi arceftht
arcefthtcaf
caf,,
?
87: iekrees.
Yge mani`hoe fudmers cf phreftgeses re`er ta tge ncst a` re`erefoes ht tge efi a`
tgcs sthfihri.

Oapyrckgt my H_YD Cft'n (hnn rckgts reservei)< Daf @em 85 :825;283 E_Y =:=8
8?
Iawfnahiei/prcftei my
 KEA]KE DHFEH (Yurmadeohfcoh _H) pursuhft ta Ncoefse Hkreedeft. Fa `urtger repraiuotcafs hutgarczei.

E8:8= ∝ 83

H=.=.
H=.=.8
8 Ohnounht
Ohnounhtee tge naohn meficfk
meficfk strhcf `ar tge redhcf
redhcfcfk
cfk wgere2
khkes m=do, m ?do, hfi m 9do cf tge shde dhffer. Arceft
Arcefthtca
htcaf
f 8 4 tge rehicfk
rehicfk thlef
thlef ht tge cfctchn arc
arceft
efthtca
htcaf,
f,
H=.=.= Dhxcdud
H=.=.= Dhxcdud mef
meficf
icfk
k iue ta tge tes
testcfk
tcfk dhogcfe
dhogcfe cs zera iekrees, hfi
ohnounhtei hs2 Arceft
Arcefthtca
htcaf
f = 4 tge rehicf
rehicfk
k thlef
thlef ht tge seoafi
seoafi arceftht
arcefthtcaf
caf,,
87: iekrees.
8
M do
5
=
4~~ m 8 do
= m? !
do
=
8 ~m = do
= m9 !!
do
=
(H=.=)
H=.?.8 Ohnounh
Ohnounhte
te tge meficfk strhcf `ar tge redhcfcfk
redhcfcfk khkes
H=.=.?
H=.= .? Yg
Ygee dhx
dhxcdu
cdudd memefi
ficf
cfk
k st
strh
rhcf
cf iu
iuee ta tg
tgee te
testc
stcfk
fk m=ht, m ?ht, hfi m9ht cf tge shde dhffer.
dhogcfe ohf me ohnounhtei my sumstctutcfk tge vhnues `rad Eq H=.?.= @ar exhdpne2 Dhx
exhdpne2 Dhxcdu
cdud
d Mefi
Meficfk
cfk iue ta h rau
raufi
fi
H=.8 `a
`arr eho
ehog
g a` tg
tgee str
strhc
hcf
f kh
khke
kess cf
cfta
ta tg
tgee eq
equh
uhtca
tcafs
fs `a
`arr strhcf-khke
strhcf-khkei
i hnckfde
hnckfdeft
ft trhfsi
trhfsiuoer
uoer (speocdef) cs ohnounht
ohnounhtei
ei hs2
dhxcdud
dhxcdu d meficfk cf tge speoc﬈o speocdef type cf _eotca
_eotcaf
f 8:
8:..
8
H=.? Hnc
Hnckfdef
kfdeftt Yrhfsi
rhfsiuoer
uoer Oaftr
Oaftrcmutca
cmutcaf’f’@a@arr h `a
`aur
ur--
M ht
5
=
4~~ m 8 ht
= m? !
ht
=
8 ~m = ht
= m9 ! !
ht
=
(H=.9)

strhcf-khke oaf﬈kurhtcaf hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer, tge naohn mefi-

H=.?.? Yge dhxcdud meficfk
meficfk strhcf iue ta tge hnckfde
hnckfdeft
ft
cfk strhcf iue ta tge hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer ht strhcf khke #8 ohf
trhfsiuoer ohf me ohnounhtei my sumstctutcfk tge vhnues `rad Eq
me ohnounhtei hs2
H=.? `a
`arr eh
ehog
og a` tg
tgee st
strh
rhcf
cf kh
khke
kess cf
cfta
ta tg
tgee eq
equh
uhtca
tcafs
fs `a
`arr
m8 ht
5 ~ m ~ arcefthtcaf 8 ! 8 m ~ arcefthtcaf = !! /=
8 8
(H =. ?) dhxcdud
dhxcdu d meficfk cf tge speoc﬈o speocdef type cf _eotcaf 8: 8:..

HZZEFICWE_

(Fafdhfihtary Cf`ardhtcaf)

W8. _AU]OE_ HFI E@@EOY_ A@ _ZEOCDEF DC_HNCKFDEFY UFIE] HZZNCEI

HZZNCEI HWCHN YEF_CNE
YEF_CNE A] OADZ]E__CPE
@A]OE_

W8.8 _auroe a` Dcshnckfdeft Ufier Hppncei

Hppncei Hxchn Yef-
Yef- nc`e, oree
nc`e, oreep,
p, fato
fatogei-
gei-tefs
tefscne
cne spe
speocdef
ocdefs,
s, `htc
`htckue
kue,, pnhs
pnhstco
tco
scne @aroes dcorastr
dcor astrhcf,
hcf, hnna
hnnay
y stre
strefktg
fktgefcf
efcfk,
k, hfi sur
sur`hoe
`hoe-sef
-sefsctcv
sctcvee
strefktg.
W8.8.8 Yge usuhn praoeiu
W8.8.8 praoeiure re cf h ufc
ufchxc
hxchn
hn tef
tefsca
scaff test cs ta
hppny h tefscne `aroe ta h speocdef tgraukg krcps htthogei ta h W8.8.? Yge ambeotcve
ambeotcve a` hfy e``art
e``art ta cdprave hnckfdeft
hnckfdeft cs
testcfk dhogcfe wctg sucthmne oadpafefts hfi tgef oarrenhte ta mrcfk tge oefterncfes a` hnn pertcfeft oadpafefts cfta preocse
tgee st
tg strh
rhcf
cf re
resp
spaf
afse
se a` tg
tgee sp
speo
eocde
cdef,
f, hs dedehsu
hsure
rei
i wc
wctg
tg hf hnckfdeft. Nakcohnny, tge ﬈rst pceoe a` ghriwhre af wgcog ta
hppraprchte strhcf-khkei hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer, wctg tge hppncei `aous htteftcaf cs tge testcfk dhogcfe ctsen`. Yestcfk dhogcfes
stress. Cf tge ohse a` ciehn hnckfdeft, tge tap hfi mattad krcp hs-reoecvei `rad dhfu`hoturers ohf ghve ievchtcafs metweef
oefterncfes hre preocseny cf ncfe wctg afe hfatger hfi wctg tge tap hfi mattad krcp oefterncfe pasctcafs a` :.:? ta ?.87 dd
oefterncfes a` atger oadpafefts a` tge nahicfk trhcf. Dareaver, (:.::8 ta :.8=5 cf.) ar dare. Dareaver, `urtger dcshnckfdeft
tgey hre preocseny cf ncfe wctg tge speocdef oefterncfe. @cfhnny, dhy ievenap hs hppncei `aroes ohuse testcfk dhogcfe `rhde
tge spe
speocd
ocdefef cs syd
syddet
detrco
rco hma
hmaut
ut cts oef
oefter
terncf
ncfe.
e. Iep
Iephrt
hrture
uress ie﬍eotcaf ar hs fafhxchn orassgehi sephrhtcaf aoours. Cf tge
`rad tge ciehn sctuhtcaf hre ohusei my paar hnckfdeft a` tge tap warst ohse, ievchtcafs cf tgcs rhfke ghve meef repartei ta nehi
hfi mat
mattad
tad krc
krcp
p oef
oefter
terncf
ncfe,
e, paa
paarr oaf
oaf`ar
`ardhf
dhfoe oe a` spe
speocd
ocdefef ta eooeftrcoctces resuntcfk cf h 5: ta 8:: % ic``erefoe metweef
oefterncfe ta tap hfi mattad krcp oefterncfes, hfi hsyddetrco extrede sur`hoe meficfk strhcfs hfi hverhke strhcf.
dhogcfcfk a` tge test speocdef ctsen`. H oadmcfhtcaf a` tgese W8.8.9 Hfatg
Hfatger
er cdparthft
cdparthft `hotar cf tge hnckfd
hnckfdeft
eft praoess cs
tgree
tgr ee sau
sauroe
roess a` dcs
dcshnck
hnckfde
fdeftft hnw
hnwhys
hys ape
aperht
rhtes
es cf hfy test tge tanerhfoes speoc﬈ei `ar tge dhogcfcfk a` oadpafefts hfi
ufier tefscne `aroes. Yge aoourrefoe a` dcshnck
dcshnckfdeft
fdeft cs reoak- test speocdefs. Cf aricfhry dhogcfe sgap prhotcoe, tanerhfoes
fczei cf h wcie rhfke a` Deoghfcohn Yestcfk hfi @htckue hfi usuhnny rhfke +:.:5 ta +:.=5 dd (+:.::= ta +:.:8: cf.). Ygese
@rhoture hotcvctces iehncfk wctg h vhrcety a` dhterchns. tanerhfoes dhy fat me tckgt efaukg hfi ohf oaftrcmute ta paar
W8.8.= Yge oghrhotercstco
W8.8.= oghrhotercstco enhstco strhcf krhicefts resuntcfk hnckfde
hnckfdeftft wge
wgeff tge oad
oadpaf
pafeft
eftss a` h nah
nahicf
icfk
k trh
trhcf
cf hre hs-
sedmnei. Cf tge warst ohse, tgese tanerhfoes ghve meef repartei
`rad
`rad dcsh
dcshnckf
nckfdef
deftt hre suo
suogg tght tge ext
extred
redee enhs
enhstco
tco str
strhcfs
hcfs
ta nehi ta eooeftrcoctces resuntcfk cf h 5: ta 8:: % ic``erefoe
aoour ht tge sur`hoe. Ygese krhicefts ohf sckfc﬈ohftny cf﬍uefoe
metweef extrede sur`hoe meficfk strhcfs hfi hverhke strhcf.
tge resunts a` h tefscaf test, espeochnny resunts ht strhcfs ness
tghf :.::= wgere sckfc﬈ohft pnhstco strhcf hfi hooadphfycfk W8.8.5 Ygere hre twa `urtger oafscierhtcafs
oafscierhtcafs `ar tge ieven-
strhcf ghriefcfk ghve fat yet oaftrcmutei ta evefcfk aut tge apde
apdeft
ft a` ka
kaai
ai hn
hnck
ckfd
fdef
eft.
t. Af
Afee ie
iehn
hnss wc
wctg
tg tg
tgee ty
type
pe a`
krhicefts. Ygere`are, ct cs cdparthft ta reoakfcze tge e``eots a` oadpafeft
oadpaf eftss use
usei.
i. _ad
_adee a` tgetgese
se cfo
cfonui
nuiee tgr
tgrehi
ehiei-
ei-vs-
vs-
dcshnckfdeft af tge stresses hfi strhcfs dehsurei cf stuices a` faftgrehiei
faftgrehiei oadpafefts,
oadpafefts, spgercohn sehts hfi ufcve
ufcvershn
rshn oau-
tge `rhoture strefktg a` dhterchns cf h mrcttne sthte, stress-rupture pncfks wctg naw `rcotcaf, orass ﬍exures, ﬍uci oaupncfks, hfi

Oapyrckgt my H_YD Cft'n (hnn rckgts reservei)< Daf @em 85 :825;283 E_Y =:=8
89
Iawfnahiei/prcftei my
 KEA]KE DHFEH (Yurmadeohfcoh _H) pursuhft ta Ncoefse Hkreedeft. Fa `urtger repraiuotcafs hutgarczei.

E8:8= ∝ 83

atger oaupncfks wgcog tefi fat ta trhfsdct h meficfk stress. stress a` ohr
stress ohre`u
e`unny
nny dhog
dhogcfe
cfei
i dcni steen spe
speocde
ocdefs
fs test
testei
ei cf
Ygee at
Yg atge
gerr re
renh
nhtes
tes ta sp
speoc
eocde
def
f ie
iesck
sckf,
f, su
suog
og hs ne
nefk
fktgtg hf
hfi
i tarscaf exgcmctei h 08 % vhrchtc
vhrchtcaf
af `rad tge dehf, wgerehs tge
nefktg-
nefktg-ta-
ta-ichd
ichdeter
eter rht
rhtca.
ca. Yge hpp
hpprah
rahog
og ta pra
pradat
datcfk
cfk kaa
kaai
i yceni
yceni str
stress
esses
es a` tge shd
shdee ste
steen
en spe
speocde
ocdefs
fs test
testei
ei cf tef
tefsca
scaf
f
hnckfdeft ghs meef icsoussei cf severhn phpers (=- 8=)).
=-8= exgcmctei h 05 % vhrchtcaf. Darrcsaf oafonuiei tght tge nhrker
vhrchtcaf cf tefscne yceni stresses resuntei `rad dcshnckfdeft
W8.= _auroes a` Dcshnckfdeft ufier Hppncei Hxchn
Hxchn Oad- rhtger tghf `rad dcorastruoturhn vhrchtcafs, hfi ge sthtei tght
presscve @aroes „wctg tge aricfhry sthfihri a` hoourhoy cf outtcfk tge sorewei
W8.=.8 Dcshnck
W8.=.8 Dcshnckfdeft
fdeft cf oadpresscaf
oadpresscaf thles af scdcnhr oghr- efis a` tge speocdefs, tge snholfess cf tge tgrehi whs qucte
hotercstcos
hotercstcos ta dcshnck
dcshnckfdeft
fdeft cf tefsca
tefscaf,
f, gawev
gawever
er ic`
ic``eref
`ereftt hs- su``coceft ta hnnaw tge speocdef ta thle up hfi rethcf ufier
peots a` tge testcfk dhogcfe, oadpafefts hfi test speocdef nahi hf eooeftrcocty cf tge sgholnes wgcog wauni hooauft `ar
ohf ohu
ohuse
se ct. Oad
Oadpre
pressc
sscve
ve `ar
`aroe
oe hpp
hppncoh
ncohtcaf
tcaf ta h spespeocde
ocdeff tge vhrchtcaf cf resunts.—
usuhnny dhles use a` hf eftcreny ic``ereft set a` dhtcfk sur`hoes
W8.?.= _ogdce
_ogdceierier et hn (8: 88)) `aufi tght meficfk rhfkei
8:,, 88
tghf tefscne `aroe hppncohtcaf. @aroe cs hppncei ta tgrehis af tge
`rad 5 ta =; % hfi iepefiei af speocdef htthogdeft ta tge
appascte scie, krcp sur`hoes ohf oghfke, orassgehis dust me
`aroe hppncohtcaf oadpafefts prcar `aroe hppncohtcaf, hfi type
naolei `rad appascte scies, hfi hotuhtars dust me `aroei `rad
a` testcfk dhogcfe. Ygese hutgars oafonuiei tght „dast a` tge
appasc
app ascte
te sci
scies
es ta tgh
tghtt a` tef
tefscne
scne `aroe hpp
hppncoh
ncohtcaf
tcaf.. @ar tgcs
fafhxchncty a` nahicfk hppehrs ta me iue ta naase tgrehis ar
rehsaf, hnckfdeft cf tefscaf cs a`tef oadpneteny ic``ereft `rad
dhogcfcfk cdper`eotcafs cf tge oaupncfks.— Bafes hfi Mrawf
hnckfdeft
hnckfde ft cf oadpr
oadpresscaf
esscaf..
8=)) ied
(8= iedaf
afst
strh
rhtei
tei tg
tght
ht,, ht ﬈x
﬈xei
ei st stre
ress
ss,, sc
scdp
dpnyny ra
rath
thtcf
tcfkk h
W8.=.= Y Yestcfk
estcfk Dhogcf
Dhogcfee Nhterh
Nhterhnn _tc` `fess’Hf hiictca
_tc``fess’ hiictcafhn
fhn nahi-trhcf oadpafeft tgraukg ?0:º hmaut tge nafkctuicfhn hxcs
oadpau
oad paufic
ficfk
fk pra
pramne
mned
d cf oad
oadpre
pressca
sscaf
f cs tge hmc
hmcncty
ncty a` tge oghfkei tge peroefthke a` meficfk my h `hotar a` dare tghf 5,
testcfk
testcfk dhog
dhogcfe
cfe ta dhc
dhcfth
fthcf
cf cts rck
rckcict
cicty
y iur
iurcfk
cfk oad
oadpre
presscv
sscvee `rad 7 ta 9? %. Cf hf expercdeft wctg atger equcpdeft, Bafes
`aroe hppncohtcaf.
hppncohtcaf. C` extred
extredee ic`
ic```countces hre efoau
efoaufterei
fterei cf hfi Mrawf (8= 8=)) `aufi tght meficfk oauni me vhrcei metweef
hogcevcfk
hogcevc fk hiequhte speocdef hnckfdeft cf oadpr oadpresscaf
esscaf,, ct ohf hmau
hmautt = hfhfi
i 89 %, ie iepepefi
ficf
cfkk af tg tgee re
renh
nhtc
tcve
ve ra
rath
thtc
tcaf
afhn
hn
me meohuse a` paar nhterhn stc``fess a` tge testcfk dhogcfe. Ygcs pasctca
pas ctcafs
fs a` tge spe
speocd
ocdefef hfi a` tge tap hfi mattad mattad krc
krcps.
ps.
ohf me hfh
hfhnyze
nyzei
i usc
uscfk
fk h ser
serces
ces a` ics
icspnh
pnhoed
oedeft
eft khu
khukes
kes hfi Gefoe, h `aurtg cted wgcog cf﬍uefoes meficfk dckgt me hiiei
oghrhot
ogh rhoterc
erczcfk
zcfk tge ics
icspnh
pnhoede
oedefts
fts efo
efoauf
auftere
terei
i met
metwee
weef
f tge
ta tge tgree octei my _ogdceier et hn, fhdeny, tge rathtcafhn
oadpresscve nahi mehrcfk oadpafefts. Ygcs ohf me h oadpnex
rekcstry a` tge `aroe hppncohtcaf oadpafefts.
eftcty ta hoourhteny dehsure hs tge sur`hoes ohf ie﬍eot cf hfy
a` tge tgree artgakafhn icreotcafs, hfi cf h faf-ncfehr `hsgcaf W8.?.? ]amcf
W8.?.? ]amcfsafsaf ((89
89)) repartei h 9: ta 0: % ieorehse cf tge
8?)).
(8? ufchxch
ufc hxchnn tef
tefsca
scaf‟t
f‟tefs
efscaf
caf `ht
`htcku
ckuee nc`e a` ste
steen
en man
mants
ts wge
wgeff tge
meficfk dcorastrhcf cforehsei my h `hotar a` twa. Bafes et hn
W8.=.?
W8.=.? Hooept
Hooepthmne
hmne hnckfdeft
hnckfdeft cf matg tefscaf hfi oadpres-
(85
85)) iedafstrhtei h oaftcfuaus ieorehse (rhfkcfk `rad 7: ta
scaf ohf me ic``count ta hogceve. Hibustdefts uscfk hnckfdeft
3: %) a` fat fatog-
og-rup
ruptur
turee nc`e a` h ogr ogradc
adcud-
ud-dandanymi
ymiefu
efud-
d-
efghfocfk oadpafefts a`tef ghve tge appascte e``eot cf tefscaf
vhfh
vh fhic
icud
ud st stee
een,
n, ht 989899 DZDZhh 5? 5?7º
7ºO O (0
(0:: ls
lscc 8:
8:::::º@
º@),
), hs
tghf tgey ia cf oadpresscaf. @ar tgcs rehsaf, h oadpradcse
eooeftrcocty cforehsei `rad h feknckcmne vhnue ta =.5 dd (:.8
metweef tge quhncty a` hnckfdeft cf tefscaf hfi tge quhncty a`
cf.)) Ogr
cf. Ogrcstcst (80
80)) sga
sgawei
wei tght res resunt
untss a` pnhs
pnhstco
tco dco
dcoras
rastrh
trhcf
cf
hnckfdeft cf oadpresscaf dhy me feeiei.
stuices hfi atger pre-yceni stuices hre hdmckuaus ufness e``eots
W8.? E`
E``eots
`eots a` Dcshnckfdeft af Yest
Yest ]esunts a` dcsh
dcshnck
nckfde
fdeftft af tge hvehverhk
rhkee dcor
dcorast
astrhcf
rhcf hre reoreoakf
akfczei
czei..
Htteftcaf whs icreotei ta tgcs pacft my DoPetty ((8; 8;)) hs ehrny hs
W8.?.8 Meficf
W8.?.8 Meficfk k stress
stresses
es hssaoc
hssaochtei
htei wctg dcshnck
dcshnckfdeft
fdeft me-
tweef tge `aroe hppncohtcaf oadpafefts hfi tge speocdef hxes 83=7, mut ct ghs meef `requeftny avernaalei scfoe tgef.
ghve meef sgawf ta h``eot tge resunts a` tefscaf, oadpresscaf Lhficnn ((8
W8.?.9 Lhfic 8) iedafstrhtei tge e``eots a` dcshnckfdeft
hfi oadmcf
oadmcfeiei tefsca
tefscaf-oad
f-oadpressc af tests (8 hfi 89-83
presscaf 89-83)). Cf af `htc
`htckue
kue nc`e res
resunt
untss cf hf cfte
cfternh
rnhmar
marhta
htary
ry stu
stuiy
iy hcde
hcdeii ht
rautcfee tefsca
rautcf tefscaf
f tests a` dast efkcfeercfk
efkcfeercfk dhterchn
dhterchns,s, mefic
meficfkfk quhftc`
quh ftc`ycf
ycfk
k ufo
ufoert
erthcf
hcftces
tces cf naw oyooyone
ne `ht
`htcku
ckuee test
testcfk
cfk.. Ygc
Ygcss
stresses wcnn me cfsckfc﬈ohft c` su``coceft pnhstco ﬍aw aoours warl
war l cnnu
cnnustr
strhtes
htes tge ic`ic```cou
county
nty sad
sadetcd
etcdes
es seef cf hoghogcev
cevcfk
cfk
iurcfk
iur cfk tge test ta encd
encdcfh
cfhte
te tge mef
meficf
icfk
k str
stress
esses.
es. Gaw
Gaweve
everr, praper hnckfdeft hfi tge e``eot ct ghs af test resunts. Cf tge
wgef testcfk ufier oafictcafs wgere pnhstco ﬍aw cs ncdctei my stuiy
stu iy,, nhm
nhmarh
arhtar
tarces
ces hre ohteohtekar
karczei
czei my tge onhs
onhssc﬈
sc﬈ohtc
ohtcaf
af a`
cfgereft mrcttnefess a` tge test speocdef dhterchn, ar my feei hnckfdeft tgey were hmne ta hogceve. Yge test resunts hre sgawf
`ar dehsuredefts fehr tge enhstco ncdct, ar wgef pnhstcocty cs cf renhtcaf ta tgcs onhssc﬈ohtcaf. Yge nhmarhtarces wctg tge mest
oaf﬈fei ta h sdhnn vanude (speocdefs wctg stress oafoeftrh- hnckfdeft ghi tge gckgest `htckue ncves. Ct cs onehr `rad tgcs ihth
tcaf suog hs fatfatoge
oges),
s), sdhnn dcs
dcshnck
hnckfde
fdeftft ohf kcve rcsrcsee ta tght paar hnckfdeft ohuses hrtc﬈ochnny naw ncves cf naw oyone
vhrchmne meficfk stresses wgcog ghve fatcoehmne e``eots af tge `htcku
`htckuee tes
testcfk
tcfk.. Ygc
Ygcss war
warl l nei ta h PHDHHDH_ _ pra
praoei
oeiure
ure tght
test resun
resunts.
ts. @ar exhdpne, Darrcsaf (3) fatei tght tge yceni cfonuies tge onhssc﬈ohtcaf systed `ar quhncty a` hnckfdeft ((83 83)).

Oapyrckgt my H_YD Cft'n (hnn rckgts reservei)< Daf @em 85 :825;283 E_Y =:=8
85
Iawfnahiei/prcftei my
 KEA]KE DHFEH (Yurmadeohfcoh _H) pursuhft ta Ncoefse Hkreedeft. Fa `urtger repraiuotcafs hutgarczei.

E8:8= ∝ 83

W=. U_E A@ EWYEF_ADEYE]_ HFI DEOGHFCOHN OADZAFEFY_

OADZAFEFY_ YA ZE]@A]D MEFICFK HFHNS_E_
HFHNS_E_ AF UFCHWCHN
YE_YCFK @]HDE_

W=.8 Use a` Exte

Extefsade
fsadeters
ters cf Dehsurcfk
Dehsurcfk _trhcf `ar `aroe hppncohtcafs hfi reoaricfk strhcf ihth ht vhrcaus hppncei
Meficfk Hfhnyscs test `ar
`aroes
oes Cf kef
keferh
erhn,
n, rep
repehte
ehtei
i `ar
`aroe
oe hpp
hppncoh
ncohtcaf
tcafss ta str
strhcf
hcf
W=.8.8
W=.8.8 Yg
Ygcs
cs pr
prhot
hotcoe
coe re
requ
qucr
cres
es tg
tgee us
usee a` h strstrhcf
hcf-k
-khk
hkei
ei nevens hpprahogcfk ycenicfk hre fat kaai nhmarhtary prhotcoe
hnckfdeft
hnckfde ft trhfsi
trhfsiuoer
uoer ta dehsur
dehsuree mefic
meficfk
fk strhcf
strhcfss cf ufchx
ufchxchn
chn meohuse tgey ohf h``eot tge sumsequeftny dehsurei resunts my
ie`ardcfk ar `htckucfk tge hnckfdeft trhfsiuoer. ]epasctcafcfk
testcfk
strhcf- hfi repart
strhcf-khkei
khkei h speoc﬈o
hnckfdeft
hnckfd neven
eft trhfsi a` hnckfdeft
trhfsiuoer),
uoer), (tghts requcres
extefsadeter
extefsadeters h
tght rau- tge extefsadeter hraufi tge speocdef iaes fat usuhnny kcve
tcfeny dehsure strhcf cf hxchn testcfk ohf me h kaai why ta gckgny preocse hfi repraiuocmne resunts, mut fevertgeness cs h
dehsure meficfk strhcfs cf expercdefthn setups hs wenn. Ygcs teogf
teogfcq
cque
ue wg
wgcog
cog cs us
use`
e`un
un `a
`arr ie
ieteo
teotcf
tcfk
k nh
nhrk
rkee hd
hdauauft
ftss a`
hppeficx pravcies kuciencfes `ar tge use a` extefsadeters ta meficfk.
hssess tge hnckfdeft sthte a` h testcfk dhogcfe. W=.8.9 [ge
W=.8.9 [gef f dun
duntcpn
tcpnee ext
extefs
efsade
adeters
ters hre use
usei,
i, tge str
strhcf
hcf
W=.8.= Deoghf
W=.8.= Deoghfcohn
cohn oadpafefts `ar dehsuredeft
dehsuredeft a` strhcf ohf me ieterdcfei my hrctgdetcohnny hverhkcfk autputs. Eneo-
af h speocdef ohf me hf e``eotcve why ta dehsure hfi hnnaw `ar trcohn autputs hre tgaukgt ta me dare hoourhte hfi repraiuocmne
cf sctu hibustdefts ta cdprave hnckfdeft af h test speocdef. tghf deoghf
deoghfcohn
cohn autpu
autputs.
ts.
Oadpafefts tght htthog ta tge speocdef sgauniers hfi dehsure W=.8.5 Extefsadeters sgauni meme verc﬈ei cf hooarihfoe
hooarihfoe wctg
icspnho
icspnhoede
edefts
fts ht `au
`aurr equ
equhnny
hnny sph
sphoei
oei pas
pasctca
ctcafs
fs hra
hraufi
ufi tge Zrhotcoe E7?
E7?.. Y
Yypcohn
ypcohnny
ny extefs
extefsadeter
adeterss tght deet tge H_YD
ocroud`erefoe
ocroud` erefoe a` h oyncfi
oyncfircohn
rcohn speocdef ghve meef e` e``eotcv
`eotcveny
eny onhssc﬈ohtcaf M-= hre hiequhte `ar dhfy types a` ieterdcfh-
usei `ar tgcs purpase. Icspnhoedeft dehsuredeft ievcoes feei tcafs a` hnckfdeft.
ta ghve su``coceft resanutcaf ta ieteot very sdhnn ic``erefoes cf W=.8.0 [ge
W=.8.0 [gef f dun
duntcpn
tcpnee str
strhcf
hcf sef
sefsar
sarss hre use
usei,
i, hnck
hnckfde
fdeft ft
icspnho
icspnhoede
edefts
fts hra
hraufi
ufi tge spe
speocde
ocdef.
f. C` tgcs detgai cs use
useii trhfsi
trhfsiuoe
uoerr scz
sczee ncdc
ncdcthtc
thtcafs
afs ohf ico icothte
thte tge use a` eneoeneotrc
trcohn
ohn
tgese ics
tgese icspnh
pnhoede
oedefts
fts sga
sgauni
uni me oaf
oafver
vertei
tei ta strhcf
strhcf me`
me`are
are rescsthfoe strhcf khkes rhtger tghf extefsadeters ar hnckfdeft
hppnyc
hppnycfk
fk mef
meficf
icfk
k ohno
ohnounh
unhtcaf
tcafs.
s. _tr
_trhcf
hcf sga
sgauni
uni me ohnounh
ohnounhtei
tei oadpafefts
oadpa fefts edpnaycfk deoghf deoghfcohncohn ncflhk
ncflhkes.
es. _trhcf sefsars,
uscfk hf e``eotcve khuke nefktg hs iesorcmei cf Yest Detgais suog
suo g hs deo
deoghfghfcohn
cohn,, apt
aptcohn
cohn,, ar eneo
eneotrc
trcohn
ohn ext
extefs
efsade
adeter
ters,
s, hs
E=8..
E=8 wenn hs wcre rescsthfoe ar `acn strhcf khkes, ohf pravcie use`un
W=.8.? @ar verc﬈ohtcaf
W=.8.? verc﬈ohtcaf uscfk hf hnckfdeft ﬈xture,
﬈xture, h scfkne icspnhoedeft
icspnh oedeft ihth. Yge sefsct sefsctcvcty
cvcty a` icspnho
icspnhoedeft
edeft dehsure-
extefsadeter a` tge faf-hverhkcfk type ohf me usei my rathtcfk deft
de ft re
requ
qucr
crei
ei my hf hp hppnpnco
cohm
hmne
ne st
sthf
hfih
ihri
ri ar spspeo
eoc﬈
c﬈oht
ohtca
caf
f
ct ta vhrcaus pasctcafs hraufi tge percdeter iurcfk suooesscve iepefis af tge hdauft a` meficfk perdcttei.

]E@E]EFOE_

(8) Lhficn, @. H.,„H Zraoeiure `ar tge Dehsuredeft a` Dhogcfe Hnckf- (3) Darrcsaf, B. N. D.,
D., „Yge Sceni a` Dcni
Dcni _teen wctg Zhrtcounhr ]e`erefoe
deft cf Hxchn Yestcfk,— PHDH_ ]epart Fa. 9=, C__F 8:80-=870, @em ta tge E``eot a` _cze a` _peocdef,— Baurfhn hfi Zra Zraoeeicf
oeeicfks,
ks, Yge
=::?. Cfstctutcaf a` Deoghfcohn Efkcfeers, Nafiaf, Pan 89:, Fa. ?, 839:, p.

gttp2//www.vhdhs.ark/iaoud
gttp2//www .vhdhs.ark/iaoudefts/twh8?/vhdhsQtwh8?QrepartQ9=.
efts/twh8?/vhdhsQtwh8?QrepartQ9=.pi` pi` 83?‟==?.
(=) Ogrcst
Ogrcst,, M. [., hfi _wh _whfsa
fsaf,
f, _. ]., „Hnckfde
„Hnckfdeft ft Zra
Zramne
mnedsds cf tge (8:) _ogdceier, H. L., „Dehsurcfk tge Hpphrhtus Oaftrcmutcaf ta Mefi-
cne Yest,— Baur
Yefscne
Yefs Baurfhn
fhn a` Yestcfk hfi Evhnuh Evhnuhtcaf
tcaf, PPan
an 9, Fa Fa.. 0, cfk cf Yefscaf _peocdefs,— Enevhtei Yedperhture Yestcfk Zramned
Favedmer 83;0, pp. 9:5‟98;. Hrehs, H_YD _YZ 977, H_YD, 83;8, p. 85.
(?) [u, G. O., hfi ]uddner, I. ]., „Hfhnyscs a` Dcshnckfdeft cf tge (88) _ogdceier, H. L., hfi Gefry,
Gefry, H. Y.,
Y., „Hxchncty Dehsuredefts af @c`ty
Yefscaf Yest,— Yrhfshotcafs2 _erces G, Baurfhn a` Efkcfeercfk Dhte- Oreep Dhogcf
Dhogcfes,—
es,— Enevhtei Yedper
edperhturhturee Yestcf
estcfk
k Zra
Zramned
mned Hre hs,
Hrehs
rchns hfi Yeogfanaky, Pan 8:8, fa8, H_DE Bhfuhry 83;3, pp, 07‟;9. H_YD _YZ 977, H_YD, 83;8, p. 9?.
(9) Gan
Gandes
des,, H. D. O., „Oa „Oaftc
ftcfua
fuausus _er
_erva-
va-Oaf
Oaftra
trannei
nnei Hnc
Hnckfd
kfdeft eft a` (8=) Bafes, D. G., hfi Mrawf, [.[. @.,
@., „Hf Hxchn Nahicfk Oreep Dhogcfe,—
_peocdefs cf Dhterchns Yestcfk,— Expercdefthn Deoghfcos, P Panan 85, H_YD Munnetcf, H_YD Fa. =88, Bhfuhry 8350 , p. 5?.
Fa. 3, _eptedmer 83;5, pp. ?57‟?09. (8?) Nagr, ]. I. „Dhterchns Yestcfk Dhogcfe Iesckf’]eiuocfk _peoc-
(5) [emm, B. F., „H _ysted @ar tge Hxchn Nahicfk cf Oreep _peocdefs,— def Meficfk tgraukg Cdpravei Hnckfdeft hfi Nhterhn _tc``fess,—
_truotures
_truo tures Iept.
Iept.,, ]ayhn Hcrorh`t Esthmn
Esthmncsgd
csgdeft,
eft, @hrfm
@hrfmarauk
araukg, g, Efk- Fates `rad Yge E` E``eots
`eots a` Dcshnc
Dcshnckfde
kfdeft ft af Ufchx
Ufchxchn
chn Yestcfk,
Yestcfk, h
nhfi. Ger Dhbesty–s _thtcafhry A``coe, Nafiaf, 83;;. warlsgap spafsarei my H_YD Oaddcttee E=7, Far`anl, PH, PH, Fav 9,
(0) Bafes, D. G., Mumsey, ]. Y., _uooap, K., hfi Mrawf, [. @., @., Br., „Hxchn 8337.
Hnckfd
Hnckfdefteft @cx
@cxtur
turee @ar Yefsefscaf
caf Yestestss a` Ygr
Ygrehi
ehiei
ei _pe
_peocd
ocdefs
efs,—
,— (89) ]amcfsa
]amcfsaf,f, I., „Dcshnckfdeft
„Dcshnckfdeft Ieteot
Ieteotarar `ar Hxchn Nahicf
Nahicfk k @htcku
@htckuee
Baurfhn a` Yestcfk hfi Evhnuhtcaf, Pan =, _eptedmer 83;9, p. ?;7. Dhogcfes,— Y eogfcohnn Fate 97:, Fht
Yeogfcoh Fhtcaf
cafhn
hn Mur
Murehu
ehu a` _th
_thfih
fihris
ris,,
(;) Bafes, D. G., hfi Mrawf, [. [. @., Br.,
Br., „Fate af Zer`ardhfoe a` Yhperei [hsgcfktaf, IO, 8303. gttp2//ix.iac.ark/8:.0:=7/FC_Y.YF.97:
Krcp Yefscne Nahicfk Ievcoes,— Baurfhn a` Yestcfk hfi Evhnuhtcaf, (85) Bafes, D. G., _ghffaf, B. N., Br., hfi Mrawf, [. I., Br., „Cf﬍uefoe
Pan ?, Fa. ?, 83;5, pp. 8;3‟878. a` Fatog Zrephrhtcaf hfi Eooeftrcocty a` Nahicfk af Fatog ]upture
(7) Z
Zef
effy
fy,, ]. L.
L.,, En
Enncs
ncsaf
af,, E. K.
K.,, hf
hfii [em emst
ster
er,, K. H.H.,, „_
„_pe
peococde
deff Nc`e,— Zraoeeicfks, H_YD, Pan 5;, 835;, p. 7?? .
Hnckfdeft hfi _trhcf Dehsuredeft cf Hxchn Oreep Yests,— Dhterchns (80) Ogrcs
Ogrcst,
t, M. [., „E``eots
„E``eots a` Dcshn
Dcshnckfde
ckfdeft ft af tge Zre-D
Zre-Dhora
hora Sceni
]esehrog hfi _thfihris, Pan 0, Fa. =, 8300, pp. ;0‟79. ]ekcaf
]ekc af a` tge Ufch
Ufchxchn
xchn _tre
_tress‟
ss‟_trh
_trhcf
cf Ourv e,— Dethnnurkcohn
Ourve,—

Oapyrckgt my H_YD Cft'n (hnn rckgts reservei)< Daf @em 85 :825;283 E_Y =:=8
80
Iawfnahiei/prcftei my
 KEA]KE DHFEH (Yurmadeohfcoh _H) pursuhft ta Ncoefse Hkreedeft. Fa `urtger repraiuotcafs hutgarczei.

E8:8= ∝ 83
Yrhfshotcafs, HCDE, Pan 9, Fa. 7, 83;?, pp. 8308-8305. (83) Lhficn, @. H., „]eoeft Cfteroadphrcsafs af Naw Oyone @htckue hfi
(8;) DoPetty,
DoPetty, Z. K., „Y
„Yestcfk
estcfk a` Dhter
Dhterchns
chns ht Enevht
Enevhtei
ei Ye
Yedper
dperhtures
htures,—
,— Hnckfdeft Dehsuredefts,— P PHDH
HDH__ ]ep
]epart
art Fa. 98, C__
C__F
F 8:8
8:80-
0-
Zraoeeicfks, H_YD, Pan =7, 83=7, p. 0:. =870, @em =::?.
(87) „Z
„Zrcv
rcvhte
hte Oad
Oadduf
dufcoh
cohtca
tcaf
f ta M. [. Ogr Ogrcst
cst `ra
`rad
d G. _. _th
_thrre
rrett,
tt,—— gttp2//www.vhdhs.ark/iaoudefts/twh8?/vhdhsQtwh8?QrepartQ
_autgerf ]esehrog Cfstctute, Mcrdcfkghd, HN, Hprcn 83;3. 98.pi`

_UDDH]S A@ OGHFKE_

_umoaddcttee E=7.:8 ghs cieftc﬈ei tge naohtcaf a` seneotei oghfkes ta tgcs sthfihri scfoe tge nhst cssue
(E8:8=‟89 8) tght ohf cdphot tge use a` tgcs sthfihri. (Hppravei Ieoedmer 85, =:83)
ɜ

(8) ]evcscafs were dhie tgraukgaut.

H_YD Cfterfhtcafhn
Cfterfhtcafhn thles fa pasctc
pasctcaf
af respeotcfk tge vhncic
vhncicty
ty a` hfy phteft rckgts hssert
hssertei
ei cf oaffeo
oaffeotcaf
tcaf wctg hfy cted deftca
deftcafei
fei
cf tgcs sthfihri. Users a` tgcs sthfihri hre expressny hivcsei tght ieterdcfhtcaf a` tge vhncicty a` hfy suog phteft rckgts, hfi tge rcsl
a` cf`rcfkedeft a` suog rckgts, hre eftcreny tgecr awf respafscmcncty.

Ygcs sthfihri cs sumbeot ta revcscaf ht hfy tcde my tge respafscmne teogfcohn oaddcttee hfi dust me revcewei every ﬈ve yehrs hfi
c` fat revcsei, ectger rehppravei ar wctgirhwf. Saur oaddefts hre cfvctei ectger `ar revcscaf a` tgcs sthfihri ar `ar hiictcafhn sthfihris
hfi sgauni me hiiressei ta H_YD Cfterfhtcafhn Gehiquhrters. Saur oaddefts wcnn reoecve ohre`un oafscierhtcaf ht h deetcfk a` tge
respafscmne
respaf scmne teogfcohn
teogfcohn oaddcttee, wgcog yau dhy httefi. C` yau `een tght yaur oaddefts ghve fat reoecv
reoecvei
ei h `hcr gehrcfk yau sgauni
dhle yaur vcews lfawf ta tge H_YD Oaddcttee af _thfihris, ht tge hiiress sgawf menaw.

Ygcs sthfihri cs oapyrckgtei my H_YD Cfterfhtcafhn, 8:: Mhrr Ghrmar Ircve, ZA Max O;::, [est Oafsgagaolef, ZH 839=7-=353,
Ufctei _thtes. Cficvciuhn reprcfts (scfkne ar duntcpne oapces) a` tgcs sthfihri dhy me amthcfei my oafthotcfk H_YD ht tge hmave
hiiress
hiiress ar ht 08:-
08:-7?=-
7?=-3575
3575 (pga
(pgafe),
fe), 08:-
08:-7?=-
7?=-3555
3555 (`hx
(`hx),
), ar serv
servcoeJ
coeJhstd
hstd.ark
.ark (e-d
(e-dhcn)
hcn)<< ar tgra
tgraukg
ukg tge H_YD wems
wemscte
cte
(www.hstd.
(www .hstd.ark).
ark). Zerdcsscaf
Zerdcsscaf rckgts ta pgataoapy tge sthfih
sthfihri
ri dhy hnsa me seoure
seourei
i `rad tge Oapyrc
Oapyrckgt
kgt Onehrhfoe Oefter,
Oefter, ===
]asewaai Ircve, Ihfvers, DH :83=?, Yen2 (3;7) 090-=0::< gttp2//www.oapyrckgt.oad/

Oapyrckgt my H_YD Cft'n (hnn rckgts reservei)< Daf @em 85 :825;283 E_Y =:=8
8;
Iawfnahiei/prcftei my