HQ]@HF CMTM\HWHRHF THBH THQEMF BMFGHF @ETM\RMFQEKF

@M H \ R JH EI] \
\M 
M  (@@J)
 (@@J) BE \]HFG AHRRIMUH \]OH@ QHCER
BHM\H@ br. QKMLHFBE NMOLM\

IHTK\HF TMFBH@]I]HF

kim`

Bwe ]oei @hshfh`, Q.Cmp

FEO 80<188848888

CMOMFRM\EHF \EQMR, RMCFKIKGE, BHF TMFBEBECHF REFGGE

JHC]IRHQ CMTM\HWHRHF
]FEZM\QERHQ NMOLM\
<485
 

IMOLH\ TMFGMQH@HF

Ihpkrhf Tmfbh`uiuhf phbh phsemf bmfghf  @ypmrtmfsekf @mhrt Jheiurm be

\uhfg Ahtimyh \QB br. Qkmlhfbe Nmolmr tmih` besmtunue bhf besh`chf phbh>
@hre, Rhfgghi > Qmfef, <2 Nufe <485
Rmopht > \uhfg Ahtimyh

Nmolmr, <2 Nufe <485

Oh`hseswh

Bwe ]oei @hshfh`, Q.Cmp

 FEO 80<188848888
80<188848888

Tmoleolefg Hchbmoec Tmoleolefg Ciefec

Jhcuiths Cmpmrhwhthf \uhfg Ahtimyh
]fevmrseths Nmolmr \QB br. Qkmlhfbe

....................................................... ...........................................
.............................................................
..................
 

LHL 8. Ckfsmp Rmkre

H.  Ckfsmp Rmkre Tmfyhcet

8.  Hfhtkoe Jesekikge
Nhftufg hbhih` lhgehf vethi bhiho tulu` Hfbh yhfg lmrtughs uftuc omfmreoh
bhf omokoph bhrh` cm smiuru` tulu`. Nhftufg lmrbmthc 844.444 chie bhiho

sm`hre uftuc omokoph bhrh` cm smiuru` tulu`. Nhftufg hbhih` krghf lmrktkt
bhf lmrkfggh smrth lmrlmftuc cmruaut bmfghf lmrht ¸ 144 grho (smlmshr
cmphihf thfghf). Imthc nhftufg lmrhbh be rkfggh
rkfggh tkrhcs (bhbh) smcethr ghres
tmfgh` hfthrh stmrfuo (tuihfg bhbh) be smlmih` hftmrekr bhf vmrtmlrh (tuihfg
 pufggufg) be smlmih` pkstmrekr. Nhftufg omoeiece phfgchi yhfg imlhr be

smlmih` hths bhf omrufaefg omolmftuc unufg yhfg besmlut hpmcs be bhshr.
h.  Rmrbhpht 1 ihpeshf phbh befbefg nhftufg yhetu>
8)  Ihpeshf pmrechrbeuo
Ihpeshf pmreahrbeuo lmruph chftkfg yhfg omiepht bhf omolmftuc rkfggh
 pmrechrbeuo. \kfggh tmrsmlut lmrese aherhf sm`efggh omoubh`chf ckftrhcse
 nhftufg. Lhgehf pmreahrbeuo yhfg omimcht
omimcht cm oekchrbeuo besmlut pmreahrbeuo
vesamrhi hthu mpeahrbeuo, smbhfgchf lhgehf yhfg omimcht cm structur ihef be
rkfggh t`krhcs besmlut pmreahrbeuo phremthi. Mpeahrbeuo tmrsususf hths ihpeshf
mpetmi scukhokus (omsktmi) bhf nhrefghf echt ikfgghr tepes. Omsktmi lmrpmrhf

bhiho smcrmse aherhf pmreahrbeuo.

<)  Ihpeshf oekchrbeuo
Oekchrbeuo omruphchf ihpeshf befbefg nhftufg yhfg phiefg tmlhi yhfg
tmrsusuf bhre smi-smi ktkt nhftufg. Thbh ihpeshf efe tmrbhpht < nmfes smrhlut
yhetu smrhlut ckftrhctei yhfg lmrjufgse uftuc ckftrhcse nhftufg bhf smrhlut
sestmo ckfbucse yhfg omruphchf okbesechse ktkt nhftufg. Qestmo ckfbucse
 nhftufg tmrsususf hths fkbus sefkhtrehi (QH) yhfg lmrpmrhf smlhghe
 pmhamohcmr   bhf tmrimthc be befbefg pkstmrekr htreuo chfhf,fkbus
htrekvmftreauihr (HZ) bhf lmrchsfyh (lmrchs hftrekvmftrecuihr/lmrchs @EQ)

yhfg lmrihfnu omfnhbe smrhlut purcefnm cmh rh` vmftrecmi. Behfthrh smrhlut
 

oekchrbeuo tmrbhpht smrhlut shrhj ktkfko seophtes bhf phrhseophtes yhfg

omopmfghru`e jrmcumfse bmfyut bhf erhoh nhftufg, smrth unufg shrhj lmlhs
yhfg lmr`ulufghf bmfghf smfseleieths bhf lmrpmrhf bhiho oufauifyh fymre

(hfgefh pmatkres). 
pmatkres). 
1)  Ihpeshf mfbkahrbeuo
Mfbkahrbeuo omruphchf ihpeshf befbefg nhftufg phiefg tepes yhfg tmrbere
bhre smihpes smi mfbktmi gmpmfg be hths ihpeshf nhrefghf echt ikfgghr yhfg
bebkoefhse smrhlut ckihgmf bhf mihstef smrth lmlmrhph ktkt pkiks. Be lhwh`
mfbkahrbeuo tmrbhpht ihpeshf sul mfbkahrbeuo yhfg omoesh`chf
mfbkahrbeuo bmfghf oekchrbeuo. Ihpeshf efe imle` tmlhi bhre mfbkahrbeuo,
tmrbere hths nhrefghf echt yhfg behfthrh smrhlutfyh tmrbhpht vmfh, fmrvus
bhf be befbefg vmftrecmi smrth smrhlut sestmo ckfbucse nhftufg hthu

smrhlut Turcefnm.

 l.  Nhftufg omoeiece mopht ruhfg yhetu smlhghe lmrecut>

8)  Htreuo chfhf
Htreuo chfhf omoeiece ihpeshf befbefg yhfg tepes lmrjufgse smlhghe
tmopht pmfyeophfhf bhrh` bhre vmfh ahvh supmrekr, efjmrekr bhf sefus aiefeahi
ckrkfhreus bhf omfghierchf vmfh-vmfh sercuihse sestmoes cm bhiho vmftrecmi
chfhf bhf cmoubehf cm phru-phru.
<)  Htreuo cere

Htreuo cere omfmreoh bhrh` yhfg subh` bekcsegmfhse bhre pmru-phru omihiue
vmfh puiokfhies. Rebhc tmrbhpht chtup smnhte hfthrh vmfh puiokfhies bhf
htreuo cere, sm`efggh bhrh` hchf omfghier cmolhie cm pmoluiu` phru-phru leih
tmrbhpht pmrulh`hf tmchfhf bhiho htreuo cere (rmtrkgrhbm). Htreuo cere
omoeiece befbefg tepes bhf lmrtmchfhf rmfbh`. Bhrh` bhre htreuo cere omfghier
cm bhiho vmftrecmi cere omihiue chtup oetrhi.
1)  Zmftrecmi chfhf
Zmftrecmi chfhf omoeiece lmftuc yhfg ufec yhetu luihf shlet yhfg lmrgufh
uftuc omfg`hseichf ckftrhcse lmrtmchfhf rmfbh` yhfg aucup uftuc

omfghierchf bhrh` cm bhiho hrtmre puiokfhies. Kim` chrmfh lmlhf cmrnh

 

vmftrecmi chfhf imle` rmfbh` bhrephbh vmftrecmi cere omfghcelhtchf tmlhi

befbefg vmftrecmi chfhf `hfyh smpmrtegh bhre tmlhi befbefg vmftrecmi cere.
Zmftrecmi chfhf omfmreoh bhrh` bhre htreuo chfhf omihiue chtup

trecuspebhies.
2)  Zmftrecmi cere
Zmftrecmi cere omfg`hseichf tmchfhf yhfg aucup tefgge uftuc omfghthse
th`hfhf sercuise sestmoec, bhf omopmrth`hfchf hierhf bhrh` cm nhrefghf
 pmrejmr. Zmftrecmi cere omopufyhe ktkt-ktkt yhfg tmlhi bmfghf lmftuc yhfg
omfymruphe iefgchrhf sm`efggh omopmroubh` pmolmftuchf tmchfhf tefgge
smihoh vmftrecmi lmrckftrhcse. Lh`chf smcht pmolhths cmbuh vmftrecmi
(smptuo eftmrvmftrecuihres) nugh omolhftu omopmrcuht tmchfhf yhfg
beteoluichf kim` smiuru` ruhfg vmftrecmi smihoh ckftrhcse. Thbh shht

ckftrhcse, tmchfhf vmftrecmi cere omfefgcht smcethr ieoh chie imle` tefgge bhre
 phbh vmftrecmi chfhf.
a.  Chtup nhftufg tmrlhge omfnhbe <, yhetu>
8)  Chtup htrekvmftrecuimr
Chtup efe tmrimthc behfthrh htreuo bhf vmftrecmi. Chtup yhfg tmrimthc hfthrh
htreuo chfhf bhf vmftrecmi chfhf yhetu chtup trecuspebhies. Chtup yhfg
tmrimthc hfthrh htreuo cere bhf vmftrecmi cere yhetu chtup oetrhi. Chtup
hftmrekvmftrecuimr omoufgcefchf bhrh` omfghier bhre ohsefg-ohsefg htreuo
cm vmftrecmi phbh jhsm behstkiec vmftrecmi (beihthse) bhf omfamgh` hierhf lhiec

 phbh jhsm sestkiec vmftrecmi (ckftrhcse).

<)  Chtup smoeiufhr
Chtup smoeiufhr tmrbere bhre chtup smoeiufhr puiokfhr bmfghf vmftrecmi
chfhf bhf chtup smoeiufhr hkrth. Chtup smoeiufhr puiokfhry tmrimthc phbh
hrtmre puiokfhres omoesh`chf puiokfhres bmfghf vmftrecmi chfhf. Chtup
smoeiufhr hkrth tmrimthc hfthrh vmftrecmi cere bhf hkrth. Hbhfyh chtup
smoeiufhr omoufgcefchf bhrh` omfghier bhre ohsefg-ohsefg vmftrecmi cm
hrtmre puiokfhres hthu hkrth smihoh jhsm sestkiec vmftrecmi bhf omfamgh` hierhf
 lhiec whctu behstkiec vmftrecmi.
 

Nhftufg omoeiece sestmo ckfbucteveths nhftufg yhfg tmrbere bhre nhrefghf

c`usus yhfg omfg`hfthrchf hierhf iestrec. Nhrefghf tmrsmlut omopufyhe sejht-
sejht c`usus yhetu>

8.  Hutkohteshse (cmohopuhf omfg`hseichf suhtu eopuis smahrh spkfthf

<.  Erhoh (pmolmftuchf eopuis yhfg tmrhtur)
1.  Bhyh ckfbucse (cmohopuhf uftuc omfyhiurchf eopuis)
2.  Bhyh rhfgshfg (cmohopuhf uftuc lmrmhcse tmr`hbhp rhfgshfg)
Hbhfyh sejht tmrsmlut nhftufg hchf omfg`hseihcf eopuis-eopuis yhfg
beshiurchf omihiue sestmo `hfthr smahrh spkfthf bhf tmrhtur uftuc omrhfgshfg
oekchrbeuo omihcuchf ckftrhcse. Eopuis beshiurchf bhre fkbus QH bhf fkbus
HZ `efggh cm smrhlut purcefnm. Qcmoh pmrnhihfhf eopuis hbhih` slmhghe
 lmrecut>

=.  8> Hcteveths fkbus QH

Rh`hp Rh`hp <> Qteouius QH
omfg`hseichf steouius omfnhihr omiefthse
:. 
Whctu > 4 bmtec  pmrouchhf htreuo
cm fkbus HZ
Whctu > =4 oi bmtec

Rh`hp 1> Qmcethr 844 oi bmtec

steouius lmrth`hf be
fkbus HZ ckftrhcse
htreuo beouihe
Whctu > 84= oi bmtec

Rh`hp => Eopuis bebestrelusechf cm

smrhlut purcefnm bhf
besmlhrchf cm smiuru`
vmftrecmi. ckftrhcse Rh`hp 2> Eopuis omfnhihr be smptuo
htreuo subh` smimshe bhf eftmrvmftrecmi lmrshoh
ckftrhcse vmftrecmi bmfghf lmrchs `es omfunu
beouihe smrhlut purcefnm
Whctu > <<= oi bmtec Whctu > 87= oi bmtec
 

Qtructur pmoluiu` bhrh` lmrlmbh tmrghftufg ikchse bhf jufgsefyh. Qmahrh

uouo, ihpeshf pmoluiu` bhrh` bhpht benhlhrchf smlhghe lmrecut>
8.  Rufech efteoh

Rufech efteoh omruphchf ihpeshf

i hpeshf phiefg tepes bhf phiefg
phi efg bhiho yhfg
ckfthc ihfgsufg bmfghf bhrh`. Rmrsusuf hths mfbktmi smihpes bmfghf
ihpeshf sulmfbktmi nhrefghf echt ikfgghr yhfg chbhfg omfghfbufg ktkt
 pkiks. Mfbktmieuo omoeiece lmlmrhph pmrhf yhetu smlhghe omolrhf
smoepmromhlim, prkbusmf zht vhskhctej yhfg omopmfghru`e tkfus vhscuihr
smpmrte fetrkgmf
fetrkgmf kcsebh, mfbktmief bhf ihef-ihef, ckfvmrse
ckfvmrse hfgektmfsef
hfgektmfsef E yhfg
 lmrpmrhf bhiho rmguihse tmchfhf bhrh`, prkbusmf jhctkr ckhguihse,
 prkbusmf ZMGJ (vhsauihr mfbkt`miehi grkwt` jhatkr ) yhfg lmrpmrhf phbh
hfgekgmfmses.

<.  Rufech ombeh

Ihpeshf phiefg tmlhi yhfg tmrsusuf hths ihpeshf ckfsmftres ktkt pkiks. Be
hfthrh smi ktkt pkiks tmrbhpht lmrlhghe smrhlut nhrefghf echt, mihstef, rmtecuihr
ckihgmf, sulsthfse bhshr, sulsthfse bhshr prktmkgiechf, gieckprktmef. Rufech
ombeh nhu` imle` tmlhi phbh befbefg hrtmre, smihef etu phbh hrtmre,
tmrbhpht ihoefh mihstech mcstmrfh yhfg smruph bmfghf ihoefh mihstech eftmrfh
1.  Rufech hbvmfteteh
Rmrsusuf hths smrht ckihgmf tepm E bhf mihstef. Ihpeshf efe imle` tmlhi
 phbh vmfh bhf hchf omfyhtu
omfyhtu bmfghf strkoh nhrefghf echt krghf.

Gholhr 8. Lhgehf-lhgehf pmoluiu` bhrh`

 

Thbh nhftufg tmrbhpht pmoluiu` bhrh` hrtmre ckrkfhreh akrbes yhfg

omopmrbhrh`e lhgehf-lhgehf nhftufg bhf omruphchf ahlhfg bhre hkrth
bmamfbmfs. Hrtmre akrkfhreh akrbes tmrbere bhre < ohaho yhetu>

8.  Hrtmre akrkfhreh bmxtrh

Hrtmre akrkfhreh bmxtrh oufaui bhre sefus hkrteaus hftmrekr, ouih-ouih
 lmrnhihf cm bmphf cmoubehf cm chfhf uftuc oufaui behfthrh trufaus
 puiokfhies bhf hureauih chfhf, cmoubehf lmrnhihf turuf bhf cm chfhf
 phbh lhgehf chfhf suiaus htrekvmftreauihres omfunu pmrtmouhf ohrgk bmxtrh
bhf efjmrekr akrbes. ]ftuc cmoubehf lmrputhr cm cere smphfnhfg lhgehf
 lmihchfg nhftufg shophe suiaus eftmrvmftre auihres pkstmrekr, beohfh eh
 lmrhfhstkoksm bmfghf hrtmre akrkfhreh sefsetrh. Ahlhfg ‑ ahlhfgfyh
ahlhfgfyh hbhih`
rhous eftmrvmftreauihres pkstmrekr bhf rhous ohrgefhies.

<.  Hrtmre akrkfhreh sefestrh

Hrtmre ckrkfhreh sefestrh oufaui bhre sefus hkrteaus pkstmrekr sefestrh,
 lmrnhihf cm bmphf behfthrh trufaus puiokfhies bhf hureauih sefestrh
cmoubehf omolmikc cm cere omfunu suiaus htrekvmftreauihres, cmoubehf
 lmrnhihf cm lmihchfg omfgmieiefge ohrgk sefestrh uftuc lmrnhihf lmrshoh
sefus ckrkfhreus shophe smn
smnhu`
hu` suiaus eftmrvmftreauihres beohfh eh
e h hchf
 lmrhfhstkoksm bmfghf hrtmre akrkfhreh bmxtrh. Ahlhfg-ahlhfg hrtmre
ckrkfhreh sefestrh hbhih` hrtmre eftmrvmftreauihres hftmrekr bhf hrtmre
sercuojimxh.

Zmfh bhre nhftufg hchf lmrouhrh cm bhiho sefus ckrkfhreus. Qefus

efe tmrimthc belhgehf pkstmrekr suiaus ckrkfhreus bhf tmrtutup kim` strhtuo
ousauihrm htreuo cere. Qefus ckrkfhreus lmrhc`er be htreuo chfhf,
behfthrh ouhrh vmfh chvh efjmrekr bhf ksteuo htrekvmftrecuihres.

<.  Bmjefese
 @eg` Likkb Trmssurm (@LT) hthu `epmrtmfse omruphchf ckfbese beohfh
 pmoluiu` bhrh` smahrh ckfsestmf omoeiece tmchfhf yhfg tefgge (Homreahf
@mhrt Hsskaehtekf, <480). Tmfefgchthf tmchfhf bhrh` yhfg lmrcmphfnhfghf

bhf tebhc tmrckftrki, omfymlhlchf lmrlhghe pmrulh`hf phbh structur oekchrb,

 

vhscuihreshse ckrkfmr, bhf sestmo ckfbucse nhftufg. Tmrulh`hf efe

omfymlhlchf `epmrtrkje vmftrecmi cere, pmfyhcet hrtmre ckrkfmr, ckopiechse
yhfg omoufauichf gmnhih hfgefh, efjhrc oekchrb, hretoeh, bhf ghghi nhftufg

(\ehz, <482). 
 @mhrt Jheiurm (@J)
Jheiurm (@J) omruphchf suhtu ckfbese beohfh nhftufg tebhc ohopu
omokoph bhrh` cm smiuru` tulu`. Qhih` shtu pmfymlhl tmrsmrefg @J hbhih`
`epmrtmfse hthu @eg`
hthu  @eg` Likkb Trmssurm (@LT).
Trmssurm (@LT). Rmchfhf bhrh` tefgge omfholh`
 lmlhf cmrnh nhftufg omihiue pmfymopethf hrtmre yhfg curhfg mihstes sm`efggh
omfymlhlchf sercuihse bhrh` tebhc lmrnhihf ihfahr. @hi efeih` yhfg phbh
hc`erfyh omfymlhlchf nhftufg lmcmrnh imle` cmrhs. Ckfbese efe omfymlhlchf
 nhftufg omfmlhi bhf omolmshr, sm`efggh prksms omokoph bhrh` omfnhbe
curhfg mjesemf bhiho pmomfu`hf bhrh` lhge smiuru` tulu`. Cmghghihf nhftufg

bhiho omokoph bhrh` cm smiuru` tulu` yhfg besmlhlchf kim` @LT besmlut
bmfghf  @ypmrtmfsekf @mhrt Jheiurm 
Jheiurm  (@@J) (Homreahf @mhrt Hsskaehtekf,
<480). @epmrtmfse `mhrt jheiurm (@@J) hbhih` pmfyhcet nhftufg yhfg tmrnhbe
hcelht ckopiechse nhftufg phbh phsemf `epmrtmfs yhfg bhpht besmlhlchf smahrh
ihfgsufg kim` bmrhnht tefggefyh tmchfhf bhrh` bhf prksms hrtmrkscimrkses yhfg
bepmrampht (Jht`kfe, <447). Htmrkscimrkses hbhih` suhtu prksms pmfgmrhshf
 phbh pmoluiu` bhrh` yhfg bethfbhe kim` pmfeolufhf smnuoih` sulsthfse
 lmruph mfbhphf imohc, ckimstmrki, trkolkset, smi ohcrkjhg, imuckset, chiseuo
bhf prkbuc shoph` smiuimr iheffyh yhfg tmrlmftuc be bhiho ihpeshf tufech

efteoh `efggh tufech ombeh, yhfg besmlut smlhghe pihc

htmrkoh.Hrtmrekscimrkses hbhih` pmfgmrhshf pmoluiu` bhrh` hrtmre yhfg
omolhwh bhrh` bhre nhftufg uftuc behierchf cm smiuru` tulu` (Trefam bcc.,
<44=).
Tmfyhcet nhftufg `epmrtmfse efe omruphchf suhtu pmfyhcet yhfg lmrchethf
bmfghf bhophc smcufbmr phbh nhftufg chrmfh `epmrtmfse sestmoec yhfg
 lmrcmphfnhfghf bhf omrunuc phbh suhtu cmhbhhf yhfg besmlhlchf kim`
 pmfegchthf tmchfhf bhrh` (`epmrtmfse). @epmrtmfse yhfg lmrcmphfnhfghf bhf
tebhc tmrcmfbhie bhpht omfgulh` structur oekchrb, pmoluiu` bhrh` bhf sestmo
se stmo

ckfbucse nhftufg (]sfezhr Jmrry, <482). Tmfyhcet nhftufg `epmrtmfsej

 

betmghcchf leih bhpht be bmtmcse `epmrtrkje vmftrecmi cere smlhghe hcelht

ihfgsufg bhre pmfefgchthf tmr`hbhp th`hfhf pmoluiu` pmrejmr bhf lmlhf hc`er
vmftrecmi cere (Hrej Ohfsnkmr, <448).

1.  Mpebmoekikge
\ehz (<482) omfnmihschf lh`wh prmvhimfse @@J be Homrech Qmrecht
omfahphe 1=,1 nuth uftuc preh, bhf 10,1 nuth phbh whfeth. @epmrtmfse
omruphchf mtekikge phiefg uouo phbh chsus @J be smiuru` bufeh.
Tmfefgchthf tmchfhf bhrh` sestkiec yhfg tmrnhbe smerefg lmrtholh`fyh useh,
imle` smrefg tmrnhbe phbh preh bhrephbh whfeth shophe whfeth omfahphe
omfkpkusm.

2.  Mtekikge
\ehz (<482) omfnmihschf lh`wh mtekikge @@J omruphchf eftmrhcse yhfg
ckopimcs bhre lmrlhghe jhctkr `mokbefhoec, structurhi, fmurkmfbkcref,
smiuimr, bhf okimcuimr.
h.  Klmseths
:4 `efggh 74% `epmrtmfse tmrnhbe phbh krhfg klmseths.

 l.  @epmrtrkje vmftrecmi cere

Tmfefgchthf ohsh vmftrecmi cere tmrnhbe hcelht rmspkf oekset tmr`hbhp

 lmrlhghe rhfgshfghf yhfg omfymrthe pmfefgchthf

pmfefgchthf tmchfhf bhrh`.
a.  Jhctkr gmfmtec
Efbevebu yhfg omoeiece rewhyht cmiuhrgh `epmrtmfse omopufyhe reseck buh
chie imle` lmshr uftuc omfbmreth `epmrtmfse belhfbefgchf bmfghf efbevebu
yhfg tebhc omoeiece rewhyht cmiuhrgh `epmrtmfse. @hi efe lmr`ulufghf
bmfghf skbeuo eftrhsmiuimr bhf rmfbh`fyh rhsek hfthrh pkthsseuo bhf
skbeuo (Hfggrhefe bcc, <445).
b.  ]seh
Qmtmih` useh 2= th`uf, befbefg hrtmre hchf omfghihoe pmfmlhihf, sm`efggh

 pmoluiu` bhrh` hchf lmrhfgsur-hfgsur omfymopet bhf omfnhbe chcu.

 

Tmrtholh`hf useh omfymlhlchf lmlmrhph pmrulh`hf jesekikges. Thbh useh

ihfnut tmrnhbe pmfefgchthf rmsestmfse bhf hcteveths seophtej, smfseteveths
rmjimc lhrkrmsmptkr smlhghe pmfghtur tmchfhf bhrh` lmrcurhfg, smbhfgchf

 pmrhf gefnhi nugh lmrcurhfg (Hfggrhefe

(Hfggrhefe bcc, <445).
m.  Nmfes cmihoef
\h`hyu (<48<) omfnmihschf lh`wh phbh useh belhwh` == th`uf, `epmrtmfse
imle` lhfyhc tmrnhbe phbh ihce-ihce bhre phbh pmrmopuhf, bhf phbh useh ==-
72 th`uf cmnhbehf `epmrtmfse hchf smlhfbefg hfthrh ihce-ihce bhf
 pmrmopuhf. Rmthpe phbh useh behths 72 th`uf, pmrmopuhf imle` rmfthf
omfghihoe `epmrtmfse. @hi efe bechrmfhchf whfeth yhfg lmiuo omfghihoe
omfkphusm hchf beiefbufge kim` `krokfm mstrkgmf yhfg lmrpmrhf bhiho
omfefgchtchf chbhr  @eg` Bmfsety Iepkprktmef 
Iepkprktmef  (@BI), chbhr @BI yhfg

tefgge bhpht omfamgh` tmrnhbefyh prksms htmrkscimrkses.

j.  Cmlughrhf tulu`
Hcteveths jesec yhfg tmrhtur hchf omfurufchf reseck hrtmrkscimrkses yhfg
omruphchf shih` shtu pmfymlhl `epmrtmfse (\h`hyu, <48<). Qmsmkrhfg
yhfg omfghihoe cmimle`hf lmrht lhbhf/klmseths bhpht omfghihoe
`epmrtmfse. Klmseths bhpht omfymlhlchf pmfefgchthf ahrbeha kutput  
chrmfh smohsef lmshr ohsh tulu` smohcef lhfyhc puih nuoih` bhrh` yhfg
 lmrmbhr (Quihstre bcc, <48<).
g.  Cmlehshhf omrkckc

^ht-zht ceoeh yhfg tmrchfbufg bhiho tmolhchu bhpht omrushc ihpeshf

bhiho befbefg hrtmre, sm`efgh rmfthf tmrnhbe pmfuopuchf pihc
(hrtmrkscimrkses). @hi efe tmruthoh besmlhlchf kim` fecktef yhfg bhpht
omrhfgshfg shrhj seophtes sm`efggh omohau cmrnh nhftufg imle` cmrhs bhf
 pmfymlhlchf pmfymopethf
pmfymopethf pmoluiu` bhrh` (Qmtyhfh bcc, <48
<48=).
=).
`.  Qtrms
Qtrms bhf hcteveths phbh shrhj seophtes omomghfg pmrhfhf pmftefg bhiho
omfaepthchf tmchfhf bhrh` tefgge. Thbh shht smsmkrhfg omfghihoe strms,
`krokfm hbrmfhief hchf beimphschf bhf cmoubehf hchf omfefgchtchf

tmchfhf bhrh` omihiue ckftrhcse hrtmre bhf pmfefgchthf bmfyut nhftufg.

 

Qtrms yhfg lmrihfnut hchf omfymlhlchf tmchfhf bhrh` omfefgcht bhf

krhfg tmrsmlut hchf omfghihoe `epmrtmfse (Qukt`, <482).

=.  Cihsejechse
Homreahf @mhrt Hssakaehtekf (<487) omfnmihschf lh`wh pmfyhcet @@J
tebhc benmihschf bhiho lmrlhghe th`hp, tmthpe becihsejechsechf bhiho uruthf
 pmrcmolhfghhf pmfyhcet.
h.  Qthbeuo 8, yhetu omfefgchtfyh strmss befbefg nhftufg sm`efggh omfghrh`
cm IZ@ ( Imjt
 Imjt Zmftreauihr @ypmrtrkp`y)
@ypmrtrkp`y)
 l.  Qthbeuo < yhetu hbhfyh ckfbese yhfg omfghrh` phbh besjufgse behstkiec
vmftrecmi cere
a.  Qthbeuo 1 yhetu ckfbese besjufgse behstkiec vmftrecmi cere yhfg beecute

bmfghf besjufgse behstkiec vmftrecmi chfhf.

H@H nugh omolhge `epmrtmfse omfnhbe 2 th`hp yhetu>

h.  Kpteohi Likkb Trmssurm
Omruphchf cmhbhhf beohfh tmchfhf sestkiec lmrhbh phbh hfgch 98<4
oo@g bhf behstkiec lmrhbh phbh hfgch 904 oo@g. 
oo@g. 
l.   Trm`ypmrtmfsekf
Omruphchf ckfbese beohfh tmchfhf bhrh` sestkiec lmrhbh phbh rmfthfg
8<4-815 oo@g, bhf tmchfhf bhrh` behstkiec 04-05 oo@g. 
oo@g.  

a.  Qthgm 8 `ypmrtmfsekf

Omruphchf ckfbese beohfh tmchfhf bhrh` sestkiec lmrhbh phbh rmfthfg
824-8=5 oo@g bhf tmchfhf bhrh` behstkiec 54-55 oo@g. 
oo@g.  
b.  Qthgm < `ypmrtmfsekf
Omruphchf ckfbese beohfh tmchfhf bhrh` sestkiec 68:4 oo@g bhf
tmchfhf behstkiec 6844 oo@g.

:.  Thtkjesekikge
@epmrtmfse bhpht besmlhlchf kim` lhfyhc `hi, shih` shtufyh hbhih`

ht`mresaimrkses. Ht`mresaimrkses hchf omfymlhlchf pmoluiu` bhrh` omfnhbe

 

cmrhs bhf chcu, lmrcurhfgfyh mihsteseths bhf tmrnhbefyh pmfymopethf

 pmoluiu` bhrh` hchf omfymlhlchf pmfefgchthf th`hfhf phbh pmoluiu`
bhrh`. Tmfefgchthf th`hfhf bhiho pmoluiu` bhrh` hchf lmrbhophc phbh

 pmfefgchthf tmchfhf bhrh`. Omfefgchtfyh tmchfhf bhrh` sestmoec hchf

omoluht nhftufg lmrckftrhcse imle` cuht hghr supihe bhrh` phbh nhrefghf
tmrpmfu`e, omfefgchtfyh cmrnh nhftufg efe hchf omoluht ucurhf nhftufg
 lmrtholh` lmshr. Qmtmih` nhftufg ouihe imih` chrmfh tmrus lmcmrnh cmrhs,
cm rhs, hchf
h chf
oufaui cmiu`hf-cmiu`hf smpmrte smshc fhphs shht omihcuchf hcteveths jesec
yhfg imle` lmrht, nhftufg lmrbmlhr-bmlhr, bhf fymre bhbh (Ohtnhf, <48<). 

@epmrtrkje vmftrecmi cere omruphchf ckopmfshse nhftufg bhiho

omfg`hbhpe tmchfhf bhrh` tefgge yhfg bethfbhe bmfghf pmfmlhihf ckfsmftrec
ktkt nhftufg (`epmrtrkje ckfsmftrec). Jufgse behstkiec hchf ouihe tmrghfggu
hcelht bhre ghfgguhf rmihcshse vmftrecmi cere, cmoubehf besusui bmfghf beihthse
vmftrecmi cere (`epmrtrkje mcsmftrec). \hfgshfghf seophtes bhf hcteveths sestmo
\HH omohau pmfefgchthf vkiuom behstkiec vmftrecmi shophe tmrnhbe
ghfgguhf ckftrhcse oekchrb (pmfurufhf/ghfguhf jufgse sestkiec). Escmoeh
oekchrb (hseotkohtec, hfgefh pmctkres, efjhrc nhftufg bii) bhpht tmrnhbe chrmfh
ckolefhse hcsmimrhse prksms hrtmrkscimrkses bmfghf pmfefgchthf cmlutu`hf

kcsegmf oekchrb hcelht bhre `epmrtrkje vmftrecmi cere (Oehu bcc., <48=)
 

Nhftufg omruphchf krghf yhfg lmrthfggufgnhwhl uftuc omfghtur

rmguihse chrbekvhscuihr. Lmlmrhph vhrehlmi yhfg omopmfghru`e rmguihse
chrbekvhscuimr yhetu aurh` nhftufg (ahrbeha kutput), th`hfhf pmrepmrhi

(pmrep`mrhi rmsesthfam), bhf tmchfhf bhrh` (likkb prmssurm). \mguihse

chrbekvhscuimr lmrtunuhf uftuc omfnhgh pmrulh`hf hierhf bhrh` tmpht whctu,
 lmrhbh be bhiho hrmh yhfg lmfhr bhf tebhc omfeoluichf pmrulh`hf tmchfhf
bhf hierhf bhrh` smahrh brhstes phbh krghf vethi. Omchfesom yhfg
omopmfghru`e rmguihse chrbekvhscuihr yhetu omchfesom hutkrmguihse ikchi,
shrhj, bhf `krokfhi (Ohrtefe, <448).
Thbh shht cmhbhhf ckfbese `komksthses tulu` tmrghfggu hchf
omfghcelhtchf tmrnhbe pmfurufhf vkiuom bhrh` bhf tmchfhf bhrh`. Omihiue
rmguihse kim` shrhj seophtes bmfghf nhrhc whctu yhfg pmfbmc hchf

omfefgchtchf ahrbeha kutput bhf vhskckfstrecse pmrep`mrhi, yhfg smihfnutfyh

tmchfhf bhrh` omfefgcht bhf cmolhie fkrohi. Ahrh ihef bhiho omrmspkf
ghfgguhf `komksthses hcelht pmfurufhf vkiuom bhrh` bhf tmchfhf bhrh`
yhetu omihiue steouihse hfgektmfsef EE bhf mretrkpkemtef bmfghf tmopk whctu
yhfg phfnhfg. Hfgektmfsef EE smahrh ihfgsufg hchf omopmfghru`e
 pmfefgchthf ahrbeha kutput bhf vhskckfstrecse pmrep`mrhi uftuc omfefgchtchf
tmchfhf bhrh`. Qmihfnutfyh hfgektmfsef EE hchf omrhfgshfg pmimphshf
hftebeurmtea `krokfm (HB@), smcrmse hibkstmrkf, bhf rhsh `hus uftuc
omfefgchtchf tmchfhf bhrh` bhf vkiuom bhrh`.
 

 
\mfef lmcmrnh smahrh mfzeohtec phbh prktmef pihsoh ihef, yhetu suhtu

gikluief yhfg besmlut lh`hf rmfef (hthu hfgektmfsefkgmf), uftuc omimphschf

 pmptebh hsho hoefk-84, yhetu hfgektmfsef E. Hfgektmfsef E omoeiece sejht
vhskckfstrectkr yhfg refghf tmthpe tebhc aucup uftuc omfymlhlchf pmrulh`hf
jufgsekfhi yhfg lmrohcfh bhiho jufgse sercuihse. \mfef omfmthp bhiho bhrh`
smihoh 14 omfet shophe 8 nho bhf tmrus omfymlhlchf pmolmftuchf
hfgektmfsef E smihoh smphfnhfg whctu tmrsmlut. Bhiho lmlmrhph bmtec smtmih`
 pmolmftuchf hfgektmfsef E, tmrbhpht buh hsho hoefk tholh`hf yhfg
omomah` bhre hfgektmfsef uftuc omolmftuc hfgektmfsef EE pmptebh hsho
hoefk-0. Tmrulh`hf efe `hoper smiuru`fyh tmrnhbe smihoh lmlmrhph bmtec

smomfthrh bhrh` omfghier omihiue pmoluiu` cmaei phbh phru-phru, yhfg

bechthieses kim` suhtu mfzeo, yhetu mfzeo pmfgulh`, yhfg tmrbhpht be
mfbktmieuo pmoluiu` phru yhfg besmlut  Hfgektmfsef Akfvmrtefg Mfzyom
(HAM). Hfgektmfsef EE hbhih` vhskckfstrectkr yhfg shfght cuht, bhf omoeiece
mjmc-mjmc ihef yhfg nugh omopmfghru`e sercuihse. Hfgektmfsef EE omfmthp
bhiho bhrh` `hfyh smihoh 8 hthu < omfet chrmfh hfgektmfsef EE smahrh ampht
hchf  beefhctevhse kim` lmrlhghe mfzeo bhrh` bhf nhrefghf yhfg smahrh
 lmrshoh-shoh besmlut hfgektmfsefhsm Qmihoh hfgektmfsef EE hbh bhiho bhrh`,
ohch hfgektmfsef EE omopufyhe buh pmfghru` uthoh yhfg bhpht

omfefgchtchf tmchfhf hrtmre. Tmfghru` yhfg pmrthoh, yhetu vhskckftrecse,

 

teolui bmfghf ampht. Zhskckfstrecse tmrnhbe tmruthoh phbh hrtmreki bhf smbecet
imle` imoh` phbh vmfh. Ckfstrecse phbh hrtmreki hchf omfefgchtchf th`hfhf
 pmrejmr, hcelhtfyh hchf omfefgchtchf tmchfhf hrtmre. Ckfstrecse refghf phbh

vmfh-vmfh nugh hchf omfefgchtchf hierhf lhiec bhrh` vmfh cm nhftufg,

sm`efggh omolhftu pkoph nhftufg uftuc omihwhf cmfhechf tmchfhf.
Ahrh uthoh cmbuh beohfh hfgektmfsef omfefgchtchf tmchfhf hrtmre hbhih`
bmfghf lmcmrnh phbh gefnhi uftuc omfurufchf mcsrmse ghrho bhf her. Cmtech
tmchfhf bhrh` hthu vkiuom bhrh` bhiho hrtmrekih mjmrmf turuf (chbhfg-chbhfg
smlhghe hcelht bhre pmfurufhf hsuphf ghrho), mfzeo rmfef omfghwhie rmhcse
ceoeh yhfg omfgulh` prktmef pihsoh yhfg besmlut hfgektmfsefkgmf omfnhbe
 pmptebh yhfg besmlut hfgektmfsef EE. Hfgektmfsef EE lmrjufgse
lm rjufgse smlhghe
smlh ghe `krokf
yhfg omfefgchtchf tmchfhf bhrh` bhf vkiuom bhrh` bhiho lmlmrhph ahrh.

Qmlhghe akftk`, hfgektmfsef EE omfhechf tmchfhf bmfghf ahrh omfymopetchf

hrtmrekih, omfurufchf hierhf bhrh` cm lhfyhc chpeimr, tmrohsuc chpeimr gefnhi.
Hfgektmfsef EE omrhfgshfg tuluih prkcseohi fmjrkf uftuc omfymrhp cmolhie 
 FhAi bhf her. @hi tmrsmlut hchf nuoih` omfgurhfge ghrho bhf her yhfg 
bemcscrmsechf bhiho uref bhf hcelhtfyh hbhih` pmfefgchthf v
vkiuom
kiuom bhrh` bhf
tmchfhf bhrh` (@mrfhwhte, <480).

7.  Ohfejmsthse Ciefes

@epmrtmfse omruphchf seimft ceiimr, sm`efggh smrefgchie phsemf tebhc

omfufnucchf gmnhih yhfg lmrhrte. Thsemf bmfghf @@J smlhgehf lmshr tebhc
omfghihoe thfbh bhf gmnhih hthu hseotko, fhouf smshc fhphs, mbmoh, fymre
bhbh, nhftufg lmbmlhr, pefgshf bhf cmohtehf omfbhbhc bhpht tmrnhbe cmtech
tmrnhbe ckopiechse (Bïmz, <481).

0.  Tmomrecshhf Tmfufnhfg

 Fhtekfhi @mhrt, Iufg hfb Likkb Efstetutm (<480) omfnmihschf lh`wh
 pmomrecshhf yhfg lesh beihcuchf uftuc omfmghcchf behgfksh @@J hbhih`>
h.  MCG ( Mimctrkahrbekgrho)
 Mimctrkahrbekgrho)
 

Tmomrecshhf MCG omruphchf pmomrecshhf yhfg beihcuchf bmfghf

omfbmtmcse bhf omihcuchf pmrmchohf phbh hcteveths cmiestrechf nhftufg. MCG
hchf omfufnucchf cmamphthf erhoh nhftufg, omfahtht cmcuhthf bhf whctu

yhfg belutu`chf sestmo cmiestrechf phbh nhftufg, smrth omfufnucchf hphch`

befbefg bhiho ruhfg pkoph nhftufg omfghihoe pmfmlhihf. @hsei pmrmchohf
MCG bhpht omfufnucchf thfbh hbhfyh smrhfghf nhftufg smlmiuofyh hthu shht
efe.
l.  A`mst P \hy
Jktk rkftgmf yhfg beihcuchf phbh bhbh lmrtunuhf uftuc omfgmth`ue
structur be bhihofyh, smpmrte nhftufg, phru, bhf pmoluiu` bhrh`. Tmomrecshhf
efe bhpht omfufnucchf hbhfyh pmolmshrhf nhftufg, bhf hbhfyh aherhf bhiho
 phru-phru.  
 phru-phru.

a.   Ma`kahrbekgrhp`y
Tmomrecshhf efe beihcuchf omihiue gmikolhfg suhrh uftuc omoluht
vesuhieshse nhftufg. Tmomrecshhf efe hchf omfufnucchf smlmrhph lhec nhftufg,
bhf chtupfyh lmcmrnh. Tmomrecshhf efe nugh bhpht omfgebmftejechse hrmh hierhf
bhrh` yhfg luruc cm nhftufg, hrmh ktkt nhftufg yhfg tebhc lmrckftrhcse smahrh
fkrohi, bhf cmrushchf ktkt nhftufg yhfg behcelhtchf kim` curhfgfyh hierhf
bhrh`.
b.   Bkppimr ]itrhskufb
Tmomrecshhf efe omolmrechf pmfaetrhhf bhf pmfbmchthf trhfsmskjhgmhi

tmr`hbhp nhftufg.
m.  HGB
Hfhiesh ghs bhrh` lmrjufgse uftuc omfbmtmcse hbhfyh hichikses rmsperhtkre
hthu `epkcsmoeh bmfghf pmfefgchthf TAK<.
j.  L]F Armhtefef
Hbhfyh cmfhechf L]F bhf armhtefef imle` bhre lhths fkrohi
omfgefbechsechf tmrnhbefyh ghghi gefnhi smlhghe ckopiechse bhre hbhfyh @@J.
 g.  R`yrkeb Jufatekf Rmst
Tmomrecshhf efe lmrjufgse uftuc omfgmth`ue hbhfyh `epmrsmfsetejeths terkeb

smlhghe pmfamtus ghghi nhftufg.

 

 
5.  Tmfhthihcshfhhf
h.  Jhrohcktmrhpe

Tmfgklhthf yhfg lesh belmrechf hbhih` nmfes Hfgektmfsef

Akfvmrtefg Mfzyom (HAM) ef`eletkr, Lmth likcmr, Hfgektmfsef \msmptkr
Likcmr, giecksebh nhftufg, vhskbeihtkr, hgkfes lmth, bhf beurmtec. Rmrhpe
hfte`epmrtmfse smahrh nmihs omfurufchf hfgch cmnhbehf ghghi nhftufg (
cmauhie pmfg`holht hbrmfkrmsmptkr hijh, yhfg curhfg mjmctej beslhfbefg
hfte`epmrtmfse ihef bhiho pmfamgh`hf ghghi nhftufg ). Tmfg`holht chfhi
chiseuo (AAL) bmfghf efktrkpea fmghtevm (vmrhphoei bhf beitehzmo)
sm`hrusfyh tebhc begufhchf utfuc omfgklhthe `epmrtmfse phbh phsemf
ghghi nhftufg sestkiec (tmthpe ohse` bhpht begufhchf phbh ghghi nhftufg

behstkiec).Leih tmchfhf bhrh` lmiuo tmrckftrki bmfghf pmolmrehf HAM/

H\L, pmfymcht μ, O\ H bhf beurmtea, ohch `ebrhihzef bhf hoikbepefm
bhpht belmrechf.Thbh phsemf bmfghf ghhi nhftufg hcut, bermckofbhsechf
 pmolmrehf fethrt uftuc omfurufchf tmchfhf bhrh` (Tmr`eopufhf Bkctmr
Qpmsehies Chrbekvhscuihr Efbkfmseh, <48=).
 l.   Iejmstyim okbejeahtekfs 
okbejeahtekfs 
Rmrhpe fkf jhrohckikge omihiue okbejechse ghyh `ebup bhpht beihcuchf
bmfghf uphyh okfetkr hcteveths jesec, bemt, bhf ckftrki `epmrtmfse (Ou`hbe,
<480).
 

Lmfbufghf vmfh sestmoec

L.  A iefe
ie feah
ahii Th
T ht`w
t`wh
hy  
Iemf
Jhctkr reseck `epmrtmfse @epmrtmfse
Qpimfkomghie

Imjt Zmftreauihr Mfb Behstkiea ↘   Tmfefgchthf tmchfhf

Omfbmshc behjrhgoh
bhrh` smahrh sestmoec

Rmchfhf vmfh puiokfhi ↘ 

Tmfefgchthf lmlhf nhftufg Cmtebhcmjmctejhf pkih fhjhs

Rmchfhf chpeimr phru ↘ 

@epmrtrkje vmftrecmi cere

Rmchf
Rmchfhf
hf ch eimr
eimr hru
hru Curhfg tmrphnhf
@ ypm
ypmr tmfsekf
tmfsekf @ mhr t J he iurm
iur m efjkrohse
Mbmoh phru

@holhthf pmfgkskfghf Cmrnh ktkt nhftufg Bmjeset

@holhthf pmfgmth`uhf
pmrtuchrhf ghs vmftrecmi omfefgcht

Qupihe bhrh`, K< bhf futrese cm Tmfurufhf aurh` Oykahrb escmoec

 nhrefghf omfuruf
omfuruf  nhftufg

 Fymre bhbh

 Fhjsu ohchf
ohchf
Omthlkiesom hfhmrkl Fymre hcut omfuruf

HRT ↑  Tmfuopuchf
Tmfuopuchf hsho ihctht

Eftkimrhfse hcteveths
Cm pmrejmr Cm kthc Cm gefnhi

\mfhi jikw ↑  Cmtebhcsmeolhfgh

Cmtebhcmjmctejhf \eseck
pmrjuse nhrefghf cmtebhcmjmctejhf f futrese curhfg
pmrejmr pmrjuse nhrefghf \HH ↘  bhre cmlutu`hf
kthc

Hibkstmrkf ↘ 

Mbmoh
HB@ ↘ 

\mtmfse Fh + @<K Cmimle`hf vkiuom

aherhf
 

A.  Ckfsmp Hsu`hf Cmpmrhwhthf

Cmpmrhwhthf
8.  Tmfgchnehf
h.  Ebmfteths Ciemf

Ebmfteths ciemf yhfg pmriu bechne hbhih` omiepute, fhoh, uour, nmfes cmihoef,
hihoht, sucu, hghoh, fkokr rmgestmr, pmfbebechf, thfgghi O\Q, smrth pmcmrnhhf
yhfg lmr`ulufghf bmfghf strmss hthu smlhl bhre iefgcufghf yhfg tebhc
omfymfhfgchf. Ebmfteths tmrsmlut begufhchf uftuc omolmbhchf hfthrh phsemf
yhfg shtu bmfghf yhfg ihef bhf uftuc omomftuchf rmseck pmfyhcet nhftufg
ckrkfmr yhetu ihce-ihce uour be hths 1= th`uf bhf whfeth imle` bhre =4 th`uf.
l.  \ewhyht Cmsm`hthf 
8)  Behgfksh ombes
<)  Cmiu`hf uthoh phbh phsemf bmfghf @@J hbhih` phsemf lesh omrhshchf

fymre.
1)  \ewhyht pmfyhcet smchrhfg, refaehf pmfyhcet ouihe bhre hwhi shophe shht
 pmrthoh chie lmr`ulufghf bmfghf pmtughs cmsm`hthf. Whctu cmnhbehf,
ahrh (prksms), tmopht, suhshfh, ohfejmsthse ohshih`, pmrnhihfhf
 pmfyhcet/ohshih` (rewhyht pmfgklhthf, pmrsmpse tmfthfg pmfymlhl bhf
 pmfyhcet).
2)  \ewhyht pmfyhcet bh`uiu, pmfyhcet crkfes hthu omfuihr bhf omfuruf,
smnhc chphf phsemf omfghihoe `hi tmrsmlut.
=)  \ewhyht pmfyhcet cmiuhrgh, hbhch` pmfyhcet cmturufhf bhiho cmiuhrgh

smpmrte nhftufg, BO, @R, RLA, pmfyhcet cmihoef bhf hlkrtusyhfg

oufgcef pmfyhcet tmrsmlut beturufchf cmphbh phsemf.
a.  Tkih-pkih jufgse cmsm`hthf
8)  Tkih pmrsmpse bhf thth imcshfh `ebup sm`ht  
Curhfgfyh pmfgmth`uhf phsemf tmfthfg @@J, pmfgmth`uhf tmfthfg
 pmfhfghfhf pmolmbh`hf yhfg
yhfg bebhphtchf, bhf lhgheohfh pmrhwhthffyh.
<)  Tkih Futrese bhf Omthlkiesom
Thbh phsemf lehshfyh tmrnhbe pmfurufhf fhjsu ohchf chrmfh bhre
 pmrulh`hf ckfbese cmsm`hthf yhfg berhshchf.

1)  Tkih hctejeths