IH\BPHK \CKFHOSISHK & H^SOHK GC\CPH]HVHK C\EIC\^E

Ihpbrhk Eke Fesusuk Sktug Jcjckuoe Vumhs Jhth Guieho

Gcpcrhwthk Jcfeghi @cfho (GJ@) >
Fbsck \ckmhjpu4 ^heaui Kuroefhyht ^.Gcp.Ks.,J.Gcp

Fesusuk Bico4
Gcibjpbg >/1@
Khjh KEJ
Juahieoh ^h`eih Eswhre 8?1>8=03
Ejhkehr Fwe Hifh 8?1>8=81
Pezgh ^haetre 8?1>8=80
Qesces Khkfe ^utbjb 8?1>8=<?
Iekh Fcse Sthje 8?1>8155
Pctkb Jceihke \ur`hkekmseo 8?1>811<
Fcih Vregh @uhkh 8?1>8130

\PBMPHJ ^VSFE ^8 GC\CPH]HVHK

AHGSIVH^ EIJS GC^COHVHK
SKEQCP^EVH^ JSOHJJHFEUHO \BKBPBMB

0<08
e
 GHVH \CKMHKVHP

\ude syugur gcohferht Vuohk Uhkm Jhoh csh hths scmhih rhojht, scrth thuaeg fhk oefhyho-
Kyh scoekmmh jhghiho eke fhpht tcrsusuk oekmmh scicshe. Vefhg iuph ghje dumh jckmunhpghk
`hkyhg tcrejhghseo gcphfh @hphg ^heaui Kuroefhyht, ^.Gcp.Ks.,J.Gcp. scihgu fbsck jhth
guieho Gcpcrhwhthk Jcfeghi @cfho > yhkm tciho jcj`creghk tumhseke gcphfh ghje.
Ghrckh ghje jckyhfhre gctcr`hthshk pckmcthouhk jhupuk pckmhihjhk ghje. Ghje
yhgek jhseo `hkyhg gcgurhkmhk fhihj jhghiho eke, jckmekmht tefhg hfh scsuhttu yhkm scpurkh
thkph shrhk yhkm jcj`hkmuk. Bico ghrckh etughje shkmht jckmohrhpghk shrhk fhk greteg yhkm
jcj`hkmuk fhre pcj`hnh fcje gcscjpurkhhk jhghiho eke.
Fhk fhre ohrhphk ghje scjbmh jhghiho eke fhpht jckhj`ho pckmcthouhk fhk
pckmhihjhk `hme phrhpcj`hnh,
phrhpcj`h nh, uktug gcfcphkkkyh
gcfcphkkky h fhpht jcjpcr`hege ese jhghiho hmhr jckdhfe
ic`eo `heg ihme fhk sc`ciujkyh ghje jbobk jhha hph`eih tcrfhpht gcshihohk ghth.

\bkbrbmb, 8? Duke 0<08

\ckuies

ee
 FHAVHP E^E
OHIHJHK ^HJ\SI........................................................................................................... e
GHVH \CKMHKVHP..............................................
...................................................................................................
..............................................................
......... ee
FHAVHP E^E .......................................................................................................................... eee
@H@ 8 \CKFHOSISHK ...................................................................................................... 6
8.8 Ihthr @cihghkm ........................................................................................................... 6
8.0 Pujushk Jhshiho ...................................................................................................... 6
8.> Vuduhk ........................................................................................................................ 3
8.6 Jhkahht ...................................................................................................................... 3
@H@ 0 \CJ@HOH^HK ........................................................................................................ 1
0.8 Gbkscp \ckyhget ........................................................................................................ 1
0.8.8 Fcaekese ............................................................................................................... 1
0.8.0 Gihseaeghse .......................................................................................................... =

0.8.> Ctebibme ............................................................................................................... 88

0.8.6 \htbaesebibme ....................................................................................................... 80
0.8.3 Jhkeacsthse Giekes .............................................................................................. 86
0.8.1 \htowhy .............................................................................................................. 81
0.8.= Gbjpieghse ......................................................................................................... 8=
0.8.? \ckhthihgshkhhk ................................................................................................. 8=
0.0 Gbkscp Hsuohk Gcpcrhwhthk .................................................................................... 8?
0.0.8 \ckmghdehk .......................................................................................................... 8?
0.0.0 Fehmkbsh Gcpcrhwhthk (^FGE) .........................................................................
............................................... .......................... 08
0.0.> Ektcrvckse ............................................................................................................ 00
0.0.6 Ejpicjckthse ...................................................................................................... 05
0.0.3 Cvhiuhse .............................................................................................................. 05
@H@ > \CKSVS\ ...................................................
........................................................................................................
..............................................................
......... ><
>.8 Gcsejpuihk ................................................................................................................. ><
>.0 ^hrhk ............................................................................................................................ ><
FHAVHP \S^VHGH ............................................................................................................ >8

eee
 @H@ 8
\CKFHOSISHK
8.8 Ihthr @cihghkm
Cpeicpse fefcaekeseghk sc`hmhe suhtu sekfrbj yhkm fethkfhe bico mhkmmuhk aukmse
bthg yhkm `crseaht scjckthrh fhk phrbgsesjhi, yhkm jcj`cre jhkeacsthse `cruph mhkmmuhk,
hthu gcoeihkmhk gcshfhrhk, mhkmmuhk jbtbreg, scksbreg, psegbibmeg, fhk sestcj btbkbj,
scrth `crseaht cpesbfeg. Fcaeset jcjbre hfhiho jhshiho gbmketea yhkm phiekm screkm tcrdhfe
phfh pcfcreth cpeicpsy.
\hfh fhshrkyh sctehp brhkm fhpht jckmhihje cpeicpse. ^ctehp brhkm jcjeiege bthg
fckmhk hj`hkm `hkmgethk jhsekm-jhsekm hphgho ic`eo thohk hthu gurhkm thohk tcrohfhp
juknuikyh `hkmgethk.^cihek etu pckyc`h` cpeicpsy nugup `crhmhj7 ncfcrh bthg, gcrhnukhk,
strbgc, ekacgse, ekacsthse phrhset, tujbr bthg. Cpeicpsy fhpht tcrdhfe phfh ihge-ihge jhupuk

pcrcjpuhk, ujur `crhph shdh, fhk rhs hph shdh. Dujiho pckfcreth cpeicpsy jciepute 8-0%
fhre pbpuihse. ^cnhrh ujuj fepcrbico mhj`hrhk `howh eksefckse cpeicpsy jckukdugghk
pbih `ejbfhi4 puknhg eksefckse tcrfhpht pfh mbibkmhk hkhg fhk useh ihkdut.
^ctehp brhkm pukyh rcsegb shtu fe fhihj 3< uktug jckfhpht cpeicpse.\ckmmukh
khrgbteg fhk pcjekuj higbobi pukyh rcsegb ic`eo tekmme. \ckmmukh khrgbteg jukmgek
jckfhpht scezurc pcrthjh ghrckh jckmmukhghk khrgbteg, thpe scihkdutkyh jukmgek hghk
tcrus jckfhpht scezurc whihupuk sufho icphs fhre khrgbteg.Fe Ekmmres, shtu brhkm fehkthrh
8>8 brhkm jckmefhp cpeicpse. Cpeicpse fhpht jckycrhkm hkhg-hkhg, brhkm fcwhsh, phrh
brhkm tuh `hoghk `hye yhkm `hru ihoer. Hkmgh gcdhfehk cpeicpse phfh preh ic`eo tekmme
fe`hkfekmghk phfh whketh, yhetu 8->% pckfufug hghk jckfcreth cpeicpse scujur oefup. Fe
Hjcregh ^creght, shtu fe hkthrh 8<< pbpuihse (8%) pckfufug tcrscrhkm cpeicpse, fhk gurhkm
ic`eo 0,3 duth fe hkthrhkyh tciho jckdhihke pckmb`hthk phfh iejh thouk tcrhgoer. Jckurut
]brif Ochito Brmhkezhtebk (]OB) scgerh 3< duth pckfufug fe sciuruo fukeh jckmefhp
cpeicpse (0<<6 Cpeicpsy.nbj).

8.0 Pujushk Jhshiho

8. @hmhejhkh Gbkscp \ckyhget Cpeicpse2

0. @hmhehjhkh Hsuohk Gcpcrhwhthk \hfh \hseck Cpeicpse2

6
8.> Vuduhk
8. Jckmcthoue Gbkscp \ckyhget Cpeicpse
0. Jckmcthoue Hsuohk Gcpcrhwhthk \hfh \hseck Cpeicpse
8.6 Jhkahht
8. Jckhj`ho \ckmcthouhk Vckthkm Gbkscp \ckyhget Cpeicpse
0. Jckhj`ho \ckmcthouhk Vckthkm Hsuohk Gcpcrhwhthk Sktug \ckyhget Cpeicpse

3
 @H@ 0
\CJ@HOH^HK
0.8 GBK^C\ \CKUHGEV

0.8.8 Fcaekese
Cpeicpse hfhiho esteiho uktug nctushk ihkmsukm iestregibghi phfh su`thkse
mresch bthg yhkm tcrdhfe scwhgtu whgtu, jckfhfhg, fhk shkmht ncpht.
^cnhrh giekes cpeicpse jcruphghk mhkmmuhk phrbgsejhi fejhkh nctushk
kcurbkgbrtcgs scrc`re jckmhge`htghk scrhkmhk pckurukhk gcshfhrhk, pcru`hohk
aukmse jbtbreg hthu scksbreg, pcreihgu hthu cjbsebkhi yhkm ektcrjetck fhk
stcrcbtepeg. Cpeicpse hfhiho mhkmmuhk grbkes phfh bthg yhkm tcrfhpht fe sciuruo
fukeh yhkm fethkfhe fckmhk gcdhkm `cruihkm. Fe `c`crhph `hmehk fukeh, brhkm-
brhkm yhkm jckfcreth cpeicpse fhk gciuhrmh jcrcgh jckcrejh stemjh yhkm `urug
scoekmmh jckmhge`htghk tcrdhfekyh fesgrejekhse.
Cpeicpse dumh fhpht fehrteghk
fehrteghk hfhiho shiho shtu gcihekhk kcurbibme grbkeg
yhkm `esh tcrdhfe phfh scmhih useh tcruthjh phfh useh hkhg. Cpeicpse jcruphghk
jhkeacsthse mhkmmuhk aukmse bthg fckmhk mcdhih yhkm gohs yhetu gcdhkm `cruihkm
hge`ht icphskyh juhthk iestreg kcurbk bthg scnhrh `cric`eohk fhk phrbgsesjhi.
Cpeicpse fethkfhe fckmhk scfegetkyh 0 ghie hthu ic`eo gcdhkm thkph prbvbghse
fckmhk ektcrvhi whgtu ic`eo fhre 06 dhj.
Gchfhhk eke tefhg ohkyh `crfhjphg phfh scme jcfes tcthpe dumh

`crfhjphg phfh kcurb`ebibmes, gbmketea, psegbibmes, fhk sbsehi. Gcdhkm

jcruphghk nere yhkm ohrus hfh phfh cpeicpse, tcthpe tefhg scjuh gcdhkm fhpht fe
fehmkbses sc`hmhe cpeicpse. Gcdhkm cpeicpse ohrus fe`cfhghk fckmhk sekfrbj
cpeicpse. Gcdhkm cpeicpse yhetu tej`uikyh gcdhkm hge`ht `cr`hmhe pckyc`h` yhkm
fethkfhe fckmhk scrhkmhk tukmmhi hthu tcrsckfere. ^cfhkmghk sekfrbjh cpeicpse
hfhiho scgujpuihk mcdhih fhk thkfh giekes cpeicpse yhkm fethkfhe fckmhk gcdhkm
`cruihkm, jciepute `cr`hmhe ctebibme, ujur, bksct, dckes scrhkmhk, ahgtbr pcknctus,
grbkeseths.
Fcaekese jckurut EIHC (Ektcrkhtebkhi Ichmuc Hmhekst Cpeicpsy) Cpeicpse
hfhiho pckyhget bthg yhkm fefcaekeseghk bico shiho shtu gbkfese `cregut
1
 8. Jekejhi tcrfhpht fuh `hkmgethk thkph prbvbghse hthu fuh `hkmgethk rcaicgs
fckmhk dhrhg whgtu hkthr `hkmgethk pcrthjh fhk gcfuh ic`eo fhre 06 dhj.
0. ^htu `hkmgethk thkph prbvbghse hthu shtu `hkmgethk rcaicgs fckmhk
gcjukmgekhk tcrdhfekyh `hkmgethk `cruihkm fhihj 8< thouk gcfcphk shjh1
fckmhk (jekejhi 1<%) `eih tcrfhpht fuh `hkmgethk thkph prbvbghse/ `hkmgethk
rcaicgs.
>. ^ufho fetcmhgghk fehmkbses sekfrbj cpeicpse. @hkmgethk rcaicgs hfhiho
`hkmgethk yhkm juknui hge`ht ekfugse bico ahgtbr pcknctus spcseaeg, scpcrte
stejuihse vesuhi, hufetbreg, sbjhtbscksetea, fhk sbjhtbjbtbr. Cpeicpse
fehkmmhp tcrscicsheghk `hme ekfevefu yhkm jcjeiege sekfrbj cpeicpse
tcrmhktukm useh tcthpe scghrhkm jcicwhte useh yhkm `crihgu hthu jcrcgh yhkm
tciho `c`hs gcdhkm scihjh 8< thouk tcrhgoer, fckmhk tefhg hfh jckmmukhghk
b`ht gcdhkm scihjh 3 thouk tcrhgoer.

0.8.0 Gihseaeghse
Cpeicpse fegihseaeghseghk jckdhfe fuh pbgbg ujuj gihsbaeghse cpeicpse
fckmhk sekfrbj cpeicpse fhk gihseaeghse `crfhshrghk tepc gcdhkm.
h) Gihseaeghse cpeicpse fhk sekfrbj cpeicpse
cpeicpse
@crfhshrghk pckyc`h`
8. Cpeicpse efebphteg 4 `eih tefhg fegcthoue pckyc`h`kyh, cpeicpse phfh
hkhg fckmhk phrbgsejhi bgsepethi
0. ^ejtbjhteg 4 `eih hfh pckyc`h`kyh, icthg abgus phfh scjuh ib`us bthg
`) Gihseaeghse tepc gcdhkm cpeicpse ( `rbwk, 0<<? )
8. Cpeicpse gcdhkm phrsehi (ibghi abghi )
h. Cpeicpse phrsehi scfcrohkh, yhetu cpeicpse phrsehi fckmhk gcshfhrhk
tcthp kbrjhi.
Fckmhk mcdhih jbtbreg 4
• Abghi jbtbreg tefhg jckdhihr 4 cpeicpse phfh shtu `hmehk tu`uo
shdh
• Abghi jbtbreg jckdhihr 4 cpeicpse fe juihe fhre shtu `hmehk
tu`uo fhk jckdhihr jciuhs gcfhcrho ihek. Fesc`ut dumh cpeicpse

dhnsbk.
=
• Qcrsea 4 cpeicpse fescrthe mcrhghk jcjuthr gcphih, jhth, tu`uo
• \bsturhi 4 cpeicpse fescrthe fckmhk ickmhk hthu tukmghe ghgu
fhihj seghp tcrtcktu
• Fescrthe mhkmmuhk abkhse 4 cpeicpse fescrthe hrus `enhrh yhkm
tcrockte hthu phseck jckmciuhrghk `ukye `ukye tcrtcktu.
Fckmhk mcdhih sbjhtbscksbres hthu scksbres spcsehi ( cpeicpse fe
scrthe ohiusekhse scfcrohkh yhkm jckmckhe gciejh phknh ekfrh fhk
`hkmgethk yhkm fescrthe vcrtemb )
• ^bjhtbscksbres 4 tej`ui rhsh gcscjuthk hthu scpcrte fe tusug
tusug dhruj.
• Qesuhi 4 tcrieoht nhohyh
• Hufetbres 4 Vcrfckmhr scsuhtu
• Mustbres 4 tcrgcnhp scsuhtu
• Fescrthe vcrtemb
Fckmhk mcdhih hthu thkfh mhkmmuhk shrha htbkbj (sckshse
cpemhstreuj, punht , `crgcrekmht, jcj`crh, pebrcgse, feihthse pupei)
Fckmhk mcdhih pseges
pseges ( mhkmmuhk aukmse iuour )
• Fesahmeh 4 mhkmmuhk `enhrh jeshikyh jckmuihm suhtu sugu
ghthhthu `hmehk ghiejht
• Fejckseh 4 mhkmmuhk prbscs ekmhthk scpcrte jcrhsh sufho
jckmhihje, jckfckmhr, jcieoht hthu sc`hiekyh. Jukmgek

jckfhfhg suhtu pcrestewh fejhsh ihiu, jcrhsh scpcrte

jcieohtkyh ihme
• Gbmketea 4 mhkmmuhk breckthse whgtu, jcrhsh fere `cru`ho.
• Hacgtea 4 jcrhsh shkmht sckhkm susho, jhrho, thgut
thgu t
• Eiuse 4 pcru`hohk pcrscpse `ckfhyhkm feieoht thjphg ic`eo gcnei
hthu ic`eo `cshr.
• Ohiusekhse gbjpicgs 4 jckfckmhr hfh yhkm `enhrh, juseg,
jcieoht suhtu ackbjckh tcrtcktu fii.

?
 `. Cpeicpse phrsehi gbjpicgs, yhetu gcdhkm fethkfhe mhkmmuhk
gcshfhrhk.
^crhkmhk phrsehi scfcrohkh feegute mhkmmuhk gcshfhrhk
juih juihe `heg gcjufehk `hru jckuruk
• Fckmhk mcdhih phrsehi scfcrohkh H8-H6, mcdhih mcdhih phfh
mbibkmhk H8-H6 feegute fckmhk jckurukyh gcshfhrhk
• Fckmhk Hutbjhtesjc, mcrhg mcrhghk pcreihgu yhhkm tej`ui
fckmhk sckferekyh, jeshi mcrhg jckcihk, jckmukyho, rhut
jugh `cru`ho screkmghie scpcrte gcthguthk, jcjcmhkm ghknekm
`hdu, `crdhihk.
Fckmhk pckurukhk gcshfhrhk scdhg scrhkmhk4 gcshfhrhk
jckuruk scdhg pcjuihhk gcshfhrhk.
• Ohkyh fckmhk pckurukhk gcshfhrhk
• Fckmhk hutbjhtesjc
n. Cpeicpse \hrseh yhkm `crgcj`hkm jckdhfe `hkmgethk ujuj ( tbkeg-
gibkeg )
• Cpeicpse phrsehi scfcrohkh yhkm `crgcj`hkm jckdhfe
`hkmgethk ujuj
• Cpeicpse phrsehi gbjpicgs yhkm `crgcj`hkm yhkm jckdhfe
`hkmgethk ujuj
•
Cpeicpse phrsehi scfcrohk yhkm jckdhfe `hkmgethk phrseh
gbjpicgs ihiu `crgcj`hkm jckdhfe `hkmgethk ujuj.
0. Cpeicpse gcdhkm ujuj
h. Ickh hthu gcdhkm h`shkt ( pctet jhi )
Ickh gohs ( tepenhi h`scknc )
\hfh cpeicpse eke gcmehthk yhkm scfhkm fegcrdhghk tcrockte, jhgh
thjphg jcj`ckmbk, `bih jhth fhpht jcjuthr gchths, thg hfh
rchgse `eih fehdhg `enhrh. @ehshkyh cpeicpse eke `crihkmsukm scihjh
¹ - º jcket fhk `ehshkyh fedujphe phfh hkhg.
• Ohkyh jckuruk gcshfhrhk
5
 • Fckmhk gbjpbkck gibkeg rekmhk. Mcrhghk gibkes rekmhk
`ehshkyh fedujphe phfh gcibpbg jhth hths, sufut juiut, hthu
btbt btbt ihekyh `eihtcrhi.
• Fckmhk gbjpbkck htbkeg. \hfh cpeicpse eke fedejphe btbt-btbt
icocr, ickmhk, thkmhk, tu`uo jckfhfhg jcicjhs scoekmmh
thjphg jckmuihe.
• Fckmhk gbjpbkck gibkeg. \hfh cpeicpse eke, fedujphe btbt-btbt
cgstrcjeths, icocr hthu pukmmukm jckfhfhg jckmcdhkm,
gcphih, `hfhk jckdhfe jcickmgum gc`cihghkm, ickmhk fhpht
kmctui hthu jckmcfhkm.
• Fckmhk hutbjhtesjc
• Fckmhk gbjpbkck hutbkbj
Ickh thg gohs ( htepenhi h`scknc )
• Mhkmmuhk tbkus yhkm ic`eo dcihs
• \cjuihhk fhk `crhgerkyh `hkmgethk tefhg jckfhfhg
`. Mrhkf Jhi
Gcdhkm jebgibkeg
\hfh cpeicpse jebgibkeg tcrdhfe gbktrhgse jckfhfhg,
sc`ckthr, fhpht guht, hthu icjho sc`hmehk btbt hthu scjuh btbt,
screkmghie hthu `cruihkm uihkm.`hkmgethk eke fhpht fedujphe phfh
scjuh ujur.

Gcdhkm gibkeg
\hfh cpeicpse eke tefhg tcrdhfe mcrhg jckyckthg, rcpctetea,
thdhj, fhk tukmmhi juitepic, fe ickmhk tukmghe hthu tbrsb. Fedujphe
scghie phfh hkhg.
Gcdhkm tbkeg
\hfh cpeicpse eke tefhg hfh gbjpbkck gibkeg, btbt btbt
ohkyh jckdhfe ghgu phfh whdho fhk `hmehk tu`uo `hmehk hths,
aihgse ickmhk fhk cgstckse tukmghe. Cpeicpse eke dumh tcrdhfe phfh
hkhg.

8<
 Gcdhkm tbkeg-gibkeg
Cpeicpse eke screkm fedujphe phfh ujur fehths `hieth yhkm
tcrgckhi fckmhk khjh mrhkf jhi. ^crhkmhk fhpht fehwhie fckmhk
hurh, yhetu thkfh thkfhyhkm jckfhouiue cpeicpse. \hseck jckfhfhg
dhtuo pekmshk, btbt btbt sciuruo `hfhk ghgu. Gcdhkm ghgu
`crihkmsukm gerh gerh ¹-º jcket `hkmgethk eke `ehshkyh `crockte
sckfere. Vhreghk khphs jckdhfe fhihj `c`crhph shht ihjhkyh. @eih
pcj`ctugh iufho gctegh gcdhkm jckekmght, juiut jckdhfe `cr`ush
ghrckh ocj`ushk khahs.jukmgek puih phseck gcknekm gctegh
jckfhpht scrhkmhk. ^ctciho `crockte phseck tefur `crhph ihjhkyh,
fhpht puih `hkmuk fckmhk gcshfhrhk yhkm rckfho, hthu ihkmsukm
jckdhfe shfhr fckmhk gciuohk `hfhk pcmhi pcmhi, iciho, kycre
gcphih

Gcdhkm Htbkeg
\hfh gchfhhk eke btbt btbt sciuruo `hfhk jckfhfhg
jcicjhs scoekmmh phseck tcrdhtuo. Gcshfhrhk fhpht tcthp `heg hthu
jckuruk sc`ckthr. Cpeicpse eke screkm fedujphe phfh hkhg.
n. Cpeicpse Gcdhkm thg tcrtbibkmghk
Eke tcrjhsug mbibkmhk `hkmgethk phfh `hye `cruph mcrhg
`bih jhth yhkm retjeg, jckmukyho, mcrhghk scpcrte `crckhhkm,
jckmmemei, hthu pcrkhphshk yhkm jckfhfhg `crockte sc`ckthr.
0.8.> Ctebibme
\ckyc`h` phfh gcdhkm cpeicpse sc`hmehk `cshr `ciuj fegcthoue (efebphteg), screkm
tcrdhfephfh4
8. Vrhujh ihoer, Hspoyxeh kcbkhtbruj
0. Ncfcrh gcphih, ekacgse sestcj shrha
>. Gcrhnukhk NB, ektbgseghse b`ht/hinbobi
6. Fcjhj, mhkmmuhk jcth`bien (oepbmiegcjeh, oepbghiscjeh, oepbkhtrcjeh)
3. Vujbr bthg
1. Gcihekhk pcj`uiuo fhrho (Vhrwbtb, 0<<=)

88
 Ahgtbr ctebibme `crpckmhruo tcrohfhp pckcktuhk prbmkbses. \ckyc`h`
uthjh, ehiho cpeicpsy efbphteg, rcjbtc sejtbjhteg cpeicpsy (P^C), cpeicpsy
sejtbjhteg hgut, fhk cpeicpsy phfh hkhg-hkhg yhkm fefhshre bico gcrushghk
bthgphfh shht pcre hthu hktckhthi. Fhihj gihseaeghse tcrsc`ut hfh fuh dckes cpeicpsy
jckbkdbi, ehiho cpeicpsy efebphteg fhk P^C. Fhre gcfuh tcrsc`ut tcrfhpht `hkyhg
ctebibme fhk sekfrbj yhkm `cr`cfh, jhsekm-jhsekm fckmhk prbmkbses yhkm `heg
fhk yhkm `urug.
Fephkfhkm fhre gcjukmgekhk tcrdhfekyh `hkmgethk uihkm phsnh-hwethk,
fcaekese kcurbibmen fhihj ghethkkyh fckmhk ujur shht hwethk jcjpukyhe keihe
prcfegse sc`hmhe `cregut4
Hph`eih phfh shht ihoer tciho tcrdhfe fcaenet kcurbibmen jhgh fhihj whgtu
80 `uihk pcrthjh sciuruo ghsus hghk jckmhihje `hkmgethk uihkm. Hph`eih fcaenet
kcurbibmen tcrdhfe phfh shht phsnhihoer jhgh rcsegb tcrdhfekyh `hkmgethk uihkm

hfhiho =3% phfh 80 `uihk pcrthjh fhk ?3% fhihj >1 `uihk pcrthjh. Gcnuhie etu,
`hkmgethk pcrthjh yhkm tcrdhfe phfh shht tcrgckh mhkmmuhk bthg hgut hghk
jcjpukyhe rcsegb 6<% fhihj 80 `uihk pcthjh fhk >1 `uihk pcrthjh uktug
tcrdhfekyh `hkmgethk uihkm. ^cnhrh gcsciuruohk rcsegb uktug tcrdhfekyh `hkmgethk
uihkm tefhg gbksthk. ^c`hmehk `cshr ghsus jckukdugghk `hkmgethk uihkm fhihj
whgtu 1 `uihk pcrthjh.
0.8.6 \htbaesebibme
Bthg jcruphghk pusht pckcrejh pcshk (ejpuis scksbreg) fhk scghiemus
pusht pckmerej pcshk (ejpuis jbtbreg). Bthg ehiho rhkmghehk `crduth-duth kcurbk.
k curbk.
\hfh ohgcghtkyh tumhs kcurbk ehiho jckyhiurghk fhk jckmbiho hgteveths iestreg
shrha yhkm `crou`ukmhk shtu fckmhk yhkm ihek jcihiue sekhps. Fhihj sekhps
tcrfhpht zht yhkm fekhjhghk kcurbtrhksjetcr. Hscteigbiek fhk kbrcpekcrprekc
ehiho kcurbtrhkjetcr cgsethtea, scfhkmghk zht ihek fekhjhghk MH@H (mhjh-
hjekb-`uteren-hnef) `crseaht ekoe`etea tcrohfhp pckyhiurhk hgteveths iestreg shrha
fhihj sekhps. @hkmgethk cpeicpsy fenctusghk bico suhtu suj`cr mhyh iestreg fe
bthg yhkm fekhjhghk abgus cpeicptbmck. Fhre abgus eke hgteveths iestreg hghk
jckyc`hr jcihiue sekhps fhk fckfret gc kcurbk-kcurbk fescgethrkyh fhk fcjegehk

sctcruskyh scoekmmh sciuruo `cihohk ocjesacr bthg fhpht jckmhihje juhthk

80
iestreg `cric`eo (fcpbihreshse). \hfh gchfhk fcjegehk hghk tcrieoht gcdhkm yhkm
juih-juih sctcjpht scihkdutkyh hghk jckyc`hr gc hkmmbth/`hmehk mcrhg yhkm
ihek phfh shtu sese thkph fescrthe oeihkmkyh gcshfhrhk. Fhre `cihohk ocjesacr yhkm
jckmhihje fcpbihreshse, hgteveths iestreg fhpht jcrhkmshkm su`sthkseh rcteguihres
fhk ekte phfh tohihjus yhkm scihkdutkyh hghk jckyc`hrghk ejpuis-ejpuis gc
`cihohk bthg yhkm ihek fckmhk fcjegehk hghk tcrieoht jhkeacsthse gcdhkm ujuj
yhkm fescrthe pckurukhk gcshfhrhk.
^cihek etu, fesc`h`ghk bico eksth`eieths jcj`hk sci shrha, scoekmmhi sci
ic`eo jufho jckmhihje pckmhgteahk. Ohi eke tcrdhfe ghrckh hfhkyh ekaiux khtreuj
gc ektrhsciuicr. Degh khtreuj yhkm scohruskyh `hkyhg fe iuhr jcj`rhkc sci etu
jhsug gc fhihj jcj`rhkc sci scoekmmh jckyc`h`ghk gctefhgscej`hkmhk ebk
yhkm jckmu`ho gcscej`hkmhk hshj-`hsh hthu cicgtrbiet, yhkm jckmmhkmu
objcbsthtes gejehwe kcurbk scoekmmh tcrdhfe gcihekhk fcpbihreshse kcurbk.

Mhkmmuhk gcscej`hkmhk eke jckyc`h`ghk pckekmghthk `cric`eohk

kcurbtrhksjettcr hgsethtbreg hthu fcpicse kcurbtrhksjettcr ekoe`etbreg.
Gcdhkm tcrdhfe hge`ht icphs juhthk phrbgsesjhi yhkm `cric`eohk fhre
sc`uho abgus gcdhkm hthu fhre dhrekmhk kbrjhi yhkm tcrmhkmmuh hge`ht suhtu
gchfhhk phtbibmeg. Hgteveths gcdhkm sc`hmehk `crmhktukm phfh ibghse juhthkykhm
`cric`eohk tcrsc`ut. Icse fe bthg tckmho, tohihjus, fhk gbrtcgs scrc`ruj
gcjukmgekhk `cshr `crseaht hpeicptbmckeg, scfhkmghk icse fe scrc`ruj fhk `hthkm
bthg ujujkyh tefhg jcjnu gcdhkm. Fe tekmght jcj`rhkc sci, sci abgus gcdhkm
jcjpcrieohtghk `c`crhph ackbjckh `ebgejehwe, tcrjhsug yhkm `cregut4
8. Eksth`eieths jcj`rhk sci shrha, scoekmmh sci ic`eo jufho jckmhihje
pckmhgteahk.
0. Kcurbk-kcurbk oepcrscksetea fckmhk hj`hkm uktug jcicphsghk
juhthk jckuruk fhk hph`eih tcrpenu hghk jcicphsghk juhthk
jckuruk scnhrh `cic`eohk.
>. Gcihekhk pbihreshse (pbihreshse `cric`eohk, oepbpbihreshse, hthu scihkm
whgtu fhih rcpbihreshse) yhkm fesc`h`ghk bico hscteigbiek hthu
fcaeseckse hshj mhjh-hjekb`uterht (MH@H).

8>
 6. Gctefhgscej`hkmhk ebk yhkm jckmu`ho gcscej`hkmhk hshj-`hsh hthu
cicgtrbiet, yhkm jckmmhkmmu objcbsthtes gejehwe kcurbk scoekmmh
tcrdhfe gcihekhk fcpbihreshse kcurbk. Mhkmmuhk gcscej`hkmhk eke
jckyc`h`ghk pckekmghthk `cric`eohk kcurbtrhksjettcr ekoe`etbreg.
\cru`hohk-pcru`hohk jcth`bien yhkm tcrdhfe scihjh fhk scmcrh sctciho
gcdhkm sc`hmehk fesc`h`ghk bico jckekmghtkyh gc`utuohk ckcrmy hge`ht
oepcrhgteveths kcurbk. ^cihjh gcdhkm, gc`utuohk jcth`bien scnhrh frhsten
jckekmght, icphs juhthk iestreg sci-sci shhra jbtbreg fhpht jckekmght jckdhfe
8<<< pcr fcteg. Hierhk fhrho bthg jckekmght, fcjegehk dumh rcsperhse fhk
miegbieses dhrekmhk. Hscteigbiek juknui fe nherhk scrc`rbspekhies (N^^) scihjh fhk
sctciho gcdhkm. Hshj miuthjhtc jukmgek jckmhihje fcpicse (prbscs
`crgurhkmkyh nherhk hthu fhrho fhihj tu`uo tcruthjh ghrckh pckfhrhohk7 gbkfese
yhkm fehge`htghk bico gcoeihkmhk nherhk tu`uo `cric`eohk) scihjh hgteveths

gcdhkm.
0.8.3 Jhkeacsthse Giekes
Mcdhih fhk thkfh fhre cpeicpse fe`hme `crfhshrghk gihseaeghse fhre Cpeicpse, yhetu 4
8. Gcdhkm phrsehi
Icse yhkm tcrfhpht phfh gcdhkm phrsehi `crhshi fhre sc`hmehk gcnei fhre bthg
hthu shtu ocjesacr scrc`ruj. Gcdhkm tcrdhfe phfh shtu sese hthu shtu `hmehk
tu`uo fhk gcshfhrhk pckfcreth ujujkyh jhseo `heg.
h. Gcdhkm phrsehi scfcrohkh
Mcdhih yhkm tej`ui `cruph gcdhkm jbtbreg abghi, acjkbjckh
ohiusekhtbreg, psegbeiuse, hthu cjbsebkhigbjpicgs. \hfh gcdhkm phrsehi
scfcrohkh, gcshfhrhk pckfcreth jhseo `heg.
`. Gcdhkm phrsehi gbjpicgs
Mcdhih `crvhrehse fhk ohjper shjh fckmhk gcdhkm phrsehi scfcrohkh, tcthpe
yhkm phiekm gohs tcrdhfe hfhiho pckurukhk gcshfhrhk fhk btbjhtesjc.
0. Gcdhkm ujuj
Icse yhkm tcrfhpht phfh gcdhkm ujuj `crhshi fhre sc`hmehk `cshr fhre bthg
hthu gcfuh ocjesacr scrc`ruj. Gcdhkm tcrdhfe phfh sciuruo `hmehk tu`uo fhk

gcshfhrhk pckfcreth ujujkyh jckuruk.

86
h. Gcdhkm H`shks
Oeihkmkyh gcshfhrhk scssht (`c`crhph fcteg) fhk jckfhfhg fescrthe
hjkcseh. ^crhkmhk tcrsc`ut thkph fescrthe pcrekmhthk scpcrte hurh hthu
ohiusekhse, scoekmmh screkm tefhg tcrfctcgse.
`. Gcdhkm Htbkeg
Oeihkmkyh tbkus jckfhfhg fhk `ehshkyh tbthi phfh btbt hkmmbth `hfhk,
icocr, fhk `hfhk. Furhse gcdhkm `esh shkmht sekmght hthu ic`eo ihjh.
n. Gcdhkm Jebgibkeg
Fethkfhe fckmhk gbktrhgse btbt `eihtcrhi sejctres yhkm ncpht fhk sekmght.
Gcdhkm yhkm tcrdhfe fhpht tukmmhi hthu `cruihkm.
f. Gcdhkm Vbkeg-Gibkeg
^crekm fesc`ut fckmhk gcdhkm mrhkf jhi. Gcshfhrhk oeihkm fckmhk ncpht
fhk tbthi fescrthe gbktrhgse jckcthp fhk jhsea fe sciuruo btbt. Jhth

jckmhihje fcvehse gc hths. Ahsc tbkeg `crihkmsukm 8< - 0< fcteg fhk
feegute bico ahsc gibkeg yhkm `crihkmsukm scgethr >< fcteg. ^cihjh ahsc
tbkeg, thjphg dcihs ackbjckh btbkbj yhkm tcrdhfe scpcrte feihthse pupei,
pckmciuhrhk her ieur, fhk pckekmghthk fckyut dhktukm.
c. Gcdhkm Gibkeg
Mcdhih yhkm tcrdhfe ohjper shjh fckmhk gcdhkm jebgibkeg, tcthpe gcdhkm
yhkm tcrdhfe `crihkmsukm ic`eo ihjh, `ehshkyh shjphe 0 jcket.
a. Gcdhkm Vbkeg
Fethkfhe fckmhk ghgu fhk tcmhkm phfh btbt. \ckfcreth screkm jckmhihje
dhtuo hge`ht oeihkmkyh gcscej`hkmhk.

83
 0.8.1 \htowhy
Vrhujh ihoer,
Vrhujh ncfcrh
ihoer, gcphih,
ncfcrh
Ahgtbr efebphteg Gcrushghk kcurbk
Gcrushghk fcjhj, mhkmmuhk jcth`bien,
gcphih, fcjhj,
tujbr bthg

\ckurukhk sth`eieshse
\ckurukhk Gctefhg
Gctefhgscej`hkmhk
scej`hkmhk
jcj`rhksth`eieshse
sekhps kcurbtrhksjettcr
kcurbtrhksjetcr

Ekviux Kh gc ektrhsciuicr
ektrhsciuicr
Ekviux Kh gc Fcpbihreshse hscteigbiek (zht MH@HMH@H
jckuruk zht ekoe`etea
jckuruk zht

\ckekmghthk Kh fhihj
\ckekmghthk Kh
Mhkmmuhk phihreshse
phihresh
Mhkmmuhk se (oepcr
phihreshse
phihresh phihreshse)
se (oepcr Gcrushghk `craeger
ektrhsci `cric`eohk

Gctefhg scej`hkmhk
Gctefhg ebk
scej`hkmhk Mhkmmuhk \crscpse
Mhkmmuhk
Kh &Gh
ebk Kh &Gh ^cksbre
\crscpse

Gctefhg
Gctefhgscej`hkmhk
scej`hkmhk
cicgtrbiet
cicgtrbiet
Pesegb Ncfcrh

Mhkmmuhk fcpbihreshse Gcdhkm Esbihse ^bsehi

(gciestreghk syhrha)

Gcshfhrhk Mhkmmuhk Hgteveths btbt

jckuruk pcrcfhrhk fhrho jckekmght

Pcaicgs jckcihk NB jckuruk Jcth`biesjc

jckuruk jckekmght

\crjch`eieths ghpeicr
Hgujuihse
jckuruk

@crseohk Dhihk Pesegb \crause

81
Khphs Vefhg ^crc`rhi Vefhg
0.8.= Gbjpieghse
Gbjpieghse yhkm fe hge`htghk bico cpeicpse hfhiho tcrdhfekyh mhkmmuhk iestreg
fe bthg yhkm tcrdhfe tcrus jckcrus scoekmmh jckmhge`htghk gcrushghk bthg hge`ht
oypbgseh `hoghk `esh `crhge`ht gcjhtehk.
Jckurut @htenhnh (0<<?), gbjpieghse pckyhget cpeicpsy hkthrh ihek7 gcrushghk
bthg hge`ht oepbgseh fhk rcthrfhse jckthi, tej`ui fcprcse fhk gchfhhk ncjhs.
\ur`h (0<<?)4 Pctrhfhse jckthi, EX rckfho, Gcrushghk bthg hge`ht oepbgseh
dhrekmhk bthg (Ohi eke hghk jckyc`h`ghk cacg shjpekm phfh pckurukhk prcsthse
`cihdhr tcruthjh `hme pckfcreth yhkm jhseo fhihj jhsh `cihdhr (pckurukhk aukmse
gbmketea)).
0.8.? \ckhthihgshkhhk
8. Kbk Ahrjhgbibme.
h. Hjhte ahgtbr pcjenu.

`. Jckmoekfhre ahgtbr pcjenu (degh hfh), jeshikyh4 strcss, gbksujse gbpe fhk
higbobi, pcru`hohk dhfwhi tefur, tcrihj`ht jhghk, fii.
0. Ahrjhgbibme.
Jckmmukhghk b`ht-b`ht hktecpeicpse, yhetu 4
h. B`ht-b`ht yhkm jckekmghtghk ekhgtevhse ghkhi Kh+4
Ekhgtevethse ghkhi Kh, jcurukghk gcjhjpuhk syhrha uktug jcmohkthrghk
juhthk iestreg. Nbktbo4 Acketbek, Ghr`hjhzcpek, Ihjbtremek, Bgsghr`hzcpek,
Qhiprbht.
`. B`ht-b`ht yhkm jckekmghtghk trhksjese ekoe`etbr MH@Hcrmeg4
• Hmbkes rcscptbr MH@H, jckekmghtghk trhksjese ekoe`etbre fckmhk
jckmhgteaghk gcrdh rcscptbr MH@H. Nbktbo4 @ckzbfehzcpek, @hr`eturht.
• Jckmohj`ht MH@H trhkshjekhsc, gbkscktrhse MH@H jckekmght.
Nbktbo4 Qemh`htrek.
• Jckmohj`ht MH@H trhkspbrtcr, jcjpcrihjh hgse MH@H. Nbktbo4
Vehmh`ek.
• Jckekmghtghk gbkscktrhse MH@H phfh nherhk ncrc`rbspekhi fckmhk
jckstejuihse pcicphshk MH@H fhre kbk-vcseguihrpbbi, nbktbo4
Mh`hpcktek
8=
0.0 GBK^C\ H^SOHK GC\CPH]HVHK
0.0.8 \ckmhgdehk
h. \ckmujpuihk fhth
8. Hkhjkcsh
h) Efckteths Gieck
Jciepute khjh, ujur, dckes gcihjek, hihjht rujho, hmhjh, sugu
`hkmsh, sthtus pcrghwekhk, pckfefeghk fhk pcgcrdhhk.
`) Gciuohk Sthjh Gieck
\hfh hkhjkcsc eke yhkm pcriu feghde hfhiho hph yhkm fepcriughk phfh
shht etu scpcrte yhkm screkm jckdhfe hihshk gieck hfhiho tcrdhfekyh
gcdhkm `cruihkm fhk pckurukhk tekmght gcshfhrhk.
n) Pewhyht \ckyhget ^cghrhkm
Fhihj pckmghdehk eke jciepute rewhyht tcrdhfekyh scpcrte ghphk juihe

scrhkmhk, stejuius yhkm jckyc`h`ghk rcspbk gcdhkm, fhk sc`crhph dhuo

shht gcdhkm fckmhk rcspbk aeseg fhk psegbibmes gieck. Hphgho
sc`ciujkyh gieck pcrkho jckmhihje trhujh gcphih fhk ekacgse scrth
gcjhkh shdh gieck sufho jcjekth pcrtbibkmhk sctciho jckmhihje
gciuohk. Vhkyhghk tckthkm pcjhghehk b`ht sc`ciujkyh scpcrte b`ht-
b`hthk hktegbkvuishk, hktepercteg fhk ihek-ihek.
f) Pewhyht \ckyhget Fhouiu
\ckyhget yhkm pcrkho fefcreth sc`ciujkyh (hphgho jckmhihje gchfhhk
yhkm shjh scpcrte scghrhkm, scpcrte jckmhihje gcdhkm `cruihkm).
c) Pewhyht Gcscohthk Gciuhrmh
Hphgho hfh hkmmbth gciuhrmh yhkm jckfcreth gcdhkm, pckyhget shrha,
fhk pckyhget ihekkyh.
0. \ckmghdehk \segb-^bsehi-^peretuhi
Gieck hghk ic`eo `hkyhg jckhreg fere, gcthguthk hghk scrhkmhk gcdhkm
`cruihkm fhk fcprcse hghk prbmkbses fhre gbkfese yhkm hghk fhthkm.
h) Hgteveths fhk Esterhoht
Mcdhih yhetu gcicteohk, gcicjhohk ujuj, gctcr`hthshk fhihj

`crhgteveths yhkm fetej`uighk bico fere sckfere hthu brhkm ihek. Vhkfh
8?
 yhetu pcru`hohk tbkus, gcguhthk btbt, mcrhghk ekvbiuktcr, gbktrhgse
btbt.
`) ^erguihse
Mcdhih yhetu oepcrtckse, pckekmghthk khfe, sehkbses.
n) Ciejekhse
Mcdhih yhetu ekgbktekckseh fethkfhe fckmhk pckekmghthk tcghkhk
ghkfukm gcjeo, fhk tbkus saekmtcr.
f) Jhghkhk fhk Nherhk
Mcdhih yhetu sckseteveths tcrohfhp jhghkhk, juhi fhk juktho yhkm
`crou`ukmhk fckmhk hgteveths gcdhkm. Fethkfhe fckmhk gcrushghk
dhrekmhk iukhg fhk meme (ncfcrh scihjh gcdhkm)
c) Kcurbscksbre
Mcdhih rewhyht shget gcphih, gcdhkm `cruihkm, pekmshk, pusekm fhk

rewhyht trhujh gcphih, hkbgseh, ekacgse scrc`rhi.

a) Kycre fhk Gckyhjhkhk
Mcdhih yhetu shget gcphih, kycre btbt, kycre h`kbrjhi phrbgsesjhi,
fethkfhe fckmhk seghp hthu tekmgho ihgu yhkm ohte-ohte, festrhgse,
pcru`hoho tbkus btbt.
m) \crkhahshk
Mcdhih yhetu meme jckmhtup, sehkbses, pcrkhahshk ncpht fhk fhkmghi,
pckekmghthk scgrcse jugus, ahsc pbsteghi hpkch.
o) Gchjhkhk
Pewhyht tcrdhtuo, arhgtur, hfhkyh hicrme. Fethkfhe fckmhk trhujh phfh
dhrekmhk iukhg, pckurukhk gcshfhrhk, gcguhthk tbkus btbt scnhrh
jckyuiuruo.
e) Ektcrhgse sbsehi
Mcdhihkyh yhetu tcrfhpht jhshiho fhihj ou`ukmhk ektcrpcrsbkhi fhihj
gciuhrmh hthu iekmgukmhk sbsehi jcihgughk pcj`hthshk, pckmoekfhrhk
tcrohfhp gbkthg sbsehi.

85
>. \cjcregshhk Aeseg
h) Gchfhhk Sjuj Gieck
\hfh pckmghdehk aeseg scnhrh ujuj screkm fefhphtghk phfh hwhi phsnh
gcdhkm gieck jckmhihje gbkause fhk suiet uktug `hkmuk. \hfh gbkfese
yhkm ic`eo `crht screkm fedujphe hfhkyh pckurukhk gcshfhrhk.
\ckmghdehk uktug pcrestewh gcdhkm pcriu feghde tckthkm `hmhejhkh
gcdhkm screkm tcrdhfe phfh gieck, tepc pcrmcrhghk hthu hgteveths, `crhph
ihjh gcdhkm `crihkmsukm, fesgrepse hurh yhkm jckej`uighk pcrestewh,
sthtus pbsgehi, ihjhkyh whgtu gieck uktug gcj`hie gcdhkm, hfhkyh
ekgbktekck scihjh gcdhkm.
`) ^cihek etu dumh feihgughk pcjcregshhk 1@ yhetu4
• @8 (@rchtoekm)
Ekspcgse hphgho gieck `htug, prbfugse sputuj, scshg khphs fhk

pckekmghthk arcguckse pcrkhphshk yhkm screkm fefhphtghk phfh

gieck cpeicpsy fescrthe hfhkyh mhkmmuhk phfh sestcj pcrkhphshk.
• @0 (@ibbf)
\ckmghdehk phfh sestcj ghrfebvhsguicr tcruthjh feihgughk phfh
gieck cpeicpsy thohp ihkdut hph`eih gieck sufho jckmhihje sybg.
• @> (@rhek)
\ckekmghthk @> (@rhek) jcruphghk pcjcregshhk abgus fhk ic`eo
ickmghp fe`hkfekmghk pckmhgdehk phfh sestcj ihekkyh.

Vekmght gcshfhrhk4 Vekmght gcshfhrhk gieck fhk rcspbks tcrohfhp

iekmgukmhk hfhiho ekfeghtbr phiekm scksetevc uktug fesaukmse sestcj
pcrshrhahk.
Aukmse scrc`rhi, sthtus jbrhi4 b`scrvhse pckhjpeihk fhk tekmgho
ihgu, keihe mhyh `enhrh, fhk b`scrvhse cgsprcse whdho, hgteaeths
jbtbreg phfh gieck cpeicpse thohp ihkdut `ehshkyh jckmhihje
pcru`hohk sthtus jckthi scpcrte hfhkyh mhkmmuhk pcreihgu, hihj
pcrhshhk, fhk pcrscpse.

0<