–Hød nf ch Vglvfrshclzholÿg nf ch _hcun”

Hslkghturh 1 Ilsloh :
Gro 1 85;?9

Ndofgtf 1 Mhcndghnd Mfghobd, Frl` Zdndcid

 Lgtfkrhgtfs 1

  Mhyth Ohgd, \fgny

  Uìrfz Hqulgd, Mlkufc

  Zhrhz _hgndvhc, Hgtbdgy

  Ohcnfrÿgk Xulspf, Hgtbdgy

Buhgohyd - Ufrñ
:58<
 

IÍ_LOH : (^fmpfrhturh y ohcdr)

ohcdr)
:. Fg ugh fsohch nf tfmpfrhturh nfsodgdolnh, fc pugtd nf fjucclolÿg nfc
hkuh fs 95 µ^ y fc pugtd nf odgkfchmlfgtd fs -86 µ^. ´H ouègtd fqulvhcf
??? @ fg krhnds ^

 Fjuccloldg 1 95 µ ^ 

Odgkfchmlfgtd 1 √86 µ ^ 

95 µ ^   ?;? @ µ

>6 µ ^ :;? µ @ 

855 √√√;6
 x √√
√√√
√ >5
 x =6?.?? µ ^ 

?. Vg ochvd nf blfrrd (o=>;5 A/`k.@) quf sf fgoufgtrh h ugh tfmpfrhturh nf

86 µO,
µO, sf ochv
supdgfmds ochvh
quf hfc fg
96 %ugh
ugnf
h th
thjc
chjch
h y suir
suirf
fgfrkíh f ug humf
olgìtloh hu
nfmfgt
uggtd
d nf tf
mhrtlccdtfmp
mpfr
nf frht
htur
8.65 urh.
`kh.quf
_l
sf mufvf h ; m/s sf trhgsi
trhgsidrmh
drmh fg ohcdr, quf icuyf bholh fc ochvd y gd shcf
nf ìc,
ìc, ´ouè
´ouègt
gtdd sfrè
sfrè ch tf
tfmp
mpfrhfrhtu
turh
rh il
ilgh
ghcc nf
nfcc oc
ochv
hvd
d nf 2 k kd kdcp
cpfh
fhndnd 85
vfofs4.
Ochvd 1 Mhrtlccd1

Of =>;5 A / @k@   m =8.6 @k

 @k   v =; m / s  

8 :
^l =86 µ O ↚ :22 µ @  
@   X= 96 %Fo Fo= m Y 
:

<> 8
^h =4   X 8= ( ^i √^l ) A / @    Fo = ∛8.6 @k ´
:6 :

8>;
m= 2 k ↚ 5.552 @k
 @k    Fo = A   (( X= >;.;;6 A ) ∛85= >;;.;6 A 
:

X 8=X :

<>
( ^i √:22 µ @ ) A / @ = >;;.;6 A 
:6

>;;.;6 ∛:6 @ 
^i √:22 ` =
<>

^i = >86.589 µ @ 

^i =8>:.589 µ O 
 

9. Nds cdshs nf odgorftd ( = 8,:x85-6 µO-8 ) nf ug pufgtf nf :65 m nf chrkd

sf odcdohg austd fg sus fxtrfmd
fxtrfmds,
s, nf mdnd quf gd sf pfrmltf
pfrmltf fsphold phrh
ch fxph
fxphgsl
gslÿg
ÿg y fstds
fstds sf fgoufg
fgoufgtrh
trhg
g h ugh tfmpf
tfmpfrht
rhturh
urh nf fqu
fqulclj
lcljrld
rld nf
82µO. _l dourrf ug humfgtd nf tfmpfrhturh nf :µO, ´ouèc fs ch hcturh h ch
ouhc chs cdshs sf fcfvhg ouhgnd sf phgnfhg4.
^=82µO

√2 √8
 Cd =:65 m ∝=8.:∛85 µ O 
^l=82 µ O ^i 
^i =:5 µ O 
 C= Cd ( 8+ ∝ ∉ ^ )
√6 √8
 C=:65 m ( 8 + 8.:∛ 85 µ O  : µ O ∛ )
 C=:65.559 m         ?
        5
8:6.55?
        5
  .
        6
        :
        8
b
8:6 8:6
:65m

b =∑ ´ ´
b =:65.559 m

2. Vg hchmjrf nf hcumlgld sf ndjch fg idrmh olrouchr nfahgnd ugh hjfrturh

nf 8 om. Bhcchr ch gufvh hjfrturh sl uglidrmfmfgtf fs fgirlhnd fg :55µO.
θHc=:.?*85-6 
 Ci = Cl ( 8 + ∝ ∉ ^ )

∉ l =8 om^l=5 µ
√6
 Ni =4 ∝=:.?∛85

 Ni = Nl ( 8 + ∝ HcN^ )

 Ni =8 ( 8+ :.?∛85 ) :55 √5

√6

 Ni =8.55>9 om
 

85. Vgh fsifrh nf odjrf sumfrklnh odmpcfthmfgtf fg hkuh h 85µO tlfgf ug

vdcumfg nf 2555 om?. _l ch tfmpfrhturh nfc hkuh ohmjlh h ;5µO ´Ouèc fs
fc lgorfmfgtd nfc fmpuaf nfc hkuh sdjrf ch fsifrh)4 θ odjrf=8.9*85-6
Yl =2 om^l =85 µ O 

^i =;5 µ O   ∉ F = F :√ F 8

∉ F = ( pkYi  )√( pkY
 pkYll )
∉ F = pk ( Yi √Yl )

Yi =Yl ( 8+ ? ∝ ∉ ^ )

Yi =2 ( 8 + ? ( 8.9∛85 ) (;5 √85 ) )

√6

√6
Yi =2 ( 8 + :.22∛85 )
?
Yi =2.5::?5> m

Bhcchgnd fc lgorfmfgtd nfc fmpuaf1

: 8
∉ F = F √ F
∉ F =<285 ( 2.5:?5> √2 ) =::9.5::>

8:. Vstfn vlfrtf 852 om ? nf fthgdc, h ugh tfmpfrhturh nf -85 µO, fg ug
olclgnrd krhnuhnd lglolhcmfgtf h :5 µO, ccfgègndcd bhsth fc jdrnf supfrldr. Fc
olclgnrd fstè bfobd nf vlnrld odg ug ohcdr fspfoíilod nf 2>5 A/`k.@ y ug
odfilolfgtf nf fxphgslÿg nf vdcumfg nf 8.:x85 -6 @ -80 su mhsh fs nf 5.88 `k.
Ch mhsh
mhsh nf nfcc ft
fthg
hgdc
dc fs nf 2;,?
2;,? k. h) ´Ouèc sfrè ch tfmpfrhturh ilghc nfc
fthgdc,
fthgd c, ugh vfz quf sf hcohgzh fc fqulcljrld tìrm
tìrmlod4
lod4 j) ´Ouègtd fthgdc sf
nfsjdrnhrè nfc olclgnrd hgtfs nf hcohgzhr fc fqulcljrld tìrmlod4. (Uhrh fc
fthgdc1 o = :>:2 A/`k.@0 κ = ;6Û85√6 @ √8)
 

8?. Vg ohcdrímftrd nf hcumlgld, odg ugh mhsh nf 855 k, odgtlfgf :65 k nf

hkuh
hk uh.. Fc ohcd
ohcdrírímft
mftrdrd y fc hkuh
hkuh fstè
fstègg fg fq
fqul
ulclj
cljrld
rld tì
tìrm
rmlo
lod
d h 85
85µO
µO.. Nd
Nds
s
jcdqufs mftèclods sf odcdohg fg fc hkuh. Vgd fs ug trdzd nf odjrf nf 65 k h
25µO
25 µO.. Fc dt
dtrd
rd tlfgflfgf ugh
ugh mh
mhshsh nf ;5 k y dr drlk
lklg
lgh
hcm
cmfg
fgtf
tf fst
fstè h ugugh
h
tfmpfrhturh nf 855µO. ^dnd fc slstfmh sf fsthjlclzh h ugh tfmpfrhturh ilghc
nf :5µO. Nftfrmlgf fc ohcdr fspfoíilod nf ch mufstrh nfsodgdolnh. O hkuh=8.5
ohc/k.µO0 Oohcdrímftrd=5,:86 ohc/k.µO0 Oodjrf= 5.5<:> ohc/k.µO0

Ohcdrímftrd nf hcumlgld1 Hkuh1

m= 855 k  m =:65 k

Of =5.:8 ohc / k µ O   Of =8 ohc / k µ O  

´ =85 µ O 
Jcdquf nf odjrf1 Jcdquf nfsodgdolnd1

m= 65 k  m =;5 k

Of =5.5<:> ohc / k µ O   ´ =855 µ O 

´ =25 µ O   Of =4 ^i =:5 µ O 

Xhjs=√ Xofnlnh

√´ ) + m : Of : (^i   √´
m 8 Of 8 ( ^i   √´ √´ ) + m ? Of ? ( ^i √´ )=m > Of > ( ^i √´ )
- Nf
Nfsp
spfah
fahmd
mds
s Of
Of>
> quf
quf fs fc
fc jcdq
jcdquf
uf nfs
nfsod
odgdo
gdoln
lnd1
d1

( m 8 Of 8 ( ^i √´ ) + m : Of : ( ^i √´ )+ m ? Of ? ( ^i  √´

 √ ´ ) )
Of > =
m > ( ^i √´ )

∛
855 5.:86 :5 ( √85 ) + :65∛8 ( :5 √85 ) + 65∛5.5<:> ( :5√ 25 )
Of > =
;5 ( :5 √855 )

Of > =5.>?6 ohc / k µ O ↚ Fc mhtf

mhtfrlh
rlhcc nf
nfso
sodg
dgdo
doln
lnd
d fs fcjfr
fcjfrlc
lcld
ld
86. Yhpdr h 855µO sf hkrfkh h blfcd h 5µO. h) Fgoufgtrf ch ohgtlnhn nf blfcd
nfrrftlnd
nfrrft lnd y ch tfmpfrhturh
tfmpfrhturh ilghc ouhgnd
ouhgnd ch mhsh nf vhpdr fs 85 k y ch mhsh
nf blfcd fs 65 k. j) ´Xuì phshríh sl4 Zfplth ouhgnd ch mhsh nf vhpdr fs 8 k
y ch mhsh nf blfcd fs 65 k. (Uhrh fc hkuh1 O blfcd= :855 A/`k.@, C iuslÿg=??>Û85?
 A/`k, ohkuh=>8<5 A/`k.@, Cvhpdrlzholÿg= ::69Û85? A/`k)

h) X8= o
ohcd
hcdrr phrh iugn
iugnlr
lr fc bl
blfcd
fcd=mb
=mbCi 
Ci 
√? ?
´ 65∛ 85 ∛??> ∛85
:
´ 89;∛85 A 
X?= ohcdr nf ch odgnfgsholÿg nfc vhpdr=mvCv

´ 85∛85√ ∛::6<∛85
? ?

:
´ ::6.9∛85 A 
: : :
´ ::6.9∛85 √89;∛85 =62.9∛85 A 
 

Odg fstf ohcdr pdnfmds ccfvhr cds sfk nf hkuh bhsth ch tfmpfrhturh µO1

mbOh ( ^ √d )=mvOh (855 √^ )+ 5.629∛85

>

65 ∛85√ ∛>8<5 ^ =85∛85√ ∛>8<5 ( 855 √^  ) )+ 5.629∛85

? ? >

65 ∛85√ ∛>8<5 ^ =>8<5 ^ + 5.629∛85

? >

>

+
6>8<5 ^  >8<5 ^  = 5.629 ∛85
√ ?
65 85 ∛
>
2?25 ^  =88.;:∛85
>
88.;: 85 ∛
^ = ↚ ^ =8> µ O 
2?25

j) X8= ohcd
ohcdrr phrh
phrh iugnlr
iugnlr fc
fc blf
blfcd
cd mbCi 
mbCi 

´ 65∛85√ ∛??>∛85
? ?

:
´ 89;∛85 A 
X:= ohcdr nf ch odgnfgsholÿg nfc vhpdr=mvCv

´ 85√ ∛::69∛85
? ?

>
´ 5.::6 . ´ 9∛85 A 
X?= ohcdr nfc vhpdr odgnfgshnd jhad h 5µO

mvOh ( 855 √5 )= ( 85 ) >8<5∛855

√?

>
´ 5.>8<∛85 A 
> >
odmd X :+ X ? =5.::69∛85 + 5.>8<∛85
odmd

>
´ 5.9>>9∛85 A 
>
 X 5.9>>9∛85
m=  = ?
 Ci  ??>∛85

√:
m= 8.<?∛85 k

Ch tfmpfrhturh ilghc fs 5µO

( 8.<?∛85√ + 8 )=8.58<? k nf hk
:
hkuh
uh

( 65 √8.<?∛85√ )= ><.<25; k nf bl
blfc
:
fcd
d
 

89.´Ouègtd ohcdr (fg A) sf rfqulfrf phrh odgvfrtlr 86 k nf blfcd h -85µO fg

vhpd
vh pdrr h 885µ
885µO4
O4.. (Uhrh
(Uhrh fc hkuh hkuh11 O blfcd= :855
:855 A/
A/`k.@,, Ciuslÿg=??>Û85?  A/`k,
`k.@
ohkuh=>8<5 A/`k.@, Cvhpdrlzholÿg= ::69Û85? A/`k)

- Urlm
Urlmfrd
frd ttfgf
fgfmds
mds qquf
uf p
phsh
hshrr nf bblfcd
lfcd quf sf fgouf
fgoufgtr
gtrh h h -8
-85µO
5µO h hku
hkuh
h
h 5µO nf ch slkulfgtf mhgfrh1
^l =√85.5 + :;? =:9? @ 
^i = 5 + :;?=:;? @ 
- OdOdgv
gvfr
frtl
tlmd
mdssf fcc 8
86k
6k h 5
5.5
.586
86`k
`k
X 8=m∛Of∛∉ t 
X 8=5.586 @k∛:855 A / @k@ ∛ ∛((^i √^l )
X 8=5.586 @k∛:855 A / @k@ ∛85 @ 
X 8=?86 A 
- Bhcch
Bhcchmd
mdssffcc o
ohc
hcdr
dr nf iuslÿ
iuslÿg
g nf
nf bblf
lfcd
cd11
X :=m∛ Ci 
?
X := 5.586 @k∛??>∛85 A / @k
X :=6585 A 
- Odmd yh sf phsÿ nfc fsthnd sÿclnd h cíqulnd, hbdrh sf vh h phshr hc
h c hkuh quf fstè fg
5µO h vhpdr nf 885µO1
^l=5 + :;?=:;? @ 
^i =885 + :;?=?2? @ 
X ?=m∛Of∛∉ t 
X ?=5.586 @k∛>8<5 A / @k@ ∛( ^i  √  √^l )
X ?=5.586 @k∛>8<5 A / @k@ ∛85 @ 
X ?=9:2.6 A 
- Hbdrh sf bhcch fc ohcdr nf vhpdrlzholÿg1
X > =m∛ Ci 
?
X > =5.586 @k∛::69∛85 A / @k
X > = ??2>5 A 
- Hbdrh ch fgfrkíh gfofshrlh phrh ug oujd nf blfcd h -85.5µO h vhpdr 885µO fs1
X 8+ X : + X ? + X > =?<;<?.6
?
X^ = ?<;<?.6∛85 A 
 

 ZÑJZLOH NF FYHCVHOLßG

  fshrrdcch fc Gd _l
trhjhad fg krupd 5pugt >pugt

fshrrdccd nf Mfgds nfc 65 % Nfshrrdcch fc 65 % Mès nfc 65% Odmpcftd

fafrololds 8pugt :pugt ?pugt >pugt
Fstrhtfklh fg ch Gd prfsfgth Fxpcloh phrolhcmfgtf Fxpcloh phrolhcmfgtf Fxpcloh chs
rfsdcuolÿg nf cds fstrhtfklhs fg ch chs fstrhtfklhs h chs fstrhtfklhs h fstrhtfklhs h sfkulr 
fafrololds rfsdcuolÿg nf cds sfkulr fg ch sfkulr fg ch fg tdnds cds
fafrololds rfsdcuolÿg nf cds rfsdcuolÿg nf tdnds fafrololds
5pugt fafrololds cds fafrololds >pugt
:pugt ?pugt
Urfsfgtholÿg Gd prfsfgth odg Urfsfgth Urfsfgth cds
nlnèotloh nf cds ochrlnhn fc phrolhcmfgtf ug fafrololds phsd h
fafrololds nfshrrdccd nf cds nfshrrdccd ochrd, tlpd phsd, odg
fafrololds, gd nf cftrh hnfouhnh, fxpcloholdgfs iíslohs
fxpcloh d gd nh krèilods fgtfgnljcfs, y mhtfmètlohs, ush
nfthccfs nf phsd h phsd odg odcdrfs fg idrmh
rfsdcuolÿg fxpcloholdgfs nlsorfth.
8pugt odrrfspdgnlfgtfs >pugt
:pugt
Vsd nf uglnhnfs Gd odcdoh uglnhnfs Odcdoh uglnhnfs Odcdoh chs uglnhnfs
fg tdnd fc trhjhad phrolhcmfgtf fg sus odrrfspdgnlfgtfs fg
5pugt rfsucthnds ilghcfs tdnds sus rfsucthnds
:pugt >pugt