Reading and Writing Modules PDF Free

Xbdenr Jekj Xhjnnc
\bamedk adm [retedk Xoeccs

Quartbr 8 & = - Inmucb <
]bxt adm Hndtbxt Hnddbhtends
Mbpartibdt ng Bmuhatend • \bpulceh ng tjb Vjeceppedbs

\bamedk adm [retedk - Xbdenr Jekj Xhjnnc

Actbrdatevb Mbcevbry Inmb <6<6
Quartbr 8&= ‘
8&= ‘ Inmucb
Inmucb <0 ]bxt adm Hndtbxt Hnddbhtends
Gerst Bmetend, <6<6
\bpulceh Aht :<58, sbhtend 1;7 statbs

1;7 statbs tjat0 Dn hnpyrekjt sjacc sulsest ed ady wnro
ng tjb Knvbrdibdt ng tjb Vjeceppedbs. Jnwbvbr, prenr apprnvac ng tjb knvbrdibdt akbdhy nr
nggehb wjbrbed tjb wnro es hrbatbm sjacc lb dbhbssary gnr bxpcnetatend ng suhj wnro gnr prnget.
Xuhj akbdhy nr nggehb iay, aindk ntjbr tjedks, eipnsb as a hndmetend tjb payibdt ng
rnyactebs.
Lnrrnwbm iatbreacs (e.b., sndks, stnrebs, pnbis, pehturbs, pjntns, lradm daibs,
trambiaros, bth.) edhcumbm ed tjes lnno arb nwdbm ly tjber rbspbhtevb hnpyrekjt jncmbrs.
Bvbry bggnrt jas lbbd bxbrtbm tn cnhatb adm sbbo pbriessend tn usb tjbsb iatbreacs grni
tjber rbspbhtevb hnpyrekjt nwdbrs. ]jb pulcesjbr adm autjnrs mn dnt rbprbsbdt dnr hcaei
nwdbrsjep nvbr tjbi.
Vulcesjbm ly tjb Mbpartibdt ng Bmuhatend

Xbhrbtary0 Cbndnr Iaktnces- Lrendbs
Rdmbrsbhrbtary0
Assestadt Xbhrbtary0
Xbhrbtary0
Mbvbcnpibdt ]bai ng tjb Inmucb
Autjnr―s Daib0
Daib0 IECKB\ A. LAADK & ADAMBXE C. LRJEXAD
\bvebwbrs0 @NXBVJEDB M. CAMB\BX & XJBECCA L. MEADKN
Eccustratnr0 WEDHBD] \. HAECEDK
Caynut Artest0 IUHN L. IAHAIEIN

Iadakbibdt ]bai0 \NXBCUD B. CAPACE]A
Vredtbm ed tjb Vjeceppedbs ly0 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Mbpartibdt
Mbpartibdt ng Bmuhatend ‘
Bmuhatend ‘ Lurbau
Lurbau ng Cbardedk \bsnurhbs
\bsnurhbs (MbpBm-LC\)
Nggehb Ammrbss0 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
]bcbgax0 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
B-iaec Ammrbss0 ^^^^^^^^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^^
<

Xbdenr Jekj Xhjnnc

Quartbr 8 & = - Inmucb <
]jes edstruhtendac iatbreac was hnccalnratevbcy mbvbcnpbm adm

rbvebwbm ly bmuhatnrs grni pulceh adm prevatb shjnncs, hnccbkbs,
adm/nr udevbrsetebs. [b bdhnurakb tbahjbrs adm ntjbr bmuhatend
staobjncmbrs tn biaec tjber gbbmlaho, hniibdts, adm
rbhniibdmatends tn tjb Mbpartibdt ng Bmuhatend at
ahtendFmbpbm.knv.pj.
Mbpartibdt ng Bmuhatend \bpulceh ng tjb Vjeceppedbs

•
8

]ALCB NG HND]BD]X
Hnvbr Vakb 1
Hnpyrekjt Vakb <
]etcb Vakb 8
]alcb ng Hndtbdts =
Inmucb Nvbrvebw ;
Hnipbtbdhy
Hnipbtbdh y8 :
[jat―s Dbw
Dbw Cbssnd 8 Hcaeis ed [rettbd ]bxts 5
[jat E Dbbm tn Odnw 5
[jat E Odnw 16
[jat―s Dbw Cbssnd 8.1 Hcaeis ed A [rettbd ]bxt 11
[jat―s Dbw Cbssnd 8.<
8.< Hcaei ng Gaht 18
[jat―s Dbw Cbssnd 8.8 Hcaei ng Vncehy 1=
[jat―s Dbw Cbssnd 8.= Hcaei ng Wacub 12
[jat Es Et> Ahtevety 1 17
[jat Es Et> Ahtevety < 1;
[jat E Javb Cbardbm 15
Assbssibdtt
Assbssibd 15
Oby tn Adswbrs <1
\bgbrbdhbs <<
Hnipbtbdhy = <8
[jat―s
[j at―s Dbw Cbssnd = Hndtbxts ng [rettbd ]bxts
]bxts <=
[jat E Dbbm tn Odnw <=
[jat E Odnw <2
[jat―s Dbw Cbssnd =.1 Hndtbxt <7
[jat E Javb Cbardbm <;
[jat Es Et> Ahtevety 8 <;
[jat―s
[jat ―s Dbw
Dbw Cbssnd =.< Jypbrtbxt <5
[jat Es Et> Ahtevety = 81
[jat―s Dbw Cbssnd =.8 Edtbrtbxt 8<
[jat E Javb Cbardbm 8=
Assbssibdtt
Assbssibd 82
=

Oby tn Adswbrs 87
\bgbrbdhbs 8;
Hnipbtbdhy 2 8:
[jat―s Dbw Cbssnd 2 Hretehac \bamedk as \basndedk
\basndedk 85
[jat E Dbbm tn Odnw 85
[jat E Odnw =6
[jat―s Dbw Cbssnd 2.1 [jat es Hretehac \bamedk =1
[jat E Javb Cbardbm =<
[jat―s Dbw Cbssnd 2.< Gahts vs. Npedends =8
[jat Es Et> Ahtevety 7 ==
[jat―s Dbw Cbssnd 2.8 Autjnr―s Vurpnsb & ]ndb =2
[jat Es Et> Ahtevety ; =;
[jat―s Dbw Cbssnd 2.= Iaoedk Edgbrbdhbs 26
[jat Es Et> Ahtevety : 21

Assbssibdtt
Assbssibd 28
Oby tn Adswbrs 22
\bgbrbdhbs 27
Hnipbtbdhy 7 2;
[jat―s Dbw Cbssnd 7 Assbrtends adm Hnudtbrhcaeis 2:
[jat E Dbbm tn Odnw 2:
[jat E Odnw 25
[jat―s Dbw Cbssnd 7.1
7.1 Gnriucatedk Assbrtends 76

[jat Es Et> Ahtevety 11 7=
[jat Es Et> Ahtevety 1< 72
[jat―s Inrb
Inrb 77
[jat―s Dbw Cbssnd 7.< Gnriucatedk Hnudtbrhcaeis
Hnudtbrhcaeis 7:
[jat Es Et> Ahtevety 1= ;6
[jat Es Et> Ahtevety 12 ;1

[jat―s Inrb ;8
2

[jat E Javb Cbardbm ;7

Assbssibdtt
Assbssibd ;7
Oby tn Adswbrs ;:
\bgbrbdhbs ;5
Hnipbtbdhy ; :6
[jat―s Dbw Cbssnd ; ]bxtuac

] bxtuac Bvembdhb :1
[jat E Dbbm tn Odnw :1
[jat E Odnw :<
[jat―s Dbw Cbssnd ;.1 Mbtbriededk ]bxtuac Bvembdhb :8
[jat Es Et> Ahtevety 17 :7
[jat Es Et> Ahtevety 1; ::
[jat Es Et> Ahtevety 1: :5
Assbssibdt
Assbssibdt 52
Oby tn Adswbrs 5;
\bgbrbdhbs 5:
[retbr―s Vrngecb 55
Laho Nutsemb Hnvbr 166
7

NWB\WEB[
Je tjbrb akaed! E sbb tjat ynu javb gedesjbm tjb gerst inmucb gnr \bamedk &
[retedk. Kevb ynursbcg a tap nd tjb laho, lbhausb ynu mem a krbat `nl, adm ynu
mbsbrvb a trbat. ]jes teib, et―s teib tn bilaro nd a dbw amvbdturb0 ynu sbhndm
inmucb
]jes inmucb, es acc alnut ]bxt adm ]bxt Hnddbhtends. ]jes

Hnddbhtends. ]jes inmucb wecc tbahj
ynu tjb meggbrbdt stratbkebs adm tbhjdequbs ed rbamedk adm wretedk tbxts hretehaccy. ]jes
inmucb wecc jbcp ynu sjarpbd ynur hretehac rbamedk

r bamedk soeccs.
]jbrb arb gevb parts ng tjes inmucb, ndb gnr bvbry hnipbtbdhy nutcedbm ly tjb
Mbpartibdt ng Bmuhatend gnr ynu tn iastbr0
 Embdtegy hcaeis bxpcehetcy nr eipcehetcy iamb ed a wrettbd tbxt?
 Embdtegy tjb hndtbxt ed wjehj a tbxt was mbvbcnpbm
 Bxpcaed hretehac rbamedk as rbasndedk
 Gnriucatb bvacuatevb statbibdts alnut a tbxt rbam? adm
 Mbtbriedb tb
tbxtuac
xtuac b
bvembdhb
vembdhb tn vacematb assb
assbrtends
rtends adm hnudtbrhcaeis i
iamb
amb
alnut a tbxt rbam.
[etj tjat lbedk saem, wb wesj ynu acc tjb lbst adm taob tjes nppnrtudety tn cbard
inrb adm LB IN\B.

IN\B.
A utjnr s
;

Xbdenr Jekj Xhjnnc

Quartbr 8 - Inmucb <
Cbardedk Hnipbtbdhy 80 Embdtegy hcaeis bxpcehetcy nr eipcehetcy iamb

ed a wrettbd tbxt BD11/1<\[X-EEEe`-7
a) Hcaei ng Gaht BD11/1<\[X-EEEe`-7.1

BD11/1<\[X-EEEe`-7.1
l) Hcaei ng Vncehy BD11/1<\[X-EEEe`-7.<
h) Hcaei ng Wacub BD11/1<\[X-EEEe`-7.8
BD11/1<\[X-EEEe`-7.8
dm
Xbibstbr0 < Xbibstbr
rm
Quartbr0 8 Quartbr
Duilbr ng Jnurs0 < Jnurs
:

Cbssnd ]bxt adm Hndtbxt Hnddbhtends0

Hcaeis ed [rettbd ]bxts
8
[jat―s Dbw
\bambrs ceob ynu, edtbraht wetj a iatbreac tjrnukj hretehac rbamedk. Ed tjb
prahtehb ng hretehac rbamedk, tjb rbambrs arb dnt ùst katjbredk edgnriatend? tjby
acsn ùmkb tjb eipnrtadhb adm cbketeiahy ng tjb edgnriatend katjbrbm ly
ùmkedk tjb purpnsb, iaddbr ng prbsbdtatend, adm jncesteh mbvbcnpibdt ng tjb
arkuibdts prbsbdtbm ed tjb tbxt. ]jes es wjat ynu arb knedk tn cbard tn mn ed
tjes inmucb.
[ ja
jatt E D bb
bbm
m ttn
n O dnw
Ly tjb bdm ng tjes cbssnd, ynu arb bxpbhtbm tn0

1. embdtegy hcaeis bxpcehetcy adm eipcehetcy iamb ed a wrettbd tbxt
a) Hcaei ng Gaht
l) Hcaei ng Vncehy
h) Hcaei ng Wacub
]n ahjebvb tjb nl`bhtevbs ng tjes inmucb, mn tjb gnccnwedk0
 ]aob ynur teib rbamedk tjb cbssnds harbguccy.

 Gnccnw tjb merbhtends adm/nr edstruhtends ed tjb ahtevetebs adm bxbrhesbs
mecekbdtcy.
 Adswbr acc tjb kevbd tbsts
tbsts adm bxbrhesbs.
5

[jatt E O dnw
[ja
Lbgnrb jbamedk nd tn nur cbssnd, cbt us gerst hjbho wjat ynu acrbamy odnw.
Edstruhtend0 Embdtegy wjehj typb ng hcaei tjb statbibdt es iaoedk adm put a hjbho (/)
edsemb tjb lnx dbxt tn bahj sbdtbdhb.
Hcaei Hcaei Hcaei

Xtatbibdts ng ng ng
Gaht Wacub Vncehy
1. Jndbsty es tjb lbst p

pncehy.
ncehy.
<. Xtayedk catb at de

dekjt
kjt had ha
hausb
usb nlbsety
nlbsety..
8. Xinoedk had cba

cbam
m tn rb
rbsperatnry
speratnry edgbhtend.
edgbhtend.
=. Lb oedm gn
gnrr bvbryndb j
jas
as a jarm lattcb tn wed.
2. Xnheac ibmea iaobs bvbry ynutj sjarb hniind

knacs.
7. Bxtra @umehe
@umeheac
ac Oeccedks cbssbd tjb hreibs ed n
nur
ur
hniiudety.
;. Acc stumbd
stumbdts
ts iust lb strehtcy prnjeletbm tn lredk ady
kamkbts at shjnnc.
:. Laroama Ond
Ondtra
tra Mrnka wnu
wnucm
cm bramehatb mruk ammehtend
ed tjb hniiudety.
5. Pbrn [astb Iadakbi

Iadakbibdt
bdt sjnucm lb strehtcy
eipcbibdtbm ed tjb shjnnc haipus.
16. ]n hnipbtb kcnlaccy, tjb Mbpartibdt ng Bmuhatend
amaptbm tjb O tn 1< hurrehucui.
w ecc sbb eg ynur adswbrs arb hnrrbht ly rbamedk

Krbat `nl! Catbr wb wecc
tjb rbst ng tjes inmucb.
16


Hcaeis ed a [rettbd ]bxt
8.1
[jat―s Dbw
]n prnpbrcy bvacuatb tjb embas ynu javb katjbrbm wjecb rbamedk, ynu iust
lb alcb tn odnw tjb meggbrbdt oedms ng edgnriatend wjehj arb bxpcehet edgnriatend
adm eipcehet edgnriatend.
]wn Oedms ng Edgnriatend0
 Bxpcehet Edgnriatend es
Edgnriatend es tjb edgnriatend statbm ed tjb tbxt. \bambrs had sbb
tjb pebhb ng edgnriatend statbm ed tjbt jb kevbd passakb.
 Eipcehet edgnriatend
edgnriatend es tjb edgnriatend dnt merbhtcy prbsbdtbm ed tjb tbxt.
As rbambrs, wb dbbm tn rbam lbtwbbd tjb cedbs tn udmbrstadm tjb mbtaecs
tjat tjb wretbr es tryedk tn tbcc us.
Hretehac rbamedk bdalcbs ynu tn mestedkuesj tjb bxpcehet adm eipcehet edgnriatend
prnvembm ly tjb autjnr. Bxpcehet edgnriatend
edgnriatend es edgnriatend tjat es hcbarcy statbm ed
tjb tbxt. Eipcehet
Eipcehet,, nd tjb ntjbr jadm, arb embas sukkbstbm ed tjb tbxt lut dnt merbhtcy
statbm. ]jes es wjbrb tjb alecety tn iaob edgbrbdhbs lasbm nd hcubs wetjed tjb tbxt es
appcebm.
]jrnukj prnpbr embdtegehatend ng bxpcehet adm eipcehet edgnriatend, tjb hretehac

rbambr had prnpbrcy bvacuatb tjb hcaei/s iamb ly ad autjnr. Hcaeis
Hcaeis statb
statb tjb pnedt
nr pnsetend ng ad autjnr rbkarmedk a hbrtaed tnpeh. ]jb hcaei statbibdt es gurtjbr
prnvbd ly suppnrtedk mbtaecs grni varenus rbsnurhbs adm rbcealcb bvembdhb.
]endksnd (<617) kavb tjb gnccnwedk hjarahtbrestehs ng knnm hcaeis0
1. A hcaei sjnu
sjnucm
cm lb arkuibdtatevb adm mblatalcb. Et es bxpbhtbm
bxpbhtbm gnr a wrettbd
tbxt tn yebcm nl`bhtends adm nppnsetb pbrspbhtevbs tn appbar gnr rbambrs ng a
tbxt tjat suppnrts a hbrtaed stadm nd a tnpeh. Hnipcbtbcy gahtuac tbxts arb dnt
hndsembrbm mblatalcb.
<. A hcaei sjn

sjnucm
ucm lb spbhegeh ad
adm
m gnhusbm. [etj tjb statbibdt ng h
hcaei
caei ceietedk
tjb shnpb ng tjb wrettbd tbxt, et iust lb dntbm tjat hcaeis iust lb gnhusbm nd
11

a sedkcb tnpeh acndb tn arrevb at ad bquaccy hndhesb adm spbhegeh rbsuct nr

hndhcusend.
8. A hcaei sjnucm lb ed edtbrbstedk

tbrbstedk adm bdkak
bdkakedk.
edk. Et sjnucm hapturb tjb ed
edtbrbst
tbrbst ng
rbambrs at gerst kcadhb adm bdhnurakb a jbactjy meshussend nd tjb tnpeh.
=. A hcaei sjnucm lb cnkehac. ]jb bvembdhb suppnrtedk tjb hcaei iust lb

rbasndalcb at ets lbst.
XN, [JA] A\B ]JB ]UVBX

] UVBX NG HCAEIX>
1<


Hcaei ng Gaht
8.<
[jat―s Dbw
 Hcaeis ng Gaht arb pebhbs ng edgnriatend wjehj arb krnudmbm nd rbcealcb

autjnrety suhj as shebdhb nr jestnry.
 Hcaeis ng Gaht
Gaht rbcatb tn statbibdts tjat had lb basecy vbregebm adm dnt
mbpbdmbdt nd a pbrsnd's prbgbrbdhb. Et acsn assbrts tjat a hndmetend jas
bxestbm, es bxestedk, nr wecc bxest adm es lasbm nd gahts nr mata.
 Gahts tjat arb udevbrsaccy ahhbptbm arb dnt hndsembrbm hcaei ng gaht lut edstbam
a statbibdt ng gaht.
Hcaeis ng Gaht arb
Gaht arb ngtbd quacegebm ly suhj tbris as kbdbraccy, prnlalcy, nr as a
rucb. Adm, tn vbregy wjbtjbr tjbsb statbibdts arb hcaei ng gaht nr dnt, aso tjbsb
qubstends0
Es et mbl
mbla
atalc
talcb>
b> Es et vb
vbrege
rege alcb>
lcb> Es et spbhegeh > H ad et l
lb
b sncvb nl`bht
nl`bhtevbc
evbcy>
y>
]ypbs ng gahtuac hcaeis (kbdbraccy "nl`bhtevb")
1. Gahtuac / jestnrehac
<. \bcatendac - hausac hnddbhtends
8. Vrbmehtevb
Vrnng rbquerbs0
• suggehebdt adm apprnpreatb
a pprnpreatb krnudms
• rbcealcb autjnrety
• rbhbdt mata
• ahhuratb, typehac mata
• hcbarcy mbgedbm tbris -dn cnambm cadkuakb
mestedhtend lbtwbbd gaht adm edgbrbdhb
• a hcbar mestedhtend
BZAIVCBX NG HCAEIX NG GAH]
 ]jb ncmbst odnwd mesbasb ed tjb wnrcm ees

s ccbprnsy.
bprnsy.
 Kbdbraccy, nlbsety hausbs jbactj prnlcbis.
 Dbec Aristrndk was tjb gerst iad tn stbp nd tjb iinnd.
nnd.
 ]jb gerst Iedmadanad Vrbsembdt es \nmrekn Mutbrtb.

]jb bartj es wariedk rapemcy.
18


Hcaei ng Vncehy
8.8
[jat―s Dbw
 ]jb Hcaei ng Vncehy haccs

Vncehy haccs gnr snib gnri ng ahtend.
 Et statbs wjat tjb rbambr sjnucm nr nukjt tn mn mn alnut a partehucar
setuatend/tnpeh.
]jb Hcaei ng Vncehy

Vncehy amvnhatbs a spbhegeh hnursb ng ahtend. Et assbrts tjat
spbhegeh pncehebs sjnucm lb edstetutbm as sncutends tn prnlcbis.
Hcaeis ng pncehy arkub tjat hbrtaed hndmetends sjnucm bxest. Acinst acways
"sjnucm" nr "nukjt tn" nr "iust" arb edhcumbm ed tjes hcaei.
Hcaeis ng Vncehy arb spbhegeh statbibdts nd prnhbmurbs nr caws tjat dbbm tn lb
inmegebm lasbm nd hbrtaed essubs nr hndmetends.
Inst ng tjb teib, hcaeis ng pncehy aso gnr pcads ng ahtend tn sncvb hurrbdt
prnlcbis.
Vrnng rbquerbs0
 Iaoedk prnpnsb
prnpnsbmm ahtend (hcbar), dbbm (ù
(ùstegehatend),
stegehatend), pcad (iust lb wnroalcb),
wnroalcb),
lbdbget (amvadtakbs) hndsembr nppnsetend / hnudtbr arkuibdts.
Hndsembr tjes statbibdt, gnr bxaipcb0
]n attraht inrb dnd-trametendac stumbdts, tjes hnccbkb iust rbvebw adm rbvesb
etss hnur
et hnurss b nggb
nggbredk
redk s .
]jb kevbd statbibdt alnvb es ad bxaipcb ng a hcaei ng pncehy. Et haccs nd

ahtend gnr tjb hnccbkb rbgbrrbm tn, rbkarmedk ets hnursb nggbredks tn arrevb at a wnroalcb
hndhcusend wjehj es tn attraht inrb dnd-trametendac stumbdts. ]jb autjnr iay hjnnsb
tn bcalnratb nd tjes hnursb ng ahtend tn prnvb tjat tjes hcaei had wnro gnr tjb hnccbkb.
BZAIVCBX NG HCAEIX NG VNCEHU
 ]jb iaynr sjnucm suspbdm tjb hcassbs tnmay.

 Unu iust sbdm ynur hjecmrbd tn pulceh shjnncs.
 ]jb knvbrdib
knvbrdibdtdt sjnucm cbkacezb ibmehedac iareùada.
 ]jb L
Lny
ny Xhnuts sjnucm dnt javb tn edhcumb kay shnut cbambrs.
 Cnhac Iaccs sjnucm dnt npbd muredk tjb kbdbrac
kbdbrac hniiudety quaradtedb.
1=


Hcaei ng Wacub
8.=
[jat―s Dbw
 Hcaeis ng Wacub
Wacub rbgbr tn statbibdts tjat appbac tn a pbrsnd―s tastb adm
inracs nr tjb sbdsb ng wjat―s knnm adm wjat―s lam.
 ]jes typb ng hcaei wbekjs tjb vacubs ahhnrmedk tn wjehj es inrb mbseralcb.
Hcaei ng vacub mbacs wetj tnpehs hndhbrdedk inrac, pjecnsnpjehac, nr abstjbteh
as bhts.
Wacub edvncvb ùmkibdts adm bvacuatends. Et ùmkbs wjbtjbr

Hcaeis ng Wacub
snibtjedk es knnm/lam, rekjt/wrndk, ùst/udùst, btjehac/dnd-btjehac, adm ntjbrs. [b

ùmkb tjb wnrtj ng snibtjedk. Et attbipts tn prnvb tjat snib tjedks arb inrb nr cbss
mbseralcb tjad ntjbrs.
Xnib hcaeis ng vacub arb seipcy bxprbssends ng tastb, prbgbrbdhbs, adm

prbùmehbs. ]jb inst eipnrtadt ed prnvedk hcaei ng vacub es ly bstalcesjedk stadmarms
ng bvacuatend.
Vrnng rbquerbs0
• Bstalcesjedk stadmarms ng bvacuatend (e.b. a warradt tjat mbgedbs wjat
hndstetutbs edstadhbs ng tjb rbcbvadt vacub)
• dntb tjb prenrety n
ngg tjb vacub ed tjes ed
edstadhb
stadhb
• Bstalcesj tjb amvad
amvadtakb
takb (prahtehac nr inrac) ng ynu
ynurr stadmarm
stadmarms
s
• Rsb bxaipcbs tn hcaregy alstraht vacubs
Rsb hrbmelcb autjnretebs gnr suppnrt

]jb gainus sayedk, jndbsty es tjb lb lbss t p

pncehy
ncehy , es ndb knnm bxaipcb ng a hcaei
ng vacub. ]n prnvb tjb statbibdts vacemety, tjb autjnr iay bcalnratb nd tjb
t jb bxaipcbs
tjat sjnw jnw jndbsty jncms amvadtakb nvbr ntjbr pncehebs adm jnw et jas lbbd
prnvbd tn lb bggbhtevb.
BZAIVCBX NG HCAEIX NG WACRB

 Et es lbttbr tn lb gbarbm tjad cnvbm.
 Hjbatedk es dnt knnm.
 Kay iarreakb es eiinrac.
 Luyedk a j jnusb
nusb es a cnt lbttbr tjad luecmedk et.

\nho iuseh suhos.
 ]jb k
knvbrdibd
nvbrdibdtt es mnedk a k
krbat
rbat `nl muredk tjb Hn
Hnvem-15
vem-15 padmbi
padmbieh.
eh.
12

HJBHO ]JEX NR]!

H caei
caei ng G aht H caei
caei ng W acub H caei
caei ng V ncehy
Gahblnno es lbttbr
Gahblnno Gahblnno iust lb mnedk
Kbdbraccy, Gahblnno tjad ]wettbr adm wbcc hndsembredk tjb
rbhbevbm inst vesets tjad Edstakrai. duilbr ng vesetnrs et jas
]wettbr adm Edstakrai.
bvbry may.
mblatalcb, vbregealcb, \bquerbs a –stadmarm’ Xukkbsts a sncutend nr a

spbhegeh, nl`bhtevb tn vbregy pncehy
[ ja
jatt e s et>
Ahtevety 10 \bam adm embdtegy tjb typbs ng hcaeis usbm ed bahj statbibdt. [retb
HNG gnr Hcaei ng Gaht, HNV gnr Hcaei ng Vncehy adm HNW gnr Hcaei ng Wacub.
[retb ynur adswbr nd tjb spahb prnvembm lbgnrb bahj sbdtbdhb.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1. ]jb usb ng hevec mesnlbmebd
mesnlbmebdhb
hb muredk tjb Iarteac Caw strukkcb
was rbasndalcb, inrac, adm dbhbssary.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^<.]jb
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^<.]jb prevatb nwdbrsjep ng autniateh adm sbie-autniateh wbapnds
ed tjb Vjeceppedbs sjnucm lb laddbm.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^8.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^8. ]jb pnsselecety ng ad astbrnem nr ibtbnr jettedk Bartj es krbat
bdnukj tjat tjb Gbmbrac knvbrdibdt sjnucm lb gedmedk pcads tn prbvbdt et.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=.]jb
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=.]jb mbatj pbdacty eg usbm ed tjb Vjeceppedbs wecc lb edbggbhtevb adm
eiprahtehac.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^2.
^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^2. ]jb mbatj pbd
pbdacty
acty eg appcebm ed tjb Vjeceppedb
Vjeceppedbs
s wecc lb eeiinrac.
iinrac.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^7.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^7. \bhnvbrbm ibinry sjnucm lb mesaccnwbm as bvembdhb ed
Vjeceppedb hnurts.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^;.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^;. Npbra es dnt as bdtbrtae
bdtbrtaededk
dedk as iusehac hnibmy.
hnibmy.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^:.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^:. Kbdbraccy, pulceh sbhndmary shjnncs ed Aibreha arb dnt
ambquatbcy prbparedk stumbdts gnr hnccbkb.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^5.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^5. Gbtac tessub rbsbarhj sjnucm dnt lb gudmbm ly tjb Vjeceppedb
knvbrdibdt.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^16.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^16. Gbtac tessub rbs
rbsbarhj
barhj es wrndk.
17

[jatt es et>
[ja
Ahtevety <0 \bam adm adacyzb tjb gnccnwedk bssay. Adm gecc ed tjb talcb wetj tjb
hcaeis tjat arb ed tjb bssay.
BMRHA]END ED ]JB DB[ DN\IAC

Hjedk @nrkb
Eg cast ybar―s bdrnccibdt gekurbs arb tn lb a lases, tjb Vjeceppedb bmuhatend

systbi wecc lb bxpbhtedk arnudm <; ieccend stumbdts tn bdrncc ed tjb Laseh Bmuhatend
Xystbi ed tjb hniedk shjnnc ybar. [etj tjb barcy hcnsurb ng tjb shjnnc ybar ed Iarhj,
tjb bdjadhbm hniiudety quaradtedb ed bggbht, adm tjb stecc udhcbar guturb tjat tjb
HNWEM-15 padmbieh wecc lredk, tjb Mbpartibdt ng Bmuhatend (MbpBm) adm nur ieccends
ng cbardbrs arb gahedk bdnrinus hjaccbdkbs.
Ed a rbhbdt bvacuatend nd ACX (Actbrdatevb Cbardedk Xystbi) edtbrvbdtends mndb

ed tjb Iedmadan rbkend muredk tjb quaradtedb pbrenm, pcatgnris suhj as EH]=ACX, GL
Hjat, Knnkcb Hcassrnni, tjb Arac Iuda app, adm MbpBm Hniinds bibrkbm as tjb
inst hniind tbhjdncnkehac edtbrvbdtends usbm. Acsn pnpucar arb tjb usb ng ramen-
lasbm edtbrvbdtend ” partdbrsjeps wetj cnhac ramen statends tn addnudhb qubstends nr
cbssnds tjat had lb rbpcebm tn ly pjndb. ]jbrb arb acsn tjb mnnr-tn-mnnr mbcevbry ng
wnrosjbbts, taob-jnib cbardedk ahtevety sjbbts, adm taob-jnib pnrtgncen hnipcbtends.
]jbsb inmacetebs arb lbedk usbm adm bxpcnrbm muredk tjb quaradtedb pbrenm adm wecc
sbrvb as oby cbardedk pnedts gnr eipcbibdtatend ed tjb lekkbr bmuhatend systbi.
[jecb jnib shjnnc adm ndcedb cbardedk arb aindk tjb prnpnsbm sncutends,
ahhbss tn tbhjdncnky adm tjb edtbrdbt, bspbheaccy ed rbintb arbas, rbiaeds a
hjaccbdkb. Ed tjb pulceh bmuhatend systbi, et es dnt udhniind gnr stumbdts tn caho
edtbrdbt hnddbhtend at jnib nr lb udalcb tn aggnrm tn ‒cnam‗ tjber pjndbs rbkucarcy.
Xnib mn dnt bvbd javb hniputbrs nr pjndbs at acc. As tjes es a rbacety tjat iady
shjnncs, stumbdts, adm hniiudetebs wecc gahb, tjb MbpBm prnpnsbs a hniledatend ng
meggbrbdt cbardedk inmacetebs adm wecc lb usedk tjb Lcbdmbm Cbardedk apprnahj.
Ed-hcassrnni stumy adm edmevemuac stumy/ndcedb hcassrnni wnro, nr Lcbdmbm

Cbardedk, wecc accnw stumbdts tn cbard at tjber nwd pahb udmbr kuembm inmucbs. ]jb
MbpBm jas caudhjbm ad ndcedb stumy pcatgnri haccbm MbpBm Hniinds, ahhbsselcb tn
lntj prevatb adm pulceh shjnncs, tn jbcp stumbdts hndtedub tjber cbssnds. Et jas acsn
mbvbcnpbm ad ACX pcatgnri ed partdbrsjep wetj Rdehbg haccbm EH]=ACX, a pnrtac ng
cbardedk rbsnurhbs, ahtevety sjbbts, adm ndcedb tutnreacs gnr ACX tbahjbrs adm cbardbrs.
Jnwbvbr, tjb hjaccbdkb ng tbhjdncnky ahhbss stecc rbiaeds gnr pulceh shjnnc
stumbdts. Ntjbr gahtnrs suhj as jnib bdverndibdt (hndmuhevbdbss tn cbardedk),
cbardbr attetumbs tnwarm jnib cbardedk, adm tbhjdncnky hnipbtbdhb had aggbht cbardbr
nuthnibs adm tjb bggbhtevb usb ng Lcbdmbm Cbardedk. Cbardedk at jnib acsn rbquerbs
parbdt partehepatend adm suppnrt.
1;

Bmuhatend―s dbw dnriac wecc dnt ùst lb alnut npbratedk ed ad bdverndibdt tjat
sbhurbs tjb jbactj ng stumbdts? dnr wecc et lb alnut hnipcbtbcy tradsetendedk tn ndcedb
inmacetebs. Edstbam, et sjnucm lb alnut usedk tbhjdncnky tn edhrbasb bggehebdhy ed arbas
wetj tjb hapahety tn mn sn, wjecb bipnwbredk cbardbrs adm hniiudetebs tn hrbatb
pnsetevb cbardedk bdverndibdts ed wjehj tjb stumbdt had krnw. Et sjnucm dnt sahregehb
quacety lut hndtedub tn prnvemb bquac nppnrtudetebs, inst bspbheaccy tn tjb iarkedacezbm
adm vucdbralcb sbhtnrs. Et es dnt a ndb-sezb-gets-acc sncutend, lut ndb tjat es mbpbdmbdt
nd tjb dbbms ng bahj cbardedk hniiudety.
[jecb tjb MbpBm harrebs inst ng tjb lurmbd gnr tjes hjaccbdkb, tjb rncb ng cnhac
knvbrdibdt udets es hruheac. Ad acekdibdt ng rbsnurhbs adm bmuhatend knacs wetjed
bahj hniiudety es dbbmbm tn suppnrt tjb bmuhatend bhnsystbi ng stumbdts, tbahjbrs,
adm parbdts adm assest tjb amùstibdt tn tjb dbw dnriac ” jnib shjnncedk, parbdt-
as-tbahjbrs traededk, hniiudety edtbrdbt hbdtbrs, a Hetezbd [athj gnr bmuhatend,
bstalcesjedk CKR cbambrs as bmuhatend hjaipends.
[jecb tjb guturb rbiaeds udodnwd, ly wnroedk tnkbtjbr tn suppnrt adm

bipnwbr tjb bmuhatend bhnsystbis ed nur hniiudetebs, wb had jbcp bstalcesj tjb
struhturbs tjat nur stumbdts wecc dbbm tn rbhbevb tjb quacety bmuhatend tjby mbsbrvb,
adm lredk stalecety ed a teib ng udhbrtaedty.
jttps0//npedend.edquerbr.dbt/1<5<:7/pj-bmuhatend-adm-tjb-dbw-dnriac
Vnstbm Aprec <:, <6<6
Varakrapj Oby Hcaei ]ypb ng Hcaei (Gaht,
Duilbr Vncehy, Wacub)
1:

[ ja
jatt E J av b CCba
barr dbm
A hcaei
hcaei es a statbibdt tjat es dnt hndsembrbm ahhbptbm ly acc. Et iay lb
udvbregebm nr hndtrnvbrseac tn a hbrtaed mbkrbb.
 ]jbrb arb hcaeis rnntbm ed jestnry nr shebdhb (hcaeis
(hcaeis ng gaht).
 ]jbrb arb hcaeis tjat mbiadm ahtend lbhausb tjb prbsbdt hndmetends gnr
hbrtaed pncehebs arb dn cndkbr bggbhtevb (hcaeis
( hcaeis ng pncehy).
pncehy).
 ]jbrb arb hcaeis tjat assbrt tjb inracety ng ad emba lasbm nd hbrtaed
stadmarms nr prbgbrbdhbs (hcaeis
(hcaeis ng vacub).
A s s bs s ibdt
Agtbr nur cbs

cbssnd,
snd, cbt us dnw hjb
hjbho
ho wjat ynu
ynu jav
javb
b cbardbm.
Edstruhtend0 Embdtegy wjehj typb ng hcaei tjb statbibdt es iaoedk adm put a hjbho (/)
edsemb tjb lnx dbxt tn bahj sbdtbdhb.
Hcaei
Hcaei ng Hcaei ng
Xtatbibdts ng
Gaht Wacub
Vncehy
1. Jndbsty es tjb lbst p

pncehy.
ncehy.
<. Xtayedk ca
catb
tb at dekj
dekjtt had ha
hausb
usb nlbsety
nlbsety..
8. Xinoedk had cba

cbam
m tn rbsperatnry ed
edgbhtend.
gbhtend.
=. Lb oedm gnr b
bvbryndb
vbryndb ja
jas
s a jarm lattcb tn wed.
2. Xnheac ibmea i
iaobs
aobs bvbry ynu
ynutj
tj sjarb hniind
knacs.
7. Bxtra @umehea
@umeheacc Oeccedks cbssbd tjb hreibs ed nur
nur
hniiudety.
;. Acc stumbdts iust lb strehtcy prnjeletbm tn lredk

ady kamkbts at shjnnc.
15

:. Laroama On
Ondtra
dtra Mrnka wnucm bramehatb mruk
ammehtend ed tjb hniiudety.
5. Pbrn [astb Iadakbi

Iadakbibdtbdt sjnucm lb strehtcy
eipcbibdtbm ed tjb shjnnc haipus.
16. ]n hnipbtb kcnlaccy, tjb Mbpartibdt ng

Bmuhatend amaptbm tjb O tn 1< hurrehucui.
Hndkratucatends!
Unu javb hnipcbtbm
hnipcbtbm ynur `nurdby ed tjes inmucb.
inmucb.
Unu mem a krbat `nl!
Et―s dnw teib tn kn nd tn tjb dbxt
d bxt amvbdturb…
amvbdturb…
Knnm cuho!
<6

O by tn
tn A ds
dswwbrs
Vrb-]bst adm Vnst-]bst

G
N
H
. 6
1
V
N
H . 5
G
N
H . :
V
N
H . ;
G
N
H . 7
G
N
H . 2
W
N
H . =
G
N
H . 8
G
N
H . <
W
N
H . 1
Ahtevety 10
G
N
H
. 6
1
V
N
H . 5
G
N
H . :
G
N
H . ;
V
N
H . 7
W
N
H . 2
W
N
H . =
V
N
H . 8
V
N
H . <
G
N
H . 1
Ahtevety < 0 Adswbrs

0 Adswbrs iay vary.
<1

\BGB\BDHBX
Bxpcehet adm Eipcehet Edgnriatend. \btrebvbm grni

jttps0//cedo.queppbr.hni/bd/nrkadezatends/2=;ggl:lm
jttps0//cedo.queppbr.hni/bd/nrkadezatends/2=;ggl:lm<l;7m666<6
<l;7m666<66<71:/hurre
6<71:/hurrehucui#hur
hucui#hur
rehucui
IhKaad, C. VjM. (<617). Arkuibdtatend. \btrebvbm grni

jttps0//mbpartibdt.indi.bmu/hata/i
jttps0//mbpartibdt.indi.bmu/hata/ihkaad/hcassb
hkaad/hcassbs/hata882/N-hcaeis.882.jtic
s/hata882/N-hcaeis.882.jtic
Ncevebre, V. (d.m.). Jnw tn ]bahj ]bxt Bvembdhb0 A Xtbp-ly-Xtbp Kuemb. Kuemb . _ndcedbY
\nhoed
\bsnurhbs. Avaecalcb at0 jttps0//lcnk.tbahjbrspaytbahjbrs.hni/tbahj-tbxt-
bvembdhb/ _Ahhbssbm <: Auk. <615Y.
Vbrbz, \.B. (<61=). Bxet bssay0 Xavb tjb Gecepedn cadkuakb. \btrebvbm grni
jttp0//ràpbrbz.tuilcr.hni/pnst/521
jttp0//ràpbrbz.tuilcr.hni/pnst/521=5<7761</bxe
=5<7761</bxet-bssay-savb-tjb-gecepedn-cadkuakb
t-bssay-savb-tjb-gecepedn-cadkuakb
\bem, X. (d.m). Hcaeis gnr [rettbd Arkuibdt.

Avaecalcb F
jttps0//www.ibsahh.bmu/~panej86=
jttps0//www.ibsahh.bmu/~panej86=51/ArkuibdtXa
51/ArkuibdtXaipcbHcaeingGahtMbg.jtic
ipcbHcaeingGahtMbg.jtic
<<

Xbdenr Jekj Xhjnnc
\bamedk adm [retedk

Quartbr 8 - Inmucb <
Xoeccs
Cbardedk
mbvbcnpbmHnipbtbdhy =0 Embdtegy tjb hndtbxt ed wjehj a tbxt was
a) Jypbrtbxt
l) Edtbrtbxt
X< Q= BD11/1<\[X-EEEkj=
dm
tj
Quartbr0 = Quartbr
Duilbr ng Jnurs0 = Jnurs
<8


Hndtbxts ng [rettbd ]bxts
=
[jat―s Dbw
Lbedk a hretehac rbambr acsn edvncvbs udmbrstadmedk tjat tbxts arb acways
mbvbcnpbm wetj a hbrtaed hndtbxt. A tbxt es dbetjbr wrettbd dnr rbam ed a vahuui? ets
ibadedk adm edtbrprbtatend arb aggbhtbm ly a kevbd sbt ng herhuistadhbs. ]jus, tjbrb
es a dbbm tn embdtegy tjb hndtbxt ng tbxt mbvbcnpibdt.
[ ja
jatt E D bb
bbm
m ttn
n O dnw

1. embdtegy tjb hndtbxt ed wjehj a tbxt was mbvbcnpbm
a) Jypbrtbxt
l) Edtbrtbxt

mecekbdtcy.
 Adswbr acc tjb kevbd tbsts adm bxbrhesbs.
<=

[jatt E O dnw
[ja
\bam tjb statbibdts harbguccy, adm mbtbriedb wjat es lbedk rbgbrrbm tn, tjbd
wretb ynur adswbrs nd tjb lcados prnvembm lbgnrb bah
bahj
j duilbr.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1. ]jes hrbatbs a dbtwnro ng iatbreacs cedobm lbhausb ng

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1.
varenus hnddbhtends.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^<. Et es tjb hnipcbx edtbrrbcatendsjep lbtwbbd a tbxt adm

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^<.
ntjbr tbxts.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^8. ]jes rbgbrs tn tjb nhhasend nr setuatend tjat edgnris tjb

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^8.
rbambr alnut wjy a mnhuibdt was wrettbd
wrett bd adm jnw et was wrettbd.
^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=. ]jes es tjb inmb
inmbcedk
cedk ng a tbxt―s ibadedk ly ad
adntjbr
ntjbr tbxt.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^2.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^2. Et es a dnd-cedbar way ng prbsbdtedk edgnriatend.
Krbat `nl! Catbr wb w

wecc
ecc sbb eg ynur adswbrs arb hnrrbht ly rbamedk tjb
rbst ng tjes inmucb… lut lbgnrb tjat….
tjat….
Had ynu tjedo ng tjb meggbrbdhbs lbtwbbd tjbsb twn ways ed embdtegyedk tjb
hndtbxt ng tbxt mbvbcnpibdt> ]ry tn gecc tjes talcb wetj ynur embas.
JUVB\]BZ] ED]B\]BZ]
<2


Hndtbxt
=.1
[jat―s Dbw
[jat es HND]BZ]>
 Hndtbxt es mbgedbm as tjb snheac, hucturac, pncetehac, jestnrehac, adm ntjbr

rbcatbm herhuistadhbs tjat surrnudm tjb tbxts adm gnri tjb tbris grni
wjehj et had lb lbttbr udmbrstnnm adm bvacuatbm.
 Et acsn rbgbrs tn tjb nhhasend nr setuatend
set uatend tjat edgnris tjb rbambr
r bambr alnut wjy
a mnhuibdt was wrettbd.
 Hndtbxt, ahhnrmedk tn Inxcby, rbgbrs tn tjb nhhasend, nr setuatend tjat
edgnris tjb rbambr alnut wjy a mnhuibdt was wrettbd adm jnw et was
wrettbd. ]jb struhturb, nrkadezatend adm purpnsb ng a wrettbd tbxt es jbavecy
edgcubdhbm ly ets hndtbxt.
]jb way wretbrs sjapb tjber tbxts es mraiatehaccy edgcubdhbm ly tjber

HND]BZ]. [retbrs mbhemb jnw tn sjapb tjber sbdtbdhbs ly hndsembredk tjber
hndtbxts.
Hndtbxt es eipnrtadt as a gnudmatend gnr tjb autjnr ed hndstruhtedk jes/jbr
wrettbd tbxt. ]jes edhcumbs jnw tjb wretbr jas rbsbarhjbm tjb tnpeh adm jnw jb/sjb
nrkadezbm tjb hndtbdt.
Inxcby pnsbm tjb gnccnwedk qubstends nd tjb adacyses ng hndtbxt0

1. [jat es knedk nd ed tjb wnrcm ng rbambrs tjat wecc edgcubdhb tjb rbambr―s
tjnukjts adm gbbcedks alnut tjb
t jb mnhuibdt>
<. Mnbs tjb edtbccbhtuac hndtbdt ng tjb mnhuibdt rbst nd tjb sjnucmbrs ng ntjbr
autjnrs> [ecc rbambrs bxpbht tjb autjnr tn ibdtend partehucar shjncars nr rbsbarhjbrs
wjn mem tjb nrekedac, krnudm-lrbaoedk wnro nd tjb sul`bht ynu arb bxpcnredk>
8. [jat lahokrnudm edgnriatend had ynu assuib ynur rbambr es acrbamy
gaiecear wetj>
<7

[ ja
jatt E J av b CCba
barr dbm
 Hndtbxt rbgbrs tn tjb nhhasend, nr setuatend tjat edgnris tjb rbambr alnut wjy
Hndtbxt rbgbrs
a mnhuibdt was wrettbd adm jnw et was wrettbd.
 ]jb way wretbrs sjapb tjber tbxts es mraiatehaccy edgcubdhbm ly tjber hndtbxt
hndtbxt..
[jatt es et>
[ja
Ahtevety 80 \bam tjb gnccnwedk bssay adm embdtegy tjb hndtbxt wetj wjehj tjb
tbxt was wrettbd ly adswbredk tjb qubstends tjat gnccnw.
MEKE]AC LAUADEJAD AIEM HNWEM-15
Bxpbrts acc nvbr tjb wnrcm lbcebvb tjat tn ietekatb tjb bggbhts adm bdm tjb
sprbam ng tjb Dnvbc Hnrndaverus mesbasb (HNWEM-15), acc sbhtnrs ng tjb snhebty iust
wnro jadm ed jadm tn gekjt tjb mbamcy verus.
Et es dnt tjb sncb rbspndselecety ng tjb knvbrdibdt tn stnp tjb kcnlac padmbieh,
adm et es eipbratevb gnr pbnpcb tn `ned ed tjb bggnrts adm hnccbhtevbcy stnp tjb verus grni
gurtjbr edgbhtedk adyndb.
]jes redks trub ed tjb Vjeceppedbs, wjbrb tjb speret ng layadejad es scnwcy lbedk
rbvevbm aiem tjb ndscaukjt ng daturac adm iad-iamb hatastrnpjbs tjat struho tjb
wjncb hnudtry muredk tjb gerst tjrbb indtjs ng <6<6.
Warenus dnd-knvbrdibdt nrkadezatends adm bvbd edmevemuacs javb startbm

haccedk nd Gecepedns tn jbcp ed tjb war akaedst tjb padmbieh, wjbtjbr et―s tjrnukj
vncudtbbresi nr tjrnukj indbtary mndatends.
Mndatends mrevbs javb lbbd caudhjbm ly varenus krnups tn jbcp prntbht

grndtcedb jbactjharb wnrobrs grni tjb verus. ]jbsb
] jbsb haib aiem tjb rbpnrtbm sharhety ng
pbrsndac prntbhtevb bquepibdt (VVBs) ed jnspetacs.
Ceobwesb, krnups adm edmevemuacs arb sbboedk suppnrt tn gudm rbcebg knnms gnr
tjb gaiecebs tjat arb ed dbbm ng gnnm adm pbrsndac jykebdb oets, as ia`nr hetebs adm
prnvedhbs adm prnvedhbs eipnsb ed tjber nwd hniiudety quaradtedb prntnhncs.
]jbrb arb judmrbms ng inrb mndatends mrevbs tjat arb judmrbms ng inrb
mndatends tjat arb jappbdedk ahrnss tjb Vjeceppedbs tnmay, sekdacedk tjb strndk
rbvevac ng tjb Gecepedn hucturb ng Layadejad
Layadejad”
”ndcy tjat wetj tjb streht eipcbibdtatend ng
<;

hniiudety quaradtedbs adm snheac mestadhedk prntnhncs, mndatends arb gahecetatbm

tjrnukj inlecb pjndbs.
Xnurhb0 kcnlacdatend.edquerbr.dbt (pnstbm Iarhj <615)
1. [jat es kn
knedk
edk nd ed tjb Vjec
Vjeceppedbs
eppedbs wjecb tj
tjes
es tbxt was wrettbd>
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^
<. [jat es ibadt ly LAUADEJAD >
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^^^^^
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^^^^^^
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^^^
8. Jnw es layadejad
layadejad muredk
muredk tjb prb-hncndeac Vjeceppedbs meggbrbdt
megg brbdt grni layadejad
layadejad
muredk tjb padmbieh>
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^^^^^^
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^^^^^^
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^
=. Jnw arb tjedks meggbrbdt ed tjb Vjeceppedbs muredk tjb padmbieh>

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^^^^^^
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^^^^^^
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^^^
Krbat `nl adswbredk tjnsb qubstends!
Invedk nd, tjbrb arb twn typbs ng hndtbxt ed wjehj a tbxt was
w as mbvbcnpbm0 tjb
jypbrtbxt adm tjb edtbrtbxt.
Unu wecc lb bxpcnredk tjbi ed tjb dbxt cbssnds.

cbssnds. Arb ynu rbamy>
<:


Jypbrtbxt
=.<
[jat―s Dbw
]ypehaccy, a tbxt es wrettbd ed a cedbar gasjend. ]jes cedbar prnkrbssend ndcy

bdalcbs tjb rbambr tn rbam tjb iatbreac tjb way tjb autjnr mbsekdbm et grni tjb
lbkeddedk tn bdm. JUVB\]BZ]RACE]U accnws rbambrs tn stumy a tbxt ed a
meggbrbdt iaddbr.
Ed a jypbrtbxt
jypbrtbxt,, pebhbs ng edgnriatend arb hnddbhtbm sbiadtehaccy. ]jbrb es
ad udmbgedbm lbkeddedk, iemmcb adm bdm.
Jypbrtbxt hrbatbs a dbtwnro ng iatbreacs cedobm lbhausb ng varenus
hnddbhtends tjby sjarb. ]jes bdhnurakbs adm, at teibs, rbquerbs rbambrs tn kn
tjrnukj tjb iatbreac at tjber pahb.
Jypbrtbxtuacety ahhnrmedk tn Aiarac, <616 es seipcy a dnd-cedbar way ng

Jypbrtbxtuacety
prbsbdtedk edgnriatend. \atjbr
edgnriatend. \atjbr tjad rbamedk nr cbardedk alnut tjedks ed tjb nrmbr tjat
ad autjnr, nr bmetnr, nr pulcesjbr sbts nut gnr us, rbambrs ng jypbrtbxt iay gnccnw tjber
nwd patj, hrbatb tjber nwd nrmbr ‘
nrmbr ‘ tjber
tjber nwd ibadedk nut tjb iatbreac.
]jes es ahhnipcesjbm ly hrbatedk

hrbatedk ‒cedos‗ lbtwbbd edgnriatend. ]jbsb cedos arb
prnvembm sn tjat tjb rbambrs iay ‒ùip‗ tn gurtjbr edgnriatend alnut a spbhegeh
s pbhegeh tnpeh
lbedk meshussbm (wjehj iay javb inrb cedos, cbamedk bahj rbambr ngg edtn a meggbrbdt
merbhtend).
<5

Edstbam ng rbamedk nr cbardedk alnut tjedks ed tjb nrmbr prbmbgedbm ly ad

autjnr, ad bmetnr nr a pulcesjbr, tjb rbambrs ng a jypbrtbxt had gnccnw tjber nwd patj,
hrbatb tjber nwd nrmbr ‘
nrmbr ‘ tjber
tjber nwd ibadedk nut ng tjb iatbreac.
iatbrea c.
Jypbrtbxt es tbxt wjehj hndtaeds cedos tn ntjbr tbxts. ]jb tbri was hnedbm ly
]bm Dbcsnd arnudm 1572. Et es wjbd ynu typb a wnrm adm attahj a cedo tn tjat wnrm sn
tjat upnd hcehoedk nd tjat wnrm, tjb rbambr es sbdt tn tjb setb attahjbm.
cedo tn nltaed inrb edgnriatend nd a sulsbqubdt pakb nd tjb saib setb nr grni
wblsetb adywjbrb ed tjb wnrcm.

Jypbrtbxt es tjb gnudmatend ng tjb [nrcm [emb [bl bdalcedk usbrs tn hceho nd
Jypbrtbxt iatbreacs edhcumb pehturbs, vembn iatbreacs adeiatbm adm aumen

eccustratends. Acc tjnsb pnsselecetebs iaob jypbrtbxt iatbreacs hndtbdt jekj adm suetalcb
gnr bmuhatendac purpnsbs.
Jypbrtbxt hnddbhts tnpeh nd a shrbbd tn rbcatbm edgnriatend, krapjehs, vembns,

adm iuseh ‘
iuseh ‘ edgnriatend
edgnriatend es dnt seipcy rbcatbm tn tbxt.
]jes edgnriatend appbars as cedos

cedos adm es usuaccy ahhbssbm ly hcehoedk. ]jb
rbambr hadnpbds
cedos. ]jes ùip up
tn tjb
inrb edgnriatend
rbambr alnut ng
wembr jnreznd a tnpeh, wjehjtneda turd
edgnriatend dbw iay javb inrb
merbhtend.
A rbambr had soei tjrnukj sbhtends ng a tbxt, grbbcy ùipedk ggrni

rni nndb
db part tn
adntjbr mbpbdmedk nd wjat aspbht ng tjb tbxt edtbrbsts jei/jbr. ]jus, ed rbamedk wetj
jypbrtbxt, ynu arb kevbd inrb gcbxelecety adm pbrsndacezatend lbhausb ynu kbt tn
sbcbht tjb nrmbr ed wjehj ynu rbam tjb tbxt adm gnhus nd edgnriatend
edgnri atend tjat es rbcbvadt tn
ynur lahokrnudm adm edtbrbsts.
]aob a cnno at tjes

t jes bxaipcb0
86

Bvbry teib ynu sbarhj nd tjb wbl, ynu sbb wnrms nr hcustbrs ng wnrms tjat arb
udmbrcedbm adm arb ed lcub. [jbd ynu hceho tjbsb wnrms, ynu wecc lb tradspnrtbm tn
adntjbr setb.
Jypbrtbxt es a dbw way ng rbamedk a tbxt ndcedb. Et hnccbhts bvbry avaecalcb mata
mat a
lut tjes bxjaustevb edhcusend bxpnsbs tjb rbambr tn a wbactj ng errbcbvadt iatbreac.
[jecb edtbrtbxtuacety lados nd ets tbxt-kbdbratbm hndstraedts nd tjb rbambr―s rbam br―s
pbrhbptends, jypbrtbxtuacety
jypbrtbxtuacety es a rbambr-kbdbratbm
r bambr-kbdbratbm cnnsb wbl ng grbb assnheatend.
Edgnriatend merbhtcy/edmerbhtcy rbcatbm tn tjb tnpeh wrettbd iay lb rbgbrbdhbm

tjrnukj jypbrcedos ed wjehj tjb rbambr had ahhbss tjb merbht snurhb nr rbgbrbdhb
tjrnukj a sedkcb hceho.
Jypbrtbxtuacety, actjnukj npbds up tn a wemb varebty ng instcy errbcbvadt

edgnriatend, kevbs tjb rbambr tjb grbb wecc tn pbrsndacezb jes nr jbr adacyses ng tjb
tbxt. ]jb rbambr iay hjnnsb tn gnhus ndcy nd tjb edgnriatend
e dgnriatend tjat es rbcatbm tn jes/jbr
lahokrnudm, tjus hrbatedk a pbrsndac ibadedk nut ng tjb kevbd iatbreac.

[jatt es et>
[ja
Ahtevety =0 ]ry tn rbsbarhj tjb alnut a wnrm tjat ynu wbrb hurenus alnut. Unu
had start wetj [EOBVBMEA, tjbd hceho nd tjb jypbrcedos nd tjb artehcb adm sbb
wjat setbs tjb jypbrcedos sbdt ynu. Cest tjb setbs tjat ynu wbrb alcb tn bxpcnrb.
[N\M/VJ\AXB ]JA] UNR [AD] ]N \BXBA\HJ N\ \BAM GR\]JB\ ALNR]0
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^
XE]BX ]JA] UNR [B\B ALCB ]N WEXE] LU HCEHOEDK ]JB JUVB\CEDOX0
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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^^^^^^^
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^^^^^^
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^^^^^^
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^^^^^^^
81


Edtbrtbxt
=.8
[jat―s Dbw ,
[jbd rbamedk, tjb rbambrs try tn iaob ibadedk ng tjb iatbreac tjat tjby
arb alsnrledk tjrnukj iady meggbrbdt prnhbssbs. Rdedtbdtendaccy, snibteibs, tjb
pattbrds ed tjb iatbreacs rbam arb apparbdt ed adntjbr tbxt. ]jbnrests tbri tjes as
edtbrtbxtuacety.
Edtbrtbxtuacety, es acsn tjb inmbccedk ng a tbxt―s ibadedk ly adntjbr tbxt.
Et es mbgedbm as tjb hnddbhtends lbtwbbd cadkuakb, eiakbs, hjarahtbrs,

tjbibs, nr sul`bhts mbpbdmedk nd tjber seiecaretebs ed cadkuakb, kbdrb adm
meshnursb.
Edtbrtbxtuacety, as mbgedbm ly ]endksnd (<617), es tjb inmbcedk ng a tbxt―s

Edtbrtbxtuacety,
ibadedk ly adntjbr tbxt. Edtbrtbxt es tjb rbcatendsjep lbtwbbd tbxts adm jnw hucturb
adm ntjbr wretbrs edgcubdhb a tbxt. ]jes es ngtbd sbbd nd wnros wjbrbed tjb autjnr
lnrrnws adm tradsgnris ad bxestedk tbxt nr wjbd ndb rbgbrbdhbs a tbxt nd jes nwd
wrettbd wnro. ]jb tbxt wecc tjbd hndtaed a wemb ahhuiucatend ng hucturac, jestnrehac adm
snheac odnwcbmkb.
Edtbrtbxtuacety, as a cetbrary mbvehb, ‒es tjb hnipcbx edtbrrbcatendsjep lbtwbbd a

tbxt adm ntjbr tbxts taobd as gudmaibdtac tn tjb hrbatend adm edtbrprbtatend ng tjb
tbxt‗ (Ibrreai [blstbr Meshtendary, <612).
Edtbrtbxt bxhcumbs errbcbvadt mata. Et udmbrshnrbs tjb iaed pnedt/s ng tjb tbxt ly
iaoedk bxpcehet tjnsb mata tjat arb ndcy eipcebm nr prbsuppnsbm ed tjb tbxt, tjus
mbgededk tjber rbcbvadhb. Xpurrbm ly tjes hndtbxt, a jbactjy meacnkub aindk meggbrbdt
tbxts adm edtbrprbtatends, aumebdhb,
aumebdhb, es lnrd.
As rbambrs, tjb alecety tn hrbatb hnddbhtend

hnddbhtends
s aindk varenus tbxts bdjadhbs
tjb ibadedk ng tjb rbamedk iatbreac.
Cbt us sbb eg ynu had sbb tjb hnddbhtends lbtwbbd tjbsb twn cetbrary wnros0
8<

[jatt es et>
[ja
Ahtevety 20 Arb ynu gaiecear wetj tjb Jarry Vnttbr Xbrebs adm tjb Cnrm ng
tjb \edks ]recnky> Eg sn, had ynu meshuss wjat tjber seiecaretebs arb>
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88

[ ja
jatt E J av b CCba
barr dbm
 Hndtbxt es mbgedbm as tjb snheac, hucturac, pncetehac, jestnrehac, adm ntjbr rbcatbm
herhuistadhbs tjat surrnudm tjb ttbxt.
herhuistadhbs bxt.
 Jypbrtbxt
Jypbrtbxt es
es a dnd-cedbar way ng prbsbdtedk edgnriatend. Edstbam ng rbamedk nr
cbardedk alnut tjedks ed tjb nrmbr prbmbgedbm ly ad autjnr, ad bmetnr nr a
pulcesjbr, tjb rbambrs ng a jypbrtbxt had gnccnw tjber nwd patj.
 Edtbrtbxt
Edtbrtbxt nd
nd tjb ntjbr jadm, es mbgedbm as tjb hnddbhtends lbtwbbd cadkuakb,
eiakbs, hjarahtbrs, tjbibs, nr sul`bhts mbpbdmedk nd tjber seiecaretebs ed
cadkuakb, kbdrb nr meshnursb.

A s s bs s ibdt
Agtbr nur cbssnd, cbt us dnw hjbho wjat ynu javb cbardbm. \bam tjb
statbibdts harbguccy, adm mbtbriedb wjat es lbedk rbgbrrbm tn, tjbd wretb
ynur adswbrs nd tjb lcados prnvembm lbgnrb bahj duilbr.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1. ]jes hrba
hrbatbs
tbs a dbtwnro ng iatbreacs cedobm lbhausb
lbhausb ng
varenus hnddbhtend
hnddbhtends.
s.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^<.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^<. Et es tjb hni
hnipcbx
pcbx edtbrrbcatendsjep lbtwb
lbtwbbd
bd a tbxt adm
ntjbr tbxts.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^8.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^8. ]jes rbgbrs tn tjb nhhasend nr setuatend tjat edgnris
tjb rbambr alnut wjy a mnhuibdt was wrettbd adm jnw et was wrettbd.
^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=. ]jes es tjb inmbcedk ng a tbxt―s ibadedk ly adntjbr
adntjbr
tbxt.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^2.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^2. Et es a dnd-cedba
dnd-cedbarr way ng prbsbdtedk edgnriatend
edgnriatend..
8=

Hndkratucatends!
Unu javb hnipcbtbm ynur
ynur `nurdby ed tjes inmucb.
inmucb.

d bxt amvbdturb…
amvbdturb…
Knnm cuho!
82

O by ttn
n A ds
dswwbrs
Vrb-]bst & Vnst-]bst

t x
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r b p
y
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t x
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r b t d
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n
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t x
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r b p
y J . 1
AH]EWE]U 1
Adswbrs iay vary
AH]EWE]U <
Adswbrs iay vary
AH]EWE]U 8
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87

\BGB\BDHBX
Mayaklec, Gbcnieda, bt. Ac. (<617). Hretehac \bamedk adm [retedk gnr tjb Xbdenr
Jekj Xhjnnc. Cnreiar Vulcesjedk, Edh., Qubznd Hety.
jttps0//bd.weoepbmea.nrk/weoe/]bxt^(cetbrary^tjbnry)
jttps0//www.scembsjarb.dbt/OatredaHcaerbCadmehj/
jttps0//www.scembsjarb.dbt/OatredaHcaerbCadmehj/
8;

Xbdenr Jekj Xhjnnc
\bamedk adm [retedk

Quartbr = - Inmucb <
Xoeccs
Cbardedk Hnipbtbdhy 20 Bxpcaed hretehac rbamedk as rbasndedk

X< Q= BD11/1<\[X-EWah-:
dm
tj
Quartbr0 = Quartbr
Duilbr ng Jnurs0 < Jnurs
8:


Hretehac \bamedk as \basndedk
2
[jat―s Dbw
Et es eipnrtadt tn rbam hretehaccy. Hretehac rbamedk rbquerbs ynu tn bvacuatb tjb

arkuibdts ed tjb tbxt. Unu dbbm tn mestedkuesj gaht grni npedend, adm cnno at
arkuibdts kevbd gnr adm akaedst tjb varenus hcaeis. ]jes acsn ibads lbedk awarb ng
ynur npedends adm assuiptends (pnsetevb adm dbkatevb) ng tjb tbxt ynu arb rbamedk sn
ynu had bvacuatb et jndbstcy. Et es acsn eipnrtadt tn lb awarb ng tjb wretbr's

lahokrnudm, assuiptends adm purpnsbs.
[ ja
jatt E D bb
bbm
m ttn
n O dnw
1. bxpcaed hretehac rbamedk as rbasndedk.

mecekbdtcy.
 Adswbr acc tjb kevbd tbsts
tbsts adm bxbrhesbs.
85

[jatt E O dnw
[ja
\bam tjb statbibdts harbguccy, adm mbtbriedb eg tjby arb ]\RB nr GACXB, tjbd
wretb ynur adswbrs nd tjb lcados prnvembm lbgnrb bahj duilbr.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1. Hretehac rbamedk es seipcy rbhnkdetend ng tjb tbxt―s ibadedk

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1.
adm rbstatedk et ed ynur nwd wnrms.
^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^<.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^<. Hretehac rbamedk bxaiedbs
bxaiedbs tjb autjnr―s hjnehb
hjnehb ng hndtbdt,
cadkuakb adm struhturb.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^8. Hreteha
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^8. Hretehacc rbamedk tbahjbs tjb rbambrs tn ahhbpt
ahhbpt acc tjb
prbsbdtbm gahts wetjnut gurtjbr bxaiedatend.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=. A statbi
statbibdt
bdt ng gaht had lb vbregebm tjrnu
tjrnukj
kj
bxpbreibdtatend, pbrsndac nlsbrvatend nr hrbmelcb snurhbs.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^2.
^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^2. A statbi
statbibdt
bdt ng npedend dbbms gurtjbr bvembdhb
bvembdhb adm ntjbr
vacem suppnrtedk mbtaecs tn lb prnvbd trub.
Krbat `nl! Catbr wb wecc

w ecc sbb eg ynur adswbrs arb hnrrbht ly rbamedk tjb
rbst ng tjes inmucb… lut lbgnrb tjat….
tjat….
Had ynu tjedo ng tjb seiecaretebs adm meggbrbdhb lbtwbbd hretehac rbamedk adm
rbasndedk> ]ry tn gecc tjes Wbdd Meakrai wetj ynur embas.
Hretehac \bamedk \basndedk
=6


Hretehac \bamedk
2.1
[jat―s Dbw
 Hretehac rbamedk knbs lbyndm rbhnkdetend ng tjb tbxt―s ibadedk adm

rbstatedk et ed ynur nwd wnrms.
 A hretehac rbambr mnbs dnt ibrbcy soei tjb tbxt at jadm.
 ]n rbahj a sncem edtbrprbtatend ng a tbxt, tjb hretehac rbambr iust mwbcc nd
wjat tjb tbxt mnbs ly iaoedk suhj rbiaros lbyndm wjat et says. Grni
tjes, tjb hretehac rbambr iust embdtegy wjat tjb tbxt wjnccy ibads lasbm nd
tjb rbve
rbvenus
nus ada
adacc ses
ses..
Hretehac rbamedk amvadhbs tjb udmbrstadmedk ng tjb rbambr ly dnt taoedk tjb
tbxt ly ets gahb vacub. Et stumebs tjb hnipnsetend―s bvbry dnno adm hraddy udtec ynu
gedm tjb autjnr―s edhndsestbdhebs, nvbrsekjts, ceietatends adm ntjbr rbasndalcb
arkuibdts tjat es ngtbd nvbrcnnobm ly a dnriac rbambr.
Ahhnrmedk tn tjb wblsetb hretehacrbamedk.hni, tjbrb arb tjrbb stbps ng adacyses

rbgcbhtedk tjb tjrbb typbs ng rbamedk adm
a dm meshussend0
1. [jat a tbxt says
says ‘
‘ rbstatbibdt
rbstatbibdt (wjbrbed
(wjbrbed tjb rbambr ibrbcy rbstatbs wjat
es saem ed tjb nrekedac tbxt)
<. [jat a tbxt mnbs
tbxt mnbs ‘
‘ mbshreptend
mbshreptend (wjbrbed
(wjbrbed tjb rbambr meshussbs aspbhts ng
tjb meshussend etsbcg)
8. [jat a tbxt ibads ‘ edtbrprbtatend (wjbrbed tjb rbambr adacyzbs tjb
‘ edtbrprbtatend
ibadedk ng tjb tbxt as a wjncb).
Hretehac rbamedk mnbs dnt seipcy aso wjat tjb tbxt says lut inrb ng jnw tjb
tnpeh es prbsbdtbm adm wjy. Hretehac rbambrs mwbcc nd tjb mestedhtevb quacetebs ng tjb
tbxt. \bambrs dnriaccy rbam tbxts tn nltaed gahts adm odnwcbmkb. A hretehac rbambr, nd
tjb ntjbr jadm, iuccs nvbr tjb udequb pbrspbhtevb ng tjb autjnr nd a partehucar tbxt
adm jnw tjb gahts tjb autjnr prbsbdtbm
pr bsbdtbm arrevbm at jes/jbr hndhcusend.
=1

Knacs ng Hretehac \bamedk

\bamedk
Vrbdtehb Jacc jas bduibratbm tjb gnccnwedk hretehac rbamedk

rba medk soeccs0
1. ]jb alecety tn mestedkuesj lbtwbbd gaht adm npedend
<. ]jb alecety tn embdtegy
embdteg y tjb autjnr―s purpnsb
8. ]jb alecety tn iaob edgbrbdhbs
=. ]jb alecety tn rbhnkdezb tjb autjnr―s tndb
2. ]jb alecety tn rbhnkdezb pbrsuasevb tbhjdequbs
Hretehac rbamedk ucteiatbcy bxaiedbs tjb autjnr―s hjnehb ng hndtbdt, cadkuakb

adm struhturb. ]jb lases ng rbhnkdezedk tjb purpnsb ng ad autjnr es tjber hjnehb ng
hndtbdt adm cadkuakb tn usb. ]jb hretehac rbambr adacyzbs tjb tndb adm pbrsuasevb
bcbibdts ng a tbxt tjrnukj rbvebwedk tjb hjnehb ng cadkuakb usbm. Ed rbhnkdezedk tjb
leas ng tjb tbxt, tjb hretehac rbambr iust embdtegy tjb daturb ng pattbrds ng hjnehb ng
hndtbdt adm cadku
cadkuakb.
akb. Hretehac rbam
rbamedk
edk tbahjb
tbahjbs
s tjb rbambr jnw tn dnt lcedmcy ah
ahhbpt
hbpt
acc tjb prbsbdtbm gahts wetjnut gurtjbr bxaiedatend. ]jes tbhjdequb accnws ynu tn
hndgeri adm prbsbdt ynur nwd arkuibdt. ]jb prahtehac startedk pnedt ng bvbry hretehac
rbambr es tn qubstend bvbrytjedk ynu rbam.
]n rbam hretehaccy es tn iaob ùmkibdts alnut jnw a tbxt es arkubm. ]jes es a

jekjcy rbgcbhtevb soecc rbqueredk ynu tn stadm laho adm kaed snib mestadhb grni tjb
tbxt ynu arb rbamedk.
Et es dnt rbhniibdmbm tn rbam ùst tn cnno ndcy nr preiarecy gnr edgnriatend?

edstbam, rbam tn cnno gnr ways ng tjedoedk alnut tjb sul`bht iattbr.
[ ja
jatt E J avb CCba
barr dbm
Xn gar wb javb meshussbm wjat hretehac rbamedk es.
 Hretehac rbamedk
rbamedk es a inrb ahtevb way ng rbamedk. Et es a mbbpbr adm inrb
hnipcbx bdkakbibdt
bdkakbibdt wetj a tbxt.
 [jbd wb rbam hretehaccy, wb usb nur hretehac tjedoedk soeccs tn qubstend lntj tjb
tbxt adm nur nwd adm ntjbrs― edtbrprbtatend ng et.
et .
 Hretehac rbamedk tbahjbs tjb rbambr jnw tn dnt lcedmcy ahhbpt acc tjb prbsbdtbm
gahts wetjnut gurtjbr bxaiedatend.
A\B UNR \BAMU ]N LBHNIB A H\E]EHAC \BAMB\>
=<


Gahts vbrsus Npedends
2.<
[jat―s Dbw
 A statbibdt ng gaht
gaht es hjarahtbrezbm ly ets alecety tn lb vbregebm tjrnukj
 Nd tjb ntjbr jadm, a statbibdt ng npedend
npedend dbbms gurtjbr bvembdhb adm
ntjbr vacem suppnrtedk mbtaecs tn lb prnvbd trub.
Gahts arb statbibdts tjat had lb hjbhobm nr prnvbm. [b had hjbho gahts ly
hndmuhtedk snib snrt ng bxpbreibdt, nlsbrvatend nr ly vbregyedk (hjbhoedk) tjb gaht
wetj a snurhb mnhuibdt.
Gahts ngtbd hndtaed duilbrs, matbs nr akbs adm gahts iekjt edhcumb spbhegeh
edgnriatend alnut a pbrsnd, pcahb nr tjedk.
Ad npedend, nd tjb ntjbr jadm, es a statbibdt tjat haddnt lb prnvbm nr

hjbhobm. Et tbccs wjat snibndb tjedos, gbbcs nr lbcebvbs.
Hcub wnrms gnr npedend statbibdts arb0 tjedo, lbcebvb, sbbi,

sbbi, acways, dbvbr,
inst, cbast, wnrsb, krbatbst.
]n rbhnkdezb a gaht nr ad npedend, aso ynursbcg, –Had tjes statbibdt lb

prnvbm>’.. Eg ynur adswbr es UBX
prnvbm>’ es UBX,, tjbd tjat statbibdt es a gaht
gaht?? eg ynur ADX[B\ es
DN,, tjbd tjat statbibdt es ad npedend
DN npedend..
=8

[ ja
jatt e s et>
Ahtevety 70 Embdtegy wjbtjbr tjb gnccnwedk statbibdts arb statbibdts ng gaht nr

npedend. [retb XNG gnr statbibdt ng gaht adm XNN gnr statbibdt ng npedend.
^^^^^^^^1.. Hjnhncatb haob es tjb inst mbc

^^^^^^^^1 mbcehenus
ehenus oedm ng mbssb
mbssbrt.
rt.
^^^^^^^^<.. Lbcn Ibmehac Hcedeh es tjb lbst hcede
^^^^^^^^< hcedeh
h tjat had rbvbrsb soed akedk.
akedk.
^^^^^^^^8.. CLH es tjb inst rbcealcb bxprbss m
^^^^^^^^8 mbcevbry
bcevbry hnipady ed tjb Vjeceppedbs.
Vjeceppedbs.
^^^^^^^^=.. LMN es tjb lbst lado ed tjb Vje
^^^^^^^^= Vjeceppedbs.
ceppedbs.
^^^^^^^^2.. Cestbredb es a inutjwasj.
^^^^^^^^2
^^^^^^^^7.. Cestbredb es a mydaietb akaedst lam l
^^^^^^^^7 lrbatj,
rbatj, pcaqub adm kedkevetes.
kedkevetes.
^^^^^^^^;.. Kcnlb jadmy pjndb ia
^^^^^^^^; iaobs
obs krbat tjedks pnsselcb.
pnsselcb.
^^^^^^^^:.. Daturac gelbrs lnnst tjb eiiudb sy
^^^^^^^^: systbi
stbi adm eiprnvb mekbstevb jb
jbactj.
actj.
^^^^^^^^ 5. y nur gaiecy vahatend.
5. Vauca―s Jntbc es pbrgbhtcy suetbm gnr ynur
^^^^^^^^ 16.
16. Vauca―s Jntbc es cnhatbm at ]akncnad, Iesaies Nrebdtac.
^^^^^^^^11. LI[
LI[ es tjb gastbst adm inst spnrty har bvbr.
^^^^^^^^ 1<.
1<. [edstnd Hekarbttb es tjb ‒speret ng tjb RXA‗.
^^^^^^^^18. Jnpb
Jnpb es tjb carkbst-sbccedk cuxury heka
hekarbttb.
rbttb.
^^^^^^^^1=. Jnpb
Jnpb es a lradm ng hekarbttb.
^^^^^^^^12. Vacincevb
Vacincevb es a lradm ng sjaip
sjaipnn
nn adm hndmetendbr.
^^^^^^^^17. Vacincevb sjaipnn iaobs ynu inrb hndgembdt wetj ynur straekjtbr
jaer.
^^^^^^^^1;. Gecepedns
Gecepedns arb cazy pbnpcb.
^^^^^^^^1:. Ibd
Ibd adm wnibd arb nppn
nppnsetb
setb sbxbs.
^^^^^^^^15. Vbnpcb
Vbnpcb grni Iedmadan arb acc lba
lbauteguc.
uteguc.
^^^^^^^^<6. Mutbrtb
Mutbrtb es tjb krbatbst prbsembdt
prbsembdt tjes hnudtry jas bvbr ja
jam.
m.
==


Autjnr―s Vurpnsb adm ]ndb
2.8
[jat―s Dbw
 Ad autjnr―s purpnsb

purpnsb es jes rbasnd gnr nr edtbdt ed wretedk. Ad autjnr―s
purpnsb iay lb tn aiusb tjb rbambr, tn pbrsuamb tjb rbambr nr tn edgnri
jei.
 Ad autjnr―s purpnsb
purpnsb es rbgcbhtbm ed jes tndb.
 ]ndb rbgcbhts tjb autjnr―s attetumb ed apprnahjedk tjb tnpeh. Ahhnrmedk tn

]ndb
Gnrcede, ‒ad autjnr hjnnsbs wnrms ahhnrmedk tn jes/jbr attetumb tnwarm tjb
tnpeh adm jnw tjb autjnr bxpbhts tjb rbambr tn rbspndm tn tjb iatbreac.‗
iatbreac.‗
Vurpnsb es tjb rbasnd ad autjnr wretbs alnut a tnpeh. Ad autjnr iay javb a
inrb spbhegeh purpnsb ed iedm ntjbr tjad tn edgnri, bdtbrtaed nr pbrsuamb jei.
pbrsuamb jei. ]n
gekurb nut tjb autjnr―s purpnsb, ynu as tjb rbambr, iust hndsembr tjb iaed emba,
tjnukjt pattbrd adm tndb.
tndb, nd tjb ntjbr jadm, iay lb bvembdt ed jes/jbr hjnehb ng

]jb autjnr―s tndb,
wnrms betjbr bxprbssedk ets hnddntatend nr mbdntatend.
]jb autjnr usbs varenus pbrsuasevb tbhjdequbs tn

tbhjdequbs tn hncnr tjb prbsbdtatend ng
gahts adm tn appbac tn tjb rbambr. Autjnrs usb àrknds adm scadtedk tn iaob tjb
rbambrs cbad tnwarms tjber pnsetend/arkuibdt.
 @arknds arb ‒spbheacezbm vnhalucary usbm ly pbnpcb ed a partehucar gebcm.‗

[jecb ngtbd iesusbm tn hndhbac ibadedk, àrknds iay prnvb bggbhtevb ed
sncemegyedk ad arkuibdt eg mbgedbm adm bxpcaedbm apprnpreatbcy.
 Xcadtedk ‒es tjb wretedk ng a passakb sn tjat et cbads tnwarm ndb pnedt ng vebw.‗
[nrms wetj betjbr pnsetevb nr dbkatevb hnddntatends iay lb usbm as scadtedk.
Adntjbr bxaipcb ng scadtedk es purpnsbguccy cbavedk nut edgnriatend ng a
meggbrbdt pbrspbhtevb nd a seiecar essub.
=2

Adacyzedk a [rettbd ]bxt
Ed adacyzedk a wrettbd tbxt, et es eipnrtadt tn taob dntb ng tjb gnccnwedk bcbibdts

as wbcc as tjb kuemb qubstends tjat hnib wetj et0
 Vurpnsb/Hndtbxt ‘
Vurpnsb/Hndtbxt ‘ [jat
[jat mnbs tjb tbxt aei tn mn> Mnbs et ibad tn pbrsuamb
nr mnbs et hndtrelutb tn a meshussend ng ad bxestedk tnpeh> [jat hndtbdt mnbs
tjb tbxt hnvbr> [jat purpnsb mnbs et sbrvb ets rbambrs>

 Autjnr/s ‘
‘ [jn wrntb tjb tbxt> [jat arb jes quacegehatends gnr wretedk alnut
tjb tnpeh>
 Aumebdhb ‘
Aumebdhb ‘ [jat
[jat es ets tarkbt aumebdhb> [jbrb es tjb tbxt gnudm> [jat mnbs
tjb autjnr bxpbht tjb rbambr tn kbt grni jes/jbr hnipnsetend> Arb ynu a part
ng tjb autjnr―s aumebdhb>
aumebdhb>
 ]npeh adm Vnsetend
Vnsetend ‘
‘ Es tjb autjnr―s arkuibdt nd tjb tnpeh at jadm suppnrtbm
ly vacem bvembdhb> Es tjb autjnr―s pnsetend hcbar> Es et prbsbdtbm as nl`bhtevb>
Es jes/jbr stadm lasbm nd ntjbr autjnr―s pnsetend nr seipcy grni pbrsndac
nlsbrvatend/bxpbrebdhb>
 \bsbarhj/Xnurhbs ‘ ‘ Mn prbvenus rbsbarhjbs javb a rncb ed suppnrtedk tjb
autjnr―s arkuibdt> [jehj ng tjb rbgbrbdhbs bcehets gurtjbr meshussend>

Vrnng/Bvembdhb ‘ ‘ [jat arb tjb prnngs/bvembdhb prbsbdtbm ly tjb autjnr
tjrnukjnut tjb tbxt> Mem tjby hnib grni hrbmelcb snurhbs> [jat typb ng prnng
es usbm ly tjb autjnr (b.k. rbgbrbdhbs tn ntjbr wnro, edtbrprbtatends ng ntjbr
wnro, nrekedac rbsbarhj, pbrsndac bxpbrebdhb, autjnr―s npedends, hretehac
adacyses, bth.)> Mn tjbsb prnngs vacematb tjb arkuibdt> [jehj ng tjbt jb bvembdhb
harrebs tjb inst wbekjt>
 Nrkadezatend ‘ ‘ Jnw arb tjb edgnriatend nrkadezbm ed tjb tbxt> Gnr wjat
partehucar rbasnd arb tjby arradkbm ed tjes partehucar way> [jbrb mem tjb
autjnr pcaedcy statbs jes/jbr stadm nd tjb tnpeh> Es tjb nrkadezatend mrevbd
inrb ly tjb hndtbdt (tjb edgnriatend tjat dbbms tn lb prbsbdtbm), ly tjb
autjnrs' arkuibdt, ly tjb dbbms ng tjb aumebdhb, nr ly snib hniledatend ng
tjb tjrbb>
 Xtycb ‘
‘ [jat had ynu edgbr grni tjb autjnr―s hjnehb ng wnrms> Grni wjat
pbrspbhtevb mem tjb autjnr wretb tjb tbxt> [as jb/sjb edhcusevb wetj jes/jbr
hjnehb ng wnrms> Mem tjby usb àrknds nr scadtbm ibadedks> Eg tjbrb arb, wbrb
tjby prnpbrcy mbgedbm gnr tjb rbambr―s hndvbdebdhb adm udmbrstadmedk> [jat
ntjbr wretedk tbhjdequbs mem tjb autjnr appcy ed wretedk tjb tbxt> Adacyzb bahj
sbdtbdhb struhturb, gekuratevb cadkuakb adm rjbtnrehac qubstends bxestedk ed tjb
tbxt.
 Mrawedk Hndhcusends
Hndhcusends ‘ ‘ [jat
[jat mnbs tjb autjnr wadt tn jekjcekjt> Hniparb adm
hndtrast tjb tbxt wetj ntjbr seiecar ndbs. Embdtegy tjb seiecaretebs adm
meggbrbdhbs ed tjber apprnahj ng tjb saib tnpeh.
=7

[jatt es et>
[ja
Ahtevety ;0 \bam tjb gnccnwedk passakb adm adacyzb tjb autjnr―s purpnsb, tndb
adm pbrsuasevb tbhjdequbs usbm ly hnipcbtedk tjb talcb tjat gcnws et. Rsb tjb
kuemb qubstends wb javb meshussbm ed tjb prbvenus pakb tn jbcp ynu ed
adacyzedk tjb tbxt.
Bxet Bssay0 Xavb tjb Gecepedn Cadkuakb
]jb Gecepedn cadkuakb pcays a jukb part ed tjb cevbs ng tjb hnudtryibd. Et es ttjb
jb
jbart adm snuc ng tjb hnudtry as et syilncezbs ndbdbss ed wnrms, spbbhj, adm
tjnukjt. Cadkuakb es snibtjedk ndb hndtedunuscy cbards as jb/sjb krnws up. ]rucy,
a hnudtry―s cadkuakb pavbs way gnr lekkbr adm lbttbr nppnrtudetebs tjat wecc lbdbget
bvbryndb. Lut wjat wecc jappbd tn tjes npteiesteh vebw ng tjb guturb eg tjb ibads ng
cbardedk ndb―s cadkuakb es taobd away grni jei> ]jes jas lbbd ndb ng tjb jnttbst
essubs prbsbdt ed Vjeceppedb snhebty tnmay
tn may ‘
‘ tjb
tjb bxhcusend ng tjb Gecepedn sul`bht ed tjb
tbrteary cbvbc.
Hniiessend nd Jekjbr Bmuhatend (HJBM) jas acrbamy rbcbasbm a rbvesbm

kbdbrac bmuhatend (KB) hurrehucui tjat eipcbibdts tjb mrnppedk ng tjb iadmatnry
Gecepedn sul`bhts nd tjb tbrteary cbvbc. ]jb HJBM ibinradmui nrmbr nd tjb dbw
hurrehucui dntbs tjat tjb edtbkratend ng KB hnursbs ed sbdenr jekj shjnnc ‘
shjnnc ‘ Krambs
Krambs 11
adm 1< ‘
1< ‘ jas
jas hrbatbm a wedmnw gnr tjb rbvesend ng tjb hurrbdt hurrehucui ed hnccbkbs.
Ahhnrmedk tn HJBM, tjb rbvesend ng tjb hurrehucui aeis tn prnintb tjb mbvbcnpibdt
ng a stumbdt―s edtbccbhtuac hnipbtbdhy, pbrsndac
pbrs ndac adm heveh hnipbtbdhy, adm prahtehac
soeccs. HJBM acsn hcaeis tjat tjb Gecepedn sul`bhts taobd udmbr tjb O tn 1< prnkrai
arb suggehebdt kevbd tjat stumbdts acrbamy javb 16: jnurs udmbr tjb saem sul`bht ed
Kramb 11 acndb. ‒]jb prnpnsbm KBH streps away r bibmeac r bibmeac hnursbs, tjnsb tjat
mupcehatb sul`bhts ed Krambs 11 adm 1<, adm edtrnmuhtnry hnursbs tn tjb meshepcedbs,‗
HJBM bxpcaedbm ed HIN <6-<618.
]jb dbw hurrehucui edhcumbs tjb gnccnwedk hnrb hnursbs0 Rdmbrstadmedk tjb
Xbcg? \bamedks ed Vjeceppedb Jestnry? ]jb Hndtbipnrary [nrcm? adm Iatjbiatehs ed
tjb Inmbrd [nrcm. Acsn edhcumbm arb Vurpnsevb Hniiudehatend? Art Apprbheatend?
Xhebdhb, ]bhjdncnky adm Xnhebty? adm Btjehs. Et rbquerbs tjrbb hnursbs nd tjb Arts &
Juiadetebs? Xnheac Xhebdhbs & Vjecnsnpjy? adm Iatjbiatehs Xhebdhb adm
]bhjdncnky hcustbrs. Et acsn iadmatbs tjb tjrbb-udet Cegb adm [nros ng \ezac hnursb.
As a wjncb, tjb duilbr ng KBH udets jas lbbd rbmuhbm grni tjb hurrbdt 78-21 u udets
dets
mnwd tn 87 udets gnr acc hnccbkb stumbdts.
=;

]jb rbvesend ng tjb hurrehucui jas ibt varenus vencbdt rbahtends adm
nppnsetends grni staobjncmbrs, cedkuests, ahambiehs, adm bvbd stumbdts tjbisbcvbs.
Invbibdts grni meggbrbdt udevbrsetebs hndhbrdbm arb hurrbdtcy ed intend ed nrmbr tn
gekjt gnr tjb cegb ng tjb Gecepedn sul`bhts ed tjb tbrteary cbvbc. Mavem Xad @uad (<61=), a
prngbssnr ed Mb Ca Xaccb Rdevbrsety-Iadeca, pnedtbm nut tjat wjecb tjb ibinradmui
statbm tjat tjb nptendac prnvesend gnr tjb tbahjedk ng tjb hnursbs ed Gecepedn mecutbs ets
purpnsb astjb
ammetend tn inst udevbrsetebs
statbibdts ed tjb hnudtry
ng nppnsetends, tjbusbs Bdkcesjdk
Oakawarad asGecepedn
ets mbgauct cadkuakb.
ng tjb Ed
Atbdbn mb
Iadeca Rdevbrsety avbrs tjat ‒Jedme caiadk iemyui dk paktuturn adm Gecepedn. Esa
etndk mesepceda. Cuieceoja etn dk sarecedk caradk dk oarududkad da daktataipno sa
pakoa-Gecepedn
pakoa- Gecepedn sa aduiadk usaped sa cnnl at calas dk aoambiya.‗ RV MGVV acsn
rbahtbm nd tjb rbvesend ng tjb hurrehucui bxprbssedk, ‒Adk paktatadkkac dk seyai da
yudet dk
Gecepedn sa oncbjeyn ay esadk adyn dk oarajasadk padkoaiacayad. Decucusaw

detn adk pakpapajacaka sa oasaysayad at oalejasdadk tadkedk Gecepedn adk
iaoaoapakpacewadak.‗
iaoaoapakpacewadak.‗
Nd a pbrsndac ahhnudt, lbedk a stumbdt iysbcg iaobs ib tjedo twehb alnut
tjb rbvesend ng tjb KB hurrehucui ed hnccbkb. ]jrnukj tjb ybars ng iy shjnncedk, tjb
Gecepedn cadkuakb jas lbbd ndb ng tjb inst eipnrtadt gahtnrs tjat sjapbm ib as a
pbrsnd. Et es tjb cadkuakb E usb at jnib, ed shjnnc, adm dbarcy ed bvbrywjbrb E kn
bvbry may. E hnucmd―t strbss bvbd inrb tjb gaht tjat E ai a Gecepedn cevedk ed tjb
Vjeceppedbs. E krbw up ed a gaiecy tjat trbasurbs tjb datevb cadkuakb ng tjb Vjeceppedb
hucturb. Jbaredk alnut tjb iadmatnry bxhcusend ng tjb Gecepedn sul`bhts ed hnccbkb eros
ib instcy lbhausb E haddnt sbb tjb pnedt eg et es rbaccy dbhbssary tn rbinvb tjb
Gecepedn cadkuakb wjbd ed gaht? et pcays a lek rncb ed tjb mbvbcnpibdt ng tjb hnudtry.
\bsnrtedk tn mrnppedk tjbsb sul`bhts ed gavnr ng ntjbrs, cbt acndb ets ibrb mbcbtend, es
sbdsbcbss. ]jbrb arb gar inrb ways tn ammrbss ammrbss tjb essub ng tjb stumbdt―s
edhnipbtbdhb adm tjb rbvesbm hurrehucui es dnt ndb ng tjbi. Et es a sjaibguc aht tn
oecc tjb durturedk ng tjb datevb cadkuakb. [b arb Gecepedns adm nur cadkuakb es
snibtjedk wb sjnucm lb prnum ng ‘ ‘ snibtjedk tjat wb iust trbasurb. Xavb tjb
hnudtry grni sbdsbcbss ahtends ly gekjtedk gnr tjb cegb ng tjb Gecepedn sul`bhts. Et es dnt
eipnsselcb tn nppnsb suhj ahts eg acc hnudtryibd arb udetbm tnwarms ahjebvedk ndb
knac. ]jb teib tn aht es dnw
dnw ‘
‘ lbgnrb
lbgnrb et es acc tnn catb.
(Vbrbz, \.B. (<61=). Bxet bssay0 Xavb tjb Gecepedn cadkuakb. \btrebvbm grni
jttp0//ràpbrbz.tuilcr.hni/pnst/521=5<7761</bxet-bssay-savb-tjb-gecepedn-cadkuakb )
=:

Vurpnsb/Hndtbxt
Autjnr
Aumebdhb
]npeh & Vnsetend
\bsbarhj/Xnurhbs
Vrnng/Bvembdhb
Nrkadezatend
Xtycb
Mrawedk Hndhcusends
=5


Iaoedk Edgbrbdhbs
2.=
[jat―s Dbw
 Ad edgbrbdhb
edgbrbdhb es ad emba nr hndhcusend tjat―s mrawd grni bvembdhb adm
rbasndedk.
 Ad edgbrbdhb
edgbrbdhb es
es ad bmuhatbm kubss.
 [jbd ynu arb iaoedk ad edgbrbdhb, ynu arb rbamedk lbtwbbd tjb cedbs nr ùst
cnnoedk harbguccy at tjb gahts adm hniedk tn
t n hndhcusends.
]jb tbxt, ly etsbcg, mnbs dnt hndtaed ibadedk. Et es up tn tjb rbambr tn edtbrprbt
tjb ibadedk ng tjb wnrms, tjber usakb adm struhturb ed tjb tbxt. ]jb rbambr edgbrs ad
edtbrprbtatend ng tjb tbxt tjrnukj prenr odnwcbmkb, snheac hndvbdtends, sjarbm
bxpbrebdhb nr sjarbm vacubs.
Edgbrbdhbs arb bssbdteac ed lntj wrettbd adm spnobd hniiudehatend. A sedkcb

sbdtbdhb iay hndtaed a varebty ng assbrtends. \bamedk es ‒ad ahtevb, rbgcbhtevb,
prnlcbi-sncvedk
prnlcbi- sncvedk prnhbss.‗ \bambrs mn dnt seipcy rbam tjb wnrms, lut embas g rni
g rni a
hnccbhtend ng assbrtends.
Xnib bxaipcbs ng edgbrbdhbs arb tjb gnccnwedk0

g nccnwedk0
 A lny es wba
wbaredk
redk a C
Cbm
bm Pbpp
Pbppbced
bced ]-sjert, kcass
kcassbs,
bs, adm jes sjnb
sjnbs
s javb ium nd
tjbi. Ndb had edgbr jb ceobs Cbm Pbppbced, jes bybsekjt es pnnr adm jb wacobm
tjrnukj ium.
 Unu am
amnpt
npt a puppy grni tjb sjb
sjbctbr
ctbr adm jb sbbis dbrvnu
dbrvnuss adm sharbm. Jb
jembs grni cnum dnesbs adm jam snib dntehbalcb shars. Unu had edgbr tjat jb
was alusbm ly jes gnribr nwdbr.
26

[jatt es et>
[ja
Ahtevety :0 Cbt―s try eg ynu had edgbr wjbrb E ai adm wjat E ai mnedk, adm
wjat had ynu edgbr alnut tjb gbbcedks ng tjb pbnpcb
p bnpcb ed tjb setuatends tjat
E―cc lb kevedk ynu. ]jb gerst ndb jas lbbd mndb gnr ynu.
Had ynu edgbr wjbrb E ai adm wjat Had ynu edgbr wjbrb E ai adm wjat
E―i mnedk> E―i mnedk>
E sbb lullcbs resedk. E jbar iy nwd E jbar shrbaiedk. Iy stniahj gbbcs

lrbatjedk. ]jbrb arb gesj sweiiedk guddy. Had ynu sbb iy jaer lcnwedk>
alnvb ib. E gbbc tjb sbawbbm swayedk. E―i gbbcedk bxhetbm.
Adswbr0 Xhula
Adswbr0 Xhula mevedk ed tjb sba! Adswbr0
Had ynu edgbr wjbrb E ai> Had ynu edgbr wjbrb E ai>
Et―s sn maro ed jbrb. [jat―s tjat spnnoy E jbar tjb hrnwm hjbbr as tjb lacc kbts
snudm> Nj E gbbc sniblnmy nd iy edsemb tjb redk. ]jb
] jb pcaybrs wjnp wetj
laho! E―i kbttedk dbrvnus. kcbb.
Adswbr0 Adswbr0
[jat had ynu edgbr grni tjes> [jat had ynu edgbr alnut Adda―s
gatjbr>
\by acways harrebs jes kuetar wetj jei.

Agtbr Adda lrnob tjb vasb,
vasb, jbr gatjbr
turdbm adm wacobm away wetjnut sayedk
adytjedk.
Adswbr0 Adswbr0
21

[jat had ynu edgbr alnut tjb [jat had ynu edgbr alnut wjat
rbcatendsjep ng tjb spbaobr adm Kradmia es gbbcedk>
wjni sjb es spbaoedk tn>
Kradmia―s inutj mrnppbm npbd. Jbr

Eg ynu wnd―t kn, E wnd―t betjbr. jadms gcbw tn jbr gahb.
Adswbr0
Adswbr0
2<

[ ja
jatt E J avb CCba
barr dbm
 Hretehac rbamedk knbs lbyndm rbhnkdetend ng tjb tbxt―s ibadedk adm

rbstatedk et ed ynur nwd wnrms
 A hretehac rbambr iust
iust lb alcb tn mn tjb gnccnwedk
a. Meste
Mestedkue
dkuesj
sj l
lbtwbb
btwbbd
d ggaht
aht adm npede
npedend
nd
l. Embdtegy tjb autjnr―s purpnsb
purpnsb
h. Ia
Iaob
ob eedg
dgbr
brbd
bdhb
hbs
s
m. \bhnkdezb tjb autjnr―s tndb
b. \bh
\bhnkd
nkdezb
ezb pbrs
pbrsuas
uasevb
evb tbhjdeq
tbhjdequb
ubs.
s.
A s s bs s ibdt
Agtbr nur cbssnd, cbt us dnw hjbho wjat ynu javb cbardbm. \bam tjb
statbibdts harbguccy, adm mbtbriedb eg tjby arb ]\RB nr GACXB, tjbd wretb
ynur adswbrs nd tjb lcados prnvembm lbgnrb bahj duilbr.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1. Hreteha
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1. Hretehacc rbamedk es seipcy rbhnkdetend ng
ng tjb tbxt―s
ibadedk adm rbstatedk et ed ynur nwd wnrms.
^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^<.
^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^<. Hretehac rbamedk b
bxaiedbs
xaiedbs tjb autjnr―s hjneh
hjnehb
b ng
hndtbdt, cadkuakb adm struhturb.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^8. Hreteha
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^8. Hretehacc rbamedk tbahjbs tjb rbam
rbambrs
brs tn ahhbpt acc tjb
prbsbdtbm gahts wetjnut gurtjbr bxaiedatend.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=. A statbibd
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=. statbibdtt ng gaht had lb vbregebm tjrnukj
tjrnukj
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^2. A statbi
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^2. statbibdt
bdt ng npedend dbbms gurtjb
gurtjbrr bvembdhb adm
ntjbr vacem suppnrtedk mbtaecs tn lb prnvbd trub.
28

Hndkratucatends!
Unu javb hnipcbtbm
hnipcbtbm ynur `nurdby ed tjes
tjes inmucb.
d bxt amvbdturb…
amvbdturb…
Knnm cuho!
2=

O by ttn
n A ds
dswwbrs

Vrb-]bst
b u
r& Vnst
] . 6 1 ]bst
b u
r
] . 5
b
s
c a
G . :
b u
r
] . ;
b
s
c a
G . 7
AH]EWE]U 1 AH]EWE]U <

N
N
X
. 6
< Adswbr iay vary
N
N
X
. 5
1
G
N
X
. :
1
N
N
X
. ;
1
N
N
X
. 7
1
G
N
X
. 2
1
G
N
X
. =
1
N
N
X
. 8
1 AH]EWE]U 8
Vnsselcb adswbrs

N
N
X
. <
1
N
N
X
. 1
1
m b s
e r p
r u
s s e a
i m d
a
r K
G
N
X
. 6
1
s m d b e r
g m n n
k b r a y b j
]
N
N
X . 5
t b
s p u s e r b
j t a
g s ― a
d
d
A
G
N
X . :
i
e j n
t t d a
t
r n p
i e s e r a
t e u
k b j
]
N
N
X . ;
b
i a k c c a l
t b o
s a l a t a i ― E
N
N
X . 7
G
N
X . 2 b s
u
n
j r n
r
r n
j a d
e i
― E
b
m
e r o
r a
p t d
b
i
b
s
u i
a d a d
e i
― E
N
N
X . =
N
N
X . 8
N
N
X . <
N
N
X . 1
22

\BGB\BDHBX
Adacyzedk a wrettbd tbxt. \btrebvbm grni0

jttps0//wretedk.hncnstatb.bmu/kuembs/tbahjedk/hn861
jttps0//wretedk.hncnstatb.bmu/kuembs/tbahjedk/hn861aiad/pnp;l8.h
aiad/pnp;l8.h gi
Edgbrbdhb rbamedk. \btrebvbm grni0

grni0 jttp0//www.hretehacrbamedk.
jttp0//www.hretehacrbamedk.hni/edgbrbdhb^rbamedk.jti
hni/edgbrbdhb^rbamedk.jti
Hretehac rbamedk stratbkebs. \btrebvbm grni0

jttp0//www.saceslury.bmu/hnudsbcedk/dbw/;^h
jttp0//www.saceslury .bmu/hnudsbcedk/dbw/;^hretehac^rbamedk^stratbkebs.jt
retehac^rbamedk^stratbkebs.jt ic
Gnrcede, bt.ac., (<66=) Vrbdtehb Jacc0 Kraiiar adm Hnipnsetend.
27

Xbdenr Jekj Xhjnnc
\bamedk adm [retedk

Xoeccs
Cbardedk Hnipbtbdhy 70 Gnriucatb bvacuatevb statbibdts alnut a

tbxt rbam. X< Q= BD11/1<\[X-EWah-5
a. Assbrtends alnut tjb h
hndtbdt
ndtbdt adm prnpbrtebs ng a tbxt rbam
X< Q= BD11/1<\[X-EWah-5.1
l. Ibadedkguc hnudtbr
hnudtbrhcaeis
hcaeis ed rbs
rbspndsb
pndsb tn hcaeis iamb ed a tbxt
tbxt rbam
X< Q= BD11/1<\[X-EWah-5.<
dm
tj
Quartbr0 = Quartbr
2;


Assbrtend adm Hnudtbrhcaeis
7
[jat―s Dbw
\bamedk as a hretehac bcbibdt ng cetbrahy es vbry bssbdteac gnr edmevemuacs―

suhhbss. Et es ndb ng tjb ways tjat wb usb cadkuakb ed nur maecy cegb tn katjbr
edgnriatend, hniiudehatb wetj ntjbrs adm gnr bd`nyibdt. Jbdhb, rbamedk acways
nhhurs ed hndtbxt. ]jus, wjbd ynu rbam adm bvacuatb tjb tbxt ynu arb rbamedk, et es
eipnrtadt tn vacematb ynur assbrtends adm hnudtbrhcaeis wetj vacem bvembdhbs tn
prnmuhb ibadedkguc bvacuatevb statbibdts.
]jes inmucb es acc alnut gnriucatedk bvacuatevb statbibdts alnut a tbxt rbam
wjehj wecc lb lrnobd mnwd edtn twn cbssnds.
Cbssnd 10 Assbrtends alnut tjb hndtbdt adm prnpbrtebs ng tbxt
t bxt
Cbssnd <0 Hnudtbrhcaeis
Hnudtbrhcaeis ed rbspndsb tn hcaeis iamb ed a tbxt
[ ja
jatt E D bb
bbm
m ttn
n O dnw
Ly tjb bdm ng tjes inmucb, ynu wecc javb lbbd alcb tn0
1. Gnriucatb ass
assbrtends
brtends alnut tjb h
hndtbdt
ndtbdt adm prnpbrtebs ng
ng a tbxt rbam?
adm
<. Gnriucatb hn
hnudtbrhcaeis
udtbrhcaeis ed rbspn
rbspndsb
dsb tn hcaeis ia
iamb
mb ed a tbxt rb
rbam?
am?

mecekbdtcy.
 Adswbr acc tjb qubstends tjat ynu bdhnudtbr.
bdhnudtbr. As ynu kn tjrnukj tjb
inmucb, ynu wecc gedm jbcp tn adswbr tjbsb qubstends.
 Mn tjb sukkbstbm tasos wetj patebdhb adm edmustry tasos.
 ]aob ynur teib tn stumy adm cbard.
2:

[jatt E O dnw
[ja
Cbt―s sbb jnw iuhj ynu odnw lbgnrb wb tahocb tjb cbssnd.
Merbhtend0 Embdtegy tjb gnccnwedk assbrtends as statbibdts ng hndvbdtend,

Merbhtend0 hndvbdtend, gaht,
gaht,
npedend,, nr prbgbrbdhb
npedend prbgbrbdhb..
^^^^^^^^^^^1. Xnheac ibmea es mbgedbm as tjb Edtbrdbt adm inlecb-lasbm tnncs adm
^^^^^^^^^^^1.
mbvehbs tjat gahecetatb tjb edtbkratend ng tbhjdncnky, tbcbhniiudehatends, adm snheac
edtbrahtend.
^^^^^^^^^^^<.
^^^^^^^^^^^<. Gahblnno es a hnn
hnncbr
cbr snheac ibmea pcatgnri tjad ]wettbr.
^^^^^^^^^^^8.
^^^^^^^^^^^8. Ed <61<, tjbrb wbrb 1.= leccend usbrs ng
ng snheac ibmea wnrcmwemb.
^^^^^^^^^^^=.
^^^^^^^^^^^=. ]bahjbrs sjnucm usb snheac ibmea ed tjber cbssnds tn kbt inrb
stumbdts edtbrbstbm.
^^^^^^^^^^^2. Adntjbr daib gnr snheac ibmea es ‒[bl <.6‗ lbhausb lntj tbris
^^^^^^^^^^^2.
bipjasezb tjb snheac aspbhts ng tjb Edtbrdbt as avbdubs gnr hniiudehatend,
hnccalnratend, adm hrbatevb bxprbssend.
^^^^^^^^^^^7. Iady tbbdakbrs― prbsbdt nlsbs

^^^^^^^^^^^7. nlsbssend
send wetj taoedk sbcgebs sjnws tjby
arb tjb inst darhessesteh kbdbratend.
^^^^^^^^^^^;.
^^^^^^^^^^^;. Xnheac dbtwnros arb tjb inst mestrahtedk wblsetbs
wblsetbs nd tjb edtbrdbt.
edtbrdbt.
^^^^^^^^^^^:. Ed tjb ggerst

^^^^^^^^^^^:. erst quartbr ng <61=, dbarcy 866 ieccend siartpjndb udets wbrb
sncm acc nvbr tjb wnrcm.
^^^^^^^^^^^5. Varbdts nukjt tn bdgnrhb strehtbr kuembcedbs ed snheac ibmea tn

^^^^^^^^^^^5.
sagbkuarm
sagbkuarm tjber hjecmrbd―s prevahy.
prev ahy.
^^^^^^^^^^^16. Hjecmrbd arb cbardedk jnw tn npbratb inlecb mbvehbs at edhrbasedkcy

^^^^^^^^^^^16.
ynudkbr akbs? iady ng tjbi javb ad emba ng jnw tn usb a tnuhjshrbbd talcbt lbgnrb
tjby arb twn.
Krbat `nl! Et―s dnw teib tn taob ngg tn nur gerst cbssnd…
cbssnd…
]jb cbssnd ynu arb alnut tn

t n cbard gnhusbs nd gnriucatedk assbrtends.
Xn, rbam nd!
25


Gnriucatedk Assbrtends
7.1
[jat―s Dbw
[jat es ad Assbr
Assbrtend>
tend>
Lbhniedk a knnm hretehac rbambr ibads tjat ynu arb alcb tn cnkehaccy bvacuatb
tjb hcaeis ng tjb wretbr. Assbrtends lbhnib tjb preiary hjaddbc gnr a rbambr tn
assbdt tn a hcaei.
A s s brte
brtend
nd es a stycesteh apprnahj nr tbhjdequb edvncvedk a strndk mbhcaratend, a
gnrhbguc nr hndgembdt adm pnsetevb statbibdt rbkarmedk a lbcebg nr a gaht. Ngtbd, et es
wetjnut prnng nr ady suppnrt.
Et es a hndgembdt adm gnrhbguc statbibdt ng gaht nr lbcebg. Ets purpnsb es tn
bxprbss embas nr gbbcedks merbhtcy, gnr edstadhb, ‒E javb put iy bvbry bggnrt tn
hnipcbtb tjes taso tnmay. ‒Xtadmedk up gnr ynur rekjts adm dnt lbedk taobd amvadtakb
ng es ndb mbgedetend ng lbedk assbrtevb. Et acsn ibads hniiudehatedk wjat ynu rbaccy
wadt ed a hcbar gasjend, rbspbhtedk ynur nwd rekjts adm gbbcedks adm tjb rekjts adm
gbbcedks ng ntjbrs.
A s s brte
brtend
nd es ad jndbst adm apprnpreatb bxprbssend ng ndb―s gbbcedks,
npedends, adm dbbms.
A way tn hndvedhb a hretehac rbambr ttn
n ahhbpt tjb wretbr―s hcae
hcaeii es tn gnriucatb
assbrtends. Assbrtends, as mbgedbm ly ]endksnd (<617), arb ‒mbhcaratevb sbdtbdhbs
tjat hcaei snibtjedk es trub alnut snibtjedk bcsb.‗ ]jbsb sbdtbdhbs iay betjbr lb
statbibdts ng trutjs nr npedends. ]jbrb arb gnur hniind typbs ng assbrtend
bduibratbm ly ]endksnd.
76

[jatt es et>
[ja
Ahtevety 50 Edstruhtends0 Kubss tjb wnrm lasbm nd tjb pehturbs /hcubs

prbsbdtbm.
<
1

Xnurhb0 jttps0//www.scembsjarb.dbt/Wadbssa\aindbs/gnriucatedk- Xnurhb0 jttps0//www.scembsjarb.dbt/Wadbssa\aindbs/gnriucatedk-

8 =

Xnurhb0 jttps0//www.scembsjarb.dbt/Wadbssa\aindbs/gnriucatedk- Xnurhb0 jttps0//www.scembsjarb.dbt/Wadbssa\aindbs/gnriucatedk-

Krbat `nl!
Arb ynu javedk gud> ]jbd cbt―s taob
cbt―s taob ngg tn inrb gud ahtevetebs!
Xn, rbam nd!
]endksnd―s ]ypbs ng Assbrtend

Assbrtend
1. Xtatbibdt ng Gaht
]jes es a statbibdt tjat had lb prnvbd nl`bhtevbcy ly merbht bxpbrebdhb,
tbsteindebs ng wetdbssbs, vbregebm nlsbrvatends, nr tjb rbsucts ng rbsbarhj.
Bxaipcb0 ]jb saipakueta

saipakueta―s―s rnnts
rnnts arb usbm gnr ibmehedac purpnsbs, suhj as
ad adbstjbteh adm a sbmatevb.
]jes statbibdt es a gaht lbhausb et had lb merbhtcy vbregebm ly bxpbrebdhb nr
rbcealcb rbsbarhj rbpnrts.
71

<. Xtatbibdt ng Npedend

Npedends arb lasbm nd gahts, lut arb meggehuct tn nl`bhtevbcy vbregy lbhausb ng
tjb udhbrtaedty ng prnmuhedk satesgahtnry prnngs ng snudmdbss.
Bxaipcb0 ]jb pnpucarety ng saipakueta gcnwbrs es inst bvembdt ed pcahbs

p cahbs ng
wnrsjep.
]jb alnvb statbibdt es ad npedend lbhausb et es lasbm nd ad nlsbrvatend tjat
dbbms tn lb prnvbd ly stumebs adm rbpbatbm nlsbrvatend? tjbrb arb tnn iady
gahtnrs edvncvbm tjat iaobs bxpcehet ùmkibdt meggehuct.
8. Xtatbibdt ng Hndvbdtend
A hndvbdtend es a way ed wjehj snibtjedk es mndb, seiecar tn trametends adm
dnris. Hndvbdtends mbpbdm nd jestnrehac prbhbmbdt, caws, rucbs, usakb, adm
hustnis.
Bxaipcb0 ]jb saipakueta lbcndks tn tjb

t jb kbdus @asiedui
@asiedui ng
ng tjb gaiecy
Ncbahbab.
]jes statbibdt es a hndvbdtend lbhausb et es lasbm nd a hcassegehatend systbi
iamb up ly shebdtests adm es ahhbptalcb tn tjb shebdtegeh hniiudety.
=. Xtatbibdt ng Vrbgbrbdhb
Vrbgbrbdhbs arb lasbm nd pbrsndac hjnehb? tjbrbgnrb, tjby arb sul`bhtevb adm
haddnt lb nl`bhtevbcy prnvbd nr cnkehaccy attahobm.
Bxaipcb0 Xaipakuetas
Xaipakuetas arb tjb inst lbauteguc adm inst grakradt ng acc gcnwbrs.
]jes statbibdt es a prbgbrbdhb lbhausb et says a cnt alnut tjb typb ng gcnwbrs
tjat tjb wretbr ceobs, edstbam ng nl`bhtevbcy hniparedk tjb quacetebs ng
saipakuetas tn tjat ng ntjbr gcnwbrs.
7<

[jatt es et>
[ja
Ahtevety 160 Embdtegy tjb gnccnwedk assbrtends as statbibdts ng hndvbdtend, gaht,

npedend, nr prbgbrbdhb.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 1. Eipnrt celbracezatend ibad
ibads
s accnwedk gnrbekd knnms tn bdtbr
Vjeceppedb iarobts adm merbhtcy hnipbtb wetj mnibsteh
prnmuhts.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ <. Ahhnrmedk tn tjb Iedestbr ng Mbgbdsb, DVA aribm edsurkbdts
edsurkbdts
dnw tntac sui 17,666 ibd adm wnibd.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 8. \nsbs krnw lbst ed snec iamb ng ´ hcay ad
adm
m ³ sadm adm
cnai.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ =.]jb rnsb l
lbcndks
bcndks tn tjb kbdus \nsa ng tjb gaiecy \nsahbab
\nsahbab..
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 2. ]jb bxpn
bxpnrt
rt ng hut rnsb had basecy lbhnib
lbhnib ndb ng tjb inst
cuhratevb lusedbssbs ed tjb Vjeceppedbs.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 7. Iady in
inrb
rb wecc meb lbhausb ng pncetehac hndsembratends
hndsembratends adm
udwesb aem-spbdmedk.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ;. \nsbs arb inrb l lbauteguc,
bauteguc, sibcc swbbtbr adm arb
arb basebr tn
krnw tjad ady ntjbr gcnwbr.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ :. ]jb prbvenus kknvbrdibdt
nvbrdibdt sjnuc
sjnucm
m javb tnukjbdbm eets
ts stadm
akaedst tjb lurkbndedk edsurkbdhy.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 5. Bybwetdbs
Bybwetdbss
s tbsteindy es kbdbraccy udrbcealcb.
udrbcealcb.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 16.Haibc―s jaer lrusjbs arb iamb ng Xelbread squerrbc ger.
ger.
78

[jatt es et>
[ja
Ahtevety 110 Gnriucatb assb

assbrtends
rtends lasbm nd tjb kevbd pehturbs.
Bxaipcb0
Bxaipcb0
Xtatbibdt ng Hndvbdtend0
Hndvbdtend0 KIA, lbedk tjb vehb prbsembdt,
amvadhb tn tjb prbsembdteac pnsetend wjbd Bstrama stbppbm mnwd
grni jes nggehb.
Xtatbibdt ng Gaht0 KIA
Gaht0 KIA es tjb sbhndm wniad prbsembdt ng tjb
Vjeceppedb \bpulceh
Xtatbibdt ng Npedend0
Npedend0 E tjedo nur hnudtry's setuatend wecc
hndtedub tn lbhnib wnrsb udmbr Kcnrea's amiedestratend.
Xtatbibdt ng Vrbgbrbdhb0
Vrbgbrbdhb0 Bstrama was inrb hndhbrdbm wetj
tjb iassbs hniparbm tn KIA.
Xnurhb0 jttps0//eiakbs.app.knn.kc/tORX==\pP2DWVBzP;
Hndvbdtend0 ^^^^^^
Xtatbibdt ng Hndvbdtend0 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^
Xtatbibdt ng Gaht0
Gaht0 ^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^
Npedend0 ^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^
Xtatbibdt ng Vrbgbrbdhb
Vrbgbrbdhb00 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^

Hndvbdtend0 ^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Xtatbibdt ng Gaht0
Gaht0 ^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Npedend0 ^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Xnurhb0 jttps0//eiakbs.app.knn.kc/W
jttps0//eiakbs.app.knn.kc/We[:Gvb=k=gjAset5
e[:Gvb=k=gjAset5
Xtatbibdt ng Vrbgbrbdhb0
Vrbgbrbdhb0 ^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

7=

[jatt es et>
[ja
Ahtevety 1<0 Gnriucatb assbrtends lasbm nd tjb wnrms kevbd ed bahj duilbr.
Gnccnw tjb typb ng assbrtend
assbrtend spbhegebm ed bahj wnrm.
1. Iarteac Caw (statbibdt ng npedend)

npedend)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^
<. Xbdenr Jekj Xhj

Xhjnnc
nnc (statbib
(statbibdt
dt ng prbgbrbdhb)
^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^
8. bxtraùmeheac oeccedk (statbibdt ng npedend)

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^
=. mnk (statbibdt ng hndvbdtend)

^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^
2. cakudme ( statbibdt ng gaht)

gaht)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^
Krbat `nl!
Unu arb mndb wetj tjb tjerm adm cast ahtevety, javb a lrbao!
lrbao! Unu mbsbrvb
ndb. ]jbd cbt―s taob ngg tn inrb gud ahtevetebs!
ahtevetebs!
Xn, rbam nd!
72

[jat―s Inrb
Edstruhtends0 \bam tjb kevbd tbxt adm gnriucatb assbrtends alnut tjb hndtbdt
adm prnpbrtebs ng a tbxt.
Nppnrtudetebs ng tjb Hnrndaverus (HNWEM-15)

‒Bmuhatendac Hjaccbdkbs adm Nppnrtudetebs
Vadmbieh‗‗ (Bxhbrpt)
Vadmbieh
[b arb cevedk aiemst wjat es pntbdteaccy ndb ng tjb krbatbst tjrbats ed nur
cegbteib tn kcnlac bmuhatend, a kekadteh bmuhatendac hreses. As ng Iarhj <:, <6<6, tjb
HNWEM-15 padmbieh es hausedk inrb tjad 1.7 leccend hjecmrbd adm ynutj tn lb nut ng
shjnnc ed 171 hnudtrebs. ]jes es hcnsb tn :6% ng tjb wnrcm―s bdrnccbm stumbdts.
stumbdts. [b
wbrb acrbamy bxpbrebdhedk a kcnlac cbardedk hreses, as iady stumbdts wbrb ed shjnnc,
lut wbrb dnt cbardedk tjb gudmaibdtac soeccs dbbmbm gnr cegb. ]jb [nrcm Lado―s
‒Cbardedk Vnvbrty‗
Vnvbrty‗ edmehatnr ‘ tjb
‘ tjb % ng hjecmrbd wjn haddnt rbam adm udmbrstadm at
akb 16 ‘
16 ‘ stnnm at 28% ng hjecmrbd ed cnw- adm iemmcb-edhnib hnudtrebs ‘
‘ lbgnrb tjb
nutlrbao startbm. ]jes padmbieh jas tjb pntbdteac tn wnrsbd tjbsb nuthnibs bvbd
inrb eg wb mn dnt aht gast.
[jat sjnucm wb lb wnrrebm alnut ed tjes pjasb ng tjb hreses tjat iekjt javb ad
eiibmeatb eipaht nd hjecmrbd
hjec mrbd adm
ad m ynutj>
ynut j> (1)
( 1) Cnssbs ed cbardedk?
c bardedk? (<) Edhrbasbm
mrnpnut ratbs? (8) Hjecmrbd iessedk tjber inst eipnrtadt ibac ng tjb may. Inrbnvbr,
inst hnudtrebs javb vbry udbquac bmuhatend systbis, adm tjbsb dbkatevb eipahts wecc
lb gbct mesprnpnrtendatbcy ly pnnr hjecmrbd. [jbd et raeds, et pnurs gnr tjbi.

Xnurhb0 jttps0//lcnks.wnrcmlado.nrk/bmuhatend/bmuhatendac-hjaccbdkbs-adm-nppnrtudetebs-hnvem-15-padmbieh
Hndvbdtend0 ^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^
Xtatbibdt ng Gaht0
Gaht0 ^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^
Npedend0 ^^^^^^^^^
Xtatbibdt ng Npedend0 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^
Vrbgbrbdhb00 ^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^
77

[ ja
jatt E jav
jav b ccba
barr dbm
Ad assbrtend
assbrtend es
es a statbibdt usbm tn iaob a mbhcaratend nr tn bxprbss strndk
lbcebg nd a partehucar tnpeh, ngtbd wetjnut bvembdhb. Ahhnrmedk tn ]endksnd, et jas =
typbs0
Xtatbibdt ng Gaht
]jes es a statbibdt tjat had lb prnvbd nl`bhtevbcy ly merbht bxpbrebdhb, tbsteindebs
ng wetdbssbs, vbregebm nlsbrvatends, nr tjb rbsucts ng rbsbarhj.
Xtatbibdt ng Npedend
Npedend
Npedends arb lasbm nd gahts, lut arb meggehuct tn nl`bhtevbcy vbregy lbhausb ng tjb
udhbrtaedty ng prnmuhedk satesgahtnry prnngs ng snudmdbss.
Xtatbibdt ng Hndvbdtend
Hndvbdtend
A hndvbdtend es a way ed wjehj snibtjedk es mndb, seiecar tn trametends adm dnris.
Hndvbdtends mbpbdm
mbpbdm nd jestnrehac prbhbmbdt, caws, rucbs, usakb, adm hustnis.
Vrbgbrbdhb
Vrbgbrbdhbs arb lasbm nd pbrsndac hjnehb? tjbrbgnrb, tjby arb sul`bhtevb adm haddnt
lb nl`bhtevbcy prnvbd nr cnkehaccy attahobm.
Krbat `nl!
Unu arb mndb wetj Cbssnd 1, javb a lrbao! Unu mbsbrvb ndb.
]jbd cbt―s taob ngg tn Cbssnd <!
Xn, rbam nd!
7;


Gnriucatedk Hnudtbrhcaeis
7.<
[jat―s Dbw
]n lb ad bggbhtevb hretehac tjedobr, et es dnt bdnukj ùst tn lb alcb tn embdtegy

hcaeis adm assbrtends. Et es acsn eipnrtadt tn javb tjb alecety tn adacyzb ad arkuibdt
adm hnudtbrhcaeis.
Hnudtbrhcaeis arb hcaeis iamb tn rblut a prbvenus hcaei. ]jby prnvemb a
hndtrastedk pbrspbhtevb tn tjb iaed arkuibdt.
Hnudtbrhcaeis ‘
Hnudtbrhcaeis ‘ adswbr tjb qubstend
qubstend ‒[jat arb ntjbr hrbmelcb pnsselecetebs>
]jb gnccnwedk qubstends wecc jbcp ynu gnriucatb
g nriucatb a hnudtbrhcaei0
 [jat arb tjb i ia`nr
a`nr pn
pnedts
edts nd wjehj yynu
nu ad
adm
m tjb autjnr ha
had
d mesak
mesakrbb>
rbb>
 [jat es tjb strnd
strndkbst
kbst arkuibdt> [jat mem tjby say tn mbgbdm tjber pnsetend>
 [jat arb tjb ibrets ng tjber vebw>
 [jat aarb
rb tjb wbaodbssb
wbaodbssbs s nr sjnrthniedks ed tjber a
arkuibdt>
rkuibdt>
 Arb tjbrb ady jemmbd assuiptends>
 [jehj ced
cedbs
bs grni tjb tbxt lbst suppnrt tjb hn
hnudtbrhcaei
udtbrhcaei y
ynu
nu ja
javb
vb gnriuca
gnriucatbm>
tbm>
Xtbps ed [retedk a Hnudtbrhcaei

Xtbp Ndb ‘
Ndb ‘ [ays
[ays tn lbked hnudtbrhcaei parakrapj
parakrapjs
s
Iady pbnpcb lbcebvb tjat . . .

Et es ngtbd tjnukjt tjat . . .


Et iekjt sbbi as eg . . .

[jecb et es hniind . . .

Xtbp ]wn ‘
]wn ‘ [ays
[ays tn tradsetend grni tjb nppnsetb semb laho tn ynur npedend
[jat tjes arkuibdt gaecs tn hndsembr
 hndsembr es . . .
]jes vebw snudms hndvedhedk at gerst lut
 lut . . .
Actjnukj tjb hn
 hnrb
rb hcaei es vacem, et suggbrs grni tj
tjb
b gcaw ed ets . . .
Xtbp ]jrbb ‘
]jrbb ‘ [retb
[retb a hnudtbrhca
hnudtbrhcaei.
ei. Rsb ndb ng tjb sbdtbdhb startbrs ed stbp ndb.
\bibilbr tn tradsetend laho tn ynur npedend. Rsb ndb ng tjb sbdtbdhbs
startbrs ed stbp twn.
H nudtb
nudtbrh
rhca
caei
ei bxai
bxaipcb
pcb00
Et es ngtbd tjnukjt tjat snheac
snheac stumebs es tjb gavnretb ahambieh hcass gnr ùdenr jekj
shjnnc stumbdts. Jnwbvbr, wjat tjes arkuibdt gaecs tn hndsembr es tjat shebdhb
accnws gnr inrb jadms-nd ahtevetebs. Gnr bxaipcb, wjbd stumyedk aipjeleads, ynu kbt
tn messbht a grnk ratjbr tjad ùst rbam alnut ad bvbdt grni tjb past.
7:

[jatt es et>
[ja
Ahtevety 18-A0 Xncvb tjb puzz

puzzcb
cb usedk tjb mbgedetend prnvemb
prnvembm.
m.
\ H
Ahtevety 18-L0 \bam bahj sbdtbdhb harbguccy. ]jbd wretb ] eg tjb statbibdt es
trub adm G eg gacsb.
^^^^^^^^^^ 1. Lbedk alcb tn iaob ad assbrtend es bdnukj tn gnriucatb

hnudtbrhcaeis.
^^^^^^^^^^ <.
<. Adacyzedk ad arkuibdt es eipnrtadt
eipnrtadt ed gnriucatedk hnudtbrhcaeis.
^^^^^^^^^^ 8.
8. Hcaei es a statbibdt tjat ammrbssbs
ammrbssbs nppnsedk vebwpn
vebwpnedts.
edts.
^^^^^^^^^^ =.
=. Hretehac tjedoedk hndhbrds ed mbtbriededk tjb quacety
quacety ng nur lbcebgs.
^^^^^^^^^^ 2.
2. Hnudtbrhcaei es a hndtrastedk pbrspbhtevb
pbrspbhtevb tn tjb arkuibdt.
arkuibdt.
Krbat `nl!
Unu arb mndb wetj tjb gerst ahtevety, javb a lrbao! Unu mbsbrvb ndb. ]jbd
]jbd
cbt―s taob ngg tn inrb gud ahtevetebs!
ahtevetebs!
Xn, rbam nd!
75

[jatt es et>
[ja
Ahtevety 1=0 \bam tjb kevbd hcaei. [retb ynur hnudtbrhcaei lasbm nd tjb kevbd
hcaei.
Bxaipcb0
Hcaei0
Jylrem hars arb ad bggbhtevb stratbky tn gekjt pnccutend.
pnccutend.
Hnudtbrhcaei0
Iady pbnpcb lbcebvb tjat jylrem hars arb ad bggbhtevb stratbky tn gekjt
pnccutend. ]jes vebw snudms hndvedhedk at gerst lut edstbam ng gnhusedk nd hars,
wjehj stecc bdhnurakbs a hucturb ng mrevedk bvbd eg et huts mnwd nd pnccutend, tjb
datend sjnucm gnhus nd luecmedk adm bdhnurakedk tjb usb ng iass tradset
systbis.
1. Hcaei0
Hcaei0 ]rahoedk
]rahoedk mbvehbs nd pjndbs es a knnm emba lbhausb eg
ynu kn snibwjbrb ynur parbdts wecc dnw ynur wjbrbalnuts.
Hnudtbrhcaei0 ^^^^^^^^^^
Hnudtbrhcaei0 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^
Xnurhb0 jttps0//www.grbbpeo.
jttps0//www.grbbpeo.hni
hni
<. Hcaei0
Hcaei0 Lbedk krnudmbm es a knnm emba mbpbdmedk nd wjat
tjby mem.
mem.
Hnudtbrhcaei0 ^^^^^^^^^^
Hnudtbrhcaei0 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Xnurhb0 jttps0//eiakbs.app.knn.kc/[o[w@ZapkHy8sbVZ:
;6

[ ja
jatt e s et>
Ahtevety 120 \bam passakbs lbcnw. Appcy tjb qubstends alnvb ed embdtegyedk tjb
hcaei adm hnudtbrhcaei.
Bxaipcb0
[athjedk tbcbvesend bdtbrtaeds, bmuhatbs, adm edgnris. ]jbsb tjrbb gahtuac
amvadtakbs mbvbcnpbm,
mbvbcnpbm, kevedk inrb adm inrb amvadtakbs. ]jb vacub ng gaiecy cegb
hnucm edhrbasb wjbd tjby spbdt teib tnkbtjbr, adm tjb alecety ng tbcbvesend tn
bdtbrtaed suppnrts tjes hndmetend tn jappbd. ]jbrb arb sjnws wjehj get acc
kbdbratends adm hnucm iaob pbnpcb jappy wathjedk et. [jbd ibilbrs ng tjb
gaiecy wathj tjb sjnws, tjby caukj, adm a hnignrtedk atinspjbrb es hrbatbm.
- - - - - -
Hcaei0 [athjedk
Hcaei0 [athjedk tbcbvesend strbdktjbds tjb gaiecy rbcatendsjep.
Hnudtbrhcaei0 Et iekjt sbbi as eg wathjedk tbcbvesend strbdktjbds gaiecy
Hnudtbrhcaei0
rbcatendsjep. ]jes vebw snudms hndvedhedk at gerst lut wathjedk tbcbvesend prbvbdts tjb
tacoedk, tjb kaibs adm tjb gaiecy gbstevetebs adm arkuibdts tjrnukj
tjrnu kj wjehj tjb hjecm―s
cbardedk taobs pcahb.
]jby arb hbrtaedcy rekjt. Xudshrbbd prntbhts ynur soe d grni uctravencbt cekjt
rays. ]nn iuhj uctravencbt es lam gnr ynur soed. Eg ynu spbdm a cndk teib nutsemb
wetjnut ady sudshrbbd nd, ynu iekjt kbt a sudlurd lbhausb ng tjb uctravencbt
rays.
Xnurhb0 jttps0//www.kraiia
jttps0//www.kraiiarlado.hni/parak
rlado.hni/parakrapj-hnipcbtend.jtic
rapj-hnipcbtend.jtic
Hcaei0 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Hcaei0 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Hnudtbrhcaei0 ^^^^^^^^
Hnudtbrhcaei0 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
;1

Unu dbbm a tntac ng alnut 76 iedutbs ng pjysehac ahtevety a may. Jbrb es tjb
knnm dbws. ----. Gevb
Gev b nr tbd iedutb sbssends ng pjysehac ahtevetebs tjrnukjnut tjb
may arb ùst as knnm gnr ynu. ]jbsb iay edhcumb wacoedk, `nkkedk, ruddedk, adm
remedk a leob.
Xnur
Xnurhb
hb00 jtt
jtt s0//w
s0//www
ww.. raiia
raiiarl
rlad
ado.
o.hn
hni/
i/ ara
ara ra j-h
j-hni
ni cbten
cbtend.
d.jtic
jtic
Hcaei0 ^^^^^^^^^^
Hcaei0 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Hnudtbrhcaei0 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
]jb Jnusb ng \bprbsbdtatevbs apprnvbm Jnusb Lecc 721;, nr tjb Vjeceppedb

Hnipassendatb Ibmehac Haddales Aht, nd ets gedac rbamedk nd @aduary <5, <615.
]jb lecc aeis tn ‒cbkacezb adm rbkucatb tjb ibmehac usb ng haddales,‗ wetj tjb
nvbracc knac ng iaoedk et inrb ahhbsselcb gnr Gecepedns.
Ndhb tjb lecc kbts bdahtbm, tjb knvbrdibdt wecc bstalcesj Ibmehac Haddales
Hnipassendatb Hbdtbrs (IHHH), as wbcc as a Ibmehac Haddales \bsbarhj adm
Xagbty Hnipceadhb Gahecety
Gahecet y (IH\XHG) gnr rrbsbarhj
bsbarhj adm tbstedk. ]jbsb dbw
edstetutends wecc sagbkuarm tjb mestrelutend adm rbsbarhj ng ibmehac haddales ed tjb
hnudtry.

Xnurhb0 jttps0//www.gcepshebdhb.pj/jbactj/pjeceppedbs-cbkacezb-iareùada/
Hcaei0 ^^^^^^^^^^
Hcaei0 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Hnudtbrhcaei0 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
;<

[jat―s Inrb
Edstruhtends0 \bam tjb spbbhj ng Xbd. Iaddy Vahquean. Appcy tjb qubstends
alnvb ed embdtegyedk tjb hcaei adm hnudtbrhcaei. [retb tjbsb lbcnw, gnccnwbm ly
a lrebg bxpcadatend.
A GEKJ] GN\ CEGB

Xbd. Iaddy Vahquean's spbbhj at Hailremkb
Hailremkb Rdend
Vrbsembdt Hjarcbs Hnddnr adm ntjbr bstbbibm nggeheacs ng tjb Hailremkb

Rdevbrsety? mestedkuesjbm ibilbrs ng tjb Hailremkb Rdend, ntjbr mekdetarebs ed
attbdmadhb, camebs adm kbdtcbibd, iy gbccnw kubsts, knnm agtbrdnnd.
A gainus pastnr ndhb saem, adm E quntb, "]jb wnrcm es a udevbrsety adm
bvbryndb ed et es a tbahjbr. Iaob surb wjbd ynu waob up ed tjb inrdedk ynu kn tn
shjnnc." Bdm ng quntb.
]nmay, E ai dnt ùst ed ady nlshurb part ng tjb kcnlac udevbrsety. E ai mbbpcy
jndnrbm tn lb edvetbm ly tjb Hailremkb Rdend, tjb ncmbst mblatedk adm grbb spbbhj
snhebty ed tjb wnrcm adm tjb carkbst stumbdt snhebty ed tjb Rdevbrsety ng Hailremkb.
E ai dnt a shebdtest, a iatjbiatehead, nr a pjecnsnpjbr. Lut ynu javb kevbd ib

tjes prevecbkb ng ammrbssedk ynu. E ai juilcbm tn lb ed tjb iemst ng lrecceadt stumbdts
ed tjes prbstekenus udevbrsety tjat jas bmuhatbm rbiaroalcb acuide, edhcumedk Lretesj
Vreib Iedestbrs, gnrbekd Jbams ng statbs, indarhjs, adm rnyacs. Et es iy mestedht
jndnr tn stadm lbgnrb acc ng ynu.
E ai mbcekjtbm tn cbard tjat ndb ng Hailremkb Rdevbrsety's jestnreh hnccbkbs es

Biiadubc Hnccbkb adm tjat Jarvarm Rdevbrsety, tjb gerst hnccbkb ed tjb Rdetbm Xtatbs,
was nrkadezbm agtbr tjb inmbc ng Biiadubc.
E javb dnt bxpbrebdhbm jnw et es tn pursub a mbkrbb ceob a rbkucar udevbrsety

stumbdt. Iy herhuistadhbs
herhuistadhbs wbrb vbry meggbrbdt grni ynurs.
Lut E mem dnt accnw tjbsb herhuistadhbs tn ceiet ib. E wnrobm nd adm gedaccy
rbhbevbm iy mbkrbb tjrnukj tjb Actbrdatevb Cbardedk Xystbi. Inrb eipnrtadtcy, E
hndtedub tn cbard grni tjb Rdevbrsety haccbm cegb.
Xn, jbrb es Biiadubc Mapemrad Vahquean stadmedk ed grndt ng ynu. E ai dnt

jbrb tn sjnw ngg iy cbgt jnno nr iy gcuem gnntwnro. E ai jbrb lbhausb E wadt tn
pbrsndaccy sjarb iy darratevb ed tjb jnpb tjat et wecc tnuhj bvbd ùst a gbw ng ynu adm
pbrsuamb ynu tn tjedo meggbrbdtcy alnut cegb.
E was lnrd edtn pnvbrty. ]jbrb es a Gecepedn ibtapjnr tjat knbs "ias
" ias iajerap
pa sa maka,"
maka," wjehj tradscatbs tn "inrb mbstetutb tjad a rat." Grni a vbry ynudk akb, E
;8

jam tn strukkcb maecy tn survevb. E gnukjt jarm, E gactbrbm, E gaecbm iady teibs. Lut E
cbardbm tn resb akaed bahj teib E gbcc. Bahj sbtlaho lbhaib a pcatgnri gnr a
hniblaho.
]jat es wjat cegb was ceob tn ib as a hjecm. Lut iy jarmsjeps arb dnt
udhniind. ]jbrb arb sn iady ntjbrs arnudm tjb wnrcm wjn javb gahbm bvbd wnrsb.
Lut iy jarmsjeps taukjt ib ndb vacualcb cbssnd. Dbvbr quet.
Eg tjb wnrcm odnhos ynu mnwd, kbt up. Eg acc tjedks hndsperb akaedst ynu, gekjt
laho. Quettedk es dnt ad nptend.
E was ndcy ; ybars ncm wjbd E jam tn taob rbspndselecety gnr iy tjrbb selcedks
wjn wbrb cbgt udmbr iy harb lbhausb nur intjbr jam tn bard a cevedk. E tnno et upnd
iysbcg tn jbcp jbr, "Iniiy Mendesea", as sjb es gndmcy haccbm ly tjb Gecepedns, tn bard
bxtra indby sn tjat wb had bat bvbd ùst ndb mbhbdt ibac a may.
E was stecc ed bcbibdtary shjnnc laho tjbd. E iadakbm tn attbdm hcassbs bvbd
wetjnut scbbp adm wetjnut gnnm. ]jbrb wbrb mays wjbd et was ndcy watbr tjat obpt ib
knedk. [b wbrb sn pnnr tjat wb hnucm dnt bvbd aggnrm shjnnc suppcebs? E wnucm usb
iy pbdhec bvbd eg tjbrb was ndcy alnut ad edhj cndk ng et cbgt tjat E hnucm dn cndkbr
jncm et tn wretb.
E rbibilbr wjbd E was ed tjb sextj kramb, adm iy hcassiatbs wnucm gcnho
arnudm ib gnr nur iatjbiatehs jnibwnro lbhausb tjby odbw E was rbcealcb wjbd et
haib tn duilbrs. E mem tjber iatj jnibwnro gnr tjbi, adm ed bxhjadkb tjby wnucm
sjarb tjber gnnm wetj ib lbhausb tjby odbw E rarbcy jam ady.
Lnxedk turdbm iy cegb arnudm. E was ndcy 1= ybars ncm wjbd E cbgt iy
jnibtnwd ed Iedmadan sn tjat E had traed gnr et ed Iadeca. Iy darratevb tnno a turd
lbhausb ng tjat hruheac mbhesend tn taob a lek stbp away grni iy hnignrt zndb.
[etj tjb lbdbget ng jedmsekjt, E javb rbacezbm tjat et es tjb krahb ng Knm tjat
tradsgnribm ib grni dntjedk edtn snibtjedk.
Iy herhcb lbhaib lekkbr adm lekkbr lbhausb ng tjb hnudtcbss nppnrtudetebs

tjat lnxedk lrnukjt alnut. Iy vehtnrebs ed tjb redk pusjbm ib rekjt edtn hbdtbr stakb
adm usjbrbm ed gaib adm gnrtudb. Nppnrtudetebs haib odnhoedk at iy mnnr, ndb agtbr
tjb ntjbr.
ntjbr.
E appcy tjb saib predhepcbs ed pulceh sbrvehb. As a cegbcndk cbardbr, E iust obbp
eiprnvedk iysbcg adm E iust dnt stnp cbardedk. ]jat way, E rbiaed rbcbvadt tn iy
pbnpcb adm tjb wnrcm tjat mbsbrvb tjb lbst ng Iaddy Vahquean, edsemb adm nutsemb
tjb redk.
Gnr as cndk as E bxest, E wecc obbp sjnwedk up gnr cegb. E wecc hndtedub tn lb a
cbardbr adm acways strevb tn lb a tbahjbr ly eipartedk iy jarm-bardbm cbssnds tn
ntjbrs.
;=

Bahj ndb ng ynu ed tjes rnni had hjadkb tjb wnrcm. Javb gaetj, pbrsbvbrb.
Gedm ynur passend adm jbbm ynur haccedk. E urkb ynu, as tjb \niad pnbt Jnrahb mem0
Harpb Mebi -- sbezb tjb may.
Adm alnvb acc, GEKJ]. ]jado ynu

ynu adm a pcba
pcbasadt
sadt agtbrdnnd.
]jb hcaei ed tjb tbxt0

tbxt0
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^
\basnd0
\basnd0
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^
^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^
Iy hnudtbrhcaei0
hnudtbrhcaei0
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^
\basnd0
\basnd0
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^
Krbat `nl! Unu arb mndb wetj tjb ahtevetebs, javb a lrbao!
Unu mbsbrvb ndb.
;2

[ ja
jatt E J avb Cba
C barr dbm
]n lb ad bggbhtevb hretehac tjedobr, et es dnt bdnukj ùst tn lb alcb tn embdtegy

hcaeis adm assbrtends. Et es acsn eipnrtadt tn javb tjb alecety tn adacyzb ad
arkuibdt adm hnudtbrhcaeis. Hnudtbrhcaeis arb hcaeis iamb tn rblut a prbvenus
hcaei. ]jby prnvemb a hndtrastedk pbrspbhtevb tn tjb iaed arkuibdt.
Hnudtbrhcaeis ‘
Hnudtbrhcaeis ‘ adswbr tjb qubstend? ‒[jat arb ntjbr hrbmelcb pnsselecetebs>
A s s bs s ibdt
Merbhtend0 Embdtegy tjb gnccnwedk assbrtends as statbibdts ng hndvbdtend, gaht,

npedend, nr prbgbrbdhb.
^^^^^^^^^^^1. Xnheac ibmea es mbgedbm as tjb Edtbrdbt adm inlecb-lasbm tnncs adm
^^^^^^^^^^^1.
mbvehbs tjat gahecetatb tjb edtbkratend ng tbhjdncnky, tbcbhniiudehatends, adm snheac
edtbrahtend.
^^^^^^^^^^^<.
^^^^^^^^^^ ^<. Gahblnno es a hnnhnncbrcbr snheac ibmea pcatgnri tjad ]wettbr.
^^^^^^^^^^^8.
^^^^^^^^^^ ^8. Ed <61<, tjbrb wbrb 1.= lec leccend
cend usbrs ng snheac ibmea wnrcmwemb.
^^^^^^^^^^^=.
^^^^^^^^^^ ^=. ]bahjbrs sjnucm usb snheac ibmea ed tjber cbssnds tn kbt inrb
stumbdts edtbrbstbm.
^^^^^^^^^^^2.
^^^^^^^^^^ ^2. Adntjbr daib gnr snheac ibmea es ‒[bl <.6‗ lbhausb lntj tbris
bipjasezb tjb snheac aspbhts ng tjb Edtbrdbt as avbdubs gnr hniiudehatend,
hnccalnratend, adm hrbatevb bxprbssend.
^^^^^^^^^^^7.
^^^^^^^^^^ ^7. Iady tbbdakbrs― prbsbdt nlsbssend wetj taoedk sbcgeb― sbcgeb―s
s sjnws tjby
arb tjb inst darhessesteh kbdbratend.
^^^^^^^^^^^;.
^^^^^^^^^^ ^;. Xnheac dbtwnros arb tjb in inst st mestrahtedk wblsetbs nd tjb edtbrdbt.
^^^^^^^^^^^:.
^^^^^^^^^^ ^:. Ed tjb ggerst
erst quartbr ng <61=, dbarcy 866 ieccend s siartpjndb
iartpjndb udets wbrb
sncm acc nvbr tjb wnrcm.
^^^^^^^^^^^5.
^^^^^^^^^^ ^5. Varbdts nukjt tn bdgnrhb strehtbr kuembcedbs ed snheac ibmea tn
sagbkuarm tjber hjecmrbd―s prevahy.
prevahy.
^^^^^^^^^^^16.
^^^^^^^^^^ ^16. Hjecmrbd arb cbardedk jnw tn npbratb inlecb mbvehbs at edhrbasedkcy
ed hrbasedkcy
ynudkbr akbs? iady ng tjbi javb ad emba ng jnw tn usb a tnuhjshrbbd talcbt lbgnrb
tjby arb twn.
;7

Hndkratucatends!
Unu javb hnipcbtbm
tjes inmucb.
Et―s dnw teib tn kn nd tn tjb dbxt amvbdturb…
amvbdturb…
Knnm cuho!
;;

O by ttn
n A ds
dswwbrs
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;:

\bgbrbdhbs0
jttp0//stumbdtsngbdkcesj.lcnkspnt.hni/<66=/1</stumbdts-ng-bdkcesj-16-ijr1-
iju1.jtic
iju1.jtic
jttps0//prbze.hni/di=nu^`kcho2/tjb-cnkeh-ng-assbrtends/
jttps0//prbze.hni/bwg5w5v6gbgu/oedms-ng-statbibdt-hnii<k/
jttps0//prbze.hni/bwg5w5v6gbgu/oedms-ng-statbibdt-hnii<k/
jttps0//cedo.queppbr.hni/bd/nrkadezatends/2=;ggla6m
jttps0//cedo.queppbr.hni/bd/nrkadezatends/2=;ggla6m<l;7m666<66<7
<l;7m666<66<7;m/hurrehucui
;m/hurrehucui
#hurrehucui
#hurrehucui
jttps0//www.scembsjarb.dbt/Wadbssa\aindbs/gnriucatedk-assbrtends
jttps0//www.scembsjarb.dbt/Wadbssa\aindbs/gnriucatedk-assbrtends
ttps0//www.ahambiea.bmu/78717<7/AXXB\]ÛNR\XBCGÂXXB\
ttps0//www.ahambiea.bmu/78717<7/AXXB\]ÛNR \XBCGÂXXB\]ÛNR\XBCG
]ÛNR\XBCG
Înmucb^Gnur^Jnw^tn^LbjavbÎ
Înmucb^Gnur^Jn w^tn^LbjavbÎnrbÂssbrtevbcyÂs
nrbÂssbrtevbcyÂssbrtevbdbss^]bhjdequb
sbrtevbdbss^]bhjdequbs^
s^
LasehÂssbrtend
jttps0//www.lusedbsslusedbsslusedb
jttps0//www.lusedbsslusedbsslusedbss.hni.au/jardbss-gevb-typbs-ass
ss.hni.au/jardbss-gevb-typbs-assbrtend-kbt-
brtend-kbt-
vnehb-jbarm/
vnehb-jbarm/
jttp0//rjb867.mrw.utbxas.bmu/setbs/rjb867.mrw.utbxas.bmu/gecbs/[nrosjbbt^Hcaei-
hnudtbrhcaei.pmg
;5

Xbdenr Jekj Xhjnnc

Cbardedk Hnipbtbdhy ;0 Mbtbriedb tbxtuac bvembdhb tn vacematb

assbrtends adm hnudtbrhcaeis iamb alnut a tbxt rbam.
X< Q= BD11/1<\[X-EWah-16
dm
tj
Quartbr0 = Quartbr
:6


]bxtuac Bvembdhb
;
[jat―s Dbw
\bamedk as a hretehac bcbibdt ng cetbrahy es vbry bssbdteac gnr edmevemuacs―

suhhbss. Et es ndb ng tjb ways tjat wb usb cadkuakb ed nur maecy cegb tn katjbr
edgnriatend, hniiudehatb wetj ntjbrs adm gnr bd`nyibdt. Jbdhb, rbamedk acways
nhhurs ed hndtbxt. ]jus, wjbd ynu rbam adm bvacuatb tjb tbxt ynu arb rbamedk, et es
eipnrtadt tn vacematb ynur assbrtends adm hnudtbrhcaeis wetj vacem bvembdhbs tn
prnmuhb ibadedkguc bvacuatevb statbibdts.
]jes inmucb es acc alnut mbtbriededk tbxtuac bvembdhb tn vacematb assbrtends

adm hnudtbrhcaeis iamb alnut a tbxt rbam
[ ja
jatt E D bb
bbm
m ttn
n O dnw

Ly tjb bdm ng tjes inmucb, ynu wecc javb lbbd alcb tn mbtbriedb tbxtuac bvembdhb tn
vacematb assbrtends adm hnudtbrhcaeis iamb alnut a tbxt rbam.
 ]aob ynur teib rbamedk tjb cbssnds harbguccy?
 Gnccnw tjb merbhtends adm/nr edstruhtends ed tjb ahtevetebs

ahtev etebs adm bxbrhesbs
mecekbdtcy?
 Adswbr acc tjb qubstends

qubstends tjat ynu bdhnudtbr.
bdhnudtbr. As ynu kn tjrnukj tjb
inmucb, ynu wecc gedm jbcp tn adswbr tjbsb qubstends?
 Mn tjb sukkbstbm tasos wetj patebdhb adm edmustry tasos?

t asos? adm
 ]aob ynur teib tn stumy adm cbard.
:1

[jatt E O dnw
[ja
Merbhtend0 \bam
Merbhtend0 \bam bahj etbi harbguccy. Hjnnsb tjb hnrrbht adswbr ly wretedk tjb cbttbr
nd tjb spahb lbgnrb bahj duilbr.
^^^^^^^ 1. Et es edgnriatend katjbrbm

katjbrbm grni tjb tbxt tjat suppnrts ynur bvacuatevb
statbibdts.
A. Assbrtend H. ]bxtuac Bvembdhb
L. Bvacuatevb Xtatbibdt M. Hnudtbrhcaei
^^^^^^^ <. Et es a statbibdt
statbibdt usbm tn iaob a mbhca
mbhcaratend
ratend nr tn bxprbss strndk lbcebg
nd a partehucar tnpeh, ngtbd wetjnut bvembdhb.
^^^^^^^ 8. Et es a statbibdt
statbibdt tjat ynu had iaob tn rbgcbht
rbgcbht ynur ùmkibdt adm
kbdbracezatend
kbdbraceza tend alnut a ttbxt
bxt tjat ynu javb rbam.
^^^^^^^ =. ]jbsb arb statbibdts
statbibdts tjat nppn
nppnsb
sb tjb hcaeis ng tjb wretbr ed tjb tbxt.
^^^^^^^ 2. Ed gnriucatedk
gnriucatedk assbrtends adm hnudtbrh
hnudtbrhcaeis
caeis alnut a tbxt, et es eipnrtadt
statbibdt wetj ^^^^^^^^^^.
tn suppnrt ndb―s statbibdt
^^^^^^^ 7. Et es tjb aht ng ibdtendedk
ibdtendedk a spbhegeh sbhtend
sbhtend ng tjb tbxt ceob ad bvbdt nr
ahtend.
A. \bgbrbdhedk H. Xuiiarezedk
L. Varapjrasedk M. Quntedk
^^^^^^^ ;. Et es statedk a part
part ng a tbxt ed tjb bxaht way et was wrettbd.
wrettbd.
^^^^^^^ :. Et es rbstatedk tjb tbxt ed ynur nwd wnrms.

^^^^^^^ 5. Et es rbstatedk tjb tbxt ed a sjnrtbr way usedk ynur nw

nwd
d wnrms.
^^^^^^^ 16. ]bxtuac
]bxtuac bvembdhb wbaobds
wbaobds tjb assbrtend nr hnu
hnudtbrhcaeis
dtbrhcaeis alnut a tbxt.
A. ]rub H. Iaylb
L. Gacsb M. Et mbpbdms
:<


Mbtbriededk ]bxtuac Bvembdhb
;.1
[jat―s Dbw
Ed gnriucatedk assbrtends adm hnudtbrhcaeis alnut a tbxt, et es eipnrtadt tjat

ynu suppnrt ynur statbibdts wetj tbxtuac bvembdhb.
[jat es tbxtuac bvembdhb>

bvembdhb>
]bxtuac bvembdhb
bvembdhb es edgnriatend katjbrbm grni tjb tbxt tjat suppnrts ynur
assbrtend nr hnudtbrhcaei alnut tjb tbxt. Et rbgbrs tn ady prnng ng ad arkuibdt, a
hcaei, a hnudtbrhcaei, ad assbrtend hetbm ed tjb tbxt cbamedk tn a hndhcusend.

Ed bxprbssedk ynur ùmkibdt alnut tjb tbxt,
1. Gerst, statb ynur emba a

alnut
lnut tjb tbxt.
<. ]n mbtbriedb bvembdhb grni tjb tbxt, cnno gnr hcu
hcubs
bs adm oby
obywnrms
wnrms tjat suppn
suppnrt
rt
ynur emba alnut tjb tbxt.
8. Quntb nr parapj
parapjrasb
rasb tjb part ng tjb tbxt tjat jb
jbcpbm
cpbm ynu hni
hnib
b up wetj ynur
emba.
=. Rsb quntaten
quntatend
d iaros tn qun
quntb
tb a part ng tjb tbxt. Eg et es grni a ln
lnno,
no, edmehatb tjb
pakb duilbr at tjb bdm ng ynur sbdtbdhb.
2. Castcy, b
bxprbss
xprbss jnw tjb quntb su
suppnrts
ppnrts ynu
ynurr emba.
Ed hetedk tbxtuac bvembdhb, ynu dbbm tn quntb, parapjrasb nr rbgbr tn tjb vbry
spbhegeh part ng tjb tbxt wjbrb ynu had usb tn suppnrt ynur nwd tjnukjts adm embas.
Lbcnw arb typbs ng tbxtuac bvembdhb0

bvembdhb0
\bgbrbdhedk
\bgbrbdhedk
]jes es tjb aht ng ibdtendedk a spbhegeh sbhtend ng tjb tbxt ceob ad bvbdt nr
ahtend.
Bxaipcbs0
 Ahhnrmedk tn Gussbcc, —] jb
jb Nxgnrm Lnno ng Bdkcesj Wbrsb prbsembs
Wbrsb prbsembs nvbr tjb
Krbat [ar ed a way tjat jas dbvbr lbbd guccy a

apprbheatbm―
pprbheatbm― (125).
(125).
:8

 Xtrehocadm tbccs tjb stnry ng Iedty Dbcsnd, a <;-ybar-ncm Xba

Xbattcb
ttcb Rdevb
Rdevbrsety
rsety
bipcnybb adm stumbdt, wjnsb bdhnudtbr wetj a hbdsus wnrobr bpetniezbs
tjb embdtety lattcb gahbm hndstadtcy ly iucteraheac pbnpcb.

Varapjrasedk
Varapjrasedk
]jes es rbstatedk ad autjnr―s nr snibndb bcsb―s wnro usedk ynur nwd wnrms
wetjnut cnsedk tjb nrekedac emba ng tjb tbxt.
Bxaipcb0
]jb nrekedac passakb0 ]jb parapjrasb0
Xtumbdts grbqubdtcy nvbrusb Ed rbsbarhj papbrs stumbdts

merbht quntatend ed taoedk dntbs? as a ngtbd quntb bxhbssevbcy, gaecedk tn
rbsuct tjby nvbrusb quntatends ed tjb obbp quntbm iatbreac mnwd tn a
gedac (rbsbarhj) papbr. Vrnlalcy ndcy mbseralcb cbvbc. Xedhb tjb prnlcbi
alnut 16% ng ynur gedac iadushrept usuaccy nrekedatbs muredk dntb taoedk.
sjnucm appbar as merbhtcy quntbm Et es bssbdteac tn iedeiezb tjb iatbreac
iattbr. ]jbrbgnrb, ynu sjnucm strevb rbhnrmbm vbrlatei (Cbstbr, 15;7 p.
tn ceiet tjb ainudt ng bxaht =7 ‘
=7 ‘ =;)
=;)
tradshreledk ng snurhb iatbreacs wjecb
taoedk dntbs (Cbstbr, 15;7 p. =7
=7 ‘
‘ =;)
=;)
Xnurhb0 jttps0//www.ynutulb.hni/wathj>v9Gll=Hj;dM@h Xnurhb0 jttps0//www.ynutulb.hni/wathj>v9Gll=Hj;dM@h
Xuiiarezedk
Xuiiarezedk
]jes es statedk tjb bssbdteac embas tnkbtjbr ng tjb tbxt ed a sjnrtbr way.
Bxaipcb0
]jb nrekedac passakb0 ]jb suiiary0

Xtumbdts grbqubdtcy nvbrusb Xtumbdts sjnucm taob ùst a
merbht quntatend ed taoedk dntbs? as a gbw dntbs ed merbht quntatend grni
rbsuct tjby nvbrusb quntatends ed tjb snurhbs tn jbcp iedeiezb tjb ainudt
gedac (rbsbarhj) papbr. Vrnlalcy ndcy ng quntbm iatbreac ed a rbsbarhj
alnut 16% ng ynur gedac iadushrept papbr (Cbstbr, 15;7 p. =7 ‘
=7 ‘ =;)
=;)
sjnucm appbar as merbhtcy quntbm
iattbr. ]jbrbgnrb, ynu sjnucm strevb
tn ceiet tjb ainudt ng bxaht
tradshreledk ng snurhb iatbreacs wjecb
taoedk dntbs (Cbstbr, 15;7 p. =7 ‘
=7 ‘ =;)
=;)
Xnurhb0 jttps0//www.ynutulb.hni/wathj>v9Gll=Hj;dM@h
Xnurhb0 jttps0//www.ynutulb.hni/wathj>v9Gll=Hj;dM@h
:=

Quntedk
]jes es statedk a part ng a tbxt ed tjb bxaht way et was wrettbd.
Bxaipcb0
 Xaiadtja Oedk, a gnrbdseh spbheacest, statbm tjat ‒MDA
‒ MDA bvembdhb es usuaccy
edmesputalcb.
 Ahhnrmedk tn Hndguheus,
Hndguheus, ‒Unu had―t npbd a lnno wetjnut cbardedk
snibtjedk.‗
snibtjedk.‗
Xuppnrt ynur statbibdts wetj tbxtuac bvembdhb tn hnib up wetj strndk nr sncem
arkuibdts, adm iaob ynur embas inrb hrbmelcb. Unu had hnib up wetj knnm tbxtuac
bvembdhb ly sbcbhtedk tjb inst rbcbvadt sbhtend ng
ng tjb tbxt tja
tjatt strndkcy suppnrts ynur
statbibdt alnut tjb tbxt.
[jy mn ynu dbbm tn mbtbriedb tbxtuac bvembdhb>
]jb dbbm tn adswbr qubstends agtbr rbamedk a tbxt adm nr tn sjarb nur embas
bdalcbs us tn kn laho tn wjat wb javb rbam adm kevb bvembdhb grni et tn prnvb tjat
ynu arb dnt ùst iadugahturedk ynur tjnukjts. Ngtbdteibs, wjbd wb ynu arb asobm
alnut jnw dehb a inveb was, ynu dbbm tn hetb part nr parts ng tjb inveb wjehj hnucm
suppnrt ynur tjnukjts tjat et was edmbbm a vbry dehb inveb wnrtjy tn lb wathjbm.
[jat ynu arb mnedk es usedk tbxtuac
t bxtuac bvembdhb.
Bxaipcb0
Breh ngtbd kbts wbt nd Xaturmays. Jb waobs up at 7 n„hcnho ed tjb inrdedk
adm knbs straekjt tn tjb gauhbt. Jb prbparbs a lased, snap, sjaipnn adm a stnnc.
Ndb ly ndb, jb haccs nut jes gur grebdms gnr tjb Xaturmay inrdedks –retuac’.
–retuac’.
Qubstend0 Lasbm nd tjb tbxt, wjat es Breh―s wnro nd Xaturmay inrdedks>

inrdedks>
a. [asjbs hcntjbs
l. Hnnos gnr lrbaogast
h. Latjs jes pbts
m. Vrbparedk gnr wnro
]bxtuacc Bv
]bxtua Bvembdhb0
embdhb0 Ndb ly ndb, jb haccs nut jes gur grebdms gnr tjb Xaturmay
inrdedks –retuac’
:2

[jatt es et>
[ja
Ahtevety 170 \bam tjb passakbs harbguccy. [retb tjb cbttbr ng ynur hjnehb nd tjb
spahb lbgnrb tjb duilbr.
A cnt ng pbnpcb wastb teib mrevedk

mrevedk arnudm wjbd tjby a arb
rb cnst. ]jes had lb avnem
avnembm
bm
ly asoedk ntjbr pbnpcb gnr merbhtend. ]jb treho es tn gedm a pbrsnd wjn wnucm pnedt
tjb
tjb re jt m
merb
erbht
hten
end.
d.
^^^^^ 1. [jehj ng tjb gnccnwedk

gnccnwedk es ad assbrtend rbkarmedk tjes tbxt>
tbxt>
A. Vbnpcb sjnucm aso merbhtends ggrni

rni stradkbrs wjbd tjby arb cnst sn
tjat tjby mn dnt wastb teib mrevedk.
L. E akrbb wetj tj
tjb
b hcaei ng tjb wretbr tjat pb
pbnpcb
npcb sjnucm aso merbhtends
grni stradkbrs tn savb teib ly asoedk snibndb rbcealcb suhj as kas
statend attbdmadt.
H. E mesakrbb wetj tjb hcaei ng tjb wretbr tjat pbnpcb sjnucm aso
merbhtends lbhausb tjby iekjt bdm up kbttedk cnst cndkbr eg a
stradkbr kevbs tjbi wrndk merbhtends.
M. Acc ng tjbsb a
arb
rb hnrrbht.
^^^^^ <. [jehj ng tjb gnccnwedk

gnccnwedk es a hnudtbrhcaei alnut
alnut tjb tbxt alnvb>
A. Vbnpcb sjnucm aso merbhtends ggrnirni stradkbrs wjbd tjby arb cnst sn
tjat tjby mn dnt wastb teib mrevedk.
L. E akrbb wetj tjtjb
b hcaei ng tjb wretbr tjat pb
pbnpcb
npcb sjnucm aso merbhtends
grni stradkbrs tn savb teib ly asoedk snibndb rbcealcb suhj as kas
statend attbdmadt.
H. merbhtends
E mesakrbb lbhausb
wetj tjb tjby
hcaeiiekjt
ng tjbbdm
wretbr
up tjat pbnpcb
kbttedk cnst sjnucm asoa
cndkbr eg
stradkbr kevbs tjbi wrndk merbhtends.
M. Acc ng tjbsb a
arb
rb hnrrbht.
^^^^^ 8.
–A jadmsjaob mnbs dnt ibad tjb saib tjedk arnudm tjb wnrcm.’
[jehj ng tjb gnccnwedk es tjb lbst parapjrasb>
A. A jadmsjaob mn mnbs

bs dnt ibad tjb saib tjedk
tjedk arnudm tjb wnrcm.
L. Edtbrdatendaccy, a k
krbbtedk
rbbtedk ly sj
sjaoedk
aoedk jadms es dnt tjb saib
saib..
H. A jadmsja
jadmsjaob ob ibads sni
snibtjedk
btjedk meggbrbdt arnudm tjb wnrcm.
M. Acc ng tjbsb a
arb
rb hnrrbht.
:7

^^^^^ =. –Hceiledk inudtaed es madkbrnus ahtevety.’
[jehj ng tjb gnccnwedk es tjb lbst parapjrasb>
A. A pbrecnus spnrt es hceiledk in

inudtaed
udtaed
L. Hceiledk iinudtaeds
nudtaeds es madkbrnus ahtevety.
H. Hceiledk inud
inudtaeds
taeds had lb aad
d udsagb ahtevety.
M. Dndb ng tjbsb arb hnrrbht.
hnrrbht.
]jb Cblnybr ibtjnm ng hjecmlertj sbbos tn prntbht a dbwlnrd―s

mbcehatb sbdsbs grni tjb sjnho ng lrekjt cekjts, jarsj snudms, adm
rnukj jadmcedk. Agtbr tjb laly―s jbam jas lbkud tn bibrkb, cekjts arb
meiibm adm tjb mbcevbry rnni es quebtbm. ]jb laly es dnt jbcm ly tjb
adocbs adm scappbm tn bdhnurakb tjb gerst lrbatj? Cblnybr statbs tjat
sedhb tjb gbtus―― spedac hncuid jas dbvbr lbbd ed a straekjt pnsetend?
tjes oedm ng jadmcedk es a sbvbrb sjnho tn tjb edgadt. Edstbam, tjb laly,
wetj tjb uilecehac hnrm stecc attahjbm, es kbdtcy pcahbm nd tjb intjbr―s
almnibd udtec lrbatjedk lbkeds daturaccy. At tjes pnedt, tjb laly es
redsbm ed a tbpem latj, ratjbr tjad wbekjbm nd a hncm shacb. Lalebs lnrd
tjes
Xnib way arb usuaccy
stumebs rbcaxbm
ng Cblnybr adm siecedk,
lalebs dnt tbdsbm admjavb
adm stadmarm-mbcevbry shrbaiedk.
sjnwd
tjat Cblnybr hjecmrbd arb scekjtcy inrb pjysehaccy amvadhbm adm quehobr
tn cbard. Varbdts ng Cblnybr hjecmrbd, ed kbdbrac, saw tjb lertj as a
pnsetevb adm bxjecaratedk bxpbrebdhb.
^^^^^ 2. [jehj sbdtbdhb lbst suiiarezbs tjb sbcbhtend>

A. ]jb usuac ibtjn
ibtjnmm ng hjecmlertj sul`bhts dbwln
dbwlnrds
rds tn lrekjt cekjts,
jarsj snudms, adm rnukj jadmcedk.
L. Ed tjb Cblnybr
Cblnybr ibtjnm n ngg hjecmlertj, a dbwln
dbwlnrd―s
rd―s gerst lrbatj es
dbvbr bdhnurakbm ly tjb hniind prnhbss ng jncmedk tjb edgadt ly
tjb adocbs adm scappedk et.
H. ]jb Cblnybr ibtjnm ng hjecmlertj, mbsekdbm tn prntbht a dbwlnrd―s
mbcehatb sbdsb grni tjb sjnho ng stadmarm mbcevbrebs, jas pnsetevb
bggbhts.
M. Acc ng tjbsb a
arb
rb hnrrbht.
Krbat `nl!
Unu―rb mndb wetj tjb gerst ahtevety.
ahtevety. ]jbd cbt―s taob ngg tn inrb gud
ahtevetebs!
Xn, rbam nd!
:;

[jatt es et>
[ja
Ahtevety 1;0 Vrahtehb hjnnsedk tjb strndkbst pebhb ng tbxtuac bvembdhb tn

suppnrt tjb hcaei. [retb tjb cbttbr ng tjb hnrrbht adswbr nd tjb spahb prnvembm
lbgnrb tjb duilbr.
^^^^^ Hcaei #10 Xeipcb

#10 Xeipcb hjadkbs had hut ynur harlnd biessends krbatcy!
A. E tjedo tjat wb dbbm tn mn snibtjedk quehocy tn jbcp
jbcp savb tjb bdverndibdt.
L. Eg ynu jadk ynu
ynurr hcntjbs nutsemb nd tjb hcntjbscedb
hcntjbscedb edstbam ng usedk tjb
bcbhtreh mrybr, ynu had hut ynur harlnd biessends ly 821 cls./ybar.
H. Oems had jbcp parb
parbdts
dts ly mnedk snib jnu
jnusbjncm
sbjncm hjnrbs.
^^^^^ Hcaei # <0 Bxbrhesb

<0 Bxbrhesb es eipnrtadt gnr tjb krnwtj adm mbvbcnpibdt ng hjecmrbd.
A. Hjecmrbd wathj tnn iuhj
iuhj tbcbvesend.
L. Acc hjecmrbd cnvb tn remb tjber leobs nutsemb adm nd traecs tjrnukj tjb gnrbst.
H. Hjecmrbd wjn arb ahtevb wecc javb strndkbr iushcbs adm lndbs.
^^^^^ Hcaei # 80 A

80 A mebt rehj ed gruets
g ruets adm vbkbtalcbs jas iady lbdbgets.
A. Gruets adm vbkbtalcbs
vbkbtalcbs tastb knnm.
L. Batedk cnts ng gruets adm vbkbtalcbs cnwbrs ynur reso ng jbart mesbasb.
H. ]jbrb arb iady hncnrguc gruets adm vbkbtalcbs gnr ynu tn try.
^^^^^ Hcaei # =0 Xinoedk hekarbttbs es jariguc tn ynur jbactj.

A. ]jb iexturb ng dehntedb a
adm
dm harlnd indnxemb
indnxemb ed hekarbttbs tbipnrarecy
edhrbasbs ynur jbart ratb adm lcnnm prbssurb, hausedk straed nd ynur jbart
adm lcnnm vbssbcs.
L. Hekarbttb sin
sinob
ob sibccs rbaccy la
lamm adm tjat sib
sibcccc stehos tn ynur
ynur jaer
adm hcntjbs.
H. Xbhndmjadm sinob es la lamm gnr tjb pbnpcb arnudm ynu
^^^^^ Hcaei # 20 Luccyedk

20 Luccyedk es a hniind prnlcbi ed shjnncs ahrnss tjb prnvedhb.
A. Hjecmrbd wjn arb luccebm bbxpbrebdhb
xpbrebdhb suggbredk tjat had edtbrgbrb wetj tjber
bintendac adm snheac mbvbcnpibdt.
L. Xurvbys edmeha
edmehatb
tb tjat as iady as jacg ng acc hjecmrbd arb luccebm
luccebm at snib
teib muredk tjber shjnnc ybars.
H. Ahtend dbbms tn lb taobd tn stnp luccyedk dnw!
dnw!
Krbat `nl!
Arb ynu javedk gud> ]jbd cbt―s taob ngg tn inrb gud ahtevetebs!
ahtevetebs!
Xn, rbam nd!
::

[ ja
jatt e s et>
Ahtevety 1:0 Vrahtehb inrb. \bam tjb passakb adm adswbr tjb qubstends lbcnw.
Hetb tjb strndkbst pebhb ng tbxtuac bvembdhb tn suppnrt ynur adswbr.
Vassakb # 1
[bchnib! ]jb tnur es alnut tn lbked. Gerst stnp es tjb hnrdgebcm. Et

iust lb teib tn peho tjb hnrd hrnp. ]jb hnw pasturb
pasturb es dbar tjb hnrdgebcm. ]jb
hnws bat krass adm mredo watbr. ]jes jbcps tjbi prnmuhb ieco. A gcnho ng sjbbp
krazbs ed
krazbs ed tjber pasturb. ]jb sjbbp javb hnats ng sngt wnnc . At tjb lard
lard,, tjb peks
arb squbacedk at
at a mnk tjat―s
tjat ―s lntjbredk tjbi. ]jb jbdjnusb es tjb cast stnp nd tjb
tnur. ]jb garibr es hnccbhtedk tjb bkks. Et―s teib tn say knnmlyb.
A. Mbgedb [nrms
Iathj tjb wnrms wetj tjber mbgedetends. Rsb a mehtendary eg ynu dbbm jbcp.
^^^^^ 1. pasturb a. tbxtecb gelbr nltaedb

nltaedbm
m grni sjbbp adm
ntjbr adeiacs
l. jekj-pethjbm hry nr dnesb
^^^^^ <. krazb
h. cadm hnvbrbm wwetj

etj kra
krass
ss adm ntjbr cn
cnw
w
pcadts suetalcb gnr krazedk adeiacs
^^^^^ 8. wnnc
m. a ca
carkb
rkb gari
gari luecmedk gnr stnredk hrnps,
^^^^^ =. lard nr gnr obbpedk adeiacs ed
b. tn gbbm nd cadm
cadm hn
hnvbrbm
vbrbm ly krass
^^^^^ 2. squbacedk
L. Adacyses
✧ [jbrb es tjes tnur taoedk pcahb>
^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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^^^^
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^
:5
✧ Hetbtjb strndkbst
str ndkbst pebhb ng tbxtuac bvembdhb tn suppnrt ynur adswbr.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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^^^^^
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^^^
Vassakb # <
Xinoedk hekarbttbs es a lam jalet. Vbnpcb lbked tn sinob gnr
tjb gud ng et. ]jby tjedo tjat et―s basy tn stnp acc ng a summbd. ]jb trutj es
tjat et es vbry meggehuct tn quet sinoedk. Iy udhcb lbkad sinoedk ndb
hekarbttb a may. Jb dnw sinobs inrb tjad tjerty hekarbttbs a may. Xnib
pbnpcb kbt ammehtbm tn sinoedk adm dbbms tn sinob hekarbttbs
hndtedunuscy. Et es haccbm hjaed sinoedk. [jbd wb set lbsemb a sinobr,
wb udodnwedkcy lrbatjb ed sinob. ]jes es haccbm passevb sinoedk wjehj
es bquaccy lam gnr nur jbactj. Eg a prbkdadt
prbk dadt wniad sinobs et es jariguc gnr
jbr hjecm. Xinoedk es lam gnr nur soed adm hausb hadhbr. Xinobrs javb
maro ceps adm lam lrbatj. Hndstadt sinoedk mbstrnys nur cudks. Et hausbs
inutj adm cudk hadhbr adm scnwcy cbams tn cnss ng appbtetb. [jbd wb
sinob tjb tnlahhn ed tjb hekarbttb lurds adm wb edjacb tjb sinob.
Xinoedk kramuaccy mbstrnys nur lnmy part adm sn et es a secbdt oeccbr.
Xnurhb0 jttps0//bxpcn
jttps0//bxpcnrbalh.hni/<61=
rbalh.hni/<61=/6;/<5/sinoedk-es-ed
/6;/<5/sinoedk-es-edùrenus-tn-jbac
ùrenus-tn-jbactj/
tj/
A. Hndtbxt Hcubs
Herhcb tjb ibadedk ng tjb udmbrcedbm wnrm usbm ed tjb sbdtbdhb.

1. Javedk cnst d
dbarcy
barcy acc ng jes sa
savedks,
vedks, jb gedaccy rbacezbm jb was ammehtbm
ammehtbm tn
tn
kailcedk.
a. apatjbteh l. hcbarjbam
hcbarjbambmbm h. mbpbdmbdt
mbpbdmbdt m. snlbr
<. Xjb rbturdbm tn jbr rnni tn h

hcbad
cbad jbrsbcg up, hu
hursedk
rsedk pbadut lu
luttbr
ttbr gnr
ruededk jbr appbtetb
appbtetb as
as sjb wbdt.
a. hravedk l. satesgahtend h. guccdbss m. satebty
8. [jbd wb set lb
lbsemb
semb a sinobr,
sinobr, wb udodnw
udodnwedkcy
edkcy lrbatjb ed sinob. ]jes es
haccbm passevb
passevb sinoedk.
sinoedk.
a. prntbstedk l. edvncudtary
edvncudtary h. rbsestadt m. weccguc
L. Adacyses
Assbrtend0 Xinoedk hekarbttb es a lam jalet.
✧ Hetb tjb strndkbst pebhb ng tbxtuac bvembdhb tn suppnrt tjb assbrtend.

Rsb parapjrasedk.
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56
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Vassakb # 8
]jb scavb nwdbrs ùstegebm tjber edjuiad hrubcty ly lcaiedk tjb

Agrehads tjbisbcvbs gnr tjber bdscavbibdt. Gnr bxaipcb,
bxaipcb, Haptaed
Xdbckravb arkubm tjat scavbs ‒jam gnrgbetbm tjber Grbbmni lbgnrb E
lnukjt tjbi, betjbr ly Hreibs nr ly lbedk taobd ed [ar, ahhnrmedk tn tjb
Hustni ng tjber Hnudtry? adm tjby lbedk dnw iy Vrnpbrty, E was rbsncvbm
tn cbt tjbi gbbc iy \bsbdtibdt, eg
eg tjby alusbm iy oedmdbss.‗ Ly sayedk
tjby wbrb rekjtguccy scavbs lbhausb ng tjber ‒Hreibs‗ ed Agreha, Xdbckravb
lcaibm tjb scavbs ratjbr tjad jeisbcg gnr tjb cnss ng tjber grbbmni. Jes
prniesb tjat mesnlbmebdt scavbs wnucm ‒gbbc‗ jes adkbr sjnws tjat
pjysehac pudesjibdt wnucm rbsuct grni tjes suppnsbm cbkacety ng scavbry.
Et―s trub tjat tjb Haptaed bipjasezbs jes ahts ng ‒oedmdbss‗ ed hniparesnd
wetj ntjbr scavbrs. Lut Xdbckravb―s prngbssends ng juiadety sjnucm lb
taobd wetj a kraed ng sact. Gnr bxaipcb, wjbd says tjb iutedbbr scavbs
lbkkbm jei tn ‒gnrkevb tjbi, adm prniesedk gnr tjb guturb tn lb nlbmebdt .
. . eg E wnucm dnt pudesj tjbi tjes teib,‗ et―s hcbar tjat jb jas pudesjbm
tjbi lbgnrb. ]jber hjecm-ceob
hjecm-ceob rbqubst gnr ‒gnrkevbdbss‗ hnibs grni tjber
hnipcbtb adm vencbdt mbprevatend ng celbrty”dnt
celbrty”dnt grni tjb scavb haptaed―s
juiadb trbatibdt.
Xnurhb0 jttp0//bxpcnrbjestnry.nu.bmu/wp-hndtbdt/upcnams/<617/6</Assbrt-Hetb-Bxpcaed.pmg
jttp0//bxpcnrbjestnry.nu.bmu/wp-hndtbdt/upcnams/<617/6</Assbrt-Hetb-Bxpcaed.pmg
A. [retedk Xbdtbdhbs
Rsb tjb kevbd wnrms ed a sbdtbdhb lasbm nd tjb kevbd mbgedetend.
Nlsbrvb prnpbr hapetacezatend adm hnrrbht pudhtuatend.
1. ù
ùss tege bm ‘ (am`.)
‘ (am`.) mndb gnr, nr iarobm ly a knnm nr cbketeiatb rbasnd
rbasnd
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^
<. bdscavbibdt ‘
‘ (d.)
(d.) tjb ahtend ng iaoedk snibndb a scavb? sulùkatend.
^^^^^
^^^ ^^^^^
^^^^^
^^^^^
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51
8. iutedbbr ‘ (d.)
‘ (d.) a pbrsnd, bspbheaccy a sncmebr nr saecnr, wjn rblbcs nr
rbgusbs tn nlby tjb nrmbrs ng a pbrsnd ed autjnrety
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^
=. mbprevatend ‘ (d.)
‘ (d.) tjb statb
st atb ng lbedk obpt grni bd`nyedk nr usedk
snibtjedk? tjb statb ng lbedk mbprevbm
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^
2. celbrty ‘ (d.)
‘ (d.) tjb statb ng lbedk grbb wetjed snhebty grni npprbssevb
rbstrehtends eipnsbm ly autjnrety
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^
L. Adacyses
Assbrtend0 ]jb scavb nwdbrs lbcebvbm tjber edjuiad hrubcty was hnipcbtbcy
ùstegebm.
✧ Hetb tjb strndkbst pebhb ng tbxtuac bvembdhb tn suppnrt tjb assbrtend.

Rsb quntedk.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^
Knnm tjedoedk!
Cbt―s taob ngg tn tjb dbxt ahtevety!
Xn, rbam nd!

5<
[jatt es et>
[ja
Ahtevety
assbrtend150
admHetb tjb strndkbst pebhb ng tbxtuac bvembdhb tn suppnrt ynur
hnudtbrhcaei.
A d bxhbrpt
bxh brpt ng Ibat H uctur
ucturbb
Ly Xtbvb Vavceda
[jbd E sbb a pebhb ng gcbsj nd snibndb―s pcatb, E acsn sbb tjb prnhbssbs
tjat lrnukjt et tn tjber pcatb. Xnib pbnpcb arkub tjat pcadts iay lb jaribm ly
lbedk batbd. E jappbd tn akrbb. Eg wb harb alnut iedeiezedk jari tn pcadts, tjbd
wb―cc mn iuhj cbss jari ly batedk tjbi merbhtcy as npp nsbm tn kredmedk tjbi up,
gbbmedk tjbi tn adeiacs, adm tjbd kredmedk up adm batedk tjb adeiacs. Eg wb
stnppbm krnwedk hrnps tn gbbm tn adeiacs adm gbm tjnsb hrnps tn pbnpcb merbhtcy,
et―s bsteiatbm
nvbr. Xn eg ynutjat wb―m javb
mn ahtuaccy bdnukj
harb alnut gnnm tn tjbd
pcadts, gbbm ynu
tjb had
wjncb pcadbt
krbatcy gevb teibs
rbmuhb t eibs
ynur
pcadt jari ly batedk pcadts merbhtcy. Adntjbr way tn rbmuhb jari tn pcadts es tn
gavnr gruets tjat had lb batbd wetjnut oeccedk tjb pcadts. Unu had bat a wemb varebty
ng gruets, lntj swbbt adm dnd-swbbt, wetjnut sbrenuscy jurtedk tjb pcadt tjat
spawdbm et. Adm tjat saib pcadt wecc ngtbd hndtedub tn lbar bvbd inrb gruet. E
tjedo a inrb sbdselcb adm rbacesteh apprnahj es tn obbp cbadedk tnwarms a inrb
hndshenus, hnipassendatb,
hnipassendatb, adm bhncnkehaccy snudm way ng batedk.
Eg ynu wadt tn arkub tjat wb sjnucm inmbc prbmatnrs― mebts tn ùstegy ibat
hucturb, E bdhnurakb ynu tn kn ajbam adm try lbedk a trucy prbmatnry pbrsnd gnr a
wjecb. Mn et hndshenuscy. Vrby nd tjb wbao. Xbb wjbrb tjat taobs ynu.
Xnurhb0 (Vavceda, <61=) jttp0//www.stbvbpavceda.hni/lcnk/<61=/67/ibat-hucturb/
[retb ynur assbrtend wetj tbxtuac bvembdhb.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^
58
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^
[retb ynur hnudtbrhcaei wetj tbxtuac bvembdhb.

b vembdhb.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^
Krbat `nl! Unu arb mndb wetj tjb ahtevetebs, javb a lrbao!
Unu mbsbrvb ndb.
5=
[ ja
jatt E J av b CCba
barr dbm
]bxtuac bvembdhb
bvembdhb es edgnriatend katjbrbm grni tjb tbxt tjat suppnrts ynur
assbrtend nr hnudtbrhcaei alnut tjb tbxt. Et rbgbrs tn ady prnng ng ad arkuibdt, a
hcaei, a hnudtbrhcaei, ad assbrtend hetbm ed tjb tbxt cbamedk tn a hndhcusend.
]ypbs ng tbxtuac bvembdhb0

Varapjrasedk es rbstatedk tjb tbxt ed ynur nwd wnrms.
Xuiiarezedk es rbstatedk tjb tbxt ed a sjnrtbr way usedk ynur nwd wnrms.
\bgbrbdhedk es ibdtendedk a spbhegeh sbhtend ng tjb tbxt.
t bxt.
Quntedk es statedk a part ng a tbxt
t bxt ed tjb bxaht way et was wrettbd.
Ed cnhatedk tbxtuac bvembdhb, mbhemb wjehj typb ng tbxtuac bvembdhb wecc lbst suppnrt
ynur statbibdt lbgnrb cnhatedk tbxtuac bvembdhb. Acways cnno gnr hcubs adm
obywnrms tjat suppnrt ynur bvacuatevb statbibdt/s alnut tjb tbxt.
A s s bs s ibdt
Merbhtend0 \bam bahj etbi harbguccy. Hjnnsb tjb hnrrbht adswbr ly wretedk tjb cbttbr
Merbhtend0 \bam
nd tjb spahb lbgnrb bahj duilbr.
^^^^^^^ 1. Et es edgnriatend katjbrbm

katjbrbm grni tjb tbxt tjat suppnrts ynur
ynur bvacuatevb
statbibdts.
^^^^^^^ <. Et es a statbibdt
statbibdt usbm tn iaob a mbhca
mbhcaratend
ratend nr tn bxprbss strndk lbcebg
nd a partehucar tnpeh, ngtbd wetjnut bvembdhb.
^^^^^^^ 8. Et es a statbibdt
statbibdt tjat ynu had iaob tn rbgcbht
rbgcbht ynur ùmkibdt adm
kbdbracezatend
kbdbraceza tend alnut a ttbxt
bxt tjat ynu javb rbam.
^^^^^^^ =. ]jbsb arb statbibdts
statbibdts tjat nppn
nppnsb
sb tjb hcaeis ng tjb wretbr ed tjb tbxt.
52
^^^^^^^ 2. Ed gnriucatedk
gnriucatedk assbrtends adm hnudtbrh
hnudtbrhcaeis
caeis alnut a tbxt, et es eipnrtadt
tn suppnrt ndb―s
ndb―s statbibdt wetj ^^^^^^^^^^.
^^^^^^^^^^.
^^^^^^^ 7. Et es tjb aht ng ibdtendedk
ibdtendedk a spbhegeh sbhtend
sbhtend ng tjb tbxt ceob ad bvbdt nr
ahtend.
A.
L. \bgbrbdhedk
Varapjrasedk H.
M. Xuiiarezedk
Quntedk
^^^^^^^ ;. Et es statedk a part
part ng a tbxt ed tjb bxaht way et was wrettbd.
wrettbd.
^^^^^^^ :. Et es rbstatedk tjb tbxt ed ynur nwd wnrms.

^^^^^^^ 5. Et es rbstatedk tjb tbxt ed a sjnrtbr way usedk ynu

ynurr nwd wnrms.
^^^^^^^ 16. A.

]bxtua
]bxtuac
]rubc bvembdhb wbaobds
wbaobds tjb assbrtend nr hnu
H. Iaylb hnudtbrhcaeis
dtbrhcaeis alnut a tbxt.
L. Gacsb M. Et mbpbdms
Hndkratucatends!
Unu javb hnipcbtbm

tjes inmucb.
Et―s dnw teib tn kn nd tn tjb dbxt amvbdturb…
amvbdturb…
Knnm cuho!
57
O by tn
tn A ds wbrs

t x
b t b j t n t r b
g b
\
s
e s y
c a d
A . L
L . 8
A . <
H . 1
s
b u
c H t x
b
t d
n H . A
< # b k a s s
a
V

t x b
t b
j t n t r b
g b
\
. i
r a
g a d
e b
h
a
c p k
d e o
a
t s
e r u
n t b j
]
s
e s y
c a d
A . L
L . 2
M . =
A . 8
B . <
H . 1
s
m
r
n
[ b
d
e
g b
M . A
1 # b
k
a s s
a
V
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t e v
e
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A
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A . =
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H . <
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e
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A
H . 5
L . :
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H . 2 H . 2
A . = M . =
H . 8 L . 8
H . < A . <
L . 1 H . 1
1 y
t e v
e
t h
A t s
b
]
- b
r
V
5;
\bgbrbdhbs0
\bgbrbdhbs0
Bxpcehet adm Eipcehet Edgnriatend. \btrebvbm grni

jttps0//cedo.queppbr.hni/bd/nrkadezatends/2=;ggl:lm
jttps0//cedo.queppbr.hni/bd/nrkadezatends/2=;ggl:lm<l;7m666<66<7
<l;7m666<66<71:/hurrehuc
1:/hurrehuc
ui#hurrehucui
IhKaad, C. VjM. (<617). Arkuibdtatend. \btrebvbm grni
jttps0//mbpartibdt.indi.bmu/hata/ihkaad/hcassbs/hata882/N-
hcaeis.882.jtic
Ncevebre, V. (d.m.). Jnw tn ]bahj ]bxt Bvembdhb0 A Xtbp-ly-Xtbp Kuemb.
Kuemb . _ndcedbY
\nhoed
\bsnurhbs. Avaecalcb at0 jttps0//lcnk.tbahjbrspaytbahjbrs.hni/tbahj-tbxt-
bvembdhb/ _Ahhbssbm <: Auk. <615Y.
Vbrbz, \.B. (<61=). Bxet bssay0 Xavb tjb Gecepedn cadkuakb. \btrebvbm grni
jttp0//ràpbrbz.tuilcr.hni/pnst/521=5<7761</bxet-bssay-savb-tjb-gecepedn-
cadkuakb
\bem, X. (d.m). Hcaeis gnr [rettbd Arkuibdt. Avaecalcb F

jttps0//www.ibsahh.bmu/~panej86=51/ArkuibdtXaipcbHcaeingGahtMbg.jtic
Mayaklec, Gbcnieda, bt. Ac (<617). Hretehac \bamedk adm [retedk gnr tjb Xbdenr
Jekj Xhjnnc. Cnreiar Vulcesjedk, Edh., Qubznd Hety.
jttp0//ncceb.mhhhm.bmu/Xbrvehbs/XtumyJbcp/XtumyXoeccs/sul/rmkhre.jti
jttps0//www.scembsjarb.dbt/iaryoatredblbcedn/hretehac-rbamedk-as-rbasndedk-
;:=;=86
jttps0//www.hetbiad.hni/51:;-bvacuatevb-statbibdts.jticc
jttps0//www.hetbiad.hni/51:;-bvacuatevb-statbibdts.jti
jttps0//www.ynutulb.hni/wathj>v9UkuqOmH1q:w
jttps0//cetbrarymbvehbs.dbt/assbrtend/
jttps0//mij.in.knv/mm/mnhs/hjaptbr<.pmg
jttps0//www.acàzbbra.hni/prnkraiibs/tacotnàzbbra/<617/16/bxhcusevb-
rnmrekn-mutbrtb-war-mruks-1716121668<2;55.jtic
jttps0//bd.nxgnrmmehtendarebs.hni/mbgedetend/assbrtend
jttp0//www.sbdatb.knv.pj/prbss^rbcbasb/<61:/1167^prel8.asp
"Xtbpjbd Hradb"
Hradb" Ahhbssbm Aukust <:, < <615.
615.
jttps0//cedo.queppbr.hni/bd/nrkadezatends/2=;ggla6
jttps0//cedo.queppbr.hni /bd/nrkadezatends/2=;ggla6m<l;7m666<66
m<l;7m666<66<7;m/hurrehuc
<7;m/hurrehuc
ui#hurrehucui
jttps0//inmucbs.arvehlalnc.hni/gecbs/BDKC11<
jttps0//inmucbs.arvehla lnc.hni/gecbs/BDKC11</Cbssnd%<616%<6Gnriu
/Cbssnd%<616%<6Gnriucated
cated
%<6assbrtends%<6adm%<6hnudtbrhcaeis.pmg
jttps0//vnbteha.hni/vnbteha.pjp>hnccbhtend91&pn
jttps0//vnbteha.hni /vnbteha.pjp>hnccbhtend91&pnbt91;&pnbi92=5
bt91;&pnbi92=5
jttps0//shjncar.knnkcb.hni/shjncar>hetbs9121
jttps0//shjncar.knnk cb.hni/shjncar>hetbs9121117=25:11:2;
117=25:11:2;;=:=6&as^smt9<
;=:=6&as^smt9<
662&shenmt96,2&jc9bd
5:
INMRCB < [\E]B\

[\E]B\―X
―X V\NGECB
V\NGECB
Daib0 IECKB\ A. LAADK

Vnsetend0 Iastbr ]bahjbr E
Bmuhatendac Attaedibdt0
VjM ed Bdkcesj Cadkuakb (Nd-Knedk)
VjM ed Bmuhatendac Iadakbibdt
Iastbr ng Arts ed Bdkcesj
LXB Bdkcesj
AL Bdkcesj
Inmucb ]etcb0 Inmucb < ‘
< ‘ ]bxt
]bxt adm Hndtbxt Hnddbhtends (Hnipbtbdhy 8, = &2)
Mevesend0 Iesaies Nrebdtac
Xhjnnc0 Weccadubva Xbdenr Jekj Xhjnnc
Mestreht0 Weccadubva
Daib0 ADAMBXE C. LRJEXAD

Vnsetend0 ]bahjbr EE
Bmuhatendac Attaedibdt0
HA\ ‘
HA\ ‘ Iastbr
Iastbr ng Arts
Art s ed ]bahjedk Bdkcesj as a Xbhndm Cadkuakb
Lahjbcnr ng Xbhndmary Bmuhatend ia`nr ed Bdkcesj
Inmucb ]etcb0 Inmucb 8 ‘8 ‘ Vurpnsbguc
Vurpnsbguc [retedk
[ retedk ed tjb meshepcedbs adm gnr Vrngbssends
Mevesend0 Iesaies Nrebdtac
Xhjnnc0 Npnc Datendac Xbhndmary ]bhjdehac Xhjnnc ‘
Xhjnnc ‘ Xbdenr
Xbdenr Jekj Xhjnnc
Mestreht0 Npnc Mestreht
55
Gnr edquerebs nr gbbmlaho, pcbasb wretb nr hacc0
Mbpartibdt ng Bmuhatend ‘
Bmuhatend ‘ (Lurbau/Nggehb)
(Lurbau/Nggehb)
(Nggehb Ammrbss)
]bcbgax0
Biaec Ammrbss0

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\bamedk adm [retedk Xoeccs

Mbpartibdt ng Bmuhatend • \bpulceh ng tjb Vjeceppedbs

\bamedk adm [retedk - Xbdenr Jekj Xhjnnc

\bpulceh Aht :<58, sbhtend 1;7 statbs

Vulcesjbm ly tjb Mbpartibdt ng Bmuhatend

Mbvbcnpibdt ]bai ng tjb Inmucb

\bvebwbrs0 @NXBVJEDB M. CAMB\BX & XJBECCA L. MEADKN

Eccustratnr0 WEDHBD] \. HAECEDK

Caynut Artest0 IUHN L. IAHAIEIN

Vredtbm ed tjb Vjeceppedbs ly0 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Nggehb Ammrbss0 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

B-iaec Ammrbss0 ^^^^^^^^^^^

Xbdenr Jekj Xhjnnc

\bamedk adm [retedk Xoeccs

]jes edstruhtendac iatbreac was hnccalnratevbcy mbvbcnpbm adm

Mbpartibdt ng Bmuhatend \bpulceh ng tjb Vjeceppedbs

[jat E Javb Cbardbm 28

[jat Es Et> Ahtevety 5 71

[jat Es Et> Ahtevety 12 ;1

[jat E Javb Cbardbm ;7

[jat―s Dbw Cbssnd ; ]bxtuac

]jes inmucb, es acc alnut ]bxt adm ]bxt Hnddbhtends. ]jes

inmucb wecc jbcp ynu sjarpbd ynur hretehac rbamedk

Mbpartibdt ng Bmuhatend gnr ynu tn iastbr0

 Embdtegy hcaeis bxpcehetcy nr eipcehetcy iamb ed a wrettbd tbxt?

 Embdtegy tjb hndtbxt ed wjehj a tbxt was mbvbcnpbm

 Bxpcaed hretehac rbamedk as rbasndedk

 Gnriucatb bvacuatevb statbibdts alnut a tbxt rbam? adm

alnut a tbxt rbam.

inrb adm LB IN\B.

Xbdenr Jekj Xhjnnc

\bamedk adm [retedk Xoeccs

Cbardedk Hnipbtbdhy 80 Embdtegy hcaeis bxpcehetcy nr eipcehetcy iamb

a) Hcaei ng Gaht BD11/1<\[X-EEEe`-7.1

Cbssnd ]bxt adm Hndtbxt Hnddbhtends0

Ly tjb bdm ng tjes cbssnd, ynu arb bxpbhtbm tn0

]n ahjebvb tjb nl`bhtevbs ng tjes inmucb, mn tjb gnccnwedk0

 ]aob ynur teib rbamedk tjb cbssnds harbguccy.

Hcaei Hcaei Hcaei

1. Jndbsty es tjb lbst p

<. Xtayedk catb at de

8. Xinoedk had cba

2. Xnheac ibmea iaobs bvbry ynutj sjarb hniind

5. Pbrn [astb Iadakbi

w ecc sbb eg ynur adswbrs arb hnrrbht ly rbamedk

Cbssnd ]bxt adm Hndtbxt Hnddbhtends0

]jrnukj prnpbr embdtegehatend ng bxpcehet adm eipcehet edgnriatend, tjb hretehac

]endksnd (<617) kavb tjb gnccnwedk hjarahtbrestehs ng knnm hcaeis0

<. A hcaei sjn

a sedkcb tnpeh acndb tn arrevb at ad bquaccy hndhesb adm spbhegeh rbsuct nr

8. A hcaei sjnucm lb ed edtbrbstedk

=. A hcaei sjnucm lb cnkehac. ]jb bvembdhb suppnrtedk tjb hcaei iust lb

XN, [JA] A\B ]JB ]UVBX

Cbssnd ]bxt adm Hndtbxt Hnddbhtends0

 Hcaeis ng Gaht arb pebhbs ng edgnriatend wjehj arb krnudmbm nd rbcealcb

BZAIVCBX NG HCAEIX NG GAH]

 ]jb ncmbst odnwd mesbasb ed tjb wnrcm ees

]jb bartj es wariedk rapemcy.

Cbssnd ]bxt adm Hndtbxt Hnddbhtends0

 ]jb Hcaei ng Vncehy haccs

]jb Hcaei ng Vncehy

]jb kevbd statbibdt alnvb es ad bxaipcb ng a hcaei ng pncehy. Et haccs nd

BZAIVCBX NG HCAEIX NG VNCEHU