CHAPTER 9

MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

Part A

(2 Marks Questions)

Q. 1. What is motivation?

Ans. The term motivation is derived from the latin word ‘movere’
referring to movement of activity. Thus it pushes an individual
(organism) Into activity.

Q. 2. What is drive?

Ans. It is a natural urge that energies behaviour. Whenever a need

arises it creates a state of tension and one feels to take up some
appropriate actions to deal with the aroused state. When the goal is
achieved by undertaking appropriate activity, it reduces the drive, and
balance is regained.

Q. 3. What is cellular dehydration thirst?

Ans. Thirst trigged by loss of water from the osmoreceptors. When

water leave the interior of the cells osmoreceptors cells in anterior
hypothalans generate nerve impulses as a signal for thirst.

Q. 4. What is need for affiliation?

Ans. It is psychological motive to associate with other people. Seeking

other people for company and wanting to be close to then both
physically and, psychologically is what we call as need for affiliation.
This need increases one’s self concept.
Q. 5. Define power motive.

Ans. It is a psychological motive in which a person desires to produce

intended effect on behaviour and emotions of another person. The
motive here works of influence control, persuade, lead and charm
others and often to enhance one’s own reputation in the eyes of other
people.

Q. 6. Define achievement motive.

Ans. It is a psychological need for individual to succeed and to thrive

against standards of excellence. It is also known as a Ach. That
energises and directs behaviours and influence the perceptions of
situations.

Q. 7. What are physiological needs?

Ans. There are needs that are basis for survival. These are needs for
food, water and the like. One who is preoccupied with these needs
can’t think about others higher level needs. But once they are fully
satisfied he moves on to the other higher level needs. These physical
needs dominate as long as they are unsatisfied.

Q. 8. Explain the need for curiosity and exploration?

Ans. Curiosity is the desire to know or learn something. The tendency

to seek for a noval experience, gain pleasure by obtaining information,
etc. are signs of curiosity. It is an innate desire in humans to explore the
environment by our needs for sensory stimulation the beh. Whose
primary motive appears to remain in the activities themselves can
better explain curiosity.

Q. 9. What are safety needs?

Ans. After the physiological needs are met, the need to be free from
external threats arises of safety needs arise . thus safety needs are.

When physiological needs are met, the need to be free from

threatened danger arises. These are both physical and psychological in
nature.

Q. 10. What do you understand by need for belongingness?

Ans. When we feel and secure, we move on to next level of needs or

the needs for belongingness. Seeking other’s company need to love
someone and to be loved by someone becomes important. It adds to a
sense of positive approach towards life.

Q. 11. What are esteem needs?

Ans. Esteem needs are needs for prestige, success and self respect.
Winning respect from others adds to our sense of worth and
competence. Everyone likes to be appreciated. The individual streives
for self esteem i.e. the need to develop a sense of worth.

Q. 12. Who is called self actualized or what do you understand by self

actualization?

Ans. Self actualization refers to develop an individuals’s need to

develop his/ her potentialities; in other words, to do what he or she is
capable of doing. Thus self actualization are self aware, socially
responsive creative, spontaneous and open to novelty and challenges
has a sense of humour and capacity for deep interpersonal
relationship.

Q. 13. Define frustration.

Ans. Frustration is an outcome of failure. It results from blocking of goal
directed behaviour. An anticipated desirable goal is blocked. When
something prevents or hinders us from achieving a desired goal it leads
to frustration. The obstacle may be environmental, personal or
motivation.

Q. 14. Define conflict?

Ans. It is a state of disturbance or tension resulting from opposing

motives, drives, needs or goal. Hence the expression of one motive
interferes with the expression of other motives producing a conflicting
situation. it can be various for e.g. approach- approach, approach
avoidance and avoidance -avoidance conflicts.

Q. 15. What is approach- approach conflict?

Ans. When an individual have to chose between two positive and

desirable alternatives a conflicts arises. Such conflicts are usually
resolved either by satisfying one goal and then the others or satisfying
one of the goal and giving up the other.

Q. 16. Explain approach avoidance conflict.

Ans. This kind of conflict occurs when the goal object has both positive
and negative valence attached to it. an individual feels attracted and
repelled by the same goal. In this kind of conflict are included goals
with both desirable and awesome features. They are difficult to be
resolved and are more troublesome than avoidance conflicts because
of its ambivalence character a mix of positive and negative conflicts.

Q. 17. Define avoidance – avoidance conflict.

Ans. It involves two negative goals. The presence of two negative and
mutually undesirable goals make it difficult to resolve the conflict.

As the individual moves away from one, it necessarily moves

toward the other, then is forced back toward the first and this keeps
going on.

Q. 18. What is intrinsic motivation?

Ans. Many time when we successfully complete some activity, we feel

satisfied. The reward for successful completion of an activity does not
lie outside, rather it lie within the individual. This is called intrinsic
motivation.

Q. 19. What is meant by self efficacy?

Ans. If refers to expectation that one can perform any particular actions
successfully. It is establish a through successful experiences. The degree
of self efficacy increases with one’s personal accomplishment.

Part B

(3 Marks Questions)

Q. 1. Explain the motivational cycle then help of example.

Ans. The motivational cycle starts with a need which lacks or is deficit in
some necessity leading to the state of arousal, also known as the drive
state. Behaviour is pushed toward goals by driving state within the
person or animal. When aroused the individual Is pushed to engage in
behaviour which will read to a goal that reduces the intensity of the
drives state or towards that goal directed behaviour. When the
appropriate goal is achieved it reduces the arousal and balance is
regained. For e.g. when we feel hungry a state of uneasiness arises and
we are compelled to eat something to satisfy the hunger. After having
something we feel relieved and gain the initial balanced stage. The
cycle of motivation continues like this.

Q. 2. How biological motive differ from psychological motives?

Ans. The difference between biological and psychological motives are:

Biological motives

a) They are guided mostly by the psychological mechanisms of the

body.
b) Focuses on the innate, biological causes of motivation like
hormones, neurotransmittes brain structures.
c) Concerns the functions peformed by the various body parts, such
as hypothalamus.
d) For e.g. hunger, sex etc limbic system etc.

Psychological motives

a) These are primarily learned from the individual’s interaction with

the various environmental factors.
b) Focuses on the factors (social and environmental) and how they
interact with each other to produce motivation).
c) It is not concerned with such functions of various parts of the
body.
d) Need for power, achievement, affiliation etc.

Q. 3. Explain various biological motives.

Ans. Biological motives focus on the innate biological causes of
motivation. This needs are basic for survival of man and animal the
three man motives are:

(a)Hunger – The stimuli for hunger include stomach contraction

signifying empty, a low level of protein and the amount of fats.
The liver also responds to the lack of bodily fuel by rending nerve
impulses to the brain. The aroma, taste or appearance of food
may also result in a desire to eat. The lateral hypothalamus plays
an exhibitory and the ventro medical plays an inhibitory role in
regulating hunger.
(b) Thirst—Thirst is triggered by the loss of water from cells and
reduction of blood volume. The anterior hypothalamus contains
nerve calls called osmorecopter which generate nerve impulse in
case of cell dehydration and we fell thirsty. This is called cellular
dehydration thirst.
(c)Sex – it is also a physiological motives but Is different in many
ways. It is not necessary for survival and also its aim to not to
maintain the homeostasis as in the case of other physiological
needs. This drive develops with age and its expression has a
cultural influence.

Q. 4. What are the various indices of motivation?

Ans.

1. Initiative – for starting some activity

2. Preference—in favour of one activity or goal over another.
3. Greater persistence or continuity of an organized pattern of
activities toward a relevant goal.
 4. Greater vigour or strength of an activity in the course of pursuing
some goal.
5. Response characteristics such as short latency, high intensity of
response and greater resistance of response to extinction.
6. High rate of learning with practice held constant.

Q. 5. What is anxiety? How will you distinguish b/w trait anxiety from
state anxiety?

Ans. Anxiety refers to the internal conflicts of an individual while

dealing with different possibilities. It is anticipated ill.

Trait Anxiety is viewed as a relatively enduring disposition to be anxious

in many different situations. It represents the degree to which people
vary in degree of anxiety proneness.

State anxiety is the anxiety as individual experiences in a specific

situation at a specific time.

It is characterized by feelings of tension, nervousness and worry.

Q. 6. What are the cultural variations in the experiences and

experiences of eruptions?

Ans. Emotional expression involve posture facial expression, actions,

words and even silence. Cultural similarities in the facial expression of
emotions such as anger, fear, disgust, sadness, happiness etc. have
been observed. It must however, be noted that facial expression can, in
some cases, be also misleading. The display rules that regulate
emotional expression and emotional vocabulary do vary across
cultures. It has been found that children would over cry when
distressed, shake their heads when defiant and smile when happy.
Despite similarities in expression of certain basic emotional culture do
vary in why and how they express emotions.

Q. 7. What is frustration?

Ans. Frustration refers to emotion aroused when an anticipated

desirable goal is not attained. It results in a variety of behavioural and
emotional reactions. They include aggressive behaviour, fixation,
escape, avoidance, and crying. Basically it is feeling of failure.

Q. 8. What is paralanguage?

Ans. Considerable amount of non verbal communication of emotion

occurs through vocal expression like tone or voice, pauses, emphasis,
rate of speech, even silence. These are called components of
paralanguage that involves communication about and beyond the
spoken words.

Q. 9. Discuss physiological basis of emotion.

Ans. Emotions are frequently associated with physiological arousal

specifically with changes in the peripheral nervous system. Williams
james thought that any environment event leads to a physiological
response, which is followed by the experience of emotion. Thus, when
a child sees a bear he she shall start running and experience fear.
Another psychologist, named Lange, advanced a similar view. This view,
therefore came to be known as james Large theory. Contracy to it
cannon and Baid propose that in response to particular stimulus the
cortex produced both the bodily changes as well as emotions. The
reaction and the experiences of emotions do not occur one after the
other, but rather simultaneously.
Q. 10. What is polygraph and lie detection?

Ans. Polygraph is a technique which detects small changes in the

subject’s nervous system, which it transduces into electrical signals that
are recorded by pens resting on a moving roll of paper.

In a typical lie detector test person being tested is first asked a

series of neutral control questions to establish base line. They are
followed by questions that would indicate guilt knowledge facts known
only by the criminal.

Part C

(4 marks questions)

Q. 1. What are the main bidogical needs?

Ans. Hunger

When someone is hungry, the needs the food dominates everything

else. It motivates people to abstain and consume food. The stimuli for
hunger include stomach constructions, which signify that the stomach
is empty, a low level of protein etc. the aroma, taste or appearance of
food may also result in a desire to eat. When the doctor advises you not
to take sweets, after a few days you feel like eating only sweets. This
has been termed as specific hunger. When your body weight goes
below the set point you feel hungry. The idea of food may induce
human pangs in some and feelings of nausea in others.

2. Thirst
Water loss occurs through evaporation, breathing, perspiration and
urination. Without sufficient water, our bodies become hostile
environments to the individual cells within our bodies.

3. sex

Motivation to engage in sexual activity is a vary strong factor

influencing human behaviour. Sex drive increases the tension or
arousal. Homeostasis is not the goal of sexual activity. Sex drive
develops with age. It reflects the interplay of both biological and
learned factors. Cultures differ widely in many matters related to sexual
behaviour. In particular age at which sexual behaviour should begin,
criteria of attractiveness etc.

Q. 2. Distinguish b/w achievement, affiliation and power motive.

Ans.

1. Achievement motive
It refers to the desire of a person to meet standards of excellence.
It is not biological but has a tremendous effect on human
behaviour.
People differ in the degree to which they experience this need. A
test called Thematic appreciation Test is used for its
measurement. In this test ambiguous pictures are presented to
the participant who are asked to write a story based on their
perception of the picture.
2. Affiliation motive
Groups or collectively constitutes an important features of human
life. affiliating or relating with others is a major part of our life.
It involves motivation for social conduct.
 There are 4 diff. aspects of interpersonal contact that serve as
potential sources of gratification. These are given here:
Positive stimulations, the ability of affiliation to provide enjoyable
affective and cognitive stimulation.
Attention : the potential for enhancement of feeling of self worth
and importance through praise and the focusing of other’s
attention on oneself.
Social companies: the capacity for reduction of ambiguity through
the acquisition of self relevant information.
Emotional support or sympathy.
3. Power motive
it refers to the desire to be in charge to have status and prestige
and influences others.
It is also related to competitiveness and aggression.
One of the important characteristics of power motivated people is
that they are assertive.

Q. 3. What are the different types of conflict?

Ans.

1. Approach – approach conflict in this situation a person is involved

in more the one positive force fields. Making choice b/w two liked
dishes, going for sweet or a comic book are common examples.
2. Approach – avoidance conflict – this occurs when the objects have
both positive and negative valence. Ambivalent behaviour and
oscillation are quite common in such a situation.
3. Avoidance—avoidance conflict—it involves object with negative
valence. The conflict involving two aversive goals represents the
 situation characterized by the saying “between the devil and the
deep sea.”
4. Double approach avoidance conflict – it involves two goals each
with negative and positive qualities. We buy things and often diff.
things have positive and negative qualities.

Q. 4. How emotions and motivation are related to each other?

Ans. The concepts of emotion and motivation both share a focus on

explaning what moves behaviour. Motivation is a broad concept that
includes all the internal mechanism involved in preference, vigour and
persistence of activity. It is a dynamic concept used to describe the
processes that direct behaviour. In contrast, emotions are considered
as complex patterns of arousal, subjective feelings and cognitive
interpretation. They are expressed in facial and bodily cues as well as
emotional activities. They study of motivation examines the strength
and form of motivated behaviour. The emotion moves a person
intentionally in significant situations. The subjective experience of
emotion has a motivational component as it may lead one to either
approach or avoid a goal object. The bodily changes involved in
emotions prepare us to respond to a situation that is adaptive. In this
way we find that motivation and emotion are related to each other and
in actual behaviour separation b/w the two becomes very difficult.

Q. 5. Explain the cognitive basis of emotion.

Ans. While physiological arousal is central to emotional experience they

do not tell about the difference across diff. emotions. The diff. is on
account of the involvement of cognitive factors. Schaihtr and singar
proposed that it is the label we place on a particular arousal that makes
with difference. In there experiment participants were injected with
adrenalin, creating a state of arousal. The some participants were told
what effects the injection would have. Other participants were misled
and told that the injection was a special vitamin. The participants
experienced euphoria who were told they had received a vit. Injection.
It seems that emotions result first from a state of general physiological
arousal and second from a cognitive labels placed on this arousal.

PART D

(7 MARKS QUESTIONS)

Q. 1. Explain Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

Ans. Abraham Maslow, a humanist psychologist proposed a hierarchy

of needs in which needs are arranged in a sequence from primitive to
human. There are interrelated in the sense when one is fulfilled, other
next takes on the mind. At the lowest level are the physiological needs
followed by other higher level needs as given below:

1. Physiological Needs: These are needs which are basic for survival.
They include such as hunger, thirst.
2. Safety needs: To need to be free from any possible threat both
real and imaginary. It is of both physical and psychological nature.
3. Belongingness: needs to belong, to affiliate to love and to be
loved by others. One can’t live alone and needs other’s company
and join various groups.
4. Esteem needs; individual strives from the needs for self esteem to
develop a sense of self worth once his belongingness needs are
fulfilled.
5. Self actualization: it means to attain fullest developments of one’s
potential. Such people are self aware, soically responsible,
 creative, spontaneous, open to novelty and change also having a
sense of humour and capacity for deep interpersonal relationship.

Q. 2. Explain various forms of conflict

Ans. Conflict occurs when there is a frustration between two or more

motives. The three basics forms of conflict are:

1. Approach approach conflict: it occurs when an individual is

involved in more than one positive force fields or when be is
supposed to choose between two positive and desirable conflicts;
for example: making choice between two equally smart dresses. It
is easy to resolve conflicts of +2ive alternative.
2. Avoidance –avoidance conflict: it involves choosing between two
negative or mutually undesirable goal, as the opposing forces
tend to remain in the state of equilibrium. It is more difficult or
resolve as it involves two aggressive goals and people often feel
like escaping. For e.g.
3. Approach avoidance: it occurs when an individual feels attracted
and replied by the same goal or activity. The central
characteristics of this kind of conflict is ambivalence a mix of +tive
and tive valence. For e.g. waiting to eat more when one is over
weight.

Q. 3. How sex drive is different from other physiological drive?

Ans. It is one of the physiological motive in which motivation to engage

in sexual activity is a vary strong factor influencing human behaviour.
But it is not merely a physiological motive and hence different from
other primary motives in several ways. They can be:
 (a)Sexual activity is not necessary for an individual survival.
Homeostasis is not goal of sexual activity as is in the case of other
physiological motive.
(b) Sex drive develops with age in case of lower animal; it
depends on many physiological conditions.
(c)It reflects the interplay of both biological and learned factors. It is
also a socially, culturally and even socio economically governed
behaviour.

Q. 4. Explain the frustration aggression hypothesis proposed by Dollard

and Miller.

Ans. Frustration occurs when an anticipated desirable goal is not

attained and the motive is blocked. This often result in a variety of
behavioural and emotional reaction like fixation, escape, avoidance,
cries including anger.

It is in connection with this that Dollar and Miller proposed this

theory of frustration aggression.

This theory states that fraction produces aggression which is often

directed towards the self or blocking agent or substitute. Direct
aggressive acts may be inhibited by the threat of punishment. One
could find them main sources of frustration in:

(a)Environmental forces physiological object constraining situations

or even other people who prevent a passion from reaching a
particular goal.
(b) Personal facts like inadequacies or lack of resources that
make it difficult or impossible to reach goals and
(c)Conflict between two motives.
Q. 5. Explain Jaims Lange theory

Ans. It is one of the earliest theory emotion in which William James and
Carl lange argued that the perception about bodily changes like rapid
breathing a pounding heart and running legs following an event, brigs
forth emotional arousal.

It proposes that perception of an environmental situations which

might result in emotion. In other words particular events or stimuli
provoke particular physiological change and the individual perception
of these changes result in the emotion being experienced.

Its man implication is that the felt emotion or emotional experience

occurs after the bodily changes or the bodily changes precede the
emotion being experienced.

Jaims Lange Theory

Perception of environmental situation which might result in emotion.

Bodily changes in response to the situation.

Perception of physiological changes.

Felt emotion.

Q. 6. Explain canon based theory.

Ans. This theory proposed by Canon and Bar is a contradiction to the

james Lange theory.

According to this theory felt emotion and the bodily reactions in

emotion are independent of each other; both triggered simultaneously.
As proposed by the theory are 1st perceive potential emotion producing
situation which leads to activity in the lower brain region such as the
hypothalamus which in turn sends output in two directions.

(a)To internal body organs, external muscles to produce bodily

expressions.
(b) To cerebral cortex where the pattern to discharge from the
lower brain areas is perceived as felt emotion.

Sympathetic Nervous system, Muscles Physiological changes enabling

action.

Stimulus Thalamus

CERIBRAL CORTEX subjective experiences of the emotion

Q. 7. What role does cognition play in our emotions?

OR

How cognitive influence behaviour?

OR

Explain the two factor theory proposed by scatcher and singer.

Ans. This theory suggested That our cognition plays on important role
in our emotions.

Stanley schachtar and Jerome singer have proposed a two factor

theory in which emotion have two ingredients physical arousal and a
cognitive label.

It states that theory in emotions is an account of the involvement

of cognition factors and that emotions are physiologically similar.
 The emotional experience requires a conscious interpretation of
the arousal.

To test this theory schachter and singer injected student with

epinephrine drug that produces high arousal. These subjects were later
made to observe behaviour of others in euphoric manner or in angry
manner.

As predicted , the euphoric and angry behaviours of others

influenced the cognitive interpretation of subjects’ own arousal

SCHACHTER –SINGER THEORY

Perception of an environmental situation which might result in emotion

A generalized state of bodily arousal which is perceived

Interpretation of the research for the generalized arousal state

Felt emotion depends upon the reason given for the generalized
arousal state.

Q. 8. How learning influences emotion and in our emotion?

Ans. Culture too have some role to play in our emotions. We like in
different cultures and on comparing different cultures in can be said
that learning plays an important role in emotions which happens in two
ways:

(a)Cultural learning influences the expression of emotions more than

what is experienced.
(b) Some cultures encourages free emotional expression,
whereas other cultures teach people through modeling and
reinforcement to reveal little of their emotions in public.
Learning also has a great deal to do with stimuli that produces
emotional reactions for e.g. many fears learnt through modeling
classical conditioning or avoidance conditioning, emotional expression
and its meaning vary from culture to culture for e.g. a handclap is am
expression of worry or disappointment and anger is expressed with
laughter.

Basic emotion also vary in the extent of elaboration and

categorical labels across cultures.

Q. 9. Explain task oriented and defence oriented coping mechanism.

Ans. In dealing with conflicting situation individual take on to various

coping mechanism either with task or defense oriented reaction to
prevent abnormal emotional reactions.

(a)Task oriented reactions: aim at realistically coping with the

adjustive demands.

Tend to be based on an objective assessment of the stress

situation and on a deliberate logical and constructive course of
actions.

These actions may entail making changes in one’s self or in the

surrounding or both.

Action may be over or covert.

(b) Defence oriented:

Its aims to protect oneself psychologically from emotional hurt,
and self devaluation.
 These are learned, respond, but tend to operate on habitual and
inconscious level for e.g. rationalization, projection, repression
displacement fantasy denial.
They have the component of self deception and reality distortion.

Q. 10. How emotions can be managed to ensure effective social

functioning?

Ans. Effective emotion management is vary important in ensuring

effective social functioning.

(a)Enhance self awareness: try to get insight into your own emotion
and this makes you understand them in a better way. Knowing
about your capabilities and limitation helps.
(b) Appraise the situation objectively: a positive evaluation of
situation and gaining insight into it. its all about how you look at
situations and how see them.
(c)Self monitoring: a periodic evaluation of past accomplishments,
emotions and physical states and other positive experiences
enhances faith in yourself and leads to contentment.
(d) Self modeling: analyzing past performance and the positive
aspects attached to it provides with inspiration and motivation to
perform better next time.
(e)Perceptual reorganization and cognitive restructuring: changing
old patterns and following new positive ones. Restructure your
thoughts to enhance positively and eliminate negative thoughts.
(f) Be creative: take up some hobby or develop an interest in
something creative and innovative. Create fun for yourself by
pursuing such activity of interest.
Develop and nurture good relationship. One who shares good
interpersonal relationship with others never feel alone and
disheartened.

Have empathy: looking at other’s situation as it was your own.

Understanding others well help you in understanding your own self in a
better way. It adds meaning to your life.

Participation in community service can also prove to be vary

effective in creating a balance of emotion in your life.

Q. 11. What are The roles of positive emotions and what are the ways
to enhance positive emotions.

Ans. Positive emotions give us a greater ability to cope with adverse

circumstances and quickly return to a normal state. They helps us set
up long term plans and goals, and form near relationship. Various ways
of enhancing positive emotions are given below:

(a)Personality traits of optimism, hopefulness happiness and positive

self regard.
(b) Finding positive meaning in difficult circumstances.
(c)Sharing quality relationship with others and a supportive network
of close relationship.
(d) Choosing a pastime and gaining mastery in it.
(e)Positive approach to life and having faith in oneself and leading a
life of purpose.
(f) Positive as interpretation of most daily events.

Q. 12. Explain the concept of motivation. What is the importance of

emotions in our life?
Ans. Motivation explains the ‘why part of any behaviour. Why do we
choose certain goals and leave the others.

Motivation :-- Explanation

Meaning of motivation: the term is derived form the latin word

‘movere’ referring to movement of activity. It impels or pushes
organism into activity giving from direction. It can help in predicting
behaviour hence it is one of the determination of behaviour.

Motivational cycle:

When an internal driving state is aroused it pushes the individual

to engage in behaviour which will lead to goal that reduces the
intensity of the driving state. Thus motivation is said to consist of Need
Drive Goal directed behaviour.

Achievement of goal – Drive reduction

Types of motives: there are two types of motives namely

biological and psychological motive.

Biological motives: biological motives which are also known as

physiological motives are guided by innate body mechanisms. Some of
the basic biological needs are hunger, thirst sex essential for the
sustenance of life. hunger, thirst, and sex are three basic biological
human needs in human beings and animals.

Psychosocial motives: These motives are mostly learned or

acquired and resulting from individuals interaction with his social
environment. And hence family, friends and other social groups play
important roles in it.
 Needs for affiliation, need for power, need for achievement and
need for curiosity and exploration are a few psychological motives.

Frustration and conflict: when we talk about motivation it

becomes important to understand the concept of frustration and
conflict.

Frustration—it occurs when we fail to achieve our goal. The

blocking of a desired goal is painful hence frustration can result in a
various behavioural and emotional reactions. It often result in
aggressive behaviour.

This statement can be supported with the help of frustration

aggression hypothesis proposed by Dollard and Millar. It states that
frustration produces aggression. Such acts are often directed towards
the self or blocking agent.

Conflict – when an individual has to choose between two goals it

is called a conflict. There are three basic forms of conflicts they are:

Approach –approach—this conflict comes from having to choose

between two positive and mutually desirable goal.

Approach –avoidance: conflicts rising from the situation in which one

has to choose between two negative and mutually undesirable goal.

Approach avoidance it comes when an individual feels attracted to and

repelled by the some goals and hence difficult to deal with.

Q. 13. Discuss the role of Emotions in life.

Joy sorrow, love, excitement and a part of our our everyday life. one
cannot do without it hence emotions are inseparable part of our life.
they play both positive and negative role in our lives. It is very
important to know and understand what emotions are and to
understand their importance in our lives.

EMOTIONS (DEFINITION): Emotion is a subjective feeling and

experience of emotions varies from person to person. Emotions are a
complex pattern of change of situation perceived as personally
significant, including physiological arousal, feeling, though and
behaviour.

Atleast six basic emotions are experienced everywhere. These are

anger, disgust, happiness sadness and surprise.

14. PHYSIOLGOICAL BASES OF EMOTIONS

When we experiences a great deal of physiological changes, it also

occurs in our biological system. This view can be supported with the
help of different theories and studies for e.g. James lange and Cannon
Bard theories of emotion.

JAMES LANGE THEORY OF EMOTION

It suggested that particular stimulus evoke particular physiological

changes and the individual perception of these changes result in the
emotions being experienced.

It main implication is that the felt emotion occurs after the bodily
changes or the bodily changes precede the emotion being experienced.

CANNON BARD THEORY

 According to this theory felt emotion and the bodily reaction in
emotion are independent of each other, both are triggered
simultaneously.

First we perceive potential emotional provoking situations which

leads to activity in the lower brain region such as hypothalamus which
in turn sends output in two directions.

(a)To internal body organ and external muscles to produce bodily

expression.
(b) To cerebral cortex, where the pattern of discharge from the
lower brain area is perceived as felt emotion.

COGNITIVE BASES OF EMOTIONS

Cognitive bases of emotion can be explained with the help of scathter

singer theory.

This is the two factor theory of emotion having two ingredient

physical arousal and cognitive level.

It states that the emotion is an account of the involvement of cognitive

factors and that emotions are physically similar. An emotional
experiences requires a conscious interpretation of the arousal.

CULIURAL BASES, THE ROLE OF CULTURE

Culture tow influence our emotional experiences. Cultural

learning influences the expression of more than what is experienced.
Some cultures encourage free emotional expression.

Whereas some cultures teach people to reveal little of their

emotions to others.
 Learning also has a great deal to do with the stimuli that produced
emotional reactions. For e.g. many fears are learnt through modeling,
classical conditioning or avoidance conditioning.

Emotional experience and its meaning conveyed via gestures

various from culture to culture.

Basic emotion also various the extent of elaboration and

categorical levels across cultures.

Q. 15. DISCUSS THE MANAGEMENT OF NEGATIVE EMPTIONS AND

ENHANCEMNET OF POSITIVE ONES

Ans. Emotions are an integral part of our lives and it is important to

maintain a balance between emotions.

Negative emotions like fear, anxiety, disgust are such emotions if

allowed to prevail for a long time, they are likely to have adverse effects
on our well being. It is important to control negative emotions in order
in ensure an effective social functioning. Positive emotions should be
enhanced. We can reduce mange negative emotions in the following
manner.

By enhaneing one’s self awareness and knowing one’s own self better
and gaining insight into owns feelings.

Objective approach in evaluating an event that matters. Objectively

appraising the situation is very important.

Taking into account your past accomplishments emotional and physical

sates increases the faith in your self and lead to enhanced feeling of
wellness and contentment.
Recalling your past performance and using it as an insipiration and
motivation to perform better in future.

Perceptual reorganization and cognitive restructuring. Restructuring

thought to enhance positive and reassuring feeling and eliminate
negative thought.

Be creative and innovative. Keep yourself engaged in something that

interest you.

Nurturing good relationship and meaningful ones also enhances self

worth and lend support to deal with problem in life.

Community service: helping others is also positive in its effect. Gaining

insight into others problem also help in understanding your own
problems situations in a better way.

Developing personality traits of optimism, hopefulness, happiness and a

positive self regard.

Looking positively at things and finding positive meanings in difficult

situations.

Emotions (negatives) are very common in our day to day life event.

Over time we experience one emotion or the other. A positive

interpretation of such events is necessary.

Finally if some has faith in himself he can do anything, can face any
adverse situation, living a life of purpose, hope is all that is needed.

In the end it can be said emotions are vary common experience in life;
they vary in intensity and strength and is important to maintain a
balance of emotion. Reduction of negative emotions is vary essential in
ensuring positive well being.