16/112021

Assignment
Summitted To:
PROF. TAQMEEM
Submitted By:
MUHAMMAD USMAN (3849)
TALHA BASRA (3822)
MUHAMMAD HAMZA (3969)
GHULAM MOHIUDDIN (3837)
MUBASHIR (3859)
RUKASH GILL (3838)
Assignment Topic:
p-n junction diode
Department:
Computer Science
Semester:
3rd (Morning)
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Table of content

1 P-type

2 N-type

3 P-n junction
3.1 Formation of p-n junction

4 Diode

5 P-n junction diode

6 Biasing

Conditions for bias

6.1.1 Forward Bias
6.1.2 Reverse Bias
6.1.3 Zero Bias
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1. p-type:
The semiconductors having holes (absence or deficiency of electrons in atom creates hole) in the
majority are called P-type semiconductors.

• They have vacancies of electron (holes) called “Acceptor Atoms”.

• They are made up by adding trivalent impurities like Al, Ga, In, etc.
2. n-type:
The semiconductors having electrons in the majority and holes in minorities are called n-type
semiconductors.

• They have extra electrons which makes them “Donor Atoms”.

• They are made up by adding pentavalent impurities like P, As, Sb, Bi, etc.
3. p-n junction:
The boundary or interference between the p-type

and n-type semiconductors material inside a single

crystal of semiconductor is called “p-n junction”.

Formation of p-n junction:

As we know that semiconductors are stable by themselves. But when we make
a p-n junction, there will be a boundary (interference) that retard the movement of electrons from one side
to the other. Therefore, we use the doping method.

• Doping:
The introduction of impurities into an intrinsic (pure) semiconductor regulates its electrical,
optical, and structural properties.

➢ In this method, we add impurities (controlled) in an intrinsic semiconductor to increase

the conductivity of that semiconductor or startup the flow of electrons.
• For example:
We have a silicon
semiconductor sheet, if we add a
small amount of pentavalent impurity
like Antimony (Sb) to this, Silicon
will get converted to n-type silicon
(n-type semiconductor) because.
And when we add trivalent
impurity like Boron (B) in silicon
semiconductor sheet Silicon will get
converted to p-type silicon (p-type
semiconductor) p-type.
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Now, the flow of electrons occurs between n-type and p-type

semiconductors in a single crystal and the p-n junction vanished.

This diagram shows the p-n junction mechanism.

Now, discuss the diode.

4. Diode:
It is a two-ends electronic component that conducts current in one direction (asymmetric
conductance); it has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in
the other. A diode vacuum or thermionic diode is a vacuum tube with two electrodes, a heated cathode,
and a plate, in which electrons can flow in only one direction, from cathode to plate.

For example:
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
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5. p-n junction Diode:

A p-n Junction Diode is one of the simplest semiconductor devices around, and it has
the characteristic of passing current in only one direction only.

p-n junction Diode

Now discuss biasing.

6. Biasing:
In electronics, biasing is the setting of initial operating conditions (current and voltage) of an active
device in an amplifier. Many electronic devices, such as diodes, transistors, and vacuum tubes, whose
function is processing time-varying (AC) signals, also require a steady (DC) current or voltage at their
terminals to operate correctly. This current or voltage is a bias. The AC signal applied to them is
superpositioned on this DC bias current or voltage. A diode (PN junction) in an electrical circuit allows
current to flow more easily in one direction than another.

Conditions for bias:

The term bias refers to the application of DC voltage to set up certain
operating conditions. Following three bias conditions are applied w.r.t. PN junctions.

a. Forward Bias
b. Reverse Bias
c. Zero Bias or Unbiased
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a. Forward Bias:
In this, a diode-connected with a battery in such a way that n-type material is
connected with the negative terminal and p-type material is connected with the positive terminal.

Explanation:
When we connect a diode in forwarding bias and currently begin to flow in a diode.
The negative voltage repels the electrons in n-type toward the junction. And also, positive voltage repels
holes in p-type towards the junction. When they meet at the junction point, they make a depletion region.

• Depletion zone:
In semiconductors, the depletion region is the layer where the flow of charges
(motion of electron) decreases. This region or area acts as the barrier that does not allow to flow of
electrons from the n-type to the p-type of the semiconductor diode.

The flow of current:

Due to thin and narrow depletion region or p-n junction, from which electron can
pass easily.

Application:
The p-n junction diode when forward biased it used as a rectifier circuit:

L.E.D. (Light Emitting Diode)

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b. Reverse Bias:
In this, a diode is connected with the battery in such a way positive voltage is connected with n-type
material and negative voltage with p-
type material.

Explanation:
When we connect a diode in reverse bias and currently begin to flow in a diode. The
hole is attracted by negative voltages and electrons by positive voltages. In this, the depletion region is
wider than the forward.

Current Flow:

In reserve bias, the depletion region grows wider and wider. The lack of electrons and
holes and presents a high impedance path. Then, a high potential barrier is created across the p-n junction.

Thus, currently does not flow in Reverse Bias.

Application:
p-n junction diode under reserve bias provides application and is used as

Photo = Diode

Zener = Diode

c. Zero Bias:
The condition of the p-n junction diode where the device does not have any external
supply is known as Zero bias or Unbiased.

Explanation:
Zero bias is a condition of thermal equilibrium where the number of charges on both
ends is equal. The p-side diffuses towards the n-side resulting in generating an electric field. When diffuse
together a junction is created between them and again attain stability. In this way, the diode is worked
under
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