NON-MENDELIAN PATTERN OF INHERITANCE MORE ABOUT CHROMOSOMES AND GENES

How do we refer to these characteristics that each individual Humans have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs of chromosomes
person has?
Chromosomes come in pairs ; they re called homologous
TRAITS- observable inherited characteristics chromosomes

What determines a persons traits?
GENES- functional unit of heredity found in chromosomes
which are in the nucleus of cell
Homologous chromosomes(1) have similar structure and
shape and (2) have genes that code for proteins that
expresses the same trait
Non- Mendelian Inheritance

 This is the type inheritance where in the patterns of

Genes and MORE ABOUT CHROMOSOMES AND GENES
phenotypes does not coincide with those that was
presented in the Mendelian’s Laws of inheritance
 It also describes the in heritance of traits linked to a
Like chromosomes, genes also come single gene in the chromosomes
in pairs
Term Meaning

Incomplete Dominance Pattern of heredity in which

Each parent passes along just one copy to make up the genes one allele is not completely
dominant over another
you have
Codominance Pattern of heredity in which
both alleles are
simultaneously expressed in
Alleles are different forms of the same gene which are the heterozygote
located on the same part of the chromosome. Multiple alleles A gene that is controlled by
more than two alleles
Chromosomes
Pleiotropy When one gene affects
multiple characteristics
All living things are made up of cells
Lethal allele Allele that results in the death
Inside the cells are smaller ORGANELLES of an individual

NUCLEUS- controls and regulates the activities of the cell; Polygenic trait Traits that are controlled by
multiple genes
contains the hereditary material

Inside the nucleus are threadlike structure called

CHROMOSOMES containing the genetic material
Phenotype- observable trait
CHROMATIN- unraveled condensed structure of DNA
Genotype- genetic make-up of an organism
CHROMOSOME- highly condensed structure of DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - is a long molecule that

Incomplete Dominance
contains our unique genetic code; hereditary material in
humans and almost al other  A case in which one
allele is not
What is the genes?
completely dominant
GENES- functional unit of heredity found in chromosomes over another
which are in the nucleus of the cell.  It s a form of
inheritance which produces an intermediate trait
 a heritable factor made of a length of DNA which  Shows the actual appearance based on the GENE
influences a specific characteristic PAIR resulted once two pair combined
 a long segment of the chromosome/ DNA that codes
for a certain trait
Problem :
Phenotype Genotype Gene Antibodies
Show the possible outcome of the cross between two pink Product Present
four o’clock flower plants by using the Punnett Square
Type A A A Antigen Anti-B
I I or I A
A
i

Type B B B B Antigen Anti-A

I I or I B
i

Type AB A B Antigen Neither

I I A and Anti-A nor
Antigen Anti-B
B
Genotype : 25% RR Type O ii none Anti-A and
Anti-B
25% WW

50% RW

Phenotype: 25% Red four o’clock plant

25% White four o’clock plant

50% Pink four o’clock plant

Codominance

Pattern of heredity in which both alleles are simultaneously

expressed in the heterozygote

Multiple Alleles
A gene that is controlled by more than two alleles