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12. ATOMS

Dalton’s Postulates

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J. J. Thomson atom model

• Plum pudding model.
• Electrons are embedded in a positive sphere.
• The electrons vibrate to produce spectral line.
• The very existence of atom could not be explained by this model.
outlet to vacuum pump

𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝐶 𝐴

inlet for inert gas 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

− +

Rutherford atom model ( scattering expt.)

• Alpha scattering experiment on a thin gold foil
• Thickness of gold foil is 2.110-7 m
• Source of  particle is 𝐵𝑖
• Energy of  particle is 5.5 MeV

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Bohr atom model

Derivation for rn, vn, En for Hydrogen like atom

𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 1 𝑍𝑒 𝑛ℎ
=𝑚
1 𝑍𝑒 𝑚𝑣 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟 2𝜋𝑚𝑟
=
4𝜋𝜀 𝑟 𝑟
1 𝑍𝑒 𝑛 ℎ
1 𝑍𝑒 =𝑚
= 𝑚𝑣 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟 4𝜋 𝑚 𝑟
4𝜋𝜀 𝑟
𝑍𝑒 𝑛 ℎ 𝑛ℎ 𝜋 𝑚 𝑍 𝑒
= 𝑣 =
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝐵𝑜ℎ𝑟 𝑠 2𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒: 𝜀 𝜋𝑚𝑟 2𝜋𝑚 𝑛 ℎ 𝜀
𝑛ℎ 𝑛 ℎ 𝜀 𝑍𝑒
𝐿 =𝑚𝑣 𝑟 = 𝑟= 𝑣 =
2𝜋 𝜋𝑚𝑍𝑒 2𝑛ℎ𝜀
𝑛ℎ
𝑣 = 𝑍
2𝜋𝑚𝑟 𝑛
𝑟= 0.53 Å 𝑣 = 2.19 × 10 𝑚𝑠
𝑍 𝑛

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𝐸 = 𝑃𝐸 + 𝐾𝐸 1 1 𝐸: 𝑃𝐸: 𝐾𝐸 ∷ −1: −2: 1

𝐸: 𝑃𝐸: 𝐾𝐸 ∷ − : −1:
2 2
1 𝑍𝑒 1
𝐸 =− + 𝑚𝑣
4𝜋𝜀 𝑟 2
𝑊𝐾𝑇, 𝐸: 𝑃𝐸: 𝐾𝐸 ∷ −1: −2: 1
𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 :

𝑍 𝑒 𝑚 𝑍 𝑒 𝑚 𝐸: 𝑃𝐸: 𝐾𝐸 ∷ −13.6𝑒𝑉: −27.2𝑒𝑉: 13.6𝑒𝑉

𝐸 =− +
4𝑛 ℎ 𝜀 8𝑛 ℎ 𝜀
𝑃𝐸 = −27.2𝑒𝑉 𝐾𝐸 = 13.6𝑒𝑉
𝑍 𝑒 𝑚
𝐸 =−
8𝑛 ℎ 𝜀
𝑛
𝑟= 0.53 Å
𝑍 𝑍
𝐸 = −2.18 × 10 𝐽 2
𝑛
𝑟= 0.53 Å = 4 × 0.53Å = 2.12Å
1
𝑍
𝐸 = −13.6 𝑒𝑉 3
𝑛 𝑟= 0.53 Å = 9 × 0.53Å = 4.77Å
1

Spectral lines
𝑍 𝑒 𝑚
𝐸 =− 0.65 𝑒𝑉
8𝑛 ℎ 𝜀
1.9 𝑒𝑉
𝑍 𝑒 𝑚 𝑍 𝑒 𝑚
𝐸 =− 𝐸 =−
8𝑛 ℎ 𝜀 8𝑛 ℎ 𝜀 𝐸
𝑍 𝑒 𝑚 1 1
ℎ = 𝐸 − 𝐸 = − −
8ℎ 𝜀 𝑛 𝑛 10.2 𝑒𝑉
𝑍 𝑒 𝑚 1 1
ℎ = − 𝑐
8ℎ 𝜀 𝑛 𝑛 =

1 𝑍 𝑒 𝑚 1 1
= − 𝐸
 8𝑐ℎ 𝜀 𝑛 𝑛
1 1 1
= =𝑅 − 𝑅 = 1.097 × 10 𝑚
 𝑛 𝑛

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Spectral series
𝐿𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠, 𝑛 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 2, 3, 4, . . .
1 1 1 𝑈𝑉 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛
=𝑅 −
 1 𝑛
𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠, 𝑛 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 3, 4, 5, . . .
1 1 1 𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛
=𝑅 −
 2 𝑛
𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠, 𝑛 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 4, 5, 6, . . .
1 1 1 𝑁𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐼𝑅 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛
=𝑅 −
 3 𝑛
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠, 𝑛 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 5, 6, 7, . . .
1 1 1 𝐼𝑅 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛
=𝑅 −
 4 𝑛
𝑃𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠, 𝑛 = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 6, 7, 8, . . .
1 1 1 𝐹𝑎𝑟 𝐼𝑅 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛
=𝑅 −
 5 𝑛

Balmer series (Visible region)

𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒, 𝑛 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 3 𝐿𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒, 𝑛 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = ∞

1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1
=𝑅 − =𝑅 − =𝑅 =𝑅 − =𝑅 − =𝑅
 2 3 4 9 36  2 ∞ 4 ∞ 4
1 36 1
= = 7.2 × 10 𝑚 (Red colour) = 4 = 4 × 10 𝑚 (Violet colour)
𝑅 5 𝑅

de Broglie Wave
𝑛 𝑛ℎ
𝑛 =
2𝜋𝑟 = 𝑛 ; 𝑟 = 2𝜋 2𝜋𝑚𝑣
2𝜋
𝑛ℎ 𝑛ℎ ℎ ℎ
𝑚𝑣 𝑟 = ; 𝑟 = = =
2𝜋 2𝜋𝑚𝑣 𝑚𝑣 𝑝

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No different from

Thomson’s Model

Rutherford’s model

Rutherford’s model

Thomson’s Model
Rutherford’s model

both the model

Answer: 𝑛 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 4

1 1 1 1 1 15
=𝑅 − =𝑅 − =𝑅
 1 4 1 16 16
1 16
= = 1.07 × 10 𝑚
𝑅 15
𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠, 𝑛 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = ∞
𝑐 3 × 10
= = = 2.8 × 10 𝐻𝑧
1 1 1 1 𝑅  1.097 × 10
=𝑅 − =𝑅 −0 =
 3 ∞ 3 9
9
 = = 9 × 10 𝑚
𝑅
𝑍 2𝜋𝑟
𝑣 = 2.19 × 10 𝑚𝑠 𝑇=
𝑛 𝑣

𝐸 = 2.3 × 1.6 × 10 𝐽 = ℎ 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑍 = 1; 𝑛 = 1; 𝑣 = 2.19 × 10 𝑚𝑠

2.3 × 1.6 × 10 2.3 × 1.6 × 10 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑍 = 1; 𝑛 = 2; 𝑣 = 1.095 × 10 𝑚𝑠
= = = 0.57 × 10 𝐻𝑧
6.625 × 10 6.625 × 10
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑍 = 1; 𝑛 = 3; 𝑣 = 0.73 × 10 𝑚𝑠

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2𝜋𝑟 n=3
𝑇= The possible transitions in
𝑣
Lyman are, 31 and 21.
n=2
2𝜋𝑟 𝑛 0.53 Å 𝑛 The possible transition in
𝑇= = 2𝜋 Balmer is, 32. n=1
𝑣 𝑍 𝑍 2.19 × 10 𝑚𝑠
𝑛 0.53 × 10 𝑛
𝑇 = 2𝜋 = 1.52 × 10 1 1 1 1 9−1 8
𝑍 2.19 × 10 𝑍 =𝑅 − =𝑅 1− =𝑅 =𝑅
 1 3 9 9 9
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑍 = 1; 𝑛 = 1; 𝑇 = 1.52 × 10 𝑠 9 9
= = × 10 𝑚 = 1.125 × 10 𝑚
𝑅8 8
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑍 = 1; 𝑛 = 2; 𝑇 = 12.16 × 10 𝑠
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑍 = 1; 𝑛 = 3; 𝑣 = 41.04 × 10 𝑠 1 1 1 1 4−1 3
=𝑅 − =𝑅 1− =𝑅 =𝑅
 1 2 4 4 4
4 4
= = × 10 𝑚 = 1.33 × 10 𝑚
𝑅3 3
The difference in energy between n=4 and n=1 is,
(-0.85 ev)-(-13.6 ev) = 12.75 ev
The difference in energy between n=3 and n=1 is, 1 1 1 1 1 9−4 5
=𝑅 − =𝑅 − =𝑅 =𝑅
(-1.5 ev)-(-13.6 ev) = 12.1 ev  2 3 4 9 36 36
As the available energy from the bombardment is 36 36
= = × 10 𝑚 = 7.2 × 10 𝑚
12.5 ev, the electron would have gone up to n=3. 𝑅5 5