Simple Doo Security Alarm Sys

A PROJECT
ON
SIMPLE DOOR SECURITY ALARM SYSTEM

SUBMITTED TO
STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION & TRAINING (S.B.T.E.T) A.P

VIJAYAWADA
In Partial Fulfillment of requirements for the award of degree of
DIPLOMA IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

1. S. ABDUL SUBHAN (20360-EC-038)
2. S. MOHAMMAD ABDHUL KHADAR
JEELANI (20360-EC-040)
3. Y. JYOTHEESWARI (20360-EC-045)
4. K. V. CHANDANA (20360-EC-016)
5. N. MUNEESWARAMMA (20360-EC-024)
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Ms. A. SAYEEDA SULTANA
Assistant Professor, Department of ECE
GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & affiliated to JNTU Anantapur)
KADAPA – 516 003.
2020-2023
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & affiliated to JNTU Anantapur.)
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this Technical report entitled “ SIMPLE DOOR

SECURITY ALARM SYSTEM” is a benefited work is done and Submitted to STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION & TRAINING (S.B.T.E.T) A.P VIJAYAWADA,
in partial fulfillment of the award of the degree of DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONICS
AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING at GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
& TECHNOLOGY, KADAPA during 2020-2023. The results embodied in this
project report have not been submitted to any other University or Institute for any
award of any degree.
Project Guide Head of the Department

Ms. A. Sayeeda Sultana, M.Tech. Dr. S. Farooq Anwar, M.Tech., Ph.D.,
Assistant Professor, Professor,
Department of E.C.E. Department of E.C.E.
ii
EXAMINER -1 EXAMINER-2
ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
An Endeavour of a long period can be successful only with the advice of many
well-wishers. I take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude and appreciation to all
those who encouraged me for successfully completion of the Project.
I wish to express our sincere gratitude to Dr. M. RAMA SUBBAMMA, M. Tech,

Ph.D., M.I.E, MISRD and MIEEE Principal of Global College of Engineering and
Technology, Kadapa for her consistent help and encouragement to complete the Project.
Our special thanks to Dr. S. Farooq Anwar, M.Tech., Ph.D., Professor and Head
of the Department, Department of E.C.E. during the progress of project, for his timely
suggestion and help inspires of her busy schedule.
I thankful to my guide Ms. A. Sayeeda Sultana, M. Tech. Assistant Professor in

E.C.E. Department of Global College of Engineering and Technology, Kadapa for her
valuable guidance and suggestions during the progress of Project inspires of his busy
schedule.
Finally, I would like to express our sincere thanks to Faculty Members of E.C.E.
Department, Lab Technicians and Friends one and all who are helped us directly or
indirectly in successful completion of Project.
As a gesture of respect for our family members and for the support, I received from
them.
SUBMITED BY
1. S. ABDUL SUBHAN (20360-EC-038)
2. S. MOHAMMAD ABDHUL KHADAR
JEELANI (20360-EC-040)
3. Y. JYOTHEESWARI (20360-EC-045)
4. K. V. CHANDANA (20360-EC-016)
5. N. MUNEESWARAMMA (20360-EC-024)
3
ABSTRACT
This project report entitle to “ SIMPLE DOOR SECURITY ALARM SYSTEM”
. The main objective of the study is to analyze the basis to detailed procedure of simple security
system Abstract.
This door open alarm uses an input sensor fixed at the corner of the door frame
and a magnet fixed on the door panel close to the sensor. When the door is opened, the magnet
moves away from the sensor, generating a controlling signal to sound the alarm.
When the door is closed, the magnet is close to the sensor. Presence of north-
polarity magnetic field generates a low voltage at the output of the sensor.
In this project, I got a learning of security systems and sensors, its protocols,
etc. Real learning places its worth only when it gives sweet fruits in future. Doing real project is
one way to learn at work. I enjoyed the interesting experience and every part of it. The report dealt
with the practical knowledge of general theory and technical details of equipment, materials, which
I have gained during the project.
4
CONTENTS
1. Introduction: 1
1.1 About the Project 2
1.2 About the Building 4
1.3 Types of Buildings 5
2. CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING: 7
2.1Sub-structure 8
2.1.1 S hallow foundation 9
2.1.1.1 Individual footings 9
2.1.1.2 Strip footing 10
2.1.1.3 Raft or Mat foundation 10
2.1.2 Deep foundation 11
2.1.2.1 Pile foundation 11
2.2 Super-structure 13
3. Materials for Construction 16

3.1Cement 17
3.2 Aggregate 19
3.2.1Fine Aggregate 19
3.2.2Coarse Aggregates 19
3.3 Water 21
3.4 R.C.C 22
4. Materials Testing: 23
4.1 Tests of Aggregates 24
4.1.1 Crushing Strength Test 24
4.1.2 Impact Test 26
4.1.3 Los Angles Abrasion Value 28
4.1.4 Shape Test 30
5
4.1.5 Water Absorption Test 32
4.2 Tests of Concrete 34
4.2.1 Compressive Strength Test 36
4.2.2 Permeability Test 36
4.2.3 Slump Test 39
4.2.4 Flexural Strength Test 41
5. Equipment’s and Machines: 42

5.1 Batching Machine 43
5.2 Concrete Mixer 43
5.3 Transportation 44
5.4 Compactors 45
6. Brick Masonry: 46
6.1 Class of Brick 47
6.2 Size & Weight of Bricks 48
6.3 Structure of Brick 48
6.4 Types of Brick Masonry 49
6.5 Tools Used in Brick Masonry 50
6.6 Bonds in Brick Work 50
6.7 Thickness of Wall 52
6.8 Procedure of Brick Masonry 52
7. Plaster: 54
7.1 Mortar for Plastering 55
7.2 Tools for Plastering 56
7.3 Methods of Plastering 57
8. Building By-Laws: 59
8.1 Objectives of Building By-Laws 60
8.2 Plinth Area Regulations 61
6
8.3 Height and Size Regulation for Rooms 61
8.3.1 Height Regulations 61
8.3.2 Size Regulations 62
8.4 Lighting and Ventilation Regulations 63
8.5 Open Space Regulations 64
8.6 Fire Protection Regulations 66
Conclusion 68
Reference 69
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
S.No Name No.
1.1 Multi-storey Residential Building 2
1.2 Unit Plan 3
2.1 Individual Footing 9
2.2 Plinth Beam in Footing 9
2.3 Pile Foundation 12
2.4 Flooring 13
3.1 Coarse Aggregates 20
4.1 Los Angles Apparatus 29
4.2 Shape Testing Apparatus 30
4.3 Slump test 39
4.4 Flexural Strength Testing 41
5.1 Concrete Mixing Machine 43
5.2 Belt Conveyors 44
6.1 Bricks 47
6.2 Stretcher Bond 51
6.3 English Bond 51
6.4 Thickness of Wall 52
7.1 Plastering 56
viii
LIST OF TABLES
S.No NAME PAGE NO:

1.1 Details About Project 2
3.1 Composition of Portland Cement 17
7.1 Different Coats of Plaster 58
8.1 Maximum Permissible Covered Area 61
ix
CONSTRUCTION OF MULTI STORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
CHAPTER – 1.0
INTRODUCTION
Page |1
CHAPTER 1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1 ABOUT THE PROJECT
1. NAME OF PROJECT MULTISTOREY RESIDENTIAL

BUILDING
2. PROJECT MANAGER Mr. A.SIVA KALYAN
3. COMPANY KANLAYN PLANNERS &
ASSOCIATES
4. LOCATION OF SITE AMARAVATHI
5. DATE OF STARTING 15-07-2020
TRAINING
6. DATE OF COMPLETING 26-12-2020
TRAINING
7. DURATION OF 180 DAYS (NEARLY)
TRAINING
Table 1.1 Details about Project
Fig 1.1 Multi storey Residential Building
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Fig 1.2 Unit Plan
Page |3
1.2 ABOUT THE BUILDING
It project is a multi-storey residential building. This building is constructing for middle class people.
MIG (MIDDLE INCOME GROUP) :
This group includes the flats of cost 51.50 lakhs. Dimensional
detail of a flat:
Living Room: (3.93*4.20) meter Bed Room (1):
(3.20*4.30) meter Bed Room (2): (3.20*4.20)
meter Bed Room (3): (3.00*4.20) meter Kitchen:
(2.40*3.30) meter
Toilet: (2.4*1.50) meter
Bath Room: (2.18*1.60) meter Balcony(1):
(2.77*1.50)meter Balcony(2): (1.88*1.2)meter
Balcony(3): (1.5*1.2)meter
Single window has provided in living room, bed rooms and kitchen .Each flat consists a balcony in
front and rear sides of apartments.
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1.3 TYPES OF BUILDING
Buildings are classified on the basis of character of occupancy and type of use as –
1.3.1 Residential Building
1.3.2 Educational Building
1.3.3 Institutional Building
1.3.4 Industrial Building
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING:
In such building sleeping accommodation is provided. It includes the Living room, Bed room,
Kitchen, Hall, Toilet and Bath room. It may be a single storey building or apartments.
EDUCATIONAL BUILDING:
This includes any building using for school, college, assembly for instruction, education or recreation.
INSTITUTIONAL BUILDING:
These building are used for different purposes, such as medical or other treatment or care of a person
suffering from a physical or mental illness etc. These building includes hospital, Sanitaria, Jail etc.
Page |5
INDUSTRIAL BUILDING:
These are buildings in which products or materials of all kind of properties are fabricated,
assembled, processed. For example refineries, gas plant, mills etc.
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CHAPTER – 2.0
CONSTRUCTION OF
BUILDING
Page |7
CHAPTER 2.0
CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING
Construction of the building is done in at least two steps. Which are follow i ng:
• Sub Structure
• Super Structure.
2.1 SUB STRUCTURE
Foundation is a part of the sub structure. Sub structure is constructed according to soil quality at that
site. If soil have good bearing capacity than we use shallow foundation
in construction. And if the bearing capacity of the soil is not good or suitable than we use deep
foundation at that site. Sub structure is a load bearing structure and it is designed for load bearing.
FOUNDATION:
A foundation is the element of any structure which connects it to the ground, and transfers loads from
the structure to the ground. Foundations are generally considered either shallow or deep.The low
artificially built part of a structure which transmits the load of the structure to the ground is called
foundation. Foundation is a load bearing
Page |8
structure which bear all load coming on the building or any structure. Foundation is generally of
two types:
A. S hallow Foundation. B. Deep
Foundation.
Generally foundation in building construction is S hallow foundation (Raft Foundation)
2.1.1 SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Shallow foundations are also called spread footings or open footings. The 'open' refers to the fact that
the foundations are made by first excavating all the earth till the bottom of the footing, and then
constructing the footing. During the early stages of work, the entire foo ting is visible to the eye, and
is therefore called an open foundation. The idea is that each foo ting takes the concentrated load of the
column and spreads it out of very large area, so that the actual weight on the soil does not exceed the
safe bearing capacity of the soil. It includes some types of shallow foundation such as:
2.1.1.1 INDIVIDUAL FOOTINGS
Fig 2.1 Individual footing Fig. 2.2 Plinth beam in footing
Page |9
Individual footings are one of the most simple and common types of foundations. These are used
when the load of the building is carried by columns. Usually, each column will have its own footing.
The foo ting is just a square or rectangular pad of concrete on which the columns its. To get a very
rough idea of the size of the footing, the engineer will take the total load on the column and divide it
by the safe bearing capacity (S BC) of the soil. For example, if a column has a vertical load of 10 T,
and the SBC of the soil is 10 T/m2, then the area of the footing will be 1 m 2. In practice, the de
signer will look at many other factors before preparing a construction design for the footing.
Individual footings are usually connected by a plinth beam, a horizontal beam that is built at ground
or below ground level.
2.1.1.2 STRIP FOOTINGS:
Strip footings are commonly found in load-bearing masonry construction, and act as a long strip that
supports the weight of an entire wall. These are used where the building loads are carried by entire
walls rather than isolated columns, such as in older buildings made of masonry.
2.1.1.3 RAFT OR MAT FOUNDATION:
Raft Foundations, also called Mat Foundations, are most often used when basements are to be
constructed. In a raft, the entire basement floor slab acts as the foundation; the weight of the building
is spread evenly over the entire footprint of the building. It is called a raft because the building is like
a vessel that 'floats' in a sea of soil.
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Mat Foundations are used where the soil is week, and the re fore building loads have to be spread over
a large area, or where columns are closely spaced, which mea ns that if individual footings were used,
they would touch each other.
2.1.2 DEEP FOUNDATION:
A deep foundation is a type of foundation which transfers building loads to the earth farther down
from the surface than a shallow foundation does, to a sub-surface layer or a range of depths.
2.1.2.1 PILE FOUNDATION:
A pile is basically a lo ng cylinder of a strong mate ria l such as concrete that is pushed into the
ground so that structures can be supported on top of it.
Pile foundations are used in the following situations :
1) When there is a layer of weak soil at the surface. This layer cannot support the weight of
the building, so the loads of the building have to bypass this layer and be transferred to the
layer of stronger soil or rock that is below the weak layer.
2) When a building has very heavy, concentrated loads, such as in a high rise structure.
Pile foundations are capable of taking higher loads than spread footings. There are two types
of pile foundations, each of which works in its own way.
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Fig 2.3 Pile foundation
End Bearing Piles :
In end bearing piles, the bottom end of the pile rests on a layer of especially strong soil or rock. The
load of the building is transferred through the pile onto the strong layer. In a sense, this pile acts like a
column. The key principle is that the bottom end rests on the surface which is the intersection of a
weak and strong layer. The load therefore bypasses the weak layer and is safely transferred to the
strong layer.
Friction Piles:
Friction piles work on a different principle. The pile transfers the load of the building to the soil
across the full height of the pile, by friction. In other words, the entire surface of the pile, which is
cylindrical in shape, works to transfer the forces to the soil. To visualise how this works, imagine you
are pushing a solid metal rod of say 4 mm diameter into a tub of frozenice cream. Once you have
pushed it in, it is strong enough to support so me load. The greater the embedment depth in the ice
cream, the more load
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it can support. This is very similar to how a friction pile works. In a friction pile, the amount of load
a pile can support is directly proportionate to its length.
2.2. SUPER STRUCTURE
Super-structure is a part of structure that is above plinth level (P.L). Generally, columns and walls are
constructed in super structure. Following are the important parts of super- structure.
1) Floor
2) Roof
3) Lintel
4) Parapet
5) Sun Shade
6) Doors & Windows
FLOOR:
Fig. 2.4 Flooring
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Floor is that part of a building on which furniture, ho use hold, commercial, industrial or any other
type of items are stored. Floor is used for walking around.
Floor separates the different levels of a building. Building is also named with reference to floor. Like
Ground floor, first floor, or a floor that is below ground level like basement floor.
ROOF:
Roof is made to cover room from upper face. Different types of roofs are used in building depending
on the location and weather. Sloping roofs are generally considered better in mountain areas. While,
in plan areas flat roofs are preferred.
LINTEL:
Lintel is constructed above doors, windows etc. to support load of wall on openings. Lintel beam is
generally made as reinforced cement concrete member. While, in residential houses sometime lintel
is made by using concrete and bricks. Breadth of lintel is generally equals to the breadth of wall.
In case of metric unit, it is normally equals to 10cm, 15cm, 20cm etc. While, in case of
FPS system it is consider as 6”,9”, 12” etc. Thickness of lintel should not be les s than
10cm (4.5”) and maximum thickness of lintel should not be more than its breadth.
SUN SHADE:
Sun shade is a s lab that is cast on the top of doors and windows. Sun shad e protects doors and
windows from sun and rain. Sun shade is cast monolithically with the lintel.
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DOORS AND WINDOWS:
A door is a moving structure used to b lock off, and allow access to, an entrance to or within an
enclosed space, such as a building or vehicle. Doors normally consist of a panel that swings on hinges
on the edge, but there are also doors that slid e or spin inside of a space. A window is an opening in a
wall, door, roof or vehicle that allows the passage of light and, if not closed or sealed, air and sound.
P a g e | 15
CHAPTER 3.0
MATERIALS
FOR CONSTRUCTION
P a g e | 16
CHAPTER 3.0
MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION
3.1 CEMENT
Cement was first discovered by an English brick layer named Joseph Aspdin in 1824. Hecalled it
Portland cement for the reason that the cement he discovered resembled the limestone found in
Portland.
The approximate composition of Portland cement is given below
Lime(Cao) 60-70%
Silica(S iO2) 20-25%
Alumina(Al2O3) 5-10%
Ferric Oxide(Fe2O3) 2-3%
Table 3.1 Composition of Portland cement
The function of cement is to combine with water and to form cement paste. This paste first sets i.e. it
becomes firms and then hardens due to chemical reaction, called hydration, between the cement and
water. On setting & hardening, the cement binds the aggregate together into a stone like hard mass &
thus provides strength, durability & water-tighten to the concrete. Quality of cement is based on
grade of cement. The grades of cement are as:
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33 Grade s
43 Grade s
53 Grade s
33 Grade OPC is used for general construction works like plastering and finishing works in normal
environmental conditions. However, its use is virtually phased out today.
Coming to the 43 Grade OPC, it is the most commonly used grade for ho me construction. It has its
applications in plastering, finishing works, precast items, foundations, brick work, and compound
wall and so on. It has more strength development than the 33 grade cement.
53 Grade OPC develops strength very fast. High rise building constructions use 53 grade cement.
This is applicable for use in structures where high grade concrete is required
At the site Portland cement of 53 grade s (JK SUPER CEMENT) is used. The cost per
beg = 355 rupees
The initial setting time of cement = 30 minute s (1/2 hr) The final
setting time of cement = 10 hrs.
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3.2 AGGREGATE
Aggregates are small pieces of broken stones in irregular size and shapes. Neat cement is very rarely
used in construction works since it is liable to shrink too much and become cracks on setting.
Moreover, it will be costly to use ne at cement in construction work. Therefore cement is mixed with
some inert strong & durable hard material. They also reduce the cost of concrete because they are
comparative much cheaper as cement.
TYPES OF AGGREGATES:
1.Fine Aggregate
2.Coarse Aggregate
3.2.1 FINE AGGREGATE (SAND):
The aggregate, which pass through 4.75 mm, I.S. sieve and entirely retain on 75
micron(.075mm) I.S. sieve is known as fine aggregate.
FUNCTION OF FINE AGGREGATE:
The function of using fine aggregate in a concrete mix is to fill up the voids existing in the coarse
aggregate and to obtain a dense and strong concrete with less quantity of cement and increase the
workability of the concrete mix.
3.2.2 COARSE AGGREGATE:
The aggregate, which pass through 75 mm I.S. sieve and entirely retain on 4.75 I.S. sieve is
known as coarse aggregates. At the site the coarse aggregate was 10mm &
20mm (graded).
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Fig. 3.1 Coarse Aggregates
FUNCTION OF COARSE AGGREGATE:
The coarse aggregates are used in mixing of concrete. It is mixed cement, sand with water. These
aggregates increase the strength of bonding in aggregates. Coarse aggregates are used in construction
of plan cement concrete (PCC), foundation, beams and columns etc.
GRADING OF CONCRETE:
The art of doing gradation of an aggregate as determined by sieve analysis is known as grading of
aggregate. The grade of concrete is depends on size of aggregates. The principle of grading is that the
smaller particles will fill up the voids between large particles.
This results in the most economical use of cement paste for filling the voids & binding together the
aggregate in the preparation of concrete.
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Thus proper grading of fine & coarse aggregate in concrete mix produces a dense concrete with less
quantity of cement.
REINFORCEMENT:
The material that develops a good bond with co ncrete in order to increase its strength is called
reinforcement. Steel bars are highly strong in tension, shear, bending moment, torsion and
compression.
FUNCTION OF REINFORCEMENT:
Reinforcement working as a tension member because concrete is strong in compression and week in
tension so reinforcement resists the tensile stresses in the concrete members. At the site contractor
using the high strength steel bars and T.M.T. (Thermo Mechanically Treated) bars of diameter 8 mm,
10 mm, 16 mm, & 32 mm as per requirement of design.
3.3 WATER
It is an important ingredient of concrete because it combines with cement and forms a binding paste.
The paste thus formed fills up the voids of the sand and coarse aggregate bringing them into close
adhesion. In this project source of water is a tube well which is closely spaced to the building. The
quality of water is good and can be used for drinking purpose also.
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3.4 R.C.C.
Though plain cement concrete has high compressive strength and its tensile strength is relatively low.
Normally, the tensile strength of a concrete is about 10% to 15% of its compressive strength. Hence
if a beam is made up of plain cement concrete, it has a very low load carrying capacity since its low
tensile strength limits its overall strength. It is, there reinforced by placing steel bars in the tensile
zone of the concrete beam so that the compressive bending stress is carried by concrete and tensile
bending stress is carried by steel reinforcing bars. Generally in simply supported and Cantilever
beams the tension zone occurs at bottom and top of beam respectively.
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CHAPTER 4.0
MATERIAL
TESTING
P a g e | 23
CHAPTER 4.0
MATERIAL TESTING
4.1 TESTS OF AGGREGATES:
Below are some of the important test which are perform on aggregates at every construction site to
check the quality of the aggregate for better construction and fulfil the requirement of the client.
1. Crushing Test
2. Impact Test
3. LOS Angles Abrasion Test
4. Shape Test
5. Water Absorption Test.
4.1.1 CRUSHING STRENGTHTEST:
Standard: IS: 2386 (Part IV)-1963 Methods of test for aggregate for concrete Part IV Mechanical
Properties.
Equipment used:
o Steel Cylinder
o Sieves (12.5mm,10mm)
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o Cylindrical metal measure
o Tamping Rod
o Balance (0-10kg)
o Oven (3000c)
o Compression testing Machine (2000KN) .
Procedure:
1. The cylindrical steel cup is filled with 3 equal layers of aggregate and each layer is tamped 25
strokes by the rounded end of tamping rod and the surplus aggregate struck off, using the tamping rod
as a straight edge.
2 .The net weight of aggregate in the cylindrical steel cup is determined to the nearest gram (WA)
and this weight of aggregate is used for the duplicate test on the same m3.
3. The cup is fixed firmly in position on the base of the machine and the whole of the test sample is
added in thirds, each third being subjected to 25stokes from tamping rod.
4. The surface is leveled and the plunger is inserted so that it rests horizontally on the surface. The
whole assembly is then placed between the platens of testing machine and loaded at a uniform rate so
as to reach a load of 40 tones in 10 minutes.
5. The load is then released and all aggregate is removed from the cup and sieved on
2.36 mm. IS sieve until no further significant amount passes in one minute.
6.The fraction passing the sieve is weighed to an accuracy of 0.1 g (WB).
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Aggregate Crushing Value: (WB/WA) *100
4.1.2 IMPACT TEST:
Standard: IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963
Equipment’s used:
The equipment’s as per IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963 consists of:
1. A testing machine weighing 45 to 60 kg and having a metal base with a painted lower surface of
not less than 30 cm in diameter. It is supported on level and plane concrete floor of minimum 45 cm
thickness. The machine should also have provisions for fixing its base.
2. A cylindrical steel cup of internal diameter 102 mm, depth 50 mm and minimum
Thickness 6.3 mm.
3. A metal hammer or top weighing 13.5 to 14.0 kg the lower end being cylindrical in shape, 50 mm
long, 100.0 mm in diameter, with a 2 mm chamfer at the lower edge and case hardened. The hammer
should slide freely between vertical guides and be concentric with the cup. Free fall of hammer
should be within 380±5 mm.
4. A cylindrical metal measure having internal diameter 75 mm and depth 50 mm
5. For measuring aggregates.
6. Tamping rod 10 mm in diameter and 230 mm long, rounded at one end.
7. A balance of capacity not less than 500g, readable and accurate up to 0.1 g.
P a g e | 26
Procedure:
The test sample consists of aggregates sized 10.0 mm 12.5 mm. Aggregates may be dried by
heating at 100-110° C for a period of 4 hours and cooled.
(i) Sieve the material through 12.5 mm and 10.0mm IS sieves. The aggregates Passing through
12.5mm sieve and retained on 10.0mm sieve comprises the test material.
(ii) Pour the aggregates to fill about just 1/3 rd depth of measuring cylinder.
(iii) Compact the material by giving 25 gentle blows with the rounded end of the tamping rod.
(iv) Add two more layers in similar manner, so that cylinder is full.
(v) Strike off the surplus aggregates.
(vi) Determine the net weight of the aggregates to the nearest gram (W).
(vii) Bring the impact machine to rest without wedging or packing up on the level plate, block or
floor, so that it is rigid and the hammer guide columns are vertical.
(viii) Fix the cup firmly in position on the base of machine and place whole of the test sample in it
and compact by giving 25 gentle strokes with tamping rod.
(ix) Raise the hammer until its lower face is 380 mm above the surface of aggregate sample in the
cup and allow it to fall freely on the aggregate sample. Give 15 such blows at an interval of not
less than one second between successive falls.
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(x) Remove the crushed aggregate from the cup and sieve it through 2.36 mm IS sieves until no
further significant amount passes in one minute. Weigh the fraction passing the sieve to an
accuracy of 1 gm. Also, weigh the fraction retained in the sieve.
4.1.3 LOS ANGLES ABRATION VALUE:
Standard: IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963
Equipment’s used:
The apparatus as per IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963 consists of:
(i) Los Angeles Machine: It consists of a hollow steel cylinder, closed at both the ends with an
internal diameter of 700 mm and length 500 mm and capable of rotating about its horizontal axis. A
removable steel shaft projecting radially 88 mm into cylinder and extending full length (i.e.500 mm)
is mounted firmly on the interior of cylinder. The shelf is placed at a distance 1250 mm minimum
from the opening in the direction of rotation.
(ii) Abrasive charge: Cast iron or steel balls, approximately 48mm in diameter and
Each weighing between 390 to 445g; six to twelve balls are required. (iii) Sieve: 1.70,
2.36,4.75,6.3,10,12.5,20,25,40,50,63,80 mm IS Sieves. (iv) Balance of capacity 5kg
or 10kg
(v) Drying oven
(vi) Miscellaneous like tray
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Fig. 4.1 Los Angles Apparatus
Procedure:
The test sample consists of clean aggregates dried in oven at 105° – 110°C. The sample should
conform to any of the grading shown in table 1.
(i) Select the grading to be used in the test such that it conforms to the grading to be used in
construction, to the maximum extent possible.
(ii) Take 5 kg of sample for grading A, B, C & D and 10 kg for grading E, F & G. (iii) Choose
the abrasive charge as per Table 2 depending on grading of aggregates. (iv) Place the aggregates
and abrasive charge on the cylinder and fix the cover.
(v) Rotate the machine at a speed of 30 – 33 revolutions per minute. The number of revolutions
is 500 for grading A, B, C & D and 1000 for grading E, F & G. The machine should be balanced and
driven such that there is uniform peripheral speed.
(vi) The machine is stopped after the desired number of revolutions and material is discharged to
a tray.
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(vii) The entire stone dust is sieved on 1.70 mm IS sieve.
(viii) The material coarser than 1.7mm size is weighed correct to one gram.
Observations:
• Original weight of aggregate sample = W1 g
• Weight of aggregate sample retained = W2 g
• Weight passing 1.7mm IS sieve = W1 – W2 g
• Abrasion Value = (W1 – W2 ) / W1 X 100
4.1.4 SHAPE TEST:
Equipment’s used:
* Thickness/Flakiness IndexGauge
* Length/Elongation IndexGauge
* Aggregate sample to be tested
Fig. 4.2 Shape Testing Apparatus
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Shape of particle:
1. Rounded (river gravel)
2. Flaky (laminated rock)
3. Elongated
4. Angular( crushed rock)
Flaky:
A flaky particle is the one whose least dimension (thickness) is than 0.6 times the mean size. These
are the materials of which the thickness is small as compared to the other two dimensions. Limit of
flaky particles in the mixes is 30%. If the flaky particles are greater than 30% then the aggregate is
considered undesirable for the intended use.
Flakiness Index:
It is the percentage by weight of flaky particles in a sample.
Procedure for Flakiness Index:
Perform the sieve analysis on the given aggregate sample
The aggregates are then arranged in the into a number of closely limited particle size groups -
stored on the test sieves into a number of closely limited particle size groups – 2 ½’’ – 2’’, 1
½’’ – ¾’’ & ½’’ – 3/8’’.
Each group (fraction) is weighed and tested for thickness on appropriate opening of the
thickness gauge by passing each particle through slot of specified thickness along least
dimension.
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The weight of particles passing the thickness gauge is recorded for each fraction. This
is the weight of flaky particles.
The flakiness index is calculated by expressing the weight of flaky particles as a percentage of
total weight of the sample.
Elongation:
These are the particles having length considerably larger than the other two dimensions and it is the
particle whose greater dimension is 1.8 times its mean size. Limit of elongated particles in the mixes
is 45%. Thus, if the elongated particles are greater than
45%, then the aggregate is considered undesirable for the intended use.
Elongation Index:
It is the percentage by weight of elongated particles in a sample. The Elongated index is calculated
by expressing the weight of Elongated particles as percentage of total weight of the sample.
4.1.5 WATER ABSORPTION TEST:
Standard: IS: 2386 (Part 3) – 1963 – Method of test for aggregates for concrete (Part
I) Particle size and shape.
Equipment’s used:
1) Wire basket Oven (3000c)
2) Container for filling water and suspending the basket
3) An air tight container
4) Balance[0-10 kg]
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5) Shallow tray & absorbent clothes.
Procedure:
Bout 2kg of the aggregate sample is washed thoroughly to remove fines, drained and then placed
in the wire basket and immersed in distilled water at a temperature between 22 to 320C with a
cover of at least 50 mm of water above the top of the basket
Immediately after the immersion the entrapped air is removed from the sample by lifting the
basket containing it 25 mm above the base of the tank and allowing it to drop 25 times at the
rate of about one drop per second. The basket and the aggregate should remain
completely immersed in water for a period of 24±0.5 hours afterwards.
The basket and the sample are then weighed while suspended in water at a temperature of 22 to
320C. The weight is noted while suspended in water (W1) g.
The basket and the aggregate are then removed from water and allowed to drain for a few
minutes, after which the aggregates are transferred to one of the dry absorbent clothes.
The empty basket is then returned to the tank of water, jolted 25 times and weights in
water (W2) g.
The aggregates placed in the dry absorbent clothes are surface dried till no further
moisture could be removed by this clothe.
Then the aggregate is transferred to the second dry cloth spread in a single layer, covered
and allowed to dry for at least 10 minutes until the aggregates are
P a g e | 33
completely surface dry. 10 to 60 minutes drying may be needed. The surface dried
aggregate is then weighed W3 g.
The aggregate is placed in a shallow tray and kept in an oven maintained at a temperature of
1100C for 24 hours. It is then removed from the oven, cooled in air tight container and
weighed W4 g.
Weight of saturated aggregate suspended in water with basket = W1 g
Weight of basket suspended in water = W2 g
Weight of saturated aggregate in water = (W1-W2)g = Ws g
Weight of saturated surface dry aggregate in air = W4 g
Weight of water equal to the volume of the aggregate = (W3-Ws) g
TESTS OF CONCRETE:
Below are some of the concrete test which are perform on concrete at site and laborator
1) Compressive Strength Test.
2) Permeability Test.
3) Slump Test.
4) Flexural Strength Test
4.1.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST:
Standard: IS: 516-1959 – Methods of tests for strength of concrete.
Equipment’s used:
Compression testing machine (2000 KN) Curing tank/Accelerated curing tank
Balance (0-10 Kg)

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Representative samples of concrete shall be taken and used for casting cubes 15 cm x
15 cm x 15 cm or cylindrical specimens of 15 cm dia. x 30 cm long.
Procedure:
1. The concrete shall be filled into the moulds in layers approximately 5 cm deep. It would be
distributed evenly and compacted either by vibration or by hand tamping. After the top layer has
been compacted, the surface of concrete shall be finished level with the top of the mould using a
trowel; and covered with a glass plate to prevent evaporation.
2. The specimen shall be stored at site for 24+ ½ h under damp matting or sack.
After that, the samples shall be stored in clean water at 27+20C; until the time of test. The ends
of all cylindrical specimens that are not plane within 0.05 mm shall be capped.
3. Just prior to testing, the cylindrical specimen shall be capped with S ulphur mixture comprising 3
parts Sulphur to 1 part of inert filler such as fire clay.
4. Specimen shall be tested immediately on removal from water and while they are still in wet
condition.
5. The bearing surface of the testing specimen shall be wiped clean and any loose material
removed from the surface. In the case of cubes, the specimen shall be placed in the machine in
such a manner that the load cube as cast, that is, not to the top and bottom.
6. Align the axis of the specimen with the steel plates, do not use any packing.
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7. The load shall be applied slowly without shock and increased continuously at a rate of
approximately 140 kg/sq.cm/min until the resistance of the specimen to the increased load breaks
down and no greater load can be sustained. The maximum load applied to the specimen shall
then be recorded and any unusual features noted at the time of failure brought out in the report.
8. Compressive strength (kg/cm2) = Wf / A
4.2.2 PERMEABILITY TEST:
Equipment’s used:
A concrete permeameter apparatus consisting of the following basic components,
A permeameter cell which can maintain a seal over the circumference of a saturated
cylindrical concrete specimen and which is capable of operating effectively
under pressures of up to 1000kPa.
A means of supplying de-aired water to the top surface of the concrete specimen contained
within the permeameter cell at a constant pressure head of up to 1000kPa.
MAIN ROADS Western Australia Water Permeability of Hardened Concrete 1 of 7
T\wa625_1.rtf Test Method 71/10/625.1 Issue 1 10/98 Pavements & Structures TEST METHOD
WA 625.1
A pressure gauge to measure input pressure and a thermometer to measure ambient temperature.
P a g e | 36
Data acquisition eq uipment to record, at suitable intervals of time, the pressure,
volumetric flow of water into and out of the concrete specimen and the ambient temperature
1. Diamond cut saw.
2. Balance of suitable capacity readable to 0.1g with a limit of performance of not more than
0.6g at the 99% confidence level.
3. Supply of de-aired water.
4. Vacuum pump.
5. Vernier callipers.
6. Diamond corer drill.
7. 100mm diameter concrete mould complying with AS 1012.8.
8. Worksheet (optional). A graphical representation of the data, including the
calculation of the D’Arcy Coefficient of Permeability is suitable.
Procedure:
1. Obtain samples of hardened concrete of appropriate diameter from existing structures by
diamond core drilling or from moulded specimens. The specimens shall be prepared in
accordance with AS 1012. Using a diamond saw cut a section of the sample to allow
approximately 2mm clearance at each end of the Room Temperature Vulcanizing (RTV)
silicone rubber seal. The
P a g e | 37
test sample should have a minimum length of 2.5 times the maximum aggregate size.
The cut section will be the test sample.
2. . Condition the test sample in accordance with AASHTO T277 to a Saturated
Surface Dry state, deleting the section referring to the use of epoxy resins.
3. Fill the voids that are 2mm or greater in diameter that occur on the sides of the test
sample with plasticine or a similar material.
4. Measure and record the mass of the test sample to the nearest 0.1g and the diameter (D)
and length (L) of the sample to the nearest 1mm.
5. Seal the test sample within the permeameter cell.
6. Ensure that the permeameter apparatus is completely filled with de-aired water and
contains no air pockets or bubbles.
7. Apply a constant pressure head of water to the inflow side of the permeameter cell and
continuously monitor the pressure throughout the duration of the test.
8. Continuously monitor and record the volumetric inflow and outflow of water.
9. Continuously monitor and record the ambient temperature, to the nearest
0.1°C. Ensure that the temperature is maintained within a range of 21 to 25°C.
10. After steady state flow through the sample has been achieved, monitor and plot volume flow
(Q) against time (t) until the slope of the inflow and outflow lines can be achieved.
P a g e | 38
Calculate the permeability by taking the mean of the inflow and outflow plots within the steady
state flow range. NOTE: This test is designed to determine the order of magnitude for concrete
permeability. A variation between the inflow and outflow slopes of up to 20% will not
significantly affect the outcome.
Remove the test sample from the apparatus and measure and record the mass of the test sample
to the nearest 0.1g.
4.2.3 SLUMP TEST:
Equipment’s used:
Slump cone,
Scale for measurement,
Temping rod (steel)
Fig 4.3 Slump Test
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Procedure:
1. The mold for the slump test is a frustum of a cone, 300 mm (12 in) of height. The base is 200
mm (8in) in diameter and it has a smaller opening at the top of 100
mm (4 in).
2. The base is placed on a smooth surface and the container is filled with concrete in three layers,
whose workability is to be tested .
3. Each layer is temped 25 times with a standard 16 mm (5/8 in) diameter steel rod, rounded at the
end.
4. When the mold is completely filled with concrete, the top surface is struck off (leveled with
mould top opening) by means of screening and rolling motion of the temping rod.
5. The mould must be firmly held against its base during the entire operation so that it could not
move due to the pouring of concrete and this can be done by means of handles or foot - rests
brazed to the mould.
6. Immediately after filling is completed and the concrete is leveled, the cone is slowly and
carefully lifted vertically, an unsupported concrete will now slump.
7. The decrease in the height of the center of the slumped concrete is called slump.
8. The slump is measured by placing the cone just besides the slump concrete and the temping rod
is placed over the cone so that it should also come over the area of slumped concrete.
9. The decrease in height of concrete to that of mould is noted with scale. (Usually measured to
the nearest 5 mm (1/4 in).
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4.2.4. FLEXURAL STRENGTHTEST:
Standard: IS: 516: Methods of tests for Strength of Concrete
Apparatus:
Flexural Strength Machine.
Fig 4.4 Flexural Strength Testing
Procedure:
Take put specimen for curing tank, Clean it with Water Make a 5cm Mark vertically, on
specimen on either ends.
Specimen shall be placed in machine such a way that the load shall be applied to the upper
most surface as cast in mould.
The axis of the specimen shall be carefully aligned with the axis of the loading device
Load shall be applied continuously and without shock.
The load shall be increased until the specimen fails and load applied is recorded at the
failure.
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CHAPTER 5.0
EQUIPMENTS
AND MACHINES
P a g e | 42
CHAPTER 5.0
EQUIPMENTS AND MACHINES
5.1 BATCHING MACHINE
The measurement of materials for making concrete is known as batching. The machines which used
for batching is known as batching machine.
5.2 CONCRETE MIXER
This is a power mechanically operated machine which is used to mix the concrete. It consists a
hollow cylindrical part with inner side wings. In which cement, sand, aggregates and water is mix
properly.
Fig. 5.1 Concrete Mixing Machine
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5.3 TRANSPORTATION
The process of carrying the concrete mix from the place of it’s mixing to final position of deposition
is termed as transportation of concrete. There are many methods of transportation as mentioned
below-
Transport of concrete by pans
Transport of concrete by wheel barrows
Transport of concrete by tipping Lorries
Transport of concrete by pumps
Transport of concrete by belt conveyors
At this site belt conveyors were used.
Fig 5.2 Belt Conveyors
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5.4 COMPACTORS
When the concrete has been placed, it shows a very loose structure. Hence, it must be compacted to
remove the air bubbles and voids so as to make it dense and solid concrete to obtain a high strength.
There are two method- of compaction. Manual compaction Mechanical compaction
Generally in large projects mechanical compactors are used. There are various mechanical
compactors which uses according to requirement as needle and screed vibrators needed to compact
the column and floor respectively.
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CHAPTER 6.0
BRICK
MASONARY
P a g e | 46
CHAPTER 6.0
BRICK MASONARY
The bricks are obtained by moulding clay in rectangular block of uniform size and then drying and
burning these blocks. Brick masonry easy to construct compare stone masonry. It is less time
consuming and there is no need of skilled labour to construct it. The bricks do not require dressing
and the arty of laying bricks is so simple.
6.1 CLASS OF BRICKS
On the basis of quality and performance of brick is classified in three parts-
CLASS A
CLASS B
CLASS C
At this site A class brick is used.
Fig. 6.1 Bricks

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6.2 SIZE AND WEIGHT OF BRICKS
The bricks are prepared in various sizes. On the basis of size, BIS bricks are categories in
two parts-
MODULAR BRICKS:
BIS recommends a standard size of brick which is 190mm*90mm*90mm. With mortar
thickness, size of such a brick become 200mm*100mm*100mm.
TRADITIONAL BRICKS:
The brick of which size varies and not standardized known as traditional brick. WEIGHT OF
BRICK:
It is found that the weight of 1 cubic meter brick earth is about 1800 kg. Hence the average weight
of a brick will be about 3 to 3.5 kg.
6.3 STRUCTURE OF BRICK
STRETCHER:
If brick laid along its length then front view of brick is known as stretcher.
HEADER:
If brick laid along it’s width , then front view of brick is known as header.
FROG:
It is top of brick. It provides strong bonding between two courses of masonry by filling the
mortar. It also consists the name of company.

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QUEEN CLOSER:
This is obtained by cutting the bricks longitudinally in two equal parts.
BAT:
This is piece of brick, considered in relation to the length of brick as half bat, three quarter bat,
etc.
6.4 TYPES OF BRICK MASONARY
Brick work is classified according to quality of mortar, quality of brick and thickness of joints. They
types of brick work as follows-
BRICK WORK IN MUD MORTAR:
IN this type of brick work mud is used to fill up the joints. Mud is mixer of sand and clay. The
thickness of mortar joint is 12mm.
BRICK WORK IN LIME MORTAR:
In this type of brick work, lime mortar is used to fill up the joints. Lime mortar is mixer of lime and
sand the thickness of joints does not exceeds 10mm.
BRICK WORK IN CEMENT MORTAR:
In this type of brick work, cement mortar is used to fill up the jo ints. Cement mortar is mixer of
cement and sand in ceftain ratio. The ratio Of cement and sand varies according to construction as in
brick masonary it generally kept 1:6.The thickness of joint does not exceeds 10mm. The brick work
with cement mortar provide high adopted in building construction. At this site cement mortar is used
in brick work. The ratio of
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Cement to sand is 1:6.
6.5 TOOLS USED IN BRICK MASONRY
The tools used in brick masonry are trowel, spirit level, plumb bob, square, hammer, straight edge.
6.6 BONDS IN BRICK WORK
There various bonds which provided in brick work to increase the stability of walls. Various types
of bonds are as follows-
Stretcher Bond
Header Bond
English Bond
Flemish Bond
STRETCHER BOND:
The bricks are laid along its length in all courses. A half and three quarter bat is used in alternative
courses to break the verticality of joints.
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Fig. 6.2 Stretcher Bond
HEADER BOND:
The bricks are laid along its width in all courses. A half and three quarter bat is also used in
alternative courses to break the verticality of joints.
ENGLISH BOND:
This bond is widely used in practice. It is considering the strongest bond. Alternate courses consist
of stretcher and header. A queen closer is put next to quoin header to break the verticality of joints.
Generally, such types of bond is provided in walls width is 9 inches. At this site ENGLISH BOND is
prefer in main wall and STRETCHER BOND in partition walls.
Fig. 6.3 English Bond
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FLEMISH BOND:
This is also widely used because it gives better appearance to English bond. It also provides good
strength. Stretcher and header is provided in each course alternatively. A queen closer is put next to
quoin header in each alternate course to break the verticality of joints.
6.7 THICKNESS OF WALLS
Thickness of wall depend on load, strength of material ,length of wallet. In this project the thickness
of main wall is 9 inches and partition wall is 4.5 inches.
Fig. 6.4 Thickness of Wall
6.8 PROCEDURE OF BRICK MASONRY
In frame structure brick work starts after construction of foundation, column, beam, and slabs.
Following procedure is adopt to construct the brick masonry-
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1. Initially clean and wet the surface on which brick wall is be constructed.
2. Set a straight alignment by using threads in both side of a wall .
3. Prepare the cement mortar.
4. At this site cement sand ratio is 1:6 for all walls.
5. Mortar is laid on surface base and then bricks are laid over it .
6. Prepare a course and then again laid the mortar on existing course and provides bricks in such
a way that the vertical joint should not stand in a line.
7. To break the verticality of joints generally English or Flemish bond is adopted.
8. Use the plumb bob to check the verticality at regular interval.
9. Also use square to check the wall is constructing straight or not.
10. After each 1 meter height of wall provide a layer of reinforced cement concrete of 1.5 to 2
inches.
11. It will increase the strength of structure.
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CHAPTER 7.0
PLASTER
P a g e | 54
CHAPTER 7.0
PLASTER
The term plastering is used to describe thin cover that is applied on the surface of walls. It removes
unevenness of surface of walls. Sometimes it is use for decorative purpose also.
7.1 MORTAR FOR PLASTERING
Selection of type of mortar depends on various factors such as suitability of building material,
atmospheric conditions, durability etc. there are mainly three type of mortar which can be used for
the purpose of mortar. Lime mortar Cement mortar Water proof mortar
LIME MORTAR:
The main content of lime mortar is lime that is mixed with correct proportion of sand. Generally fat
lime is recommended for plaster work because the fat lime contains 75% of CaO and it combines
with CO2 of atmosphere and gives CaCO3 quickly. Thus, the lime sets quickly, but it imparts low
strength. So it can be used only for plaster work. The sand to be used for preparing lime mortar for
plastering work should be clean, coarse and free from any organic impurities.
CEMENT MORTAR:
The cement mortar consists of one part of cement to four part of clean and coarse sand
P a g e | 55
by volume. The materials are thoroughly mix in dry condition before water is added to them. The
mixing of material is done on a watertight platform. It is better than lime mortar. It is widely used in
construction work.
Fig. 7.1 Plastering
WATER PROOF MORTAR:
Water proof mortar is prepared by mixing one part of cement, two part of sand and pulverized alum at
the rate of 120Nperm3 of sand. In the water to be used, 0.75 of soft soap is dissolve per one liter of
water and this soap water is added to the dry mix.
7.2 TOOLS FOR PLASTERING
Gauging Trowel
Metal Float
Floating Rule
Plumb Bob
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Sprit Level
Brushes
7.3 METHOD OF PLASTERING
According to the thickness of wall there are three method of plastering.
1. One coat method
2. Two coat method
3. Three coat method
1. ONE COAT METHOD:
It is in the cheapest form of construction that plaster is applied in one coat. This method is quietly
used in rural areas for the construction of low category and cheap house.
2. TWO COAT METHOD:
Following procedure is carried out for two coating plaster work Clean the surface and keep it well
watered on which plaster work to be done.If it is found that the surface to be plastered is very rough
and uneven, a preliminary coat is applied to fill up the hollows before the first coat of plaster is put
up on the surface. Now the first coat is applied on the surface. The usual thickness of first coat for
brick masonry is 9mm to10mm. Second coat of plaster is applied after about 6 hours and the thickness
of second coat is usually about 2mm to 3mm.It is finished as per requirement.
P a g e | 57
3. THREE COAT METHOD:
The procedure for plaster in three coats is the same as above except that the num of coats of
plaster is three.
Table:
Table 7.1 Different Coats of Plaster
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CHAPTER 8.0
BUILDING
BYLAWS
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CHAPTER 8.0
BUILDING BYLAWS
For the construction of any building, certain restrictions are laid down by Municipal bodies, Urban
development authorities ,and other government departments as town planning trusts to clear open
spaces to be left around the buildings.
8.1 OBJECTIVE OF BUILDING BYLAWS
Allows disciplined and systematic growth of buildings and towns and prevent haphazard
development.
Protect safety of public against fire, noise , health hazards and structural failures.
Provides proper utilization of space. Hence maximum efficiency in planning can be derived from
these bylaws.
They give guidelines to the architect or an engineer in effective p lanning and useful in
preplanning the building activates.
They provides health, safety and comfort to the peoples living in the building.
Due to these bylaws, each building will have proper approaches, light air, ventilation
which are essential for health , safety and comfort.
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8.2 PLINTH AREA REGULATIONS
The minimum area of buildings of different classes shall be governed by the following:
1. In an industrial plot, the plinth area should not exceed 60% of the site area.
2. In a market area, the plinth area should not exceed 75% of the area of site, provided sufficient
off-street parking facilities for loading and unloading of vehicles are provided on the same plot as
the building.
3. In residential plots, the covered areas should be as given in the table 1.
Table 8.1 Maximum permissible covered area
8.3 HEIGHT AND SIZE REGULATIONS FOR ROOMS
8.3.1 HEIGHT REGULATIONS:
Habitable rooms: The minimum height from the surface of the floor to the ceiling or bottom
of slab should be not less than 2.75m. For air-conditioned rooms, a height
of not less than 2.4 m measured from the top of the floor to the lowest point of the air-
P a g e | 61
conditioning duct or the false ceiling should be provided.
Bathroo ms, water closets and stores: The height of all such rooms measured from the floor
in the ceiling should not be less than 2.4 m. In the case of a passage
under the landing, the minimum headway may be kept as 2.2m.
Kitchen: The height of the kitchen measured from the floor to the lowest point in the ceiling
should not be less than 2.75m except for the portion to accommodate
floor trap of the floor.
8.3.2 SIZE REGULATIONS:
Habitable rooms: The area of habitable rooms should not be less than 9.5 sq. m where there is
only one room. Where there are two rooms, one of these should not be
less than 9.5 sq. m and other be not less than 7.5 sq. m with a minimum width of 2.4m.
Kitchen: Minimum floor area required is not less than 5.5 sq. m. It should not be less than
1.8min width at any part. With a separate storeroom, the area may be reduced to4.5 sq. m. A kitchen
cum dining room should have a floor area not less than 9.5 sq.
m with a minimum width of 2.4m. Each kitchen should be provided with a flue.
Bathrooms and water closets: The size of bathroom should not be less than
1.5m x 1.2m or 1.8 sq. m. If it is combined with water closet, its floor area should not be less
than 2.8 sq. m. the minimum floor area of a water closet should be 1.1 sq. m.
P a g e | 62
8.4 LIGHTING AND VENTILATION REGULATIONS
a) Rooms: Every habitable room which should have for the admission of air and light, one or
more apertures such as windows and fanlights, opening directly to the external air or into an
open verandah and of an aggregate area, inclusive of rames, of not les than
i. One-tenth of the floor area excluding doors for dry hot climate.
ii. One-sixth of the floor area excluding doors for wet/hot climate.
No portion of a room should be assumed as lighted if is more than 7.5m away from the door or
window which is taken for calculation as ventilating that portion.
Cross-ventilation by means of windows and ventilators or both shall be effected in at least living
room of tenement either by means of windows in opposite walls or if this is not possible or
advisable, then at least in the adjoining walls.
b) Bathrooms and water closets: The rooms should be provided with natural light and permanent
ventilation by one of the following means:
i. Windows having an area of not less than 10% of the floor area and located in an exterior wall
facing a street alley, yard or an air shaft whose dimensions in the direction perpendicular to the
window is not less than one-third the height of the building on which the window is located,
subject to a minimum limit of 1m and maximum 6m.
ii. Skylights, the construction of which shall provide light and ventilation required in (i) above.
iii. Ventilation ducts: Provided such ducts have 130 square cm of area for each
P a g e | 63
square meter of area with a minimum total area of 300 square cm and least dimension of 9
cm.
c) Stores, backrooms: These will have at least half the ventilation required for living room.
b) Basement and floors: Basements and rooms located therein except room shall be lighten and
ventilated by windows in exterior walls having a ventilating area of not less than 2.5% of the floor
area.
C) Kitchen shall be ventilated according to standards prescribed for habitable rooms near the ceiling
as far as possible.
d) Stairways: every staircase should be lighted and ventilated from an open air space of not less
than 3m depth measured horizontally in case of ground and one upper floor structure, 4.5 m in case
of ground and two upper and in higher structure than this, the open air space shall not be less than
6m, provided that the lighting area s hall not be less than 1 sq.m per floor height. Every staircase shall
be ventilated properly.
8.5 OPEN SPACE REGULATIONS
OPEN SPACE AROUND RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
Front open s pace: every building should have a front yard of minimum width of 3m and in case of
two or more sides a width of an average of 3 m but in no case it shall be
P a g e | 64
less than 1.8 m. Such a yard shall form an inseparable part of the site.
Rear open space: Every residential building shall have a yard of an average width of
4.5 m and at no place the yard measuring less than 3 m as an inseparable part of the building,
except in the case of back to back sites where the width of the yard could be reduced to 3m provided
no erection, re-erection or material alteration of the building shall be undertaken, if at common plot
line straight lines drawn downwards and outwards from the line of intersection of the outer surface
of any rear wall of the building with the roof perpendicular to that line form an angle of more than
63.5 degree to the horizontal.
Side open space: every residential building may have a permanently open air space not less than
1m in width on one of its sides other than its front and rear and such side open space shall form an
inseparable part of the site. In case, side open air space is to be used for ventilation, it shall be in
accordance with the requirements mentioned in the previous paragraph. In case, the side open space
abuts a road, the width shall not be less than 3m.
8.6 FIRE PROTECTION REGULATIONS
High-rise buildings have unique challenges related to fire protection such as longer egress times and
distance, evacuation strategies, fire department accessibility, smoke movement and fire control. The
numbers of persons living on high-rise buildings are high compared to low- rise buildings, and only
evacuation method in case of fire is the staircase. So, the fire protections of high rise buildings
have gained significant
P a g e | 65
attention worldwide.
Thus, in case of high rise buildings, the following provision should be made for safety of buildings
from fire:
(i) National building code should be followed for fire-safety requirement of high rise structures
and at least one lift should be designed as fire- lift as defined in the Code and be installed.
(ii) At least one stair-case shall be provided as a fire staircase as defined in the National Building
Code. Provided that this shall not be applicable if any two sides of a staircase are kept totally open to
external open air space.
(iii) Water Supply: Underground tank of the capacity of one lakh liters and two lakh liters for the
buildings situated within the municipal limit and outside of the municipal limit respectively be
invariably provided in all the high rise buildings. Water in the normal use tank should come only
through the overflow of fire tank so provided.
(iv) In high rise buildings, the internal fire hydrants shall be installed as provided in the National
Building Code or as prescribed in the Indian Standard Code of practice for installation of internal
fire hydrants in high rise buildings. The detailed plan showing the arrangement of pipe lines, booster
pumps and water-tanks at various levels shall be submitted for approval of the concerned authority
along with the plans and sections of the buildings.
(v) In case of high rise buildings, an external fire hydrant shall be provided within the confines of
the site of the building and shall be connected with Municipal Water mains not less than 4″ in
diameter. In addition, fire hydrant shall be connected with Booster Pump from the static supply
maintained on site.
P a g e | 66
(vi) In case of high rise buildings separate electric circuits for lift installation, lighting of
passages, corridors and stairs and for internal fire hydrant system shall be provided.
(vii) All the requirements under the above regulations shall be clearly indicated on plans duly
signed by the owner and the person who has prepared the plans. The Competent Authority may
direct the owner to submit such further drawings as may be necessary to clarify the implementation
of the provisions of the above regulations.
(viii) Every building having a height of more than 25 Mts. shall be provided with diesel generators
which can be utilized in case of failure of the electricity.
(ix) The standard of National Building Code must be adopted fully in providing stair-case and
alarm system.
(x) There should be Provision of dry-powder fire extinguisher to the extent of two on each floor
with a capacity of 5 kgs, in all the high rise buildings.
P a g e | 67
CONCLUSION
The general terms of construction are included in this stud y. Different types of Bonds in brick
masonary are also studied in this report. Study about different types of foundation is also studied in
this report. Study about the different Building By-laws is also done in this report.
As per my training report I have conclude that, during last 60 days I am familiar with the
construction of brick masonry & plastering and other works under a A.P Housing Board project.
Brick masonry is provided to transfer the load of structure to foundation. All though maximum load
of building comes on columns and beams.
Plaster is necessary to cover and protect the masonry from weathering factor. It is a layer of
cement mortar of thickness is 1 to 1.5 inches. The basic knowledge of field is also important for my
future. I am very thankful to all those people who help me to get knowledge of brick masonry and
plastering.
P a g e | 68
REFERENCES
J.P Chawla (Project Manager at site) Google.com
Wikipedia
I.S Codes for building construction
Building By-laws
Books on Building Construction
MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT (M)
DEPARTMENT G.O.MS.No. 401 Dated: 15-11-2017.
MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT (M)
DEPARTMENT G.O.MS.No. 119 Dated: 28-03-2017.
BASICS OF SETTLEMENT PLANNING 1. EVOLUTION & FORMATION OF
SETTLEMENTS by S.Vishwanath Rao Director (Planning), Hyderabad Metropoliton
Development Authority
NOTIFICATION (Revised Schedule of Town Planning Fee & Charges issued
U/s 622 (2) of Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955)
P a g e | 69

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A PROJECT

SIMPLE DOOR SECURITY ALARM SYSTEM

STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION & TRAINING (S.B.T.E.T) A.P

In Partial Fulfillment of requirements for the award of degree of

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

This is to certify that this Technical report entitled “ SIMPLE DOOR

Project Guide Head of the Department

I wish to express our sincere gratitude to Dr. M. RAMA SUBBAMMA, M. Tech,

I thankful to my guide Ms. A. Sayeeda Sultana, M. Tech. Assistant Professor in

3. Materials for Construction 16

5. Equipment’s and Machines: 42

S.No Name No.

1.1 Multi-storey Residential Building 2

1.2 Unit Plan 3

2.1 Individual Footing 9

2.2 Plinth Beam in Footing 9

2.3 Pile Foundation 12

3.1 Coarse Aggregates 20

4.1 Los Angles Apparatus 29

4.2 Shape Testing Apparatus 30

4.3 Slump test 39

4.4 Flexural Strength Testing 41

5.1 Concrete Mixing Machine 43

5.2 Belt Conveyors 44

6.2 Stretcher Bond 51

6.3 English Bond 51

6.4 Thickness of Wall 52

S.No NAME PAGE NO:

1.1 ABOUT THE PROJECT

1. NAME OF PROJECT MULTISTOREY RESIDENTIAL

Fig 1.1 Multi storey Residential Building

Fig 1.2 Unit Plan

1.2 ABOUT THE BUILDING

MIG (MIDDLE INCOME GROUP) :

This group includes the flats of cost 51.50 lakhs. Dimensional

Living Room: (3.93*4.20) meter Bed Room (1):

(3.20*4.30) meter Bed Room (2): (3.20*4.20)

meter Bed Room (3): (3.00*4.20) meter Kitchen:

Toilet: (2.4*1.50) meter

Bath Room: (2.18*1.60) meter Balcony(1):

(2.77*1.50)meter Balcony(2): (1.88*1.2)meter

front and rear sides of apartments.

1.3 TYPES OF BUILDING

1.3.1 Residential Building

1.3.2 Educational Building

1.3.3 Institutional Building

1.3.4 Industrial Building

assembled, processed. For example refineries, gas plant, mills etc.

2.1 SUB STRUCTURE

foundation. Foundation is a load bearing

A. S hallow Foundation. B. Deep

Generally foundation in building construction is S hallow foundation (Raft Foundation)

2.1.1 SHALLOW FOUNDATION

2.1.1.1 INDIVIDUAL FOOTINGS

Fig 2.1 Individual footing Fig. 2.2 Plinth beam in footing

or below ground level.

2.1.1.2 STRIP FOOTINGS:

2.1.1.3 RAFT OR MAT FOUNDATION:

a vessel that 'floats' in a sea of soil.

they would touch each other.

2.1.2 DEEP FOUNDATION:

(3.204.30) meter Bed Room (2): (3.204.20)

(2.771.50)meter Balcony(2): (1.881.2)meter