Land Resources Part 1

Minerals & Energy

Resources
By Dr Vipan
Goyal
 Introduction
• Land under settlements (i.e. rural and urban), infrastructure (i.e. roads,
canals, industries, shops, etc.) are kept under the category of Non-
Agricultural Land.

• Barren hilly terrains, desert lands, ravines, etc. normally are not suitable
for cultivation, hence, they are known as Barren and Wastelands.

• Any land, which is left fallow (uncultivated) for more than five years is
categorized as Cultivable land.
 Introduction
• The land, which is left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural
year is known as Current Fallow.

• The physical extent of the land on which crops are sown and harvested is
known as Net Sown Area.

• Land use pattern changes with time and the nature of economic activities
carried out in that region. As a result of increase in population, change in
income levels, available technology, and associated factors, pressure on land
increases and marginal lands come under use.
 Introduction

• When secondary and tertiary sectors grow much faster than primary
sector, then agricultural land changes into non-agricultural land.

• Because of the changing structure of the Indian economy, the rate of

increase of non-agricultural land is very fast.
 Grouping of Minerals
On the basis of chemical and physical properties,
minerals are grouped as:

Metallic minerals

Non-metallic minerals
• Metallic minerals are further sub-divided as ferrous and non-
ferrous metallic minerals
• The minerals containing iron is known as ferrous and without iron
is known as non-ferrous (copper, bauxite etc)
• Depending upon the origination, non-metallic minerals are either
organic (such as fossil fuels also known as mineral fuels, which are
derived from the buried animal and plant)
• Minerals are unevenly distributed on the earth’s surface
• All minerals are exhaustible in nature
 MINERAL RESOURCES

Aluminum-Bauxite
Iron & Steel Industries Copper Industries India Lead and Zinc Industry Petroleum Refineries
Industries
 Iron and Steel Industries
Iron Ores

• Magnetite → Best quality iron ore containing 72 %

iron (Have magnetic properties)
• Hematite → 60 – 70 % iron content
• Limonite → 40 – 60 % iron content
• Siderite → ~ 40 % iron content
 Iron and Steel Industries
• India possess Haematite, a very high grade iron ore.

• In MP (Bailadia,Jabalpur),Goa,KTK(BababudanHills,Chikmagalur,
Hospet),Jharkhand (Singhbhum,Naomundi), Andra pradesh, Odisha.

• Industries located near the sources of raw materials and fuel (coal).
In Jameshedpur (Jharkhand), Durgapur, Burnpur (W.B), Bhadrawati
(KTK), Bokaro (Jharkhand), Rourkela (Odisha), Bhilai (Chattisgarh),
Salem (TN), Vishakapatnam (Andra Pradesh).
 Aluminum-Bauxite Industries
 Aluminum is an abundant mineral in the earth crust
 But for mining or commercial scale exploitation, you
require significant concentration of bauxite ore at one
particular site
 Bauxite occurs frequently in the tropical areas where
limestone rocks are exposed to weathering
 Aluminum-Bauxite Industries
• Mineral Resources :
• Odisha ( Kalahandi, Koraput, Sundargarh, Bolangir, Sambalpur )
• Jharkhand ( Lohardaga, Gumla)
• Madhya Pradesh ( Jabalpur, Mandla, Balaghat)
• Maharashtra, Andra Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu

• Industry → Located mainly near the source of materials, means of transport and cheap
electricity.
 Odisha → Hirakund , Jharsuguda , koraput
 Up → Renukoot
 Chhattisgarh → Korba
 Maharashtra → Ratnagiri
 Tamil Nadu → Mettur
 Copper Industries India
• With 20th century, copper became important for electric
industry
• As the demand for copper increased, new mining-smelting
technologies developed to utilize even lower quality ores
• Location principle for copper and aluminum industries same.
 Copper Industries India
• CopperResources:MP(Balaghat),Rajasthan(Khetri),Jharkhand(Singhbhum,
Masobani), KTK (Hasan)
• Copper Industries →
 Khetri, Alwar, Jhunjnu, Rajasthan
 Korba, Chhattisgarh
 Dahej, Bharuch district of Gujarat
 Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu
 Singhbhum, Jharkhand
 Agnigundala, Andra Pradesh
 Silver, Lead and Zinc Industry
• Resources : Rajasthan (Zowar mines near Udaipur), Andhra
Pradesh,Karnatka (Kolar mines)

State Ore Smelter

Jharkhand Lead At Tundoo
Andhra
Pradesh Lead Vishakhapatnam, based on imported lead concentrates
 At Debari → Ore comes from Rajpur-Dariba mines+via. import
Rajasthan Zinc  At Chanderia → Ore comes from Bhilwara

Kerala Zinc Based on imported zinc concentrates

 Petroleum
• Found in sedimentary rocks of marine origin
• Formed by decomposition of tiny marine creatures, plants &
vegetation under mud, silt & sand
• Over the years, it underwent chemical changes to form crude oil &
natural gas under the action of heat & pressure
• 20 % of India’s crude oil & gas demand is produced domestically &
80 % is imported
• Jamnagar Refineries of Reliance industries is world largest refinery
complex
 Petroleum
• Hydrocarbons of liquid and gaseous states varying in chemical
composition, color, and specific gravity are collectively known as
petroleum resource.
• Petroleum industries produce various by-products; for example, fertilizer,
synthetic rubber, synthetic fiber, medicines, vaseline, lubricants, wax,
soap, and cosmetics.
• Crude petroleum normally occurs in sedimentary rocks of the tertiary
period.
 Petroleum Refineries
• Refineries can be set up
 Near the raw material or
 Near the market or
 at an intermediate break of the bulk location (Ports/Coastal locations)
International Pipeline Projects→ India

Iran-Pakistan-India

Myanmar-Bangladesh-India

Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI)
 Petroleum Resources
• Assam(Digboi,Naharkatiya,Badrapur,Massinpur
and Palharia)
• Gujarat (Ankleshwar, Khambat, kalol )
• Mumbai High, Bassein
• Oil has been discovered in Cauvery basin,
Krishna Godavari basin, Khambhat basin.
 Natural Gas
• Mainly contains methane & found in association with mineral oil ( 75 % lies in
Bombay high & Bassein oil fields)
• Largest share of NG is as follows -
 40 % → Production of chemical fertilizers
 30 % → Power generation
 10 % → LPG (Cooking Gas)
 Conventional sources → Shale gas, Coal bed methane, Methane Hydrates,
Tight sandstones
 Bio-Fuels
• Fuel derived from Non fossil plants
 In India, mainly centers around cultivation &
processing of Jatropha plant seeds, used in production
of Bio – Diesel
 Encouraged only on wasteland / government / forest
land
 Not allowed on fertile land
• To produce ethanol from sugarcane (Bio-ethanol)
 Fertilizer Industry alongside Natural Gas
• Urea/ Nitrogen Based industries are located near Natural gas source
• Natural Gas has Methane (CH4), which when mixed with Oxygen,
Nitrogen + heat in presence of catalysts produces Ammonia (NH3),
known as Haber process
• This Ammonia (NH3) can be used for making nitrogen based
fertilizers e.g. Urea
• Similarly, Neptha (obtained from crude oil) is also used in
production of nitrogen based fertilizers, hence proximity to oil
refinery is also considered a favourable factor.
 Fertilizer Industry alongside Natural Gas
• The Fertilizer Corporation of India was set up in
1961.
• National Fertilizer Ltd. was set up in 1974.
• In Sindri (Bihar), Nangal, Gorakhpur, Durgapur,
Cochin, Rourkela, Varanasi, Vadodra,
Vishakapatnam, Kota and Kanpur.
 Mica Industries
 Hazaribagh plateau of Jharkhand and Nellore district of Andhra
Pradesh have deposits of high grade mica
 Jaipur to Bhilwara and areas around Udaipur are the major
mica-bearing regions of Rajasthan
 Other mica-bearing regions are Mysore and Hasan districts of
Karnataka; Coimbatore, Tiruchirapalli, Madurai, and
Kanniyakumari of Tamil Nadu; Alleppey of Kerala; Ratnagiri of
Maharashtra; Purulia and Bankura of West Bengal, Kodarma of
Jharkhand, Gaya and Bhagalpur of Bihar
 Manganese Industries
• Resources:
• Odisha,Maharashtra(Nagpur,Ratnagiri),
Madhya Pradesh (Balaghat), Karnataka,
Andhra Pradesh etc.
 Gold
• Resources :
• Karnataka (Kolar, Hutti, Raichur), Andhra
Pradesh ( Ramgiri, chittor and anantapur
districts)
 Coal
• About 80% of the coal deposits in India is of bituminous type and is
of noncoking grade.
• The most important Gondwana coal fields of India are located in
Damodar Valley region.
• Major coal producing areas in India → Jharkhand > Odisha >
Chhattisgarh > West Bengal
• Chhota Nagpur Region → Hub of 90 % of Indian minerals (esp.in
Coal & Iron → Ruhr of India)
 Coal
• Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro, Giridih, and Karanpura are major coalfields
of Jharkhand-Bengal coal belt.
• Jharia is the largest coal field followed by Raniganj.
• Other important coal mines are Singrauli (partially in Madhya
Pradesh and partially in Uttar Pradesh); Korba in Chhattisgarh;
Talcher and Rampur in Odisha; Chanda–Wardha, Kamptee, and
Bander in Maharashtra; Singareni in Telangana; and Pandur in
Andhra Pradesh.
 Coal
• Tertiary coalfields are largely located in Darangiri, Cherrapunji,
Mewlong, and Langrin in Meghalaya; Makum, Jaipur, and Nazira in
upper Assam; Namchik – Namphuk in Arunachal Pradesh; and
Kalakot in Jammu and Kashmir.
• The brown coal or lignite are found in the coastal areas of Tamil
Nadu, Pondicherry, Gujarat, and Jammu and Kashmir.
• Power Sector is the largest consumer of coal in India followed by
steel industry, cement industry etc.
 Major types of Coals
• Anthracite
 Best quality coal
 Approx. 90 % carbon content
 Found at J & K only in India
 Very little smoke & ash content
 Burns without flames
 Major types of Coals
• Bituminous
 70 – 90 % carbon content
 Most common in India
 Used in making coke
 Major types of Coals
• Lignite
 40 – 70 % carbon content
 Known as brown coal
• Peat
 1st transformation of wood into coal
 ~ 40 % carbon content
 Energy Resources
Major sources of energy in India are
classified as:
• Conventional and Non-Conventional
• Renewable and Non-Renewable
• Biotic and Abiotic
 Conventional and Non-Conventional
Conventional sources
• (e.g. coal, petroleum, and
nuclear power).
• The resources which are
widely used and constitute the
major source of energy
• Limited, Non-renewable,
Costly, Cause Pollution &
Exhaustible
Non-conventional sources
• (e.g. solar energy, Wind
Energy, Tidal Energy, hydro
energy, geo-thermal energy,
OTEC (Ocean thermal energy
conversion) etc.)
• Renewable, Cheap, Pollution
free & Inexhaustible
 Renewable and Non-Renewable
Renewable sources of Non – Renewable sources
Energy of Energy

• Solar Energy, Wind Energy, • Fossils (Coal, Gas),

Tidal Energy, Fish, Trees Minerals, Nuclear Power
etc. etc.
 Biotic and Abiotic

Biotic resources Abiotic resources

• Which have life >> • Land, Water, Minerals

Forests, Crops,
Animals, Coal &
Mineral oil
 Energy Crisis
A situation in which resources are less than the demand
In the past few decades due to high demand, there is shortage of
energy resources, which has created energy crisis
Rapid Industrialization
Over Population
Transfer losses
Major causes for Energy Crisis:
Rise in oil prices
Problems in Middle east
Wastage of energy resources
 Hydro Wind

Thermal Nuclear
Electricity in India
 Thermal Energy
• 67 % of total energy production
• Generated by using fossil fuels (Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas)
• No Geological conditions required
• Limited reserves, Rising demands (cost) & non – ecofriendly
• Largest Producer → Maharashtra
• To boost Thermal power production gov. has promoted Ultra
Mega Power Projects (4000 MW & above)
 Hydroelectricity

• 18 % of total energy production

• Eco-friendly, Clean & Renewable
• Small hydel power projects < 25 MW are counted under New
renewable energy sources
• Largest Producer → Andhra Pradesh
 Nuclear Energy
• 26 % of total energy production
• Energy obtained from atomic minerals viz. Uranium,
Thorium, zircon, beryllium
• Thorium → Found as monazite sand in lakes & sea beds
• Thorium → AP > TN > Kerala > Orissa constitutes 30 % of
world reserves
• Largest Producer → Tamil Nadu
 Nuclear Energy
• Essential minerals used for the generation of nuclear energy are uranium
and thorium.
• Geographically, uranium ores are found at many different locations along
the Singbhum Copper belt.
• Other important uranium reserve regions are also found in Udaipur, Alwar,
and Jhunjhunu districts of Rajasthan; Durg district of Chhattisgarh;
Bhandara district of Maharashtra; and Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh.
 Nuclear Energy
• Palakkad and Kollam districts of Kerala have the world’s largest monazite
deposits
• Atomic Energy Commission was established in 1948 and the Atomic
Energy Institute at Trombay was founded in 1954.
• However, the Atomic Energy Institute at Trombay was renamed as Bhabha
Atomic Research Centre in 1967.
• The important nuclear power projects are located at Tarapur
(Maharashtra); Rawatbhata near Kota (Rajasthan); Kalpakkam (Tamil
Nadu); Narora (Uttar Pradesh); Kaiga (Karnataka); and Kakarapara
(Gujarat).
 Wind Energy
Non-conventional Renewable source of energy

Largest Producer → Tamil Nadu

High cost as compared to the efficiency of power generated

Nagercoil (TN) and Jaisalmer (Rajasthan) are well known for

effective use of wind energy in the country
 Solar Energy
• Non-conventional Renewable source of energy
• Thermal + Photovoltaic → Sunlight to energy
• High cost as compared to the efficiency of power generated
• India plans to generate 100GW of solar energy by 2022
• The largest solar plant of India is located at Madhavpur, near
Bhuj, where solar energy is used to sterilise milk cans.
 Solar Energy
• The western part of India has greater potential for the
development of solar energy.
• The Ministry of Non-conventional Sources of Energy is
responsible for the development of wind energy in
India as the major source of renewable energy.
 Bio Energy
• Bio-energy is the energy derived usually from the biological
products, such as agricultural residues and other bio-waste.
• Bio-energy can be converted into electrical energy, heat
energy, and gas for cooking.
• Okhla in Delhi presents a good example by producing bio
energy from municipal waste.
 Bio Gas
• Converted into energy by direct combustion or by conversion of
such wastages into alcohol, methane, or other storage fuels
• Provides pollution-free energy
• Cheaper than most of the common fuels
• The residue can be used as manure
• Has higher thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene, cow dung,
coal and charcoal
 Tidal Energy
• Non-conventional Renewable source of energy
• Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity.
• In India, the Gulf of Kutch, provides ideal conditions for utilising
tidal energy.
• Ocean currents are the store-house of infinite energy. Hence, India
has great potential for the development of tidal energy.
 Geo Thermal Energy
• Refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior
of the Earth
• Exists because, the Earth grows progressively hotter with increasing depth
• Groundwater in such areas absorbs heat from the rocks and becomes hot.
• It is so hot that when it rises to the earth’s surface, it turns into steam.
• This steam is used to drive turbines and generate electricity.
• Parvati valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh and Puga Valley, Ladakh
Thank You