Energy resources:

Coal, Petroleum,Natural Gas,

WHAT IS COAL?
⦿ Coal, a mineral fuel, is the main source of
energy in India.
⦿Coal is an organic substance, which is found
in the sedimentary rocks.
⦿Large areas under thick forests were buried
under the sediments.
⦿The heat and pressure from the overlying
sediments and the earth movements led to
the formation of coal.
⦿ Watch this video on coal formation:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvH-h7TzSsE
TYPES OF COAL
PEAT 1. This represents the first stage of coal formation.
2. The carbon in peat is less than 40% .
3. It has high percentage of moisture and burns like wood.
4. It gives more smoke and less heat.
5. It leaves a large amount of ash after burning.

LIGNITE 1. This is soft, but more compact than peat.

2. The carbon contents vary from 40 to 60%.
3. Lignite has large percentage of moisture.
4. Its value has increased due to its use in thermal power
plants.
TYPES OF COAL
BITUMINOUS 1. This is a hard and compact variety of coal.
2. The carbon contents varies from about 60-80% .
3. The moisture and volatile contents are also less.
4. It is widely used in the making of coke, which is
used in iron and steel industry.

ANTHRACITE 1. This is the hardest and the best quality of coal

with more than 80% of carbon.
2. It has the highest heating capacity. It burns for a
long time and leaves little or no ash.
 PEAT

LIGNITE

ANTHRACITE

BITUMINOUS
TYPES OF COALFIELDS

⦿ The Gondwana Coalfields ⦿ The Tertiary Coalfields

⦿ These are about 250 ⦿ These are about 50 million
million years old. years old.
⦿ The coal is free from ⦿ The coal has low carbon
moisture . content and high
⦿ Most of the metallurgical percentage of sulphur and
coal is found in these moisture.
coalfields.
⦿ The Gondwana Coalfields
have 95% of total reserves
and 98% of total coal
production of India.
COAL RESERVES OF INDIA

Anthracite and bituminous-

The distribution is highly uneven.
Four states-
Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh and
West Bengal (80%)

Lignite:
Tamil Nadu (90%)
Rajasthan, Gujarat, Kerala, and Jammu
and Kashmir.
DISTRIBUTION OF COAL IN INDIA

⦿India is now the third largest producer of

coal in the world

⦿About 90% - the northeastern part of Deccan

Peninsula.
-Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha,
Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh,
Telangana,West Bengal,etc.
STATE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF COAL IN
INDIA
Chattisgah (largest producer) Korba, Surguja, Bilaspur
( third largest in reserves) Koriya
( thermal electricity at Korba)

Jharkhand ( 2nd largest Jharia ( oldest and

producer) richest)
(first largest reserves) Bokaro,Giridih,Karanpura

Odisha( 3rd largest producer) Sambalpur, Sundargarh,

(second largest reserves) Talcher (Dhenkanal)
(Thermal power and fertilizer
plant)
STATE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF COAL IN
INDIA
Madhya Pradesh
(fourth largest producer)
Andhra Pradesh, Telangana
(non-coking vartiety)
Singrauli, Shahdol,Pench
Sohagpur, Umaria,
Mohpani
Adilabad,Karimnagar
Warangal, Khammam
East and West Godavari

West Bengal ( non- coking coal) Raniganj (largest)

(thermal power plants)
Advantages and disadvantages of
coal
Advantages Disadvantages
⦿ Source of power for running ⦿ Calorific value of coal found in
machines, trains, ships etc India is low
⦿ Manufacturing iron and steel ⦿ Coal reserves are scattered
⦿ Source of direct heat and ⦿ Production and transportation
energy for domestic purposes cost is high
⦿ Used in pottery making,
⦿ Large scale pollution
building materials like
cement, brass etc
⦿ Raw material in Thermal
power plant
THE TERTIARY COALFIELDS

⦿These mainly occur in association with

limestone.
⦿These coalfields are mostly found in
⦿Assam
⦿Meghalaya
⦿Arunachal Pradesh
⦿Jammu and Kashmir
⦿Assam coal has high coking quality with low
ash contents.
⦿The high sulphur content makes it unsuitable
for metallurgical uses.
PROBLEMS OF COAL MINING IN INDIA
⦿Highly uneven--Occur in the northeastern part of the
Indian peninsula-other parts- no coal /poor quality
⦿High transportation cost
⦿Non-coking grade- unsuitable for metallurgical industries
⦿The coal mining techniques are old and outdated.
⦿Coal mines and coal factories cause environmental
pollution
⦿Power shortage- reduction in production
PETROLEUM
⦿Latin origin- Petro(meaning rock) and oleum
(meaning oil)
⦿Also called mineral oil
⦿Found in the underground reservoirs
associated with sedimentary rocks
⦿Is also associated with natural gas at times
⦿Is inflammable
⦿90-95% petrol and rest are organic
compounds
⦿Compact and convenient
ORIGIN AND OCCURRENCE
⦿Crude petroleum- found in sedimentary rock
basins
⦿Are of marine origin
⦿Petroleum- organic origin (gradual decay and
compression of marine deposits)
⦿They remain buried for millions of years
⦿Decomposition of the organic matter has led to
the formation of mineral oil
⦿Mineral oil usually does not occur at the place of
origin
⦿Mineral oil is lighter than water, and therefore
gets collected above the water level.
⦿ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8YHsxXEVB1M
RESERVES IN INDIA
⦿Around 40% of India is under sedimentary
rocks. These are in:-
◼ the Ganga- Brahmaputra Basin
◼ the coastal strip along the continental shelf
◼ the Thar desert
◼ the Andaman and Nicobar islands
RESERVES IN INDIA
⦿The total area under sedimentary rocks has 27
basins out of which 9 are proved reserves of
petroleum. These are:-
◼ Upper Assam basin
◼ West Bengal basin
◼ Western Himalaya basin
◼ Rajasthan-Saurashtra-Kachchh basin
◼ Northern Gujarat basin
◼ Ganga valley basin
◼ Eastern coastal plain basin
◼ Andaman and Nicobar islands basin
◼ Offshore Cambay, Mumbai High and Bassein area
PRODUCTION OF PETROLEUM IN
INDIA
⦿Digboi was the only petroleum producing region
till 1953 in India
⦿Production in Naharkatiya started in 1954
⦿Mumbai High then started their large-scale
production of petroleum in 1980-81
⦿2/3rds of crude petroleum came from offshore
sources
⦿The main onshore producing states are
Rajasthan, Gujarat and Assam
⦿Has to import huge quantities of petroleum
from abroad- not self sufficient in crude oil
PETROLEUM PRODUCING AREAS IN INDIA
1. Offshore region
2. Barmer district in Rajasthan
(second largest producer in India)
3. The Gujarat coast in Western India Kachchh, Vadodara, Bharuch, Surat,
(third largest producer in India
4. The Brahmaputra valley
(oldest oil producing region)
The West Coast Offshore Oil fields,
Mumbai High (Sagar Samrat) (largest
producer in India), The Bassein Oil
fields, The Aliabet Oil fields, The
Eastern Coast Offshore Oil fields
Barmer district and the Mangla oil
fields
Ahmadabad, Kheda, Mehsana,
Cambay oil fields
and Ankleshwar region
Digboi and Sibsagar in Assam
Advantages and disadvantages
of Petroleum

Advantages Disadvantages
⦿ Used both as fuel and ⦿ Non renewable- ever increasing
raw material- demand, petroleum resources are fast
Derivatives- ethane, depleting.
diesel, gasoline, jet ⦿ Contribute greenhouse gases- global
fuel, Kerosene, LPG warming
⦿ Used as raw material for ⦿ High cost - demand and limited supply
the production of ⦿ Highly inflammable an
various petrochemical ⦿ During extraction- if oil spills in water,
products like synthetic it can pollute water a and cause death
rubber, synthetic fibre, of number of marine animals
PVC etc
⦿ Used for power
generation
FUTURE PROSPECTS
⦿ Agencies such as Oil and Natural Gas Commission conduct
surveys in regions where there is a possibility for
occurence of Natural Gas and Petroleum.

⦿ Some of those regions are:-

◼ Gulf of Mannar, off the Tirunelvelli coast
◼ Offshore area between Pt. Calimere and Karaikudi coast
◼ Offshore are in Bay of Bengal from 12°-16° N and 84°-86° E
◼ Marine delta regions of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna & Kaveri
◼ Offshore area between South Bengal and Baleshwar coast
◼ The arid-tract of Rajasthan
◼ Belt of Kashmir, Punjab and Haryana to western UP
◼ The offshore area west of Andaman islands
OIL REFINERIES

⦿Crude petroleum is refined in oil refineries

⦿Products made from mineral oil- petrol,
kerosene, oil, bitumen, lubricants, aviation
fuel, wax, etc.
⦿First oil refinery (oldest)- at Digboi (Assam) in
1901
⦿World’s largest refinery- at Jamnagar (Gujarat)
in 1999 by Reliance Industries
NATURAL GAS
⦿Natural gas is always associated with
petroleum
⦿Gas is lighter than air so it collected on the
surface of oil
Advantages and disadvantages
of natural gas
Advantages Disadvantages
⦿ Eco-friendly- compared ⦿ Leaks of natural gas are difficult
to coal and petroleum to detect and are very
⦿ Easier to preserve- dangerous- can cause explosion
transported through
pipelines ⦿ Non- renewable
⦿ Domestic purposes ⦿ Extraction, production and
⦿ cleaner and cheaper transportation - expensive
fuel than diesel ⦿ When used as fuel- provide less
⦿ Lighter than air and tend mileage
to dissipate when there
is a leakage
⦿ Used for producing
hydrogen, ammonia for
fertilizers, some paints
and plastics
HYDEL POWER
⦿Hydroelectricity is a renewable, clean, cheap and
environment-friendly source of energy and will be
available to us for all times to come.
⦿The National Hydroelectric Power Corporation was
set-up in 1957, to look after the generation of
hydroelectricity in India.
⦿A dam built across a river often serves more than one
purpose at a time, such as flood control, irrigation,
power generation, navigation, fishing and tourism.
BHAKRA NANGAL PROJECT
⦿It is the largest project in India named after
two dams built at Bhakra and Nangal on the
Satluj river.
⦿It is a joint venture of Punjab, Haryana and
Rajasthan States.
⦿The project has-
Two dams at Bhakra and Nangal
❖Nangal Hydel Channel
❖Power houses
⦿Electric transmission lines, and
⦿Bhakra canal system for irrigation.
 BHAKRA BHAKRA NANGAL
DAM CANAL DAM
⦿It is one of the ❑It is 174 km ⦿It has been built
highest straight about 13 km
dam in the world. long. downstream of
⦿Bhakra dam is built ❑This canal the Bhakra dam.
across a george on system provides ⦿ It is an auxiliary
Satluj river near dam and balance
Rupnagar. irrigation to the daily
⦿The dam is 226m about 15 fluctuations from
high and 518m hectares. the Bhakra dam.
long. ⦿This is 29 meters
❑It works in high and 305
⦿It has developed a Punjab, Haryana
huge reservoir at meters long.
its back, called
Gobind Sagar.
Problems of Bhakra Nangal Dam
⦿Bhakra and Nangal project suffers from the
problem of silting.
⦿Water coming from higher reaches bring
sediments and deposit the silt at the bed of
the reservoir, thereby reducing its capacity
to store water.
THE HIRAKUD DAM PROJECT
⦿The Hirakud dam, (one of the longest dams in the world)
⦿built across Mahanadi river at Hirakud,(Sambalpur) in
Odisha.
⦿The area served by the Hirakud project is very rich in
minerals, like iron ore, bauxite, manganese, graphite,
chromite, mica and many others. They need large supply
of hydroelectricity for their exploration.
⦿The power is supplied to a large number of industries and
urban centers.