INDIAN COAL AND

IT’S USE S

Presented by:
 AMAN CHOUHAN(0101PC181029
 KUNAL PHALAK(0101PC181029)
 HRISHABH SURYAVANSHI(0101PC181025)
 SIDDHARTH KISHAN(0101PC181051)
 UTSAV SINHA(0101PC181055)

Under the Guidance of MRS.NARMADA BISEN MA’AM

​
 Table of Contents:
History of Coal in India
Distribution of Coal in India
Major Indian Coal Reserves and their Quality
Coal Preparation and Processing
Coal Beneficiation and It’s Advantages
Coal Drying and It’s Advantages
Utilization of Coal in Thermal Power Plants
 History of Coal in India:
The first published reference to coal mining in India was
made in 1774, for the exploitation of coal in Raniganj
coalfield in West Bengal.

 In 1814, coal qualities were studied, which led to further

exploration and opening of a number of mines across the
nation.

 The major uses of coal during this period were in cotton

mills, steam navigation using railway and ships, coal
powered jute mills, power looms and in furnaces to
manufacture iron.
 Distribution of Coal in India:
 Major types of coal found in India are Anthracite, Bituminous, Sub-
Bituminous and Lignite.
 Anthracite coals are considered to be the highest grade of coal, which contain
a high percentage of fixed carbon content. Its appearance is black and
lustrous and it is hard and brittle. It is found in small quantities in Jammu &
Kashmir.
 Bituminous coal is a medium grade of coal that is used for generation of
electricity and has high heating capacity. It is widely found in states like
Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh.
 Sub-Bituminous coal has a dull appearance and has a higher heating value
than lignite. Its fixed carbon content is also low.
 Lignite is the lowest grade of coal with the least amount of fixed carbon
content. It can be found in the states of Jammu & Kashmir, Tamil Nadu and
Rajasthan.
Major Indian Coal Reserves and their Quality :
 Jharkhand:
 The Jharia coalfield, located in the Dhanbad district, is the largest
reserve of coal in India, estimated to have 19.4billion tons of coking
coal. It is one of the first coalfields in India, spreading across 280sq
km of area, consisting of 23 large underground mines and 9 large open
cast mines.
 It produces most of India’s bituminous coal containing high fixed
carbon content, making it suitable for coking. This coking coal is used
in steel and iron production as well as in thermal power plants for
electricity generation.
 Madhya Pradesh:
 The Sohagpur coalfields are the largest coalfields in Madhya
Pradesh, situated in the Shahdol district, at the Basin of Son River.
Estimated reserve of 4,064 million tons spread across an area of
3,100 sq km.
 Sohagpur coalfields are divided into two parts, the northern
coalfields and the southern coalfields. Only the northern coalfields
produce coking coal.
 Sohagpur Coalfield has ample scope of Coalbed methane
 exploration.
 Odisha:
 IB Valley coalfield of Odisha was established in 1909 near the IB River. It
consists of three major open cast mines, the Lajkura opencast mine, the
Samleshwari opencast mine and the Lilari opencast mine.
 The IB Valley coalfields are spread across an area of 1,375 sq km and have a
reserve of 22.3 billion tons, which is third highest in India.
 The coal production capacity of IB Valley coalfield is around 90 million tons
per annum, which is assisted by fast transportation of coal with the help of
Jharsuguda-Barpalli railway line.
 Chhattisgarh:
 The Mand-Raigarh coalfield of Chhattisgarh located in the Raigarh
district
is one of the largest coalfields in the Mahanadi basins.
 Spearding across an area of 520 sq km, this coalfield reserves a total of
18,532 million tons of non-coking coals.
 The Baroud open cast mine of Mand-Raigarh coalfields alone
produces 3.5million tons of coal per annum at peak levels.
 West Bengal:
 The Raniganj Coalfield on West Bengal was the first coalfield of India. It is
located in the Paschim Bardhaman district, and spreads over the neighbouring
districts of Birbhum, Purulia, Bankura in West Bengal, as well as Dhanbad of
Jharkhand.
 It covers a total area of 443.50 sq km, and has coal reserves of 49.17 billion tons,
making it the second largest coal reserve of the country. It consists of a total of 98
operating mines, out of which 77 are underground whereas 21 are open cast.
 With over 72,000 people working in these mines, the annual coal production
reaches 33.90 million tons, with an annual turnover of US$1.7billion.
 Coal Preparation & Processing:

Indian coals contain large amounts of ash content in them. This ash content,
along with sulphur and other non combustible materials, hinder the efficiency
and processing of coal.
To prevent this, coal from the mines has to undergo various separation
processes before being used, which altogether, are termed as Coal Preparation.
Coal Preparation is the process of removal of undesired material such as ash
content, sulphur content as well as other impurities that might be present in
the run-of-mine (ROM) coal. It is performed by employing separation
processes, to obtain a uniform quality coal as the product.
Typical steps in coal preparation include:
Crushing
Screening into different size factions
Physical, chemical or mechanical processes to remove undesired impurities
 Coal Beneficiation:
 Coal being extremely heterogeneous, can have varied content,
composition and properties from mine to mine, and even from seam to
seam. This causes some coals to have increased amounts of impurities
such as ash content and sulphur.
 Coal Beneficiation is aimed at separating and removing the impurities to
the extent possible and economically feasible.
 Coal beneficiation is, in principle, possible for most bituminous coals and
anthracite. In countries such as India, the high ash coals are used in the
thermal power plants, so the use of processes such as coal beneficiation
can improve the quality, efficiency, reduce the emissions and also
increase its calorific value.
 The two basic processes of beneficiation are:
1. Dry de‐shaling: non‐coal matter is removed using no liquid media; and
2. Wet process: coal is crushed and put in a liquid media (usually water)
of adjustable specific gravity to separate the lighter coal (with low‐ash
content) from heavier coal (with high ash content).
 Advantages of Coal
Beneficiation:

o Costs are reduced by transporting rock over shorter

distances;

o Savings are made in the capital and operating costs of the

power plant, particularly the boiler, coal handling and ash
handling systems;

o The cost of power generation may also be reduced if the

washed coal increases the plant load factor and the washery
rejects are utilised efficiently in fluidised bed boilers
 Coal Drying:
 While lignite and sub-bituminous coals are often low
in ash and sulphur, they pose a different set of
problems. They tend to contain high percentages of
moisture, ranging from 20% to 60%.

 This causes difficulties in coal fired boilers. To control

this, coal is dried before being sent to the thermal
plants, where this moisture content is reduced to
increase the calorific value and its efficiency.
 Benefits of Coal Drying:
• Raises overall unit efficiency by increasing boiler efficiency
thereby reducing CO2 emissions
• Lowers boiler size and unit auxiliary power consumption by
reducing the flow rates of coal and flue gas.
• Reduces the flue gas flow rate, due to increased boiler
efficiency. Reducing this flow rate also facilitates additional
SO2 capture by a scrubber for coals containing high sulphur.
• Reduces unit NOx emissions by increasing coal’s heating
value and reducing
the flow rates of coal and primary air to pulverisers.
 Utilization of Coal in India:
 In India, the abundance of coal reserves and
high production results in increased utilization
of coal.

 This is mainly done by its use in Thermal

Power Plants and in Steel Manufacturing
Industries as a coking agent.
 Coal in Thermal Power Plants:
 In thermal power plants, coal is first pulverized. This pulverized coal is then sent
to a coal-fired boiler, where it is burned.

 This releases the chemical energy present in the coal and converts it into heat
energy. The heat that is released is used to heat and boil water, which releases
steam.

 Finally, the steam is used to spin turbines, which converts the heat energy from
steam to mechanical energy. The spinning of turbines also turns generators, where
the mechanical energy is transformed into electrical energy.

 India produces around 1,598 TWh electricity every year, out of which, 74% is
generated by burning of coal. This places India on the 3th rank in the list of highest
electricity producing countries in the world, after China and USA.
Coal in Thermal Power Plants:
 References:

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_in_India
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharia_coalfield
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohagpur_Coalfield
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ib_Valley_Coalfield
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand_Raigarh_Coalfield
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raniganj_Coalfield
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_preparation_plant
• https://fossil.energy.gov/international/Publications/Coal_Beneficiation_Workshop/Satyamurty_Coal_Beneficiation_21_8_07.pdf
• https://www.intechopen.com/books/sustainable-drying-technologies/evaporative-drying-of-low-rank-coal
• https://www.powermag.com/lignite-drying-new-coal-drying-technology-promises-higher-efficiency-plus-lower-costs-and-emissions/#:~:text=Reduces
%20CO2%20emissions%20by,of%20coal%20and%20flue%20gas
.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station#:~:text=A%20coal%2Dfired%20power%20station,burns%20coal%20to%20generate
%20electricity.&text=The%20coal%20is%20usually%20pulverized,spin%20turbines%20that%20turn%20generators.
• http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Coal_fired_power_plant_diagram.svg/1280px-Coal_fired_power_plant_diagram.svg.pn
g
• https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapsofindia.com%2Fmaps%2Findia%2Findia-map-coalreserves.jpg&imgrefurl=https
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800&h=924&q=coal%20reserves%20in%20india&ved=2ahUKEwiezbGs7fDwAhVbEysKHWAmDmAQMygEegUIARDLAQ

• https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fhi-static.z-dn.net%2Ffiles
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