Coal

 Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock with a high amount of carbon
and hydrocarbons. 
 Coal is classified as a nonrenewable energy source because it takes millions of years to
form. Coal contains the energy stored by plants that lived hundreds of millions of years ago in
swampy forests.
 Coal is also called black gold.
 Coal contains carbon, volatile matter, moisture, and ash & [in some
cases Sulphur and phosphorous].
 Mostly used for power generation and metallurgy.
 Different varieties of coal arise because of differences in the kinds of plant material (coal
type), degree of coalification (coal rank), and range of impurities (coal grade).

The distribution of coal in Indian is in two categories:

 Gondwana Coalfields that are 250 million years old

 Tertiary Coalfields that are 15 to 60 million years old. 

Gondwana Coalfields

 Gondwana coal makes up to 98% of the total coal reserves in India and 99% of the coal
production in India. 
 Gondwana coal is free from moisture and contains phosphorus and sulphur
 The carbon content in Gondwana coal is less compared to the Carboniferous coal(that is 350
million years old which is almost absent in India because of its much younger age).
 Gondwana coal forms India’s metallurgical grade as well as superior quality coal.
 The Damuda series (i.e. Lower Gondwana) possesses the best-worked coalfields accounting for
80 percent of the total coal production in India.
 80 out of 113 Indian coalfields are located in the rock systems of the Damuda
series[named after Damodar river].
 These basins occur in the valleys of certain rivers viz., the Damodar (Jharkhand-West Bengal);
the Mahanadi (Chhattisgarh-Odisha); the Son (Madhya Pradesh Jharkhand); the Godavari and
the Wardha (Maharashtra-Andhra Pradesh); the Indravati, the Narmada, the Koel, the Panch,
the Kanhan and many more.
 The volatile compounds and ash (usually 13 – 30 percent) and don’t allow Carbon percentage to
rise above 55 to 60 percent.

Tertiary Coal Fields

 Carbon content is very low but is rich in moisture and sulphur.

 Tertiary coalfields are mainly confined to extra-peninsular regions.
 Important areas include Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Jammu and
Kashmir, Himalayan foothills of Darjeeling in West Bengal, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh,  and
Kerala.
 Tamil Nadu and the union territory of Pondicherry also bear tertiary coal reserves [exceptions].
Formation of Coal
 Coal is formed when dead plant matter decays into peat and is converted into coal by the heat
and pressure of deep burial over millions of years.
 Coal was formed around 300 million years ago when the earth was covered with
swampy(marshy) forests.
 As the plants grew, some died and fell into the swamp waters. New plants grew up to
take their places and when these died still more grew.
 In time, there was a thick layer of dead plants rotting in the swamp. The surface of the
earth changed and water and dirt washed in, stopping the decaying process.
 More plants grew up, but they too died and fell, forming separate layers. After millions
of years, many layers had formed, one on top of the other.
 The weight of the top layers and the water and dirt packed down the lower layers of
plant matter.
 Heat and pressure produced chemical and physical changes in the plant layers
which forced out oxygen and left rich carbon deposits. In time, the material that had
been planted became coal.
 Coal is classified into four main types, or ranks: anthracite, bituminous, subbituminous, and
lignite.
 These classifications are based on the amount of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen present in the
coal.
 Coal’s other constituents include hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, ash, and sulfur.
 Some of the undesirable chemical constituents include chlorine and sodium.
 In the process of transformation (coalification), peat is altered to lignite, lignite is altered to
sub-bituminous, sub-bituminous coal is altered to bituminous coal, and bituminous coal is
altered to anthracite.
Types of Coal
On the basis of carbon content, it can be classified into the following three types:

Anthracite

 This is the best quality of coal and contains 80 to 95 percent carbon. It has very little volatile
matter and a negligibly small proportion of moisture.
 It is very hard, compact, jet black coal having semi-metallic lustre.
 It has the highest heating value and is the most prized among all the varieties of coal
 In India, it is found only in Jammu and Kashmir (in Kalakot) and that too in small quantities.

Bituminous

 This is the most widely used coal. It varies greatly in composition in carbon content (from 60 to
80 percent) and moisture. It is dense, compact, and is usually of black colour.
 It does not have traces of original vegetable material from which it has been formed.
 Its calorific value is very high due to high proportion of carbon and low moisture content.
 By virtue of this quality, bituminous coal is used not only for steam raising and heating
purposes but also for the production of coke and gas.
 Most of the bituminous coal is found in Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, and
Madhya Pradesh.

Lignite

 Also known as brown coal, lignite is lower-grade coal and contains about 40 to 55 percent

carbon.
 It represents the intermediate stage in the alteration of woody matter into coal. Its colour varies
from dark to black-brown.
 Its moisture content is high (over 35 percent) so that it gives out much smoke but little heat.
 It is found in Palna of Rajasthan, Neyveli of Tamil Nadu, Lakhimpur of Assam, and Karewa of
Jammu and Kashmir.

Peat

 This is the first stage of transformation of wood into coal and contains less than 40 to 55
percent carbon, sufficient volatile matter, and a lot of moisture.
 It is seldom sufficiently compact to make a good fuel without compressing into bricks. Left to
itself, it bums like wood, gives less heat, emits more smoke, and leaves a lot of ash after
burning.
Distribution of Coal in India

Jharkhand:

 Most of the coalfields are located in a narrow belt running in the east-west direction almost
along the 24°N latitude.
  The Jharia coalfield: The Jharia coalfield lies to the southwest of Dhanbad city and covers an
area of 453 sq km. It is one of the oldest and the richest coal fields of India and has been
recognized as the storehouse of the best metallurgical coal in the country.
 The Bokaro coalfield: The Bokaro coalfield in Hazaribagh district lies within 32 km of the
western end of the Jharia coalfield.
 Other reserves: Girdih, Karanpura, etc.

Chhattisgarh:

 Chhattisgarh holds the third position with respect to coal reserves but occupies the second
position, after Jharkhand, so far as production is concerned.
 The Korba coalfield: The Korba coalfield stretches over an area of 515 sq km in the valleys of
Hasdo (a tributary of the Mahanadi) and its tributaries (Ahram and Kurang) in Korba district.
 Other coalfields: Hasdo-Arand, Chirmiri, Jhilmili, Johila.
Orissa:

 Orissa is the second-largest state with regard to coal reserves but is the third-largest producer

of coal contributing a little over 15.31 percent of the total coal production of the country.
 Most of the deposits are found in Dhenkanal, Sambalpur, and Sundargarh districts.
 The Talcher field-stretching eastward from Talcher town to Rairkhol in Dhenkanal and
Sambalpur districts ranks second in reserves after Raniganj. Most of the coal is utilized in
thermal power and fertilizer plants at Talcher.
 Other coal fields:
 Rampur-Himgir coalfields in the districts of Sambalpur.
 The lb river coalfield in Sambalpur and Gangpur districts.
Madhya Pradesh:

 Madhya Pradesh is the fourth largest coal-producing state of India.

 Sigrauli coalfield in Sidhi and Shahdol districts is the largest coalfield of Madhya Pradesh. This
field supplies coal to thermal power plants at Singrauli and Obra.
 Pench-Kanhan-Tawa in Chhindwara district is another important coalfield of Madhya Pradesh.
Andhra Pradesh & Telangana:

 Andhra Pradesh produces about 9.72 percent of India’s coal.

 Most of the coal reserves are in the Godavari valley spread over the districts of Adilabad,
Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam, East Godavari, and West Godavari.
 The actual workable collieries are situated at Singareni and Kothagudam.
 Almost the entire coal is of non-coking variety.
 These are the southernmost coalfields of India and a source of coal supply to most of south
India.

Maharashtra:

 Though Maharashtra has only 3 percent reserves, the state accounts for over 9 percent of the
production of coal in India.
 Most of the coal deposits are found in the Kamptee coalfields in Nagpur District; Wardha
valley, Ghughus, Ballarpur, and Warora in Chandrapur district and the Wun field in Yavatmal
district.
West Bengal:

 Although West Bengal produces only 6 percent of India’s coal, the state has over 11 percent of
the coal reserves of the country.
 Burdwan, Bankura, Purulia, Birbhum, Darjeeling, and Jalpaiguri are the chief producing
districts.
 Raniganj is the largest coalfield of West Bengal.
Tertiary Coal
 Tertiary coal fields mainly occur in association with limestone and slates of either Eocene or
Oligocene-Miocene age (15 to 60 million years).
 They are mainly confined to extra peninsular regions. some of which are:

Assam:

 The major coalfields in Assam are the Makum, Nazira, etc

 The Makum coalfield in the Sibsagar district is the most developed field.
  Assam coals contain very low ash and high coking qualities but the sulphur content is high, as a
result of which this coal is not suitable for metallurgical purposes.

Meghalaya:

 Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia hills are believed to have deposits of tertiary coal belonging to the
lower Eocene.

Arunachal Pradesh:

 The Upper Assam Coal belt extends eastwards as NamchickNamrup coalfield in the Tirap
district of Arunachal Pradesh.
 Other coal fields are in Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh.

Lignite
 There was a phenomenal increase in the production of lignite coal after independence.
 Areas of lignite production are as follows:
 Tamil Nadu accounts for 90 percent of the reserves and about 71 percent of the
production of lignite in India. The Neyveli Lignite fields of the Cuddalore district,
extending over an area of 480 sq km, have estimated reserves of 4,150 million tonnes
are the most important lignite field of India. The other lignite reserves of considerable
importance in Tamil Nadu are those of Jayamkondacholapuram of Trichy district,
Mannargudi, and East of Veeranam.
 Gujarat: Lignite occurs in Kuchchh district at Umarsar, Lefsi, Jhalrai, and Baranda and
also in Bharuch district.
 Jammu and Kashmir: Lignite deposits belonging to Pliocene or even a newer age have
been found here in sufficient quantity. The main lignite fields occur in the Shaliganga
River, continuing to the northwest up to the Nichahom area in the Handwara region of
the Baramula district. The lignite here is of poor quality.
 Kerala, Rajasthan, West Bengal, and Pondicherry also produce some amount of lignite
coal.
Peat
 Peat is confined to a few areas only. It occurs in Nilgiri hills at an elevation of over 1,800 m.
 In the Kashmir valley, peat occurs in the alluvium of the Jhelum and in swampy grounds in
higher valleys.
 In West Bengal peat beds at depths ranging from 2 to 11 metre have been noted in Kolkata and
its suburbs.
 In the Ganga delta, there are layers of peat which are composed of forest and rice plants.

Problems of Coal Mining in India

 The distribution of coal is uneven. Most of the north plains and western parts of India are
devoid of coal. This involves high transport cost to carry heavy commodities like coal over long
distances.
 Indian coal has high ash content and low caloric value. The ash content varies from 20 to 30
percent and sometimes exceeds 40 percent. This reduces the energy output of coal and
complicates the problem of ash disposal.
  A large percentage of coal is taken out from underground mines where the productivity of
labour and machinery is very low.
 There are heavy losses due to fires in the mines and at pit heads. Pilferage at several stages
also adds to losses. This leads to a hike in the price of coal and sets off a vicious circle of price
spiral in the economy.
 Mining and utilization of coal leads to the serious problem of environmental pollution. The open
cast mining ravages the whole area converting it into a rugged and ravenous land.
 The coal dust in mines and near pitheads creates health hazards to workers and their families.
 Safety measures against environmental pollution caused by mining and the utilization of coal
are very costly and complicated and are beyond the reach of ordinary entrepreneurs.

Conservation of coal
 Conservation of coal implies that every bit of energy that can be obtained from coal must be
obtained and every bit of by-product that can be recovered must be recovered. Conservation of
coal is an integral part of mine planning and operation.
 Following measures are suggested for the conservation of coal in India.
 Coking coal should be used for the metallurgical industry only.
 Low-grade coal should be washed and blended with superior quality coal in requisite
proportion and used in industries.
 Selective mining should be discouraged and all possible coal from the mines should be
taken out.
 New reserves should be discovered and new techniques should be adopted.
 Small and uneconomic collieries should be amalgamated and be made economically
viable units.

Coking Coal vs. Non-Coking Coal

Thermal Coal or Non-
Coking Coal or Metallurgical
Coking Coal or Steaming
Coal
coal

High carbon content, less

Sulphur content is high
moisture, less sulphur, less
and hence cannot be used
ash. Sulphur is very bad for iron
in iron and steel industry.
and steel industry.

Creating coke using this

Used to create coke. Coke is
coal is not economical.
produced by heating
Moreover, traces of
bituminous coal without air to
sulphur will remain even
extremely high temperatures.
after coking.

Coking coal is an essential Thermal coal is used

ingredient in steel production. to generate power.
Major producers: Australia,
Canada, United States.
Major producers: China,
Major exporters: Australia,
Australia, USA, Russia.
Canada, United States.
Major exporters: Australia,
China imports a huge amount of
South Africa.
coking coal from Australia.
India also imports coking coal.

Coal Reserves in India by State

Reserves in billion % of total
Name of the state
tonne reserves

1.   JHARKHAND 80.71 26.76

2.   ODISHA 75.07 24.89

3.   CHATTISHGARH 52.53 17.42

4.   WEST BENGAL 31.31 10.38

5.   MADHYA
25.67 8.51
PRADESH

6.   ANDHRA
22.48 7.45
PRADESH

7.   MAHARASTRA 10.98 3.64

8.   OTHERS 2.81 0.95

Coal Production in India by State
All data from 2013-2014. For latest data you must follow newspapers/India year Book or
Reports published by Ministry of Coal.
Coking Coal Production by State

 Jharkhand [More than 90% of India’s Coking coal comes from Jharkhand]

 West Bengal
 Madhya Pradesh

Non Coking Coal Production By State

 Chhattisgarh
 Odisha
 Madhya Pradesh
 Jharkhand
 Andhra Pradesh

Total Coal Production By State

 Chhattisgarh
 Jharkhand
 Odisha
 Madhya Pradesh
 Andhra Pradesh

List of Major Coal Fields in India (with few details)

JHARIA:

 Located to the southwest of Dhanbad city and covers an area of 453 sq km

 Recognized as the best metallurgical coal in the country
 Supplies coal to Jamshedpur, IISCO, Bokaro, Rourkela.

BOKARO:

 In Hazaribagh district lies within 32 km of the western end of the Jharia coal field
 Long but narrow strip in the catchment area of the Bokaro River
 Divided into West Bokaro and East Bokaro

GIRIDIH :

 Also known as Karharbari, lies to the southwest of Girdih in the Hazaribagh district
 Has three main seams of varying thicknesses- lower Karharbari, upper Karharbari, Badhua
 Lower Karharbari gives one of the finest coking coals in India.

KARANPURA :

 Lies to the west of Bokaro in Jharkhand has two sections- North Karanpura and South Karanpura
 Total resurve – 1059 million tonner
 Coal is believed to be of inferior quality
 According to ONGC, these fields have good reserves of coal-bed methane (CBM)
RAMGARH :

 Situated about 9 km south of the Bokaro field in Jharkhand

 It has 22 seams.

DALTENGANJ :

 Lies in the Palamau district of Jharkhand covers a total area of about 51 sq km

 Gondwana type bituminous coal is mined.

KORBA :

 Covers an area of 515 sq km in the valleys of Hasdo (a tributary of Mahanadi )

 Most of the coals are sent to the Korba thermal power plant and Bhilai steel plant.

BISRAMPUR :

 Lies in the Sarguja district of Chhattisgarh

 Total reserves- 542 million tonnes
 Gondwana type bituminous coal is mined.

HASDO-ARAND :

 Extends from Rampur in Sarguja district to Arand Valley in Bilaspur district

 Covers an area of about 1004 sq km
 Total reserves – 4321 million tonnes.

CHIRMIRI :

 Lies in the Sarguja district of Chhattisgarh, in the northern part of the state
 Area- 128 sq km
 Reserves – 362 million tonnes.

TATAPANI–RAMKOTA :

 Lies between Kanhar and Rehar in the north – eastern part of the Sarguja district of Chhattisgarh
 Coals of Tatapani coalfields belong to the Damuda series.

JHILMILI :

 Lies in the northwestern part of Chhattisgarh in the Koriya district

 Total area – 106 sq km
 Extension of Sohagpur coalfield of the Shahdol district of Madhya Pradesh
 5 coal seams belonging to Talcher and Barakar measures.

JOHILLA :

 Lies the Johilla Valley, a tributary of the Son, in the northwestern part of Chhattisgarh.

SONHAT :
  Lies in the Surguja region of Chhattisgarh
 Has high quality coal.

TALCHER :

 Lies near the Talcher town of Odisha

 Second largest reserve after Raniganj
 Total reserve- 24,374 million tonnes
 Coal is utilized in thermal power and fertilizer plants at Talcher

IB RIVER :

 512 sq km in Sambalpur and Gangpur districts

 Coal belongs to middle and lower Barakar systems
 Much of the coal is of inferior quality with about 50 per cent fixed carbon.

RAMPUR-HIMGIR :

 Belongs to the Ib River system

 Coal of the middle and lower Barakar systems
 Contains 30.48 million tonnes coal reserves
 Bulk of the coal is inferior.

SINGRAULI :

 Largest coalfields of Madhya Pradesh in Sidhi and Shahdol districts

 Total area – 2337 sq km
 Reserves- 9207 million tonnes.

JHINGURDA :

 With a total thickness of 131 m is the richest coal seam of the country
 It is a seam of the Singrauli coal field
 Supplies coal to thermal plants at Singrauli and Obra.

SOHAGPUR :

 Lies in the Shahdol district of Madhya Pradesh

 Reserves- 2284 million tonnes.

UMARIA :

 Situated at a distance of 58 km to the south of Katni in the eastern Madhya Pradesh

 Contains 6 seams
 Total reserves- 58 million tonnes
 Coal is inferior with a high percentage of moisture and ash.

SINGARENI :

 185 km east of Hyderabad in the Godawari Basin

 4 coal seams have been identified
  Contains 56.5 % fixed carbon
 Although it is non-coking coal but its quality is improved by the Regional Research Laboratory at
Hyderabad.

KOTHAGUNDAM :

 Located east of Singareni in Telangana

 Has nine coal seams in which Anandghani seam contains A grade coal
 Used for the thermal power generation in the region.

RANIGANJ :

 The largest coal field of West Bangal, is the continuation of Jharia in Jharkhand
 Coal mining started in India at Raniganj in 1774
 It produces mainly non-coking steam coal, mainly used for power generation.

MAKUM :

 Lies in the Sivsagar district of Assam

 Total reserves – 235.6 million tones
 Tertiary coal is produced
 Part of the Upper Assam coal belt.

NAZIRA :

 Located in Assam
 Produces the tertiary coal
 Part of the Upper Assam coal belt
 Northern flank of the Naga Patkai ranges facing Sibsagar.

LAKHUNI :

 Located in Assam
 Produces the tertiary coal
 Part of the Upper Assam coal belt.

NAMCHICK NAMPHUK :

 Lies in the Tirap district of Arunachal Pradesh

 The eastward extension of the Upper Assam Coal belt
 Tertiary coal is produced

KALAKOT :

 Tertiary coal field located in Jammu and Kashmir, in Jammu Province

 Similarly to other tertiary coal deposits in the world, the angiosperm flora contributed chiefly to
the development of coal facies in the area.

NICHAHOM :

 Lignite coalfield located in Nandwara region of Baramula district of Jammu and Kashmir
  Poor quality lignite
 Reserve in the region-90 million tonnes.

UMARSAR :

 Lignite coalfield located in the Kuchchh district of Gujarat

 Better lignite than other fields of the state.

PALANA :

 Lignite coalfield located in the Barmer district of Rajasthan

 4 km long and 0.8 km wide
 Will supply coal to 250 MW thermal plant of Bikaner.

NEYVELI :

 Lies in the Cuddalore district of Tamilnadu

 Largest deposits of lignite in the country and can sustain power generation for more than
hundred years
 4150 million tonnes reserves over an area of 480 sq km
 Used for thermal power generation in the region.

Jayamkondacholapuram

 Lies in the Trichy district of Tamilnadu

 Reserves- 1168 million tonnes.