Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A graduation project
Submitted to the department of civil engineering at
The University of Baghdad
Baghdad - Iraq
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of
Science in civil engineering
By
Raad Mahejar Kareem
Supervised by
Assistant lecturer, A. N. LAZEM
(M.Sc., in Structural Engineering)
June /2009
1
2 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
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3 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
ABSTRACT:
The objective of this study is to develop a better understanding for the basic principles of the
structural analysis and design of Joist girder so they can be efficiently implemented into
modern computers.
Develop an in-plane structure stiffness matrix that takes into the joist girder variable
Geometry (coordinates, depth, and length) and elements properties (built up sections) and
axial strengths (tensile and compressive) into consideration.
In addition several important parameters have been incorporated in the analysis and design
process; Buckling and stability of web members, chord critical buckling stress, maximum
allowable deflection due to live load, maximum allowable flexural strength (Tensile and
Compressive) according to AISC-89-ASD, and different built-up cross-section (web to chord
elements).
To evaluate the results of presented method were compared with result given in reference
number one. The agreement between both results was quit well.
PROJECT LAYOUT
Chapter two: presents the previous literatures published about this subject.
Chapter three: presents the theoretical bases for the STAAD-PRO, Stiffness Matrix analysis
method and Joist Girder design.
Chapter four: presents a brief description of a computer program developed in this study.
Chapter five: discuses the results of this Analysis/Design method. And recommend future
steps.
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4 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
CONTENTS:
Title……………………………………………………………………………………2
Supervisor words……………………………………………………………….3
Committee words………………………………………………………………4
Thanks……………………………………………………………………………….5
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….6
Project Layout………………………….……………………………………….6
Contents…….……..………………………………………………………………7
References…………………………………………………………………..….39
Appendix I…………………………………………………………………..……40
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5 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
Chapter one
Introduction
5
6 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
Fig.(1.1)
Steel joists are fastened to its supporting members usually by field welding as shown
below:
Fig.(1.2)
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7 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
Unlike structural steel beams, steel joists must use bridging placed perpendicular to the span
to obtain its stability. This bridging can be one of 2 types:
• Horizontal Bridging
• Diagonal Bridging
Bridging requirements are shown in the Vulcraft Joist Catalog p. (9 and 35) and is a function
of the Section Number and span Joists using horizontal bridging is shown below:
Fig.(1.3)
1.3. LH AND DLH SERIES JOISTS
The LH series joists have depths ranging between 18” and 48” and are suitable for spans up to
96’-0”. The DLH series joists have depths ranging between 52” and 72” and are suitable for
spans up to 144’-0”. They are not as commonly used as K series joists, but provide an
inexpensive alternative to spanning longer distances than the K series joists. One difference
between K series joists is the required end bearing width and height are 6” and 5” respectively
for the LH and DLH (vs. 4” and 2½” for the K series).
Fig.(1.4)
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8 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
Fig.(1.5)
A typical joist girder connection to steel column is shown below:
Fig.(1.6)
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9 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
Chapter two
Literature
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10 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
The theoretical foundation for matrix (stiffness) method of structural analysis was laid and
developed by many scientists:
Georg, A. Maney, [1915] who developed the Slope-Deflection method (stiffness method).
These classical methods are considered to be the precursors of the matrix (Flexibility and
Stiffness) method, respectively. In the pre-computer era, the main disadvantage of these
earlier methods was that they required direct solution of Simultaneous Equations (formidable
task by hand calculations in cases more than a few unknowns).
Levy, S., [1947] is generally considered to have been the first to introduce the flexibility
method, by generalizing the classical method of consistent deformations.
Falkenheimer, H., Langefors, B., and Denke, P. H., [1950], many subsequent researches
extended the flexibility method and expressed in matrix form are:
Livesley, R. K., [1954], is generally considered to have been the first to introduce the stiffness
matrix in 1954, by generalizing the classical method of slop-deflections.
Argyris, J. H., and Kelsey, S., [1954], the two subsequent researches presented a formulation
for stiffness matrices based on Energy Principles.
Turner, M. T., Clough, R. W., and Martin, H. C., [1956], derived stiffness matrices for truss
members and frame members using the finite element approach, and introduced the now
popular Direct Stiffness Method for generating the structure stiffness matrix.
Livesley, R. K., [1956], presented the Nonlinear Formulation of the stiffness method for
stability analysis of frames.
Since the mid-1950s, the development of Stiffness Method has been continued at a
tremendous pace, with research efforts in the recent years directed mainly toward formulating
procedures for Dynamic and Nonlinear analysis of structures, and developing efficient
Computational Techniques (load incremental procedures and Modified Newton-Raphson for
solving nonlinear Equations) for analyzing large structures and large displacements. Among
those researchers are: S. S. Archer, C. Birnstiel, R. H. Gallagher, J. Padlog, J. S.
przemieniecki, C. K. Wang, and E. L. Wilson and many others.
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11 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
Chapter three
Theory
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12 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
The main tool of STAAD-PRO is the method of Stiffness Matrix, which analyzing structures
is probably(14) used more widely than the flexibility method, especially for large and complex
structures (with multiple nodes). Such structures require the use of electronic computers for
carrying out the extensive numerical calculations, and the stiffness method is much more
suitable for computer programming than the flexibility method!
The reason is that the stiffness method can be put into the form of a standardized procedure
which dose not requires any engineering decisions during the calculation process. And also
the unknown quantities in the stiffness method are prescribed more clearly than the flexibility
method.
When analyzing a structure by the stiffness method, normally we use the concepts of
kinematic indeterminacy, fixed-end reactions, and stiffnesses. These definitions will be
explained as follows:
In stiffness method the unknown quantities in the analysis are the joint displacements of the
structure, rather than the redundant reactions and stress resultants as is the case of flexibility
method. The Joints in any structure will be define as points where two or more members
intersect, the points of support, and the free ends of any projecting members.
When the structure is subjected to loads, all or some of the joints will undergo displacements
in the form of translations and rotations. Of course, some of the joints displacements will be
zero because of the restraint conditions; for instance, at a fixed support there will be no
displacements of any kind.
The unknown joint displacements are called kinematic unknowns and their number is called
either the degree of kinematic indeterminacy or the number of degrees of freedom (DOF) for
joint displacements.
In stiffness method we regulatory encounter fixed-end beam, because one of the first steps in
this method is to restrain all of the unknown joint displacements. The imposition of such
restrains causes a continuous beam or plane frame to become an assemblage of fixed-end
beams. Therefore, we need to have readily available a collection of formulas for the reactions
of fixed-end beams for multiple case. These reactions which consist of both; forces and
couples (moments), are known collectively as Fixed-End actions. Values of fixed-end actions
for multiple cases are shown in Appendix I.
3.1.4. STIFFNESSES
In the stiffness method we make use of actions caused by unit displacement. These
displacement may be either unit translation (or unit rotation for in-plane frame), and the
resulting actions are either forces of couples (moments). These actions caused by unit
displacement are known as stiffness influence coefficients, or stiffnesses. These coefficients
called also member stiffnesses which they are frequently used in this method. Here by two of
the most useful cases as shown in fig. (3.1).
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13 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
U11= 1.0
L = L’
U44= 1.0
K14= 0.0
K34 = 0.0
U33= 1.0
K23= 0 K43= 0
L
L = L’
U22= 1.0
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14 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
Now most of the preliminary ideas and definitions have been set fourth, and the problem of
analyzing a structure can be established. Interpreting of Equilibrium Equations, and making
use of the Principles of Superposition, for the case of a structure having (n x n) Degrees of
Kinematic Indeterminacy will lead to the following sets of linear equations are obtained:
The important fact which need to be established: that Equilibrium Equations of the Stiffness
Method express the superposition of actions (forces) corresponding to unknown
displacements. While the compatibility equations of the Flexibility Method express the
superposition of displacements corresponding unknown actions (forces).
Also; it should be noticed that above equilibrium equations (1.1) are written in a form which
takes into account only the effects of applied loads on the structure, but the equation can be
readily modified to include the effects of temperature changes, restrains, and support
settlements. It is only necessary to include these effects in the determination of the actions
(forces) A1, A2,…, An. Furthermore, Eq. (1.2) apply to many types of structures, including
trusses and space frames, although in this project is limited to in-plane structure (beams), and
hence the stiffness method is applicable only to linearly elastic structures.
Stiffness method can be used to analyze structures only, finite element analysis, which
originated as an extension of matrix (stiffness and flexibility), it is detected to analyze surface
structures (e. g. plates and shells). FEM has now developed to the extent that it can be applied
to structures and solids of practically any shape or form. From theoretical viewpoint, the basic
difference between the two is that, in stiffness method, the member force-displacement
relationships are based on the exact solutions of the underlying differential equations, whereas
in FEM, such relations are generally derived by Work-Energy Principles from assumed
displacement or stress functions.
Because of the approximate nature of its force-displacements relations, FEM analysis yield
approximate results for small node numbers. However, FEM is always more accurate than
stiffness matrix especially in nonlinear analysis.
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15 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
DEFINITION
The term “Joist Girders”, as used herein, refers to open web, load-carrying members utilizing
hot-rolled or cold-formed steel, including cold-formed steel whose yield strength* has been
attained by cold working.
The design of Joist Girder chord and web sections shall be based on a yield strength of at least
36 ksi (250 MPa), but not greater than 50 ksi (345 MPa). Steel used for Joist Girder chord or
web sections shall have a minimum yield strength determined in accordance with one of the
procedures specified in Section 1002.2, which is equal to the yield strength assumed in the
design. Joist Girders shall be designed in accordance with this specification to support panel
point loadings.
*The term “Yield Strength” as used herein shall designate the yield level of a material as
determined by the applicable method outlined in paragraph 13.1, “Yield Point” and in
paragraph 13.2, “Yield Strength”, of ASTM Standard A370, “Standard Test Methods and
Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products”, or as specified in Section 1002.2 of
this Specification.
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16 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
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17 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
Load Combinations:
LRFD: When load combinations are not specified to the joist manufacturer, the required
stress shall be computed for the factored loads based on the factors and load combinations as
follows:
1.4D
1.2D + 1.6 ( L, or Lr, or S, or R )
ASD: When load combinations are not specified to the joist manufacturer, the required stress
shall be computed based on the load combinations as follows:
D
D + ( L, or Lr, or S, or R )
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18 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
Where:
D = dead load due to the weight of the structural elements and the permanent features of the
structure
L = live load due to occupancy and movable equipment
Lr = roof live load
S = snow load
R = load due to initial rainwater or ice exclusive of the ponding contribution
When special loads are specified and the specifying professional does not provide the load
combinations, the provisions of ASCE 7, “Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other
Structures” shall be used for LRFD and ASD load combinations.
Stresses:
(a) Tension: t = 0.90 (LRFD) t = 1.67 (ASD)
For Chords: Fy = 50 ksi (345 MPa)
For Webs: Fy = 50 ksi (345 MPa), or Fy = 36 ksi (250 MPa)
Design Stress = 0.9Fy (LRFD) (1003.2-1)
Allowable Stress = 0.6Fy (ASD) (1003.2-2)
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19 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
For hot-rolled sections, “Q” is the full reduction factor for slender compression elements.
Design Stress = 0.9 Fcr (LRFD) (1003.2-6)
Allowable Stress = 0.6 Fcr (ASD) (1003.2-7)
i. In the above equations, l is taken as the distance, in inches (millimeters), between
panel points for the chord members and the appropriate length for web members, and
r is the corresponding least radius of gyration of the member or any component
thereof. E is equal to 29,000 ksi (200,000 MPa).
ii. Use 1.2 l/rx for a crimped, first primary compression web member when a moment-
resistant weld group is not used for this member; where rx = member radius of
gyration in the plane of the joist.
iii. For cold-formed sections, the method of calculating the nominal column strength is
given in the AISI, North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel
Structural Members.
(c) Bending: b = 0.90 (LRFD) b = 1.67 (ASD)
Bending calculations are to be based on using the elastic section modulus.
1- For chords and web members other than solid rounds:
Fy = 50 ksi (345 MPa)
Design Stress = 0.90 Fy (LRFD) (1003.2-8)
Allowable Stress = 0.60 Fy (ASD) (1003.2-9)
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20 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
LRFD: w = 0.75
Design Shear Strength = Rn = wFnw A = 0.45Fexx A (1003.2-15)
ASD: w = 2.0
Allowable Shear Strength = (1003.2-16)
Rn /w = FnwA/w = 0.3Fexx A
A = effective throat area
Made with E70 series electrodes or F7XX-EXXX fluxelectrode combinations:
Fexx = 70 ksi (483 MPa)
Made with E60 series electrodes or F6XX-EXXX fluxelectrode combinations:
Fexx = 60 ksi (414 MPa)
Tension or compression on groove or butt welds shall be the same as those specified for the
connected material.
1003.4 MEMBERS
(a) Chords
i. The bottom chord shall be designed as an axially loaded tension member. The radius
of gyration of the bottom chord about its vertical axis shall not be less than l/240
where l is the distance between lines of bracing.
ii. The top chord shall be designed as an axial loaded compression member. The radius
of gyration of the top chord about the vertical axis shall not be less than Span/575.
iii. The top chord shall be considered as stayed laterally by the steel joists provided
positive attachment is made.
(b) Web
i. The vertical shears to be used in the design of the web members shall be determined
from full loading, but such vertical shear shall be not less than 25 percent of the end
reaction.
ii. Interior vertical web members used in modified Warren type web systems that do not
support the direct loads through steel joists shall be designed to resist an axial load of
2 percent of the top chord axial force.
iii. Tension members shall be designed to resist at least 25 percent of their axial force in
compression.
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21 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
1003.5 CONNECTIONS
(a) Methods
Joint connections and splices shall be made by attaching the members to one another by arc or
resistance welding or other accredited methods.
(1) Welded Connections
a) Selected welds shall be inspected visually by the manufacturer. Prior to this
inspection, weld slag shall be removed.
b) Cracks are not acceptable and shall be repaired.
c) Thorough fusion shall exist between layers of weld metal and between weld
metal and base metal for the required design length of the weld; such fusion
shall be verified by visual inspection.
d) Unfilled weld craters shall not be included in the design length of the weld.
e) Undercut shall not exceed 1/16 inch (2 millimeters) for welds oriented
parallel to the principal stress.
f) The sum of surface (piping) porosity diameters shall not exceed 1/16 inch (2
millimeters) in any 1 inch (25 millimeters) of design weld length.
g) Weld spatter that does not interfere with paint coverage is acceptable.
(1) Joint Connections – Joint connections shall develop the maximum force due to any of
the design loads, but not less than 50 percent of the strength of the member in tension
or compression, whichever force is the controlling factor in the selection of the
member.
(2) Shop Splices - Shop splices may occur at any point in chord or web members. Splices
shall be designed for the member force but not less than 50 percent of the member
strength. Members containing a butt weld splice shall develop an ultimate tensile
force of at least 57 ksi (393 MPa) times the full design area of the chord or web. The
term “member” shall be defined as all component parts comprising the chord or web,
at the point of splice.
(c) Field Splices
Field Splices shall be designed by the manufacturer and may be either bolted or welded.
Splices shall be designed for the member force, but not less than 50 percent of the member
strength.
1003.6 CAMBER
Joist Girders shall have approximate cambers in accordance with the following:
TABLE 1003.6-1
Top Chord Length Approximate Camber
------------------------- ------------------------------
20'-0" (6096 mm) 1/4" (6 mm)
30'-0" (9144 mm) 3/8" (10 mm)
40'-0" (12192 mm) 5/8" (16 mm)
50'-0" (15240 mm) 1" (25 mm)
60'-0" (18288 mm) 1 1/2" (38 mm)
70'-0" (21336 mm) 2" (51 mm)
80'-0" (24384 mm) 2 3/4" (70 mm)
90'-0" (27342 mm) 3 1/2" (89 mm)
100'-0" (30480 mm) 4 1/4" (108 mm)
110'-0" (33528 mm) 5" (127 mm)
120'-0" (36576 mm) 6" (152 mm)
The specifying professional shall give consideration to coordinating Joist Girder camber with adjacent
framing.
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23 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
SECTION 1004-APPLICATION
1004.1 USAGE
This specification shall apply to any type of structure where steel joists are to be supported
directly by Joist Girders installed as hereinafter specified. Where Joist Girders are used other
than on simple spans under equal concentrated gravity loading, as prescribed in Section
1003.1, they shall be investigated and modified if necessary to limit the unit stresses to those
listed in Section 1003.2. The magnitude and location of all loads and forces, other than equal
concentrated gravity loading, shall be provided on the structural drawings. The specifying
professional shall design the supporting structure, including the design of columns,
connections, and moment plates*.
This design shall account for the stresses caused by lateral forces and the stresses due to
connecting the bottom chord to the column or other support. The designed detail of a rigid
type connection and moment plates shall be shown on the structural drawings by the
specifying professional. The moment plates shall be furnished by other than the joist
manufacturer.
* For further reference, refer to Steel Joist Institute Technical Digest #11, “Design of Joist-
Girder Frames”
1004.2 SPAN
The span of a Joist Girder shall not exceed 24 times its depth.
1004.3 DEPTH
Joist Girders may have either parallel top chords or a top chord slope of 1/8 inch per foot
(1:96). The nominal depth of sloping chord Joist Girders shall be the depth at mid-span.
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24 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
1004.5 BRACING
Joist Girders shall be proportioned such that they can be erected without bridging (See
Section 1004.9 for bracing required for uplift forces). Therefore, the following requirements
must be met:
a) The ends of the bottom chord are restrained from lateral movement to brace the girder from
overturning. For Joist Girders at columns in steel frames, restraint shall be provided by a
stabilizer plate on the column.
b) No other loads shall be placed on the Joist Girder until the steel joists bearing on the girder
are in place and welded to the girder.
1004.7 DEFLECTION
The deflections due to the design live load shall not exceed the following:
I. Floors: 1/360 of span.
II. Roofs: 1/360 of span; where a plaster ceiling is attached or suspended.
III. 1/240 of span for all other cases.
The specifying professional shall give consideration to the effects of deflection and vibration*
in the selection of Joist Girders.* For further reference, refer to Steel Joist Institute Technical
Digest #5, “Vibration of Steel Joist-Concrete Slab Floors” and the Institute’s Computer
Vibration Program.
1004.8 PONDING*
The ponding investigation shall be performed by the specifying professional. * For further
reference, refer to Steel Joist Institute Technical Digest #3, “Structural Design of Steel Joist
Roofs to Resist Ponding Loads” and AISC Specifications.
1004.9 UPLIFT
Where uplift forces due to wind are a design requirement, these forces must be indicated on
the contract drawings in terms of NET uplift in pounds per square foot (Pascals). The contract
drawings must indicate if the net uplift is based on ASD or LRFD. When these forces are
specified, they must be considered in the design of Joist Girders and/or bracing.
If the ends of the bottom chord are not strutted, bracing must be provided near the first bottom
chord panel points whenever uplift due to wind forces is a design consideration.* * For
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25 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
further reference, refer to Steel Joist Institute Technical Digest #6, “Structural Design of Steel
Joist Roofs to Resist Uplift Loads”.
1004.10 INSPECTION
Joist Girders shall be inspected by the manufacturer before shipment to verify compliance of
materials and workmanship with the requirements of this specification. If the purchaser
wishes an inspection of the Joist Girders by someone other than the manufacturer’s own
inspectors, they may reserve the right to do so in their “Invitation to Bid” or the
accompanying “Job Specifications”. Arrangements shall be made with the manufacturer for
such inspection of the Joist Girders at the manufacturing shop by the purchaser’s inspectors at
purchaser’s expense.
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26 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
Chapter four
STAAD-PRO PROGRAM
APPLICATION
26
27 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
27
28 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
−1
h) Store the element stiffness matrix, in (G.C.S.), [k e❑ ]=[ [ A ] [ k e ] [ A]T ] , for each
element.
6. Assemble Overall Stiffness Matrix [K] for the System of in-plane structure. By
assembling the element stiffness matrices for each element in the in-plane structure,
using their proper positions in the in-plane structure Stiffness Matrix [K], and it must
be symmetric.
7. Compute the Joint load vector {Pj} for each joint of the in-plane structure.
8. Determine the structure joint displacements {X}. Substitute {P}, {Pe}, and [K] into
the structure stiffness relations,{ P j }=[ K ] { X } .and solve the resulting system of
simultaneous equations for the unknown joint displacements {X}.
9. Compute Element end displacement {e} and end forces {f}, and support reactions.
For each Element of the beam, as following:
10. Obtain Element end displacements {e} form the joint displacements {X}, using the
Element code numbers.
11. Compute Element end forces {f}, using the following relationship:
{ f }=[ k e ] {e }.
12. Using the Element code numbers, store the pertinent elements of {f}, in their proper
position in the Support Reaction Vector {R}
13. Check the calculation of the member end-forces and support reactions by applying
the Equation of Equilibrium to the free body of the entire in-plane structure;
n n
∑ Fy=0 , ∑ Mz=0
i=0 i=0
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29 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
Given A roof framing 36'-0" x 60"-0" bay (as shown bellow Figure). The following are the
service loads:
Required: design the joist girder that will carry a K series joist with maximum spacing of (6'-
0") center to center (based on metal roof deck). Assume the joist ( 28K6) accessories weights
is 10 PLF
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30 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
II. The Joist Girder will then be designated 72G10N6K JOIST GIRDER. Note
that the letter “K” is included at the end of the designation to clearly indicate
that this is a service load.
III. The ASD Joist Girder Design Guide Weight Table shows the weight for a
72G10N6K as 35 PLF. AS it appear (35<< 106 PLF) which verify that the
weight is not greater than the weight assumed in the Dead Load above.
d) Select a trail joist girder section for assumed depth;
I. Select 2L2.1/2x2.1/2x8/16 for chord members (top & bot.) Fig(4.1.b.a)
II. Select 2L2.x2.x6/16 for web members (diagonal).
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31 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
** Live load deflection rarely governs because of the relatively small span-depth ratios of Joist
Girders.
Step 5: apply calculated panel load with (P = 6 kip) into the computer program and
check internal forces and stresses with allowable limits given by AISC-89-ASD, as
follows;
Span (L)
P P P P P P P P P
Brick wall
Girder Depth (D)
Spacing (0.25 x L) m
Brick wall
(0.25 x L) m Depth (S)
Fig.(4.1.a), Joist Girder layout
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32 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
0
0 72 144 216 288 360 432 504 576 648 720
-0.1
-0.2
Displacements (in)
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
0.03
load case one
load case two
load case three
0.02
load case four
load case five
0.01
Displacements (in)
0
0 72 144 216 288 360 432 504 576 648 720
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03
Joist Girder length (in)
32
33 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
25
20
Force (kip)
15
10
0
0 72 144 216 288 360 432 504 576 648 720
Joist Girder length (in)
80
load case one
load case two
70
load case three
load case four
60 load case five
50
Force (kip)
40
30
20
10
0
0 72 144 216 288 360 432 504 576 648 720
Joist Girder length (in)
33
34 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
20
15
10
5
Stress (ksi)
0
0 72 144 216 288 360 432 504 576 648 720
-5
-10
-15
34
35 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
Repeating same above design example but with different variable, i.e. variables Concentrated
Panel Loads will be investigated starting form (6 kip) to (8 kip);
Span (L)
P P P P P P P P P
Brick wall
Girder Depth (D)
Spacing (0.25 x L) m
Brick wall
(0.25 x L) m Depth (S)
Fig.(4.7.a), Joist Girder layout
35
36 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
0
0 72 144 216 288 360 432 504 576 648 720
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
Displacements (in)
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
load case one
-0.9
load case two
-1 load case three
load case four
Joist Girder length (in)
load case five
0.01
0
0 72 144 216 288 360 432 504 576 648 720
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03
-0.04
-0.05
Joist Girder length (in)
36
37 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
45
40
35
30
25
Force (kip)
20
15
load case one
10 load case two
load case three
5 load case four
load case five
0
0 72 144 216 288 360 432 504 576 648 720
Joist Girder length (in)
80
Force (kip)
60
40
20
0
0 72 144 216 288 360 432 504 576 648 720
Joist Girder length (in)
37
38 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
20
15
10
5
Stress (ksi)
0
0 72 144 216 288 360 432 504 576 648 720
-5
-10
-15
38
39 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
Chapter five
Conclusions and Recommendations
39
40 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
CONCLUSIONS
Depending on the results obtained from the present study using STAAD-PRO program,
several conclusions may be established; these may be summarized as follows:
Results indicate that in-plane structures (Joist Girder) can be can be dealt with successfully
by the Stiffness Matrix Method.
STAAD-PRO Program is quite efficient and reliable for both analysis and design. The
analysis process can be carried out rapidly on electronic computer. On other hand the design
process developed used in this study is quit forward and easy to implement which depends on
the design criteria given by AISC-89 design manual (Allowable Stress Design).
Two case studies have been investigated, the first is variable girder depth, and results indicate
the following:
1. Increasing Joist Girder Depth will increase the Flexural Capacity of joist girder.
2. Increasing Girder Depth will reduce both vertical and (in-less degree) horizontal
displacements of joist girder. Because joist girder become stiffer (larger stiffness
matrix).
3. Increasing Girder Depth will reduce both Tensile and Compressive forces of joist
girder. But it should make carful than compression members dose not crossed their
maximum slenderness ratio otherwise it will fail because of local buckling and not by
yielding.
4. Using Intermediate Vertical members (4-5, 8-9, 12-13, and 16-17) will prevent
future failure because of suspended accessories (HVAC) although it is redundant in
present case.
5. Continuously supported Joist girder (with same Depth) is more practical than simply
supported joist type. Because of their less developed displacements and internal axial
forces.
6. Using Bearing Stiffener will prevent both local buckling and web shearing failure
of joist girder at supports and uniformly transfer the reaction forces to supports
(brick, concrete wall, or structural steel section).
7. Using above solution (depth increasing) is more practical in reducing yielding stress
in tension members and also reducing displacements, but it is not recommended for
reducing compression stresses because it inversely proportional to slenderness ratio
for each member.
The second is the variable applied load till failure, results indicate the following:
1. Tension members are much vulnerable than compression members, as it appear form
their higher response in Stress Figure, this is because of their higher magnitude than
compression members which originally developed because of the joist girder certain
geometry.
2. Vertical displacements are directly proportional to applied joint loads magnitudes.
And in-less degree the horizontal displacements will be effected.
3. Increasing applied joint loads will significantly increase the tension forces. And in-
less degree horizontal displacements will be effected.
4. Increasing Girder Depth will reduce both Tensile and Compressive forces of joist
girder. But it should make carful than compression members dose not crossed their
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41 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
maximum slenderness ratio otherwise it will fail because of local buckling and not by
yielding.
5. Tension members are much vulnerable than compression members, as it appear form
their high response in Stress Figure, this is because of their higher magnitude than
compression members which originally developed because of the joist girder certain
geometry.
Presented results indicate that:
In order to overcome member, Critical Tensile Stresses Case, an additional depth could be
implemented for entire joist girder as long as maximum slenderness ratio is not crossed or
simply increase the gross-section area of critical members, but it is not recommended since it
is not economical solution.
Another solution could be used is to make much revised program to find most appropriate
geometry (optimization process) which will produce minimum axial forces.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The analysis method, presented in this study for in-plane structures, could be extended to
include the following factors:
Semi-rigid connections effects on internal forces.
Three-dimension analysis is more accurate than in-plane analysis.
Shear deformation especially for deep joist girder than long beam.
Applying different cross-sections of joist girder, as shown in girder layout Fig(4.1),
and searching for best built-up section.
Optimization process could be included to cover economical part.
Camper joist with different geometry could be also studied to find best geometry for
certain case.
Composite joist girder (only at joists of truss) to find the percentage of additional
strength given by this solution.
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42 Analysis and Design of Joist Girder
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1. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD SJI-JG–1.1, SECTION 1001. Adopted by the Steel
Joist Institute November 4, 1985 ( Revised to November 10, 2003 - Effective March 01,
2005).
2. Manual Of Steel Construction (ASIC-1989,Allowable Stress Design), ninth edition.
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12. BowMles, J. E., "Mat Design." ACI Journal, Vol. 83, No.6, Nov.-Dec. 1986, pp. 1010- 1017.
13. Timoshenko, S.P. and Gere, J.M., "Theory of Elastic Stability." 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill
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