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HISTORY
OF INTERIOR DESIGN
ANCIENT EGYPT
With IDr. Cherry

ANCIENT EGYPT ANCIENT EGYPT

GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHY

• The ancient Egyptians thought of
Egypt as being divided into two types
of land, the 'black land' and the 'red
land'. The 'black land' was the fertile
land on the banks of the Nile. The 'red
land' was the barren desert that
protected Egypt on two sides.
• The Nile River was the life-giving
geographic feature that allowed
ancient Egypt to attain its height of
artistic development in the dynastic
periods.

• Barren is a place where nothing grows.

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ANCIENT EGYPT ANCIENT EGYPT

RESOURCES: RESOURCES:
• Gold Due to the scarcity of wood, the two
• Limestone predominant building materials used in ancient
• Other precious stones Egypt were sun-baked mud brick
• River
• Dessert
The ancient Egyptians used mineral compounds
to add colour to their art. As a result, some of the
colours are still vibrant and beautiful thousands of
years later. They made jewellery out of amethyst, and stone, mainly limestone, but also sandstone and
garnet, jasper, onyx, hematite, turquoise, lapis lazuli, granite in considerable quantities.
copper, malachite (a form of copper ore), gold,
silver, faience and shells.

EGYPTIAN GODS EGYPTIAN GODS

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EGYPTIAN GODS EGYPTIAN SYMBOLS

Babboon &
Ibis bird
Represents the
god Thoth

Vulture The scarab to ancient

A symbol of power in Egypt symbolizes good luck,
Egyptian culture and hope, and eternal life.
their protection.

EGYPTIAN SYMBOLS EGYPTIAN SYMBOLS

Pschent (/skɛnt/) Djed Pillar Ankh (/æŋk, ɑːŋk) Amenta Crook and the Flail - Hekha & Nekhakha
- was the name of the - also known as - is an ancient Egyptian - represents the Land of the - The Crook (Hekha) means “to rule”
Double Crown worn by “the backbone hieroglyphic ideograph Dead(the Underworld). - The Flail (Nekhakha) symbolizes royal power.
rulers in ancient Egypt. of Osiris”, is the symbolizing life and
symbol that immortality.
represents
strength and
stability in
ancient Egyptian
culture.

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EGYPTIAN SYMBOLS
EGYPTIAN SYMBOLS
Ka Eye of Horus Was (Was Scepter)
- literally means “spirit”- represents protection, healing, - It represented the
or “soul” good health and royal power. Also dominion of gods, that is, a
known as the symbol of moon. divine dominion and power
rather than an earthly
power.

EGYPTIAN SYMBOLS EGYPTIAN SYMBOLS

•FLORAL •GEOMETRIC
⮚Lotus bud - symbol of rebirth ⮚Zigzag
⮚Papyrus - a natural symbol of life ⮚Chevron
⮚Palm – symbol of purity ⮚Coils
⮚Lozenges

CONTINUOUS COIL SPIRAL

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EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

POST AND LINTEL CONSTRUCTION BATTER WALL

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

Fluted Columns Lotiform columns
This early form of This resembles a simple lotus
column bud form and finds ample use
resembled in old and middle kingdom
bundled reeds or temples. In the new kingdom,
plants stems but there use declined, the ribbed
was sometimes shafts represent lotus stems
made as and capitals are made in the
form of a closed bud or open
polygonal shafts
lotus flower. Lotus here refers
as well.
to a type of water lily.
Palmiform columns
The columns depicted a palm tree
motif, but not the tree and eight palm
fronts were lashed to a pole.
Papyriform column
The column was made in several variations
some in a circular form representing the single
plant, while others as ribbed with multiple
stems. The capitals were closed buds or open
bell-shaped form.

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EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

Coniform columns
The column form was not so popular
and used in later temples. It has a
fluted shaft surmounted by top
Campaniform columns
resembling branches of a conifer tree.
The many forms included floral columns or pillars,
circular, square or ribbed pillars and a flower-shaped
Tent Pole columns capital seemed common. These column types were
Constructed of brick, these are a stone rare but the stylized versions could be seen during
representation of wooden poles used the Greco-Roman period.
for supporting tents, kiosks, shrines or
ship cabins. Earliest of Egypt’s
structures, but there use is still
mystical.

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

Some ancient Egyptian columns
also represented deities or their
attributes. The two most common
types included Hathoric Columns
and Osiride Pillars.

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EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE EGYPTIAN MOULDINGS

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

FORMS OF
MASTABA
ARCHITECTURE In ancient Egyptian, the term for a mastaba meant "eternal house", referring to
•Mastaba the final resting place of the dead. The word mastaba derived from an Arabic
•Rock-hewn Tomb word meaning "bench", and indeed, from far away, the structure does look like a
bench. It had a flat roof and a rectangular shape with sloping sides facing
•Pyramid outward. It was constructed with stone or bricks made of mud from the Nile.
•Temples
Mastabas were tombs and they began as burial sites for royals, including
⮚Motuary Temples pharaohs, back in the earliest dynasties of ancient Egypt. As the Old Kingdom
⮚Cult Temples commenced, the pharaohs started to be buried in pyramids instead of mastabas.
Commoners continued using the mastaba as a burial house for over a thousand
•Sphinx
years.
•Obelisk

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EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

MASTABA ROCK-HEWN TOMB

Rock-cut architecture is the

practice of creating a structure
by carving it out of solid natural
rock. There are many examples
of work of this kind, often done
on a grand scale and involving
intensive labour. The rock-cut
tombs and temples listed here
are among the most amazing and
beautiful buildings in the world.
Abu Simbel is an archaeological site comprising two massive
Necropolis of Saqqara rock-cut temples in southern Egypt on the western bank of
Lake Nasser.

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

PYRAMID PYRAMID
Pyramid, in architecture, a monumental
structure constructed of or faced with
stone or brick and having a rectangular
base and four sloping triangular sides
meeting at an apex.

The pyramids of ancient

Egypt were funerary edifices. They
were built over a period of 2,700 years,
ranging from the beginning of the Old Step Pyramid
Kingdom to the close of the Ptolemaic Of King Djoser Pyramid
period. of Giza

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EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

SPHINX OBELISK
Mythological creature An obelisk is a stone rectangular pillar with a
with a lion’s body and tapered top forming a pyramidion, set on a base,
a human head, an
erected to commemorate an individual or event
important image in
and honor the gods.
Egyptian and Greek
art and legend.
It is thought that the earliest obelisks served as a
The earliest and most
kind of training for working in stone on
famous example in art is monumental projects which was a necessary step
the colossal recumbent toward pyramid building.
Great Sphinx at Giza,
Egypt, dating from the
reign of King Khafre The obelisks at Karnak, Egypt

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

TEMPLE TEMPLE
Cult temples Mortuary temples
It is generally thought that the Egyptian cult temple of the Old Kingdom owed In ancient Egypt, is place of worship of a deceased king and the
most to the cult of the sun god Re at Heliopolis, which was probably open in
plan and lacking a shrine.
depository for food and objects offered to the dead monarch. the
mortuary temple usually adjoined the pyramid and had an open,
The necessary elements of an Egyptian temple, most of which can be seen at pillared court, storerooms, five elongated shrines, and a chapel
Luxor, are the following: an approach avenue of sphinxes leading to the great containing a false door and an offering table.
double-towered pylon entrance fitted with flagpoles and pennants; before the
pylon a pair of obelisks and colossal statues of the king; within the pylon a court
leading to a pillared hall, the hypostyle, beyond which might come a further,
smaller hall where offerings could be prepared; and, at the heart of the temple,
the shrine for the cult image.

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EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

PYLONS The temple’s entrance gate
leading to the main temple. VESTIBULE
PERISTYLE Open court The first room of the
inner temple area.
HYPOSTYLE HALL Contains a central
double row of columns higher than the others.

Luxor Temple ⮚Temple of Isis

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

SANCTUARY
Contains small shrines
used as receptacles for
the small statues of the
gods.

⮚Temple of Isis

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EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE EGYPTIAN FURNITURE

Bed of the Divine Cow Egyptian Dipped Seat

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ANCIENT GREECE

•The land is mountainous and surrounded by the Mediterranean

Sea. It has mild winters and long hot & dry summer.

•The mountains also formed natural barriers between the major

city-states. The tallest mountain in Greece is Mount Olympus.
ANCIENT GREECE The Ancient Greeks believed that their gods lived at the top of
Mount Olympus.

ANCIENT GREECE ANCIENT GREECE

ARCHAIC PERIOD
• It has natural harbors for - Greek government began to form with the rise of the city-states such as Athens and Sparta.
- The mark of an artistic development such as pottery and the minting of coins.
trade. - The first Olympic Games takes place.
 Crete was the transmitter - Democracy is introduced in Athens by Cleisthenes. He establishes a constitution and is often called the "Father of
Athenian Democracy".
of Egyptian and
CLASSICAL PERIOD
Mesopotamians. - The theater becomes a very popular form of entertainment in Greece.
- Pericles built the Acropolis, the center of culture and religion in honor of Athena.
 Troy was a strategic - Alexander begins his conquests and defeats the Persians. Over the next several years Alexander would greatly expand his
empire, conquering much of Persia on the way to India.
location guarding the - Socrates, Plato and Aristotle made numerous contributions in the field of mathematics, medicine, and other sciences,
entrance into the Black literature, and the arts
Sea which controlled HELLENISTIC PERIOD
commerce with Asia Minor. - The Hellenistic period begins when Alexander the Great dies. The Ancient Greek civilization begins its decline and the
Ancient Romans start to gain power.
- Realism, sentimentalism dominated sculpture. Dramatic effects were seen in the exaggerated folds of draperies. There was a
mastery of materials and graceful proportions.

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GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

•Greek architecture sought perfection in forms. It was •The column is the most
essentially columnar and trabeated (trabis – meaning beam). prominent element in
They are know for their intricate detail, symmetry, harmony, and Ancient Greek
balance. architecture. Columns
supported the roof, but
also gave buildings a
•The Greeks built most of their temples and government feeling of order, strength,
buildings in three types of styles :Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. and balance.
These styles (also called "orders") were reflected in the type of
columns they used. Most all of the columns had grooves down •The capital was a
the sides called fluting. This gave the columns a feeling of depth design at the top of the
and balance. column.

GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

•The frieze was a decorative panel above the columns that contained
relief sculptures. The sculptures often told a story or recorded an TYPES OF ARCHITECTURE
important event.

•The pediment was a triangle located at each end of the building • Acropolis • Prytaneion
between the frieze and the roof. It also contained decorative
sculptures. • Temple • Bouleterion
• Theater • Palestra
•The inner chamber in a temple was called the cella or the naos.
• Agora • Tholos
•Propylaea - A processional gateway. The most famous one is at the
entrance to the Acropolis in Athens.

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ACROPOLIS ACROPOLIS

•A city upon a hill

(ACRO means ‘high’ while POLIS means ‘city’).

•Acropolis history shows that the site changed from a

political and military centre to a cult site. This is why the
various temples were built on it.

•It became the center of culture and religion in honor of

Athena.

ACROPOLIS PROPYLAEA

•Propylaea is the gateway to the temples on the Acropolis.

•The word refers to a collection of buildings which form the

monumental and impressive structure through which visitors had to
pass to reach the main buildings on the site.

•It is an imposing entrance structure built entirely of Pentelic marble

(from Pentelicus Mountain)

•It is unique on the Acropolis in that is not dedicated to any deity.

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PROPYLAEA PROPYLAEA

PROPYLAEA TEMPLE OF NIKE

•Pinacotheca (Pinakotheke,latin) - A picture gallery. It housed the
tablets or pictures honouring the gods.

•Temple of Athena Nike - it stood as a shrine to Athens’ patron

goddess, and also acted as a symbol of Athens’ military and
political strength.

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PARTHENON PARTHENON

•PARTHENON was built in the aftermath of war.

•This ancient Greek temple was designed in the time of

Pericles as a replacement for a temple destroyed by the
•Ictinus was the chief Persians.
architect, Callicrates
acted as the project
contractor and •It houses the monumental chryselephantine (sometimes called
technical coordinator Athena Parthenos). It is made of gold and ivory statue of
while Phideas was Athena created by Phideas.
responsible for all
artistic elements.

PARTHENON PARTHENON
•The festival was formed
in order to honor the
goddess Athena who had
become the patron of
Athens after having a
competition with the god
Poseidon. The procession
to the Parthenon was more
important than the games
themselves. The event
held contests in a number
of musical, athletic, and
equestrian events.

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ERECHTHEION ERECHTHEION

•Erechtheion was built to commemorate Athena’s victory over

Poseidon.

•It was built asymmetrically; with four sets of columnar support,

four levels of elevation and three structural units each with
their own roofs

•Made from specially picked dark blue limestone to contrast

with the white Pentelic marble of the walls and columns, allowing
the tantalising colours to stand out from the temple.

ERECHTHEION ERECHTHEION

•Caryatids - an architectural column which takes the form of a standing female figure.

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GREEK THEATERS AUDITORIUM

1. Auditorium
2. Odeion
3. Stadium
4. Hippodrome

Theater of Epidaurus

AUDITORIUM GREEK THEATERS

•Odeons are comparatively
small theatre in which
musicians and orators
performed and competed.

Theater of Epidaurus Odeon of Herodes of Atticus

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GREEK THEATERS GREEK THEATERS

•Stadiums are
elongated
theaters for foot
race.

Exedra
Hellanodikai

Hadrianic Odeon in Troy

Ancient Stadium at Olympia

GREEK THEATERS STOA

Hippodrome
-Elongated
theaters for
chariot race. •A covered walk
connecting public
places.
Ancient Hippodrome at Delphi, Greece Stoa of Eumenes

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STOA AGORA

A 3D recreation of Stoa of Eumenes Agora of Ephesus

AGORA PRYTANEION

•The original Agora of Athens was

located below the Acropolis near the
building which today is known as The
Thesion and open-air markets are still
held in that same location in the modern
day.

•Retail traders (known as kapeloi)

served as middle-men between the
craftsmen and the consumer
Prytaneion on Ancient Olympia

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PRYTANEION BOULETERION
•The term is used to describe any of a range of ancient structures •A council house where
where officials met but the term is also used to refer to the building elections were held. It
has rows of seats on
where the officials and winners of the Olympic games met at
three sides or in a semi-
Olympia.
circular arrangement.
•The Prytaneion normally stood in centre of the city, in the agora. •The Boule (Council)
included 500
•Senate house. representatives, 50 from
each of the ten "tribes"
•It contains the communal banqueting room & the symbolic hearth of of Athens.
goddess Hestia.
Bouleterion in Priene

BOULETERION PALESTRA
•A wrestling school / gymnasium.

•The palestra essentially consisted

of a rectangular court surrounded
by colonnades with adjoining rooms.
These rooms might house a variety
of functions: bathing, ball playing,
undressing and storage of clothes,
seating for socializing, observation,
or instruction, and storage of oil,
dust or athletic equipment.

OLD BOULETERION NEW BOULETERION

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THOLOS GREEK SCULPTURE

•Dedalic Style – clay

mold technique for
frontal figures.

•Male figures have

their one foot forward
and their arms hang
down their sides.

The THOLOS tomb is a round, beehive shaped structure famously built by •Show emotions in the
Mycenean people. A rounded cut was made into a hillside, with huge ashlar masonry face (archaic smile)
to create a conical structure, with a wide entryway leading to it, known as a dromos.

GREEK SCULPTURE GREEK SCULPTURE PEDIMENT

Depicts the birth of Athena

Chryselephantine Depicts the contest between Athena and her Uncle Poseidon

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GREEK SCULPTURE METOPE GREEK SCULPTURE METOPE

•North - Trojan War •West – Amazonomachy •Panatheniac procession- a major

•South -Centauromachy •East - Gigantomachy parade, festival and games that took
place in Athens every four years.

GREEK POTTERY GREEK POTTERY

OSTRICISM
• Ostracism was a political process in 5th-
century whereby those individuals considered
too powerful or dangerous to the city were
exiled for 10 years by popular vote.
Ostrakon for Pericles
• Citizens voted against a particular candidate
by scratching his name on a piece of pottery,
an ostrakon. Officials known as phylai then
collected the ostraka and made sure that
nobody voted twice.
Ostrakon for Themistocles

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GREEK POTTERY GREEK MOTIF

WAVE & LAUREL

•Ostraka, shards
of pottery used as
a voting ballot in the
ancient Greece. GUILLOCHE

GREEK MOTIF GREEK FURNITURE

DIPHROS OKLADIAS KLISMOS 3-LEGGED TABLE

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GREEK FURNITURE

ANCIENT ROME

KLINE

ANCIENT ROME ANCIENT ROME

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTIONS

● Republic • Sewers
● Roads & Highways • Cesarian section
● Plumbing • Roman Numerals
● Courier Service • Apartment buildings
● Acta diurna (Newspaper) • Cements
● Central heating • Arches

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ANCIENT ROME ANCIENT ROME

CONCRETE
•It was used to make
square or polygonal
ornamental sunken
panel used in a
series as decoration
for a ceiling or vault.
The sunken panels
were sometimes are
called coffers.

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

FORUM /
FORA

FORMS OF ARCHITECTURE •Elections

• Forum / Fora • Circus •Public
• Temples • Apria speeches
• Basilicas • Aqueducts •Criminal trials
• Arena • Thermae/ Baths •Public meetings
• Theater • Catacombs
• Amphitheater • Arches •Religious
ceremonies
•Educational
events
•Trading

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ROMAN ARCHITECTURE ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

TEMPLE
•The Roman
temple was one of
the key features of
Roman culture, a
place to worship
gods in the
Roman religion.

Pantheon Pantheon

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE ROMAN THEATER

Roman theatre were influenced by the Greek. The semicircular design of the
building enhanced the natural acoustics of the theatre. Roman Theatre included
entertainments such as mime, orations, dance, choral events and different types of
plays including farce, tragedy and comedy.
PARTS:
1) Scaenae frons
2) Porticus post scaenam
3) Pulpitum
4) Proscaenium
5) Orchestra
6) Cavea
7) Aditus maximus
8) Vomitorium
Pantheon

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ROMAN THEATER ROMAN THEATER

1. Scaenae frons 2. Porticus post scaenam

- the elaborately decorated
background of a Roman
theatre stage. This area
usually has several entrances
to the stage including a grand
central entrance.

ROMAN THEATER ROMAN THEATER

3. Pulpitum 4. Proscenium
-a platform for public - the area of a theater
speakers in front of the surrounding the stage
scaenae frons. opening.

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ROMAN THEATER ROMAN THEATER

5. Orchestra 6. Cavea - the semi-

-the semi-circular space circular seating space.
between the audience and A large Roman theaters
the scaenae had 3 tiers: Ima cavea,
media cavea, suma cavea

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

3. Aditus Maximus – the entrance to the
orchestra, typically between the cavea and
the scaena.
8. Vomitorium - are passage
situated below or behind a tier
of seats in an amphitheatre,
through which big crowds can
exit rapidly at the end of a

Cryptae- Large curved barrel-vaulted corridor beneath

the cavea for audience traffic.

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ROMAN AMPHITHEATER ROMAN THEATERS

Amphitheater
In contrast to the Roman theater, which evolved from Greek models, the
amphitheater had no architectural precedent in the Greek world. Likewise, the
spectacles that took place in the amphitheater—gladiatorial combats and venationes
(wild beast shows)

Arles
Amphitheater
in France

ROMAN THEATERS ROMAN THEATERS

Colosseum
In Italy

-Originally known as
Verona
Flavian
Arena
Amphitheater
in Italy

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ROMAN BATH
ROMAN INTERIOR
• Main Building (w/ 3 apartments)
⮚ Tepidarium – warm room
⮚ Caldarium – hot room
⮚ Frigidarium – cold room w/
unheated pool
• Laconicum – dry sweating room
• Sudatorium – steam room
• Apodyteria – dressing room
• Unctuaria – room for oiling and
shampooing
• Palestra (Ephebeum) – gymnasium
• Tablinum - main office / reception
• Exedrae - dinner corners

ROMAN BATH ROMAN BATH

RUINS OF THE BATHS OF CARACALLA

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ROMAN INTERIOR ROMAN INTERIOR

RUINS OF THE BATHS OF CARACALLA RUINS OF THE BATHS OF CARACALLA

ROMAN HOUSES ROMAN HOUSES

INSULAE – Crowded apartment
TYPICAL ROMAN HOUSE blocks where middle classes and poor
1. Vestibulum were housed
2. Atrium
3. Tablinum
4. Triclinum
5. Cubiculum
6. Peristylum
7. Culina/Cocina
8. Lararium
DOMUS – a form of house that
9. Cellae
wealthy families owned in ancient Rome

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ROMAN HOUSES ROMAN HOUSES

HADRIAN’S VILLA
VILLA – country houses
for the rich and known.

ROMAN HOUSES
ROMAN HOUSES
HADRIAN’S VILLA HADRIAN’S VILLA

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ROMAN HOUSES ROMAN MOTIF

HADRIAN’S VILLA •Rinceau Pattern

•Guilloche

ROMAN MOTIF ROMAN MOTIF

•Octavia •Star of Lozenges

•Interlinked •Solomon Knot

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ROMAN MOTIF ROMAN FURNITURE

•Spinning Shield
•LECTUS – serves as sofa or bed at night

ROMAN FURNITURE ROMAN FURNITURE

•Solium •Cathedra

•Roman Curule •Roman •Scamnum

Chair Tripod Table

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ROMAN FURNITURE

•CHEST – serves as storage •Cinerarium

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