Madewn Physics Cathode Ras ane beam of electrons 6 peduce fo flourerence hen Fall fa en protyraphic Plate potentrad, - A Piffoung Thomson's Expou'ment ce Ratio) : R ee v ay Elechic Force = Magne Force its eae €E= ed 8B veg = Speed oF ele a a b she re O » eam : mK Werk done by Vom elechons Le fe : hi Clechon eve mv a Se 8 EY © Fem O £@ iB ce wa 2c ™ ive ™ Mil ean | ol Drop Expeument. (for finding change on elector] — = Teen oe c (0) Plate AE Bae Maintained at x9 Vou High potential Liffounce 7 @y of drops. wu charged by friction or bg tora G) Hen a Sprayer is used to Spray oil droplets (4) Then two Separate ¢ @) Motion ond en 6) sudy Vd ey *PPUMeNK core Conducted Pavity $ Vis cous Force a . ay Oni form electyyie fretd.7 ; vi Viscocy Wa) Study Of motion of oil Avops under a vt ‘stocity aux allowed to fal HiIl it acqvired #0 OiN elnops Balance alk fortey Ferminal Velocity men Misous * Begomey = gravity eek 2 TY: Rady ef orl daop OEM = gad 2) -0 U tecffierent of . vrs four ty of oy wy + Termmnat Velocy'f, d: densi ty of oi / A wt dense by of auy (uy) Study of motion of ot Drop wurde, ON form Clectny field => OFl drops any alowed to move SPWand AYP sp acquives, tumines Velocity Ce) tin Proence of Electy fidd then Balance A forces F euoyemcy ’ "chectwe ~ "peeity ‘ oe sea bs Lavery £ gd + St yy, = fin rv, - LE Emr'(d- og “@) Frm O £ © = J87N Cve+ v4) | Avg i — 20d F)q ‘ Dis the Ae par ation between 00 points ang ty fle su time taken by drops to Cover Dibstemre by Vy Iu, db then Vibe f Uy= BD See “4 SF a 7s = Pn Lip te c . é £ Pa De >> 2 27 (n 44) j : i e fe NN 2EFigig} enae akoo came inkegeal mulhiple of thuabt look No Need + Remem ber above vant Note == the proce divy of Caleulab ee ime ke Photoetectric Effect a aaa) “ Clej ection electron When Hy of Proper wavelength fells on metal Sungace @) effect of Intensity of Mmadent Radretion : Deere grate © arene odetegy falling Bos unde Cc Wh ® Cwount ow Sntenatty @ No threshold Be Inteng | Photvelectnc effect ta obcen for culk Sotenaity « ‘g ‘ ft ms Gy) Effect of potential if ference between Cand D Keeping Shtensity amel frequeny Of UEht fined: Oyeunt Snevease, usi'th increase Ne ; Partiitlan Value andl that Cuvent 14 Cole of A tunation Cweunt - Sn tat fonction aU elect Chected by try at a 5 Ath OF. Reaching Plate hy yore? Ve: Cut ~0f 4 potenhreel = “Opposite potental needs to a Peapplicd to Atop the 3 5 flowing Cue nt - Ut of ph 1 Ver is Inde pen dent of Smtenatty Potent of day rt(¢) Effect of frequency : Qs Stopping potenhral /tul-aff potentral Varies Hrearta wrth Frequency of incident Jig he Q) Thee is a Threshold freq qvency below Which Mo Photo electyre effect iA Obsenved. GC Etnctern's Sr plancbon of threholol Frequeng : =>) Caiyne = = WS. kK Ena Eee hiah fenction Of metal 7 egy Yequired by ashe. w “t™me fr elec rm Fe vente I saniiuey Ee otvracty¢ torcy Frequency a hou'ty Mag! Kine te Energy s4 Of of Ug we electron any riak: Can have Planks oe of Ff Een Consiont Egg hited ay i ar Renee i Jes ae Jame ven Vena 2A (S- Co) o= KU, Vos & Threshold Frequenc oF metal J Noke DV, = Ud aff potenbaf ~ 4 W-vo) ke if & ded ® Clee tron [o, KEemas | : anita ia . ‘fee Q) Ce RSton eee yy —> Remembey ? ALin p) this (Wy Momen tury, ef photon = prot (5) photo electyic ey iS aw Mnatantan ¢ ows Proc ens Sachke* ost: be efechon of e lechunReatehion Premunt Force hy Radrabions IP = 1 des Poot, olt ge, Preswy = 2 ee aie = Intern; 3 wc luge td wnaty £ ib > Z % for perf ecft abcor bin Note’ For Joo % Reflecting bwrface ; tunfare? st ff Prem wu eye 2, Intensity a er Ss = £¢ % atten Waye » Apasticle = ad 3 ME relatives te fe i : Mi mo Vey Mo! Rest may Of Partch Vii Speed of Partele . ATOM — C3 Thomson's Model = feulled @) Ruther ford's Model > faite o 0) Bohik Mode ! , (valid only for) Hy drogen nis) (ee £ Wud) ni Yadius of nth Ov br 2: Atomic Nombe, En? Energy of nth Orbit Vat Weloe'ty fof = electron In n't Orbs}.[ fh orbit fe nth orbit then theo jump from hy . ey ene Ralewth Requived tn the form of Raclichiyg -I6 Y DEx B.¢ er, “taf ev IG XID 274-117 wave numbey 2 OAL WP Re (a9 bate fh 1) eng! hy? a) : f #4, “4 Ryd beng Consta nd : Re b09eaa iS om! Also Remember ia 3 le 4 / Re O46 dae! R Binding Enen > -E, C Ehengy Req orr eof fo haf 4 II (° ron om rot) B® doniscabion Energy = ~E, tb Nombey of Apectral Unes When Clectrm fou ‘tom, No ton (=r, +) Cnn, ) 7 a ~ Mel = uthen electrisn falf Balmer Seuiey s nnr from gi ton, Paschmen Sous oes Any/ Check Bracket Leuey + nny ( hy) {© a P fund Souter 4 SS \ (m0 Hey—— kina Of Vi Aho Hefay < Crctonagett wbinins of Voy shock Cork) and high Energy eee pres ofout moving electyms o- Cathode emi'tte : . ; high atomic may TMS Atel ke atanget of hig - D Nalune af t-Raye depends om O) Cured in Filomend & Q) Voltage ‘between filament 3 Sn Anode yp HE ig : , k Db Gwoent Increases > Intense beam o, a X Kap, cs Producedt becaue © lange amber of elechong Dewblén g the Filament twount Beuble the Heat Produced . Effictency a to Rays, Produ chon doesnt h Chang ¢. Y No Ret vacton (3) Neatrely changed Khas Pbweption ray, Of ¢-R ah i. eK Penenacidy nelésrcries i ate e a Mabou, ig Coefficient of beer phony of Matoutaf ois + Tee Trcbersi ty | of inc tolenst beam of rhe ae i Polepends On aénsity, otomic. number, of mocterutel., a pe 73" Be oot, aM a bsorptron «X~ Rasy Diffrachon anol Braga's (ono! en ee faa distance betoeen molewes Ww Hee Cryst 4: wave lengthof 7 Rouy adsna=nF rgledked al distance behtoren planes Ray : thous h molcades jn . Crys ot \) @ angle between incidevs crys tol HF Redlected R Worn plane of crptal - Oo! Orden Did fracfy X-Ray spectra anal Origin of £oRays. Ff Dif fraction thanattoutre y- Peay ° They Using Bohy's Model We Con fird Energy 4 *-Rauy ~19 Be nde elev '?22 a, a] Th! plank !s Gnestect , 2 ree Effective otovic numbey = P| 22:1 abomte num ber nye Orbit Of knocked electra 0: frequency of K- Rays Ns Ob of elechen hich fake place of bnocked electron:he — . Ma al ne » kK. Means * no lalip vs Dy = Hy, 4/ F2 k, ke Means Ne Kes fs | d : My = Ahr oe pene to OK Cad) Seruigg Te “Sheu Snel{ R34 we plot Vo af Ka X-Rays as a function of 2 Catomt'c Number) 00% gat ao straight Line “ive [VT = 0 (2~b) | oly i For ke) bey F aie fa = Wag yigt Ths Relation in Cable aA Moseley's Lao - CUse fut for deterny ning atonu'c Number) bb) Continuous Wr Rags ; ORGY of Conhinu ous ARouh: Ot an clectyon beam of energy €V i& éNudent on the tang et mot outal 't interact ust (eulom bic Pos'tye Change of “SF acclenate election: and from Claw Cal tre of electromagnetism Seddenty Acc lerated charg ¢s Produces Racliahlon or ClecHromagnetic in nocturne Cale of Premestrah.ting C Brea Eng Rackicch‘ory ) The freq vency of emitted Raduiech ‘on eomtinucus | nang os os change 5 Pregens iv accleat? of shen It approaches the nucle anol finally “5 deflected 40 tye AloeNott s@)Continugus y¥~ are matewal Independent =a ' a ) Depends om Voltage applic -hetocen filament f target matouiey (©) One sen portant feotune af Combinusus x Ras "5 that they enck abrupily ot a Corteun levoey Wavelength fora given Vo ltacy e « 2 From Enevgy tons ea tition ) : e Ay-ray = Bue 4 Min) v Cin Vette) G Emiccion ends ents ak Doni, a given Veltaye MO ae L Mee oe Nucveéz D> Cart ab Cente. of an atom containty, entire positive Change onc almost uShole of mays > Nucleus » proton + newhon . : i (abge) ety =) maw of neutyon 4 SUg htty geeatoy than poten J 2) Z=atoe number ef atom = Aumben Of proton 4 el = No- of proton + no~ of newton = maw number oy. Radtua of nucleus =f 3 Roe 2 x10 5m 2) Density Of nucleus 2 2.5 yg! keg Im Csame for all sms Mele’ Cal wos) => Element th Represented ay’ ay oo ‘ ‘ 4 fF D&gmbot{ omy '¢ MumbenMays Defect Com) , 8 rs hole’ nding Energy (Ey) ona B nding enen, D SM Po nucle on (6) % observed that the may of A nucleus bs alias fens On the lonsttuent (free) nucleons. This Uf rence r Coke mary defect Cam) g m2, A) = MS OF cctony Am: [2m + 2m, 7 (men) - zn] TWA may defect in, he form of crengy Responer pp for Binding the RUCle omy, Topethe, . E,- Am ¢2 Vote . (1) --Ey yy B cenen, Col clatect in Mev on (2) Om “4 J “a Jer eral Col clacteel rn GO amas Home man, unit cu) = LH may, Of Cambor atom \ WD Ap ec icae 32 Poona ne 1 008 C6 4 Me = o ovoce y G) €, te : we oe ; amuse iy NMeyigrs , 3¥ 3) evn BLS wep fon ® Ep D Med for Predicting Abab uty Of. & MUcleus Ct Thr ts Bet &)OBServecions : GS Ga. idles onan average and reaches amavirnum te Roo of about 2-9 Mey (2) More heavy nude, E slowly decreases a fh For Heautes4 NOt elemeny — 3%y i+ drops Fb Mey» They Shy heavy element have q for fiction fo brea and athary AtabILty - fae eases +d 2 bout tend eney Nvelean Forces % Reachtmy Proton. % Newtons ao helel together boy 1B n, othruchiye Forces side the nucleus + These forces wu ¢ td NU lean for cen - = Pro port, of Nuctean fortes OS Short ~ Rang ed G15) + Negliai He After Cepareetion of (+ 15% ) Cy Mucler Force S Clechomarnette S gravi'techioneeh ces) Gy Sadepend ent Of charge « hwo, cthrachuy Nuclean Keactiony 6) thongy Conservation i4 follovse : 8B (energy Released jy Reachon) = Kon of ce aay x = By Momentum Lenser vection % folloused . GB) Totu number Of Protons - ancl’ nenymy Should vermeu'n Lame ‘od beth side Of nuclear Yeachoy: _ Cerotrermie | Spontaneous ) 7 ee Cendo Merm'i , Non- Spontaneeud Reaction)Ve =3 le Reachon be avX —5 Yt Ore (ma my — my —m,) - By Momentum Censenvechion m= (mam) 7) Let dary Veachion be endo thermic Needy 4p be Au pplted threugh between a # K , 40 some enen Perfectly tnelash'c collt’siing by Energy Corsenuchion: KE? = KE, 40 = ke, = ona 2 a, 4 pmol = fi lmerin, Jo TE eo OF fe e> LE~ [Ql { ma : mx tM a) KEL! Threshold Cmin) even 4] thot a bombanciany Particle mut ¢ Ao to ItHote endothermic Nuclear A taction RADIO RETEVITY © O14 0 phoney SS In hich an Unstable nucleux D> pontaneces | looges, enengs by emittin fond ing Pascticles, ancl Radiation. 9p Ka Atochashie Crand, proc - Jt impossible to preduct when a glen atom, wll decay bat tf a darge numbes, of Simeon, eutoms aro giver Then decay roche 14 Predictable ++ ST UME af achurty 1 Becqueral CB, ) i By = decany Per: Seconof Pewulgenn (Cf = BeFyIO By om)“ps of decay: ) ‘ i les (4 He) is GQ) a a mdeces - ct Heffum nuc ( ¢ a) pha decay G uy) ona z x parh ele cue He nuclei = Change = 42¢ man amy tmp x Um, Lew Peneratin g pow oy High oni fing powey w- decay iA vepresented ey p Ry —s Ay, 2 dq oe a he Coparcie J 2435 Mey B Qatar) = (™, = my mJ Cie amu) Gs Keys key Aso | Ascume Pownt nucle? Wy at ert tv’ tably Pa = Py Be Bantel: talc; Most Of the enen of ho fo, ('. : . (J 16 emitted by mdclens ay A A o> ik 3 ae . fe a) Cont. neutrino)' yoton Wi thy Sm thin decay y « newton transform into P Nucleug semitting an er > th —s'e4 9 4 0 D \ ee" oe a ants aooiklesy Nott » Most », = fission eachin otiuns When sjoug Mov "ny newton Atelke they Tony a element.b above Sig) ce ek aaa eae oe nctn panded yo) Yeachon ane cape ble af @ fission Wen ' : an '& avatlable, then the number of fiscions FaFing place at sucepive Blage goes increasing ok a Veuy ae Sake and Hula Generates a Rouen of fission TA 14 known as chaln Yeaction + The chan Meact'on taky Place only ‘ft = of the Fissionoble mateyal *% Preater than 4 Cectouy Axe colled the crt'h'cal Aize. Nvclean fusion » “The Proce, og he nucler nucleay ust ha Veleare e Dena jai italted! a nuclear fusion . fea Hel ane mey Note sar, i r Bete 2G Fe fdion reach Close, to 2 2 H+ Has 1 t fon to ocuy &) Hegh Fem Prratun, cevhonment for fusion 1 TON 4 Veuy BAH ou to prodtcy, tock ly, Pion ik vow MTL 8 beeen C-) fasion in try bounce fey of Sun.Laws of Rachio active Decay Ov Raclto ac Horty checary folloca frest orden Fine tes WI Recho acter : lea, phehomengy. is pur e nud p y and 3A independent Of physical anck chemical Con chi" HY ond : Ni Nombe, Nocle; 6) au. aN me of ol at dv! Noms g, Of Vvceles =S NE Ny & Sind egy hed Mn Hime . dat decay Rate = -dd: nu et 1: decay Cons ta ies olt Ro: Numbu of ucler w Ralt Lifes Ame Shen at tmp Ms : t= No Mes Vomber of nucles = ©-6a% = dnd at Hime = ¢ a a wv Average Life (Tt). Totes Ue ot Muecte = [rE merge Se No A B Wamber of Nuces Clecayed Hl time { = NoCire It) ® Probability of Survival = Ne 2 grat No 7 Sat. puta | of decay = ie Peunvroas alc