Group 3

1. Wina Khairunnisa (202132027)

2. Noor Chalimatus Sakdiyah (202132029)
3. Aulia Putri (202132033)
4. Suci Safitri (202132034)

Introduction to functional grammar

1. Title : Analysis of Interpersonal meaning in Text : The real princess
2. Introduction :
The interpersonal meaning is concerned with the interaction between speaker or
writer and listener or reader. Its function is to enabling of exchanging roles in rhetorical
interaction: statements, questions, offers and commands.
The interpersonal metafunction comprehends a text’s tenor or interactivity
which is again comprised with three components: the speaker/writer persona (whether
the writer or speaker has a neutral attitude, which can be seen through the use of
positive or negative language) social distance (how close the speakera are) and relative
social status (whether they are equal in terms of power and knowledge on a subject)

3. Review of the related theory

In this chapter we draw several theories related to the topic from various
sources This chapter aims to identify interpersonal meaning and reveal the speech
function of the use of language contained in Hans Christian Andersen's short story The
Real Princess. The object of research is the analysis of the interpersonal meaning of
clauses as exchange in Hans Christian Andersen's short story The Real Princess. The data
used in this study are clauses as exchanges in Hans Christian Andersen's short story The
Real Princess. In this chapter, we describe the interpretation of the interpersonal
meaning and speech function found in the short story.
Webster (2019) asserts that interpersonal metafunction concerns with the use
of language to interact with others in the exchange. The exchange is expressed by the
choices which are realized through the mood element. Chueasuai (2017) adds that “this
particular lexico-grammatical pattern of mood suggests how the text producer
establishes his or her relationship with the text receiver through four basic “speech
functions”, namely, statements, questions, offers and commands” (p. 5). Moreover, in
constructing the interpersonal meaning, modality complements mood as it shows the
expression of the speaker’s attitude towards the probability or necessity of the
proposition which realized by modal verbs. Thus, in order to analyze the interpersonal
meaning, we have to look at the choice of mood and modality (Koussouhon &
Dossoumou, 2015).
A. Mood
 The mood elements consists of two parts
o Subject as a part of a nominal group
o Finite as a part of a verbal group
 The other element of mood structure
o Residue which consists of Predicator
Predicator is realized in verbs and sometimes it functions as a
Finite as in verbal group
o Complement acts as the ‘object’ and also ‘complement’ in
grammar
o Adjunct acts as a supplementary part in the clause which is
typically realized by adverbs or a prepositional phrase
 Mood is divided into three types
o Declarative mood : the Subject in the clause comes before
Finite. This mood is typically used to express a statement and
information.
o Interrogative mood :
is divided into two. The first is yes/no interrogative type and
the second is WH-type. In yes/no interrogative, the Finite
comes first then followed by the Subject, meanwhile in WH-
type, the clause has question words such as ‘what’, ‘who’,
‘why’, ‘when’, ‘where’, ‘whose’, ‘how’, and the other WH
elements
o Imperaative mood :
There are two forms of imperative mood which are marked
and unmarked. Marked imperative mood has a subject,
meanwhile unmarked mood does not. The example of marked
imperative mood in a positive sentence is “you be careful”,
meanwhile the unmarked one is “don’t do that”
B. Residue
There is a typical pattern of elements in the Residue, namely: Predicator,
Complement(s), and Adjunct(s) :
1) Predicator
Predicator is the verb part of the 5 clause which shows what is doing,
happening or being
2) Complement
Complement provides answer the question ‘is or had what’ , `to whom’ ,
‘did to what’ , and it potentially becomes subject
3) Adjunct
Type of adjunct :
  Circumstantial adjuncts : answer the questions how, when, where, by
whom
 Conjunctive adjuncts : include conjunctions like anyway, for instance,
moreover, meanwhile, therefore
 Comment adjuncts : express the speaker’s comment and include
such item as frankly, apparently, hopefully, understandably, to my
surprise
 Mood adjuncts : which relate specifically to the meaning of the finite
verbal operators, expressing probability, usuality, obligation,
inclination or time express either interpersonal meanings or do fall
within the mood elemen

4. Analysis
The Real Princess
There was once a prince, and he wanted a princess, but then she must be a real
Princess. He travelled right round the world to find one, but there was always something
wrong. There were plenty of princesses, but whether they were real princesses he had
great difficulty in discovering; there was always something which was not quite right
about them. So at last he had to come home again, and he was very sad because he
wanted a real princess so badly.
One evening there was a terrible storm; it thundered and lightened and the rain
poured down in torrents; indeed it was a fearful night. In the middle of the storm
somebody knocked at the town gate, and the old King himself went to open it. It was a
princess who stood outside, but she was in a terrible state from the rain and the storm.
The water streamed out of her hair and her clothes; it ran in at the top of her shoes and
out at the heel, but she said that she was a real princess. 'Well we shall soon see if that
is true,' thought the old Queen, but she said nothing. She went into the bedroom, took
all the bedclothes off and laid a pea on the bedstead: then she took twenty mattresses
and piled them on the top of the pea, and then twenty feather beds on the top of the
mattresses. This was where the princess was to sleep that night. In the morning they
asked her how she had slept. 'Oh terribly badly!' said the princess. 'I have hardly closed
my eyes the whole night! Heaven knows what was in the bed. I seemed to be lying upon
some hard thing, and my whole body is black and blue this morning. It is terrible!' They
saw at once that she must be a real princess when she had felt the pea through twenty
mattresses and twenty feather beds. Nobody but a real princess could have such a
delicate skin. So the prince took her to be his wife, for now he was sure that he had
found a real princess, and the pea was put into the Museum, where it may still be seen
if no one has stolen it.
Clause 1 There was Once A prince and he But then
wanted a princess
Subject Finite Mood adjunct Complement
MOOD RESIDUE
She must be a real princess
Subject Finite predicator Complement
MOOD RESIDUE

Clause 2 He Travelled right To find one But there was

round the world
Subject Predicator Complement finite
MOOD RESIDUE MOOD
Always
something wrong
Complement
RESIDUE

Clause 3 There Were Plenty of But Wether they

princess
Subject Finite Complement Subject
MOOD RESIDUE MOOD
Were Real princess He Had Great
difficulty
Finite Predicator Subject Finite Predicator
MOOD RESIDUE MOOD RESIDUE
In discovering
Complement
RESIDUE

Clause 4 There Wasn’t Quit right

about them
Subject Finite Complement
MOOD RESIDUE
So at last He Had To come home And
again
Mood adjuct Subject Finite Complement
MOOD RESIDUE
He Was Very sad Because he wanted
a real princess so
badly
Subject Finite Predicator Complement
MOOD RESIDUE

Clause 5 One evening was A terrible storm

there
Subject Finite Complement
 MOOD RESIDUE
It thundered and Poured down In torrents Indeed
lightened and the
rain
Subject Finite Complement
MOOD RESIDUE
It was A fearful night
Subject Finite Complement
MOOD RESIDUE

Clause 6 In the middle of somebody Knocked At the town gate And

the storm
Circumstantial Subject Finite Complement
Adjunct
RESIDUE MOOD RESIDUE
The old King Went to open It.
himself
Subject Finite Complement
MOOD RESIDUE

Clause 7 It was A princess who But

stood outside
Subject Finite Complement
MOOD RESIDUE
She Was In a terrible state From the rain
and the storm
Subject Finite Complement Circumstantial
Adjunct
MOOD RESIDUE

Clause 8 The water Streamed out Of her hair and her

clothes
Subject Finite Complement
MOOD RESIDUE
It Rain In at the top
Subject Predicator Complement
MOOD RESIDUE
of her shoes and out at the heel But
Circumstantial Adjunct
RESIDUE
She Said That she was
real princess
Subject Finite Is a clause
MOOD RESIDUE

Clause 9 well we Shall soon see

 Subject Finite
MOOD
If that is true Thought The old
Queen
Complement Predicator Circumstantial
Adjunct
RESIDUE
But She Said
Subject Finite
MOOD
Nothing
Complement
RESIDUE
Clause 10 She Went Into the Took All the
bedroom bedclothes
off

Subject Predicator Complement Predicator Complement

MOOD RESIDUE
And Lead A pea On the bedstead Then she
took twenty
mattresses
and pilled
them on the
top of the
pea
Predicator Complement Adjunct Complement
RESIDUE
And Then twenty On the top of
feather beds the mattresses
Complement Adjunct
RESIDUE
Clause 11 This Was Where the That night
(eleven) princess was to
sleep
Subject Finite Complement adjunct
MOOD RESIDUE
Clause 12 In the morning They Asked Her How she had
(twelve) slept
Adjunct subject predicator complement complement
RESIDUE MOOD RESIDUE
Clause 13 Oh terribly badly Said The princess
Mood adjunct Predicator Complement
MOOD RESIDUE
Clause 14 I have hardly Closed my eyes The whole
night
 Subject Finite Mood adjunct Complement Adjunct
MOOD RESIDUE
Heaven knows
what was in the
bed
Complement
RESIDUE
Clause 15 I Seemed to be Upon some and My whole
lying hard thing body is black
and blue
Subject Predicator Complement Complement
MOOD RESIDUE RESIDUE
This morning
Adjunct
RESIDUE
Clause 16 It Is Terrible
Subject Finite Adjunct
MOOD RESIDUE
Clause 17 They Saw At once That she must be a When she
real princess had felt the
pea through
twenty
mattresses
Subject Predicator Mood adjunct Complement Adjunct
MOOD RESIDUE MOOD RESIDUE
And Twenty feather
beds
Adjunct
RESIDUE
Clause 18 Nobody But A real princess Could Have
Complement Subject Finite Predicator
RESIDUE MOOD RESIDUE
Such a delicate
skin
Complement
RESIDUE
Clause 19 So The prince Took Her To be his wife
Adjunct Subject Predicator Complement Complement
RESIDUE MOOD RESIDUE
For now He Was Sure that He
Adjunct Subject Finite Predicator Subject
RESIDUE MOOD RESIDUE MOOD
Had Found A real princess And The pea
Finite Predicator Complement Complement
MOOD RESIDUE RESIDUE
Was Put Into the Where it may Still
 Museum
Finite Predicator Adjunct Complement Adjunct
MOOD RESIDUE
Be seen If no one has
stolen it
Predicator Complement
RESIDUE

1.      Finding
Number of clause : 20
Number of mood :
a. Subject : 28
b. Finite : 26
c. Mood adjunct : 3

Number of residue
a. Predicator : 20
b. Circumstantial : 4
c. Complement : 38 
2.      References
Ayoola, Moses Olusanya. 2013. An Interpersonal Meaning Analysis of Some Selected Political
Advertisements in Some Nigerian Newspapers. International Journal of Humanities and Social
Science. Vol 3: page 165-178.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1985a. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold Inc.