Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɭɤɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ

Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ

ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɉȿɌɊɈɁȺȼɈȾɋɄɂɃ ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɃ ɍɇɂȼȿɊɋɂɌȿɌ

Ȼ. ɇ. əȽɇɘɄ

ɉɊɈȿɄɌɂɊɈȼȺɇɂȿ ɗɅȿɆȿɇɌɈȼ
ȾȿɊȿȼəɇɇɕɏ ɄɈɇɋɌɊɍɄɐɂɃ
ɉɈ ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄȿ ȿȼɊɈɋɈɘɁȺ

ɍɑȿȻɇɈȿ ɉɈɋɈȻɂȿ

ɉɟɬɪɨɡɚɜɨɞɫɤ
ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɉɟɬɪȽɍ
2011
ɍȾɄ 624.01
ȻȻɄ 38.55
ə299

Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ:
ɤɚɧɞ. ɬɟɯ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ, ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ
ɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɉɟɬɪȽɍ Ʌ. Ɏ. ɋɟɥɸɬɢɧɚ;
ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ «ɒɬɪɢɯ» (ɝ. ɉɟɬɪɨɡɚɜɨɞɫɤ)
ȼ. ȼ. ȼɢɞɹɤɢɧ

ɉɟɱɚɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɚ

ɉɟɬɪɨɡɚɜɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ

əɝɧɸɤ, Ȼ. ɇ.
ə299 ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨ-
ɞɢɤɟ ȿɜɪɨɫɨɸɡɚ : ɭɱɟɛ. ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ / Ȼ. ɇ. əɝɧɸɤ. – ɉɟɬɪɨɡɚɜɨɞɫɤ : ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɉɟɬɪȽɍ, 2011. – 72 ɫ.
ɋɨɜɟɬ ɫɬɪɚɧ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ 7 ɦɚɹ 1985 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɥ ɪɟɡɨɥɸɰɢɸ,
ISBN 978-5-8021-1320-2 ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ «ɇɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ» (New Aproach)
ɤ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ. ȼ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ
ȼ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɟɡɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɋɨɜɟɬɨɦ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧ ɪɹɞ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜ, ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ: ɢɡɝɢɛɚɟɦɵɯ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɠɚɬɵɯ, ɜɧɟɰɟɧɬɪɟɧɧɨ ɫɠɚɬɵɯ (Directive 89/106/EEC ɨɬ 21 ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ 1988 ɝɨɞɚ), ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɚɹɫɹ ɤ
ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞɚ 5 – ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ. ɉɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɸ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ
ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɫɬɪɚɧ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɤɚɤ «Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɚ
ɤɥɟɟɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ. ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɞɥɢɧ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ» (Construction Product Directive).
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɢɡ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɫ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɦɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ, Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɭɹɫɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɨɣ, ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɹ ɩɨ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ. ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ (CEN) ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ 60 ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɨɜ (CEN
ɉɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɨɜ, Technical Commitees), ɧɚɱɚɜɲɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɧɚɞ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦɢ.
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɨɜ (CEN/TC
ɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ. 250) ɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ – ɟɜɪɨɤɨɞɨɜ (Eurocode), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɨ 10:
ɍȾɄ 624.01 ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞ 0 (EN 1990) – Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ;
ȻȻɄ 38.55 ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞ 1 (EN 1991) – ȼɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ;
ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞ 2 (EN 1992) – ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ;
ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞ 3 (EN 1993) – ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ;
ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞ 4 (EN 1994) – ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ
” ɉɟɬɪɨɡɚɜɨɞɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ;
ISBN 978-5-8021-1320-2 ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, 2011 ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞ 5 (EN 1995) – ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ;

3
 ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞ 6 (EN 1996) – ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ;
ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞ 7 (EN 1997) – ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ;
ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞ 8 (EN 1998) – ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɫɟɣɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ;
ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞ 9 (EN 1999) – ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ CEN/TC250
ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɞɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɵ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ
ɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, CEN/TC250/SC5 ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ, ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞɚ 5,
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɢ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɨ
ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ.
Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ (ɟɜɪɨɤɨɞɵ) ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɟɬ ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɫ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɟɧɢɟɦ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ.
ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞɵ – ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɫɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ: ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ, ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɦ ɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɦ. ɇɚ
ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɷɬɢ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ȿɋ. ȼ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɬ ɬɨɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɜɚɤɭɭɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ.
ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞ 5 – ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ
ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ. ȿɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɚɫɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɯ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚɦɢ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞ 5 – ɷɬɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵɯ
ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.
ȼ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ – ɢɡɝɢɛɚɟɦɵɯ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɠɚɬɵɯ,
ɜɧɟɰɟɧɬɪɟɧɧɨ ɫɠɚɬɵɯ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ
ɨɫɟɜɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɢ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɫɞɜɢɝ,
ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɤɪɭɱɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ
ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
ɢɡ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ: ɰɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɭ, ɤɥɟɟɧɭɸ
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɭ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ.
4 5
1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞ 5 «ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ» – ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ,
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɨɦ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ (CEN) ɢ ɭɬ-
ɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ ɜ 1995 ɝɨɞɭ
(EN 1995 – 1–1).
ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞ 5 ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ:
ɑɚɫɬɶ 1–1 – «Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ»;
ɑɚɫɬɶ 1–2 – «Ɉɝɧɟɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ»;
ɑɚɫɬɶ 2 – «Ɇɨɫɬɵ».
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞɚ
5 (1–1), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɯ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɢɡ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ.
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜɨ 2-ɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ. Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ
ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ,
ɢɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ (ɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ
ɤ ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞɭ 1 «Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ»).
Ɍɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɟɜɪɨɤɨɞɵ, ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞ 5 ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ
ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ – ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ,
ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬ ʋ 250 (CEN/TC
250), ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɚ ɜɫɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɟɜɪɨɤɨɞɵ. ȼ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɟ CEN/TC 250 ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɨɞɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɵ,
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɟɜɪɨɤɨɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ
ɬɢɩɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɩɨɞɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɨɦ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞɨɦ 5,
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɤɨɦɢɬɟɬ CEN/TC 250/SC5 (Sub-committee 5, ɩɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɭ
ɟɜɪɨɤɨɞɚ).
2. ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞɚ 5 (ɱɚɫɬɶ 1–1)
ɑɚɫɬɶ 1–1 ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞɚ 5 ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ:
1. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ.
2. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
3. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ.
4. Ⱦɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ.
5. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ.
6. ɉɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɧɟɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ.
7. ɉɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɧɟɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɤ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ.
8. ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɹɯ.
9. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɛɨɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ.
 10. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɢɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɟɦɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ, ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞ 5 ɢɦɟɟɬ 4 ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ:
Ⱥ – ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɭ ɤɪɚɟɜ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɝɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɟ;
ȼ – ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ;
ɋ – ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ;
D – ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ.
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ Informative (ɞɥɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ).
3. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢ
ɉɭɧɤɬɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞɟ 5, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ (principles) ɢ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ
(application rules). ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɨɛɳɢɟ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ
ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞɚ 5
ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɛɭɤɜɨɣ Ɋ. Ɉɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ.
Ɉɞɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ.
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞɟ 5,
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢ: ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ,
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ. ɗɬɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ. ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ – ɱɥɟɧɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɜɨɢ
ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɢ,
ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɫ ɟɜɪɨɤɨɞɨɦ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ «ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɟɜɪɨɤɨɞɚ» (National Application Document,
NAD), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɬɨɱ-
ɧɟɧɵ. Ⱦɨ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ
ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞɟ 5.
4. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞ 5 ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟ-
ɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ 2 ɝɪɭɩɩɵ:
Ultimate limit states – ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɧɟɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ;
6 7
Serviceability limit states – ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɧɟɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɤ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚ-
ɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ (ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ) ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ.
4.1. ɇɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɇɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ (ɩɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞɚ – actions) ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ (G) ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ (Q). ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ (permanent) ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ. ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ
(variable) ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɭɸ
ɢ ɫɧɟɝɨɜɭɸ. ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞɟ 1
«Basis of Design and Actions on Structures», ɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (Fd)
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (Fk) ɧɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ (JF), ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ
ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ (Ultimate limit state) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ:
¦ J Gj G kj  J Q 1 Q k 1  ¦ J Qi\ oi Q ki , (1)
ɝɞɟ ȖGjGkj – ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ (ɢɥɢ ɜɫɹ
ɟɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ) ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ;
ȖQ1Qk1 – ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ, ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ;
ȖQi\0iQki – ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɫ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ i (ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ) ɢ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢ-
ɟɧɬɨɦ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɋɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ (Serviceability limit state) ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ:
ɜ ɟɜɪɨɤɨɞɚɯ ɨɧɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɭɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ (quasi-permanent) ɢ ɜɵ-
ɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ:
¦ G kj  ¦\ 2 i Q ki , (2)
ɝɞɟ \2iQki – ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ,
ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ.
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ \0 , \1 ɢ \2 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ
ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2.
 Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɟ ɬɨɩɨɥɹ. ɉɹɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ D,
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦ. ȿN 338 ɞɚɟɬ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ
ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ.
JQ – ɞɥɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ
ɗɮɮɟɤɬ, ɨɤɚɡɵ-
JG – ɞɥɹ ɇɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3
ɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɧɚ ɤɨɧ- Ɉɞɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɰɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɯɜɨɣɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɬɨɩɨɥɹ
ɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫ- ɋ14 ɋ16 ɋ18 ɋ22 ɋ24 ɋ27 ɋ30 ɋ35 ɋ40
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɤɢɟ
ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɭɫɢɥɢɣ 1,35 1,5 1,5 ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ
ɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɉɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ (ɇ/ɦɦ2)
ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ
ɭɫɢɥɢɣ 1,0 0 0
ɂɡɝɢɛ, fm,k 14 16 18 22 24 27 30 35 40
ɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ
Ɋɚɫɬɹɠɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɜɞɨɥɶ
ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ft,0,k 8 10 11 13 14 16 18 21 24
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2 Ɋɚɫɬɹɠɟ-
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ ɧɢɟ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɤ
ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ,
Ɍɢɩ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ \0 \1 \2 ft,90,k 0.3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4
ɉɨɥɟɡɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ 0,7 – 1,0 0,5 – 0,9 0 – 0,8 ɋɠɚɬɢɟ
ɋɧɟɝɨɜɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ 0,6 0,2 0 ɜɞɨɥɶ
ȼɟɬɪɨɜɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ 0,6 0,5 0 ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ,
fc,0,k 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 25 26
ɋɠɚɬɢɟ
ɩɨɩɟɪɟɤ
4.2. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ,
fc,90,k 4,3 4,6 4,8 5,1 5,3 5,6 5,7 6,0 6,3
ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞ 5 ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ
ɋɞɜɢɝ, fv,k 1,7 1,8 2,0 2,4 2,5 2,8 3,0 3,4 3,8
ɞɥɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ. ɗɬɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɯ ȿN 338 «Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɀɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ (ɤɇ/ɦɦ2)
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ – Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ» ɢ ȿN 1194 «Ʉɥɟɟɧɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ – Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ
ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ», ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ D ɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ. ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɭɩ-
Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɰɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ ȿN 338 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ
ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɯ 3 ɢ 4 ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ, ɰɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɞɨɥɶ
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɚɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ, ɪɚɡɛɢɬɚ ɧɚ 15 ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. Ⱦɟɜɹɬɶ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ,
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ ɋ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɯɜɨɣɧɵɦ ȿo,mean 7 8 9 10 11 12 12 13 14

8 9
 ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 3 Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4
Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɰɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ
5%-ɟ ɡɧɚ- ɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ
ɱɟɧɢɟ Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɭɩ- ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ D30 D35 D40 D50 D60 D70
ɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ
ɜɞɨɥɶ ɉɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ (ɇ/ɦɦ2)
ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɂɡɝɢɛ, fm,k 30 35 40 50 60 70
ȿ0,05 4,7 5,4 6,0 6,7 7,4 8,0 8,0 8,7 9,4 Ɋɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ,
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ft,0,k 18 21 24 30 36 42
ɦɨɞɭɥɹ Ɋɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ
ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɤ ɜɨɥɨ-
ɩɨɩɟɪɟɤ ɤɨɧ, ft,90,k 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,7 0,9
ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɋɠɚɬɢɟ ɜɞɨɥɶ
ȿ90,mean 0,23 0,27 0,30 0,33 0,37 0,40 0,40 0,43 0,47 ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, fc,o,k 23 25 26 29 32 34
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɋɠɚɬɢɟ ɩɨɩɟ-
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɤ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ,
ɦɨɞɭɥɹ fc,90,k 8,0 8,4 8,8 9,7 10,5 13,5
ɫɞɜɢɝɚ,
Gmean 0,44 0,50 0,56 0,63 0,69 0,75 0,75 0,81 0,88 ɋɞɜɢɝ, fv,k 3,0 3,4 3,8 4,6 5,3 6,0
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ, 2
ɀɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ (ɤɇ/ɦɦ )
Uk(ɤɝ/ɦ3) 290 310 320 340 350 370 380 400 420
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɭɩ-
ɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ ɜɞɨɥɶ
ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ȿ0,mean 10 10 11 14 17 20
ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɰɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ,
5%-ɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɯ 3 ɢ 4 (ɤɥɟɟɧɨɣ – ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 5), ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ
ɦɨɞɭɥɹ
ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ h = 150 ɦɦ (ɞɥɹ ɤɥɟɟɧɨɣ – 600 ɦɦ) ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɟɦɵɯ
ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ h = 150 ɦɦ (ɞɥɹ ɤɥɟɟɧɨɣ - 600 ɦɦ) ɞɥɹ
ɜɞɨɥɶ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ,
ɪɚɫɬɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ȿ0,05 8,0 8,7 9,4 11,8 14,3 6,8
Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɤɥɟɟɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ (glued laminated timber) ɩɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ ȿN
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟ-
1194 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 5 ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ
ɧɢɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ
ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ, ɤɥɟɟɧɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɹɬɶɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢ
ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ-
ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ GL ɢ ɰɢɮɪɭ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ
ɩɟɪɟɤ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ,
ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɢɛ ɜ ɇ/ɦɦ2.
ȿ90,mean 0,64 0,69 0,75 0,93 1,13 1,33

10 11
 ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 4 ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 5
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟ- ɋɠɚɬɢɟ ɜɞɨɥɶ
ɧɢɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, fc,0,g,k 21 24 27 29 31
ɫɞɜɢɝɚ, Gmean 0,60 0,65 0,70 0,88 1,06 1,25
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɋɠɚɬɢɟ ɩɨɩɟ-
Uɤ (ɤɝ/ɦ3) 530 560 590 650 700 900 ɪɟɤ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ,
fc,90,g,k 5,0 5,5 6,0 6,0 6,3
ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɋɞɜɢɝ, fv,g,k 2,8 2,8 3,0 3,5 3,5
ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɢɛ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɀɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ (ɤɇ/ɦɦ2)
ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ kh, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟ-
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ: ɧɢɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ
ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ
kh = (150/h)0,2 ɢɥɢ kh = 1,3, (3) ɜɞɨɥɶ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ,
Eo,mean,g 10 11 12 13,5 14,5
ɝɞɟ h – ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɹɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɦɦ. 5%-ɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ kh ɞɥɹ ɤɥɟɟɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɭɩɪɭ-
ɦɟɧɶɲɢɦɢ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ: ɝɨɫɬɢ ɜɞɨɥɶ
ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, E0,05,g 8 8,8 9,6 10,8 11,6
kh = (600/h)0,1 ɢɥɢ kh = 1,1 , (4) ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ,
Ug,k (ɤɝ/ɦ3) 360 38 410 440 480
ɝɞɟ h – ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɹɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɦɦ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ (Xd) ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ (Xk)
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5 ɩɭɬɟɦ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ (Jm)
Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɤɥɟɟɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ kmod, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ:
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ GL20 GL24 GL28 GL32 GL36 Xd = kmod Xk /JM . (5)
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 6, ɚ
ɉɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ (ɇ/ɦɦ2)
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ kmod – ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 7 ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɂɡɝɢɛ, fm,g,k 20 24 28 32 36 ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
Ɋɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ (ɬɚɛɥ. 8).
ɜɞɨɥɶ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ
ft,0,g,k 15 18 21 24 27 ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ:
Ɋɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ x 1-ɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ: ɨɧ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ
ɩɨɩɟɪɟɤ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 20 °ɋ ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ
ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ft,90,g,k 0,35 0,35 0,45 0,45 0,45 ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɟɣ 65 % ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɧɟɞɟɥɶ ɜ
ɝɨɞɭ (ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 12 %);

12 13
 x 2-ɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ: ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞɨɦ 5 ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɭɱɟɬ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɥɹ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 20 °ɋ ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ: ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɛɚɥɤɢ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɟɣ 85 % ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɧɟɞɟɥɶ ɜ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɨɦ ɞɨ 6 ɦ; ɫɬɨɣɤɢ ɫɬɟɧ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ
ɝɨɞɭ (ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 20 %); ɞɨ 4 ɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ kls = 1,1.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6 ȼ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ kmod ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ (ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ
Ƚɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɋɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ JM
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ) ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ kmod ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ
ɤɥɚɫɫɭ «ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ» ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ.
ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ:
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ 1,3 Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɤɥɟɟɧɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ 1,25 Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ
Ɉɫɨɛɵɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ:
ɜɫɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ 1,0 Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɉɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ
ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɪɟ- ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ
ɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ȼɫɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ 1,0
ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ Ȼɨɥɟɟ 10 ɥɟɬ ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ
Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ 6 ɦɟɫ. – 10 ɥɟɬ ɇɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɜ ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢ-
ɳɚɯ, ɫɤɥɚɞɚɯ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 7 ɋɪɟɞɧɟɣ 1 ɧɟɞ. – 6 ɦɟɫ. ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ (ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚɹ)
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ kmod ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɥɟɟɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ Ʉɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɧɟɟ 1 ɧɟɞ. ɋɧɟɝ ɢ ɜɟɬɟɪ
Ɇɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ Ɉɫɨɛɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ
Ʉɥɚɫɫ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɉ ɪ ɢ ɦ ɟ ɱ ɚ ɧ ɢ ɟ. ȼ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɧɟɝɨɜɨɣ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɟɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ «ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ
1 2 3 ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ».
ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ 0,60 0,60 0,50
Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ 0,70 0,70 0,55
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ 0,80 0,80 0,65
Ʉɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ 0,90 0,90 0,70 5. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɟɦɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
Ɇɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ 1,10 1,10 0,90 ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɟɦɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ:
1. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɧɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ.
x 3-ɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ: ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ 2. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ.
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ, ɱɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ 3. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɣ.
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ʉ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ 4. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ.
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɜ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ. 5. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ.
6. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɦɹɬɢɟ.

14 15
 5.1. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɧɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɝɝɞ
ɞɟɟ My ɢ Mz – ɪɚ ɪɚɫɫɱɱɟɟɬɬɧ
ɧɵɵɟɟ ɢɡ
ɢɡɝɝɢ
ɢɛɛɚɚɸ
ɸɳɳɢɟɟ ɦɨ
ɳɢ ɦɨɦ ɦɟɟɧ ɧɬɬɵɵ ɨɬ
ɨɬɧ
ɧɨ ɨɫɫɢ
ɢɬɬɟɟɥ
ɥɶɶɧ
ɧɨɨ ɨɫ
ɨɫɟɟɣ
ɣyɢz
ɫɨɨ
ɫɨ ɨɬɬɜɜɟɟɬɬɫɫɬɬɜɜɟɟɧ
ɧɧ
ɧɨɨ;
ɇɟɫɭɳɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ Wy ɢ W z – ɦɨ ɦɨɦ ɦɟɟɧɧɬɬɵɵ ɫɨɫɨɩɩɪɪɨ
ɨɬɬɢ
ɢɜɜɥ
ɥɟɟɧɧɢɢɹɹ ɨɬ ɨ ɧɨ
ɧɨɫɢɬ
ɢɬɟɥ ɥɶɧ ɧɨ ɨ ɨɫɫɟɟɣ
ɣ y ɢ z
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ: ɫɨɨ
ɫɨ ɨɬɬɜɜɟɟɬɬɫɫɬɬɜɜɟɟɧ
ɧɧ
ɧɨɨ;
V m , y ,d V m ,z ,d b ɢ h – ɲɢɪ ɢɪɢɢɧɧɚɚ ɢ ɜɵ
ɜɵɫɫɨɨɬɬɚɚ ɫɟɱ
ɱɟɧ ɧɢ
ɢ
ɢɹ ɫɨ
ɫɨɨɨɬɬɜɜɟɟɬɬɫɫɬɬɜɟɧ
ɧɧɧɨ
ɨ.
km  d 1; (6)
f m , y ,d f m ,z ,d
5.2
2.. ɉɪ
ɉɪɨ
ɨɜɜɟɟɪ
ɪɤ
ɤɚɚ ɞɟ
ɞɟɮɮɨ
ɨɪ
ɪɦ
ɦɚ
ɦɚɰ
ɰɢɢɣ
ɣ
V m , y ,d V m ,z ,d (7)
 km d 1, Ⱦɟɮɨ
ɮɨɪ ɪɦɦɚɚɰ
ɰɢ ɢɢ
ɢ ɤɨ ɤɨɧ ɧɫɫɬɬɪ
ɪɭɭɤɤɰ
ɰɢɢɣɣ, ɤɚɤɚɤɤ ɢɡ ɢɡɜɜɟɟɫɫɬɬɧ
ɧɨɨ,, ɨɝ ɨɝɪɪɚɚɧ
ɧɢɢɱ
ɱɢɢ ɚɸ
ɢɜ ɸ
ɸɬɬ ɩɨ ɩɨ
f m , y ,d f m ,z ,d ɬɬɟɟɯ
ɯɧ
ɧɨɨɥɥɨ
ɨɝɝɢ ɢɱ
ɱɟɟɫɫɤɤɢ
ɢɦɦ, ɤɨ
ɤɨɧɧɫɫɬɬɪɪɭ
ɭɤɤɬɬɢ
ɢɜɜɧ
ɧɵɵɦ
ɦ
ɦ, ɷɫ
ɷɫɬɬɟɬɢɢɤɨ
ɤ -ɩ ɩɫɫɢ
ɢɯɯɨ ɨɥ
ɥɨɝɢ ɢɱ
ɱɟɫɫɤɤɢ
ɢɦɦ ɢ ɞɪɞɪɭ ɭɝɢ ɢɦ
ɩɪɢ
ɩɪ ɢɱɱɢɧ
ɢɧɚɚɦ ɦ. ȼ ȿɜ ȿɜɪɪɨɨɤɤɨ
ɨɞɞɟɟ 5 ɥɢ ɥɢɦɦɢ
ɢɬɬɢ
ɢɪɪɭ
ɭɸɬɬɫɫɹɹ ɞɟ
ɭɸ ɞɟɮ ɮɨɪ
ɨɪɦ ɦɚɚɰ
ɰɢɢɢɢ ɨɬ
ɨɬ ɜɪ ɜɪɟɟɦ
ɦɟɟɧɧɧɧɵ ɵɯ
ɵɯ
ɧɚɝɝɪ
ɧɚ ɪɭ
ɭɡɡɨ
ɨɤɤ ɫɪɫɪɚɚɡɡɭɭ ɠɟ
ɠɟ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɫɥ ɥɟɟ ɡɚ
ɡɚɝɝɪ
ɪɭɭɠ
ɠɟɟɧ
ɧɢɢɹɹ (ɦɦ ɧɨ
ɦɝ ɧɨɜɜɟɧɧ ɧɧɵ ɵɟɟ)) ɢ ɨɤɨɧɱ ɧɱɚɚɬɟɥ ɥɶɶɧɧɵɟ
ɵɟ
ɝɞɟ Vm,y,d ɢ Vm,z,d – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɢɡɝɢɛɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɟɣ y ɢ ɞɟɮ
ɞɟ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɦɚɰ ɰɢɢɢ
ɢ,, ɤɤɨɨɬɬɨ
ɨɪɪɵ
ɵɟɟ ɭɜ ɭɜɟɟɥɥɢɢɱ
ɱɢɢɜɚɸ
ɸ
ɸɬɬɫɫɹɹ ɫ ɬɟɬɟɱɱɟɟɧɧɢɢɟɟɦ
ɦ ɜɪ ɪɟɦ
ɦɟɧ
ɦɟ ɧɢɢ ɜɫɜɫɥɥɟɟɞ
ɞɫɫɬɬɜɜɢ
ɢɟɟ
z, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1, ɝɞɟ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥ
ɩɨ ɥɡɡɭ
ɭɱɱɟɟɫɫɬɬɢ
ɢ ɢ ɨɩɪ ɩɪɟɞɟɞ ɥɹɸɬ ɸɬɫɫɹɹ ɨɬɨɬ ɜɪɜɪɟɟɦɦɟɟɧ
ɧɧ
ɧɵɵɯ
ɵɯ, ɚ ɬɚ ɬɚɤɤɠɠ
ɠɟɟ ɜɪ
ɜɪɟɟɦ ɦɟɧɧɧɵ
ɧɵɯ ɯ ɢ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ y ɢ z, ɚ ɨɫɶ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ, – x, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɫɬɬɨ
ɩɨ ɨɹɹɧ
ɧɧ ɧɵɵɯ ɧɚ
ɵɯ ɧɚɝɝɪ
ɪɭɭɡɡɨ
ɨɤɤ.
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɦ ɜ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɋɨɫɬɬɚɚɜɜɧɧɵɵɟ
ɵɟ ɤɨɦɩ ɦɩɨɨɧɧɟɟɧɧɬɬɵ
ɵ ɞɟɞɟɮɮɨɪɦ ɦɚɚɰ
ɰɢɢɣɣ ɩɪ
ɩɪɨɨɝɝɢ
ɢɛɛɚɚ ɛɚ
ɛɚɥɥɨɨɤɤ ɩɪ
ɩɪɟɟɞ
ɞɫɫɬɬɚɚɜɥɟɧɧɵ ɧɚ
ɧɵ ɧɚ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ; ɪɢɫɫɭ
ɪɢ ɭɧ
ɧɤɤɟɟ 2.
2
fm,y,d ɢ fm,z,d – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ;
km= 0,7 – ɞɥɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ km= 1 – ɞɥɹ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ
ɬɢɩɚ.
Z
b
Y
X X h
Z Y
Ɋɢɫ. 2. Ʉɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɩɪ
ɪɨɝɢɛ
ɛɚ ɛɚɥɨɤ

Ɋɢɫ. 1. Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɟɣ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɨ ɟɜɪɨɤɨɞɭ

ɇ
ɇɚɚ ɪɢɫɭ
ɢ ɭɭɧ ɧɤɤɟ 2 ɨɫ ɨɫɧɧɨɨɜɜɧɧɵɦ
ɵɦɢ ɢ ɤɨ
ɤɨɦɦɩ
ɦɩɨ ɨɧɧɟɟɧ
ɧɬɬɚɚɦɦɢ ɢ ɞɞɟɟɮɮɨɨɪɪɦɦɚ
ɦɚɰɰɢɢɢ
ɢ ɩɪ
ɩɪɨɨɝɝɢ
ɢɛɛɚɚ ɛɚ
ɛɚɥ
ɥɨ
ɨɤɤ
ɹɜɥ
ɹɜɥɹɹɸɸɬɫɹɹ ɫɥ
ɸɬ ɫɥɟɟɞ ɞɭɭɸ
ɸɳɳɢ
ɳɢɟɟ:
Ⱦɥɹ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ x wc – ɫɬɪ ɪɨɢɬ
ɢ ɟɥɥɶɶɧɧɵɵɣ ɣ ɩɨɩɨɞ ɞɴ
ɴɟɟɦɦ (ɟɟɫɫɥ
ɥɢɢ ɢɦ
ɢɦɟɟɟɟɬɬɫɫɹɹ);
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ: x winnsst – ɩɩɪɪɨ
ɨɝɝɢ
ɢɛɛ ɨɬ
ɨɬ ɦɝɧ
ɦ ɧɨɜɟɧ ɧɧɨ
ɧɧ ɨɣɣɧ ɧɚɚɝɝɪ
ɪɭ ɭɡɡɤɤɢ
ɢ;;
x wcre
c eep p – ɩ
ɩɪɪɨɨɝ
ɝɢ
ɢɛɛ ɜ ɫ ɥ ɟɞɞ ɫɬ
ɬɜɜɢ
ɢɟɟ ɩ
ɩɨɨɥɥɡɡɭɭɱɱɟɟɫɫɬɬɢɢ;
My My (8) x f n – ɨɤɨ
wfin ɤ ɧɱ
ɧɱɚɚɬɬɟɥɥɶɧɧɵɣ ɵɣ ɩ ɩɪ
ɪɨɨɝɝɢ
ɢɛɛ;
V m , y ,d ;
Wy bh 2 / 6 x wnet
n t,ffin
n – ɨ
ɨɤ
ɤɨɨɧɧɱɱɚ
ɚɬɬɟɟɥɥɶ ɶɧɧɵɵɣɣ ɩ
ɩɪɪɨ
ɨɝɝɢɢɛɛ ɜ ɱɢ ɱɢɫɫɬɬɨ ɨɦ
ɦ ɜɢ
ɜɢɞ ɞɟɟ, ɨɩ
ɨɩɪɪɟɞ
ɞɟɥ ɥɹɹɟɟɦ
ɦɵɣ
ɦɵ ɣ ɨɬ
ɨɬ
ɩɪɹɹɦ
ɩɪ ɦɨɣ ɥ ɥɢɢɧ ɧɢɢɢ,
ɢ ɫɫɨɨɟɞɢ
ɞɢɧ ɧɹɹɸ ɸɳ ɳɟɣ
ɳɟ ɣɨɨɩɩ
ɩɨɨɪ
ɪɵ ɵ ɤɨ
ɤ ɧɫɧɫɬɪ ɪɭɤ
ɭɤɰɰɢ
ɢɢ ɢ.
Mz Mz
V m ,z ,d , (9) Ɉ
Ɉɤɤɨ
ɨɧɧɱ
ɱɚɚɬɬɟɥɶɥ ɧɵɧɵɣɣ ɩɪ ɩɪɨɨɝɝɢ ɢɛ ɛ ɜ ɱɢ ɱɢɫɬɬɨ ɨɦɦ ɜɢ ɜɢɞ ɞɟɟ ɧ ɧɢ ɢɠ
ɠɟɟ ɩɪ ɩɪɹɹɦ
ɦ
ɦɨɨɣɣ ɥɢ ɥɢɧɧɢ
ɢɢɢ,,
Wz hb 2 / 6 ɫɨɟɟɞ
ɫɨ ɞɢɢɧ
ɧɹɹɸ
ɸɳɟɟɣ
ɸɳ ɣɨ ɨɩɩɨ
ɨɪɪɵ
ɵ, wnet n , ɨɩ
n t,ffin ɨɩɪɪɟɟɞ
ɞɟɟɥ
ɥɹɹɟɟɬɬɫɫɹɹ ɧɚ
ɧɚ ɨ ɨɫɫɧɧɨ
ɨɜɜɚɚɧ
ɧɢɢɢɢ ɮɨ
ɮɨɪɪɦɦɭ
ɭɥɥɵɵ:
ɵ

16 17
 wnet,fin = winst + wcreep – wc = wfin - wc . (10) Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 10
Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɛɚɥɨɤ
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ u (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ
ɩɪɨɝɢɛɨɜ w) ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 9.
ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɚ
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢ
ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ Ɉɬ ɢɡɝɢɛɚ Ɉɬ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 9
ɉɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɛɚɥɨɤ

Ɍɢɩ ɛɚɥɨɤ uinst unet,fin ufin

w 5/384*wl4/EI 12/5*wl2/EA
Ɉɞɧɨɩɪɨɥɟɬɧɵɟ l/300 – l/500 l/250 – l/350 l/150 – l/300 l
ɛɚɥɤɢ
Ʉɨɧɫɨɥɶɧɵɟ l/150 – l/250 l/125 – l/175 l/75 – l/150 F
ɛɚɥɤɢ
Fl3/48EI 24/5*Fl/EA

Ɇɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ l/2 l/2

ɩɨɞɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɩɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤ
l
ɤɚɤ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɚɥɚ,
ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ F F
ɫɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɨɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ.
ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 10 ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɞɥɹ Fa/EI*(l2/8-a2/6) 96/5*Fa/EA
ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɨɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɢɡɝɢɛɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ. Ɇɨɞɭɥɶ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ, a a
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɯ, ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ Emean.
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ (ufin) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ l
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ (kdef), ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɡɭɱɟɫɬɢ
w
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ: wl4/384EI 12/5*wl2/EA
l
ufin = uinst(1+ kdef) . (11)
F
ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ kdef ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 11 ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ. Fl3/3EI 96/5*Fl/EA
l

18 19
 ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 10 x ɞɢɫɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ ɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɨɬ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɣ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ
w ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ.
ɑɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣ
wl4/8EI 48/5*wl2/EA ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ, ɢ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɯ ISO 2631-2 (1989)
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɟɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵ
l ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ:
ɑɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɢ
F ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ:
x ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ, ɩɪɢ
Fl3/192EI 24/5*Fl/EA ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ ɦɟɧɟɟ 8 Ƚɰ (ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ);
l/2 l/2 x ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ, ɩɪɢ
ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ 8 Ƚɰ (ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ);
l x ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɟɣ (ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ);
x ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɨɫɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɟ (ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ);
x ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 11 ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ).
ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ kdef ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɶɧɨɣ ȼ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ.
ɢ ɤɥɟɟɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ – ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ; ɞɪɭɝɚɹ – ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɟ
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ kdef ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ.
ȼɢɞ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ,
ɧɚ ɟɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ 1 2 3 ɦɚɥɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ, ɜɬɨɪɚɹ – ɜɵɛɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ.
ɐɟɥɶɧɚɹ, EN 14081-1 0,6 0,8 2,0 ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞ 5 ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɧɟɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ
ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɤ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ
Ʉɥɟɟɧɚɹ, EN 14080 0,6 0,8 2,0 ɫ ɢɯ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɟɣ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɲɚɝɨɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
ɩɪɢ ɯɨɞɶɛɟ ɢ ɫɢɥɵ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɟ
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɚɧɰɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
5.3. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɣ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹɯ, ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ. ɇɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ
ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ ɦɟɧɟɟ 8 Ƚɰ, ɬ. ɤ. ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹɦ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɵ, ɱɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ
ɧɚɪɭɲɚɸɬ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ,
ɱɚɫɬɨ, ɷɬɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɞɢɫɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɨɦ ɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɨɩɢɪɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ 4 ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɚ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɜ 1 ɤɇ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ (ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɸ) ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ.
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɢɡ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ,
ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ: ɨɩɢɪɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚ 4 ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ
x ɞɢɫɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ ɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɨɬ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɣ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɲɚɝɚɦɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
ɩɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ;

20 21
 S ( EI )l
(12)
f1 , 5.4. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɛɚɥɨɤ
2l m
Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
ɝɞɟ m – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɭɸ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ, ɜ ɤɝ/ɦ2; Vm,d d kcrit fm,d, (17)
l – ɩɪɨɥɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɜ ɦ;
(EI)l – ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɝɞɟ Vm,d – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɚɥɤɟ ɨɬ ɢɡɝɢɛɚ;
(ɇɦ2/ɦ). fm,d – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɢɛ;
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɣ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɭ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ kcrit – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ (instability factor).
ɛɨɥɟɟ 8 Ƚɰ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ:
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤ
u/F d 1,5 ɦɦ/ɤɇ; (13) ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹɦ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɢɠɟ:

v d 100(f ]-1), (14) kcrit = 1 ɞɥɹ Orel,m d 0,75; (18)

ɝɞɟ ] - ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɞɟɦɩɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɝɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ), ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɣ kcrit = 1,56 - 0,75 Orel,m ɞɥɹ 0,75  Orel,m d 1,4; (19)
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ 0,01;
u – ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨ- kcrit =1/Orel,m2 ɞɥɹ Orel,m! 1,4, (20)
ɬɨɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ F = 1 ɤɇ;
v – ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɞɟ Orel,m – ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɢɛɟ.
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ (ɦ/ɫ), ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɦ Ⱦɥɹ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ Orel,m ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɢɡ
ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɦ (ɇ*ɫ), ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ, ɞɚɸɳɟɣ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ:
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ (u) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɱɬɟɧɚ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɚɹ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɢ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ F = 0,5 ɤɇ.
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ: l ef hf m ,k E 0 ,mean
O rel ,m , (21)
2
Sb 2 E 0 ,05 G mean
v = 4(0,4 + 0,6n40) / (mbl + 200), ɦ/(ɇɫ ), (15)

ɝɞɟ b – ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɜ ɦ;

n40 – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɨɪɦ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ ɧɢɠɟ 40 ɝɞɟ b – ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɛɚɥɤɢ;
Ƚɰ; h – ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɛɚɥɤɢ;
ȿ0,05 ɢ ȿ0,mean – ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ;
0 , 25 Gmean = E0,mean/16 – ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɛɚɥɨɤ;
§ § § 40 · 2 ·
¨ ¨ ¨ ¸  1 ¸§ b ·  EI l ¸
· 4
(16) lef – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɛɚɥɤɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 12.
n40 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ,
¨ ¨ f1 ¸© l ¹  EI b ¸
©©© ¹ ¹ ¹

ɝɞɟ (EI)b – ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ

ɩɥɢɬɵ, ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɛɚɥɤɚɦ.

22 23
 Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 12 5.5. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɛɚɥɤɢ lef
Ʉɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɟɦɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ,
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ,
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɤ ɛɚɥɤɟ Wd d fv,d , (22)
ɋɜɟɪɯɭ ɉɨɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɋɧɢɡɭ
ɝɞɟ Wd – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ;
w fv,d – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɞɜɢɝ.
0,95*l 0,9*l 0,85*l ȼ ɛɚɥɤɚɯ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɚɫɚ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɭ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɚ:
l 3Vd
Wd , (23)
2A
M
ɝɞɟ Vd – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ;
l l l l Ⱥ – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɫɞɜɢɝ.
w Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɞɜɢɝ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ
ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ:
0,6*l 0,6*l 0,6*l
l k mod f v ,k (24)
f v ,d .
Jm
Ⱦɥɹ ɛɚɥɨɤ, ɩɨɞɪɟɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɭ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ (ɪɢɫ. 3), ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ
F ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ fv,d ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ kv ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ
0,85*l 0,85*l 0,85*l ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
l
Wd d kvfv,d, (25)
F
ɡɞɟɫɶ kv = 1 – ɞɥɹ ɛɚɥɨɤ, ɩɨɞɪɟɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɣ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ (ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ), ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3ɛ; ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɨɞɪɟɡɤɢ ɫɨ
x l - x ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ (ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɪɢɫ. 3ɚ) kv ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ
0,8D*l 0,75D*l 0,7D*l ɤɚɤ ɦɟɧɶɲɚɹ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ:
l
kv =1 ɢɥɢ
1 ,1i 1 ,5
ɉ ɪ ɢ ɦ ɟ ɱ ɚ ɧ ɢ ɟ. D = 1,35-1,4*X/l*(l-X)/l . kn ( 1  )
kv h , (26)
x
h D ( 1  D )  0 ,8 1 / D D 2 
h

ɝɞɟ h – ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɜ ɦɦ;

24 25
 D = heff /h
/h; 5.6
5. 6. ɉɪɨ
ɪɨɜɜɟɟɪ
ɪɤ
ɤɚɚ ɧɚ
ɧɚ ɫɫɠ
ɠ
ɠɚɚɬɬɢ
ɢɟɟ ɩɨ
ɩɨɩ
ɩɟɟɪ
ɪɟɟɤ
ɤɜɜɨɨɥ
ɥɨɨɤ
ɤɨɨɧ
ɧ (ɫɦ
ɦɹɬɬɢ
ɦɹ ɢɟɟ))
kn = 5 – ɞɥ ɞɥɹɹ ɰ
ɰɟɟɥ
ɥɶɶɧ
ɧɨɨɣ
ɣ ɞɪ
ɞɪɟɟɜɜɟɟɫɫɢ
ɢɧ
ɧɵɵ ɢ kn = 6,55 – ɞɥɹ ɤɥɤɥɟɟɟɟɧ
ɧɨɨɣ
ɣ;; ɨɫ
ɨɫɬɚɥɥɶɶɧ
ɧɵɟ
ɵɟ
ɉ
ɉɪɪɨɨɜɜɟɟɪɪɤɤɚɚ ɜɵ
ɜɵɩɩɨɥɥɧ
ɧɹɹɟɬɫɹɹ ɩɨ
ɩɨ ɫɥɥɟɞ
ɞɭ
ɭɸ
ɸɳɟ
ɸɳ
ɳ ɣ ɮɨɪɪɦ
ɦɭɭɥɥɟɟ:
ɫɢɦ
ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ
ɥɵ, ɜɯɜɯɨɨɞ
ɞɹɹɳ
ɳɢɟɟ ɜ ɮɨ
ɳɢ ɮɨɪɪɦɦɭɭɥɥɭ
ɭ (2
(266), ɩɨɤ
ɨɤɚɡɚɚɧ
ɧɵ
ɵɧɧɚɚ ɪɢ
ɪɢɫɫɭ
ɭɧ
ɧɤɤɟɟ 3.
Vcc,9900,dd d kc,,90 fcc,990,,dd , (27)
(27)

a ɛ ɞɟɟ Vc,900,dd – ɪɪɚɚɫɱɟɬɬɧ

ɝɝɞ ɧɵɟ
ɵɟ ɧɚɧɚɩ ɩɪ
ɪɹɹɠɠɟɧ
ɠɟ ɧɢ
ɢɹɹ ɜ ɧɚɩ ɩɪɪɚɜɥɥɟɧɧɢɢ
ɢɢ ɩ ɩɨɨɩɩɟɟɪ
ɪɟɟɤɤ ɜɨɥɨ
ɥɨɤɤɨɨɧɧ
ɞɪɟɟɜɜɟɟɫɫɢ
ɞɪ ɢɧ ɧɵ ɵ
ɵ;
fcc,9900,dd – ɪɚ
ɪɚɫɫɱɱɟɬɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɨɩ
ɩɪɪɨɨɬɬɢ
ɢɜɜɥɥɟɟɧ
ɧɢɢɟɟ ɞɪ
ɞɪɟɟɜɜɟɟɫɢɧ
ɢɧɵ ɵ ɩɨ
ɩɨɩ
ɩɟɟɪɪɟɟɤɤ ɜɨ
ɜɨɥɥɨɨɤɤɨɨɧ
ɧ;
kc,,900 – ɤɨ ɤɨɷɷɮɮɮɮɢɢɰ ɰɢɟ
ɢ ɧɬ
ɧɬ, ɭɱ
ɭɱɢɢɬɬɵ
ɵɜɚɸ ɸɳɢɣ
ɸɳ ɢɣ ɦɟ ɦɟɫɫɬɬɧ
ɧɵɵɣɣ ɯɚ
ɯɚɪɪɚɚɤɤɬɬɟɟɪɪ ɩ
ɩɪɪɢɢɥ
ɥɨɨɠ
ɠɟɧ
ɠɟ ɧɢɢɹɹ
ɧɚɝɝɪɪɭɭɡɡɤɤɢ
ɧɚ ɢ, ɩɪ ɩɪɢɢɧɧɢɢɦɦɚɚɟɟɦ
ɦɵɵɣ ɪɚ
ɪɚɜɜɧɧɵ
ɵ
ɵɦ ɦ ɨɬɨɬ 1 ɞɞɨɨ 4,0
4 0 ɢ ɞɥɞɥɹɹ ɢɡɝ
ɢ ɝɢ ɢɛɛɚɟɟɦɦɵ
ɦɵɯɯ ɷɥɷɥɟɦɟ
ɦɟɧɧɬɬɨɨɜɜ
(ɪɢ
(ɪɢɫɫ. 5)
5) ɜɵ ɜɵɱɵɱɢ ɢɫɫɥɥɹɹɟɦɵ
ɦɵɣ ɣ ɩɨ
ɩɨ ɫɥɥɟɞɞɭ
ɭɸɸɳɢ
ɸɳ ɳɢɦ ɦ ɮɨɮɨɪɪɦɦɭɭɥɥɚɚɦ
ɦ:

Ɋɢɫɫ.. 3.
Ɋɢ 3. ɉɨ
ɉɨɞ
ɞɪɪɟɟɡɡɚɚɧɧɧɧɵ
ɵɟɟ ɛɚ
ɛɚɥɥɤɤɢ
ɢ: ɚ – ɫɨ
ɫɨ ɫɬ
ɫɬɨ
ɬɨɪɪɨɨɧɧɵɵ ɞɟ
ɞɟɣ
ɣɫɫɬ
ɬɜɜɢɢɹɹ ɨɨɩɩɨɪ
ɨɪ
ɪɧɧɨɨɣɣ
ɪ ɚɤɰɢɢ
ɪɟ ɢɢ; ɛ – ɫ ɩɪɩɪɨɨɬ
ɬɢɜɜɨɨɩ
ɬɢ ɩɨɨɥɥɨɨɠ
ɠ
ɠɧɧɨɨɣɣ ɫɬ
ɫɬɨ
ɬɨɪɪɨɨɧɧɵ
ɵ

ɉ
ɉɪɪɢ ɢ ɨɨɩ ɩɪɪɟɞ ɞɟɟɥɥɟɟɧ
ɧɢɢɢ ɦɚ
ɦɚɤɤɫɫɢ ɢɦ
ɦɚ
ɦɚɥɥɶɧɨ ɧɨɣ
ɣɩ ɩɨɨɩ ɩ ɪɟɱ
ɩɟɪ ɱɧɨ
ɧɨɣɣ ɫɫɢɢɥɥɵ ɵ ɨɬ
ɨɬ ɫɨɫɪ
ɨ ɪɟɞ ɞɨɬɨɱ ɱɟɧ ɧɧɨ
ɧɨɣ
ɣ
ɧɚɚɝɝɪ
ɧ ɪɭɭɡɡɤɤɢɢ, ɩ ɩɪ ɪɢɢɥɥɨɨɠɠɟɟɧɧɧ
ɧɨɨɣɣ ɤ ɛɚɥ ɥɤɤɟɟ ɫɜ
ɫɜɟɟɪɪɯɯɭɭ ɜɛ
ɜɛɥɥɢ ɢɡɡɢ
ɢ ɨɬɨɬ ɨɩ ɨɩɨɨɪɪɵɵ ȿɜ
ɵ, ȿɜɪɪɨ ɨɤɤɨ
ɨɞɞɨɦ 5
ɞɨɩ
ɞɨ ɩɭɭɫɫɤɤɚɚɟɟɬɬɫɫɹɹ ɜɨ ɨɡɡɦ
ɦɨ
ɦɨɠ ɠɧɧɨɨɫɫɬɬɶɶ ɧɟ
ɧ ɭɱ ɭɱɢɢɬɬɵɵɜɜɚɚɬɬɶɶ ɟɟɟ ɜɜɤɤɥ ɥɚɚɞɞ ɜ ɜɜɟɟɥ ɥɢɢɱɱɢ
ɢɧɧɭɭ ɷɬ ɷɬɨ
ɨɣ
ɣ
ɩɨɩ
ɩɨ ɩɟɪɪɟɟɱɱɧ ɧɨɣ ɫɢ ɫɢɥɥɵɵ ɟɫ
ɵ, ɟ ɥɢ
ɥɢ ɧɚɧɚɝɝɪɪɭɭɡɡɤɤɚɚ ɩɪ
ɩɪɢɢɥɥɨɨɠ ɠɟɟɧɧɚɚ ɜ ɩɩɪɪɟɞɞɟɥɥɚɚɯ ɯ ɪɪɚɚɫɫɫɫɬɬɨɨɹɹɧ
ɧɢ
ɢɹɹ h ɢɥ ɢɥɢ
ɢ Ɋ
Ɋɢɢɫɫ. 5.
5 Ʉ ɨɩɪ
ɨɩɪɪɟɟɞ
ɞɟɟɥɟɧɧɢɢɸ ɤɨ
ɤɨɷɷɮ
ɮɮɢ
ɮɮɢɰɰɢɢɟɟɧɧɬ
ɬɚ kc,9
ɬɚ c 900
hef
e ɨɬɨɬ ɷɬ
ɷɬɨɨɣ ɣ ɨɨɩ ɩɨɨɪɪɵɵ (ɪ
(ɪɢɢɫɫ. 4)
4.Ⱦ Ⱦɥɥɹɹ ɛɚ
ɛɚɥɥɨɨɤɤ, ɩɩɨɨɞɞɪɪɟɟɡɚɚɧ
ɧɧɧɵɯ
ɵɯ ɭ ɨɩ ɨɩɨɨɪɪɵɵ ɷɬ
ɵ, ɷ ɨ ɜɨɜɨɡɡɦɦɨɨɠɠɧɨɨ
ɠɧ
ɬɨɥ
ɬɨ ɥɶɶɤɤɨɨ ɜ ɫɥ ɫɥɭɭɱ ɯ, ɤɨɝɞ
ɱɚɚɹɹɯ ɞɚ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɞɪɪɟɟɡɡɤɤɚɚ ɪɚ ɪɚɫɫɩɩɨɨɥɥɚɚɝɝɚɚɟɬɫɫɹɹ ɫɨ ɫɬ ɫɬɨɨɪɪɨɨɧ
ɧɵ
ɵ,, 1. Ⱦɥ
1. Ⱦɥɹɹ ɤɪɤɪɚɚɣ
ɣɧ
ɧɢ ɯ ɨɩɨ
ɢɯ ɩɨɪɪ, ɤɨ
ɤɨɝɝɞ
ɞɚɚ ɪɚ
ɪɚɫɫɫɫɬɬɨɨɹɹɧ
ɧɢ
ɢɟɟ ɨɨɬ ɬɬɨɨɪɪɰ
ɰɚɚ ɷɥɥɟɦɟ
ɦɟɧ
ɧɬɬɚɚ ɞɨ
ɞɨ ɧɚ
ɧɚɱ
ɱɚɚɥɥɚɚ
ɩɪɨ
ɩɪ ɨɬɬɢ
ɢɜɜɨɨɩ ɩɨɥɥɨ ɨɠ
ɠɧ ɧɨɨɣɣ ɨɩ
ɨɩɨɨɪɪɟɟ. ɨɩɨ
ɨɩɨɪ
ɪɧ
ɧɨɣ ɱɚ
ɱɚɫɫɬɬɢ
ɢ ɤɨ
ɤɨɧɧɫɫɬɪɭɤ
ɭɤɰɰɢ
ɢɢɢ a ” h/3
h 3::

§ l ·§ h ·
V m , y ,d ¨ 2 ,3388  ¸¨ 1  ¸. (228
8))
© 250
25
50 ¹ © 12 l ¹
12
2.
2. Ⱦɥɹɹ ɩɪ
Ⱦɥ ɩɪɨɨɦ
ɦɟɟɠ
ɠɭ
ɭɬɬɨɨɱ
ɱɧ
ɧɵɯ
ɵɯ ɨɩ
ɨɩɨɪ
ɨɪ:

§ l ·§ h·
V m , y ,d 38 
¨ 2 ,38 ¸¨ 1  ¸ . (299)
(2
© 25
2500 ¹© 6l ¹

Ɋɢɫɫ. 4.
Ɋɢ 4 Ʉ ɭɭɱɱɟɟɬ
ɬɭɭ ɫɨ
ɫɨɫɪɪɟ
ɪ ɞɨɬɨ ɬɨɱɱɟɟɧɧɧɧɨɨɣɣ ɧɚ
ɧɚɝɪɪɭɭɡɡɤɤɢɢ ɩɩɪɪɢ
ɢ ɨɩ
ɨɩɪ
ɪɟɞ
ɞɟɟɥɥɟɟɧɧɢ
ɢɢ
ɢ Ⱦɥɹ
ɥ ɨɫɨɫɬɬɚɚɥɥɶɶɧ
ɧɵɵɯɯ ɫɥ
ɫɥɭɭɱ
ɱɚɚɟɟɜɜ ɪɟɤɤɨɨɦ
ɦɟɧ
ɦɟ ɧɞ
ɞɚɚɰ
ɰɢ
ɢɢɢ ɩɨ
ɩɨ ɟɝ
ɟɝɨɨ ɨɩ
ɨɩɪɪɟɟɞ
ɞɟɟɥɥɟɟɧ
ɧɢ
ɢɸɸ ɩɪ
ɩɪɢ
ɢɜɜɟɟɞ
ɞɟɟɧ
ɧɵ
ɵ
ɩɩɨɨɩɩɟɟɪ
ɪɟɟɱɱɧɧɨ
ɨɣɣ ɫɢ
ɫɢɥɥɵɵ ɭ ɨɩ
ɨɩɨɪɨɪɪɵ ɵ ɜ ɩ.
ɩ 66.1.55 ȿɜ
ȿɜɪ ɪɨɨɤɤɨɨɞ
ɞɚɚ 5.
5.

26 27
 ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 13
Ɂɚɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɭɸ ɛɚɥɤɭ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɢɡ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ Ɇɨɞɭɥɶ
ɋ 22 ɞɥɹ ɠɢɥɨɝɨ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ (ɪɢɫ. 6):
ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟ- ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ
x ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ b = 4 ɦ;
ɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɢɛ, ɧɚ ɫɠɚɬɢɟ ɩɨɩɟ- ɧɚ ɫɞɜɢɝ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ,
x ɩɪɨɥɟɬ ɛɚɥɨɤ l = 3,5 ɦ; ɪɟɤ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ,
x ɲɚɝ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɚ = 500 ɦɦ; fm,k (ɇ/ɦɦ2) fc,90,k (ɇ/ɦɦ2) fv,k (ɇ/ɦɦ2) ȿ0,mean (ɇ/ɦɦ2)
x ɩɨɥ ɢɡ ɲɩɭɧɬɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɫɨɤ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 21 ɦɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɜɟɫ 22,0 5,1 2,4 10000
0,1 ɤɇ/ɦ2 ;
x ɩɨɬɨɥɨɤ ɢɡ ɝɢɩɫɨɤɚɪɬɨɧɚ ɜɟɫɨɦ 0,2 ɤɇ/ɦ2;
x ɞɥɢɧɚ ɨɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɛɚɥɤɢ 100 ɦɦ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɧɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ
ɂɡɝɢɛɚɸɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ:
M = w*l2/8 = 1,395*3,52/8 =2,14 ɤɇɦ.
Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 20 %, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɷɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ 2 ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɜ ɠɢɥɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫ
«ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ» ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ.
ɚ = 500 ɦɦ ɚ = 500 ɦɦ Ɍɨɝɞɚ kmod = 0, 8.
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ
Jm = 1,3.
Ɋɢɫ. 6. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ
ɉɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɛɚɥɨɤ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɛɚɥɨɤ
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ kls = 1,1.
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ kh ɩɪɢɦɟɦ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ, ɬɨɝɞɚ:
ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ:
x ɞɨɳɚɬɵɣ ɩɨɥ 0,10 ɤɇ/ɦ2;
fm,y,d = khklskmodfmyk /Jm = 1,0*1,1*0,8*22/1,3 = 14,9 ɇ/ɦɦ2.
x ɩɨɬɨɥɨɤ 0,20 ɤɇ/ɦ2;
x ɛɚɥɤɢ (ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ) 0,10 ɤɇ/ɦ2; ɇɟɫɭɳɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ
x ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ (Gk ) 0,40 ɤɇ/ɦ2. ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ:
V m, y ,d V m, z ,d
x ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ 1,5 ɤɇ/ɦ2.  km d 1.
f m, y ,d f m, z ,d
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ:
JGGk + JQQk = 1,35* 0,40 + 1,5*1,5 = 2,79 ɤɇ/ɦ2. ɉɨɞɫɬɚɜɢɜ ɜ ɷɬɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ
Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɛɚɥɤɭ: ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɥɤɢ:
w =2,79 *0,5 = 1,325 ɤɇ/ɦ.
ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ V m , y ,d 0
ɋ 22 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 13.  0 ,7 * d 1;
14 ,9 14 ,9

28 29
 Vm,y,d = 14,9; Ⱦɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2 ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ kdef = 0,8, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ
Wreq t My /Vm,y,d t 2,14*106/14,9 = 143,4*103ɦɦ3. ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɚ:
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɛɚɥɤɭ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ 50*175 ɦɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɭɸ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ u1,fin= u1,inst(1+ kdef) = 1,82(1+0,8) = 3,28 ɦɦ.
ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ: ɉɨɥɧɚɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɚ:
W = 50*1752/6 = 255*103 ɦɦ3; unet,fin = u1,fin + u2,fin = 3,28 +12,3 = 15,58 ɦɦ;
I = 50*1753/12 = 22,3 106 ɦɦ4; (1/200)*l = (1/200)*3,5*103 = 17,5 >15,58 ɦɦ.
A = 50*175 = 8,75*103 ɦɦ2. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɩɨ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ.
ȼɵɫɨɬɚ h ! 150 ɦɦ ɢ kh = 1, ɤɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ.

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɣ

ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɛɚɥɤɭ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɚ: ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ u/F
w = 1,5* 0,5 = 0,75 ɤɇ/ɦ.
Ɇɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ: ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ
u2,inst = ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɢɡɝɢɛɚ + ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ; ɛɚɥɤɚɦɢ, ɬɨ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ u ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɬɶ ɨɬ ɫɢɥɵ F = 0,5*1 = 0,5
ɤɇ, ɬɨɝɞɚ:
5 wl 4 12 wl 2 5 0,75 ( 3,5 103 )4 12 0,75 ( 3,5 103 )2
u2,inst   1 Fl 3 24 Fl 1 0 ,5 10 3 ( 3 ,5 10 3 ) 3
384 EI 5 EA 384 10 103 22,3 106 5 10 103 8,75 103 u *  * 
48 EI 5 EA 48 10 10 3 22 ,3 10 6
6 ,57  0,25 6 ,82 ɦɦ.
24 0 ,5 10 3 ( 3 ,4 10 3 )
 2  0 ,09 2 ,09 ɦɦ .
ɉɪɢɦɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɩɪɨɝɢɛɚ ɛɚɥɤɢ l/300, ɬɨɝɞɚ: 5 10 10 3 8 ,75 10 3

1/300*l =3,5*103 /300 = 11,7 ! 6,82 ɦɦ.

Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ u/F = 2,09*/1 = 2,09 > 1,5 , ɬɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɬ. ɟ.
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ. ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɵɛɤɢɦ, ɢ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɹɫɶ ɩɨ ɧɟɦɭ, ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɢɫɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ.
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ kdef = 0,8 (ɤɥɚɫɫ 2 ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ): ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɛɚɥɤɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɭɸ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ 50*200
u2,fin = uinst(1+ kdef) = 6,82(1+0,8 )= 12,3 ɦɦ. ɦɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ:
ɉɪɢɦɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ l/200,
ɬɨɝɞɚ (1/200)*l = 3,5*103/200 = 17,5 > 12,3 ɦɦ. W = 50*2002/6 =333*103 ɦɦ3;
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ. I = 50*2003/12 = 33,3*106 ɦɦ4;
ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɛɚɥɤɭ: A= 50*200 = 10*103 ɦɦ2.
w = 0,4*0,5 = 0,2 ɤɇ/ɦ.
Ɇɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ: Ɍɨɝɞɚ:
1 0 ,5 10 3 ( 3,5 10 3 )3 24 0 ,5 10 3 3,5 10 3
5 wl 4 12 wl 2 5 0 ,2( 3 ,5 10 3 ) 4 u 
u 1 ,inst  *  48 10 10 3 33,3 106 5 10 10 3 10 10 3
384 EI 5 EA 384 10 10 3 22 ,3 10 6
1,34  0 ,084 1,424 ɦɦ.
12 0 ,2( 3 ,5 10 3 ) 2
 1 ,75  0 ,07 1 ,82 ɦɦ .
5 10 10 3 8 ,75 10 3 ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ u/F = 1,424/1 = 1,424 < 1,5, ɬɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ.

30 31
 ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ
lef h f m ,k E0 ,mean 3325 200 22 10
ɇɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ: Orel ,m 1,05.
S b E0 ,05
2
Gmean S 50 6700 0 ,63
x ɞɥɹ ɛɚɥɤɢ: Iy = 33,3*106 ɦɦ4 = 33,3 *10-6ɦ4;
Eo,mean =10000 ɇ/ɦɦ2 = 10*109 ɇ/ɦ2;
x ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ: (EI)l= Eo,mean Iy / (ɲɚɝ ɛɚɥɨɤ) = Ⱦɥɹ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 0,75 <Orel,md 1,4:
= 10*109*33,3*10-6/0,5 = 666*103 ɇɦ2/ɦ. kcrit = 1,56 - 0,75*1,05 = 0,773;
ɗɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ: Vm,d = M/W = 2,14*106/333*103 = 6,43<kcrit*fm,d = 0,773*14,9 =
m = G/g= 0,40*103/9,81 = 40,8 ɤɝ/ɦ2. =11,5 H/ɦɦ2.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ: ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ.

S ( EI )l S 666 * 10 3 ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ

f1 2 2
16 ,4 Ƚɰ ! 8 Ƚɰ.
2l m 2 * 3,5 40 ,8 Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɞɜɢɝ:
fv,d = klskmodfvk /Jm = 1,1*0,8*2,4/1,3 = 1,62 ɇ/ɦɦ2.
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ. Ɇɨɦɟɧɬ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɜ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ:
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɛɚɥɤɚɦ, – ɷɬɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɚ ɧɚ Fv = wl/2 = 1,392*3,5/2 =2,44 ɤɇ.
ɲɢɪɢɧɟ 1 ɦ: Wd = 3/2*Fv /A = 3/2*2,44*103/10*103 =0,366 ɇ/ɦɦ2 < fv,d =
I = bt3/12 = 1000*213/12 =0,772*106ɦɦ4 = 0,772*10-6ɦ4. = 1,62 ɇ/ɦɦ2.
(EI)b =(Eo,mean*I) = 10*109*0,772*10-6= 7,72*103 Hɦ2/ɦ.
Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɨɪɦ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ ɧɢɠɟ 40 Ƚɰ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ: ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɦɹɬɢɟ
0,25 0,25
§§§ ·2 · 4 ( EJ ) · §§§ 40 ·2 ·§ 4,0 ·4 666 103 · Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɨɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɛɚɥɤɢ, ɨɩɢɪɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɭ, ɪɚɜɧɚ 100 ɦɦ.
¨ 40 §b· l ¸
n40 ¨¨¨¨ ¸¸  1¸¨ ¸ ¨¨¨  1¸¨ ¸ ¸
¨¨© 16,4 ¸¹
5,19. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɜɧɵ:
¨
¨ © f1 ¹ ¸© l ¹ ( EJ )b ¸¸ ¸© 3,5 ¹ 7,72 103 ¸
©© ¹ ¹ ©© ¹ ¹ F90,d = w*l/2 = 2,44 ɤɇ.
Vɫ,90,d = F90,d /bl = 2,44*103/(50*100) = 0,488 ɇ/ɦɦ2.
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ:
v= 4(0,4 + 0,6n40)/(mbl + 200) = Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɤ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ:
= 4(0,4 + 0,6*5,19)/(40,8*4*3,5 + 200) = 0,0182 ɦ/ɇɫ2. fc,90,d=kls*kmod*fc,90,k /Jm= 1,1*0,8*5,1/1,3 = 3,4 ɇ/ɦɦ2.
ɉɪɢɦɟɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɞɟɦɩɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ] = 0,01, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɚɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɚ: Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ kc,90 ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ
100 (f,]-1)= 100(16,4*0,01 -1)= 0,021 ɦ/ɇɫ2 > 0,0182 ɦ/ɇɫ2. ɛɚɥɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 5):
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ. a = 0 < h/3; l =100 ɦɦ; h = 175 ɦɦ; ɨɩɨɪɚ ɤɪɚɣɧɹɹ.
Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (28) ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ kc,90 ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɨ:
kc,90 = (2,38 – l/250)*(1 + h/12l) = 2,27.
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɛɚɥɤɢ Vc,90,d = 0,448 < kc,90,d*fc,90,d = 2,27*3,4 = 7,72 ɇ/ɦɦ2.
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ.
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 12 ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ, lef = 0,95*3,5*103 = 3325 ɦɦ.
Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɢɛɟ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (21):
33

32 33
 ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 2. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɪɟɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɥɤɢ
6. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɧɚ ɤɪɭɱɟɧɢɟ
ɉɭɫɬɶ ɛɚɥɤɚ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ 1, ɩɨɞɪɟɡɚɧɚ ɭ ɨɩɨɪɵ ɧɚ
ɜɵɫɨɬɭ 75 ɦɦ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 7. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɟɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ
ɩɨɞɪɟɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ. ɤɪɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɦ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɦ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
W S
WWtor = 2Mt /SSr3 , (30)
hef =125 100 25 150
h=200 ɝɞɟ Wtor – ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɤɪɭɱɟɧɢɢ;
Mt – ɤɪɭɬɹɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ;
75 r – ɪɚɞɢɭɫ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ.
ɯ =75 Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɤɪɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɜɧɵ:

Ɋɢɫ. 7. Ʉ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɭ ɩɨɞɪɟɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɥɤɢ W D

WWtor = T/(DDh*b2) , (31)

ɉɨɞɪɟɡɤɚ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɚɥɤɟ. ɝɞɟ h t b, ɚ D – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɣ ɨɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ h/b ɢ ɨɩɪɟ-
Ⱦɥɹ ɛɚɥɤɢ, ɩɨɞɪɟɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɨɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ kv ɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 14.
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ: kv = 1 ɢɥɢ kv , ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɦ
ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (26). Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ kv ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (26) ɧɚɣɞɟɦ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 14
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ: D
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚDD
i= 150/(h-hef) = 150/75 = 2; ɯ = 75; D =hef /h =125/200 = 0,625.
Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ kv ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɟɧ: h/b 1,00 1,50 1,75 2,00 2,50 3,00 4,00 6,00 8,00 10,00 f
D 208 231 239 246 258 267 282 299 307 313 333
1,1i 1,5 ɉ ɪ ɢ ɦ ɟ ɱ ɚ ɧ ɢ ɟ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ D ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 14 ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɵ
5( 1  )
kv h ɜ 1000 ɪɚɡ.
x
h ( D ( 1  D )  0 ,8 ( 1 / D  D 2 ))
h ɉɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɤɪɭɱɟɧɢɟ,
1,1 2 1,5 ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
5( 1  )
200 0 ,521. WWtor,d dd kshape fv,d , (32)
75
200  0 ,625( 1  0 ,625 )  0 ,8 ( 1 / 0 ,625  0 ,625 2 ) 
200 ɝɞɟ
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɞɜɢɝ:
fv,d=klskmodfv,k /Jm =1,1*0,8*2,4/1,3 = 1,62 ɇ/ɦɦ2.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɟɡɤɢ: ೓
௦௛௔௣௘
kvfv,d = 0,521*1,62 = 0,844 ɇ/ɦɦ2. ್

Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ:

Wd = 1,5Vd /bhe = 1,5* 2,44*103/(50*125) = 0,586 < 0,844 ɇ/ɦɦ2. Wtor,d – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ;
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ. fv,d – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɞɜɢɝ;

34 35
 kshape – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ; 7 ɉɪ
7. ɉɪɨɟ
ɨɟɤ
ɤɬɬɢ
ɢɪɨɨɜ
ɢɪ ɜɚɚɧ
ɧɢ
ɢɟɟ ɫɠ
ɫɠɚɬ
ɚɬɵ
ɵɯ
ɵɯ ɷɥ
ɷɥɟɟɦ
ɦɟ
ɦɟɧɧɬɨ
ɬɨɜɜ
h – ɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ;
b – ɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɧ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ. ɉ
ɉɪɪɢ ɢ ɩɪ ɩɪɨ
ɨɟɟɤɤɬɬɢ
ɢɪɪɨɨɜɜɚɚɧ
ɧɢɢɢ
ɢ ɫɠ ɫɠɚɚɬɬɵ
ɵɯ ɯ ɷɥ ɷɥɟɟɦɦɟɟɧɧɬɬɨ
ɨɜɜ ɧɟ
ɧɟɨɨɛ
ɛɯ
ɯɨ
ɨɞ
ɞɢɢɦ
ɦɨ ɜɵɜɵɩ
ɵɩɨɨɥɥɧ
ɧɹɹɬɬɶɶ
ɩɪɪɨ
ɩ ɨɜɜɟɟɪɪɤɤɢ
ɢ ɩɪ
ɩɪɨ
ɨɱɱɧɨ
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ((ɜɜɞ
ɞɨɨɥɥɶɶ, ɩ
ɩɨɨɩɩɟɟɪɪɟɟɤɤ ɢɥɢ
ɥɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɞ ɭɝɥ
ɭ ɥɨɦ ɤ ɜɨɥɨ
ɥɨɤɤɧ
ɧɚɚɦ
ɦ)), ɚ ɞɥ
ɞɥɹɹ
ɉɪɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɤɪɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɞɥɢ
ɞɥ ɢɧɧɧɵ
ɧɵɯɯ ɷɥɥɟɦɦɟ
ɦɟɧ ɧɬɬɨ
ɨɜɜ - ɩɪɩɪɨɜɟɪɪɤɤɭ ɭ ɭɫ
ɭɫɬɬɨɨɣɣɱɱɢɢɜɜɨ
ɨɫɫɬɬɢ
ɢ.
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
7.1
7.1. ɉɪ
ɉɪɨɜ
ɨɜɟɟɪ
ɪɤ
ɤɚɚ ɩɪ
ɩɪɨɨɱ
ɱɧɧɨɨɫɫɬɬɢ
ɢ ɫɠ
ɫɠɚɚɬɬɵ
ɵ
ɵɯɯ ɷɥ
ɥ ɦɟ
ɥɟɦɟɧ
ɧɬɬɨɨɜ
ɜ
2
W tor ,d §W ·
(33) ɋɠɚɠɚɬɬɵɵɟɟ ɤɤɨɨɪɪɨɨɬɬɤɤɢ
ɢɟɟ ɷɥ ɷɥɟɟɦ
ɦɟɟɧ ɧɬɬɵ
ɵ, ɡɚ
ɡɚɝɪɪɭɭɠ
ɠ
ɠɟɟɧ
ɧɧɧɵɵɟɟ ɜɜɞ
ɞɨɨɥɥɶɶ ɜɨ
ɜɨɥɥɨɨɤɤɨ
ɨɧ
ɧ,,
 ¨¨ v ,d ¸ d 1.
¸
f tor ,d © f v ,d ¹ ɩɪɨ
ɩɪɨɜɜɟɟɪɪɹɹɸ
ɸɬɫɫɹɹ ɧɚ
ɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɪ
ɩɪɨɨɱ
ɱɧɧɨɨɫɫɬɬɶɶ ɩ
ɩɨɨ ɫɫɥɥɟɟɞ
ɞɭɭɸ
ɸɳ
ɳɟɣ
ɳɟ ɣ ɮɨ
ɮɨɪɪɦ
ɦɭɭɥɥɟɟ::

Vɫɫ,00,dd d fcc,00,dd , ( 4)
(3
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 3. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɝɞɟɟ fcc,00,dd – ɪɚ
ɝɞ ɪɚɫɫɱɱɟɟɬɬɧ
ɧɨɨɟɟ ɫɨ
ɫɨɩɩɪ
ɪɨɨɬɬɢɢɜɜɥɥɟɟɧ
ɧɢ
ɢɟ ɞɪɞɪɟɟɜɜɟɟɫɫɢ
ɢɧɧɵ
ɵ ɜɞ
ɜɞɨɨɥɥɶɶ ɜɨ
ɜɨɥ ɥɨ
ɨɤɤɨɨɧ
ɧ
ɧ;
ɤɪɭɬɹɳɟɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ Vɫ,00,dd = NN//A
A – ɪɚ ɪɚɫɱɱɟɬɧ ɧɵɟɵɟ ɧɚ
ɧɚɩɩɪɪɹɹɠɠɟɟɧɧɢɢɹɹ ɜ ɷɥɥɟɦɦ
ɦɟɟɧ
ɧɬɬɟ ((N
N–ɩ ɩɪɪɨɨɞ
ɞɨɨɥɥɶɶ--ɧ
ɧɚɚɹɹ
ɋɬɟɪɠɟɧɶ ɢɡ ɤɥɟɟɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ GL 32 ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɫɢɥ
ɫɢ ɥɚɚ;; Ⱥ - ɩɥ ɩɥɨ ɨɳ
ɳɚɚɞɞɶɶ ɩ
ɩɨɨɩɩɟɟɪ
ɪɟɟɱ
ɱɧɧɨɨɝɝɨɨ ɫɟ
ɫɟɱɱɟɟɧ
ɧɢɢɹɹ ɷɥ
ɷɥɟɟɦɦɟɟɧ
ɧɬɬɚɚ).
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɪɭɬɹɳɟɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ Mt,d = 2,5 ɤɇ*ɦ (ɨɬ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɉ
ɉɪɪɨɨɱ ɱɧ
ɧɨɨɫɫɬɬɶɶ ɧɚɧɚ ɫɠɚ ɠɚɬɬɢɢɟɟ ɩɨ ɩɨɩ ɩɟɪɪɟɤɤ ɜɜɨɨɥɥɨɨɤɤɨɨɧ
ɧ (ɫɫɦɦɹɹɬɬɢ
ɢɟɟ)) ɩɪɨɪɨɜɜɟɪɪɹɟɬɬɫɫɹɹ ɩɨɩɨ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ) ɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ Vd = 20 ɤɇ (ɨɬ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ). ɮɨɪɦɪɦɭɭɥɥɟɟ (2 (277)), ɚ ɩɪ ɩɪɨɨɱɱɧ
ɧɨɨɫɫɬɬɶɶ ɞɪ
ɞɪɟɟɜɜɟɟɫɫɢ
ɢɧɧɵ
ɵ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɞ ɭɝɥ
ɭ ɥɨɦ ɤ ɜɨɥɨɤɧ ɤɧɚɚɦɦ – ɩɨ ɩɨ
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ b*h=150*350 ɦɦ, ɤɥɚɫɫ ɫɥɟɟɞ
ɫɥ ɞɭɭɸ ɸɳɟɟɣ
ɸɳ ɣ ɮɨɮɨɪɪɦ ɦɭɥ
ɭɥɟ:
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ 3.
ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ: f c ,o ,d (35
(35))
Ⱥ = b*h = 150*350 = 52500 ɦɦ2. V c ,D ,d d ,
f c ,o ,d
Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ h/b = 350/150 = 2,33 ɢ D = 0,254. sin
si n 2 D  cocoss 2 D
f c ,900 ,d
Wv,d = 3Vd /2A = 3*20*103/(2*52500) = 0,57 ɇ/ɦɦ2.
Wtor,d = Mt,d /(Dh*b2) = 2,5*106/(0,254*350*1502) = 1,25 ɇ/ɦɦ2.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɞɜɢɝ: ɝɝɞ
ɞɟɟ fc,0,d ɢ fc,900,dd – ɪɚɫɫɱɱɟɟɬɬɧ
ɧɵɵ ɫɨ
ɵɟ ɫɨɩɩɪɪɨɬɢɢɜɥɟɧɢɧɢɹɹ ɞ
ɞɪɪɟɜɟɫɫɢɢɧ
ɧɵ ɜɞ
ɜɞɨɨɥ
ɥɶɶ ɢ ɩ
ɩɨɨɩ
ɩɟɟɪ
ɪɟɟɤɤ
fv,d = kmodfv,k /Jm = 0,7*3,5/1,3 = 1,88 ɇ/ɦɦ2, ɜɨɥ
ɜɨ ɥɨ
ɨɤɤɨɨɧ
ɧ ɫɨ
ɫɨɨɨɬɬɜɜɟɟɬɬɫɬɜɜɟɟɧ
ɧɧ ɨɥɥ D ɩɨ
ɧɨ, ɚ ɭɭɝɝɨ ɩɨɤɤɚɡɡɚɚɧ
ɧ ɧɚ
ɧɚ ɪɢ
ɪɢɫɫɭɭɧ
ɧɤɤɟ 8.
8
ɝɞɟ kmod = 0,7 (ɤɥɚɫɫ 3 ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ); fv,k = 3,5 ɇ/ɦɦ2 (ɬɚɛɥ. 5).
ftor,d = kshapefv,d = 1,35*1,88 = 2,54 ɇ/ɦɦ2,
ɝɞɟ kshape = 1 + 0,15*h/b = 1 + 0,15*350/150 = 1,35.
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ
ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹɦ:
Wv,d = 0,57< fv,d =1,88 ɇ/ɦɦ2;
Wtor = 1,25<fv,d = 1,88 ɇ/ɦɦ2;
2
W tor ,d §W · 2
1,25 § 0 ,57 ·
 ¨¨ v ,d ¸¸ ¨ ¸ 0 ,584  1.
f tor ,d © f v ,d ¹ 2 ,54 © 1,88 ¹
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ. Ɋɢɫɫ. 8.
Ɋɢ 8 Ʉ ɨɨɩɩɪɪɟɟɞ ɚDɜɮ
ɞɟɟɥɥɟɧɢɸ ɭɭɝɝɥɥɚ ɮɨɨɪɪɦ
ɦ
ɦɭɭɥɥɟ (3
(355)

36 37
 7.2. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɠɚɬɨ-ɢɡɨɝɧɭɬɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
Ʉɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ ɫɠɚɬɨ-ɢɡɨɝɧɭɬɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ
(relative slenderness ratio) ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɨɫɟɣ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ
0,5, ɬ. ɟ.
Orel,y d 0,5 ɢ Orel,z d 0,5.
Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
7.3. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɫɠɚɬɵɯ ɢ ɜɧɟɰɟɧɬɪɟɧɧɨ ɫɠɚɬɵɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
Ⱦɥɢɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɢɯ
ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɨɫɟɣ Orel > 0,5, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ. ȼɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɨ ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞɭ 5 ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɜɧɟɰɟɧɬɪɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:

f c ,o ,k (36) V V
O rel , y ; V c ,0 ,d  V m , y ,d  V d
V c ,crit , y   k m m ,z ,d d 1 ; (44)
kc , y f c ,0 ,d f m , y ,d f m ,z ,d
f c ,o ,k (37) V V
O rel ,z ; V c ,0 ,d  V m , y ,d  V m ,z ,d d
V c ,crit ,z  km  d 1, (45)
ɝɞɟ Vc,crit,y = S E0,05 /O
2 2 kc ,z f c ,0 ,d f m , y ,d f m ,z ,d
y ; (38)

Vc,crit,z = S2E0,05 /Oz2; (39) ɝɞɟ Vm – ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɨɬ ɢɡɝɢɛɚ (ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ,
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɧɟɰɟɧɬɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ);
O = lef / i . (40) kc
1
,
k  k  O2rel
2

Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ lef ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ

ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ. k = 0,5(1+Ec(Orel - 0,5) + Orel2),
Ɋɚɞɢɭɫ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ: ɝɞɟ Eɫ = 0,2 – ɞɥɹ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ;
I Eɫ = 0,1 – ɞɥɹ ɤɥɟɟɧɨɣ.
i , (41)
A
ɝɞɟ I ɢ Ⱥ – ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 4. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɠɚɬɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ, Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɠɚɬɨɣ
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ: ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ ɢɡ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɋ 16, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ
ɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ 2.
2
§ V c ,0 ,d · V m , y ,d V Ʉɨɥɨɧɧɚ ɲɚɪɧɢɪɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɚ ɭ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ 150*150 ɦɦ ɢ
¨ ¸   k m m ,z ,d d 1; (42) ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɞɥɢɧɭ 4 ɦ.
¨ f ¸ f m , y ,d f m ,z ,d
© c ,0 ,d ¹ Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɟɟ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɭ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ
§ V c ,0 ,d ·
2
V V ɪɚɜɧɚ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɟ:
¨ ¸  k m m , y ,d  m ,z ,d d 1 , (43) lef = ly = 4000 ɦɦ.
¨ f ¸ f f m ,z ,d
© c ,0 ,d ¹ m , y ,d
Ƚɢɛɤɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɨɫɟɣ ɪɚɜɧɵ:
Oy = Oz = lef /i = 4000/43,3 = 92,4,
ɝɞɟ km = 0,7 – ɞɥɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ km = 1 – ɞɥɹ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ
ɬɢɩɚ. ɝɞɟ i I 15 153
4,33 ɦɦ 43,3 ɦɦ.
A 12 15 15

38 39
 ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 3: ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 5. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɜɧɟɰɟɧɬɪɟɧɧɨ ɫɠɚɬɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ
fc,0,k = 17 ɇ/ɦɦ2; ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ ȿ0,05 = 5400 ɇ/ɦɦ2.
Ʉɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ: ɉɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɭ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ 4, ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ 45 ɤɇ, ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɫ
ɷɤɫɰɟɧɬɪɢɫɢɬɟɬɨɦ 50 ɦɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɢ y (ɪɢɫ. 9).
S 2 E0 ,05 S 2 * 5400
V c ,crit ,y V c ,crit ,z 6 ,24 H / ɦɦ 2 . Ƚɢɛɤɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ 4 ɢ ɪɚɜɧɵ:
O2y 92 ,4 2 Oy = Oz = 92,4.
Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɢ: ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɋ 16 ɪɚɜɧɵ:
f c ,o,k fm,k= 16 ɇ/ɦɦ2; fc,o,k =17 ɇ/ɦɦ2; ȿ0,05 = 5400 ɇ/ɦɦ2.
17
O rel , y O rel ,z 1,65 .
V c ,crit , y 6 ,24 Z
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɢ Orel > 0,5, ɬɨ ɧɟɫɭɳɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ
ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɸɳɢɣ
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ kc ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ:
y 50 y
k = 0,5(1 + Eɫ(Orel - 0,5) + Orel2) = 0,5(1 + 0,2(1,65 - 0,5) + 1,652) = 1,98; 150
1 1
k c ,y k c ,z 0 ,325.
k  k  Orel 1,98  1,98 2  1,65 2
2 2

Z
150
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ:
fc,0,d = kmodfc,0,k /Jm= 0,8*17/1,3 = 10,46 ɇ/ɦɦ2. Ɋɢɫ. 9. ɉɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ
Cɬɟɪɠɟɧɶ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɠɚɬɵɣ, ɢ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɨɫɟɣ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɵ ɧɭɥɸ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɇɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ:
Vm,y,d = Vm,z,d = 0. Vɫ,0,d = 45*103/(150*150) = 2,0 ɇ/ɦɦ2;
ȼ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ:
fc,0,d = kmod*fc,o,k /Jm = 0,8*17/1,3 = 10,46 ɇ/ɦɦ2.
2
ɂɡɝɢɛɚɸɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɢ y:
§ V ɫ ,0 ,d · V ɫ ,0 ,d My = 50*45 = 2250 ɤɇ*ɦɦ.
¨ ¸ 1, 1.
¨k f ¸ kc , y f c ,0 ,d Vm,y,d = My /Wy = 2250*103*6/(150*1502) = 4,0 ɇ/ɦɦ2.
© c , y c ,0 ,d ¹
fm,d = kh*kmod*fm,k /Jm= 1*0,8*16/1,3 = 9,85 ɇ/ɦɦ2.
Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ:
ɂɡɝɢɛɚɸɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɢ z ɪɚɜɟɧ ɧɭɥɸ ɢ Vm,z,d = 0.
Vɫ,0,d = kc,y*fc,0,d = 0,325*10,46 = 3,4 ɇ/ɦɦ2.
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ kcy = 0,325 ɛɵɥ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ:
Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɫɭɳɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɚ:
N = Vɫ,0,d*A = 3,4*150*150 = 76489 ɇ = 76,5 ɤɇ.
V c ,0 ,d V m ,y ,d V m ,z ,d 2 ,0 4 ,0
  km   0 0 ,994  1.
kc ,y f c ,0 ,d f m ,y ,d f m ,z ,d 0 ,325* 10 ,46 9 ,85

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ.

40 41
 8. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ V t ,0 ,d V m , y ,d V m ,z ,d (50)
 km  d 1,
f t ,0 ,d f m , y ,d f m ,z ,d
ɇɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ,
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
ɝɞɟ Vt,0,d, Vm,y,d, Vm,z,d – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɝɢɛɚ
Vt,0,d d ft,0,d , (46) ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɨɫɟɣ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ;
ft,0,d, fm,y,d, fm,z,d – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɝɞɟ Vt,0,d – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɹɧɭɬɨɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ; ɢɡɝɢɛ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɫɟɣ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ;
ft,0,d, – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ. km = 0,7 ɞɥɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ km = 1 ɞɥɹ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ
ɉɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɤ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɬɢɩɚ.
ɰɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
9. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
Vt,90,d d ft,90,d , (47)
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɫɠɚɬɵɯ ɢ ɫɠɚɬɨ-ɢɡɨɝɧɭɬɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ
ɝɞɟ Vt,0,d, - ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɟ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɤ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ; ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚɯ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ: ɤɨɥɨɧɧ, ɫɬɨɟɤ ɢ
ft,90,d, - ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɤ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ. ɪɢɝɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɦ, ɚɪɨɤ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɠɚɬɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɩɨɪɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ
ɗɬɚ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɟɟɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɣ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 10.
ɮɚɤɬɨɪ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɩɨɞ-
ɜɟɪɝɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɤ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ Vo= 0,01 ɦ3, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɨɛɴɟɦɚ V ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ft,90,d (Vo /V)0,2. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɜɵɩɨɥ-
ɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:

Vt,90,d d ft,90,d (Vo /V)0,2. (48)

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ

ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɤ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɯ.

8.1. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɢɡɝɢɛɨɦ

ɉɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɝɢɛɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ,
Ɋɢɫ. 10. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɩɨɪɚɦɢ
ɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ:
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɡ-
V t ,0 ,d V m , y ,d V m ,z ,d ɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ E.
  km d 1; (49) ɂɞɟɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɨɩɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ:
f t ,0 ,d f m , y ,d f m ,z ,d
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ

42 43
ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɧɚ
ɝɜɨɡɞɹɯ ɢ ɧɚɝɟɥɹɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ
ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ Kr, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɤɪɭɬɹɳɟɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹ ɜ ɭɡɥɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɧɚ 1 ɪɚɞɢɚɧ:
n
Kr ¦
¦K r
i 1
u i
2
, (51)

ɝɞɟ ri – ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɟɥɹ (ɝɜɨɡɞɹ) ɞɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɭɡɥɚ;

Ʉu – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ ɜ ɭɡɥɨɜɨɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɝɟɥɹɯ ɢɥɢ
ɝɜɨɡɞɹɯ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (52).

Ku = 2*Kser /3, (52)

ɝɞɟ Kser – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 15.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 15
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ Kser ɞɥɹ ɧɚɝɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ
Ɋɢɫ. 11. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɢ ɫ ɭɩɪɭɝɨ-
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɫ ɞɟɪɟɜɨɦ, ɩɨɞɚɬɥɢɜɵɦ ɭɡɥɨɦ
Ɍɢɩ ɧɚɝɟɥɹ ɩɥɢɬɵ ɫ ɞɟɪɟɜɨɦ, ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫ ɞɟɪɟɜɨɦ
ɋɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɟ ɧɚɝɟɥɢ, ɛɨɥɬɵ
ȼɢɧɬɵ (ɲɭɪɭɩɵ) Um1,5d/23 Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹ
Ƚɜɨɡɞɢ (ɫ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
ɩɪɨɫɜɟɪɥɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ)
Ƚɜɨɡɞɢ (ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ Uɤ1,5d0,8/30 lef S 2 EI . (53)
E 4
ɩɪɨɫɜɟɪɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ) l lK r
ɋɤɨɛɵ Uɤ1,5d0,8/80
ɉ ɪ ɢ ɦ ɟ ɱ ɚ ɧ ɢ ɟ. 1. Um – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɤɝ/ɦ3; Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɩɪɨɥɟɬɧɨɣ ɪɚɦɵ (ɪɢɫ. 12) ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢ-
d – ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɧɚɝɟɥɹ ɜ ɦɦ. ɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɫɬɨɟɤ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ E
2. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɡɧɚ- ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ:
ɱɟɧɢɟ Um ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ UU m ,1 * UU m ,2 .
5  4D ( 1  D )EI
E S  , (54)
ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹ, 12 l r Kr
ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɭɡɥɟ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 11.
lr N
ɝɞɟ D
Nr
¦ l i , ɚ lr, Nr, Ni ɢ li ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 12.
i

44 45
 I s EI (55)
l ef h 4  3 ,2  10 .
Io h hK r

ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɢɝɟɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ

ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:

I s EI I N (56)
l ef h 4  3 ,2  10 o ,
Io h hK r I No

ɝɞɟ N ɢ No – ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɜ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɟ ɢ ɪɢɝɟɥɟ ɪɚɦɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.

Ɋɢɫ. 12. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɩɪɨɥɟɬɧɨɣ ɪɚɦɵ
Ⱦɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ- ɢ ɬɪɟɯɲɚɪɧɢɪɧɨɣ ɚɪɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 13) ɫ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ 0,15 d
d h/l d 0,5 ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɦ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɜ
ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɤɚɤ lef = 1,25 s.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɨɟɤ ɢ ɪɢɝɟɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ (ɬɪɚɩɟɰɢɟɜɢɞɧɨɟ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɧɢɟ)
ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɣ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ
ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ 0,65*h ɢ 0,65*s ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɗɬɢ ɠɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɦ ɫ ɩɨɞɤɨɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɪɟɲɟɬɱɚɬɵɦɢ ɪɢɝɟɥɹɦɢ (ɪɢɫ. 15) ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ
ɞɥɢɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɨɟɤ (ɪɢɫ. 15ɚ) ɢ ɪɢɝɟɥɟɣ (ɪɢɫ. 15ɛ) ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ
lef = 2sl + 0,7 so.

Ɋɢɫ. 13. Ⱦɜɭɯɲɚɪɧɢɪɧɚɹ ɚɪɤɚ

ɉɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ,

ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ 1/4 ɩɪɨɥɟɬɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ- ɢ ɬɪɟɯɲɚɪɧɢɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɟɤ ɨɬ Ɋɢɫ. 14. Ɍɪɟɯɲɚɪɧɢɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɦɚ
ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 15q (ɪɢɫ. 14), ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɚ:

46 47
 ɚ Kr – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɢɝɟɥɟɦ ɢ ɫɠɚɬɵɦ
Ɋɢɫ. 15. ɉɨɪɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɦɚ: ɚ – ɫ ɪɟɲɟɬɱɚɬɵɦ ɪɢɝɟɥɟɦ
ɢ ɩɨɞɤɨɫɚɦɢ; ɛ – ɫ ɩɨɞɤɨɫɚɦɢ
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 16, ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ: ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ
ɩɨɬɟɪɟɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɨɣɤɢ ɜ ɟɟ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ, ɜɬɨɪɨɣ – ɩɨɬɟɪɹ
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɡɚɤɪɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɨɦ ɫɠɚɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ
ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ 1 < E < 2 ɢ a/s < 0,2 ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɪɢɝɟɥɹ (57):
2a 3S 2 aEI
E 1  2 , (57)
s 4 s ( 1  a / s )K r
ɝɞɟ EI – ɢɡɝɢɛɧɚɹ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɪɢɝɟɥɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ;
48
ɤɨɥɶɰɨɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɢɝɟɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ
ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ 0,65s ɨɬ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ.
Ɋɢɫ. 16. ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɦɚ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 6. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɞɥɢɧ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɬɪɟɯɲɚɪɧɢɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɦɵ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɫɬɨɣɤɢ ɢ ɪɢɝɟɥɹ ɬɪɟɯɲɚɪɧɢɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɦɵ
ɢɡ ɤɥɟɟɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ GL 28 (ɪɢɫ. 17, 18) ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɚɬɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɭɡɥɚɯ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɝɟɥɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɣɤɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɝɟɥɹɯ. ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ.
Ɋɢɝɟɥɶ: b = 200 ɦɦ, h3,4 = 1100 ɦɦ; h5 = 500 ɦɦ.
ɋɬɨɣɤɚ: b = 2*100 ɦɦ, h1,2 = 700 ɦɦ; h3,4 = 1100 ɦɦ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɤɥɟɟɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ GL 28 ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ ȿ0,05 =
= 9600 ɇ/ɦɦ2, ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ Uɤ = 410 ɤɝ/ɦ3.
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Kser = Uɤ1,5d/20 = 4101,5*24/20 = 9962 ɇ/ɦɦ.
49
 Ɍɨɝɝɞɞɚɚ ɪɚ
Ɍɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɱɟɟɬɧɚɹ
ɧ ɹ ɞɥ
ɞɥɢ
ɢɧɧɚɚ ɞɥ
ɞɥɹɹ ɫɬ
ɫɬɨɨɣ
ɣɤɤɢ
ɢ ɪɚ
ɪɚɦɦɵ
ɵ ɛɭ
ɛɭɞɞɟɟɬɬ ɪɚɜɜɧ
ɧɚ:

I* S EI
EI 1,48
48* 12
12882200 96
960000* 1,48
48
leff h 4  3,2  10
10 3500 4  3,2  10 20
20224466 ɦɦ.
ɦɦ
Io * h hK r
hK 1,18
18 * 350 0 350000* 2,75
35 75

Ɋɚɫɫɱɱɟɟɬɬɧ
Ɋɚ ɧɚɚɹɹ ɞɥɢɧ
ɢɧɚɚ ɞɥ
ɞɥɹɹ ppɢ
ɢɝɝɟɟɥɥɹɹ ɪɚ
ɪɚɦ
ɦɵ
ɵ
ɵ:

I* S EI
EI Io * N
lefef h 4  3,2  10
10
Io * h h* K r I * No
Ɋɢɫ. 17. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɬɪɟɯɲɚɪɧɢɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɦɵ
1,4488 * 12
12882200 960000 * 1,4488
96 1,18 * 8855
3500 4  3,2
35  10
10 * 1177110000 ɦɦ
ɦɦ .
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ ɜ ɭɡɥɨɜɨɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ: 1,1188 * 3500 33550000 * 2 ,7755 1,48 * 95
95
Ʉu = 2*Kser /3= 6642 ɇ/ɦɦ.
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ:
Ʉr = 6K ɢ * ri 2 6642*(18*4002 + 14*3002) = 2,75*1010 Hɦɦ. 1100. Ɉɞ
Ɉɞɧ
ɧɨ ɨ- ɢ ɞɜ
ɞɜɭ
ɜɭɫɫɤ
ɤɚɬ
ɚɬɧɧɵɵɟ ɛɛɚɚɥ
ɵɟ ɥɤɢ
ɥɤ ɢ ɝɧ
ɢ, ɝɧɭɭɬ
ɭɬɨɨɤ
ɤɥɟɟɟɟɧ
ɤɥ ɧɵɟ ɛɚɥ
ɧɵ ɚɥɤ
ɤɢ
ɤɢ
3 10 4
Ɇɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ: I =2*100*960 /12 =1,48*10 ɦɦ ; ɩɨɫɫɬɬɨɨɹɧ
ɩɨ ɹɧɧɧɨ
ɧɨɝɝɨ
ɨ ɫɟ
ɫɟɱɱɟɟɧ
ɧɢ
ɢɹ ɢ ɝɧ ɝɧɭɭɬɬɨ
ɬɨɤɤɥ
ɥɟɟɟɧ
ɥɟ ɧɵ
ɵɟ ɛɚ
ɵɟ ɛɚɥ
ɥɤɢ
ɥɤ ɢ
Io=200*8903/12 =1,18*1010 ɦɦ4. ɩɟɪ
ɟɪɟɟɦ
ɦ
ɦɟɟɧ
ɧɧ
ɧɧɨɨɝɝɨɨ ɫɟ
ɫɟɱ
ɱɟɧ
ɟɧɢɢɹ
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ,
ɪɚɜɧɵ: N = 85 ɤɇ; No = 95 ɤɇ. Ȼɚɥɥɤɤɢ
Ȼɚ ɢ ɬɚ
ɬɚɤɤɨɨɝɝɨɨ ɬɬɢ
ɢɩɚ
ɩɚ ɩɪ
ɩɪɟɟɞɞɫɫɬɬɚɚɜɜɥɥɟɟɧ
ɧɵɵɧɧɚɚ ɪɢ
ɪɢɫɫɭɭɧ
ɧɤɤɟɟ 199. ɂɯ
ɂɯ ɪɪɚɚɫɫɱ
ɱɟɟɬɬɭɭ ɩɨ
ɩɨɫɫɜɜɹɹɳɟ-
ɧɵ ɪɚ
ɪɚɡɡɞ
ɞɟɟɥ
ɥɵ
ɵ 6.4
6 4.22 ɢ 6. 6.44.33 ȿ
ȿɜɜɪɪɨɨɤɤɨɨɞɞɚɚ 5.

ɇɚɝɟɥɢ:
ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ
ɤɪɭɝ – 18Ø24 ɦɦ;
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ
ɤɪɭɝ – 14Ø24 ɦɦ.

Ɋɢɢɫ.. 19. Ȼ
Ɋ Ȼɚɚɥɥɤɤɢɢ: ɚ – ɨɨɞ ɬɧɚɹɹ ɛɛɚɚɥɥɤɤɚɚ;; ɛ – ɝɝɧɧɭɭɬ
ɞɧɧɨɨɫɫɤɤɚɚɬ ɬɨɤɥ
ɨɤɥɟɟɟɧɧɚɚɹɹ ɛɚ
ɛɚɥɥɤɤɚɚ
ɩɨɫɫɬ
ɩɨ ɬɨɨɹɹɧɧɧɧɨɨɝɝɨɨ ɫɟɱɱɟɟɧɧɢɢɹɹ;; ɜ – ɞɜɭɭɫɫɤɤɚɚɬ
ɬɧ
ɬɧɚɚɹɹ ɛɚ ɛɚɥɥɤɤɚɚ;; ɝ – ɝɧ
ɝɧɭɭɬ
ɬɨɤɥ
ɨɤɥɟɟɟɧɧɚɚɹɹ
Ɋɢɫ. 18. ɍɡɟɥ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɢ ɪɚɦɵ ɫ ɪɢɝɟɥɟɦ ɛɚ
ɛɚɥɥɤɤɚɚ ɩɩɟɪɪɟɦɦ
ɦɟɟɧɧɧɧɨɨɝɝɨɨ ɫɫɟɟɱɱɟɟɧɧɢɢɹɹ

50 51
 10
10..11. Ɉɞ
Ɉɞɧɨ
ɧɨɫɫɤ
ɤɚɚɬɬɧ
ɧɵɵɟ ɛɚ
ɵɟ ɛɚɥ
ɥɤ
ɤɢ
ɤɢ ɝɞɟ
f m ,d (61)
Ⱦɥɹɥ ɨɞ ɨɞɧ ɧɨɨɫɫɤɤɚɚɬɬɧ
ɧɵɵɯɯ ɛɚɛɚɥɥɨɨɤɤ,, ɜɜɨɨɥɥɨɨɤɤɧ
ɧɚɚ ɞɪɞɪɟɟɜɜɟɟɫɫɢ
ɢɧɧɵɵ ɤɨ ɤɨɬɬɨɨɪɪɵɵɯɯ ɩɚɪɪɚɚɥɥɥɥɟɟɥɥɶɶɧ
ɧɵɵ f m ,D , d .
f m ,d
ɝɨɪɪɢ
ɝɨ ɢɡɡɨɨɧɧɬɬɚɚɥɥɶɶɧ
ɧɨɨɣɣ ɩɨɩɨɜɜɟɟɪɪɯɯɧ
ɧɨɨɫɫɬɬɢ
ɢ, ɚ ɭɝɭ ɨɥ ɧɚ ɧɚɤɤɥɥɨɨɧɧɚɚ ɩɩɨɨɜɜɟɟɪɪɯɯɧ
ɧɨɨɫɫɬɬɢ
ɢ ɤ ɝɨ
ɝɨɪɪɢɢɡɡɨɨɧɧɬɬɭɭ ɧɟ
ɧɟ sin D  cos D
2 2

ɩɪɟɟɜɜɵ
ɩɪ ɵɲɚɚɟɟɬɬ 10
ɵɲ 10qq, ɦɚ ɦɚɤɤɫɫɢɢɦɦɚɚɥɥɶɶɧ
ɧɵ ɵ
ɵɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɩ ɩɪɪɹɹɠ
ɠɟɟɧ
ɧɢɢɹɹ ɜ ɜɨɥɨ ɥɨɤɤɧɧɚɚɯɯ, ɩɚɪɪɚɚɥɥɥɥɟɟɥɥɶɶɧ
ɧɵɵɯ
ɵɯ f c , 90 , d
ɩɨɜɜɟɟɪɪɯɯɧ
ɩɨ ɧɨɨɫɫɬɬɢɢ,, ɨɩ
ɨɩɪɟɞɞɟɥɥɹɹɸ ɸɬɫɫɹɹ ɫɫɥɥɟɟɞɞɭɭɸ
ɸɬ ɸ
ɸɳ ɳɢ ɢɦɦ ɨɛ
ɨɛɪɪɚɚɡɡɨɨɦɦ (ɪ
(ɪɢ 20):
ɢɫɫ. 20
10.2. Ⱦɜɭɫɤɚɬɧɵɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ, ɝɧɭɬɨɤɥɟɟɧɵɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ,
6 Md
V m ,o ,d ( 1  4 tgg 2D )* . (5588)) ɝɧɭɬɨɤɥɟɟɧɵɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ
bh 2
bh
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
ɋ ɩ ɩɪɪɨɨɬɬɢ
ɢɜɜɨɨɩ
ɩɨɨɥɥɨɨɠ
ɠɧ
ɠɧɨɨɣ
ɣ ɫɬɬɨɨɪɪɨɨɧ
ɧɵ,
ɵ ɢɦ
ɢɦɟɟɸ
ɸɳɟɟɣ
ɸɳ ɣ ɫɫɤɤɚɚɬɬ, ɧɚ
ɧɚɩ
ɩɪɪɹɹɠ
ɠɟɟɧ
ɧɢ
ɢɹɹ ɛɭ
ɛɭɞɞɭɭɬɬ
ɪɚɜɜɧ
ɪɚ ɧɵɵ
ɵ:
Vm,d = kl*6Map,d /(bh2ap) , (62)
6 Md
V m ,D ,d ( 1  4 tgg 2D ) . (5599)) ɝɞɟ hap ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 21;
bh 2
kl = k1+k2(hap/r)+k3(hap/r)2+k4(hap/r)3; (63)

Ɇ
Ɇɚɚɤɤɫɫɢ
ɢɦ
ɦɚɚɥɥɶɶɧ
ɧɵɵ ɧɚ
ɵɟ ɧɚɩ ɩɪɪɹɹɠ
ɠ ɧɢ
ɠɟ ɛɭɞɞɭɭɬɬ ɜ ɫɟɟɱɱɟɟɧ
ɧɢɹɹ ɛɭ ɧɢ
ɢɢ ɝɞɟɟ wV
ɢ ɯɯ,, ɝɞ wV/wwɯ = 0.
0 ȼ ɫɥ
ɫɥɭɭɱɱɚɚɟɟ k1 = 1+ 1,4tgD + 5,4tg2D; (64)
ɪɚɜɜɧ
ɪɚ ɧɨɨɦ
ɦ ɪɧɨ
ɦɟɪ ɧɨ ɪɚ
ɪɚɫɫɩ
ɩɪɪɟɟɞɞɟɟɥɥɟɟɧ
ɧɧɧɨɨɣ
ɣ ɧɚ
ɧɚɝɝɪɪɭɭɡɡɤɤɢ
ɢ ɯ = l//(1+
+happ/hhs).
)
k2 = 0,35 - 8tgD; (65)

ɤ3 = 0,6 + 8,3tgD -7,8tg2D; (66)

k4 = 6tg2D. (67)

ɍɝɨɥ D ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 20. Ⱦɥɹ ɝɧɭɬɨɤɥɟɟɧɵɯ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ

ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɨɥ D ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɧɭɥɸ.
ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɛɚɥɤɚɯ ɭ ɤɨɧɶɤɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɹ-
ɝɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ
Ɋɢ
Ɋɢɫɫ. 2200. ɈɈɛɛɳ ɳɢɢɣɣ ɜɢ
ɜɢɞɞ ɨɞɧɨɫɤɚɚɬ ɬɧɧɨɨɣɣ ɛɚɛɚɥɤɢ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɪɪɟɞɟɥɥɟɟɧɧɢɢɟɟɦ ɦ ɧɧɚɚɩɩɪɪɹɹɠ ɠ
ɠɟɟɧɧɢɢɣɣ ɷɬɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ:
ɜ ɤɪɪɢɢɬ
ɬɢɢɱɱɟɟɫɫɤɤɨɨɦ
ɦ ɫɟ
ɫɟɱɱɟɟɧɧɢɢɢɢ: ɚ – ɨɞ
ɨɞɧɧɨɨɫɫɤɤɚɚɬ
ɬɧɚɚɹɹ ɛɛɚɚɥɥɤɤɚɚ;; ɛ – ɤɪ
ɬɧ ɤɪɢɢɬ
ɬ
ɬɢɢɱɱɟɟɫɫɤɤɨɨɟɟ ɫɟ
ɫɟɱɱɟɟɧɧɢɢɟɟ;
ɜ – ɷɩ
ɷɩɸɸɪɪɚɚ ɧɚɧɚɩɩɪɪɹɹɠ
ɠɟɧɧɢɢɣɣ
ɠɟ Vt,90,d = kp*6Map,d /(bh2ap) , (68)

ɝɞɟ kp = k5+ k6(hap /r)+k7(hap /r)2; (69)

ȼ ɫɚ
ɫɚɦ
ɦɨɨɦ
ɦ ɜɟ
ɜɟɪɪɯɯɧɧɟɟɦ
ɦ ɜɨ
ɜɨɥɥɨɨɤɤɧ
ɧɟɟ ɬɬɪɚɩɟ
ɩ ɰɢ
ɰɢɟɟɜɜɢ
ɢɞɞɧ
ɧɨɨɣ
ɣ ɛɚ
ɛɚɥɥɤɤɢ
ɢ ɞɨ
ɞɨɥɥɠ
ɠɧɨɨ ɜɵɩ
ɠɧ ɵɩɨɨɥɥɧ
ɧɹɹɬɬɶɶɫɫɹɹ
ɫɥɟɟɞɞɭɭɸ
ɫɥ ɸɳɟɟɟɟ ɭɫ
ɸɳ ɭ ɥɥɨɨɜɜɢ
ɢɟɟ:
k5 = 0,2tgD; (70)
Vmm,,D,dd d fm,
m D,d , (600)
(6 k6 = 0,25 - 1,5tgD +2,6tg2D; (71)

52 53
 gD - 4tg
k7 = 22,1 ttg 4 g2D ; (72) ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ
V d ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ:
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ
Ɇap,
ap,d – ɪɚɫɱ
ɱɟɬɬɧ
ɧɵɵ
ɵɣ
ɣɢɢɡɡɝɝɢ
ɢɛɛɚɚɸ
ɸɳ
ɸ ɳɢ
ɢɣ ɦ
ɦɨɨɦ
ɦɟɟɧ
ɦ ɧɬɬ ɭ ɤɤɨɨɧ
ɧɶɶɤɤɚɚ.
Vm,d d Kr fm,d , (73)

ɚ ௜௡
ɝɞɟ ௥ ଴ǡ଴଴ଵ௥೔೙ ௥೔೙ (74)
௧ ௧

ȼ ɤɨɧɶɤɨɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɤ

ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ:
V d
Vt,90,d d kdis (Vo /V)0,2ft,90,d, (75)

ɝɞɟ kdis – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɨ

ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 16;
Vo /V – ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ, ɪɚɜɧɨɝɨ 0,01 ɦ3,
ɤ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɩɟɧ-
ɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 16.

Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ V ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 2/3 ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ

ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɛɚɥɤɢ Vb.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 16
ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ kdis ɢ V ɞɥɹ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ

Ɍɢɩ ɛɚɥɤɢ kdis V

Ƚɧɭɬɨɤɥɟɟɧɚɹ ɛɚɥɤɚ 1,4 ES 2

b( hap  2rin hap )
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ 180

Ⱦɜɭɫɤɚɬɧɚɹ ɛɚɥɤɚ 1,4 2 tgD

bhap (1 )
4
Ƚɧɭɬɨɤɥɟɟɧɚɹ ɛɚɥɤɚ 1,7 b*(sinD*cosD(rin + hap)2 -
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ - rin*SD/180)
ɉ ɪ ɢ ɦ ɟ ɱ ɚ ɧ ɢ ɟ. ɍɝɨɥ E ɞɥɹ ɝɧɭɬɨɤɥɟɟɧɨɣ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ
Ɋɢɫ. 21. ȼɢ
ȼɢɞɞ ɫɛ
ɫɛɨ
ɨɤɤɭɭ ɢ ɪɪɚɚɫɫɩɩɪ
ɪɟɟɞ
ɞɟɟɥɥɟɟɧɧɢɢɟɟ ɧɧɚ
ɚɩɩɪɪɹɹɠ
ɠ
ɠɟɟɧɧɢɢɣɣ:: ɚ – ɜ ɞɜɞɜɭɭɫɫɤɤɚ
ɚɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 22.
ɛ
ɛɚɚɥɤɟ;; ɛ – ɜ ɝɧ
ɝɧɭɭɬ
ɬɨɨɤɤɥɥɟɟɟɟɧɧɨ
ɨɣɣ ɛɚɛɚɥɥɤɤɟɟ ɩɩɟɟɪ
ɪɟɟɦ
ɦɟɟɧɧɧɧɨɨɝɝɨɨ ɫɫɟɱɟɧɧɢ
ɢɹɹ

54 55
 ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 7. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɛɚɥɤɚɯ
Ƚɧɭɬɨɤɥɟɟɧɚɹ ɛɚɥɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ
fm,g,k = 28 ɇ/ ɦɦ2; ft,90,g,k = 0,45 ɇ/ ɦɦ2.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɢɛ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɤ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ
ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɜɧɵ:
ft,90,g,d = kmodft,90,g,k /Jm = 0,8*0,45/1,3 = 0,277 ɇ/ɦɦ2;
fm,g,d = kmodfm,,g,k /Jm = 0,8*28/1,3 = 17,2 ɇ/ɦɦ2.

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ:
Vt,90,d = 0,136 < (V0 /V)0,2 *kdis *ft,90,g,d = 0,367*1,4*0,277 =
= 0,142 ɇ/ɦɦ2;
Vm,d = 9,91 ɇ/ɦɦ2 < kr fm,g,d = 1,0*17,2 = 17,2 ɇ/ɦɦ2.
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ.

Ƚɧɭɬɨɤɥɟɟɧɚɹ ɛɚɥɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ

ɇɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ, ɩɪɨɥɟɬ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɟ ɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢ
ɞɥɹ ɝɧɭɬɨɤɥɟɟɧɨɣ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼɢɞ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɫɛɨɤɭ ɢ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 21ɛ. ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɭ
Ɋɢɫ. 22. Ƚɧɭɬɨɤɥɟɟɧɚɹ ɛɚɥɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɧɶɤɚ hap = 1,32 ɦ, ɪɚɞɢɭɫ r = 17,5 + 1,32/2 = 18,16 ɦ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɢɡɝɢɛɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɚɥɤɟ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɤɥɟɟɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ
ɩɨɩɟɪɟɤ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɜ ɤɨɧɶɤɨɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ GL 28, ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ:
ɜɵɲɟ.
l = 18 ɦ; qd = 8 ɤɇ/ɦ; h = 1,0 ɦ; D = E = 12q;
E = 12q; Map,d = 324 ɤɇɦ; b = 0,2 ɦ; V = b*(sinD*cosD*(rin + hap )2 - rin2 *SD/180) =
r = 18 ɦ; kmod = 0,8; t = 30 ɦɦ. = 0,2*(sin12o*cos12o*(17,5 + 1,32)2 - 17,52 *12S/180) = 1,58 ɦ3;
kdis= 1,7; kr = 1;
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɢɡɝɢɛɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ (V0 /V)0,2 = (0,01/1,58)0,2 = 0,363;
ɩɨɩɟɪɟɤ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ. kp = 0,2tgD + (0,25 - 1,5 tgD + 2,6tg2D)*hap /r + (2,1tgD - 4tg2D)*
V = ESb/180*(hap2 + 2rin hap ) = 12S*0,2/180*(12 + 2*17,5*1) = 1,51 ɦ2; *(hap /r)2 = 0,2tg12o + (0,25- 1,5tg12o + 2,6tg212o)*1,32/18,16 +
kdis = 1,4; + (2,1tg12o - 4tg212o)*(1,32/18,16)2 = 0,047;
kr = 1, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ rin /t = 17,5/0,03 = 583 > 240; kl = 1 + 1,4tgD + 5,4tg2D + (0,35 - 8tgD)*hap /r +
(V0 /V)0,2 = (0,01/1,51)0,2 = 0,367; + (0,6 + 8,3tgD - 7,8tg2D)*(hap /r)2 + 6tg2D(hap /r)3 =
kp = 0,25hap /r = 0,25*1/18 = 0,014; = 1 + 1,4tg12o + 5,4tg212o + (0,35 - 8tg12o)*1,32/18,16 +
kl = (1 + 0,35*1/18 + 0,6*(1/18)2) = 1,02; + (0,6 + 8,3tg12o - 7,8tg212o)*(1,32/18,16)2 +
Vt,90,d = 0,014*6*324*106/(200*10002) = 0,136 ɇ/ɦɦ2; + 6tg212o*(1,32/18,16)3 = 1,45;
Vm,d = 1,02*6*324*106 /(200*10002) = 9,91 ɇ/ɦɦ2. Vm,d = 1,45*6*324*106 /(200*13202) = 8,09 ɇ/ɦɦ2;
ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 5,
Vt,90,d = 0,047*6*324*106 /(200*13202) = 0,264 ɇ/ɦɦ2.
ɪɚɜɧɵ:

56 57
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ:
Vm,d = 8,09 ɇ/ɦɦ2 < krfm,g,d = 1*17,2 = 17,2 ɇ/ɦɦ2;
Vt,90,d = 0,262 ɇ/ɦɦ2 > kVol kdis ft,90,g,d = 0,363*1,7*0,277 = 0,171 ɇ/ɦɦ2.
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɤ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ
ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞɚ 5, ɧɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɭ ɤɨɧɶɤɚ.

11. Ʉɥɟɟɧɵɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɫ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ

ɋɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɛɚɥɨɤ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 23. ɂɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ 9.1.1
ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞɚ 5.
ɉɨɥɤɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɰɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɤɥɟɟɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ,
ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɮɚɧɟɪɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨ-
ɫɬɪɭɠɟɱɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨ-ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɥɢɬ.
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɤɢ ɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ
ɫɤɥɟɟɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ.
ɋɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɩɨ Ɋɢɫ. 23. ɋɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɧɤɨɫɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ
ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɜ ɢɯ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹɯ
ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɛɚɥɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɢɡ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɫ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦɢ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ, ɬɨ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɟɟ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ (ɩɨɥɤɚ, ɫɬɟɧɤɚ) ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ:
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɷɩɸɪɚɯ (ɪɢɫ. 23).
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦɢ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɟɝɨ §E ·§ 1  kdef , f ·
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ (ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ, I ef If ¨ w ¸¨ ¸Iw . (77)
¨ Ef ¸¨ 1  kdef , w ¸
ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɪ.). ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ, ɩɪɢɧɹɜ ɞɥɹ © ¹© ¹
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɤ, ɚ ɞɨɥɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟ-
ɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ
ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɤɢ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɇɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɤɚɯ
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɚ: Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɠɚɬɨɦ ɩɨɹɫɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ
ɢɡɝɢɛɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ:
§E ·§ 1  k def , f ·
Aef Af  ¨ w ¸¨ ¸ Aw . (76) §M · §F ·
¨ Ef ¸¨ 1  k def ,w ¸ V f ,c ,max, d ¨ d yo ¸  ¨ d ¸ . (78)
© ¹© ¹ ¨ I ef ¸ ¨ Aef ¸
© ¹ © ¹

58 59
 ɇɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɫɠɚɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɹɫɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ § Ew ·
ɪɚɜɧɵ: VW Vf¨ ¸. (82)
¨ Ef ¸
© ¹
§ M d · § Fd ·
V f ,c ,d ¨ y ¸¨ ¸, (79)
¨ I ef c ¸ ¨ Aef ¸ ɗɬɨ ɠɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ, ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɟ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
© ¹ © ¹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ:
ɝɞɟ Ɇd – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ;
y o – ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɞɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɫɠɚ- § Ew ·§ 1  kdef , f ·
VW Vf¨ ¸¨ ¸. (83)
ɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɹɫɚ; ¨ Ef ¸¨ 1  kdef ,w ¸
© ¹© ¹
Fd – ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ;
yc – ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɞɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɫɠɚɬɨɝɨ
ɩɨɹɫɚ.
ȼ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɋɠɚɬɚɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɨɹɫɨɜ: Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɭ ɤɪɨɦɤɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
V f ,c ,max,d d f m ,d ; (80)
§§ M · § · ·§ ·§ ·
V w ,c ,max, d ¨ ¨ d y ¸  ¨ Fd ¸ ¸ ¨ E w ¸ ¨ 1  k def , f ¸, (84)
V f ,c ,d d k c f c ,0 ,d , (81) ¨ ¨ I ef w , c ¸ ¨ Aef ¸ ¸ ¨ E f ¸ ¨ 1  k ¸
©© ¹ © ¹ ¹© ¹© def , w ¹
ɝɞɟ kc – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɪɸ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɫɠɚɬɨɝɨ
ɩɨɹɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɫ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨ ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞɭ 5, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɝɞɟ yw,c – ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɞɨ ɫɠɚɬɨɣ ɤɪɨɦɤɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ.
ξଵଶ௟
ȼ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɷɬɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ
೎
ɩɨ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɢ O ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɠɚɬɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ:
௕
lc – ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ
ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ; V w ,max,d d f c ,w ,d . (85)
b – ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɩɨɹɫɚ.
ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɹɧɭɬɨɦ
ɩɨɹɫɟ. Ɋɚɫɬɹɧɭɬɚɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɭ ɤɪɨɦɤɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɇɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:

ɋɬɟɧɤɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ §§ M · § Fd · ·§ E w · § 1  k def ·

V w , t , max, d ¨¨ d y ¸¨ ¸ ¸¨ ¸¨ ,f ¸, (86)
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ¨ ¨ I ef w , t ¸ ¨ A ef ¸ ¸¨ E f ¸ ¨ 1  k def ¸
ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɨɹɫɨɜ. ©© ¹ © ¹ ¹© ¹© ,w ¹
ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ,
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɤɢ ɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɝɞɟ yw,t – ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɞɨ ɪɚɫɬɹɧɭɬɨɣ ɤɪɨɦɤɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ.
ɧɚɣɞɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ: ȼ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɷɬɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ:

60 61
 V w ,t ,max,d d f t ,w ,d . (87) ɇɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ:
ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɥɨɫ-
ɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ. W mean ,d d f v ,90 ,w ,d ɞɥɹ hf d 4bw ; (92)
0 ,8
§ 4 bw ·
Ʉɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ W mean ,d d f v ,90 ,w ,d ¨ ¸ ɞɥɹ hf > 4bw . (93)
¨ hf ¸
© ¹
Ɇɟɫɬɧɭɸ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ:

hw d 70bw ; (88) ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 8. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ

ɞɜɭɬɚɜɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɧɤɨɫɬɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɥɤɢ
§ § h f ,t  h f ,c · · ɩɪɢ h ɉɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɭɬɚɜɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɥɟɟɧɨɣ ɛɚɥɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 23) ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭ-
Vd d fV ,O ,d nbw hw ¨ 1  0 ,5¨¨ ¸¸ w d 35bw ; (89)
¨ hw ¸¸ ɸɳɢɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ:
© © ¹¹
Ʉɥɚɫɫ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ 2.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ Md = 6,5 ɤɇɦ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɣ
2§ § h f ,t  h f ,c · · ɩɪɢ 35b d hw d 70bw , (90)
Vd d 35 f v ,od nbw ¨ 1  0 ,5 ¨¨ ¸¸
¸¸
w ɫɠɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɵ Fcd = 20 ɤɇ, ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ Vd = 5,0 ɤɇ.
¨ hw
© © ¹¹ ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ 25  ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣ-
ɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ 75  ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɝɞɟ Vd – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ; ɉɨɥɤɢ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɰɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɋ 30 (EN
fv,o,d – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɞɜɢɝ; 338), ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ:
n – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ. fm,d = 18,5ɇ/ɦɦ2; fc,0,d = 14,2 ɇ/ɦɦ2; kc = 0,95;
2
ft,0,d = 11,1 ɇ/ɦɦ ; Emean = 12000 ɇ/ɦɦ2;
Ʉɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɥɟɟɜɨɦ ɲɜɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ kmod = 0,80 – ɞɥɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ;
ɩɨɥɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ kdef = 0,80 – ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ 2 ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɫ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɋɬɟɧɤɚ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɢɡ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨ-ɫɬɪɭɠɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɥɢɬɵ (EN 312-7) ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ
ɤɥɟɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ t = 10 ɦɦ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ:
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɞɜɢɝ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ fc,w,d = 5,97 ɇ/ɦɦ2; ft,w,d = 4,44 ɇ/ɦɦ2; fv,o,d = 3,3 ɇ/ɦɦ2;
2 2
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ fv,90,d = 0,804 ɇ/ɦɦ ; Emean = 2475 ɇ/ɦɦ ;
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: kdef = 2,25; kmod = 0,55 – ɞɥɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨcɬɢ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɢɡ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨ-ɫɬɪɭɠɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɥɢɬɵ ɩɨɥɡɭɱɟɫɬɶ
Vd S f ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɩɨɥɤɚɯ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɢɡ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ
W mean ,d , (91) ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ, ɬɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɫ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
I ef l g
ɛɭɞɭɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶɫɹ, ɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɤɚɯ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɬɶ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɝɞɟ Sf – ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɯ,
ɨɫɢ ɛɚɥɤɢ; ɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɤɚɯ – ɩɪɢ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɯ.
lg – ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫɤɥɟɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɤɢ ɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɦ
ɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɛɚɥɤɢ.

62 63
 ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɠɚɬɨɦ ɩɨɹɫɟ
ɩɪɢ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɯ

6 ,5* 106 20* 103

V f ,c,max,d * 125 16,1 ɇ / ɦɦ2 ;
63* 106 6337

Vf,c,max,d  fm,d = 18,5 ɇ/ɦɦ2;

6 ,5* 106 20* 103

V f ,c,d * 100 13,47 ɇ / ɦɦ2 ;
63* 106 6337

V f ,c ,d  k c f c ,o ,d 0 ,95 * 14 ,2 13 ,5 ɇ / ɦɦ 2 .

Ɋɢɫ. 23. ɉɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɹɧɭɬɨɦ ɩɨɹɫɟ
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɯ
ɩɪɢ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɯ
6 ,5* 106 20* 103
V f ,t ,max,d 125  9,74 ɇ / ɦɦ2 ;
Aef 4 * 50 * 30 
1  0 ,0 * 2475 10 * 250  6516 ɦɦ ; 2 63* 106 6337
1  0 ,0 * 12000
§ 30 * 50 3 · V f ,t ,max,d  f m ,d 18 ,5 ɇ / ɦɦ 2 ;
If 4¨  30 * 50 * 100 2 ¸ 4
6125 * 10 ɦɦ ; 4
¨ 12 ¸
© ¹ 6 ,5* 106 20u103
10 * 250 3 V f ,t ,d * 100 7,16 ɇ / ɦɦ2 ;
IW 1302 * 10 4 ɦɦ 4 ; 63* 106 6337
12

I ef
§
¨¨ 6125 
1  0 ,0 * 2475 * 1302 · 4
¸¸10 6394 * 10 4 ɦɦ 4 .
V f ,t ,d  ft ,o,d 11,1 ɇ / ɦɦ2 .
© 1  0 ,00 * 12000 ¹
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɫɠɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɯ
ɩɪɢ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɯ
§ 6 ,5 * 10 6 20 * 10 3 ·§ 1  0 ,0 2475 ·
( 1  ( 0 ,80 * 0 ,25  0 ,25 * 0 ,75 ))* 2475 V w ,c ,d ¨ * 125  ¸¨ ¸
Aef 4 * 50 * 30  * ¨ 6394 * 10 4 6516 ¸¨ 1  0 ,0 12000 ¸
( 1  ( 2 ,25 * 0 ,25  0 ,75 * 0 ,75 ))* 12000 © ¹© ¹
* ( 10 * 250 ) 6337 ɦɦ 2 ; 3 ,25 ɇ / ɦɦ 2 ;
§ ( 1  ( 0 ,8 * 0 ,25  0 ,25 * 0 ,75 ))* 2475 ·
I ef ¨ 6125  * 1302 ¸ * 10 4
© ( 1  ( 2 ,25 * 0 ,25  0 ,75 * 0 ,75 ))* 12000 ¹ V w,c ,d  f c ,w ,d 5 ,97 ɇ / ɦɦ 2 .
6300 * 10 4 ɦɦ4 .

64 65
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɪɚɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ
ɩɪɢ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɯ
Ⱦɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɧɤɨɫɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɟɧɵɯ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ
§ 6 ,5 * 10 6
20 * 10 3 ·§ 1  0 ,0 * 2475 · ɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɢɡ ɰɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
V w ,t ,d ¨ ¸¨ ¸
¨ 6394 * 10 4 * 125  6516 ¸¨ 1  0 ,0 * 12000 ¸ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɫɞɜɢɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ.
© ¹© ¹ Ⱦɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
1,99 ɇ / ɦɦ 2 ;
§ A · § ·
V w ,t ,d  f t ,w ,d 4 ,44 ɇ / ɦɦ 2 . u ¨
¨E I ¸
  ¨G A ¸  
¸ 1  kdef , f  ¨ B ¸ 1  kdef ,w , (94)
© f ef ¹ © w w¹

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɝɞɟ Ⱥ ɢ ȼ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɟ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ,
ɩɪɢ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɤ ɛɚɥɤɟ, ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ (ɬɚɛɥ. 9);
hw = 150 < 70bw = 700 ɦɦ; ȺW – ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɛɚɥɤɢ.
hw < 35bw = 350 ɦɦ;
§ 50  50 ·
Vd 5  10 * 150 * ¨ 1  0 ,5 ¸ * 3 ,30 6600 ɇ 6 ,6 ɤɇ .
© 150 ¹

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɫɞɜɢɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɤɥɟɟɜɨɦ ɲɜɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɥɤɨɣ

ɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɯ
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɹɫɚɯ ɫ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ,
ɬɨ ɫɞɜɢɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɹɫɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɷɬɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ
ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɯ.

Sf = 2(50*30*100) = 300*103 ɦɦ3;

lg =22*50 =100 ɦɦ;
5 * 10 3 * 300* 10 3
W mean,d 0 ,24 ɇ / ɦɦ 2 ;
63* 106 * 100
hf = 50 ɦɦ > 4bw = 40 ɦɦ;
0 ,8
§ 4 * 10 ·
0 ,804 * ¨ ¸ 0 ,673 ! W mean,d 0 ,24 ɇ / ɦɦ 2 .
© 50 ¹

66 67
 ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ

1. EN 1995-1-1. Eurocode 5: Design of Timber Structures. Part 1–1: ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ...................................................................………… 3

General – Common rules and rules for buildings. European committee for 1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ................................................….......... 5
standardization. Brussels, 2004. 2. ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞɚ 5 (ɱɚɫɬɶ 1–1)............................................... 5
2. Arya, C. Design of structural elements : concrete, steelwork, masonry 3. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ.
and timber design to British Standards and Eurocodes / C. Arya. – L. : ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢ.....................…................. 6
Chapman and Hall, 1993. 4. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ........................................…..…....... 6
3. əɝɧɸɤ, Ȼ. ɇ. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ 4.1. ɇɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.........................…............ 7
ɧɨɪɦ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ : ɭɱɟɛ. ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. – ɉɟɬɪɨɡɚɜɨɞɫɤ : ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ 4.2. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ.................................…........ 8
ɉɟɬɪȽɍ, 1999. – 72 ɫ. 5. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɟɦɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ............................…................ 15
4. əɝɧɸɤ, Ȼ. ɇ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ 5.1. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɧɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ…. 16
5.2. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ....................................…... 17
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞɭ / Ȼ. ɇ. əɝɧɸɤ // Ɍɪɭɞɵ ɉɟɬɪɨɡɚɜɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ
5.3. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɣ......................................…...... 20
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. ɋɟɪ. ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ. – 1997. – ȼɵɩ. 5.
5.4. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɛɚɥɨɤ............….. 23
5. əɝɧɸɤ, Ȼ. ɇ. ɋɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ
5.5. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ..................... 25
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦ ɋɇɢɉ–ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞ /
5.6. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɠɚɬɢɟ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɤ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ (ɫɦɹɬɢɟ).. 27
Ȼ. ɇ. əɝɧɸɤ ; ɉɟɬɪȽɍ. – Ⱦɟɩ. ɜ ȼɂɇɂɌɂ 21.02.95. ʋ 483-ȼ95. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ...........….. 28
6. əɝɧɸɤ, Ȼ. ɇ. ɋɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ ɋɇɢɉ– ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 2. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɪɟɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɥɤɢ..............…. 34
ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ / Ȼ. ɇ. əɝɧɸɤ ; ɉɟɬɪȽɍ. – Ⱦɟɩ. 6. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɧɚ ɤɪɭɱɟɧɢɟ.........................................................……. 35
ɜ ȼɂɇɂɌɂ 23.03.95. ʋ 795-ȼ95. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 3. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɤɪɭɬɹɳɟɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ.…....…. 36
7. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɠɚɬɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ.................................…. 37
7.1. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɠɚɬɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ.............. 37
7.2. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɠɚɬɨ-ɢɡɨɝɧɭɬɵɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ.......................................................……. 38
7.3. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɫɠɚɬɵɯ
ɢ ɜɧɟɰɟɧɬɪɟɧɧɨ ɫɠɚɬɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ……………... 39
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 4. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɠɚɬɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ.................... 39
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 5. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɜɧɟɰɟɧɬɪɟɧɧɨ ɫɠɚɬɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ........….. 41
8. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ.........................…. 42
8.1. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ
ɫ ɢɡɝɢɛɨɦ.........................................................…… 42
9. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ.................................................. 43
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 6. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɞɥɢɧ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɬɪɟɯɲɚɪɧɢɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɦɵ..................................…...... 49

68 69
 10. Ɉɞɧɨ- ɢ ɞɜɭɫɤɚɬɧɵɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ, ɝɧɭɬɨɤɥɟɟɧɵɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɧɭɬɨɤɥɟɟɧɵɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ................................................…........ 51
10.1. Ɉɞɧɨɫɤɚɬɧɵɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ............................................. 52
10.2. Ⱦɜɭɫɤɚɬɧɵɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ, ɝɧɭɬɨɤɥɟɟɧɵɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɝɧɭɬɨɤɥɟɟɧɵɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ.................................…...... 53
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 7. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɛɚɥɤɚɯ..................…... 56
Ƚɧɭɬɨɤɥɟɟɧɚɹ ɛɚɥɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ......... 56 əɝɧɸɤ Ȼɨɪɢɫ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɟɜɢɱ
Ƚɧɭɬɨɤɥɟɟɧɚɹ ɛɚɥɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ......... 57
11. Ʉɥɟɟɧɵɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɫ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ................................…..... 58
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 8. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɬɚɜɪɨɜɨɣ
ɬɨɧɤɨɫɬɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɥɤɢ.................................…....... 63 ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ…………........……... 68 ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ
ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ ȿɜɪɨɫɨɸɡɚ
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ

Ɋɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ Ɍ. Ⱥ. Ʉɚɪɚɤɚɧ
Ʉɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɚɹ ɜɟɪɫɬɤɚ Ɉ. Ȼ. əɝɧɸɤ

70
 ɉɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɤ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ 14.11.11. Ɏɨɪɦɚɬ 60x84 1/16.
Ȼɭɦɚɝɚ ɨɮɫɟɬɧɚɹ.
ɍɱ.-ɢɡɞ. ɥ. 4. Ɍɢɪɚɠ 100 ɷɤɡ. ɂɡɞ. ʋ 204.

Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ

ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɉȿɌɊɈɁȺȼɈȾɋɄɂɃ ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɃ ɍɇɂȼȿɊɋɂɌȿɌ
Ɉɬɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɨ ɜ ɬɢɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɉɟɬɪȽɍ
186910, ɝ. ɉɟɬɪɨɡɚɜɨɞɫɤ, ɩɪ. Ʌɟɧɢɧɚ, 33