Detection of the Environment Revision Exercise P.1 Detection of the Environment Revision Exercise P.

F.4 Biology Revision Exercise

Detecting the Environment (iv) The man tried to shield his eyes from the strong sunlight by
putting his hand above his forehead as shown in the diagram. Is
1. this action reflex or voluntary ? (1 mark)
(920103b)

Suggested solutions
1(i) the iris muscle (circular muscle) contracts (1)
to reduce the size of the.pupil (1)
to prevent too much light entering into the eyeballs (1)
to overstimulate/damage the retina (1)

(ii) the ciliary muscle relaxed (1)

increasing the tension on the suspensory ligaments (1)
the lens became less convex (1)
to enable it to focus on a far away object

(iii) N.B. No lens, no mark

No arrows, deduct 1 mark
Light rays not reaching retina, deduct 1 mark

(2)
(i) A man came out of the cinema as shown in the diagram on the (iv) voluntary (1)
opposite page. Describe how his eyes would adapt to the bright
daylight. Explain why this would be necessary. (4 marks)

(ii) After looking at his watch, the man tried to locate the bus stop at
the end of the street. Describe and explain the changes that 2(i) A cloudy cornea can cause blindness. What treatment can be
occurred in his eyes. (3 marks) given to a man with such a cornea to restore his vision ?
(1 mark)
(iii) The man had an eye defect in which he was unable to see clearly (ii) Explain why only a small number of such patients can receive
the number painted on the sign post of the bus stop. Draw a simple this treatment in Hong Kong. (2 marks)
diagram to show the path of the light rays when his eye was (940101cii)
focusing on the number on the sign post. (2 marks)
Eye & ear Ex./ P.1
Detection of the Environment Revision Exercise P.3 Detection of the Environment Revision Exercise P.4

Suggested solutions (ii) Large,accurate diagram with smooth lines and parallel
2(i) cornea transplant (1) incident rays (D) (1)
(ii) This treatment requires the donation of cornea from other Title (1/2)
people(1) Very few people are willing to do this after death (1) Presence of an arrow sign (1/2)
Focus in front of retina (1/2)
Light rays continue to retina (1/2)
3. A boy was standing by the roadside and saw a bus moving
towards him. The photographs below show what he saw when the
bus was 10m and 5m away from him respectively:

(iii) Wear a concave lens / have an operation to decrease the

curvature of the cornea (1)
(iv) Cones, which are responsible for colour vision, (1) cannot
function properly in dim light (1)

4. The diagram below shows a boy,

Bill, sitting for an examination in
the school hall. Before the
examination started, Bill took off
his glasses and relaxed.
(i) (1) What kind of eye defect did the boy probably have ? (1 mark) (i) Bill looked at the clock on the
(2) State two features of the eyeball that might have caused this wall. It was 9:00 a.m. Draw the
eye defect. (2 marks) image of the two hands of the
(ii) Draw a ray diagram to show the pathway of light entering the eye clock formed on the retina of his
of the boy when he was looking at the bus 10m away from him. eye. (1 mark)
(3 marks)
(iii) How could this eye defect be corrected? (1 mark) (ii) Describe how the image on the retina generates vision in the brain.
(iv) The boy had normal colour vision, but when it was getting dark, (4 marks)
he found it difficult to distinguish the colour of the cars on the (iii) After looking at the clock, Bill turned to his watch to check the
road. Explain this briefly. (2 marks) time. Describe the changes that occurred in his eyes when he tried
(960101c) to focus on his watch. (3 marks)
(iv) Though Bill could clearly see the clock, he could not see his
Suggested solutions watch clearly without putting on his glasses. Draw a ray diagram
(i) (1) short sight (1) to show how his eye defect is corrected by his glasses.
(2) The eyeball might be too long (1) (3 marks)
The lens might be too thick (1) (980104a)
Eye & ear Ex./ P.2
 Detection of the Environment Revision Exercise P.5 Detection of the Environment Revision Exercise P.6

Suggested solutions
4(i)

(ii) Light-sensitive cells (cones or rods) on the retina were

stimulated (1)
Nerve impulses were set up (1)
and transmitted along the optic nerve / nerve fibre (1)
to the cerebral cortex / cerebrum/ visual centre for
(interpretation into vision) (1)
[brain/ optic centre NOT accept] (i) Referring to the graph, describe the effect of light intensity on the
Effective communication (C) (1) size of the pupil. (2 marks)
(ii) Explain the significance of the change in pupil size in response
(iii) Ciliary muscles would contract (1) to an increase in light intensity. (2 marks)
Suspensory ligaments would slacken (1)
Lens would become more convex (1) (iii) The pupil response to light intensity is a reflex action coordinated
by the brain. By means of a flowchart, show the nervous pathway
(iv) Convex lens /Lens of the eye/ nearby object (diverging rays) involved.
/converging rays/ (Hint : This nervous pathway is similar to that of a spinal reflex
Arrow sign / Image on retina / Title arc.) (3 marks)
Any 6 3
(iv) People have different eye colours, such as brown, blue or green,
but their pupils always appear to be black. Explain why the pupil
always appears to be black. (2 marks)
(000102b)

5. An investigation was carried out to study the effect of light on the
pupil of the eye. A person sat in a room in which the light intensity
could be varied. The size of the pupil of the person was measured at
different light intensities. The graph below shows the results of the
investigation:
Eye & ear Ex./ P.3
Suggested solutions
5(i) From 1 to 5 units of light intensity, the size of the pupil
decreases with increasing light intensity (1)
However, when the light intensity is above 5 units, the size of
the pupil will remain unchanged with increasing light intensity
(1)
(ii) This response helps to prevent excessive light entering the eye
(1)
so that the light-sensitive cells of the retina may not be
damaged (1)
 Detection of the Environment Revision Exercise P.7 Detection of the Environment Revision Exercise P.8

(iii) light-sensitive cells / photoreceptors -> sensory neurone / Suggested solutions

optic nerve (i) To supply nutrients / oxygen to the eyeball (1)
-> association neurone in brain -> motor neurone / nerve -> as it is richly supplied with blood / capillaries (1) or
iris muscle To prevent reflection of light within the eye
( 1/2 mark for each term) as it contains dark pigments (1) any ONE set
Deduct 1/2 mark if there is no arrow sign.
(ii) The image formed on C can be seen, while that formed on B
(iv)Because all the light entering the eye is absorbed by the retina cannot be seen (1) because there are light-sensitive cells at C,
and the choroid (1) but none at B (1)
As a result no light is reflected out of the eye through the pupil (iii) Structure D would become thinner / less convex (1)
(1) This is caused by the relaxation of the ciliary muscle (1)
which leads to an increase in tension in the suspensory
ligaments (1)
and, in turn, stretches the lens
6. The diagram below shows a (iv) Drawing (D) : large, clear and accurate diagram (1)
section of the human eye: (accuracy includes outline of eyeball, lens of eye, straight lines
(i) State one function of A. What for light rays)
feature of A contributes to (L) : Parallel rays from object (with arrow sign), focus in front
this function? (2 marks) of retina, rays extended to retina (3 x 1/2)
Title (T) (1/2)
(ii) A small object may form an
image on spot B or C, and it
will be perceived differently.
What is the difference in
vision? Why is there such a Total : 10 + 1 marks
difference? (2 marks)

(iii) After reading her book, a student tries to look at some words
written on the blackboard. What would be the change in structure
D of her eye? Explain how this change is brought about. (3 marks)
7. Diagram 1 below shows the structure of the human ear and its
(iv) The student finds that she cannot see the words on the connection to the brain. Electron micrographs X and Y show the
blackboard clearly. Draw a ray diagram to show the path of light surface view of the sensory hair cells at the same site in the ears of
rays entering her eye under such a condition. (3 marks) two persons as observed under the same magnification :
(010102a)

Eye & ear Ex./ P.4

Detection of the Environment Revision Exercise P.9 Detection of the Environment Revision Exercise P.10

Suggested solutions
7.(i) The loudness of the sound heard would be smaller (1)
because A is used for collecting sound waves into the external
ear canal / less sound waves are collected (1)
(ii) C, E and F (3 answers correct, 2 marks; 2 answers correct, 1
mark) (2)
(iii)(1) cochlea (1)
(2) They serve as receptors to detect sound vibrations / They are
stimulated by sound vibrations (1)
and they produce nerve impulses upon receiving the vibrations
(1)
(iv) Due to the frequent loud noises, the sensory hair cells are
over-stimulated (1)
so they are damaged / become fewer in number (1)
(v) Hearing will be lost (1)
because D, being damaged, cannot transmit nerve impulses to
the cerebrum (1)
where the nerve impulses are interpreted into hearing (1)

Go on to the next page 8. The diagram below shows a section of a human eye:
(i) What will be the change in the loudness of the sound heard if
structure A of a person is lost in an accident ? Give a reason for
your answer. (2 marks)
(ii) Using the letters in diagram 1, list all parts of the ear that are filled
with liquid. (2 marks)
(iii) Electron micrograph X shows the sensory hair cells taken from
part E of a normal ear.
(1) Name part E. (1 mark)
(2) Explain the role of the sensory hair cells there. (2 marks)
(iv) Electron micrograph Y shows the sensory hair cells of a person
who has been working at noisy construction sites for a long period (i)(1) Name structure A. (1 mark)
of time. Suggest why his sensory hair cells are different from those (2) Structure A becomes weak in an old man. Explain how this will
shown in electron micrograph X. (2 marks) affect his eyesight when he looks at a nearby object.(4 marks)
(v) If the ear is normal but structure D is damaged completely at point
P, how will hearing be affected ? Explain your answer. (3 marks)
Eye & ear Ex./ P.5
Detection of the Environment Revision Exercise P.11

(ii) Suggest one possible change of the lens which will also weaken
the eyesight. (1 mark)

(iii) With reference to the function of layer C, explain why the falling
off of layer B from layer C may cause blindness. (4 marks)
(070107a)
Total: 10 marks

Suggested solutions
8.
(i)(1) * ciliary muscles 1
(2) When the man is looking at a near object, the weakened ciliary
muscle contract with less force 1
and the tension of the suspensory ligament remains high 1
Hence, the lens is not thick enough 1
and fails to converge light to form a clear image on the retina
1

(ii) The lens becomes less elastic / cloudy 1

(iii) Layer B contains light sensitive cells 1

cannot obtain nutrients / oxygen from layer C 1+
As a result, light sensitive cells die 1
Light falling on layer B cannot be detected / no nerve impulse can
be produced
Therefore the vision is impaired 1

Eye & ear Ex./ P.6