Mycology Glossary Illustrations

Glossary of Mycology Terms
In collaboration with the Rhode Island School of Design, students from Jean Blackburn’s Scientific Illustration class to create high-quality Creative Commons licensed scientific illustrations
of fungal anatomy terms. To share these works, this new glossary feature for Mushroom Observer was created.
This release provides the bare minimum of functionality to be able to discover and view these illustrations. New glossary terms can also be created by anyone in the community. Currently
these terms are illustrated by single images, but my intent is to add support for multiple images including both scientific illustrations and example photographs. There will also be a search
feature, the ability to add links to terms as part of any Mushroom Observer markup. A particular feature that needs discussion is how best to handle translations of these terms and their
definitions. Discussion of these features including additional desired terms are welcome on either the Mushroom Observer mailing list (mo-general@googlegroups.com
(https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups=#!forum/mo-general)) or the unofficial Mushroom Observer Facebook page (https://www.facebook.com/groups/105230049528087/).
-atus (/glossary_terms/1665):
1. Suffix meaning to be in possession of. This is a common suffix in mycology. Example: The second word of the name Panaeolus cyanoannulatus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Panaeolus+cyanoannulatus) implies greenish-blue (cyan) + a ring-shaped object (annul[us]) + in possession of (atus).
More Latin And Greek Prefixes & Suffixes: http://www.davidmoore.org.uk/... (http://www.davidmoore.org.uk/21st_Century_Guidebook_to_Fungi_PLATINUM/Assets/Latin-

Greek%20Derivatives_Resources.html)
-culus (/glossary_terms/1659):
1. Suffix denoting diminutive (extremely or unusually small).
-cybe (/glossary_terms/1666):
1. Suffix meaning “head” and implying the cap of a mushroom.
More: https://www.uvm.edu/... (https://www.uvm.edu/rsenr/wfb232/Dictionary%20of%20Word%20Roots%20&%20Combining%20Forms.pdf)
-mycete (/glossary_terms/2188):
(-mycetes, mycete-)
1. Suffix or prefix meaning fungus or mushroom.
-oides (/glossary_terms/2172):
(-oid)
1. Suffix meaning resembling or similar to.
-ulose (/glossary_terms/2402):
1. Suffix frequently added to a term if a condition is alrnost – but not exactly like – the
parent term.
2. Suffix added to a parent term if the condition is a smaller version of the parent term. For example, the terms rugose and rugulose.
Abaxial (/glossary_terms/1704):
(Ventral Side)
1. The convex side of the spore which faces away or outward from the imaginary axis of the basidium.
2. Facing away from the axis.
Aborts (/glossary_terms/1947):
(Aborted Pinheads, Aborted Basidiocarps, Abort, Mushroom Aborts, Self-Abort, Self-Abortion)
1. When environmental and/or substrata conditions are not fulfilling the growth parameters of fungi, all or some youthful specimens will terminate growth and cease maturity. This can leave
one or more fruits in an early-developing state, eventually leading to cellular death, and decay of small basidiocarp(s) and primordia. This frequently occurs with indoor growing cycles of
stipitate-lamellate fungi. This can also occur as a result of genetic reasons. Mature mushrooms can also encounter this experience for the same reasons. Bacteria may be a causative factor
in some instances, or a co-occurring factor.
2. When a fruiting body’s growth is stunted and it then dies.
Abraded (/glossary_terms/1354):
1. Lichen thalli having the surface worn, eroded.
Abrupt (/glossary_terms/1793):
1. Appearing almost as though cut off across horizontally.
Abrupt Papilla (/glossary_terms/1866):

(Abruptly Papillate)
1. A kind of papilla that is almost eraser-head-like as an eraser at the top of a school pencil. This growth is found at the center of the pileus.
Contrast this term with Papilla, Acute Papilla, Subumbonate, Cuspidate Umbo, and Umbonate.
Abruptly Bulbous (/glossary_terms/1394):
(Abrupt Bulb)
1. Base of stem is bulbous (rounded and fattened) but moreso than sub-bulbous (subbulbous) and bulbous.
2. Stem base looks like a fowl egg that has been halved.
Contrast this term with Bulbous, Sub-Bulbous, Clavate-Bulbous, and Marginately Bulbous.
Academic Mycology (/glossary_terms/1392):

1. An academy or higher educational institution and its students undertaking the scientific study of fungi. This includes the education of its enrollees, often through course work overseen by
degreed professors in the field of mycology.
2. The formal scientific study of fungi in a college, university, or similar institution.
Acanthocysts (/glossary_terms/2305):
(Spur Cells)
1. Spiny fibril-projecting cells resting on the pileipellis that are left over universal veil remnants. Sometimes these cells will be uniquely colored, and they can be seen in multiple shape-forms
and sizes. The key character is the blunted spicules.
See Mycena bicystidiata (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Mycena+bicystidiata) figures in https://www.researchgate.net/...

(https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Microscopic-features-of-Mycena-bicystidiata-HMJAU-43648-holotype-a-Basidiomata-b_fig3_333524488)
Acanthocytes (/glossary_terms/1946):
1. Cells with spiny, finger-like projections that kill nematodes.
2. Spiny little spheres which stab nematodes, allowing the mycelium to consume plant-parasitic “eelworms.” Produced by Stropharia rugosoannulata
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Stropharia+rugosoannulata).
More: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1449000/ (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1449000/)
Acanthohyphidium (/glossary_terms/2123):
(Acanthohyphidia)
1. Hyphidium with a bottle-brush appearance.
2. Definition Pending.
Contrast this term with Hyphidium, Dendrohyphidium, Dichohyphidium, and Asterohyphidium.

Acanthophysis (/glossary_terms/1431):
1. Botryose, clavate, or coralloid hyphidium covered with small needles or spike-like protrusions.
Acanthophysoid-Diverticulate (/glossary_terms/502):
1. Botryose, clavate, or coralloid hyphidium covered with small needles or spines AND branched out.
Accelerated Evolution (/glossary_terms/2176):

(Evolutionary Rate Acceleration)
1. A transition from evolving at a normalized, anticipated rate to a more rapid rate.
Accession Number (/glossary_terms/2006):

(Accession Code, Bioinformatics)
1. A unique identifier code given to a DNA or protein sequence record.
More: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/acc_prefix/ (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/acc_prefix/)
Aciculiform (/glossary_terms/543):
1. Spores which are fairly narrow in the middle and sharply pointed at both ends like a needle.
Acrid (/glossary_terms/938):
1. Exhibiting a strongly unpleasant taste or smell.
2. Spicey (spicy) hot.
Acrophysalidic (/glossary_terms/298):
(Acrophysalide, Acrophysalides)
1. Tissue consisting of connective hyphae and abundant, large, terminal, inflated elements.
2. Exhibiting terminal inflated cells which expand the tissue of the basidiome(s).
Aculei (/glossary_terms/1536):
1. Fertile protuberances of all types, sizes, shapes, textures, and colors.
Acuminate (/glossary_terms/1395):
1. Cystidia tapering from inwardly curved sides off to a point.
2. Gradually narrowing to a mutual point.
Contrast this term with Acute.

Acute (/glossary_terms/2200):
1. Pointed or sharp.
2. Less than a right angle.
3. Sharp-edged.
4. Cystidia cells taper off to a sharp tip, resembling a flipped V-shaped appearance.
5. Spore apex is pointy.
Contrast this term with Acuminate.
Acute Papilla (/glossary_terms/1867):

(Acutely Papillate)
1. A more mountain-like, angled papilla that is not squarish as seen in an abrupt papilla, and yet a more pronounced kind of papilla. This growth is found at the center of the pileus.
See page 56 figure 29-31 in https://images.mushroomobserver.org/Glossary_Vellinga.pdf (https://images.mushroomobserver.org/Glossary_Vellinga.pdf)
Contrast this term with Papilla, Abrupt Papilla, Acute Umbo, Subumbonate, Cuspidate Umbo, and Umbonate.
(https://mushroomobserver.org/image/show_image/182997)
Acute Umbo (/glossary_terms/1823):

(Acutely Umbonate)
1. Possessing an umbo which is sharply pointed.
Contrast this term with Acute Papilla, Papilla, Abrupt Papilla, Subumbonate, Cuspidate Umbo, and Umbonate.
Acutocystidium (/glossary_terms/2143):
(Acutocystidia)
1. A small, thin-walled and acutely shaped hymenial leptocystidium.
ad int. (/glossary_terms/1898):
1. Latin abbreviation for Ad Interim.
2. Usually used in the sense of a scientific or informal name being implemented temporarily – until more clarity is discovered.
Adaxial (/glossary_terms/1705):
(Dorsal Side)
1. The structure or side closest to the axis.
2. In side view the spore has a concave side which faces the imaginary axis of the basidiurn.
Adaxially Inclined Hilar Appendix (/glossary_terms/1703):
Adnate (/glossary_terms/1359):
1. Gills broadly attached to the stem.
2. Gills meet the stipe at nearly a right angle.
3. Gills bluntly attached or widely attached to the stipe.
4. Gills broadly attached to the stipe by nearly the entire width of the gills or layer of tubes.
5. Gills are attached to the stem over all – or most – of their total depth - on one side of the gills.
Contrast this term with Free, Deeply Decurrent, Adnexed, Subadnate, Seceding, Subadnexed, Sinuate, Sinuate-Adnate, Subdecurrent, Decurrent, Adnate With Decurrent Tooth, Adnate-
Emarginate, Emarginate, Emarginate With Decurrent Tooth, and Narrowly Adnate.
Adnate With Decurrent Tooth (/glossary_terms/1497):

1. Gills attached to the stipe and making a slight angled drop at the bottom.
Contrast this term with Free, Deeply Decurrent, Adnate, Subadnate, Seceding, Subadnexed, Sinuate, Sinuate-Adnate, Subdecurrent, Decurrent, Adnexed, Adnate-Emarginate, Emarginate,
Emarginate With Decurrent Tooth, and Narrowly Adnate.
Adnate-Decurrent (/glossary_terms/2360):
Contrast this term with Adnate, Free, Deeply Decurrent, Adnexed, Subadnate, Seceding, Subadnexed, Sinuate, Sinuate-Adnate, Subdecurrent, Decurrent, Adnate With Decurrent Tooth,
Adnate-Emarginate, Emarginate, Emarginate With Decurrent Tooth, and Narrowly Adnate.
Adnate-Emarginate (/glossary_terms/1889):
1. Lamellae bluntly attached or widely attached to the stipe, and notched near the stipe.
Contrast this term with Free, Deeply Decurrent, Adnate, Subadnate, Seceding, Subadnexed, Sinuate, Sinuate-Adnate, Subdecurrent, Decurrent, Adnate With Decurrent Tooth, Adnexed,
Emarginate, Emarginate With Decurrent Tooth, and Narrowly Adnate.
Adnate-Sinuate (/glossary_terms/2361):
(Sinuate-Adnate)
1. Gills broadly attached to stipe with a concave (inward curving) indentation near the stem.
Contrast this term with Adnate, Adnate-Decurrent, Free, Deeply Decurrent, Adnexed, Subadnate, Seceding, Subadnexed, Sinuate, Sinuate-Adnate, Subdecurrent, Decurrent, Adnate With
Decurrent Tooth, Adnate-Emarginate, Emarginate, Emarginate With Decurrent Tooth, and Narrowly Adnate.
Adnate-Subdecurrent (/glossary_terms/2362):
(Adnate-Sub-Decurrent)
Contrast this term with Adnate, Adnate-Decurrent, Adnate-Sinuate, Free, Deeply Decurrent, Adnexed, Subadnate, Seceding, Subadnexed, Sinuate, Sinuate-Adnate, Subdecurrent,
Decurrent, Adnate With Decurrent Tooth, Adnate-Emarginate, Emarginate, Emarginate With Decurrent Tooth, and Narrowly Adnate.
Adnexed (/glossary_terms/1164):
1. Gills attached to stem in a rounded manner.
2. Gills are narrowly (barely) attached to the stem.
3. Lamellae narrowly attached to the stipe.
Contrast this term with Free, Deeply Decurrent, Adnate, Subadnate, Seceding, Subadnexed, Sinuate, Sinuate-Adnate, Subdecurrent, Decurrent, Adnate With Decurrent Tooth, Adnate-
Adpressed (/glossary_terms/1407):
1. Closely flattened down.
2. Pressed close to or lying flat against something.
3. (Adpressed Stipe) “Adpressed hairs on stipe.”
Adpressed-Felted (/glossary_terms/2283):
1. Covered with or composed of densely compressed, matted hairs or fibrils. These hairs/fibrils are closely flattened down.
Advancing Zone (/glossary_terms/2053):

1. The perimeter margins of a mycelium that continue to expand the mycelium.
Aerial Mycelium (/glossary_terms/1548):
(Aerial Hyphae)
1. The portion of mycelium that grows upward or outward from the surface of the substrate, and from which propagative spores develop in or on characteristic structures that are distinctive fo
various generic groups.
2. A mass of hyphae that occurs above the surface of a substrate.
3. Definition pending.
- McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms, 6E. (2003). Retrieved November 23 2020 from https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/aerial+mycelium
(https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/aerial+mycelium)
Contrast this term with Vegetative Mycelium.
Aeromycology (/glossary_terms/1402):
1. A branch of the field known as Aerobiology.
2. The study of fungal propagules in the atmosphere. This has particular relevance for plant pathologists and for people with respiratory allergies.
aff. (/glossary_terms/83):
1. Abbreviation for affinis.
2. Short for species affinis (and commonly abbreviated to: sp. aff., aff., or affin.).
3. Having affinity with (related to) but not necessarily identical to.
4. Closely related to, or akin to.
Agar (/glossary_terms/1366):
1. Galactan derived from certain algae and commonly used as a basic gel for fungal culture media.
2. A jelly-like substance obtained from red algae (or seaweed) used in petri dishes to grow myceliums. Agar can be prepared in many different ways, including the mycology lab preferred
Antibiotic Malt Extract Agar. This form is composed of agar, organic malt extract, organic locust bean gum, organic yeast extract, and an antibiotic.
More: https://fungi.com/products/antibiotic-malt-extract-agar-1lb (https://fungi.com/products/antibiotic-malt-extract-agar-1lb)
Agaricaceous (/glossary_terms/1492):
1. A gill-bearing fungus.
Agaricales (/glossary_terms/1420):
1. A formal taxonomic classification of order used for some fungi. On Mushroom Observer, we currently have two names applied to Agaricales.
A. Agaricales sensu lato = gilled fungi.
B. Agaricales Underw. = fungi residing inside of a discrete phylogenetic grouping which may or may not have gills. To view Lucien Marcus Underwood’s text visit:
https://ia600909.us.archive.org/... (https://ia600909.us.archive.org/28/items/mouldsmildewsmus00unde/mouldsmildewsmus00unde.pdf)
Note: The number of instances in which Agaricales Underw. (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Agaricales+Underw.) is the best possible name for an observation is very,
very low. Agaricales sensu lato (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Agaricales) is usually our starting point for gilled fungi when seeking a more specific ID beyond Fungi
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Fungi).
Agaricicolous (/glossary_terms/1493):
(Fungicolous)
1. Living on an agaric.
2. Fungi growing on other species of fungi.
More: https://goodmushroom.weebly.com/... (https://goodmushroom.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/1/7/57176535/fungi_on_fungi_pdf_lq.pdf)
Agaricoid (/glossary_terms/133):
1. Applied to fungi with gills (lamellae).
2. Mushroom-forming.
3. Resembling or being one of the gill-bearing fungi.
Agaricology (/glossary_terms/2039):
1. The scientific study of various fungi, principally of the order Agaricales (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Agaricales), having fruiting bodies consisting of umbrella-like
caps with stems and gills.
Agaricomycetes (/glossary_terms/1989):
(Agaricomycete)
1. Agaricomycetes is a taxonomic classification for fungi under the phylum Basidiomycota. Agaricomycetes can be divided into 20 mutually exclusive clades that have been treated as orders.
More: https://www.researchgate.net/... (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265412973_Agaricomycetes)
Agaritine (/glossary_terms/1591):
1. An aromatic, antiviral, hydrazine-derivative mycotoxin/carcinogen that occurs in the genera Agaricus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Agaricus), Leucoagaricus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Leucoagaricus), and Macrolepiota (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Macrolepiota).
More: https://mydigimag.rrd.com/... (https://mydigimag.rrd.com/publication/?m=65814&i=693279&p=24)
Agglutinate (/glossary_terms/2312):
(Agglutinated, Agglutination, Agglutinating)
1. Two or more layers combined as if with glue.
Aitiology (/glossary_terms/1494):
(Aetiology, Etiology)
1. The science of the causes of diseases.
Albino (/glossary_terms/1421):
(Albinos, Albinism, Albinistic, Albinotic)
1. In the sense of the kingdom fungi, an albino represents an all-white (or white-dominant) individual specimen that is a member of a species that otherwise produces a dominant non-white
color. Additionally, it is possible to witness an entire strain or a collection of completely albino fruitbodies. Sometimes this term is used in a relaxed sense of the definition.
Etymology: Borrowed from Portuguese albino and Spanish albino. Portuguese albino is from Medieval Latin albinus, from Latin albus. Spanish albino is diminutive of albo, from Latin albus
(“white”).
Contrast this term with Leucism and Hygrophanous.
albo- (/glossary_terms/1773):
1. Prefix implying the color white.
Alkaloid (/glossary_terms/1423):
(Plural = Alkaloids)
1. A member of a large group of substances found in plants and in some fungi. Alkaloids contain nitrogen and can be made in the laboratory. Nicotine, cordycepin, caffeine, codeine,
psilocybin, ergine, psilocin, cyanescin (baeocystin), melatonin, and nor-cyanescin (nor-baeocystin) are alkaloids. Some alkaloids, such as vincristine, are used to treat cancer.
2. Alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly
acidic properties. Some synthetic compounds of similar structure are also attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and
more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals, and are part of
the group of natural products (also called secondary metabolites). Many alkaloids can be purified from crude extracts by acid-base extraction. Many alkaloids are toxic to other organisms.
They often have pharmacological effects and are used as medications, as recreational drugs, or in entheogenic rituals. Examples are the local anesthetic and stimulant cocaine; the
psychedelic psilocin; the stimulant caffeine; nicotine; the analgesic morphine; the antibacterial berberine; the anticancer compound vincristine; the antihypertension agent reserpine; the
cholinomimeric galantamine; the spasmolysis agent atropine; the vasodilator vincamine; the anti-arhythmia compound quinidine; the anti-asthma therapeutic ephedrine; and the antimalarial
drug quinine. Although alkaloids act on a diversity of metabolic systems in humans and other animals, they almost uniformly invoke a bitter taste.
Allantoid (/glossary_terms/2358):
1. Spores are sausage-shaped.
Contrast this term with Botuliform.
Allocyst (/glossary_terms/2061):
(Allocysts)
1. Mycelial cystidia often resembling the general cystidia or cheilocystidia of the hymenophore of the same species in which allocysts are observable.
Alveolate (/glossary_terms/2205):
(Alveola)
1. Deep pores.
2. With small cavities or pits.
3. This term was used by David L. Largent to describe the pores of Favolus alveolaris (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Favolus+alveolaris) in How To Identify
Mushrooms To Genus I: Macroscopic Features on page 22. He used “deep pores.”
Contrast this term with Scrobiculate, Lacunose, and Boring Holes.
Alveolate-Reticulate (/glossary_terms/2449):
Amanitoid (/glossary_terms/1713):
1. Possessing features identical to – or very similar to – the genus Amanita (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Amanita) or the family Amanitaceae
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Amanitaceae). To study these mycological classifications please visit: http://www.amanitaceae.org/ (http://www.amanitaceae.org/)
2. A mushroom with a fleshy-fibrous stipe, free or finely adnexed lamellae, an annulus and a volva.
Amatoxins (/glossary_terms/1445):
1. Amatoxins make up at least ten toxic compounds found in several genera of poisonous mushrooms, most notably Amanita phalloides
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Amanita+phalloides) and several other members of the genus Amanita
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Amanita), as well as some species in Conocybe (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Conocybe), Galerina
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Galerina) and Lepiota (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Lepiota).
2. Amatoxins are cyclic octapeptides that inhibit RNA polymerase II and lead to hepatocyte necrosis as well as renal tubular injury. This can cause nausea, vomiting, cell necrosis, and severe
gastroenteritis after ingestion of a mushroom possessing one or more of these chemicals. Species include Amanita virosa
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Amanita+virosa) (Destroying Angel), Amanita verna (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Amanita+verna) (Fool’s
Mushroom), and Galerina marginata (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Galerina+marginata).
The ten compounds currently known are: α-Amanitin, β-Amanitin, γ-Amanitin, ε-Amanitin, δ-Amanitin, Amanullin, Amanullinic acid, Amaninamide, Amanin, and Proamanullin.
Amaurodermatoid (/glossary_terms/2287):
1. Resembling or identical to the genus Amauroderma (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Amauroderma).
Ambrosia Fungi (/glossary_terms/934):
1. Symbiotic wood-inhabiting fungi associated with wood-wasps and wood-inhabiting beetles. These fungi feed the larvae, and are dispersed by the adults.
More: http://www.mycolog.com/fifthtoc.html (http://www.mycolog.com/fifthtoc.html)
Amoeboid (/glossary_terms/1728):
1. Having an appearance like an Amoeba.
Amoebophagous Fungi (/glossary_terms/1514):

1. Amoebophagous fungi, within the zygomycota (Zoopagales, Zoopagomycota), mainly affect naked amoebae by acting as ectoparasites or endoparasites. See the genera Acaulopage
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Acaulopage) and Stylopage (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Stylopage).
Amorphous (/glossary_terms/1334):
1. Being without a defined shape or structure.
2. Shapeless, formless. Having no comparable, nameable shape or form to describe.
Amphiblem (/glossary_terms/871):
1. A secondary velum or protective layer formed by stipe and pileus.
Amphicoeious (/glossary_terms/1426):
1. Spores which are more-or-less phaseoliform in which the ventral (swollen) side becomes depressed to concave.
Amygdaloid (/glossary_terms/1729):
(Amygdaliform)
1. Resembling the appearance of an almond.
Amyloid (/glossary_terms/42):
(Amyloidity)
1. An amyloid reaction is a bluish-black color change in an iodine-based reagent like Melzer’s Reagent or Lugol’s Reagent.
Ana-Holomorphic (/glossary_terms/1789):
(Ana-Holomorph, Ana-Holomorphs)
1. Entirely lacking sexually reproducing states.
anam. nov. (/glossary_terms/932):

(anamorphe nova)
1. Anamorph new.
Anamorph (/glossary_terms/1169):
1. A mitotic asexual morph in pleomorphic fungi (See ICNafp Art. F.8 Notes 1 and 2).
2. Asexual form or morph.
3. Asexually reproducing fungi.
4. An asexual reproductive stage (morph), often mold-like. When a single fungus produces multiple morphologically distinct anamorphs, these are called synanamorphs.
5. A morphotype that forms spores only by mitosis.
Anastomosing Gills (/glossary_terms/1399):

(Anastomosis, Anastomosed)
1. Lamellae provided with irregular transverse connections.
2. Fused together in a vein-like network.
3. A term for mushroom gills that are interconnected with vein-like tissue formations.
Contrast this term with Transvenose, Furcate, and Intervenose.
Anatomotype (/glossary_terms/1778):
(Anatomotype)
1. A type that has a particular anatomical feature.
Angular Pores (/glossary_terms/1815):

(Angled Pores)
1. Rather than round, roundish, hexagonal, or another consistent shape-pattern, the pores are variously angled.
Contrast this term with Rounded Pores and Hexagonal Pores.
Angulate (/glossary_terms/927):
1. Exhibiting angles or corners.
Annular Zone (/glossary_terms/1171):
(Ring Zone, Cortinal Zone)
1. A ring (or ring-like formation) of cells on the stem not developed enough to be called an annulus. See Psilocybe ovoideocystidiata
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Psilocybe+ovoideocystidiata).
2. If a partial veil (or cortina) is so fragile that it ends up leaving a few random scraps of cellular tissue which forms a ring around the stem, that ring is called an annular zone.
Contrast this term with Annulus.
Annulus (/glossary_terms/1170):
(Annulate, Annuli)
1. A ring-like cellular structure usually found on the upper area of the stipe.
2. A ring-like structure being a partial veil.
3. A ring of cells around a bulbil.
4. The apical ring of an ascus.
5. A ring-like thickening in cells.
Contrast this term with Annular Zone, Non-Annulate, Annular Ridges, Apical Annulus, Basal Annulus, Inferior Annulus, Median Annulus, Superior Annulus, Double Annulus, Ephemeral
Annulus, Ephemeral Subannulus, Exannulate, and Multiannulate.
Annulus Ridges (/glossary_terms/2140):

1. As observed in Stropharia rugosoannulata (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Stropharia+rugosoannulata) collections, the annulus may exhibit layers or ridge-like tissue
layers. This may consists of two or three noticeable layers stacked on top of one another with very little space between each layer.
More: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TERv85b9krI (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TERv85b9krI)
Contrast this term with Double Annulus.

Antifungal (/glossary_terms/1286):
1. Antifungal medicines are used to treat human fungal infections, which most commonly affect skin, hair, and nails. An antifungal agent kills fungi or inhibits their growth. Antifungals that kill
fungi are called fungicidal while those that merely inhibit their growth are called fungistatic. Very similar compounds are used on many crops to reduce plant fungal diseases while increasing
yield.
Apex (/glossary_terms/163):
(Plural = Apices)
1. The highest point of an item. The tip. The summit.
2. In spores the apex is the same as the Distal End.
Aphyllophoraceous (/glossary_terms/2109):
1. Gymnocarpous holobasidiomycetes without lamellae.
Apical (/glossary_terms/164):
1. From the Latin term apex. To be at the tip.
2. Situated at the top.
Apical Annulus (/glossary_terms/2080):

1. Annulus (ring) is located near the top of the annulus, but not at the very top.
Contrast this term with Basal Annulus, Inferior Annulus, Median Annulus, and Superior Annulus.
Apical Germ Pore (/glossary_terms/165):

(Synonymous with Germ Pore and Apical Pore)
1. “Apical germ pore” is a term applied to mushroom spores which have a pore (hole) at one end.
Apico-Adaxial (/glossary_terms/1692):
2. The top structure or side closest to the axis.
Apiculus (/glossary_terms/117):
(Plural = Apiculi, Apiculate)
1. The nipple-like projection produced by basidia and to which the spore is attached to the sterigmata of the basidium.
2. Apiculate is a descriptor for a basidiospore with a well defined apiculus.
Apomixis (/glossary_terms/1641):
(Apomictic)
1. Asexual reproduction that occurs without fertilization.
Apophysis (/glossary_terms/1913):
1. A swelling at the base of the endoperidial body of some Geastrum (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Geastrum) species.
2. A swelling. The term is primarily applied to the funnel-shaped swelling of a sporangiophore, immediately below the columella, seen in some Zygomycetes
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Zygomycetes).
Apothecia (/glossary_terms/1439):
(Singular = Apothecium)
1. A disk or cup-shaped ascoma, usually with an exposed hymenium.
Appendiculate (/glossary_terms/1172):
1. Cap margin is border-decorated with veil fragments.
Note: This taxonomic character is not as stable as one might like. Due to environmental factors like rain and wind it is not uncommon to find a mushroom that “should” have an appendiculate
cap but doesn’t. Also, the veil fragments can vary in length dramatically.
2. Showing appendages or protruding parts. This term may refer to tooth-like remains of a veil or to setulae of spores.
3. Pileus margin appears as shown in figure 29.48 in https://images.mushroomobserver.org/Glossary_Vellinga.pdf (https://images.mushroomobserver.org/Glossary_Vellinga.pdf)
Contrast this term with Undulate, Crenate, Crenulate, Eroded, Bearded, and Undate.
Applanate (/glossary_terms/167):
(Applanation, Flat, Plane, Plano-)
1. Flat and level. This term is used in multiple taxonomic characters such as describing the lack of pileus curvature, hard poroid shelf fungi that resemble level office shelves, or when referring
to a suprahilar disc or plage.
2. Pileus (Cap surface) is flat (plane) without any noteworthy curvature.
More: See figures 29.7 and 29.19 in https://images.mushroomobserver.org/Glossary_Vellinga.pdf (https://images.mushroomobserver.org/Glossary_Vellinga.pdf)
Appressed (/glossary_terms/1905):
1. Flattened or pressed closely against a surface.
Appressed-Fibrillose (/glossary_terms/1906):
1. Fibrils (hair-like projections) are appressed (flattened) on the surface.
Appressed-Squamulose (/glossary_terms/2401):
(Appressed Squamulose)
1. Flattened scales, without elevation, repetitively appearing on the pileus surface.
Arachnoid (/glossary_terms/1730):
(Arachnoides, Araneose, Araneous)
1. Like a cobweb in appearance. This term is typically applied to some forms of veils.
2. This term needs to be studied further. Definition Pending.
Contrast this term with Cortina.
Arboricolous (/glossary_terms/400):
1. Growing on a tree or within a tree.
Arcuate (/glossary_terms/168):
1. Gills with concave edge.
2. Curved like a bow or curved in an arching manner.
3. Arc-like.
Arcuate-Decurrent (/glossary_terms/1684):
1. Curved like a bow or curved in an arching manner and descending or extending down the stipe.
Contrast this term with Seceding, Free, Adnate, Adnexed, Sinuate, Sinuate-Adnate, Subadnate, Subadnexed, Subdecurrent, Decurrent, Deeply Decurrent, Adnate With Decurrent Tooth,
Arcuate-Subdecurrent (/glossary_terms/1886):
(Arcuate-Sub-Decurrent)
1. Curved like a bow or curved in an arching manner and nearly descending or extending down the stipe.
Areola (/glossary_terms/2399):
(Areole)
1. Any small, distinguished area on a surface (usually the pileus surface) which is distinct in color, texture, and/or other characteristics from the rest of the surface.
2. Exhibiting a small, usually rounded to polygonal or irregular area, appearing like an island or a tile in a mosaic. This can manifest as a small, flattened part of a lichen thallus separated from
the rest of the thallus by deep, narrow to wide cracks or more or less scattered on the substrate. It can also manifest as small, discrete, and corticated patches on the thallus surface.
Areolate (/glossary_terms/169):
(Cracked, Cracked Pileipellis)
1. This term was used by David L. Largent to describe a pileus “If the surface gets torn into
shreds or splits are irregular and result in the formation of block-like areas like those formed when a rnud flat dries up, the condition is said to be areolate” in How To Identify Mushrooms To
Genus I: Macroscopic Features on page 19.
2. Surface cracked like the cracking that occurs when mud dries in the sun. The cap surface of just about any mushroom can become cracked in dry weather conditions, but some species
typically develop cracked caps in normal weather conditions. Sometimes the color of the flesh, revealed between the cracks of an areolate cap, is also an important identification feature.
Contrast this term with Rhagadiose, Areolate-Rimose, Fibrillose-Rimulose, Lacinate, Rimose, Rimulose, Radially Rimose, and Tessellate.
Armillarioid (/glossary_terms/1717):
1. With a fleshy-fibrous stipe, attached lamellae, an annulus, but no volva.
Arthroconidium (/glossary_terms/1770):
(Arthroconidia)
1. Arthroconidia are a type of asexual spore typically produced by segmentation of pre-existing fungal hyphae.
Arthrospores (/glossary_terms/1520):
1. Differentiated, asexual spores resulting from the fragmentation of a hypha (disarticulation of the mycelium). See the genera Geotrichum
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Geotrichum) and Trichosporon (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Trichosporon). Many microfungi (such as
Dermatophytes) produce more than one kind of spore, including arthrospores, as well as spores that are morphologically distinct. Other microfungi form only arthrospores, but with
mechanisms or other structural morphologies that are unique.
Arthrosporocarps (/glossary_terms/1613):
2. Jointed, spore-producing fruitbodies.
Ascogenous Hyphae (/glossary_terms/1748):

1. The hyphae, in the fungal phylum of the Ascomycota (Sac Fungi), that grow from the ascogonium upon fusing with the antheridium.
Ascolichen (/glossary_terms/1964):
(Ascolichens)
1. A lichen in which the fungal portion is an ascomycete.
Ascomycete (/glossary_terms/1167):
1. A fungus that produces its sexual spores within an ascus.
Ascospores (/glossary_terms/1451):
1. Spores produced from asci. Typically, a single ascus will contain eight ascospores.
Contrast this term with Conidiospores and Basidiospores.

Ascription (/glossary_terms/239):
1. The direct association of the name of a person or persons with a new fungal name or description or diagnosis of a taxon (ICNafp Art. 46.3).
Contrast this term with Author.
Ascus (/glossary_terms/1284):
(Plural = Asci)
1. Sack-like to cylindrical cell of Ascomycota (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Ascomycota) producing ascospores after karyogamy and meiosis.
2. The sausage-shaped sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi. Asci usually contain eight ascospores, produced by meiosis followed, in most species, by a mitotic cell
division.
3. A sac-like cell containing ascospores. Asci are characteristic of the Ascomycetes (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Ascomycetes).
Aseptate (/glossary_terms/1102):
1. Having no crosswalls.
2. Not septate.
Asexual (/glossary_terms/1103):
1. Reproduction not involving meiosis.
Asperate (/glossary_terms/1377):
(Asperous)
1. Rough with projections or points.
Asperulate (/glossary_terms/1376):
1. Slightly roughened with fine points or projections.
2. Delicately asperate.
Asterohyphidium (/glossary_terms/2122):
(Asterohyphidia)
1. Hyphidium with stellate branching.
Contrast this term with Hyphidium, Dendrohyphidium, Dichohyphidium, and Acanthohyphidium.
Asterophysis (/glossary_terms/1430):
(Asteroseta, Asterophyse, Asterophyses, Asterophysium, Asterophysibus)
1. An asteroseta.
2. A seta with radiating branches.

Astrocystidium (/glossary_terms/2078):
(Astrocystidia, Asterocystidia)
1. Cystidium with a star-like or pompom-like cluster of crystals at the tip.
Astromycology (/glossary_terms/1017):
(Astromycologist, Atromycological, Exomycology, Exomycological)
1. The scientific study of fungi off Earth.
2. A mycologist specializing in the scientific study of fungi off Earth is pursing astromycology. Astromycology attempts to answer the larger mysteries about fungi not only within Earth’s solar
system and Earth’s galaxy (The Milky Way), but in all localities in the Universe from which fungi arise.
Atomate (/glossary_terms/39):
1. With a covering of minute, shining, point-like objects.
Contrast this term with Asperate, Asperulate, Canescence, Diverticulate, Echinate, Echinulate, Erinaceous, Felty, Fibrillose, Fibrillose-Floccose, Fibrillose-Truncate Warts, Fibrils, Fimbriate,
Flocosse, Floccose-Scaly, Flocculose, Furfuraceous, Furfurescence, Glabrous, Grandinioid, Hair, Hirsute, Hispid, Hispid-Squarrose, Hoary, Indumentum, Leprose, Matted, Nodose, Nodulose
Odontioid, Pruinose, Puberulous, Pubescent, Radial Scales, Scabrose, Scabrous, Scabrous-Squamulose, Scales, Scrupose, Scrupose-Squamulose, Scurfy, Sericious, Setose, Setulose,
Shaggy, Spiciform, Spiculose, Spikes, Spines, Spinulose, Squamose, Squamules, Squamulose, Squarrose, Squarrulose, Stellate, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Tuft,
Velutinous, Verrucose, Verruculose, Villose, Virgate, Warts, and Warty.
Attenuate (/glossary_terms/2134):
1. Tapering gradually up toward the apex. The diameter of the stipe is reduced gradually on either end of the stipe. If the diameter is reduced at the stipe’s apex or base, it is called attenuated
towards apex or attenuated towards base.
Contrast this term with Subattenuate and Attenuate In Steps.
Attenuate In Steps (/glossary_terms/2246):

Contrast this term with Attenuate and Subattenuate.
auct. (/glossary_terms/97):
(auctt.)
1. Abbreviation for the Latin term Auctorum (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Auctorum).
2. Indicates that a name is used in the sense of subsequent authors.
auct. eur. (/glossary_terms/170):

1. In the sense pf subsequent European authors.
auct. non. (/glossary_terms/171):

1. The use of “auct. non” denotes a common misapplication or misinterpretation of a species name (i.e., a taxon that was identified erroneously as the named species, but not in the sense of
the original author). When the identification of a fungus is misapplied, rather than being based on the original author’s description, the name is placed in synonymy with the correct species
name, and the abbreviation “auct. non” is placed before the original author’s name.
Auriculiform (/glossary_terms/370):
1. Resembling the shape of a human ear.
Autapomorphies (/glossary_terms/1762):
(Autapomorphy, Autapomorphic)
1. In phylogenetics, an autapomorphy is a distinctive feature, known as a derived trait, that is unique to a given taxon. That is, it is found only in one taxon, but not found in any others or
outgroup taxa, not even those most closely related to the focal taxon (which may be a species, family or in general any clade).
More: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autapomorphy (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autapomorphy)
Author (/glossary_terms/2307):
(Authors, Authorship, Authored, Authorial)
2. The author(s) (the person[s] credited with the first formal use of a name), is/are formally included after the the scientific name. If the original name of the species has changed by different
authorship, the format is modified by placing the name of the original authority in parentheses. If a name has changed (i.e. Inocybe calamistrata
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Inocybe+calamistrata) (Fr.) Gillet became Inosperma calamistratum
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Inosperma+calamistratum)), in addition to the name of the original author(s) appearing in parentheses, the name of the person(s) who
made the change(s) is provided afterwards. That name now appears as Inosperma calamistratum (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Inosperma+calamistratum) (Fr.)
Matheny & Esteve-Rav., Mycologia 112 (1): 94 (2019). Name changes can occur over a long period of time, and some names may even be changed on multiple occasions, in which case
authorship may be further modified, such as the deletion above of the author Gillet.
Contrast this term with Ascription.

Autobasidium (/glossary_terms/1702):
(Plural = Autobasidia)
1. A basidium that has no septum.
2. An undivided basidium, also called holobasidium.
3. Basidia exhibiting heterotropic or orthotropic spores that are projected and propelled from half-sickle-shaped sterigma.
Autonym (/glossary_terms/34):
1. The automatically established name of a subdivision of a genus or of an infraspecific taxon that includes the type of the adopted, legitimate name of the genus or species, respectively. Its
final epithet repeats unaltered the generic name or specific epithet and is not followed by an author citation (ICNafp Art. 22.1 and 26.1). Autonyms need not be effectively published nor
comply with the provisions for valid publication (ICNafp Art. 32.1), they are automatically established, at any given rank, by the first instance of valid publication at that rank of a name of a
subdivision of a genus under a legitimate generic name or of a name of an infraspecific taxon under a legitimate species name (ICNafp Art. 22.3 and 26.3). [Autonyms are not allowed under
illegitimate names of genera or species (ICNafp Art. 22.5 and 27.2); nor do they exist above the rank of genus.]
Autotropism (/glossary_terms/1466):
1. Mycelial ‘self-avoidance’ reaction making vegetative hyphae grow away from the already existing mycelial mass.
Auxohymenium (/glossary_terms/8):
1. Hymenium thickens with old basidia being replaced by new basidia.
Avellaneous (/glossary_terms/172):
1. Hazel color (light brown to strong yellowish brown).
Axenic (/glossary_terms/2280):
1. A culture of one pure mycelium selected for growth that is isolated from all other lifeforms. Only a single species, variety, strain, or a similar classification rank is capable of being axenic.
Azonate (/glossary_terms/1384):
1. Without concentric zones or alternating areas of color or texture.
2. Not zonate.
Bacciform (/glossary_terms/173):
1. Shaped like a berry.
Bacilliform (/glossary_terms/174):
(Bacciliform)
1. Like a bacillus; rod-shaped.
2. Spore Q > 3.0.
Bacteria (/glossary_terms/1454):
(Singular = Bacterium)
1. Definition and image pending.
2. Bacteria are single-celled microscopic organisms generating prokaryotic cells, which are single cells that do not have organelles or a true nucleus. They are less complex than eukaryotic
cells. Bacteria with a capital B refers to the domain Bacteria, one of the three domains of life. The other two domains of life are Archaea, members of which are also single-celled organisms
with prokaryotic cells, and Eukaryota. Bacteria are extremely numerous, and the total biomass of bacteria on Earth is more than all plants and animals combined. Fungi and bacteria are found
living together in a wide variety of environments. Their interactions are significant drivers of many ecosystem functions and are important for the health of plants and animals. A large number
of fungal and bacterial families engage in complex interactions that lead to critical behavioural shifts of the microorganisms ranging from mutualism to antagonism. The importance of
bacterial-fungal interactions (BFI) in environmental science, medicine and biotechnology has led to the emergence of a dynamic and multidisciplinary research field that combines highly
diverse approaches including molecular biology, genomics, geochemistry, chemical and microbial ecology, biophysics and ecological modelling.
Bacterial Peptidoglycans (/glossary_terms/1577):

Baculate (/glossary_terms/2284):
1. Shaped like a rod.
Contrast this term with Bacilliform.
Balanoid (/glossary_terms/1731):
1. Resembling an acorn in appearance.
Bald (/glossary_terms/175):
(Glabrous, Naked, Glabrescent)
1. The surface of a part (usually the pileus surface) showing no warts or hairs, nor raised scales, nor fibers, nor patches. It’s smooth.
2. Pileus and/or stipe surfaces are bald (without ornamentation and instead smooth).
3. Smooth surface.
4. Without ornamentation (no hairs, scales, warts, protrusions, fibrils, etc.).

5. No indumentum.
Ballistospory (/glossary_terms/1833):
1. The forcible discharged of spores from sporogenous cells.
Banded (/glossary_terms/2373):
(Bands)
1. Stipe exhibits multiple pseudo-circles around it which may be due to veil growth remnants attaching multiple times.
2. Definition Pending. See figure E.167 here: https://permies.com/... (https://permies.com/t/55316/a/38472/Mushroom-Identification-Chart.jpg)
Barbellate (/glossary_terms/176):
1. Having short, stiff, hooked bristles.
2. Finely or minutely barbed.
Bare Sequence (/glossary_terms/2007):

1. Lines of sequence data, without the FASTA definition line.
2. A sequence interspersed with numbers and/or spaces, such as the sequence portion of a GenBank/GenPept flatfile report.
More: https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/... (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?CMD=Web&PAGE_TYPE=BlastDocs&DOC_TYPE=BlastHelp)
Basal Annulus (/glossary_terms/177):

1. Annulus located on the very bottom of the stipe.
Contrast this term with Inferior Annulus, Median Annulus, Apical Annulus, and Superior Annulus.
Basal Fungi (/glossary_terms/2012):

1. Basal fungi are placed at the base of the fungal phylogenetic tree, whereby some ancestral traits are still present among members.
Basal Mycelium (/glossary_terms/178):

(Base Mycelium)
1. Mycelium connected to the base of the stipe.

Basal Stipe Disc (/glossary_terms/179):
(Basal Disc, Basally Disced Fungi, Basal Disked Fungi)
1. A circular outgrowth at the base of stipe as seen in Mycena adscendens (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Mycena+adscendens) and other species. This taxonomic
character is morphologically variable, with some specimens looking more like mycelium encircling the stipe base rather than a disc.
Contrast this term with Volva and Pseudovolva.
Bases (/glossary_terms/2005):
(Base)
1. The units (characters) of DNA. There are four bases: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T), and Cytosine (represented by the letter C). The sequence (arrangement) of bases (for
example, CAG) is the genetic code. To get a better visual idea of this term, here is a base sequence of Boletus purpureorubellus:
https://mushroomobserver.org/sequence/show_sequence/48?q=1mmjK (https://mushroomobserver.org/sequence/show_sequence/48?q=1mmjK)
Basidiocarp (/glossary_terms/1381):
1. Fruitbody producing spores on basidia.
Basidiole (/glossary_terms/1425):
(Plural = Basidioles)
1. Basidioles are still not definitively understood and are therefore worth studying with this in mind. They are believed to be immature basidia by some. It seems worthwhile to consider that
some basidioles may be immature basidium while others are providing a different function. These cells from commonly and abundantly in many gill-forming fungi, and they resemble basidia
without sterigmata.
Note: Basidioles may be mistaken for clavate cystidia due to lack of sterigmata.
Basidiolichen (/glossary_terms/1930):
(Basidiolichens)
1. A lichen where the fungal partner is a basidiomycete.
Basidioma (/glossary_terms/1382):
(Plural = Basidiomata)
1. Any multihyphal structure producing basidia; formed by most basidiomycetes, (e.g., mushroom, puffball).
2. A basidium-producing organ.
Basidiome (/glossary_terms/1383):
(Basidiomes)
1. The fruitbody with spore-producing structures.
Basidiomorphous (/glossary_terms/2037):
Basidiomycete (/glossary_terms/1168):
(Basidiomycetes)
1. A deprecated fungal classication. Basidiomycota (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Basidiomycota) is the preferred classification in its place.
More: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basidiomycota (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basidiomycota)

Basidiomycota (/glossary_terms/1472):
1. The phylum Basidiomycota R.T. Moore (1980) contains 16 classes, 52 orders, 177 families, 1589 genera, and more than 30,000 species. It is estimated that approximately 32% of the
described fungal taxa belong to this phylum. The Basidiomycota includes the well-known mushrooms, bracket fungi, puffballs, toad-stools, but also some microfungi such as rusts, smuts, and
yeasts.
2. The Basidiomycota contains about 30,000 described species, which is 37% of the described species of true Fungi. The most conspicuous and familiar Basidiomycota are those that
produce mushrooms, which are sexual reproductive structures. The Basidiomycota also includes yeasts and asexual species. Basidiomycota are found in virtually all terrestrial ecosystems,
as well as freshwater and marine habitats.
More: DOI: 10.1007/s13225-017-0381-5
Basidiospores (/glossary_terms/1450):
1. Spores that come from basidia.
Contrast this term with Asci or Conidiophores.
Basidium (/glossary_terms/1352):
(Plural = Basidia)
1. The meiosporangium of the subphylum Basidiomycotina (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Basidiomycotina). Basidia produce exogenous meiospores (usually 4,
sometimes more, occasionally 2) on special projections called sterigmata.
2. A microscopic club-shaped, spore-bearing structure produced by certain fungi.
3. Basidia are specialized end-cells that produce sterigmata and spores.
Basionym (/glossary_terms/33):
1. The name, replaced by another making use of the same name or epithet, as a result of a change in position and/or rank of the taxon to which it refers; ie either the name-bringing epithet in
a new combination, or the name on which a new combination is based.
2. The legitimate, previously published name on which a new combination or name at new rank is based. The basionym does not itself have a basionym; it provides the final epithet, name, or
stem of the new combination or name at new rank (ICNafp Art. 6.10) (see also name at new rank, new combination).
3. A validly published name serving as the name-bringing epithet for other validly published names, having the same type.
Bearded (/glossary_terms/2247):
1. Pileus margin exhibits hanging hair-like hyphae formations as seen in a few Lactarius (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Lactarius) species.
Contrast this term with Involute, Deflexed, Inflexed, Straight, Reflexed, Revolute, Incurved, and Exceeding Lamellae.
Bibulous (/glossary_terms/1826):
1. Strongly capable of absorbing and storing water.
Bicampanulate (/glossary_terms/1660):
(Bi-Campanulate)
1. Like two bells arranged side-by-side or stacked in opposite directions.
Biconic (/glossary_terms/2377):
(Bi-Conic)
1. Shaped like to rounded triangles connected at their circular bases.
Bifid (/glossary_terms/1361):
1. Have a crack down the middle or a division near the center.
2. Forked.
Bifurcate (/glossary_terms/2406):
1. One or more gills divide into two branches, whether regular or irregularly.
Contrast this term with Anastomosing Gills, Furcate, Transvenose, and Intervenose.
Bilateral-Divergent (/glossary_terms/1796):
(Bilateral-Divergent Trama, Bilateral Divergent Trama, Inverse Trama, Bilateral Trama)
2. Young lamella consisting of a central mediastratum zone from which hyphae diverge lossely to form a laterostratum zone on each side. Upon maturity, the hyphae grow from the
subhymenium obliquely inward, becoming more-or-less parallel with the mediastratum. In the subhymenium, the hyphae are densely interwoven and possess numerous seta, and there is no
parallel cell. Both lamellar trama and subhymenium are composed of sterile cells which cannot give rise to basidia.
Binding Hyphae (/glossary_terms/2108):

1. Highly branched, thin- or typically thick-walled hyphae that intertwine with other hyphae to form a firm but flexible tissue of aphyllophoraceous fruitbodies.
Contrast this term with Generative Hyphae.
Binomial (/glossary_terms/138):
1. The scientific name formally assigned to an organism. It is composed of two names: The first designates the genus, and the second designates the species.
2. A taxonomic name used for a biological species which consists of a generic and a specific term.
3. A binary combination (binomial). A generic name combined with a specific epithet to form a species name (ICNafp Art. 23.1).
Bioaccumulate (/glossary_terms/1576):
(Bio-Accumulate, Bioaccumulation)
1. To gradually absorb a large amount of something (i.e. heavy metals, etc.).
Biological Species Concept (/glossary_terms/180):

(BSC)
1. The biological species concept defines a species as members of populations that actually or potentially interbreed in nature, not according to similarity of appearance. Although appearance
is helpful in identifying species, it does not define species.
Contrast this term with Morphological Species Concept and Phylogenetic Species Concept.
Bioluminescent Fungi (/glossary_terms/1397):

(Bioluminescence, Foxfire, Fungal Luminescence)
1. Over 75 species of fungi producing light, nearly all belonging to the order Agaricales (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Agaricales).
2. Bioluminescent fungi emit a greenish light at a wavelength of 520–530 nm. The light emission is continuous and occurs only in living cells. No correlation of fungal bioluminescence with ce
structure has been found. Bioluminescence may occur in both myceliums and in mushroom fruit bodies. The green light emission allows these unique fungi to glow at night or otherwise in the
absence of light.
Below: Mycena lucentipes (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Mycena+lucentipes)
Biotrophic (/glossary_terms/1769):
1. A plant-pathogenic fungi which establishes a long-term feeding relationship with the living cells of a host, without killing it.
Biovolatilization (/glossary_terms/1827):
1. The process of releasing methylated elements from hypha cells to the surrounding environment.
Bird's Nest Fungi (/glossary_terms/6):
1. A general category of mushrooms that consist of a small cup filled with egg like spore sacks known as peridioles. Genera include Nidula
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Nidula), Nidularia (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Nidularia), Cyathus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Cyathus), and Crucibulum (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Crucibulum). All of these genera are listed in Index
Fungorum (as of Sept. 14, 2013) in the family Agaricaceae (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Agaricaceae). The genus Sphaerobolus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Sphaerobolus) is sometimes listed as a “Bird’s Nest Fungi” (e.g., Arora’s Mushrooms Demystified, 2nd Ed., 1986). However, that genus
is listed in the family Geastraceae (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Geastraceae) and has definite similarities to the other genera in this group that are typically
considered to be Earthstars.
Biscoctiform (/glossary_terms/181):
1. Biscuit-shaped.
Bisterigmate (/glossary_terms/1756):
(Bi-Sterigmate)
1. Basidia which bear only two spores and two sterigmata.
Bivelangiocarpous (/glossary_terms/182):
(Bivelangiocarpic)
1. Hymenium covered by two veils during development of the sporocarp. Having both an inner partial veil and an enveloping universal veil.
Black Rot (/glossary_terms/1540):

1. Refers to a generalized condition in which a black dis-colorization occurs on an organism as a result of being colonized by one of several different pathogenic fungal species.
More: https://psychedelicreview.com/... (https://psychedelicreview.com/wood-lover-paralysis-black-rot/)
BLAST (/glossary_terms/183):
1. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, or BLAST, is an algorithm for comparing primary biological sequence information, such as the amino-acid sequences of different proteins or the
nucleotides of DNA sequences. A BLAST search enables a researcher to compare a query sequence with a library or database of sequences, and identify library sequences that resemble
the query sequence above a certain threshold. Different types of BLASTs are available according to the query sequences. For example, following the discovery of a previously unknown gene
in the mouse, a scientist will typically perform a BLAST search of the human genome to see if humans carry a similar gene; BLAST will identify sequences in the human genome that
resemble the mouse gene based on similarity of sequence.
Blue Rot (/glossary_terms/1546):

1. A conifer tree disease that produces a bluing color on the wood. See the genus Ceratostomella (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Ceratostomella).
Blunt Ridges (/glossary_terms/2326):

1. This term is rarely used but may be helpful to teach mushroom hunters how to distinguish between truly gilled fungi and falsely gilled fungi, such as those know commonly as Chanterelles.
The term Chanterelles is a common, non-scientific category for several species of fungi in the genera Cantharellus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Cantharellus),
Craterellus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Craterellus), Gomphus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Gomphus), and Polyozellus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Polyozellus). Rather than exhibiting true gills, these fungi exhibit gill-like blunt ridges.
Contrast this term with Cantharellus Gills, Costate, Grooved, Merulioid, Pseudoreticulation, Radial Furrows, Raised Ridges, Ridges, Striate, Striations, Striatulate, Tuberculate-Striate,
Venose, and Wrinkled.
BOLD (/glossary_terms/2051):
1. Abbreviation for the Barcode Of Life Data system. BOLD is an “informatics workbench” aiding the acquisition, storage, analysis, and publication of DNA barcode records.
More:
http://www.barcodinglife.org (http://www.barcodinglife.org)
http://www.boldsystems.org/ (http://www.boldsystems.org/)
https://ibol.org/ (https://ibol.org/)
Boletinoid (/glossary_terms/1732):
1. Intermediate form between having pores and having gills.
2. Derived from ‘Boletinus.’
3. A hymenophoral arrangement in which the pores are elongated radially (radial walls are longer than tangential walls).
4. Elongated and radially arranged pores.
5. Having a structure intermediate between gills and pores, as seen in Boletinellus merulioides (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Boletinellus+merulioides).
Boletoid (/glossary_terms/1872):
1. Resembling a bolete.
More: https://www.mushroomexpert.com/boletes.html (https://www.mushroomexpert.com/boletes.html)
Boring Holes (/glossary_terms/1876):

(Tunneling Holes)
1. Holes burrowed/drilled/eaten by insects into a fungus. Fungal knats can eat through mushrooms making holes, but most holes are thought to be made as a result of maggots eating their
way out from the inside.
Contrast this term with Alveolate, Lacunose, and Scrobiculate.
Botuliform (/glossary_terms/1838):
1. Having a cylindrical form with rounded ends and shaped like a meat sausage.
Contrast this term with Allantoid.
Brachybasidiole (/glossary_terms/185):
(Brachybasidioles)
1. Cells which resemble a basidiole but are larger and more inflated, such as those observed in Bolbitius titubans (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Bolbitius+titubans).
Brachycystidium (/glossary_terms/186):
(Brachycystidia)
1. A form of leptocystidia. Cells shaped like a stone walkway more or less. Found in Coprinus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Coprinus) species.
Brittle (/glossary_terms/2413):
1. The stipe or pileus breaks easily. When broken it forms a sharp, non-fibrous edge that is rigid. These specimens often break with a snap. They are nearly equivalent to cartilaginous but not
pliable.
Contrast this term with Cartilaginous and Fragile.

Broadly Clavate (/glossary_terms/1416):
1. Cystidia are shaped in a clavate form with a Q < 1.5.
Contrast this term with Clavate and Narrowly Clavate.
Broadly Conical (/glossary_terms/2116):

1. Cystidia conical with Q < 1.5.
Contrast this term with Conical, Truncately Broadly Conical, and Narrowly Conical.
Broadly Convex (/glossary_terms/2206):

1. Convex pileus apex is broadly flattened.
Broadly Cylindrical (/glossary_terms/2346):

Contrast this term with Cylindrical and Narrowly Cylindrical.

Broadly Elliptical (/glossary_terms/1388):
(Broadly Ellipsoid)
1. Quotient of length and width of spores or cystidia is equal to 1.15 – 1.3.
Contrast this term with Ellipsoid, Globose-Ellipsoid, Obellipsoid, and Subellipsoid.
Broadly Fistulose (/glossary_terms/321):

1. Stipe with a very wide hollow center. This feature can be viewed by slicing a mushroom vertically in half.
Contrast this term with Hollow, Fistulose, Chambered, Solid, Stuffed, and Partially Stuffed.
Broadly Fusiform (/glossary_terms/2345):

2. Cystidia with Q = 1.5 – 2.0.
3. Spores with length divided by width or length divided by breadth = 1.5 – 2.0.
Contrast this term with Fusiform, Very Broadly Fusiform, Fusiform-Lanceolate, Narrowly Fusiform, and Subfusiform.
Broadly Infundibuliform (/glossary_terms/2299):

Contrast this term with Infundibuliform, Narrowly Infundibuliform, Broadly-Shallowly Depressed, Deeply Infundibuliform, Concave, and Plano-Concave.
Broadly Lageniform (/glossary_terms/1419):
1. Cystidia are nearly lageniform, but the rounded lower halves are so swollen that they almost resemble some boiling glass flasks used in laboratories.
Contrast this term with Legeniform and Narrowly Lageniform.
Broadly Parabolic (/glossary_terms/2225):

(Broadly-Parabolic)
2. Nearly parabolic but more broad in form.
Contrast this term with Parabolic and Narrowly Parabolic.
Broadly Umbonate (/glossary_terms/2214):

1. A broadly rounded umbo.
Contrast this term with Abrupt Papilla, Acute Papilla, Acutely Umbonate, Cuspidate Umbo, Papilla, Umbo, and Subumbonate.
Broadly Utriform (/glossary_terms/2297):

See figure 34.29 in https://images.mushroomobserver.org/Glossary_Vellinga.pdf (https://images.mushroomobserver.org/Glossary_Vellinga.pdf)
Contrast this term with Lageniform-Utriform, Narrowly Utriform, and Utriform .
Broadly Ventricose (/glossary_terms/2343):

1. Gill shape is comparatively larger or appearing more swollen than ventricose. See figure.
Contrast this term with Arcuate, Linear, Segmentiform, Subventricose, Triangular, and Ventricose.
Broadly-Shallowly Depressed (/glossary_terms/2217):
1. The central depression of the pileus is shallow, and the diameter of the depression is broad.
Contrast this term with Infundibuliform, Deeply Infundibuliform, Concave, and Plano-Concave.
Brown Rot (/glossary_terms/1542):

1. The most common fungal disease (caused by Monilinia fructicola (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Monilinia+fructicola) and Monilinia laxa
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Monilinia+laxa)) affecting the blossoms and fruit of almonds, apricots, cherries, peaches and plums.
2. Brown rot is a destructive fungal disease of trees and shrubs in the genus Prunus which includes peaches, plum, cherries, apricots and nectarines. Brown rot is particularly a problem on
the fruits of susceptible plants, with the potential to cause losses of 50% or more prior to harvest.
More: https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/brown-rot/ (https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/brown-rot/)
Bryophilous (/glossary_terms/1926):
1. Associated with growing on – or very near to – bryophytes.
Bulbangiocarpy (/glossary_terms/640):
1. Velangiocarpy exhibiting a veil consisting of a primordial bulb.
Bulbil (/glossary_terms/1505):
(Bulbils, Bulbiferous)
1. A small sclerotioid structure, formed of a few layers of swollen, usually thin-walled cells.
2. A minute sclerotium-like organism made of relatively few cells.
Bulbillosis (/glossary_terms/1616):
1. The formation of bulbils by the basidium instead of by basidiospores.
Bulbipellis (/glossary_terms/187):
1. Skin surface of the stipe bulb.
Bulbous (/glossary_terms/43):
(Bulb)
1. A stem with a swollen base.
2. Bulbous cystidia having a swollen base.
Contrast this term with Abruptly Bulbous, Clavate-Bulbous, Marginately Bulbous, Subbulbous, and Volva.
Buller's Drop (/glossary_terms/188):

(Hilar Droplet)
1. A drop of water that grows on a spore’s hilar appendage and plays a role in the ejection process of the spore.
Bulliform (/glossary_terms/189):
1. Bubble-shaped and swollen.
Bunch Rot (/glossary_terms/1587):

(Fruit Bunch Rot, Marasmius Bunch Rot)
1. Bunch rot or Marasmius bunch rot is the most serious disease of oil palm fruit. The outbreaks of this disease in Malaysia and Indonesia caused severe losses in the early days of oil palm
expansion. The causal agent, Marasmius palmivorus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Marasmius+palmivorus), is widespread in the oil palm ecosystem, which can be
seen on over-ripe fruit bunches and rotten bunches.
More: https://www.sciencedirect.com/... (https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/marasmius)
Bursiform (/glossary_terms/190):
1. Bag-like shape.
Byssoid (/glossary_terms/1807):
1. A lichen with a whispy appearance.
Contrast this term with Crustose, Filamentose, Foliose, Fruticose, Leprose, Squamulose, and Structureless.
ca. (/glossary_terms/1260):
(~)
1. Translated abbreviation intended to mean approximately.
Calcareous (/glossary_terms/1912):
(Calcareous Soils)
1. Mostly or partly composed of Calcium Carbonate (i.e. containing lime or being chalky).
Calcariferous (/glossary_terms/2232):
1. Exhibiting spines or projections.
Calicioid Fungi (/glossary_terms/1460):

2. Lichens or non-lichenized fungi characterized by asci that disintegrate early, thus releasing a powdery mass of ascospores on the apothecium surface.
Caligate (/glossary_terms/1790):
(Booted)
1. Almost the entire stem (below the point of the annulus) is covered with pieces of (or the whole) partial veil. The annulus points upward on the stipe (like a loose sock on a foot).
Calyptration (/glossary_terms/1529):
(Calyptrate)
1. The outer layer of the spore wall (perisporium) is separated from the main wall to form “blisters” at the basal and/or apical parts of the spores. This term has been applied to Galerina
hypnorum (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Galerina+hypnorum), Galerina sahleri (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Galerina+sahleri), Galerina
cerina (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Galerina+cerina), Galerina sphagnicola (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Galerina+sphagnicola), and
Galerina calyptrospora (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Galerina+calyptrospora). Note: This term may not be as helpful as alternative terms.
More: https://www.researchgate.net/... (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351233654_Species_of_the_genus_Galerina_Hymenogastraceae_with_calyptrate_spores_in_Ukraine)
Campanulate (/glossary_terms/192):
1. Cap is bell-shaped and has a central bump.
2. Bell-shaped.
3. Pileus is convex and has a central bump.

Campanulate-Plicate (/glossary_terms/2435):
1. Cap is bell-shaped with an umbo and reveals radial grooves like those seen in an umbrella.
Campestroid (/glossary_terms/1712):
1. Short and stout.
2. Agaric fungi with a pileus diameter to stipe diameter ratio of 1 or >1.
Candidiasis (/glossary_terms/1404):
(Moniliasis, Candidosis)
1. A disease impacting humans and animals caused by species of Candida (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Candida), especially Candida albicans
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Candida+albicans).
Canescence (/glossary_terms/1590):
(Canescent)
1. Covered with short, fine whitish or grayish hairs or down; hoary.
Contrast this term with Felty, Fibrillose, Fibrils, Fimbriate, Floccose-Scaly, Flocosse, Flocculose, Glabrous, Hair, Hirsute, Hispid, Hoary, Indumentum, Matted, Puberulous, Pubescent, Radial
Scales, Shaggy, Spines, Squamules, Squamulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
Canopy (/glossary_terms/1258):
1. The layer of a forest or a woodland that is below the emergent layer and above the understory layer. Its purpose is to act as a shield protecting the layers below, but also absorbing the
most amount sunlight for photosynthesis. The tallest, most mature trees can form the canopy and the leaves of species such as beech are so effectively intertwined and angled to catch the
maximum amount of light, that they cast a very dense shade. This allows few plants to survive underneath. Ash, by contrast, with its finely divided leaves, allows more light through to the
woodland floor, so that layers are more likely to develop.
Cantharellus Gills ("False Gills") (/glossary_terms/1391):

Note: The term “false gills” can be a misleading phrase. Gills on Cantharellus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Cantharellus) and Craterellus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Craterellus) species often have distinctive, but not unique, features:
█ Decurrent
█ Minimally differentiated from the cap
█ Shallow
█ Intervenose
█ Blunt-edged
█ Inconsistently spaced
This phrase may be helpful to avoid in general. “False gills” makes an incorrect statement on the uniqueness – morphological, functional, phylogenetic, or otherwise – of the gills produced in
one of the 11 orders housing lamellate fungi. The phrase is a perpetual source of mis-identifications – assuming broad-gilled Cantharellus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Cantharellus) specimens must be something else.
Capilliform (/glossary_terms/1919):
1. Resembling a single strand of hair or multiple hairs.
Capillitium (/glossary_terms/1864):
(Capillitia, Capillus)
1. Sterile, thread-like structures present among the spores in the fruiting bodies of many Myxogastres (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Myxogastres).
2. A network of non-cellular fibers constructed from waste material that is used in spore dispersal.
More: http://www.microlabgallery.com/gallery/Capillitium.aspx (http://www.microlabgallery.com/gallery/Capillitium.aspx)

Capitate (/glossary_terms/193):
1. Rounded and enlarged at the tip.
Capitellum (/glossary_terms/2044):
(Capitella)
1. A small, knob-like pileus.
Capitulate (/glossary_terms/194):
1. Cystidia which are basically filiform or cylindrical except for the apex which is swollen into a small knob or head.
Capitulum (/glossary_terms/1922):
(Capitula)
2. Cystidia head(s) with a roundish shape as seen in the genus Conocybe (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Conocybe).
Caput (/glossary_terms/195):
1. Having ball or head-like protuberances.
Carminophilous (/glossary_terms/196):
1. Becoming dark-dotted in a solution of acerocarmine. Used in reference to microscopic basidia.
Carnulose (/glossary_terms/1257):
1. More-or-less fleshy.
2. Kind of fleshy.
Contrast this term with Flesh.
Carotiform (/glossary_terms/2334):
1. Shaped similar to a carrot (Daucus carota).
Carpophore (/glossary_terms/197):
(Plural = Carpophores)
1. The fruiting body of the higher fungi.
Carpophoroids (/glossary_terms/1607):
1. Aborted forms of fungi.
2. Malformed fruit bodies as a result of one or more penetrating hyphae species affecting the otherwise normal growth of a species. See some collections of Armillaria
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Armillaria) and Entoloma abortivum (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Entoloma+abortivum).
Cartilaginous (/glossary_terms/1644):
1. Consisting of a tough or fibrous texture, usually in reference to the stem.
2. Stipe is firm and tough, suggesting cartilage.
3. Stipe is thin, often ≤ 5 mm diam., when it breaks down, breaks like a twig.
See contradictory definition in https://www.creamjournal.org/pdf/CREAM_8_5_3.pdf (https://www.creamjournal.org/pdf/CREAM_8_5_3.pdf)
Casing Layer (/glossary_terms/2263):

1. When mushrooms are cultivated indoors or outdoors, they are often developed using a layered system involving a variety of potential materials. The casing layer is the top-most layer which
covers all of the layers. It can be composed of moist materials such as peat, gypsum, vermiculite, and/or several other optional materials. This moisture-promoting layer dramatically
enhances mushroom formation as well as more abundant mushroom growth in most cultivated species. Some mushroom species require a casing layer in order to fruit, or to fruit with any
significance.
More: Review page 127 of The Mushroom Cultivator.
Catahymenium (/glossary_terms/198):
1. Basidium not arranged in a single layer.
Catenulate (/glossary_terms/1671):
1. Arranged in chains or a chain-like manner.
Caulobasidioles (/glossary_terms/1828):
1. Basidiole cells on the stipe.
Caulocystidioid Elements (/glossary_terms/1619):

1. A general term to describe caulocystida-related cells that have not yet been given a more formal name.
Caulocystidioid Hairs (/glossary_terms/199):

(Caulocystidioid Hairs)
2. Cystidioid terminal cells of superficial hyphae on stipe, paracystidia not present among these cells, can resemble metuloids.
Caulocystidium (/glossary_terms/47):
(Plural = Caulocystidia)
1. A cystidium (or cystidia) on the stipe surface of a mushroom. Caulocystidia are sometimes captioned with the abbreviation CA.
Caulogloeocystidium (/glossary_terms/200):
(Plural = Caulogloeocystidia)
1. Cystidia on the stipe (caulocystidia) which have oily or granular contents.
Caulohymenium (/glossary_terms/1624):
(Caulohymenial Layer)
1. Stipe tissue layer composed of caulobasidioles, caulocystidia, and sporulating caulobasidia.
Cauloparacystidium (/glossary_terms/201):
(Cauloparacystidia)
1. Cells on the stipe that are similar to paracystidia found on the gill edges of some fungi.
Caulotrichome (/glossary_terms/968):
(Caulotrichomes)
1. A hair-like cell observed on the stem.
Cecidiocarp (/glossary_terms/1776):
1. Hypertrophy at the base of the basidioma caused by another fungus. See the genus Squamanita (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Squamanita).
Cell (/glossary_terms/202):
1. The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all known living organisms. It is the smallest unit of life that is classified as a living thing, and is often called the building block of life.
Organisms can be classified as unicellular (consisting of a single cell; including most bacteria) or multicellular (including plants and animals). Humans contain about 10 trillion cells. Most plant
and animal cells are between 1 and 100 µm and therefore are visible only under the microscope. The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. In 1835, before the final cell theory was
developed, Jan Evangelista Purkyně observed small “granules” while looking at the plant tissue through a microscope. The cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden
and Theodor Schwann, states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, that all cells come from preexisting cells, that vital functions of an organism occur within cells, and that al
cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells. The word cell comes from the Latin cella,
meaning “small room.” The descriptive term for the smallest living biological structure was coined by Robert Hooke in a book he published in 1665 when he compared the cork cells he saw
through his microscope to the small rooms monks lived in.
Cell Biology (/glossary_terms/203):

1. Cell biology is a scientific discipline that studies cells. This includes their physiological properties, their structures, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life
cycles, cellular division, and cellular death. This is done both microscopically and with genetic studies.
Cellular (/glossary_terms/1468):
1. Having living or dead cells that are observable microscopically – rather then having non-cellular material(s).
2. Definition pending
Cellular Mediopellis (/glossary_terms/204):

2. If the pellis of a fungus has three distinct layers the outer layer is the suprapellis, the middle layer is the mediopellis, and the inner layer is the subpellis. Below that is the pileus trama.
Cellular Pileipellis (/glossary_terms/205):
(Cellular Cuticle)
2. A cystoderm is also known as a cellular cuticle. Applied to pellis consisting of rounded elements; same as polycystoderm.
Cellular Subhymenium (/glossary_terms/206):

1. Elements of a cellular subhymenium are ellipsoid to more or less isodiametric (spherical or polyhedral) in shape.
2. A type of subhymenia in which the cells are ellipsoid to +/- isodiametric. Good Image Needed.
Cellular Subpellis (/glossary_terms/207):

1. If the pileipellis of a fungus has more than one layer the layer that is next to the pileus trama is known as the subpellis, a “cellular subpellis” consists of cellular elements.
Centered Germ Pore (/glossary_terms/208):

(Central Germ Pore)
1. The spore’s germ pore is not offset with the hilar appendage area. The germ pore is in the center of the apex of the spore.
Contrast this term with Eccentric Germ Pore.
Central (/glossary_terms/2190):
(Centered, Centrally Stipitate)
1. Stipe is connected to the pileus in the center.
Contrast this term with Lateral And Reduced Stipe and Eccentrically Stipitate.
Cephalodium (/glossary_terms/2419):
(Cephalodia)
Ceraceous Fungi (/glossary_terms/1785):

1. Waxy.
Cercosporoid (/glossary_terms/1835):
1. Genera and species akin to the genus Cercospora (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Cercospora). These taxa make up a very large group of plant pathogenic, leaf-
spotting fungi. They are economically relevant species causing diseases on a wide range of hosts, including numerous cultivated plants.
Cerebral Mycetism (/glossary_terms/2021):

(Mycetism, Mycetism Cerebralis)
1. A condition of having transient hallucinogenic symptoms following the ingestion of mind-manifesting fungi.
Cerebriform (/glossary_terms/2323):
(Convoluted)
1. Appearing brain-like or somewhat similar to a human brain.
2. Definition Pending. Mycelium image showing this form is needed.

Cerebrose (/glossary_terms/688):
(Cerebroid, Gyrose)
1. Exhibiting brain-like folds.
2. Wrinkle-like deep folds.
Contrast this term with Rugose and Rugulose.
Cespitose (/glossary_terms/209):
(Caespitose, Clustered)
This term has been used differently by various authors and websites to the point that these definitions contradict one another. This term should be avoided in future literature with preference
for a unambiguous term. It is better to describe this feature by writing, “clustered very closely, but not fused at the bases or joined together.”
1. Growing in dense clusters, with the stems fused together or packed right up against one another at the base.
2. Aggregated in tufts, but not grown together.
Contrast this term with Connate and Sub-Connate.
cfr. (/glossary_terms/93):
(cf.)
1. Compare to.
2. Confer.
3. Confrantare.
Chambered (/glossary_terms/210):
(Chambers, Cavernose)
1. The stipe has hollow sections (chambers) as opposed to being hollow throughout, or be otherwise characterized. This can be seen by slicing a mushroom in half vertically.
Contrast this term with Hollow, Fistulose, Broadly Fistulose, Solid, Stuffed, and Partially Stuffed.
Cheilocatenulae (/glossary_terms/2020):
1. Multicellular hyphae which project into the hymenium of the gill edge, the elements of which are in chains (catenulate) and inflated.
More: See How To Identify Mushrooms To Genus III: Microscopic Features.
Cheilochrysocystidium (/glossary_terms/2113):
(Cheilochrysocystidia)
1. Chrysocystidium located on the edge of the lamellae.

Cheilocystidium (/glossary_terms/144):
(Plural = Cheilocystidia)
(Pronounced Kye-Low-Sis-tid-ium)
(Abbreviated “ch”)
1. A cystidium (plural cystidia) is a relatively large cell found on the hymenium of a basidiomycete (for example, on the surface of a mushroom gill), often between clusters of basidia. Since
cystidia have highly varied and distinct shapes that are often unique to a particular species or genus, they are a useful in the identification of basidiomycetes. In general, the adaptive
significance of cystidia is not well understood. Cheilocystidia are located on the true gill edges. In general, cheilocystidia tend to vary in morphology more than pleurocystidia, but they are
typically reasonably constant for a species and in many instances do furnish valuable taxonomic characters. The size varies with the species being small in some (14-20 µ long) and up to 75µ
long in others. By definition cheilocystidia are the hyphal end-cells on the gill edge which do not produce basidiospores. They may be in the form of basidioles, resemble the pleurocystidia in
shape, or have their own distinctive morphological characters.
Cheiloleptocystidium (/glossary_terms/2112):
(Cheiloleptocystidia)
1. Thin-walled cystidium situated on edge of lamellae. This term is usually only used when confusion with cheilochrysocystidia may occur).
Cheilopseudocystidium (/glossary_terms/211):
(Plural = Cheilopseudocystidia)
1. Pseudocystidium located on the true gill edge.
Chemical Species (/glossary_terms/1385):

1. A compound or substance that has been purified or prepared, especially artificially.
3. A chemical substance or ensemble of substances composed of chemically identical molecular entities which can explore the same set of molecular energy levels on a characteristic or
delineated time scale.
Chemotaxonomic (/glossary_terms/212):
(Chemotaxonomy, Chemosystematics, Chemotaxonomics, Biochemical Systematics)
1. Chemotaxonomy (from chemistry and taxonomy), also called chemosystematics, is the attempt to classify and identify organisms (originally plants), according to demonstrable differences
and similarities in their biochemical compositions. The compounds studied in most of the cases are proteins, amino acids, and peptides. Examples of chemotaxonomic markers are
phospholipid-derived fatty acids and enzymes.
Cherocytes (/glossary_terms/213):
1. Loose, globose cells with long excrescences or spines located on the pileipellis, stipe surface, and/or the universal veil of some bioluminescent species (Amparoina spinosissima
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Amparoina+spinosissima), Mycena asterina (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Mycena+asterina)).
2. Thick-walled, spinose and spinulose cells, each of which can disarticulate and act as an asexual propagule, individually germinating to form dikaryotic hyphae.
Contrast this term with Chlamydospores.
Chiastobasidium (/glossary_terms/214):
1. A holobasidium that is clavate with nuclear spindles transverse across the basidium and located near the top of the basidium (Donk, 1964). See also holobasidium, stichobasidium.
Chimneyistic (/glossary_terms/1945):
(Edges Appearing Burnt)
1. Fungi exhibiting a dark black color nearly matching burnt wood in a fire pit or fireplace. It may also present itself as a mid to dark brown color. This taxonomic character usually appears on
the pilei margins – sometimes in larger manifestations of the pilei. It can also appear on the stipe.
Chirality (/glossary_terms/1490):
(Chiral, Chiral Centers)
1. This term refers to the left-handed and/or right-handed nature of some chemicals. A chemical’s atomic structure may have two chiral forms being mirror images of each other, like your left
hand and right hand. Your left and right hands are mirror images of each other but cannot be superimposed (identically stacked ontop of one another).
Chitin (/glossary_terms/215):
(Pronounced kite-in)
1. The main component of the cell walls of fungi. The structure of chitin was solved by Albert Hofmann in 1930.
Chitinase (/glossary_terms/216):
(Plural = Chitinases)
1. Hydrolytic enzymes that break down glycosidic bonds in chitin.
Chlamydospores (/glossary_terms/217):
1. A chlamydospore is the thick-walled big resting spore of several kinds of fungi including ascomycota such as Candida and basidiomycota such as Panus. It is the life-stage which survives
in unfavourable conditions, such as dry or hot seasons. Chlamydospores are usually dark-coloured, spherical, and have a smooth (non-ornamented) surface. They are multicellular, the cells
being connected by pores in septae between cells. Chlamydospores are a result of asexual (thus being actually conidia called chlamydoconidia) or sexual reproduction. Teliospores are
special kind of chlamydospores of rusts and smuts.
Chlorolichen (/glossary_terms/2096):
(Chlorolichens)
1. A lichen inclusive of a green alga as its photobiont component.
Chorology (/glossary_terms/2085):
(Chorological Characters)
1. The study of the geographical and topographical spread of organisms away from a centre of origin.
Chromatograms (/glossary_terms/219):
(DNA Sequencing Chromatogram)
1. A chromatogram (sometimes also called electropherogram) is the visual representation of a DNA sample produced by a sequencing machine.
Chromophore (/glossary_terms/218):
1. A chromophore is the part of a molecule responsible for its color. The color arises when a molecule absorbs certain wavelengths of visible light and transmits or reflects others. The
chromophore is a region in the molecule where the energy difference between two different molecular orbitals falls within the range of the visible spectrum. Visible light that hits the
chromophore can thus be absorbed by exciting an electron from its ground state into an excited state. In biological molecules that serve to capture or detect light energy, the chromophore is
the moiety that causes a conformational change of the molecule when hit by light.
Chrysocystidium (/glossary_terms/220):
(Plural = Chrysocystidia, Chryso-Cystidium, Chryso-Cystidia)
1. Chrysocystidia are cystidia whose contents contain a distinct refractive yellow or golden body, that becomes more deeply yellow when exposed to KOH, ammonia, or other alkaline
compounds. Chrysocystidia are characteristic of many – though not all – members of the agaric family Strophariaceae (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Strophariaceae)
2. Cystidium with yellow amorphous body or bodies in contents after treatment with NH4OH or KOH.
Chrysovessels (/glossary_terms/221):
(Chryso-Vessels)
1. Hyphae that are similar to oleiferous hyphae (hyphae which don’t contain latex but often contain a resinous material) but contain a granular to resinous material which turns yellow with
alkaline reagents.
Chytridiomycota (/glossary_terms/1483):
1. A division of zoosporic organisms in the kingdom Fungi, informally known as chytrids. Chytrids have flagellated gametes. Chytrids are predominantly aquatic. Some are freshwater and
others are marine. Some are parasites on plants and dipterans. Others live on decaying plants and insect parts. Some are unicellular, some coenocytic, and still others produce a mycelium
much like other fungi. Few have any noticeable impact on humans, with the exception of a few that parasitize algae, cause potato wart (Synchytrium endoboticum
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Synchytrium+endoboticum)), and those used in experimental research (e.g. Allomyces
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Allomyces)).
Chytrids (/glossary_terms/2093):
1. Chytrids are the most primitive group of fungi, and the only group that possess gametes with flagella. Chytrids usually live in aquatic environments, but some species live on land. Some
chytrids are saprobes while others are parasites that may be harmful to amphibians and other animals. Chytrids are mostly unicellular, but multicellular organisms do exist. One example of a
chytrid species is Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Batrachochytrium+dendrobatidis).
Ciliate (/glossary_terms/1908):
(Fringed)
1. Pileus margin exhibits a fringed appearance.
2. Pileus margin has hair like appendages.
3. Gill edges exhibiting irregular appendages (projecting parts that are inconsistent).
4. Bordered with very fine threads.
Cinereous (/glossary_terms/1787):
1. Meaning ashy-grey.
Circumscription (/glossary_terms/236):
(Circumscribed)
1. The limits of a taxon as laid down by its description.
2. The defining limits of a taxonomic group of organisms.
Circumsessile Volva (/glossary_terms/2212):

(Circumscissile)
1. Instead of flaring out at the volval margin, the volval margin forms a tight rim around the stipe.
Contrast this term with Zoned, Flaring, and Saccate.
Citriniform (/glossary_terms/245):
1. Lemon-shaped.
Clade (/glossary_terms/237):
1. A clade, also known as a monophyletic group, is a group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants.
2. A natural group of related life-forms.
3. A group of biological taxa (such as species or subgenera) that comprises all descendants of one common ancestor. An example of a clade is the Gymnopilus aeruginosus-luteofolius clade
All species included have the pileus covered by purplish to reddish erect squamules, at least when young. They are from temperate to tropical regions. In some of them (G. aeruginosus, G.
luteofolius, G. punctifolius, G. subpurpuratus), the basidioma stain green when bruised or have a greenish-blue to bluish coloration that suggests the presence of Psilocybin (Gartz 1984).
4. A clade is a grouping of species that are determined to share a common ancestor, not a taxonomic rank. Clades can work into infraspecific, infrageneric, or higher order systematics, and
will change depending on which species are included in the cladogram.
Cladogram (/glossary_terms/2286):
1. Definition Pending. This term has been used differently and with contradiction among various authors.
Contrast this term with Phenogram, Dendogram, and Phylogeny.
More: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cla.12144 (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cla.12144)

Clamp Connections (/glossary_terms/1405):
(Clamp-Connections)
1. Short, backwardly directed branches on many dikaryotic basidiomycetous hyphae, providing a bypass for one of the nuclei produced during synchronous division of the dikaryon, insuring
their equal distribution between the new cells. Croziers (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Croziers) are possible homologues.
Clamped Basidium (/glossary_terms/1734):

(Clamped Basidia)
1. Basidium with a visible clamp connection at the base.
Contrast this term with Septate Basidium.
Clavarioid (/glossary_terms/1829):
1. Resembling a coral reef or a coral species.
Clavate (/glossary_terms/1414):
1. Shaped as a club; with highly pronounced tapper on one side and rounded on the other.
2. Frequently referring to the stipe or fruit body shape to be distinguished from (abruptly) bulbous.
3. Cystidia and/or basidia cells having a Q = 1.5-4.
Contrast this term with Narrowly Clavate, Very Narrowly Clavate, and Broadly Clavate.
Clavate-Bulbous (/glossary_terms/2187):
(Clavate Bulbous)
1. Exhibiting a stipe bulb that tapers gradually upward.
Contrast this term with Abruptly Bulbous, Bulbous, Marginately Bulbous, Obclavate-Bulbous, and Subbulbous.
Clavate-Radicate (/glossary_terms/1890):
1. Shaped like a caveman club and having a root-like structure.
Cleistothecia (/glossary_terms/1477):
(Cleistothecium)
1. An enclosed ascocarp containing randomly dispersed asci.
Clémençon's Solution (/glossary_terms/246):

1. This liquid is used to rehydrate dried fungi tissue and make it easier to cut sections. The formula is 80ml of 96% ethanol (or industrial methylated spirit), 20 ml of concentrated ammonia,
and 1gm of glycerol. The dried fungal material is soaked in this fluid until it is sufficiently softened. It is then removed and allowed to dry for a while when it should be “waxy” and able to be
sectioned. A final soak in 10% ammonia may help to expand the section.
Climate Change (/glossary_terms/1109):

1. A change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric
carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels.
2. A change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persists for an extended
period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings, or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the
atmosphere or in land use.
3. A change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability
observed over comparable time periods.
More: https://stateoftheworldsfungi.org/... (https://stateoftheworldsfungi.org/2018/reports/SOTWFungi_2018_Climate_Change.pdf)
Clinical Mycology (/glossary_terms/1507):

1. A branch of mycology involving clinicians who care for patients with fungal infections. This includes treating each of the major systemic fungal infections. Clinicians must have significant
training in pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment.
Clitocyboid (/glossary_terms/1675):
1. Mushrooms with adherent, decurrent, or subdecurrent gills on the stipe, which is fibrous, fleshy, or chalky in consistency, centrally attached to the pileus and lacking a ring and volva.
2. Pileus convex to broadly convex or plane, rarely campanulate; lamellar attachment subdecurrent to decurrent; annulus absent; volva absent; stipe consistency fleshy fibrous.
Clonotype (/glossary_terms/247):
1. Herbarium/fungarium specimens made from fungi propagated from (and thus clones of) the same fungus from which a type specimen was made. Clonotypes are of some use in
documenting a type collection, but they have no status under the current ICNafp.
Contrast this term with Holotype, Isotype, Lectotype, and Neotype.
Close (/glossary_terms/1499):
2. Gill spacing is between crowded and distant.
Contrast this term with Subclose, Subcrowded, Crowded, Extremely Crowded, Distant, and Subdistant.
Cloud Forest (/glossary_terms/1256):

(Fog Forest, Cloud Forests, Fog Forests, Montane Forest, Montane Rainforest)
1. Forest lands which are co-inhabited by clouds and/or fog, usually at the canopy level. This type of forest is present in tropical mountainous zones where heavy rainfall occurs with persisten
condensation.
More: https://www.earthreminder.com/... (https://www.earthreminder.com/different-types-of-forests-in-the-world/)
Club Fungi (/glossary_terms/7):

(Pestle-Shaped, Club-Shaped, Caveman Club-Shape, Bat-Like)
1. A general, informal category of fungi that have a simple, “caveman” club-like shape.
2. Many websites currently refer to typical mushrooms, Basidiomycota (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Basidiomycota), and Basidiomycetes
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Basidiomycetes) in highly various ways as club fungi. This appears to be a result of incorrect information spread from a fairly large
number of resources. This requires further critical peer review. In general, if the fungi do not look like specifically like a caveman’s club, this term should be avoided.
Coarsely Serrate (/glossary_terms/2171):
1. Gill edges appear like those of Lentinellus montanus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Lentinellus+montanus).
2. Showing coarse, teeth-like edges on the gills.
Contrast this term with Serrate, Undate, Crenate, Crenulate, Eroded, Appendiculate, Even, Serrulate, and Fimbriate.
Cobweb Disease (/glossary_terms/2262):
1. A condition frequently occurring with the cultivated, grocery store mushroom Agaricus bisporus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Agaricus+bisporus) in which one of
several agaricicolous fungi grow cobweb-like mycelium on the Agaricus crop and upon the casing layer. This is typically caused by Cladobotryum mycophilum
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Cladobotryum+mycophilum) (teleomorph, Hypomyces odoratus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Hypomyces+odoratus)), Cladobotryum dendroides (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Cladobotryum+dendroides)
(= Dactylium dendroides (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Dactylium+dendroides); teleomorph, Hypomyces rosellus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Hypomyces+rosellus)), or Cladobotryum varium (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Cladobotryum+varium)
(teleomorph, Hypomyces aurantius (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Hypomyces+aurantius)). Other species potentially exist.
Coccidioidomycosis (/glossary_terms/1582):
1. Valley Fever.
2. An infection caused by the fungus Coccidioides (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Coccidioides). The fungus is known to live in the soil in the southwestern United
States and parts of Mexico and Central and South America. The fungus was also recently found in south-central Washington state. It is infectively transmitted by breathing in the microscopic
fungal spores from the air. At least two species can cause this disease: Coccidioides immitis (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Coccidioides+immitis) and Coccidioides
posadasii (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Coccidioides+posadasii).
Coelosphaerites (/glossary_terms/2038):
Coenocytic (/glossary_terms/191):
1. Non-septate hyphae.
2. A multinucleate cell that can result from multiple nuclear divisions without their accompanying cytokinesis.
Coenose (/glossary_terms/1859):
(Coenological, Coenology, Coenoses)
1. A collection of life forms that are found together, interacting as a community within an ecosystem.
Cogwheel Pattern (/glossary_terms/1786):

(Cogwheel-Like Pattern, Cogwheel Like Pattern, Cog Wheel Pattern)
1. The partial veil still attached to the pileus and stipe bears a pattern resembling a cogwheel. See Agaricus arvensis
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Agaricus+arvensis).
Coll. (/glossary_terms/1077):
1. Abbreviation for collector or collection by.
Collarium (/glossary_terms/1584):
(Collar, Collared, Collariate Gills)
1. Marasmius rotula (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Marasmius+rotula) is one of the best examples exhibiting a collarium. Here the lamellae never meet the stipe, but
instead form a little collar (like the “turtle neck” portion of a turtle neck shirt) around it. The gills descend down in the direction of the stipe, but they do not touch the stipe. Notice also that upon
removing the stem, a little ring may remain on the pileus where the stipe once was connected to it.
Collection (/glossary_terms/1105):
1. This term can be used in a relaxed sense or a strict sense. Any harvested fungi specimens, including multiple species, can be considered a collection. In a more strict sense of the word
this would refer to one physically isolated and harvested species (with one specimen or multiple specimens). Collections can be dried thoroughly and placed into ziplock bags or wax paper
bags and submitted to fungariums or herbariums. They can also be sent out to mycologists for DNA sequencing, microscopy, and important chemical studies using liquid chromatography–
mass spectrometry.
Collection Container (/glossary_terms/2365):

1. There are several implemented methods to collect mushrooms – both for mycologists and hunters alike. All methods rely on various degrees of pseudo-sterility and separation. Containers
tend to be a matter of individual preference. Some mycologists prefer wax paper bags. Some prefer fish tackle boxes with several compartments. Some prefer wicker baskets. Some prefer
individual plastic tupperware containers with drilled breathing holes in the lid. Regardless of the preferred medium, all people should be mindful of cleanliness, pseudo-sterility, separation, and
the potential need to label confusing collections in wet weather conditions. These containers are utilized to properly collect fungi growing wild in nature. Most people who use these containers
perform photography and save the collections for further study such as macroscopic identification, DNA sequencing, microscopy, chemical studies, cloning, spore printing, fungarium
accessioning, and additional aspects.
More: https://planomolding.com/... (https://planomolding.com/products/deep-hydro-flotm-stowawayr-3700-437300?variant=40468003618976)
Colliculose (/glossary_terms/2270):
1. Exhibiting small, rounded elevations across the surface tissue.
Colliferous (/glossary_terms/1016):
1. Exhibiting a collar or large ring.
Colloidal Basidium (/glossary_terms/2404):

Collybioid (/glossary_terms/242):
1. Shaped similar to species in the genus Collybia (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Collybia) (as opposed to Mycenoid based on Mycena
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Mycena), Tricholomatoid, Clitocyboid, Coprinoid, etc.). Refers to the overall stature and appearance of a mushroom having Collybia-like
macrocharacters.
2. Pileus convex to broadly convex; lamellar attachment variable but not decurrent; annulus absent; volva absent; stipe consistency cartilaginous.
Colony (/glossary_terms/1104):
1. A unified mycelium or mass of cells, like yeast cells, of one origin.
2. A mycelium developing from a single point of inoculation.
3. A grouping of individual specimens of the same species that live close together.
Contrast this term with Connate, Subconnate, Gregarious, Subgregarious, Imbricate, Ring-Like, Numerous, Scattered, Troops, Lines, and Solitary.
Columnar (/glossary_terms/1409):
1. Vertically stacked in layers, or horizontally arranged in rows.
comb. illeg. (/glossary_terms/2018):

1. combinatio illegitima.
2. A validly published name that is not in accordance with one or more rules of the ICN.
comb. ined. (/glossary_terms/2017):
1. combinatio inedita.
2. A combination that appears not to have been validly published or whose publication is uncertain under one or more articles under the ICN.
comb. inval. (/glossary_terms/2016):

1. Abbreviation for combinatio invalida.
2. A combination not validly published according to the ICN.
comb. nov. (/glossary_terms/142):

1. Abbreviation for combinatio nova. A new combination. A combination formed from a previously published legitimate name and employing the same final epithet (or employing the name
itself if formed from a generic name). (See ICNafp Art. 7.4).
comb. prov. (/glossary_terms/19):

1. A provisional renaming of an existing species, variety, etc. into a new genus. Combination Provisional. Combination pending. For example, the view that Hymenopellis
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Hymenopellis) should be lumped into Oudemansiella (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Oudemansiella) means
that the published species Hymenopellis sinapicolor (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Hymenopellis+sinapicolor) should be transferred there, suggesting the name
Oudemansiella sinapicolor comb. prov. (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Oudemansiella+sinapicolor+comb.+prov.)
comb. superfl. (/glossary_terms/2019):

1. combinatio superflua.
2. Superfluous combination, created with the use of a junior synonym instead of the appropriate basionym.
Commensal Fungi (/glossary_terms/1836):

(Commensalism)
1. Fungi which are in a long-term biological interaction (symbiosis) in which members of one species gain benefits while those of the other species neither benefit nor are harmed. The
commensal species (those that benefit from the association) may obtain nutrients, shelter, support, or locomotion from the host species, while the host is substantially unaffected.
More: https://www.nature.com/articles/nri3684 (https://www.nature.com/articles/nri3684)
Complanate (/glossary_terms/243):
1. Flattened or compressed.
Compressed Stipe (/glossary_terms/2352):

1. Stem is flattened under natural conditions/circumstances.
Concave (/glossary_terms/2158):
1. Pileus exhibiting more upward curvature than plano-convex, but not exhibiting the more v-shaped angled upward status of infubdibuliform or deeply infundibuliform.
Contrast this term with Deeply Infundibuliform, Infundibuliform, and Plano-Concave.
Concentric Zones (/glossary_terms/1389):

1. Zonate.
2. Alternating usually in two colors in a roundish pattern.
3. Colors or patterns are presented in a zone-like formation.
Concentrically Corrugated (/glossary_terms/1880):

Concentrically Ringed Volva (/glossary_terms/2386):
(Concentric-Ringed Volva, Concentric)
1. Stem volva has multiple rings appearing one upon another.

Concentrically Undulate (/glossary_terms/1887):

1. Exhibiting a pattern of zones or rings that are wavy.
Conchate (/glossary_terms/248):
1. Shaped like an oyster.
2. Shaped like a bivalve shell.
Conchate-Dimidiate (/glossary_terms/2338):
(Dimidiate-Conchate)
1. Shaped like half of a bivalve oyster.
Concolorous (/glossary_terms/244):
(Con-Colorous)
1. Not comparable in color. Colored the same throughout.
Confluent (/glossary_terms/2454):
1. Adjoining together.
2. Flowing together.
Congeneric (/glossary_terms/2028):
1. Belonging within the same genus.
Conic Pileus (/glossary_terms/2):

(Conical, Conico)
1. A pileus (cap) shape of a basidiomycete mushroom that is roughly cone shaped.
Contrast this term with Broadly Conical, Narrowly Conical, Truncately Broadly Conical, Truncately Conical, and Obtusely Conical.
Conico-Convex (/glossary_terms/1678):
1. Between cone-shaped and convex, or ranging from conical to convex in form.
Contrast this term with Convex, Broadly Convex, Conico, Convex-Plane, Convex-Umbonate, Subconvex, Campanulate, and Concave.
Conidial Mold (/glossary_terms/1475):

(Conidial Molds, Conidial Mould, Conidial Moulds)
Conidiogenous (/glossary_terms/2129):
1. Exhibiting conidia.
2. Any cell from or within which a conidium is directly produced.
3. The area on a conidiogenous cell at which a conidium arises.

Conidiospores (/glossary_terms/1396):
2. A unicellular spore produced asexually by a fungus.
3. An asexually produced fungal spore formed on a conidiophore.
Conidium (/glossary_terms/1476):
(Plural = Conidia)
(Conidial)
1. An asexual, immotile spore not produced in a sporangium.
2. An asexual, non-motile spore of a fungus.
Conifer (/glossary_terms/1367):
1. A division of vascular land plants/trees containing a single extant class, Pinopsida. They are gymnosperms, cone-bearing seed plants. All extant conifers are perennial woody plants with
secondary growth.
Connate (/glossary_terms/1873):
(Concrescent)
1. Joined by growth.
2. United so as to form a single part.
3. Closely joined and united together.
4. This term is used when the stems of multiple mushrooms are growing together, united at their bases.
Contrast this term with Subconnate, Gregarious, Subgregarious, Colony, Imbricate, Ring-Like, Numerous, Scattered, Troops, Lines, and Solitary.
Conspecific (/glossary_terms/98):
1. Belonging to the same species.
Constricted Volva (/glossary_terms/2412):

1. Volva is adherent and exhibits a flaring margin.
Contaxic (/glossary_terms/1759):
1. Synonymous with.
Context (/glossary_terms/114):
1. Flesh of cap or stem, excluding the surface layer.
Convex (/glossary_terms/5):
1. A cap shape of a basidiomycete mushroom that is umbrella-like in overall shape.
Convex-Umbonate (/glossary_terms/1885):
(Umbonate-Convex, Convex Umbonate)
1. Shaped like a rounded curve or bowl-shaped and exhibiting a centralized knob or protrusion.
Coprine (/glossary_terms/610):
1. A mycotoxin found produces by species in the genus Coprinopsis (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Coprinopsis). If ingested around the same time with alcohol, it
causes Coprinus Syndrome.
Coprinoid Fungi (/glossary_terms/1513):

(The Inky Caps, Ink Caps)
1. This is an informal name/grouping that may undergo revision in the near future. It now encompasses roughly six genera: Tulosesus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Tulosesus), Narcissea (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Narcissea), Coprinellus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Coprinellus), Coprinus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Coprinus), Parasola
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Parasola), and Coprinopsis (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Coprinopsis). These are sometimes difficult not only
to identify, but also to collect due to deliquescence and fragility of the stipes.
2. Ephemerous basidiocarps with ellipsoid or conical, quickly expanding, sulcate pileus and free, deliquescent lamellae.
3. Coprinoid fungi exhibit fruit bodies which upon maturity – and under specific environmental conditions – will dissolve into a black, ink-like substance.
Tip: Also know the genera Podaxis (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Podaxis) and Montagnea (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Montagnea).
Coprinoidization (/glossary_terms/1611):
1. An evolved ability of fruit bodies or a particular biological component of fungi for adaptive development as a way to acclamate in extreme habitat conditions.
Coprinus Syndrome (/glossary_terms/2082):

1. When alcohol is ingested along with Coprinopsis (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Coprinopsis) species, a toxic five-day experience can occur in humans. This
condition is caused by a buildup of acetaldehyde, causing an alcohol flush reaction.
More: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprine#Symptoms (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprine#Symptoms)
Coprophilus Fungi (/glossary_terms/44):

(Coprophilic)
1. Fungi growing on any form of dung.
More: https://www.researchgate.net/... (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248612900_Keys_to_fungi_on_Dung/link/5b51a4d445851507a7b25b81/download)
Coral Fungi (/glossary_terms/3):

(Clavarioid Fungi)
1. A general category of mushrooms that have a branching, coral-like shape. Genera include Ramaria (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Ramaria), Clavaria
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Clavaria), Tremellodendropsis (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Tremellodendropsis), Artomyces
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Artomyces), Clavicorona (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Clavicorona), and others.
Coraloid (/glossary_terms/1720):
(Coralloid)
1. Shaped and branched like coral.
Cordate (/glossary_terms/544):
1. Heart-shaped
Cordon (/glossary_terms/2048):
Core Species (/glossary_terms/1968):

1. In lichens, which are multi-species organisms, the core species is the dominant species involved in a particular lichen.
Contrast this term with Fringe Species.

Coremia (/glossary_terms/2369):
(Coremium)
1. This term has been used differently and synonymously with the term Synnema. Definition Pending.
More: https://www.studiesinmycology.org/... (https://www.studiesinmycology.org/sim/Sim27/fulltext/index.html?i=6)
Coriaceous (/glossary_terms/2272):
1. Leather-like and tough, but exhibiting flexibility.
Coriaceous-Fibrose (/glossary_terms/2273):
1. Resembling leather and composed of tough, stringy material.
Corky (/glossary_terms/2271):
1. Resembling the texture, firmness, and appearance of a wooden wine cork.
Coronate (/glossary_terms/2434):
1. Crowned.
Contrast this term with Sterigmata.
Cortex (/glossary_terms/2126):
1. Strongly interlaced, sclerotized, or encrusted outer layer(s) of a fruiting body with or without modified hyphal elements.
3. Surface tissue layer of a fungus or lichen.
Corticate (/glossary_terms/2132):
1. Exhibiting a cortex.
Corticioid (/glossary_terms/1782):
(Corticioid Fungi, Patch Fungi, Crust Fungi, Corticium-Like)
2. Exhibiting an appearance like the genus Corticium (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Corticium).
3. Resupinate with even hymenial surface.
Contrast this term with Resupinate and Effused-Reflexed.
Below: Terana caerulea (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Terana+caerulea)
Cortina (/glossary_terms/1372):
(Cortinate Partial Veil, Cobwebby Partial Veil, Cortinate)
1. An extremely fine, fragile veil with a cobwebby cellular mass. A cortina is one of the features of the genus Cortinarius (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Cortinarius).
2. A form of partial veil consisting of a cobweb-like protective covering over the immature spore bearing surfaces. Cortinas are variable. They can be thin and arachnoid, consisting of a few
spider-web-like threads — or they can be thicker and more dense (sometimes so thick and dense that the differentiation between cortina and ring can be blurred). Sometimes cortinas can be
very difficult to see. It is sometimes important to examine very young specimens, and use a hand lens. Cortinas typically stretch open and fall apart as the mushroom matures, disappearing
entirely or leaving an annular zone on the stipe.
Contrast this term with Veil, Partial Veil, and Universal Veil.
Coscinocystidium (/glossary_terms/2034):
(Coscinocystidia)
1. Cystidium exhibiting a sieve-like character on their surface.
2. Protruding cystidia-like ends of the coscinoids, and have first been observed in Linderomyces (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Linderomyces).
2. Pseudocystidia with a sponge-like body and/or sieve-like surface.
Coscinoids (/glossary_terms/906):
1. Highly pigmented conducting elements with an abundance of sieve-like pores in the hyphal surfaces and septa.
Costate (/glossary_terms/2168):
1. Exhibiting ridges on the stipe and/or pileus surface(s).
2. Definition Pending. This term has been used in very different ways, to the point of making this term unhelpful.
Contrast this term with Fibrillose-Striate, Furrows, Grooved, Lineolate, Longitudinal Ridges, Longitudinal Striations, Plicate, Radial Furrows, Stria, Striate, Striate Margin, Striations,
Striatulate, Sulcate, Sulcate-Pectinate, and Tuberculate-Striate.
Costiferous (/glossary_terms/2335):
1. Exhibiting strong veins with ridges.
Cottony-Fibrillose Sheath (/glossary_terms/2443):

Crateriform (/glossary_terms/2370):
1. When a mycelium is grown on agar and viewed from side view, within the mycelium’s elevated area there is a crater-like depression.
Crenate (/glossary_terms/249):
(Scalloped, Festooned, Festoony)
1. With rounded teeth pattern.
2. Pileus margin or gill edge with rounded teeth.
3. Like the edge of a scallop.
Contrast this term with Entire, Undulate, Undate, Crenulate, Eroded, and Appendiculate.
Crenulate (/glossary_terms/2161):
(Crisped, Crinkled)
2. Minutely crenate.
3. Gill edges are not smooth but are finely, unevenly serrated in a mild manner.
Contrast this term with Entire, Undulate, Crenate, Undate, Eroded, and Appendiculate.
Crested (/glossary_terms/2367):
(Cristate)
1. Definition Pending. This term has been used ambiguously, contradictingly, and illustrated in multiple ways.
Criniform (/glossary_terms/2063):
(Telepode, Crins)
1. Stipe is white-tipped, feeble, and sterile.
Critically Endangered (/glossary_terms/1112):

(CR)
1. A species that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.
More: https://www.iucnredlist.org/ (https://www.iucnredlist.org/)
Cross Code Homonyms (/glossary_terms/2058):

1. Fungal names that are identical to other species names which are not within the kingdom fungi.
2. In addition to the ICNafp, other codes exists for different lifeforms. Homonyms are names of families, genera, or species spelled exactly the same. If a name is a later homonym, it is
illegitimate (ICNafp Art. 53). From 1-January, 2019, names of fungi must not only avoid being homonyms of names of other organisms covered by the ICNafp Code, but also avoid repeating
prokaryotic or protozoan names governed by other codes (ICNafp Art. F.6.1).
More: https://imafungus.biomedcentral.com/... (https://imafungus.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s43008-021-00063-1)
Cross Striae (/glossary_terms/1461):

1. Definition and Images Pending.
Cross-Anastomoses (/glossary_terms/1820):
Contrast this term with Anastomosing Gills, Transvenose, Furcate, and Intervenose.
Crowded (/glossary_terms/1500):
1. In gilled mushrooms the spacing between gills is a taxonomically useful character. Crowded gills are the most tightly compacted of gill formations. The gills are so close together that they
nearly touch or they do touch.
Contrast this term with Subcrowded, Extremely Crowded, Close, Subclose, Distant, and Subdistant.
Crozier (/glossary_terms/1406):
(Croziers)
1. (In ascogenous hyphae) A terminal hook in which conjugate nuclear division takes place just prior to nuclear fusion, meiosis, and ascus formation.
Cruciate Basidium (/glossary_terms/2442):
(Cruciately)
1. When viewed from above the basidium has a somewhat cross-like appearance.
Cruciform (/glossary_terms/1687):
1. Shaped like a cross used in crucifixions.
Cruciform-Stellate (/glossary_terms/1688):
1. Shaped like a cross and star.
Crush Mount (/glossary_terms/1393):

(Smash Mount)
1. The aim of a crush mount is to get cells to break free so that each entire cell can be better viewed using a microscope. This is excellent for viewing a basidium, a cheilocystidium, a
pleurocystidium, etc). This “crushing” technique is performed after applying a cover slip.
To Make A Crush Mount:
█ Put the best material available on a slide with an appropriate amount of KOH solution. Other liquids work for this too. Then add a cover slip.
█ Get a pencil with an eraser. Press down with the pencil eraser end onto the cover slip where the tissue sample lies.
█ Gently, repetitively flatten the tissue and try to eliminate any air bubbles.
You have to utilize the appropriate amount of pressure to get good visibility, but not too much so that you destroy the sample. It can take several attempts and requires a bit of patience.
Too little pressure and the cells are not freed. Too much pressure and the cells are crushed.
Note: It helps to cover your finger with a kimwipe/tissue/paper towel and press down semi-hard on the cover slip with a pencil eraser.
Tip: The squashing/crushing process with the eraser forces extra water out from under the cover slip and can sometimes rise onto the cover slip. Use napkins to soak this water during the
squashing process.
Crust Fungi (/glossary_terms/2329):

1. Fungi growing on decomposing wood with as effused, resupinate tissue.
2. Generally resupinate fungi.
Contrast this term with Corticioid, Merulioid, Parchment Fungi, Patch Fungi, Resupinate, and Sterioid.
Crustose (/glossary_terms/1803):
1. Crustose lichens form crusts that are so tightly attached to the rocks, trees, sidewalks, or soils that they can’t be removed without damaging the substrate.
2. Crust-like lichens that grow directly on or under the bark surface and cannot be removed without cutting the bark.
3. Crust-like growth form.
Contrast this lichenology term with Fruticose, Foliose, Squamulose, Filamentose, Byssoid, Leprose, and Structureless.
Crypsis (/glossary_terms/1642):
1. Difficult to discern, especially in relation to a species’ physical background in nature.
2. Camouflaged to blend in and go un-noticed.
crypt. temp. (/glossary_terms/103):

1. Abbreviation for cryptonomen temporarium.
2. Temporary taxonomic rank that is cryptic and requires further study.

Cryptas (/glossary_terms/2043):
1. Sleeve-like formations around tree roots (especially Cojjea, Citrus, and others) in tropical and subtropical conditions. These organs of the fungus provide shelter for certain scale insects
living on the root-surfaces of these trees. They are the morphological expression of a strange and highly complicated co-existence of various organisms, partly in symbiosis, and partly in a
parasite-host relationship.
Cryptic Species (/glossary_terms/250):

(Cryptic Species Complex)
1. In scientific classification, a cryptic species complex is a group of organisms that are typically very closely related yet their precise classification and relationships cannot be easily
determined by molecular phylogenetic studies.
2. One of two or more morphologically indistinguishable groups that are incapable of interbreeding.
3. Species which manifest low morphological, but considerable genetic, disparity.
Cryptobiosis (/glossary_terms/1975):
(Cryptobiosis)
1. A metabolic state of life entered by an organism (such as a lichen) in response to adverse environmental conditions such as desiccation, freezing, and oxygen deficiency. In the cryptobiotic
state, all measurable metabolic processes stop, preventing reproduction, development, and repair. When environmental conditions return to being hospitable, the organism will return to its
metabolic state of life as it was prior to the cryptobiosis.
More: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptobiosis (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptobiosis)
Cryptonym (/glossary_terms/1655):
(Cryptonyms)
1. A secreted, coded name – usually used while requisite studies are still pending.
Crystalline Initials (/glossary_terms/251):

1. Emerging crystal or crystal-like substance found in young sclerotia and visible via high magnification.
Cuboid (/glossary_terms/252):
1. (Shape of spores) Resembling the shape of a cube or a 3-dimensional square.
Contrast this term with Rhomboid and Quadrangular.
Cucurbitiform (/glossary_terms/253):
(Lageniform, Sicyoid)
1. Shaped like a flask.
Cuneate (/glossary_terms/254):
1. Wedge-shaped.
Cup Fungi (/glossary_terms/12):

1. A general category of mushrooms that are cup-shaped. However, these general exclude the bird-nest fungi which are cup-shaped, but contain small egg-like spore sacks known as
peridioles. Genera include Peziza (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Peziza), Cookeina (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Cookeina), Sowerbyella
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Sowerbyella), Aleuria (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Aleuria) and many more.
Cupulate (/glossary_terms/2128):
1. An orbicular, effused-reflexed crust fungus that takes on the appearance of a cup fungus.
2. Shaped like a cup.
Curator (/glossary_terms/2025):
(Fungarium Curator)
1. Someone tasked with formally taking care of collections of fungi, particularly at a fungarium or an herbarium. This can include organizing collections alphabetically or by collector, re-
packaging collections so they will store longer, re-labeling collections thoroughly and legibly, temporarily freezing collections for three days to destroy some pests, adding each entry into a
database, repackaging them into a card envelope, waxpaper bags, or a different packing method, providing collection loans, retrieving collection loans, emailing collectors and mycologists
regarding their collections, etc. Fungarium curators often have assistant curators as well. Some fungarium curators are also tasked with growing new collections for clonotype studies.
Cuspidate Umbo (/glossary_terms/1824):

1. Possessing an elongated umbo in the pileus center.
Contrast this term with Papilla, Abrupt Papilla, Acute Papilla, Umbonate, and Subumbonate.
Cuticle (/glossary_terms/255):
1. The skin, or outer layer(s), of the fruiting body is called the cuticle. Pellis and derm are synonyms. These terms can be combined with others to give indications as to where the skin is. For
example, pileipellis means the skin of the cap. Stipitipellis is the skin of the stipe. Cuticle may refer to the stipe or pileus outer hyphal formation.
Cuticula (/glossary_terms/860):
1. The pileus membrane made up of a thin, somewhat protective layer.
Cutis (/glossary_terms/256):
1. If the hyphae making up the cuticle lie more or less flat on the surface of the mushroom, the term ends in -cutis.
Contrast this term with the following pileipellis forms known as Exocutis, Euhymeniderm, Intricate Trichoderm, Irregular Trichoderm, Ixotrichoderm, Trichohymeniderm, Epithelioid
Hymeniderm, Transition Between Hymeniderm And Epithelium, Regular Epithelium, and Irregular Epithelium.
Cyanescent (/glossary_terms/258):
(Coerulescent)
1. Becoming blue.
Cyanobacteria (/glossary_terms/2001):
(Cyanobacterium, Cyanophyta, Cyanobacterial)
1. Microscopic organisms that are gram-negative and found naturally in all types of water and some species of lichens. Lichen-symbiotic cyanobacteria can deliver photosynthate and/or fixed
nitrogen to their fungal partners.
More: https://mycokeys.pensoft.net/article/1196/ (https://mycokeys.pensoft.net/article/1196/)
Cyanobiont (/glossary_terms/1970):
(Cyanobionts)
1. A lichen’s cyanobacterial photosynthetic symbiosis partner.
Cyanolichen (/glossary_terms/1966):
(Cyanolichens)
1. A lichen that contains cyanobacteria, (otherwise known as blue-green algae), as the photosynthesizing component (“photobiont”) of that lichen.
Cyanophilic (/glossary_terms/257):
(Cyanophily)
1. Spore or hyphal wall staining dark blue in cotton blue.
Cyberliber (/glossary_terms/1079):
(Cybertruffle)
1. An digital library for mycology.
More: http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/index.htm (http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/index.htm)
Cygneous (/glossary_terms/2221):
1. Curved in a manner resembling the neck of a swan (Cygnus).
Cylindrical (/glossary_terms/2347):
1. Cystidia Q equal 2-4.
2. Spores l/w equals l/b equals 2.0-3.0.
3. Stem is circular shaped when viewed in a cross section, and of equal diameter from base to the apex.
Contrast this term with Narrowly Cylindrical and Broadly Cylindrical.
Cylindrical-Fusoid (/glossary_terms/1801):
(Cylindric-Fusoid, Fusoid-Cylindrical, Fusoid-Cylindric)
1. Shaped like a cylinder and somewhat spindle-shaped.
Cylindrical-Subclavate (/glossary_terms/1893):
1. Shaped like a cylinder and nearly clavate (like a caveman’s club).
Cylindro-Clavate (/glossary_terms/259):
1. Cystidia which are basically cylindrical yet the swollen apex gives it the shape of a small club.
Cymbiform (/glossary_terms/1750):
1. Shaped similar to a boat.
Cyphellization (/glossary_terms/1610):
(Cyphelloid, Inverse-pezizoid)
2. A tendency to replace the wide extent of hymenial surface area on lamellae or pores by producing a large number of small carpophores – instead of a small number of relatively larger
carpophores with hymenophore. This is accompanied by a tendency to achieve such an increase in the number and reduction of size of the carpophores by doing away with the stipe –
sometimes replaced by a small pseudostipe, and dense aggregation of the individual carpophores either on a stromatic body bearing them, or among an ozonium-like extension of basal
mycelium.
More: See page 16, The Agaricales In Modern Taxonomy
Cyphelloid (/glossary_terms/260):
1. Basidiocarps that are disc-, tube-, or cup-shaped.
2. Cupulate basidiomycete fruitbody morphology.
3. This term has been used at least once to describe a phenotype of gilled mushrooms which have up-turned caps forming a cup-like shape.
Cystide En Brosse (/glossary_terms/261):

1. Cystidia with prolongations and diverticulae. May cover acanthophysoid and dendrophysoid structures.
Cystidia-Like Hyphae (/glossary_terms/262):

1. Multicellular structures which project into the hymenium. The two categories of cystidia-like hyphae are cheilocatenulae and cystidiod hyphae.
Cystidioid Hyphae (/glossary_terms/263):

1. Similar to cheilocatenulae except the elements of the cystidium-like hypha are not differentiated.
2. Cystidium-like.
Cystidioles (/glossary_terms/264):
1. Cystidia which are immature, aborted, arrested in development.
2. A sterile cell. Either an undifferentiated or immature cystidium or a slightly enlarged or modified sterile basidium. Considered by some to be true cystidia which originate at the level as
basidia and differ only slightly in size and/or shape from basidia and brachycystidia.
Cystidium (/glossary_terms/149):
(Plural = Cystidia)
1. A cystidium is a big, funny-looking end cell that sticks out of a gill surface but doesn’t look like a basidium. Since cystidia have so many shapes, and these shapes hold (fairly) constant for a
given species, they are useful in identifying mushrooms. What they are and what they do is still being investigated within each species.
Cystoderm (/glossary_terms/265):
(Cellular, Polycystoderm)
1. A velar structure overlaying the pileipellis composed of sphaerocytes.
2. A pileipellis composed of rounded cystidia-like elements.
3. A pellis consisting of rounded elements.
Cytokinesis (/glossary_terms/1465):
1. The physical process of cell division which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells.
Cytology (/glossary_terms/1617):
(Cytological)
1. The study of the structure and function of cells.

Cytoplasm (/glossary_terms/266):
1. The cytoplasm is the gel-like substance residing within the cell membrane holding all the cell’s internal sub-structures (called organelles), outside the nucleus.
Cytoplasmatic Pigment (/glossary_terms/1903):

Dacryform (/glossary_terms/267):
1. Tear-drop shaped.
Daedaleoid (/glossary_terms/268):
(Mazelike, Maze-Gill, Mazegill)
1. Maze-like in appearance.
2. Hymenophore form that combines features of tubular and lamellate tissues, while exhibiting a maze-like appearance.
More: https://www.tandfonline.com/... (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00275514.2020.1785197)
Date Of Name (/glossary_terms/63):

1. The date of valid publication of a name. See ICNafp Art. 33.1.
de nova (/glossary_terms/269):
1. In general usage, de novo is a Latin expression meaning “from the beginning,” “afresh,” “anew,” “beginning again.”
De-Lichenization (/glossary_terms/1794):
(Delichenization)
1. Delichenization is an evolutionary process whereby a fungus switches from a lichen mode of nutrition (carbon nutrients being provided by the alga or cyanobacterium) to one of a parasite
or saprobe.
More: doi:10.1007/s13199-015-0321-7
Deciduous (/glossary_terms/270):
1. Deciduous means “falling off at maturity” or “tending to fall off,” and is typically used in reference to trees or shrubs that lose their leaves seasonally, and to the shedding of other plant
structures such as petals after flowering or fruit when ripe.
Decorticate (/glossary_terms/2131):
1. Not having a cortex (the outermost layer of the thallus).
Decurrent (/glossary_terms/271):
1. Gills or pores descending down the stipe.
2. Gills broadly attached to and extending down the stipe.
3. Gill attachment to stem is between subdecurrent and deeply decurrent.
Contrast this term with Free, Deeply Decurrent, Adnate, Subadnate, Seceding, Subadnexed, Sinuate, Sinuate-Adnate, Subdecurrent, Adnexed, Adnate With Decurrent Tooth, Adnate-
Decurrent Tooth (/glossary_terms/1515):

(Decurrent Teeth, Decurrent By A Tooth)
1. A tooth-like prolongation of the gills down the stem. Some authors have clearly mis-applied and mis-defined this term. Some species possess not only gills that flow down the stem, but they
also reveal a “tooth”-like area of the gills which attaches to the stem. Note that this feature can be present or absent in some collections of the identical species. Also note that some species
may possess adnate gills with a decurrent tooth (compared to decurrent gills with a decurrent tooth).
2. High Quality Images Pending.
Decurved (/glossary_terms/2222):
1. Pileus margin points towards the stipe, and also the condition is in between incurved and plane.
Contrast this term with Incurved, Involute, Deflexed, Inflexed, Straight, Reflexed, Revolute, and Exceeding Lamellae.
Deeply Decurrent (/glossary_terms/2184):

1. Gills/tubes/teeth/etc. attachment to stem is further down than decurrent.
Contrast this term with Long-Decurrent, Seceding, Free, Adnate, Adnexed, Sinuate, Sinuate-Adnate, Subadnate, Subadnexed, Subdecurrent, Decurrent, Adnate With Decurrent Tooth,
Deeply Descending Encrustations (/glossary_terms/2368):
(Coarsely Encrusted Cystidia, Coarsely Incrusted Cystidia)
1. Rather than the apex (tip) of the cystidia being encrusted, this form of cystidia has encrustrations travelling from the apex down nearly to the basal area.
Contrast this term with Encrusted.
Deeply Infundibuliform (/glossary_terms/2157):

1. Pileus is broadly-deeply depressed, yet more than infundibuliform.
Contrast this term with Infundibuliform, Concave, Broadly-Shallowly Depressed, Deeply Umbilicate, and Plano-Concave.
Deeply Umbilicate (/glossary_terms/2160):

1. Pileus with deep and abrupt depression.
Contrast this term with Submbilicate, Umbilicate, Deeply Infundibuliform, Infundibuliform, and Slightly Depressed.
Deflexed (/glossary_terms/2179):
1. Pileus margin is pointing downwards.
Contrast this term with Straight, Inflexed, Reflexed, Involute, Revolute, and Exceeding Lamellae.
Dehiscence (/glossary_terms/929):
1. The opening of a structure to permit the escape of spores; the separation of spores from the structure that produced them.
Delimit (/glossary_terms/272):
(Delimiting, Delimitation)
1. To establish the limits or boundaries of a taxon or taxa.
2. Demarcate.
Contrast this term with Circumscription.

Delineation (/glossary_terms/1677):
(Delineate, Delineating, Delineations)
1. Species delineation depends on the data utilized – and the species concept applied. It attempts to categorize lifeforms (species, etc.) into more precise, scientific boundaries. Species
delineation methods based on the multispecies coalescent model, for instance, identify species as entities between which genetic exchanges have been negligible compared to drift.
Deliquescent (/glossary_terms/273):
(Autodeliquescence, Deliquesce, Deliquesced, Deliquescence, Deliquescing, Autodigestion)
1. To become fluid upon maturing.
2. Auto-digesting. Self-digesting as seen in observations of inky cap fungi.
3. Having an appearance as if melting away to disappear.
Dematiaceous (/glossary_terms/1784):
1. The dematiaceous fungi are a heterogeneous group of organisms unified by their production of melanin pigments. They are widely found in nature, but are not common human pathogens.
The dematiaceous fungi are usually defined as those that have melanin or melanin-like pigment in the wall of their hyphae and/or spores. Invasive diseases caused by these organisms is
called phaeohyphomycosis. Fifty-nine species of 28 genera and three classes are reported as extant.
Dendritic (/glossary_terms/885):
1. Irregularly branched.
Dendrohyphidium (/glossary_terms/2121):
(Dendrohyphidia)
1. Irregularly and strongly branched hyphidium, like tree branches.
Contrast this term with Hyphidium, Dichohyphidium, Asterohyphidium, and Acanthohyphidium.
Dendroid (/glossary_terms/274):
1. Tree-like or having many branches.
Dendrophysis (/glossary_terms/275):
(Dendrophyses)
1. Hyphoid with tree-like branching.
2. A hyphal thread with arboreal branching.
Dendrophysoid (/glossary_terms/276):
1. This term is usually applied sparingly to describe hyphae or cystidia with branches, bringing about a somewhat tree-like appearance to the hyphae.
2. Thin walled narrow hyphae, branched or with spurs – located in the outer layers of the stipe. In some species dendrophysoid hyphae or cystidia have only been observed when stained with
cotton blue.
Dendrophysoid Layer (/glossary_terms/277):
1. A branching layer of hyphae in which outgrowths of shorter hyphae grow from the main, larger hypha cells.
Dentate (/glossary_terms/2376):
(Odontoid)
1. Exhibiting teeth-like projections.
2. This term has been used to describe tooth fungi (as opposed to gilled fungi or poroid fungi), and to describe either a gill margin zig-zagging pattern or the pileus margin.
3. Possessing toothlike pointed projections.
Dentate-Fimbriate (/glossary_terms/2177):
1. Pileus margin exhibits tooth-like projections that are minutely torn.
Denticulate (/glossary_terms/45):
1. Tooth-like and lined with triangular fragments of tissue.
Depauperate Form (/glossary_terms/1621):

1. Growing poorly or imperfectly developed.
2. Inhibited in growth or development; stunted.
Deprecate (/glossary_terms/278):
(Deprecated, Deprecation)
1. To express disapproval of, usually in reference to a particular species name, with more favor toward a different species name.
2. Another scientific name is now preferred and used in place of another scientific name.
Depressed (/glossary_terms/2357):
(Depression)
1. This term has been used in ambiguous, contradictory, and falsely synonymous manners. Definition Pending.
2. Pileus with central sinking/lowering.
Contrast this term with Indented Pileus, Narrowly Depressed, Perforated, Nearly Perforated, Infundibuliform, Slightly Depressed, Narrowly-Deeply Depressed, and Narrowly-Shallowly
Depressed.
Depressed Adaxial Surface (/glossary_terms/1701):

Derm (/glossary_terms/279):
1. A pileipellis consisting of erect elements or ascending elements.
2. Surface layer of cap cells if they are differentiated from the underlying tissue and arranged more or less perpendicular to cap surface. If the elements are a single row or roundish cells, this
is a cellular derm. If cells are elongated and all reach the same level, this is a palisoderm. If cells are elongated and of different lengths, it is a trichoderm. A hymeniderm is a derm made
up of non-septate elements originating at the same level. See also epithelioid hymeniderm and transition between hymeniderm and epithelium.
Note: The prefix ixo- can be added to indicate that elements are gelatinized.
More: https://images.mushroomobserver.org/Glossary_Vellinga.pdf (https://images.mushroomobserver.org/Glossary_Vellinga.pdf)
Dermatobasidium (/glossary_terms/280):
(Dermatobasidia)
1. Basidia with sterigmata visible in the center.
Dermatocystidium (/glossary_terms/281):
(Dermatocystidia)
1. Sterile cystidium on the cap surface or the stem surface. The two forms of dermatocystidium are pileocystidia (sometimes called pilocystidia) and caulocystidia.
Dermatophyte (/glossary_terms/1474):
(Dermatophytes, Dermatophytoses)
1. Dermatophytes are a common label for a group of three types of fungus that commonly causes skin disease in animals and humans. These anamorphic mold genera are: Microsporum
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Microsporum), Epidermophyton (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Epidermophyton) and Trichophyton
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Trichophyton). There are about 40 species in these three genera. The dermatophytes have the ability to invade keratinized tissue (skin
hair, and nails) but are usually restricted to the nonliving cornified layer of the epidermis because of their inability to penetrate viable tissue of an immunocompetent host. However, invasion
does elicit a host response ranging from mild to severe. Adaptation to growth on humans by most geophilic species resulted in diminished loss of sporulation, sexuality, and other soil-
associated characteristics.
More: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/... (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC172857/pdf/080240.pdf)
Description (/glossary_terms/1078):
(Descriptions)
1. A published statement of a feature or features of an individual taxon; a description (or a diagnosis) is required for valid publication of a name of a new taxon (ICNafp Art. 38.1(a) and 38.3);
a validating description need not be diagnostic (ICNafp Art. 38 Note 2).
Contrast this term with Diagnosis.

Designation (/glossary_terms/1023):
1. The term used for what appears to be a name but that (A) has not been validly published and hence is not a name in the sense of the ICNafp Code (ICNafp Art. 6.3) or (B) is not to be
regarded as a name (ICNafp Art. 20.4 and 23.6).
Contrast this term with Type Designation.
det. (/glossary_terms/282):
(Detr.)
1. Determined by. Commonly used on herbarium collection cards after a mycologist identifies the collection. The mycologist/biologist who made the determination is presented with the Det.,
followed by the date of determination.
Deuterocystidium (/glossary_terms/283):
(Deuterocystidia)
1. Endosecretory cystidia shaped somewhat like beat up bowling pins.
See: https://www.researchgate.net/... (https://www.researchgate.net/figure/41-Microscopic-structures-26-28-Psilocybe-acutipilea-holotype-26-Basidiospores_fig2_286530935)
Deuteromycetes (/glossary_terms/1412):
(Deuteromycota, Fungi Imperfecti)
2. Fungi which do not fit into the commonly established taxonomic classifications of fungi that are based on biological species concepts or morphological characteristics of sexual structures
because their sexual form of reproduction has never been observed. Only their asexual form of reproduction is known, meaning that these fungi produce their spores asexually, in the process
called sporogenesis.
Dextrinoid (/glossary_terms/284):
(Dextrinoidy)
1. A term used to describe a color change which can occur with some spore prints mounted in Melzer’s reagent, Iodine, or Lugol’s Dilute Solution. The color will change to reddish brown.
2. Staining yellowish brown or reddish brown in Melzer’s reagent (Source – http://forestry-dev.org/... (http://forestry-dev.org/biodiversity/matchmaker/glossary/D_e.html))
3. Staining brick red or brown with Meltzer’s reagent.
Diablastesis (/glossary_terms/513):
1. Distinct form of growth from the hyphal layer of certain lichens, resulting in a parenchymatoid developement.
Diagnosis (/glossary_terms/2047):
(Diagnoses)
1. A statement of that which in the opinion of its author distinguishes a taxon from other taxa (ICNafp Art. 38.2); a diagnosis or a description is required for valid publication of a name of a new
taxon (ICNafp Art. 38.1(a)).
Contrast this term with Description.
Diagnostic Keys (/glossary_terms/285):

Contrast this term with Dichotomous Keys and Synoptic Keys.
Diaspore (/glossary_terms/1967):
(Diaspores)
1. Any method of growth, be it sexual, conidial, or vegetative.
Dichohyphidium (/glossary_terms/2120):
(Dichohyphidia)
1. Dichotomously branched hyphidium.
Contrast this term with Hyphidium, Dendrohyphidium, Asterohyphidium, and Acanthohyphidium.
Dichophysis (/glossary_terms/286):
(Dichophyses)
1. Hyphoid that is dichotomously branched.
2. Regularly and dichotomously branching sterile hyphal end.
Dichotomous Keys (/glossary_terms/287):

(Single Access Key, Sequential Key, Analytical Key, Pathway Key)
1. A key where the sequence and structure of identification steps is fixed by the author of the key. At each point in the decision process, multiple alternatives are offered, each leading to a
result or a further choice. The alternatives are commonly called “leads”, and the set of leads at a given point a “couplet”. If the key has several choices it is described as polychotomous or
polytomous. If the entire key consists of exactly two choices at each branching point, the key is called dichotomous. The majority of single-access keys are dichotomous.
Contrast this term with Diagnotistic Keys and Synoptic Keys.
Dieback (/glossary_terms/288):
(Die Back)
1. When mycelium halts its hyphal growth with the outer, peripheral cells dying and the process progressing inward.
Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) Microscopy (/glossary_terms/1449):
(DIC, Nomarski Interference Contrast (NIC), Nomarski Microscopy)
1. Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy is an optical microscopy technique used to enhance the contrast in unstained, transparent samples. It is known for making some of the
most aesthetic images.
Digitate (/glossary_terms/289):
(Digitate Ornamentation)
1. Shaped like a spread hand.
2. Cystidia or spores with two to several finger-like, apical protuberances; the remaining portion of the cell is usually swollen.
3. Definition Pending
Dikarya (/glossary_terms/1841):
1. Dikarya is a subkingdom of the kingdom Fungi that includes the divisions Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, both of which in general produce dikaryons, may be filamentous or unicellular,
but are always without flagella. The Dikarya are most of the so-called “higher fungi,” but also include many anamorphic species that would have been classified as molds in historical
literature.
Dikaryons (/glossary_terms/1842):
(Dikaryotic)
1. Pairs of closely associated, sexually compatible nuclei.
Dikaryotic (/glossary_terms/290):
1. The state in certain fungi in which each compartment of a hypha contains two nuclei, each derived from a different parent.
Dikaryotization (/glossary_terms/291):
1. The conversion of a homokaryon into a dikaryon usually by the fusion of two compatible homokaryons.
Dimidate (/glossary_terms/2219):
1. The top view (when looking directly down on the pileus) reveals a semi-circular shape.
Dimidiate (/glossary_terms/311):
1. Halved, as a semi-circular, nearly sessile body attachment.
2. A perithecium with the lower half wanting.
3. Consisting of only one half of what the normal condition requires.
4. Having the appearance of lacking one half.
5. Definition Pending. This term has been used quite poorly in mycology literature.
Dimitic (/glossary_terms/292):
1. A category of trama hyphae having two kinds of hyphae: The first is generative with binding hyphae. The second is skeletal hyphae (which are thick-walled, unbranched, aseptate, and
straight to slightly flexuous; the lumen is more or less obliterated except sometimes at the apices where walls are thin and enclose dense contents.)
2. Trama composed of generative and skeletal hyphae in the narrowest sense (i.e. thick-walled, un-branched, aseptate, straight or slightly flexuous, longitudinal hyphae with the lumen more
or less obliterated in mature parts, but the apices thin-walled with dense contents).
Contrast this term with Monomitic and Trimitic.
Dimorphic (/glossary_terms/293):
(Dimorphous)
1. Occurring in two distinct forms.
2. Combining qualities of two kinds of individuals in one.
3. Sexual dimorphism is a phenotypic difference between males and females of the same species. Examples of such differences include differences in morphology, size, ornamentation, and
behavior.
Dimorphous Basidium (/glossary_terms/1575):
(Dimorphous Basidia)
1. Basidia from the same species or collection having two different forms.
Dimorphous Spores (/glossary_terms/1574):

1. Spores from the same species or collection having two different forms.
Disc (/glossary_terms/294):
(Synonymous with Disk)
1. The center of the top surface of the cap, usually pronounced by a color difference. In many species this is noted with a darker or lighter colored central zone on the pileus. This feature can
have great variance from species to species, collection to collection, and from individual specimen to individual specimen. This taxonomic character is frequently observed in the genera
Inocybe (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Inocybe), Agaricus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Agaricus), and Amanita
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Amanita).
Discoid (/glossary_terms/2127):
1. Disk-like.
2. Exhibiting a flattened, circular form.
Dissected (/glossary_terms/1983):
Dissepiments (/glossary_terms/2185):
1. Walls exhibiting the pores of poroid fungi.
Distal (/glossary_terms/295):
(Distal End)
1. The apex of the spore.
2. Away from the sterigmata where the germ pore is located.
3. Opposite to the apiculus.
Distant (/glossary_terms/1358):
1. Gills are spaced out well, rather than being close together or crowded.
Contrast this term with Subclose, Close, Subcrowded, Crowded, Extremely Crowded, and Subdistant.
Distinguishing Characters (/glossary_terms/1752):

1. Although taxonomic characters and keys are readily available for published fungi, some authors have advanced the literature by using various formats to include distinguishing characters.
These characters are sometimes one to three in number (sometimes many more are included), and they are provided in a methodology that allows identifiers to select a name that separates
itself from closely related taxa – including sister taxa.
Distribution (/glossary_terms/296):
(Range, Occurrence Map)
1. The geographical area(s) in which a species can be found.
See: https://mushroomobserver.org/name/map/461?q=vSn8 (https://mushroomobserver.org/name/map/461?q=vSn8)
Divergent Gill Trama (/glossary_terms/297):

(Bilateral Lamellar Trama, Divergent Lamellar Hyphae)
1. (Of hyphae of a mushroom gill) Having lateral strata angled away obliquely from a central strand (mediostratum) of vertically oriented hyphae.
2. Hymenophoral trama having downward hyphae turning outward from a median line.
3. After creating a gill cross section to view the lamellar trama, imagine a line running down the top (near the cap) to the bottom tip of each gill. The two halves of the gill divided by that line
are approximate mirror images of each other and the tissues on both sides of the center line are composed of cells that individually and in groups are clearly curving away from the center line
Contrast this term with Regular, Subregular, Irregular, and Inverse.
Diverticulate (/glossary_terms/299):
(Diverticule, Diverticules, Diverticulum, Diverticuli, Diverticulate Cystidium, Diverticulate Cystidia)
1. Cystidia exhibiting short, finger-like excrescences.
2. Having short offshoots approximately at right angles to the main stem.
3. To turn aside; to turn.
4. A spore that has a prominent little depression and point where it was attached to its basidium.
5. Taking many directions from a single source. The directions formed are distinct patterns that may resemble branches. It therefore means forming a branch-like pattern from a single source,
like a river.
6. Cystidium which has numerous peg-like protuberances located either over the apical portion or over the entire surface of the cell.
Contrast this term with Verrucose.
Diverticulate Elements (/glossary_terms/301):

1. Some species (including species in the genus Coprinellus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Coprinellus)) have hyphal elements on the cap surface that branch more
or less frequently, similar to velar elements of Coprinopsis section Alachuani (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Coprinopsis+section+Alachuani). They are less branched
(never coralloid) than in species in section Alachuani, but they can be noticed on the cap surface as hyphae, standing out from the rest of the cap surface in species that have them (e.g.
Coprinellus hiascens (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Coprinellus+hiascens)). Sometimes it’s difficult to notice them.
Diverticulate Hyphae (/glossary_terms/302):

1. With many apical branched or contorted protrusions.
DNA Barcoding (/glossary_terms/303):

(DNA Barcode)
1. DNA barcoding is a taxonomic method that uses a short genetic marker in an organism’s DNA to identify it as belonging to a particular species. It differs from molecular phylogeny in that
the main goal is not to determine classification but to identify an unknown sample in terms of a known classification. Although barcodes are sometimes used in an effort to identify unknown
species or assess whether species should be combined or separated, the utility of DNA barcoding for these purposes is subject to debate.
More:
http://www.kew.org/... (http://www.kew.org/science-research-data/directory/projects/FungalDNABarcoding.htm)
http://barcoding.si.edu/dnabarcoding.htm (http://barcoding.si.edu/dnabarcoding.htm)
DNA DataBank Of Japan (/glossary_terms/1941):

(DDBJ)
1. An organization that collects nucleotide sequence data as a member of INSDC (International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration) and provides freely available nucleotide
sequence data and a supercomputer system, to support research activities in life science.
More: https://www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/about/index-e.html (https://www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/about/index-e.html)
DNA Sequence (/glossary_terms/304):

(Genetic Sequence, Nucleic Acid Sequence)
1. A succession of letters that indicate the order of nucleobases within the DNA. The four nucleobases in DNA are Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine, and Thymine. Each of these four nucleobases
are respectively abbreviated as G, A, C, and T. DNA can be sequenced for a small region, a group of regions, and even the entire (complete) genome of a mushroom.
Contrast this term with ITS, Genome, and Nucleotide.

Doliiform (/glossary_terms/1661):
(Dolioform)
1. Shaped like a barrel or cask.
Dolipores (/glossary_terms/305):
(Dolipore Septum)
1. Dolipores are a part of the septa – located at the central opening connection between septa. A type of septum found in many basidiomycete fungi, in which there is a narrow pore
surrounded by a thickened rim and protected on both sides by caps. Each septum is characterized by a swelling around the central pore (dolipore).
Domain (/glossary_terms/306):
(Superregnum, Superregnums, Superregna, Empire)
1. In biological taxonomy, a domain (also superregnum, superkingdom, empire, or regio) is the highest taxonomic rank of organisms, higher than a kingdom. According to the three-domain
system of Carl Woese, introduced in 1990, the Tree of Life consists of three domains: Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. The arrangement of taxa reflects the fundamental differences in the
genomes.
2. Domain also can refer to an area of DNA being studied: A DNA-binding domain (DBD) is an independently folded protein domain that contains at least one motif that recognizes double- or
single-stranded DNA. A DBD can recognize a specific DNA sequence (a recognition sequence) or have a general affinity to DNA. Some DNA-binding domains may also include nucleic acids
in their folded structure.
Dorsal (/glossary_terms/307):
(Dorsal Side)
1. Adaxial side of spore.
2. The side inner most to the axis of the basidium.
Dorsiventral (/glossary_terms/308):
1. Flattened and having distinct upper and lower surfaces, like most leaves do.
Double Abaxial (/glossary_terms/1697):

Double Annulus (/glossary_terms/309):

1. Annulus composed of two distinct layers of tissue, with the lower layer being typically cottony or fibrillose.
Contrast this term with Annulus Ridges and Single Annulus.
Double Sheath (/glossary_terms/2444):

Downy (/glossary_terms/2427):
1. Exhibiting abundant fine and soft hairs.
Downy-Fibrillose (/glossary_terms/2208):
1. Fibrils forming a downy layer on the pileus surface.
Contrast this term with Canescence, Felty, Fibrillose, Fibrils, Fimbriate, Floccose-Scaly, Floccose, Flocculose, Glabrous, Hair, Hirsute, Hispid, Hoary, Indumentum, Matted, Puberulous,
Pubescent, Radial Scales, Shaggy, Spines, Squamules, Squamulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, Patches, and Warts.
Downy-Woolly (/glossary_terms/2209):
1. Pileus and/or stipe surface between downy-fibrillose and tomentose.
2. Densely matted in wooly fibrils.
Pubescent, Radial Scales, Downy-Fibrillose, Shaggy, Spines, Squamules, Squamulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, Wooly, Patches, and
Warts.
Dry (/glossary_terms/2396):
1. This is a formal taxonomic character used to describe a pileus surface that is not moist nor is it any of the following: Ixoderm, Lubricous, Mucilaginous, Mucousy, Subviscid, Tacky, or Viscid
2. This term has also been used to describe specimens that were intentionally dehydrated for fungarium storage or similar purposes.
Dry Bubble (/glossary_terms/1606):

(Dry Bubble Disease)
1. Dry Bubble is a crop disease caused by the fungus Lecanicillium fungicola (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Lecanicillium+fungicola). It is a serious and common
disease of white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Agaricus+bisporus) and is estimated to cause annual harvest losses of 2–4%.
Dual Nomenclature (/glossary_terms/310):

(Dual System)
1. The use of more than one name for a single taxon, was established in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN/ICNafp) in 1910, to accommodate the problem of naming
fungi that exhibit pleomorphic life cycles. Article 59 of the ICBN/ICNafp governs the naming of these fungi. The Article has implication for many common fungi that are holomorphic (producing
both a teleomorph and an anamorph). Dual nomenclature has permitted the use, for any taxon, of either the telomorph or the anamorph name as appropriate.
Duff Layer (/glossary_terms/1259):
1. The duff layer is the organic material layer between the uppermost soil mineral layer and the litter layer. The duff layer is decomposing organic material, decomposed to the point at which
there is no identifiable organic materials (leaves, pine straw, twigs, etc).
Dull (/glossary_terms/2397):
1. This is a formal taxonomic character to describe fungi that do not exhibit shininess (they are non-laccate).
Contrast this term with Laccate.
Dystrophy (/glossary_terms/1371):
1. Fruitbody abnormality/adbnormalities due to inadequate nutrition.
Earthstar Fungi (/glossary_terms/9):

1. A general category of mushrooms that have a set of nested layers, the outermost of which splits into a set of star-like arms that generally lift the spore mass up. This is generally assumed
to make it easier for raindrops to hit the spore mass thereby helping to spread the spores. Genera include Geastrum (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Geastrum),
Astraeus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Astraeus), and to a lesser degree Sphaerobolus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Sphaerobolus).
Interestingly this strategy appears to have evolved separatedly in Geastrum (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Geastrum) and Astraeus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Astraeus) as according to Index Fungorum (as of Nov. 17, 2013) they are in separate families and only connect at the class level
Agaricomycetes (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Agaricomycetes).
Eccentric Germ Pore (/glossary_terms/312):

(Germ Pore Eccentric)
1. Spores with off-centered germ pore.
Contrast this term with Central Germ Pore.
Eccentrically Stipitate (/glossary_terms/1356):

(Eccentric Stipe, Eccentrically Stipitate, Excentric Stipe, Excentrically Stipitate, Eccentric, Excentric)
1. Stipe is not attached to the center of the pileus underside.
2. Possessing a stipe that is not centrally connected to the pileus.
Contrast this term with Lateral And Reduced Stipe and Central.
Echinate (/glossary_terms/313):
(Spinose)
1. Having spines or structures similar to spines as seen in the spores of Laccaria laccata (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Laccaria+laccata).
2. Bearing many spines.
Contrast this term with Canescence, Echinulate, Felty, Fibrillose, Fibrils, Fimbriate, Floccose-Scaly, Flocculose, Flocosse, Glabrous, Hair, Hirsute, Hispid, Hispid-Squarrose, Hoary,
Indumentum, Matted, Puberulous, Pubescent, Radial Scales, Scabrous, Scabrous-Squamulose, Scales, Scrupose, Scrupose-Squamulose, Setose, Setulose, Shaggy, Spines, Squamose,
Squamules, Squamulose, Squarrose, Squarrulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
Echinidia (/glossary_terms/315):
(Echinidium, Echinid)
1. Shortened broom cells.
2. Pileus margin hair characteristic found in Mycena (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Mycena) and Marasmius

(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Marasmius) species.
Echinulate (/glossary_terms/314):
(Echinulae)
1. Having small, sharply pointed projections.
2. Minutely echinate.
Contrast this term with Canescence, Echinate, Felty, Fibrillose, Fibrils, Fimbriate, Floccose-Scaly, Flocculose, Flocosse, Glabrous, Hair, Hirsute, Hispid, Hispid-Squarrose, Hoary,
Ecology (/glossary_terms/316):
1. The scientific study of the relationships that living organisms have with each other and with their natural environment.
Ectendotrophic (/glossary_terms/806):
1. Any mycorrhizal fungi exibiting both intra- and intercellular invasion in any coniferous host.
Ectomycorrhizal (/glossary_terms/317):
1. Mycorrhiza in which a fungus only grows intercellularly. Ectomycorrhizal mushrooms include some species of Laccaria (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Laccaria),
Lyophyllum (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Lyophyllum), Cortinarius (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Cortinarius), Inocybe
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Inocybe), Dermocybe (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Dermocybe), Tricholoma
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Tricholoma), Entoloma (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Entoloma), Amanita
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Amanita), and others.
Contrast this term with Endomycorrhizal and Mycorrhizal.
Ectomycorrhizal Sheath (/glossary_terms/318):

(Ectomycorrhizal Sheaths)
1. Ectomycorrhizas consist of a hyphal sheath, or mantle, covering the root tip and a hartig net of hyphae surrounding the plant cells within the root cortex. In some cases the hyphae may
also penetrate the plant cells, in which case the mycorrhiza is called an ectendomycorrhiza. Outside the root, ectomycorrhizal extramatrical mycelium forms an extensive network within the
soil and leaf litter.
Ectosporium (/glossary_terms/319):
1. The outer, very thin layer of the spore wall.
Edaphic (/glossary_terms/1901):
(Edaphic Factors)
1. Resulting from or influenced by the soil rather than the climate.
2. Related to – or caused by – particular soil conditions, as of texture or drainage, rather than by physiographic or climatic factors.
3. The edaphic factors include the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil that result from biologic and geologic phenomena, or anthropogenic activities.
eds. (/glossary_terms/320):
1. Abbreviation for editors.
2. Abbreviation for editions.
Effective Publication (/glossary_terms/71):

1. Publication in accordance with ICNafp Art. 29–31 (Art. 6.1).
More: https://www.iapt-taxon.org/... (https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/art_41.html#Art41.3)
Effused (/glossary_terms/1781):
(Effuse)
1. Patch/crust-forming fungi in the sense of having completely resupinate basidioma and therefore with no sterile surfaces except for the margin.
2 Entirely connected to the substrate, and not producing a true stipe and pileus in the sense of the popular Agaricoid mushrooms.
Effused-Reflexed (/glossary_terms/1780):
(Effuse-Reflexed, Effuso-Reflexed)
1. Fruit bodies spread out over the substrate and turned back (reflexed) at the margin to form an incurved, pileus-like feature. Note that some fungi exhibiting this characteristic may also have
areas that are sometimes sessile or resupinate.
2. Stretched out over the substratum but turned up over the edge (perimeter) to make a cap or pileus-like structure.
3. An effused basidioma whose margin grows away from the substrate to form a small cap, or pileus (reflexed pileus-like margin).
4. A portion of the fruiting body is closely appressed to the substrate except for the margin which flares out to form a pileus.
Contrast this term with Resupinate.
Elements (/glossary_terms/2144):
1. A basic part of a whole.
2. Cells or parts of cells.
3. A group of cells or cell attributes that are not immediately able to be described with more clarity.
Ellipsoidal-Fusoid (/glossary_terms/1800):
(Ellipsoid-Fusoid)
1. Having the shape of an ellipse and somewhat spindle-shaped.
Elliptical (/glossary_terms/322):
(Ellipsoid)
1. Having the shape of an ellipse.
2. A three-dimensional geometric figure resembling a flattened sphere.
3. Spore Q=1.3-1.6.
4. Cystidia Q=1.3-1.6.
Emanated Veil (/glossary_terms/2067):

1. The veil may arise from hyphae which grow outward from a surface or a structure which is already present.
Emarginate (/glossary_terms/323):
1. Lamellae notched near the stipe.
Emarginate, Adnexed, Emarginate With Decurrent Tooth, and Narrowly Adnate.
Emarginate With Decurrent Tooth (/glossary_terms/1498):

1. Gills notched near the stipe, with a “tooth”-like area of the gills which attaches to the stem.
Emarginate, Emarginate, Adnexed, and Narrowly Adnate.
emend. (/glossary_terms/139):
(Emended, Emending, Emendations)
1. Abbreviation for Emendavit.
2. Sometimes a taxon was validly named but imperfectly defined, or another issue occurred requiring further details. In this case, the word emend can be used, followed by the name of the
person who cleaned it up.
3. When an alteration as mentioned in ICNafp Art. 47 has been considerable, the nature of the change may be indicated by adding such words, abbreviated where suitable, as “emendavit”
(emend.) followed by the name of the author responsible for the change, “mutatis characteribus” (mut. char.), “pro parte” (p. p.), “excluso genere” or “exclusis generibus” (excl. gen.), “exclusa
specie” or “exclusis speciebus” (excl. sp.), “exclusa varietate” or “exclusis varietatibus” (excl. var.), “sensu amplo” (s. ampl.), “sensu lato” (s. l.), “sensu stricto” (s. str.), etc.
4. Make corrections and revisions to a name, its diagnosis, its circumscription, and/or its description – or otherwise – according to the ICNafp.
En Brosse (/glossary_terms/324):
(Brosse)
1. Cystidia with diverticulate excrescences.
Encrusted (/glossary_terms/325):
(Incrusted, Incrustations, Apically Encrusted, Apically Incrusted)
1. Covered with a thin, hard crust.
2. In hyphae, a substance located on the outer walls.
3. In cystidia, covered with crystalline or amorphous deposit, particularly at the apex.
4. A crust or hard coating.
5. Pigment situated on the outer side of the wall and visible as bands, granules, or patches.
Contrast this term with Deeply Descending Encrustations.
Endangered (/glossary_terms/1111):
1. An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct in the near future. Endangered (EN), as categorized by the International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN’s schema after Critically Endangered (CR).
More: https://www.iucnredlist.org/ (https://www.iucnredlist.org/)

Endemic (/glossary_terms/326):
1. Endemism is the ecological state of being unique to a defined geographic location, such as an island, nation or other defined zone, or habitat type; organisms that are indigenous to a place
are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere. The extreme opposite of endemism is cosmopolitan distribution.
Endocystidium (/glossary_terms/327):
(Endocystidia, Tramal Cystidia, Tramal Cystidium)
1. Cystidia in the cortex of the pileus trama, hymenophoral trama, or stipe trama.
2. Chrysocystidia embedded in the hymenophoral trama found in species of Pholiota (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Pholiota), Stropharia
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Stropharia), and Hypholoma (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Hypholoma).
Endolith (/glossary_terms/1914):
(Endolithic, Endoliths, Cryptoendoliths)
1. An organism that lives inside rock, coral, animal shells, or in the pores between mineral grains of a rock.
2. Living in or penetrating into stone/rock.
Contrast this term with Epilithic.
Endomycorrhizal (/glossary_terms/328):
1. The mycelia of mycorrhizal mushrooms can form an exterior sheath covering the roots of plants called ectomycorrhizal. When the mycelia continues to develop and invades the interior roo
cells of host plants they are called endomycorrhizal.
Contrast this term with Mycorrhizal and Ectomycorrhizal.
Endoperidium (/glossary_terms/1636):
1. The inner layer of a two layer tissue system in which the peridium is divided, as seen in puffball fungi like those in the genus Lycoperdon
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Lycoperdon).
Endophloidic (/glossary_terms/1973):
(Endophloidal)
1. Lichens that grow immersed inside plant tissues.
Endophytic (/glossary_terms/329):
1. A wide diversity of fungi are isolated from the tissues of most terrestrial and aquatic plants, and red and brown algae. Fungi are present in most plant parts, especially the leaves. Where the
tissue is apparently healthy, the fungi may be either endophytes or latent pathogens. Endophytes are contained within the plant without disease. Plant tissues remain entire and functional.
However, some endophytes may also be isolated from the surface of leaves, indicating an unclear separation between endo- and epiphytic life form.
Endosporium (/glossary_terms/330):
(Endosporia)
1. Reference to the spore wall. The electron transparent inner layer of the basidiospore wall at the inside of the episporium, but lacking in many white and pale-spored taxa.
Ensiform (/glossary_terms/752):
(Ensate, Acinaciform)
1. Shaped like a sword and narrow and pointed.
ent- (/glossary_terms/1726):
1. Prefix that means on the inside or within.
Enterocutis (/glossary_terms/331):
1. A cutis composed of swollen cells.
Entire (/glossary_terms/2223):
1. Pileus margin is perfectly round and without any interruptions in evenness.
Contrast this term with Crenate, Undulate, Undate, Crenulate, Eroded, and Appendiculate.
Entolomatoid (/glossary_terms/1777):
(Entolomoid)
1. Having the likeness of species in the genus Entoloma (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Entoloma).
More: https://www.mushroomexpert.com/entoloma.html (https://www.mushroomexpert.com/entoloma.html)

Entomopathogenic Fungi (/glossary_terms/1422):
1. A parasitic fungus on insects killing or seriously disabling them.
Entoplacodium (/glossary_terms/1):
1. Cortical stroma found on sclerotia which surrounds perithecial necks.
Ephemeral Annulus (/glossary_terms/332):

1. An annulus that exists only for a short duration.
Ephemeral Subannulus (/glossary_terms/333):

(Subpersistent Subannulus)
1. A subannulus (resembling an annulus but not a true annulus resulting from the partial veil) lasting a very short time as seen in Psilocybe zapotecorum
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Psilocybe+zapotecorum).
Epibasidium (/glossary_terms/2458):
(Epibasidia)
Epicorium (/glossary_terms/1694):
2. The “ribs” of the spores of some Rhodophyllus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Rhodophyllus) species are stuffed with a spongy mass called “epicorium.”
Epicutis (/glossary_terms/112):
1. If the pileipellis has multiple layers and the topmost layer is cuticular, than it’s an epicutis.
Contrast this term with Subcutis.
Epicutis Scalp Section (/glossary_terms/334):

1. A very thin slice of material taken from the top layer of the pileus, sometimes from the center of the cap.
Epidermoid Cutis (/glossary_terms/335):

1. With reference to the cortical layer(s), the hyphal cells are inflated and often possess a puzzle-like or epidermoid appearance and are interlocked.
Epigenetics (/glossary_terms/336):
(Epigenetic Studies)
1. The study of heritable changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence.
Epigeous (/glossary_terms/1538):
(Epigeal, Epigean, Epigeic, Supraterranean)
1. Growing above ground.
2. A feature discovered above the soil surface rather than a feature observed in below surface tissue.
Epihymenium (/glossary_terms/1443):
(Plural = Epihymenia)
1. The apex of a hymenium formed by the tips of the paraphyses which are often swollen, moderately branched, and frequently interspersed with diffuse pigments, crystals, or granules.

Epilithic (/glossary_terms/1042):
1. Growing on the surface of rock.
Contrast this term with Endolithic.
Epiphytic Fungi (/glossary_terms/337):

1. Fungi that exist on the surfaces of plants are sometimes called epiphytes.
Episporium (/glossary_terms/338):
1. The layer of the spore that is usually the thickest, giving the spores their form and rigidity, outside the endosporium and inside the exosporium.
Epithelioid Hymeniderm (/glossary_terms/2069):

1. A hymeniderm made up of elements with Q = 1.0-1.15.
Epithelium (/glossary_terms/339):
(Synonymous with Conioderm and Polycystoderm)
1. A type of cellular pellis in which elements are in chains so that the pellis is many-layered.
2. The outer surface of the cap layer type, having a spherical series of cells and possessing layers.
Epithet (/glossary_terms/140):
1. The final word in a binary combination and the word following the connecting term denoting rank in other combinations (See ICNafp Art. 6.7, 11.4, 21.1, 23.1, and 24.1).
2. Used for the words in a combination other than the generic name and any rank-denoting term; hyphenated words are equivalent to a single word.
*Contrast this term with Final Epithet.
Epitype (/glossary_terms/61):
1. A specimen or illustration selected to serve as an interpretative type when the holotype, lectotype, or previously designated neotype, or all original material associated with a validly
published name, cannot be identified for the purpose of the precise application of the name to a taxon (ICNafp Art. 9.9).
Equal (/glossary_terms/2118):
1. Stipe is of equal diameter from apex to base without fluctuation in width.
2. All of the gills are basically of equal length and no unequal subgills are present.
Contast this term with Attenuate, Bulbous, Subulate, Tapering, and Unequal.
Equilateral (/glossary_terms/340):
1. Having all its sides of the same length.
Equinulate (/glossary_terms/2336):
Erect Hyphae (/glossary_terms/341):

1. Hyphae or projections of hyphae that are perpendicular to the surface of the pileus.
Ergotism (/glossary_terms/1990):
(Ergotoxicosis, Ergot Poisoning, Saint Anthony’s Fire)
1. Intoxicating disease caused by the consumption of sclerotia and/or grain colonized by Claviceps purpurea (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Claviceps+purpurea).
More: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergotism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergotism)
Erinaceous (/glossary_terms/2325):
1. Exhibiting long “spines.”
Contrast this term with Canescence, Echinate, Echinulate, Felty, Fibrillose, Fibrils, Fimbriate, Floccose-Scaly, Flocculose, Flocosse, Glabrous, Hair, Hirsute, Hispid, Hispid-Squarrose, Hoary,
Indumentum, Matted, Odontioid, Puberulous, Pubescent, Radial Scales, Scabrous, Scabrous-Squamulose, Scales, Scrupose, Scrupose-Squamulose, Setose, Setulose, Shaggy, Spines,
Spinulose, Squamose, Squamules, Squamulose, Squarrose, Squarrulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Teeth, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Tuft, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
Eroded (/glossary_terms/2156):
1. Definition Pending. Different sites and papers are referring to the terms eroded and split differently and synonymously. This term needs to be distinguished from other related terms.
2. A wildly irregular gill margin.
3. Pileus margin deteriorated, gnawed, or eaten away.
4. Vellinga defines eroded as applying to either the pileus margin or the lamella edge as irregularly toothed.
5. Pileus margin is torn irregularly and sometimes deeply to the point of opening in v-shapes.
Contrast this term with Appendiculate, Undulate, Crenate, Crenulate, Coarsely Serrate, Eroded, Fimbriate, Lacerate, Rugose, Serrate, Serrulate, Split, and Undate.
Erumpent (/glossary_terms/1843):
1. To burst through a surface or host’s tissue to form a projecting growth.
et (/glossary_terms/342):
(et.)
1. Latin for “and.” This term is used in scientific papers when more than two authors are listed together (on some occasions).
et al. (/glossary_terms/84):
1. And others.
et comb. stat. nov. (/glossary_terms/70):

1. And combination status new.
Ethnomycological Studies (/glossary_terms/343):

(Ethnomycology, Fungi Lore)
1. Ethnomycology is the study of the historical uses and sociological impact of fungi and can be considered a subfield of ethnobotany or ethnobiology.
Etymology (/glossary_terms/89):
1. The origin of a name and the historical development of its meaning.
More: https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/~naming.php (https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/~naming.php)
Euagarics (/glossary_terms/344):
(Synonymous with Agaricales)
1. Fungi belonging to the subdivision Basidiomycota. This definition may undergo revision.
Euhymeniderm (/glossary_terms/2114):
1. A hymeniderm made up of elements with Q = 1.15–6.
Contrast this term with the following pileipellis forms known as Cutis, Exocutis, Trichoderm, Intricate Trichoderm, Irregular Trichoderm, Ixotrichoderm, Trichohymeniderm, Epithelioid
Hymeniderm, Transition Between Hymeniderm And Epithelium, Regular Epithelium, Irregular Epithelium.
Eukarya (/glossary_terms/1988):
(Eukaryota, Eukaryotes)
1. Eukarya is a domain classification for specific lifeforms. Eukarya comprises all cell-based organisms containing nuclei or membrane-bound organelles. These organisms are further
organized into the biological kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and a handful are in Protista.
2. Organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear envelope.
Eumycota (/glossary_terms/345):
1. True fungi
2. Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, walled organisms distinguished from the Myxomycota (fungus-like slime molds).
3. Eumycota comprises the subdivisions Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, and Deuteromycotina (the imperfect fungi).
European Nucleotide Archive (/glossary_terms/1942):

(ENA)
1. An organization helping to further explore DNA sequences.
More: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/services (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/services)
Eurytopic (/glossary_terms/1917):
1. A fungal species able to tolerate a wide range of habitats or ecological conditions.
2. Occurring in at least three different kinds of habitats.
Contrast this term with Stenotopic.
Eusepta (/glossary_terms/1813):
(Euseptum)
Eusporium (/glossary_terms/346):
1. The inner set of firm and resistant layers of the spore wall, consisting of the episporium and the endosporium.
Evanescent (/glossary_terms/347):
(Evanescence)
1. Soon disappearing, fleeting – sometimes in relation to a particular feature of the mushroom observed during a particular stage of growth. This term is used rather frequently to describe
veils.
Even (/glossary_terms/2183):
(Entire)
1. Gill edges are entirely straight, smooth, and glabrous.
Contrast this term with Undate, Undulate, Crenate, Crenulate, Serrate, Coarsely Serrate, Serrulate, Eroded, and Fimbriate.
Evolutionary Isolation (/glossary_terms/348):

1. Isolation means that organisms of the same species are separated, and happens when there is something between the organisms that they can’t cross. Organisms become isolated as a
result of environmental change. The cause of isolation can be gradual, like when mountains or deserts form, or continents split apart. It can also be quick, such as organisms being blown to
different places by a storm or tsunami (tidal waves). When organisms become isolated the two groups are also not able to reproduce together, so variations and mutations that occur in one
group are not necessarily found in the other group. The longer the groups are isolated, the more different they are. They eventually become different species. Moreover, if there is a change in
the environment of one group it does not necessarily occur in the environment of the other. So they will evolve and adapt differently.
Evolutionary Plasticity (/glossary_terms/349):

(Phenotypic Plasticity)
1. Plasticity is usually thought to be an evolutionary adaptation to environmental variation that is reasonably predictable and occurs within the lifespan of an individual organism, as it allows
individuals to ‘fit’ their phenotype to different environments. If the optimal phenotype in a given environment changes with environmental conditions, then the ability of individuals to express
different traits should be advantageous and thus selected for. Hence, phenotypic plasticity can evolve if Darwinian fitness is increased by changing phenotype. However, the fitness benefits o
plasticity can be limited by the energetic costs of plastic responses (e.g. synthesizing new proteins, adjusting expression ratio of isozyme variants, maintaining sensory machinery to detect
changes) as well as the predictability and reliability of environmental cues (see Beneficial acclimation hypothesis).
Evolvate (/glossary_terms/2252):
1. No volva is present.
ex (/glossary_terms/350):
1. Latin for “out of, or from.” Sometimes used when an author has derived worked from another author.
2. When “ex” is a component of the author citation, it may denote the fact that an initial taxonomic description did not satisfy the ICNafp rules for valid publication, but that the same name was
subsequently validly published by a second author or authors (or by the same author in a subsequent publication).
3. Authors publishing nomenclatural novelties and wishing other persons’ names followed by “ex” to precede theirs in author citation may adopt the “ex” citation in the protologue.
More: https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/art_46.html (https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/art_46.html)
ex errore (/glossary_terms/234):
1. Made in error.
Ex-Type (/glossary_terms/62):
(ex type)
1. A living isolate obtained from the type of a name when this is a culture permanently preserved in a metabolically inactive state. This phrase (ex ….) can be applied more broadly as well (ex
typo, ex-holotype, ex holotypo, ex-isotype, ex isotypo, etc.)
Exannulate (/glossary_terms/1923):
1. No longer displaying an annulus (due to detachment and dispersal).
Exceeding Lamellae (/glossary_terms/2180):

(Exceeding Gills)
1. The pileus margin extends over and beyond the gills.
Contrast this term with Deflexed, Involute, Straight, Reflexed, Revolute, and Inflexed.
Exciple (/glossary_terms/1997):
(Exciples, Excipular)
1. In lichens the exciple is the rim or outer covering of the apothecium.
Excl. (/glossary_terms/354):
(excl.)
1. Abbreviation for excluded.
exclusa specie (/glossary_terms/931):

(excl. sp., exclusis speciebus)
1. Excluding species.
exclusa varietate (/glossary_terms/933):

(exclusa var., exclusis varietatibus)
1. Excluding variety.
exclusis generibus (/glossary_terms/930):

(excluso genere, exclusis gen.)
1. Excluding genera.
Excrescences (/glossary_terms/1583):
1. A cell with projections (outgrowths).
Exemplar Taxa (/glossary_terms/355):

1. Serving as a typical example or excellent model.
Exo- (/glossary_terms/352):
1. Prefix meaning on the outside (as in on the outside of a cell or part of a structure area).
2. External.
Exocarpic (/glossary_terms/448):
1. Having an externally developing primordium.
Exocytosis (/glossary_terms/356):
1. The durable process by which a cell directs the contents of secretory vesicles out of the cell membrane and into the extracellular space. These membrane-bound vesicles contain soluble
proteins to be secreted to the extracellular environment, as well as membrane proteins and lipids that are sent to become components of the cell membrane.
Exome Sequencing (/glossary_terms/2102):
(Exome Sequences, Whole Exome Sequencing, WES)
1. A technique for sequencing all of the protein-coding regions of genes in a genome – known as the exome – in fungi and other lifeforms.
2. All of the exons in a genome sequenced for analysis.
Exon (/glossary_terms/357):
1. Any nucleotide sequence encoded by a gene that remains present within the final mature RNA product of that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing.
2. An exon is any part of a gene that will form a part of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing. The term exon refers to both the DNA
sequence within a gene and the corresponding sequence in RNA transcripts.
Exooperculum (/glossary_terms/1658):
1. Operculum formed at the tip of the exit tube of a sporangium.
Exoperidium (/glossary_terms/1637):
(Exoperidia)
1. The outer layer of a two layer tissue system in which the peridium is divided, as seen in puffball fungi like those in the genus Lycoperdon
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Lycoperdon).
Exosporal (/glossary_terms/1991):
1. Relating to the outside-exterior of a spore.
Exosporal Covering (/glossary_terms/1992):

1. Any kind of cellular covering (or partial covering) located on the exterior of a spore.
Exosporium (/glossary_terms/358):
1. A layer of the spore wall between perisporium and episporium, frequently responsible for the ornamentation of spores.
Exsiccata (/glossary_terms/353):
(Exsiccatae)
1. An intentionally dried section of material or dried specimens usually intended for microscopy, DNA sequencing, cloning, or herbarium/fungarium storage.
Extinct (/glossary_terms/1108):
(Extinctions, Extinction Event)
1. A species, family, or other larger group having no living members.
2. No longer in existence. See Prototaxites loganii (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Prototaxites+loganii).
Extirpation (/glossary_terms/1578):
1. Extirpation (also known as a “local extinction”) describes a circumstance in which a species or population no longer exists within a certain geographical location. Unlike extinction, whereby
a species no longer exists anywhere, extirpation means that at least one other population of the species still persists in other areas. An example of this is Gomphus clavatus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Gomphus+clavatus) in European nations.
Extremely Crowded (/glossary_terms/2150):

1. This is the highest rating for gills being crowded. They are so crowded in this category that they are not only touching, they are pressed into one another like a series of ridges on the
surface of a unified, solid mass.
Contrast this term with Subcrowded, Crowded, Subclose, Close, Subdistant, and Distant.
Exudates (/glossary_terms/359):
(Fungal Exudates, Mycelium Exudates, Mycelial Exudate)
2. Liquid droplets on various structures of a number of fungi – sometimes involving only the mycelium. The droplets are enveloped in membranous material and are associated with actively
growing mycelia.
3. Something exuded (outputted, emitted, oozed, or sweated) by a living organism such as tree roots and certain yeasts. In certain mycorrhizal mushrooms being cultured on agar it is
necessary to use exudates in order to initiate spore germination.
Exumbonate (/glossary_terms/2197):
f. (/glossary_terms/88):
(Form, Forma)
1. Form of a species. A taxonomic rank below species used to describe two or more appearances (forms). An example of this is Pluteus tomentosulus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Pluteus+tomentosulus) which has two forms: Pluteus tomentosulus f. brunneus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Pluteus+tomentosulus+f.+brunneus) and Pluteus tomentosulus f. tomentosulus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Pluteus+tomentosulus+f.+tomentosulus).
Fabiform (/glossary_terms/360):
1. Broad bean-shaped.
Face View (/glossary_terms/361):

(Face View Of Spores, Frontal View, Front View)
1. When you are in face view you should see the hilar appendage directly facing you at the bottom of the spore.
2. When a basidium with its attached spores is viewed from the side, the spores directly above and in the center are being viewed in face view, and the ones at the sides are in profile view.
When spores are not attached to a basidium, the shape that is wider will generally be the face view if there is a difference.
Contrast this term with Side View.
Faces Of Fungi (/glossary_terms/1531):

(Facesoffungi)
1. A new name database for fungi with the aim of “putting faces on fungi.” This database will be useful in contrasting and comparing names on both Mycobank and Index Fungorum. The aim
of the web page is to show how fungi are relevant to humans and thus put a human face on the fungal world. “We hope that all mycologists will contribute to this web page over time and it wil
provide a comprehensive one stop shop where details of fungal genera and species, molecular data as well as their roles, biosecurity issues and industrial relevance can be sourced.”
More: http://www.facesoffungi.org/... (http://www.facesoffungi.org/agaricus-coccyginus-facesoffungi-number-fof-02035/)
Facet (/glossary_terms/1693):
(Facets)
1. Any of several angled “sides” on Entoloma (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Entoloma)-shaped spores.
See page 291 here: https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Sydowia-Beihefte_8_0290-0303.pdf (https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Sydowia-Beihefte_8_0290-0303.pdf)
Contrast this term with Adaxial Facet, Apical Facet (Apex Facet), Apico-Adaxial Facet, Abaxial Facet, Basal Facet, and Lateral Facet.
Falcate (/glossary_terms/362):
1. Sickle-shaped.
Falcate-Decurrent (/glossary_terms/1360):
1. (Gill Attachment) Lamellae is decurrent (connected broadly and descending down the stipe), and has curvature resembling a sickle (reaping hook).
Falciform (/glossary_terms/363):
1. Scythe-shaped.
False Truffles (/glossary_terms/1509):
(False-Truffles, Truffle-Like)
1. Fungal fruit bodies at or below the soil surface resembling true truffles. Common false truffle species include Scleroderma polyrhizum
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Scleroderma+polyrhizum), Pisolithus arhizus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Pisolithus+arhizus), Choiromyces
meandriformis (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Choiromyces+meandriformis), and Terfezia magnusii
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Terfezia+magnusii).
Contrast this term with Truffles, Sclerotia, and Pseudosclerotia.
Falsely Echinulate (/glossary_terms/364):

1. Spore appearing ornamented with fine spines in optical section, but actually have a smooth outline.
fam. nov. (/glossary_terms/1432):

1. Abbreviation for Family New.
Family (/glossary_terms/365):
(Families, Familia)
1. An important taxonomic rank below Order and above Genus.
Farinaceous (/glossary_terms/366):
1. (Farinaceous odor or taste) Often compared to the odor of cucumbers, watermelon rind, or an old grain mill. Common in many mushrooms, including Polyporus squamosus, Agrocybe
praecox, Mycena galericulata, Tricholoma sejunctum, Clitopilus prunulus, and Entoloma abortivum. Some mycologists (Smith et al., 1979; Moser, 1983) subdivide “farinaceous” into three odo
groups: Strictly farinaceous, cucumber/farinaceous, and rancid-oily-fishy/farinaceous. The cucumber/farinaceous sub-odor has been upheld by chemical research (Wood et al., 1994) as a
valid distinction, and the chemical named Trans-2-Nonenal has been identified as being responsible for it.
Farinose (/glossary_terms/2437):
1. Definition Pending. See how this site used the term: https://mycena.no/corynephora.htm (https://mycena.no/corynephora.htm)
Contrast this term with Asperate, Asperulate, Canescence, Colliculose, Diverticulate, Echinate, Echinulate, Erinaceous, Felty, Fibrillose, Fibrillose-Floccose, Fibrillose-Truncate Warts, Fibrils,
Fimbriate, Flocosse, Floccose-Scaly, Flocculose, Furfuraceous, Furfurescence, Glabrous, Grandinioid, Hair, Hirsute, Hispid, Hispid-Squarrose, Hoary, Indumentum, Leprose, Matted, Nodose
Nodulose, Odontioid, Patches, Pruinose, Puberulous, Pubescent, Punctate, Punctate-Squamulose, Radial Scales, Scabrose, Scabrous, Scabrous-Squamulose, Scabrulose, Scales,
Scrupose, Scrupose-Squamulose, Scurfy, Sericious, Setose, Setulose, Shaggy, Spiciform, Spiculose, Spikes, Spines, Spinulose, Squamose, Squamules, Squamulose, Squarrose,
Squarrulose, Stellate, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Tuft, Variolate, Velutinous, Verrucose, Verruculose, Villose, Virgate, Warts, and Warty.
Farinose Volva (/glossary_terms/2394):

1. Stem volva surface exhibiting dots like granulated sugar.
Contrast this term with Lanose Volva, Layered Volva, Limbate Volva, Ocrea Volva, Patch-Forming Volva, Pulverulent Volva, Saccate Volva, Scale-Forming Volva, Scaly Volva, Volva, Wart-
Forming Volva, and Zoned Volva.
Fasciculate (/glossary_terms/367):
1. Arranged in a fascicle or fascicles (close clusters).
2. Growing in a dense cluster.
3. Mushrooms growing in a bundle.
Favoid (/glossary_terms/1219):
(Favoloid)
1. Honeycomb-shaped.
Favoso-Areolate (/glossary_terms/2398):
1. Exhibiting areoles arranged in a way to resemble honeycomb.
Contrast this term with Areolate, Rhagadiose, Areolate-Rimose, Fibrillose-Rimulose, Lacinate, Rimose, Rimulose, and Radially Rimose.
Felty (/glossary_terms/1760):
(Felted)
1. Resembling the likeness of wool or fur.

2. Covered with densely matted fibrils or hairs.
Contrast this term with Canescence, Fibrillose, Fibrils, Fimbriate, Floccose-Scaly, Flocosse, Flocculose, Glabrous, Hair, Hirsute, Hispid, Hoary, Indumentum, Matted, Puberulous, Pubescent,
Radial Scales, Shaggy, Spines, Squamules, Squamulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
Ferruginous (/glossary_terms/406):
1. Reddish brown or rust color.
2. Containing iron oxides or rust.
Fertile (/glossary_terms/368):
1. Lamella edge composed of basidia only.
FeSO (/glossary_terms/369):
(Synonymous with FeSO4, Iron (II) Sulfate, Iron Sulfate, and Ferrous Sulfate)
1. Chemical used to test macroscopic color change(s) on stipe, pileus, or lamella. This is of particular help to those photographing the genus Russula
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Russula).
Fetid (/glossary_terms/2446):
1. Stinking (aroma is not pleasant or neutral).
Fibril (/glossary_terms/371):
(Fibrils, Fibrilar)
1. Relatively small extensions or hair-like projections, usually in reference to extensions emanating from the stipe.
2. Small fibre or branchlet.
Contrast this term with Canescence, Felty, Fibrillose, Fimbriate, Floccose-Scaly, Flocosse, Flocculose, Glabrous, Hair, Hirsute, Hispid, Hoary, Indumentum, Matted, Puberulous, Pubescent,
Radial Scales, Shaggy, Spines, Squamules, Squamulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Tuft, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
Fibrillose (/glossary_terms/372):
1. Covered with hair-like appendages.
Contrast this term with Canescence, Felty, Fibrils, Fimbriate, Floccose-Scaly, Flocosse, Flocculose, Glabrous, Hair, Hirsute, Hispid, Hoary, Indumentum, Matted, Puberulous, Pubescent,
Fibrillose-Floccose (/glossary_terms/2310):
(Floccose-Fibrillose)
Contrast this term with Canescence, Felty, Fibrillose, Fibrils, Fimbriate, Floccose-Scaly, Flocosse, Flocculose, Glabrous, Hair, Hirsute, Hispid, Hoary, Indumentum, Matted, Puberulous,
Pubescent, Radial Scales, Shaggy, Spines, Squamules, Squamulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
Fibrillose-Glabrous (/glossary_terms/2439):
1. Glabrous (showing no warts or hairs, nor raised scales, nor fibers, nor patches, etc. and instead is smooth) to the unaided eye, but made up of interlaced hyphae.
Fibrillose-Membranaceous Annulus (/glossary_terms/373):

1. An annulus possessing hair-like appendages and resembling a membrane.
Fibrillose-Rimulose (/glossary_terms/1888):
(Rimulose-Fibrillose)
1. Covered with hair-like appendages and slightly cracked in appearance.
Contrast this term with Areolate, Rhagadiose, Rimose, Radially Rimose, and Rimulose.
Fibrillose-Scaly (/glossary_terms/2440):
1. Exhibiting scales consisting of fibrils that are more-or-less appressed (flattened or pressed closely against a surface).
Fibrillose-Squamulose (/glossary_terms/1656):
(Fibrillose Squamulose, Squamulose-Fibrillose)
1. Pileus and/or stipe exhibit(s) an intermediate condition between fibrillose and squamulose. The fibrils are joined at their tips, but still retain the individual hyphae below the tips.
Contrast this term with Asperate, Asperulate, Atomate, Canescence, Diverticulate, Echinate, Echinulate, Erinaceous, Felty, Fibrillose, Fibrillose-Floccose, Fibrillose-Truncate Warts, Fibrils,
Nodulose, Odontioid, Pruinose, Puberulous, Pubescent, Radial Scales, Scabrose, Scabrous, Scabrous-Squamulose, Scales, Scrupose, Scrupose-Squamulose, Scurfy, Sericious, Setose,
Setulose, Shaggy, Spiciform, Spiculose, Spikes, Spines, Spinulose, Squamose, Squamules, Squamulose, Squarrose, Squarrulose, Stellate, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose,
Tomentulose, Tuft, Velutinous, Verrucose, Verruculose, Villose, Virgate, Warts, and Warty.
Fibrillose-Striate (/glossary_terms/1739):
1. This term is often applied to the stipe, but may also be applied to the pileus. It means there are vertical lines (striations) – along with tiny, fiber-like (hair-like / beard stubble-like) protrusions
(appendages).
Fibrillose-Truncate Warts (/glossary_terms/2331):

1. Warts with the apex flat and exhibiting fibrils.
Fibrose (/glossary_terms/2274):
1. Made of tough, stringy material.
Fibrous (/glossary_terms/374):
1. Consisting of, containing, or resembling fibres.
2. Consisting of an intervoven, dense mass of fibrils. This term is often used to describe the consistency of a stem which is greater than 4mm wide at the apex.
Fibulate (/glossary_terms/375):
(Fibulate Hyphae)
1. “Fibulate hyphae” are clamped hyphae. The septa are not simple but with clamps (fibulae).
Filamentose (/glossary_terms/1806):
1. A lichen with a “stringy” appearance.
Contrast this term with Byssoid, Crustose, Foliose, Fruticose, Leprose, Squamulose, and Structureless.
Filamentous (/glossary_terms/376):
1. Composed of hyphae (threadlike cells).
2. Hyphae which form thread-like, wire-like forms.
3. A slender, thread-like chain of cells.
Filiform Cystidium (/glossary_terms/378):

(Filiform Cystidia)
1. Very long and narrowly-cylindrical cystidium.
2. Relatively narrow, thread-like cystidium.
Fimbriate (/glossary_terms/379):
1. Lamella edge with regular hair-like projections.
2. Gill edges exhibit a finely torn margin under magnification.
3. Minutely fringed or toothed gill edges.
Contrast this term with Undate, Undulate, Crenate, Crenulate, Serrate, Coarsely Serrate, Serrulate, Eroded, and Even.
Fimbriatulate (/glossary_terms/2178):
2. Minutely fimbriate.
Contrast this term with Fimbriate.
Fimicolous (/glossary_terms/380):
1. Of or pertaining to an organism that lives on or in animal dung.
Final Epithet (/glossary_terms/141):

1. The last epithet in sequence in any particular combination, whether at the rank of a subdivision of a genus, or of species, or of an infraspecific taxon.
More: See ICNafp Art. 6.10 footnote at https://www.iapt-taxon.org/... (https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/art_6.html?zoom_highlight=6.10)
Fistulose (/glossary_terms/381):
(Hollow)
1. Stipe is hollow. This is best seen by slicing the mushroom in half from top to bottom vertically.
2. Stipe possessing no solid, chambered, or “stuffed” hyphae, and is instead hollowed out.
Contrast this term with Chambered, Broadly Fistulose, Solid, Stuffed, and Partially Stuffed.
Fistulose-Fibrillose (/glossary_terms/1891):
1. Stipe is hollow and covered with hair-like appendages.
Fixative (/glossary_terms/382):
1. A substance used for the preservation of tissue or cell specimens such as 20% Acetic Acid combined with 80% Ethanol. The most commonly used fixative in general histology is
Formaldehyde.
Flabelliform (/glossary_terms/383):
1. Pileus shaped like a fan.
Contrast this term with Spathuliform, Rounded Flabelliform, and Reniform.
Flagelliform (/glossary_terms/1865):
1. Extended, thin, and flexible – and shaped like the lash of a whip.
Flagellum (/glossary_terms/2094):
(Flagella)
1. A flagellum is a lash-like appendage that protrudes from the cell body of certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Flaring (/glossary_terms/2211):
1. A form of volva which is attached at the stipe along its length, except at the volval margin where it “flares” out.
Contrast this term with Circumsessile, Zoned, and Saccate.

Flat Scales (/glossary_terms/2379):
(Flattened Scales, Appressed Scales)
1. Scales on pileus are flattened on the cap surface rather than being upright or angled upwards.
Flattened Spores (/glossary_terms/1733):

1. Definition & Image Pending.
Flavo-Melleous (/glossary_terms/384):
(Flavo Melleous)
1. Honey-yellow.
Flesh (/glossary_terms/385):
1. The inward tissue of cap or stem, not including the surface.
2. The trama.
Fleshy (/glossary_terms/1791):
(Fleshy Fungi)
2. All macroscopically observable fungi.
3. Consistency rather soft, not ceraceous, nor cartilagineous, nor woody.
4. Exhibiting an abundance of hyphal material forming the “meatier” parts of some species of fungi. The focus here is not on the reproductive structures or surface tissues. The focus is on the
meat-like material. Fleshy mushrooms can be somewhat smallish or very large, and emphasis is relative to the fruit body size.
Fleshy-Fibrous (/glossary_terms/2414):
1. A fleshy-fibrous stipe breaks unevenly when force is applied, leaving fibrils projecting from the broken edge as well as from the flesh.
Flexuose (/glossary_terms/386):
1. Full of bends.
2. Cystidia that are cylindrical but full of bends.
3. Stipe is not perfectly vertical and straight, and instead demonstrates curvature/bending.
Contrast this term with Geniculate.
Flexuose-Cylindrical (/glossary_terms/1681):
Floccose (/glossary_terms/107):
(Floccus, Flocciform, Flocci)
1. Covered in woolly tufts.
2. Having tufts of soft woolly hairs.
3. Possessing easily removed cottony or woolly tufts.
4. Woolly or cottony.
5. Tuft-like.
6. Cotton-like groups or tufts.
7. Fibrils create the appearance of a flattened layer resembling cotton.
Contrast this term with Asperate, Asperulate, Atomate, Canescence, Diverticulate, Echinate, Echinulate, Erinaceous, Felty, Fibrillose, Fibrillose-Floccose, Fibrillose-Squamulose, Fibrillose-
Truncate Warts, Fibrils, Fimbriate, Flocosse, Floccose-Scaly, Flocculose, Furfuraceous, Furfurescence, Glabrous, Grandinioid, Hair, Hirsute, Hispid, Hispid-Squarrose, Hoary, Indumentum,
Leprose, Matted, Nodose, Nodulose, Odontioid, Pruinose, Puberulous, Pubescent, Radial Scales, Scabrose, Scabrous, Scabrous-Squamulose, Scales, Scrupose, Scrupose-Squamulose,
Scurfy, Sericious, Setose, Setulose, Shaggy, Spiciform, Spiculose, Spikes, Spines, Spinulose, Squamose, Squamules, Squamulose, Squarrose, Squarrulose, Stellate, Strigose,
Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Tuft, Velutinous, Verrucose, Verruculose, Villose, Virgate, Warts, and Warty.
Floccose Volva (/glossary_terms/2261):

1. A volva form that leaves floccose tufts of hyphae on the pileus.
Contrast this term with Volva, Evolvate, Pseudovolva, Limbate Volva, Zoned, Circumseccile, Flaring, Bulbous, Sub-Bulbous, Clavate-Bulbous, Abruptly Bulbous, Universal Veil, Scale-
Forming Volva, Wart-Forming Volva, Patch-Forming Volva, Ocrea Volva, Layered Volva, Lanose Volva, and Marginately Bulbous.
Floccose-Scaly (/glossary_terms/1768):
1. Having features of loosely-cottony or downy-wooly, and more-or-less tufted like cotton - as well as possessing scales.
2. Definition & Image Pending.
Contrast this term with Canescence, Felty, Fibrillose, Fibrils, Fimbriate, Floccose, Glabrous, Hair, Hirsute, Hispid, Hoary, Indumentum, Matted, Puberulous, Pubescent, Radial Scales,
Shaggy, Spines, Squamules, Squamulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
Floccose-Verrucose (/glossary_terms/2279):
1. Pileus develops tuft-like, cottony outgrowths and warts.
Flocculose (/glossary_terms/2115):
(Flocculence)
1. Similar to floccose, but minutely and more delicately than floccose.
Contrast this term with Canescence, Felty, Fibrillose, Fibrils, Fimbriate, Floccose-Scaly, Floccose, Glabrous, Hair, Hirsute, Hispid, Hoary, Indumentum, Matted, Puberulous, Pubescent,
Flora (/glossary_terms/1977):
1. Flora is all the fungal, plant, and bacteria life-forms present in a particular region or time, generally those which naturally occur.
Fluffy Mycelium (/glossary_terms/2234):
(Cottony Mycelium, Tomentose Mycelium)
1. A form of mycelium that appears cotton-like or cotton candy-like in some instances. This form of mycelium is light, soft, and sometimes airy (not very dense or compacted or tough). It is
considered a less powerful mycelium than rhizomorphic mycelium.
Contrast this term with Mycelial Fan, Rhizomorphs, Linear Mycelium, Zonate Mycelium, Powdered Mycelium, and Matted Mycelium.
Fluorescent Marker (/glossary_terms/387):

1. Fluorescent labelling is the process of covalently attaching a fluorophore to another molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid. This is generally accomplished using a reactive derivative o
the fluorophore that selectively binds to a functional group contained in the target molecule. The most commonly labelled molecules are antibodies, proteins, amino acids and peptides which
are then used as specific probes for detection of a particular target. Fluorescent labels are generally used for detection of a protein or other labeled molecule via a fluorescence microscope,
flow cytometer or some other fluorescence reading instrument. These can be useful in localization of a target within a cell, flow cytometry (FACS) analysis, western blot assays, and other
immunoanalytical methods.
Fluorescing (/glossary_terms/1552):
(Fluorescence, Fluoresce, Fluoresced, Fluorescent)
1. The emission of light by a substance or lifeform that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation. Some fungi, including some gilled mushrooms, react to being fluoresced with a
ultravioled (UV) flashlight.
2. Mushrooms which emit visible light in response to ultraviolet light.
Focus Stacking (/glossary_terms/388):

(Focus Stacked)
1. Taking multiple (sometimes six or more – even up to 30 or more) photos of the same area with different parts in focus, then combining all of these images using a program that helps retain
the sharp, crisp aspects of each photo – for a combined single image with every aspect in focus. This feature resolves depth of field differences between each photo that otherwise the
camera [and/or objectives] could not capture in one image.
Foetid (/glossary_terms/46):
1. Demonstrating a strong and offensive odour (odor).
Foliicolous (/glossary_terms/1795):
(Epiphyllous)
1. Growing on leaves.
2. Lichens that use leaves as substrates, whether the leaf is still on the tree or on the ground.
Foliose (/glossary_terms/1805):
1. Leaf-shaped.
2. The most common form of lichens that grow on the trunks of trees or on rocks in the shady woods. They’re usually gray-green and form basically circular colonies.
Contrast this term with Byssoid, Crustose, Filamentose, Fruticose, Leprose, Squamulose, and Structureless.
Foray (/glossary_terms/2193):
1. An organized event for mushroom hunters to travel to a specific location for fungi using a specified duration of time.
Forest (/glossary_terms/1369):
(Plural = Forests)
2. A forest is a large area dominated by trees. Hundreds of more precise definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use,
legal standing, and ecological function. According to the widely used U.S. Food and Agriculture Organization definition, forests covered 4 billion hectares (9.9×109 acres) (15 million square
miles) or approximately 30 percent of the world’s land area in 2006. Compare the term Forest with Cloud Forest, Temperate Cloud Forest, Rainforest, and Temperate Rain Forest.
Note: Contrast the density and quantity of forests from the beginning of recorded history to today.
Forked Cystidium (/glossary_terms/389):

(Forked Cheilocystidia, Forked Pleurocystidia, Forked Cystidia)
1. Instead of one singular pointed-shape there are two emerging off-shoots from the identical cystidum cell.
Forma specialis (/glossary_terms/390):

(Plural = Formae speciales)
1. The taxonomic grouping allowed by the ICNafp that is applied to a parasite (most frequently a fungus) which is adapted to a specific host (there being minimal or no morphological
differences). This classification may be applied by authors who do not feel that a subspecies or variety name is appropriate. An example species is Puccinia graminis
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Puccinia+graminis).
Fossilized Fungi (/glossary_terms/1234):

(Fossil, Fossilized Mushroom, Fossil Fungi)
1. The remains of a prehistoric fungi preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock.
2. Any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living fungus from a past geological age.
More:
https://doi.org/10.2307/2446289 (https://doi.org/10.2307/2446289)
http://www.davidmoore.org.uk/... (http://www.davidmoore.org.uk/21st_Century_Guidebook_to_Fungi_PLATINUM/Ch02_07.htm)
Fragile (/glossary_terms/1459):
1. Basidiomata are fragile to touch. The stipe easily breaks as seen with some species of Psathyrella (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Psathyrella), Conocybe
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Conocybe), Parasola (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Parasola), Coprinus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Coprinus), Coprinopsis (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Coprinopsis), Leucocoprinus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Leucocoprinus), and Coprinellus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Coprinellus).
Free (/glossary_terms/391):
(Free Gills)
1. This term is used to refer to gills and their position in relation to the stipe. If free, the gills don’t reach (touch) the stipe. Instead, they turn up into the cap.
Tip: The stem will often come off easily without damaging the mushroom.
Contrast this term with Seceding, Deeply Decurrent, Adnate, Adnexed, Sinuate, Sinuate-Adnate, Subadnate, Subadnexed, Subdecurrent, Decurrent, Adnate With Decurrent Tooth, Adnate-
Free Hand Sections (/glossary_terms/392):

1. Tissue sections made by hand instead of a machine or microtome.
Free Volva (/glossary_terms/2411):

1. Stem volva is free from the stem base.
Freeze Substitution (/glossary_terms/393):

(Freeze-Substitution)
1. Freeze-substitution is based on rapid freezing of tissues followed by solution (“substitution”) of ice at temperatures well below O°C for the gentle fixation and dehydration of tissue. Freeze
substitution is a process for low temperature dehydration and fixation of rapidly frozen cells that usually takes days to complete.
Friable (/glossary_terms/2242):
(Friability)
1. Crumbled and broken into small pieces.
Friesian System (/glossary_terms/394):

(Friesian Taxonomy)
1. The 18th century “Friesian system” divided macrofungi according to physical, macroscopic morphology. It was particularly based on the form of the hymenophore (spore-producing
structures or gills). This taxonomic system does not take into consideration phylogenetics and other vital aspects of identification now available.
Fringe Species (/glossary_terms/1969):

Contrast this term with Core Species.
Fringed (/glossary_terms/395):
1. With irregular appendages.
Fructiferous (/glossary_terms/396):
1. Producing fruit or fruit-bearing fungi.
Fruticose (/glossary_terms/1804):
1. Appearing like tiny, leafless branches.
Contrast this term with Byssoid, Crustose, Filamentose, Foliose, Leprose, Squamulose, and Structureless.
Fruticose-Filamentose (/glossary_terms/1810):
1. Appearing like tiny, leafless branches with a thread-like/hair-like cellular appearance.
Fugacious (/glossary_terms/397):
1. Showing visibility for only a a short time. See H.R. Hesler’s North American Species of Gymnopilus (subgenus Gymnopilus).
Fuliginous (/glossary_terms/1332):
1. Exhibiting a dark or dusky color, ranging from smoke-colored, soot, dull greyish-black, to brown colors.
Fulvous Scales (/glossary_terms/398):
1. Scales that possess a dull brownish-yellow color.
Fundamental Tissue (/glossary_terms/399):

1. Inflated, multiseptate, thick-walled (more or less sclerified) hyphae of the basidiocarp. Skeletal hyphae and fusiform skeletals sometimes included. Found in any part of a young basidiocarp
in agarics.
2. Fundamental Tissue is composed of thick-walled, skeletal, binding hyphae.
Fundis (/glossary_terms/2004):
1. Abbreviation for Fungal Diversity Survey, an organization providing tools to document the diversity and distribution of fungi across North America.
More: https://fundis.org/ (https://fundis.org/)
Funga (/glossary_terms/1978):
1. Funga is a recently developed term for the kingdom fungi similar to the longstanding “fauna” for animals and “flora” typically used for plants. The term was considered to be urgently needed
in order to simplify projects oriented toward implementation of educational and conservation goals.
More: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funga (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funga)
Fungal Bioweathering (/glossary_terms/2054):

Fungal Forestry (/glossary_terms/2052):

1. The science and management of planting and maintaining healthy forests with fungi.
Fungal Locomotion (/glossary_terms/1519):

1. Action of a fungus to move independently.
Fungal-Bacterial Endosymbiosis (/glossary_terms/1573):

Fungarium (/glossary_terms/1362):
(Fungaria)
1. A systematically arranged place for the collection of dried fungi.
2. A room or office formally storing collections of dried fungi.
3. A lidded wicker basket, cabinet, or another personal receptacle in which dried fungi are kept for future examination.
4. A formal laboratory that also functions as a fungarium for liquid cultures and agar cultures, usually in test tubes, agar dishes, and slants.
Fungivores (/glossary_terms/401):
(Mycophagists, Fungivory, Mycophagy)
1. The process of organisms consuming fungi. Many different organisms have been recorded to gain their energy from consuming fungi, including birds, mammals, insects, plants, amoeba,
gastropods, nematodes, and bacteria. Some of these, which only eat fungi, are called fungivores. Other lifeforms which eat fungi as only part of their diet are called omnivores.
Fungoid (/glossary_terms/402):
1. Resembling a fungus or fungi.
Fungus (/glossary_terms/403):
(Plural = Fungi)
1. A fungus is a member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are
classified as a kingdom, Fungi, which is separate from plants, animals, and bacteria. One major difference is that fungal cells have cell walls that contain chitin, unlike the cell walls of plants,
which contain cellulose. These and other differences show that the fungi form a single group of related organisms, named the Eumycota (true fungi or Eumycetes), that share a common
ancestor (a monophyletic group). This fungal group is distinct from the structurally similar myxomycetes (slime molds) and oomycetes (water molds). The discipline of biology devoted to the
study of fungi is known as mycology, which is often regarded as a branch of botany, even though genetic studies have shown that fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants.
(Fungi is most often pronounced fun-jigh, (jigh rythmes with high), although some mycologists pronounce it fung-ghee or fun-guy.
Funicle (/glossary_terms/1054):
2. Cord of hyphae attaching the peridiole to the inner surface of the peridium.
Furcate (/glossary_terms/404):
1. Forking.
2. Gills exhbit forking or irregular branching.
Contrast this term with Anastomosing Gills, Transvenose, and Intervenose.

Furfuraceous (/glossary_terms/1845):
1. The surface is best described as having an appearance like small flakes.
2. Dandruffy.
Fimbriate, Flocosse, Floccose-Scaly, Flocculose, Furfurescence, Glabrous, Grandinioid, Hair, Hirsute, Hispid, Hispid-Squarrose, Hoary, Indumentum, Leprose, Matted, Nodose, Nodulose,
Odontioid, Patches, Pruinose, Puberulous, Pubescent, Punctate, Punctate-Squamulose, Radial Scales, Scabrose, Scabrous, Scabrous-Squamulose, Scabrulose, Scales, Scrupose,
Scrupose-Squamulose, Scurfy, Sericious, Setose, Setulose, Shaggy, Spiciform, Spiculose, Spikes, Spines, Spinulose, Squamose, Squamules, Squamulose, Squarrose, Squarrulose, Stellate
Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Tuft, Variolate, Velutinous, Verrucose, Verruculose, Villose, Virgate, Warts, and Warty.
Furfural (/glossary_terms/405):
1. A colorless, sweet-smelling, mobile liquid, C4H3OCHO, made from corncobs and used in the synthesis of furan, as a solvent for nitrocellulose, and as a fungicide and weed killer. A 0.01%
aqueous solution is sometimes added (prior to pouring) agar for streaking spores that resist germination attempts.
Fuschinophile Hyphae (/glossary_terms/407):

1. Hyphae that react with Fuschin.
fusco- (/glossary_terms/2152):
(fusci-)
1. Prefix for darkened, or dark brown.
Fuscous (/glossary_terms/2149):
1. Dark brown.
Fuscous Sheath (/glossary_terms/2445):

Fusiform (/glossary_terms/408):
1. Spindle-shaped.
2. Rounded and tapering from the middle toward each end, like some plant roots.
Contrast this term with Broadly Fusiform, Fusoid, Fusiform-Lanceolate, Narrowly Fusiform, Subfusiform, and Very Broadly Fusiform.
Fusiform Elements (/glossary_terms/1741):

1. Spindle-shaped cells, parts of cells, or features observed regarding a cell.
Fusiform-Lanceolate (/glossary_terms/409):
1. Spindle-shaped and lance shaped. This form is much longer than its width, with the widest part lower than the middle, and a pointed apex.
Fusoid (/glossary_terms/410):
1. Somewhat spindle-shaped.
Fusoid-Ampullaceous (/glossary_terms/411):
1. Used in reference to a somewhat common cystidia shape in which there is both a fusoid (slightly spindle-shaped) and an ampullaceous (like an ampulla; bottle-shaped) resemblance. (View
cheilocystidia from Psilocybe quebecensis (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Psilocybe+quebecensis) for comparison).
Fusoid-Ventricose (/glossary_terms/412):
1. A cystidia shape that is tapered toward both ends, but distinctly enlarged in the middle of the cell. This term has been used to describe multiple forms of cystidia in a rather over-applied
manner.
Fy Protein (/glossary_terms/1620):
1. The “Fy” protein was un-covered in 2009 by researching an extremophile fungus species in the genus Fusarium. It contains all 20 amino acids, and is the basis for newly emerging vegan
foods aimed as alternatives to meat. This species was discovered in the geothermal springs of a supervolcano in Yellowstone National Park. As a food, it provides one-tenth the fat of ground
beef and 50% more protein than tofu – and twice as much protein as raw peas.
Galerinoid (/glossary_terms/1719):
1. Possessing identical or highly similar features to the genus Galerina (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Galerina).
Gamete (/glossary_terms/413):
(Plural = Gametes)
1. In gilled mushrooms the gamete is the basidiospore (or simply put, the spores).
Gas Chromatography (/glossary_terms/414):

1. Gas chromatography (GC), is a common type of chromatography used in analytical chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition.
Typical uses of GC include testing the purity of a particular substance, or separating the different components of a mixture (the relative amounts of such components can also be determined).
Gasteroid (/glossary_terms/415):
1. Gasteroid fungi include species in the genera Geastrum (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Geastrum), Lycoperdon
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Lycoperdon), Bovista (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Bovista), Phallus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Phallus), Mutinus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Mutinus), Clathrus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Clathrus), Lysurus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Lysurus), and Calvatia
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Calvatia). The gasteroid fungi form visibly diverse fruit bodies, but in all cases the spores are formed and reach maturity internally. They
are not discharged forcibly, as in agarics and most other members of the Basidiomycota. Spores are released passively in a variety of different ways in gasteroid fungi. Most gasteroid fungi
are saprotrophic, living on dead plant material, including decaying wood.
2. Gasteroid fungi include puffballs, stinkhorns, and other forms that produce their spores inside the fruiting body. Gasteroid taxa comprise about 8.4% of the Agaricomycetes
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Agaricomycetes) (mushroom-forming fungi) and have evolved numerous times from non-gasteroid ancestors, such as gilled
mushrooms, polypores, and coral fungi, which produce spores on the surface of the fruiting body.
Contrast this term with Secotioid.
Below: Descomyces albellus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Descomyces+albellus)
Gasteromycetation (/glossary_terms/1609):
1. The evolutionary process of transforming from non-gasteroid to gasteroid fungi.
Gasterothecia (/glossary_terms/2249):
1. Exhibiting an enclosed spore forming structure.
Contrast this term with Hymenothecia.
Gastrocarps (/glossary_terms/2289):
(Gastroid, Gasteroid)
Gathering (/glossary_terms/1101):
1. A collection presumed to be of a single taxon made by the same collector(s) at the same time from a single locality.
More: See ICNafp Art. 8.2 footnote and also ICNafp Art. 8 Note 1 at https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/art_8.html (https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/art_8.html)
Gel Electrophoresis (/glossary_terms/2003):

(Agarose Gel Electrophoresis)
1. A lab technique to separate mixtures of mushroom DNA, RNA, or proteins according to molecular size. This is one step among several used during DNA sequencing for genetic
identification of fungi.
More:
https://www.nature.com/... (https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/gel-electrophoresis-286/)
https://wiki.counterculturelabs.org/... (https://wiki.counterculturelabs.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing#Gel_Electrophoresis)
Gelatinized Cells (/glossary_terms/416):

1. (On the cap surface) The cells on the surface of the cap sometimes appear gelatinized, vague, and out of focus. When you are sure that they really aren’t out of focus, you may be looking
at the microscopic evidence of a viscid/slimy or once-viscid cap.
Gelatinous (/glossary_terms/417):
1. Having the nature of or resembling jelly, especially in consistency.
2. Jelly-like.
3. Pertaining to, containing, or consisting of gelatin.
Contrast this term with Subgelatinous.
Gelatinous Separable Pellicle (/glossary_terms/418):

1. Having a clear, gel-like layer on-top of the pileus that can be pinched and carefully separated.
Below: Psilocybe stuntzii (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Psilocybe+stuntzii)
gen. (/glossary_terms/419):
1. Genus.
gen. et nom nov. (/glossary_terms/420):

1. Genus and name new.
gen. et sp. nov. (/glossary_terms/421):

1. Abbreviation for genus et species nova, meaning new genus and species.
gen. nov. (/glossary_terms/422):

(genus novum)
1. New genus.
Genbank (/glossary_terms/1940):
1. GenBank is the National Institutes of Health (NIH) genetic sequence database, an annotated collection of all publicly available DNA sequences (Nucleic Acids Research). GenBank is part
of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration, which comprises the DNA DataBank of Japan (DDBJ), the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA), and GenBank at the
National Center for Biotechnology (NCBI). These three organizations exchange data on a daily basis.
More: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/ (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/)

Gender (/glossary_terms/1084):
(Related Terms: Unisexual, Feminine, Masculine, Neuter, Sexual Identities, Sexes, Sex, Amphithallic, Sex Types, Liminal, Asexual)
Contrast this term with Mating Types.
More: https://www.iapt-taxon.org/... (https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/art_62.html#Art62.3)
Gene (/glossary_terms/423):
1. The basic physical unit of heredity.
2. A linear sequence of nucleotides along a segment of DNA that provides the coded instructions for synthesis of RNA, which, when translated into protein, leads to the expression of
hereditary character.
Gene Cluster (/glossary_terms/1961):

1. A gene cluster is a group of two or more genes found within an organism’s DNA that encode similar polypeptides or proteins, which collectively share a generalized function and are often
located within a few thousand base pairs of each other.
Gene Expression (/glossary_terms/424):

1. The process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.
Gene Genealogy (/glossary_terms/426):

(Genetic Genealogy)
1. Genetic genealogy is the application of genetics to traditional genealogy. Genetic genealogy involves the use of genealogical DNA testing to determine the level of genetic relationship
between individuals.
Gene Locus (/glossary_terms/427):

(Locus)
1. The specific location of a gene or DNA sequence on a chromosome, such as ITS, TEF1, LSU, etc.
Gene Mapping (/glossary_terms/428):

(Genome Mapping)
1. The creation of a genetic map assigning DNA fragments to chromosomes.
Gene Marker (/glossary_terms/429):

1. (Genetic Marker) A genetic marker is a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species.
2. A gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species. It can be described as a variation (which may arise due to mutation or
alteration in the genomic loci) that can be observed. A genetic marker may be a short DNA sequence, such as a sequence surrounding a single base-pair change (single nucleotide
polymorphism, SNP), or a long one, like minisatellites.
Gene Regulation (/glossary_terms/425):

1. Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (proteins or RNA).
Generalist Taxa (/glossary_terms/2008):

(Generalist Species, Generalist Taxon, Generalist Fungi)
1. Fungi which are adaptable to various environmental conditions. This adaptability can also cause confusion during taxonomy. Generalist species are capable of feeding on a wide variety of
substrates and live in multiple environments.
Contrast this term with Specialist Taxa.
Generative Hyphae (/glossary_terms/431):

1. Thin-walled, septate, undifferentiated or sometimes slightly thickened hyphae with continuous protoplast which stains intensely with cotton blue.
Contrast this term with Binding Hyphae.
Generative Mycelium (/glossary_terms/2268):

1. A mycelium that has transitioned from a vegetative state to a state in which mushroom pins (primordia) are now in formation.
Contrast this term with Vegetative Mycelium, Aerial Mycelium, Primary Mycelium, Secondary Mycelium, and Tertiary Mycelium.
Generic Characters (/glossary_terms/1647):

1. Features (taxonomic aspects) seen broadly across the entire genus, or features that are observable in the genus.
2. Taxonomic characters assigned to a genus.
Genet (/glossary_terms/432):
(Synonymous with Clonal Colony)
1. A group of genetically identical individuals, such as plants, fungi, or bacteria, that have grown in a given location, all originating vegetatively, not sexually, from a single ancestor. In fungi,
“individuals” typically refers to the visible fruiting bodies or mushrooms that develop from a common mycelium which, although spread over a large area, is otherwise hidden in the soil.
Genetic Divergence (/glossary_terms/433):

1. The process in which two or more populations of an ancestral species accumulate independent genetic changes (mutations) through time, often after the populations have become
reproductively isolated for some period of time. In some cases, subpopulations living in ecologically distinct peripheral environments can exhibit genetic divergence from the remainder of a
population, especially where the range of a population is very large.
Genetic Map (/glossary_terms/434):

(Gene Map, Genetic Linkage)
1. The tendency of genes that are located proximal to each other on a chromosome to be inherited together during meiosis. Genes whose loci are nearer to each other are less likely to be
separated onto different chromatids during chromosomal crossover, and are therefore said to be genetically linked.
Geniculate (/glossary_terms/468):
1. Bent abruptly similar to a knee joint.
Genome (/glossary_terms/435):
1. In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the entirety of an organism’s hereditary information (the total genetic information of an organism). It is encoded either in DNA or in
RNA. The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA.
Genotype (/glossary_terms/436):
(Plural = Genotypes)
1. The genetic makeup of an organism or group of organisms with reference to a single trait, set of traits, or an entire complex of traits.
2. The sum total of genes transmitted from parent to offspring.
Genus (/glossary_terms/437):
(Generic)
(Plural = Genera or Genuses)
1. A taxonomic category ranking below a family and above species, and generally consisting of a group of species exhibiting similar characteristics. In taxonomic nomenclature the genus
name is used, either alone or followed by a Latin adjective or epithet, to form the name of a species.
2. (Genera) Plural for genus. Two or more genuses. (Pronounced gen-rrr-uh).
Geographical Distribution (/glossary_terms/438):

1. The natural occurrence of an organism in particular areas.
2. The occurrence of an organism in particular areas.
Geomycology (/glossary_terms/2055):
1. The study of the role that fungi have played and are playing in fundamental geological processes.
Geophilic Fungi (/glossary_terms/1481):

1. Fungi that live in the soil. See Nannizzia gypsea (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Nannizzia+gypsea).
Geotropic (/glossary_terms/430):
1. Growing vertically downward under the influence of gravity.
Germ Pore (/glossary_terms/440):

1. A small hole (or pore) in the outer wall of a spore through which the germ tube or hypha exits – upon germination.
2. The germ pore is a thin spot in the wall through which the spore may germinate. This pore may be oblique or centered with respect to the spore axis.
Germ Slit (/glossary_terms/441):
1. If the cell wall of an individual spore is divided from one end to the other, this is called a germ slit (meaning there’s a line travelling from one pore end to another pore end). Alternatively, a
slit does not have to reach the full length of the spore.
Germ Tube (/glossary_terms/442):

1. When a spore begins to create hypha that specific area of the spore releasing hypha is sometimes initially referred to as a germ tube.
Germination (/glossary_terms/439):
1. Germination refers to the emergence of cells from resting spores and the growth of sporeling hyphae or thalli from spores in fungi. With many mushroom species, germination begins in the
dimpled depression on the spore. The process initially looks like a seed sprouting.
Gestalt (/glossary_terms/443):
1. Essence or shape of a mushroom’s complete form.
Gibbous (/glossary_terms/444):
1. Swollen or humped in one area.
2. May refer to nodulose-spored condition of basidiospores.
Contrast this term with Stellate, Nodulose, Strongly Nodulose Spores, and Nodulose-Angular.
Gill Arrangement (/glossary_terms/445):

(Gill Spacing and Gill Lengths)
1. The appearance and order of the gills (i.e. crowded, close, distant, etc.). This includes the possibility of different gill lengths (i.e. lamellae, lamellulae). Gill lengths can be treated in four
categories known as primary (the largest gills), secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
2. Definition and Graphic pending.
Gill Cross Section (/glossary_terms/446):

(Roman Aqueduct Section, Roman-Aqueduct-Reminiscent Section)
1. A gill cross section is a special area of examination removed from a basidiomycete.
Here are the steps to perform a gill cross section:
█ Take a freshly harvested mushroom and gently remove the stem with thumbnail and forefinger.
█ Set the cap down (gill-side down as if taking a spore print) on a piece of clean paper.
█ Using a fresh razor blade, make a thin, top-to-bottom slice and discard this first slice (sometimes you will have to do this two, three, even four times depending on the cap shape so you can
actually get to the gills).
█ Once you see that the gills are perfectly within super-thin-slice reach, make the actual incision to obtain the gill cross section.
█ Lay this gill cross section down flat (on a microscope slide) on its side, mount in 3% KOH, and place a slide cover over it without crushing it and examine under the microscope.
Gill Plane (/glossary_terms/447):
1. This term can be used to describe any flat surface of a gill (section) and there are a few types: Perradial, paracial, and parahymenial. Synonyms and other section types also exist.
Gills (/glossary_terms/449):
(Synonymous with Lamellae)
1. The many blade-like structures attached to the underside of the cap in some mushrooms. Gills produce reproductive spores which generate new hyphae cells.
Glandular Dots (/glossary_terms/451):

1. Glandular dots appear on the stems of some mushrooms. The dots are usually very small and result from clusters of pigmented, inflated cells on the stem surface. Many species have
whitish or pale glandular dots that do not darken and become conspicuous until maturity, or when the mushroom is dried. Glandular dots result from clustered caulocystidia (inflated cells) on
the stem surface.
Glaucescent (/glossary_terms/2348):
(Caerulescent)
1. Becoming bluish-green.
Gleba (/glossary_terms/1428):
(Glebal)
1. A lump, mass, or clump.
2. In Gasteromycetes (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Gasteromycetes) and Tuberales (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Tuberales), the tissue

enclosed within the peridium, composed of tramal plates lined with the hymenium.
Global Warming (/glossary_terms/1386):

1. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines Global Warming as: “The estimated increase in global mean surface temperature (GMST) averaged over a 30-year
period, or the 30-year period centered on a particular year or decade, expressed relative to pre-industrial levels unless otherwise specified. For 30-year periods that span past and future
years, the current multi-decadal warming trend is assumed to continue.”
2. NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration in the U.S.A.) defines Global Warming as: “The unusually rapid increase in Earth’s average surface temperature over the past
century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released by people burning fossil fuels.”
More:
https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/GlobalWarming (https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/GlobalWarming)
https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/summary-for-policy-makers/ (https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/summary-for-policy-makers/)
https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/global-warming (https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/global-warming)
Contrast this term with Climate Change.
Globose (/glossary_terms/452):
(Globular)
1. Having the shape of a globe; globe-like.
2. Spore Q=0.95-1.05
3. Cystidia Q=1.0-1.5.
Globose-Ellipsoid (/glossary_terms/1765):
1. Spores shaped somewhat nearly spherical and somewhat like a squashed sphere (like a rugby union football).
Globose-Rhombi (/glossary_terms/453):
1. Shaped both like a globe and an oblique-angled, equilateral parallelogram.
Globular-Type Pileipellis Cells (/glossary_terms/454):
1. A pileipellis consisting of cells shaped like globes (round).
Gloeocystidium (/glossary_terms/455):
(Plural = Gloeocystidia)
1. Thin-walled cystidia with refractive, frequently granular contents.
2. A cystidia which easily stains with a chemical reagent or has visible or granular contents.
3. An exudative sterile cell with oily or resinous contents.
Gloeohyphae (/glossary_terms/456):
(Gloeohypha, Gloeoplerous)
1. Hyphae which show an oily or granular appearance under the microscope. This appearance is known to be produced due to a high refractive index in the tissue.
Gloeolichen (/glossary_terms/2165):
1. Any lichen with an algal component belonging to the Chroococcales cyanobacteria. These have a mucilaginous capsule (a hyaline gelatinous sheath surrounding the cell of certain yeasts
and bacteria).
Gloeovessels (/glossary_terms/457):
(Gloeo-Vessels)
1. Aseptate hyphae connected to and possessing similar chemical characters as gloeocystidia. Observable in Favolaschia saccharina
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Favolaschia+saccharina) = Favolaschia intermedia (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Favolaschia+intermedia).
2. Vessel-like elements attached to gloeocystidia projected into the trama and staining deep blue in Cresyl Blue.
Glomeromycota (/glossary_terms/1487):
1. The phylum Glomeromycota (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Glomeromycota) currently comprises approximately 150 described species distributed among ten
genera, most of which are defined primarily by spore morphology. Glomeromycota (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Glomeromycota) are essential for terrestrial
ecosystem function. Members of this group are mutualistic symbionts that form arbuscular mycorrhizal associations intracellularly within the roots of the vast majority of herbaceous plants and
tropical trees. This type of symbiosis is termed mutualistic because the fungus and host plant both benefit from this intimate association. The fungal symbiont receives carbohydrates from the
plant in exchange for functioning as an extended root system, thereby dramatically improving mineral uptake by the plant roots.
Glove Box (/glossary_terms/1365):

(Glovebox)
1. A sealed structure used to work with fungi in a more sterile environment. A glove box significantly minimizes the flow of contaminants (i.e. bacteria, other fungi, archaea, and viruses) in the
air and on substrates such as agar. Glove boxes are commonly used by low-budget amateur cultivators instead of a laminar flow hood due to the significantly lower cost of construction. Glove
boxes and flow hoods are often used to combine a substrate with spores or myceliums.
Glucan (/glossary_terms/1467):
(Glucans)
1. Glucans are a class of glucose polymers and include starch ((α1-4)-glucan) and cellulose ((β(1–4)-glucan)). β-glucans occur widely and are structural cell wall components of yeasts, fungi,
algae, lichens, and bacteria.
2. Although Chitin provides the crucial mechanical strength of the fungal cell wall, glucans make up 50–60% of the dry weight of the filamentous fungal cell wall. Approximately 65% – 90% of
the cell wall glucan is β-1,3-glucan. Glucans are the major filamentous components of the cell wall structure that account for more than half of the dry weight of a budding yeast cell wall, and
are required for correct functioning of the cell wall.
More: https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857095749.3.416 (https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857095749.3.416)
Glucose (/glossary_terms/1525):
Glutinous (/glossary_terms/458):
1. Like glue in texture; sticky.
Glutinous Veil Remnants (/glossary_terms/459):

1. Remaining veil material with a glue-like, sticky feature.
Gnomonioid (/glossary_terms/1821):
Golgi Apparatus (/glossary_terms/460):

(Golgi Complex, Golgi Body, The Golgi)
1. An organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Part of the cellular endomembrane system, it packages proteins inside the cell before they are sent to their destination. It is particularly
important in the processing of proteins for secretion.
Grandinioid (/glossary_terms/2332):
1. Exhibiting a granulose (salt-like) to warted hymenial surface.
Graniform (/glossary_terms/461):
1. Shaped like grains of corn.
Granular (/glossary_terms/462):
1. Resembling or consisting of small grains or granules.
2. Resembling sugar granules.
Contrast this term with Furfuraceous, Granulose, Leprose, Pruinose, Pruinose-Puberulous, Pulverulent, and Scurfy.
Granular-Intracellular (/glossary_terms/1879):
(Granular-Intracellular Pileipellis, Granular-Intracellular Pigment)
Granulose (/glossary_terms/463):
1. Pileus or stipe surface is covered with or composed of what resembles minute grains of salt.
Contrast this term with Pruinose and Furfuraceous.
Green Rot (/glossary_terms/1545):

1. A decay of fallen beech, oak, birch, or other deciduous trees in which the wood is colored a malachite green by a cup fungus (Peziza aeruginosa
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Peziza+aeruginosa)).
— From “Green rot.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/green%20rot (https://www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary/green%20rot). Accessed 16 Nov. 2020.
Gregarious (/glossary_terms/464):
1. Growing in a group but not clumped or joined – a bit spaced out.
2. Growing in groups that are close together, but not densely clustered.
2. Growing in close groups in a small area.
Contrast this term with Connate, Subconnate, Subgregarious, Colony, Imbricate, Ring-Like, Numerous, Scattered, Troops, Lines, and Solitary.
Grisettes (/glossary_terms/2169):
1. The ringless Amanita (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Amanita) species (Amanita sect. Vaginatae
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Amanita+sect.+Vaginatae)).
Grooved (/glossary_terms/465):
(Grooves)
1. Spores which have at least two folds which form close enough together to form a thin, deep line-like mid-way area.
2. Stipes or pileus exhibiting nuanced striations (long, narrow lines).
Contrast this term with Costate, Fibrillose-Striate, Furrows, Grooved, Lineolate, Longitudinal Ridges, Longitudinal Striations, Plicate, Radial Furrows, Stria, Striate Margin, Striations,
Group (/glossary_terms/134):
1. All of the related varieties exhibited by a species.
2. A taxonomic group (e.g. “Amanita pantherina group”) can refer to a species, genus, genera, etc. The phrase is usually used as a generalized category in order to further study a species of
fungi that demonstrates a confusing variance in appearance, habitat, or other traits, without assuming the true variance of a species and simply labelling collections with a certain species
name.
3. Oftentimes, in the sense of a Mushroom Observer species group, this is a possible new species requiring further study due to it exhibiting most – but not all – taxonomic characteristics to
the group species name. For example, Marasmius siccus group (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Marasmius+siccus+group) does not necessarily represent Marasmius
siccus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Marasmius+siccus), but may eventually prove to be a “sister species” or a more differentiated species with broader phylogenetic
placement.
Growth Habit (/glossary_terms/1378):

(Habit)
1. This term has been used differently depending on the author and the depth of the publication. Generally speaking, this term describes the general quantity of specimens in a collection, its
visual pattern, and the distance between individual specimens while in Nature. There are several subterms used to fulfill this aspect of a mushroom’s field development, some of which are no
recommended for use due to ambiguity and/or contradiction.
Connate: Growing in clusters, clumps, or tufts. Growing in dense clusters, with the stems fused together or packed right up against one another at the base.
Subconnate: Growing similar to connate but not quite connate.
Gregarious: Growing in a group but not clumped or joined – a bit spaced out. Growing in groups that are close together but not densely clustered.
Colony: A grouping of individual specimens of the same species that live close together.
Subgregarious: More spaced out than gregarious, but nearly gregarious.
Imbricate: Tiled. Partly covering one another like the tiles on a roof.
Ring-Like (Circular Fairy Ring): A naturally occurring ring or circle of mushrooms.
Numerous: This term is not fit for identification or descriptive purposes.
Scattered: Mushrooms form separate and distanced from one another over a single, large area. Individual specimens of the same species are growing one to two feet apart from each
another.
Lines: Growing literally side-by-side and forming a line or multiple lines.
Solitary (Singly): A single specimen growing alone.
Growth Parameters (/glossary_terms/1953):

1. The substrate and environmental conditions needed for a species to grow. This term can initially be broken down into two terms: Outdoor Growth Parameters and Indoor Growth
Parameters. It can then be broken down into stages of growth requirements (spawn run, primordia formation, fruitbody development, and cropping cycle). Parameters can include
requirements for temperature, relative humidity, fresh air exchanges, lighting, pH level, CO2, and the durations of these conditions for each species.
More: Review chapter 21 of Growing Gourmet And Medicinal Mushrooms by Scientist-Mycologist Paul Stamets.
Guaiac (/glossary_terms/466):
(Guaiac Reaction)
1. Macrochemical test prepared with 95% elthyl alcohol satured with gum guaiac and used to test for presence of phenol-oxidase enzymes in mycelium, and field color tests on basidiocarps.
Some mycologists use a saturated solution of gum guaiacum in 70% ethanol. Chemical testing with guaiac tincture is one of the key characters for identification of fresh Entoloma
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Entoloma) species associated with rosaceous plants.
More: https://mushroomobserver.org/image/show_image/421335?obs=165509 (https://mushroomobserver.org/image/show_image/421335?obs=165509)
Search: “Guiac” on https://www.britmycolsoc.org.uk/... (https://www.britmycolsoc.org.uk/field_mycology/microscopy/reagents)
Gully (/glossary_terms/1379):
(Gullies)
1. A naturally made trench-like channel developed by running water and through which water often runs after rainfall. This is a term used often to describe the channels on a mountain through
which rainfall gathers and travels downward.
Guttation (/glossary_terms/1846):
(Guttation Droplets, Guttulate, Guttule, Guttulose, Guttula, Beaded)
1. Bead-like drops of water and/or other chemicals forming on typically the pileus and/or stipe surface. Sometimes these drops will also be seen on the gills or pores.
2. The active exudation of water and dissolved substances, without tissue injury.
More: https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/11/9/1270/htm (https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/11/9/1270/htm)
Guttiform (/glossary_terms/467):
1. Having the shape of a drop.
2. Drop-like in form.
Guttule (/glossary_terms/469):
(Guttules, Guttulate)
1. A droplet-like component found in some spores.
2. Containing one or several oil droplets inside a cell. This is usually referring to the cell lumina of a non-septate spore.
Contrast this term with Magniguttate.
Gymnocarpic (/glossary_terms/1849):
1. The hymenium simply grows out of the top of the stem, being naked at first appearance, and developing to maturity exposed to the elements on the fruit body surface.
Gymnocarpous (/glossary_terms/470):
1. Having the hymenium uncovered on the surface of the thallus or fruiting body.
Gymnocarpy (/glossary_terms/471):
1. A type of development of the basidiocarp in which the hymenium is exposed from initiation until maturity.
Gymnopiloid (/glossary_terms/1723):
1. A taxon or taxa resembling the genus Gymnopilus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Gymnopilus).
Habitat (/glossary_terms/472):
(Habitats, Biotope, Biotopes, Biogeography, Biogeographical)
1. A habitat is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of animal, plant, or other type of organism. It is the natural environment in which an organism lives,
or the physical environment that surrounds (influences and is utilized by) a species population.
Habitus (/glossary_terms/1663):
1. This term has been implemented differently in mycology and biology, depending on the author and even the era of the publication. It is a Latin word – not an English word. In Latin it does
indeed translate to “Habit,” but its use varies. Generally, it is used to reference the external appearance, characteristics, or manner of growth.
2. Habitus refers to the characteristic form or the morphology of a species.
Contrast this term with Growth Habit, Habitat, and Stature Types.
Hair (/glossary_terms/473):
(Hairs)
(Sometimes synonymous with Pilocystidium, but not Pileocystidium, depending on the author)
1. Fibrils or mycelial strands resembling hairs.
2. A erect, upright cellular formation appearing hair-like on the surface of a fruiting body. These may be observed macroscopically and/or microscopically.
Contrast this term with Canescence, Felty, Fibrillose, Fibrils, Fimbriate, Floccose-Scaly, Flocosse, Flocculose, Glabrous, Hirsute, Hispid, Hoary, Indumentum, Matted, Puberulous, Pubescent
Hallucinogenic (/glossary_terms/474):
(Hallucinogen, Hallucinate, Neurohallucinogen, Neurohallucinogenic)
1. Producing hallucinations in a person with their eyes open and/or closed.
2. A substance that is a hallucinogen (causing visual alterations).
3. Hallucinogens are a general group of pharmacological agents that can be divided into three broad categories: Psychedelics, dissociatives, and deliriants. These classes of psychoactive
drugs have in common that they can cause subjective changes in perception, thought, emotion and consciousness. Unlike other psychoactive drugs, such as stimulants and opioids, these
drugs do not merely amplify familiar states of mind, but rather induce experiences that are qualitatively different from those of ordinary consciousness. These experiences are often compared
to non-ordinary forms of consciousness such as trance, meditation, dreams, or insanity. Note that some prefer the terms “neurotropic” or “mind-manifesting” instead of hallucinogenic to more
accurately define the spectrum of causative effects of certain fungi (i.e. species in the genus Psilocybe (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Psilocybe), etc).
4. A substance that causes profound visual and audio perception differences upon consumption, or during “cold turkey” abstinence following an addictive consumption cycle (such as the
immediate dis-continuation of combined, multiple stimulants like Amphetamine, Ritalin, Adderall, Ice, Cocaine, Crack, Meth, etc.).
Hallucinogenic Mushrooms (/glossary_terms/475):

1. The name commonly given to psychoactive fungi, containing hallucinogenic compounds, most commonly psilocybin and psilocin. At low doses, hallucinogenic drugs have as their primary
effects perceptual distortions and alterations of thought, or mood, with the presence of lucid awareness and minimal effects on memory and orientation. In high doses, profound and life-
altering hallucinations can occur, both visually and auditorily. Some people experience spirtual encounters of a wide spectrum, with some people describing the experience as profound and
one of the few most important experiences of their lives. Note that some prefer the term “neurotropic” instead of hallucinogenic to more accurately define the causative effects of certain fungi
(i.e. species in the genus Psilocybe (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Psilocybe), etc).
Halocystidium (/glossary_terms/476):
(Halocystidia)
1. Thin-walled capitate hymenocystidium, capitate apex surrounded by with large oil drop, sometimes reported to be contained within a cellular structure.
Hand Lens (/glossary_terms/477):

1. A hand-held magnfication system similar to a magnifying glass, but oftentimes capable of multiple magnfications and smaller. This device can be used before and during the sectioning
process when preparing a slide for microscopy. It can also be used to assist in the study of tissue areas of both basidiocarps and myceliums while in the field to. In this regard, it can be used
to study color and patterns more closely.
Haploid (/glossary_terms/478):
1. Haploid is the term used when a cell has only one set of chromosomes (ie half or 50 percent of the needed chromosome data). A normal eukaryote organism is composed of diploid cells,
one set of chromosomes from each parent (versus haploid which implies the need for two cells, each with 50 percent of the chromosome data necessary to be “whole,” to merge together in
order to contain a complete set of chromosome information.
Contrast this term with Mating Types.
Haploid Nucleus (/glossary_terms/479):

1. A nucleus possessing only half the normal somatic number of chromosomes.
Haptonema (/glossary_terms/300):
1. A filamentous appendage that is typically coiled. It consists of a plasma membrane, a sheath of endoplasmic reticulum, and a core of microtubules anchored near the kinetosome.
Hartig Net (/glossary_terms/518):

1. The intercellular hyphal network formed by an ectomycorrhizal fungus in the surface layers of a root; the effective interface between the symboints.
Haustorium (/glossary_terms/480):
(Haustoria)
1. The appendage or portion of a parasitic fungus (the hyphal tip) or of the root of a parasitic plant (such as the broomrape family or mistletoe) that penetrates the host’s tissue and draws
nutrients from it. Haustoria do not penetrate the host’s cell membranes. Fungi in all major divisions form haustoria. Haustoria take several forms. Generally, on penetration, the fungus
increases the surface area in contact with host plasma membrane releasing enzymes that break down the cell wall, enabling greater potential movement of organic carbon from host to
fungus. Thus, an insect hosting a parasitic fungus such as Cordyceps (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Cordyceps) may look as though it is being “eaten from the inside
out” as the haustoria expand inside of it.
Hebelomatoid (/glossary_terms/2248):
1. A stature form resembling taxa in the genus Hebeloma (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Hebeloma).
2. Resembling or identical to the genus Heboloma (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Heboloma).
Hegemonic (/glossary_terms/481):
(Spermatic)
1. An aroma arising from the sporocarp that is decidedly similar to that of human seed (semen).
Heliotropes (/glossary_terms/482):
(Heliotropic, Heliotropism)
1. Sun-lovers.
2. Growing towards the direction of the sun or light. Some – not many – mushrooms are heliotropic.
Hemiangiocarpus (/glossary_terms/483):
(Hemiangiocarpous, Hemi-Angiocarpous, Hemiangiocarpic)
1. Initially with an enclosed development of the sporocarp, but opening before maturity.
Hemicellulose (/glossary_terms/484):
1. Any of several heteropolymers (matrix polysaccharides) such as arabinoxylans, present along with cellulose in almost all plant cell walls.
Hemihomonym (/glossary_terms/1635):
(Hemihomonymy)
1. A scientific name of an organism in a kingdom that is also used for a different taxon in a different kingdom subject to a different code of nomenclature.
Hemispherical (/glossary_terms/485):
(Hemispheric)
1. Pileus with shape of half a sphere.
Hemocytometer (/glossary_terms/486):
1. The hemocytometer is a device used to count cells.
Hemyamyloid (/glossary_terms/487):
1. A hemyamyloid reaction is a red reaction with Lugol’s reagent.
Herbarium (/glossary_terms/1363):
1. A systematically arranged place for the collection of dried fungi and plants.
2. A room or office formally storing collections of dried plants.
3. A lidded wicker basket, cabinet, or another personal receptacle in which dried plants and fungi are kept.
Heterodiametric-Elliptic (/glossary_terms/1691):
Heterodiametric-Ovate (/glossary_terms/1690):
Heterodiametrical (/glossary_terms/1689):
(Heterodiametric)
Heterogeneity (/glossary_terms/489):
1. Consisting of dissimilar elements or parts.
2. Not homogeneous.
Heterogeneous (/glossary_terms/2110):
1. A selection of individuals that are different from one another in a number of significant respects.
2. Lamellae edges composed of cystidia and basidia.
Heterogenous (/glossary_terms/488):
1. Consisting of dissimilar elements or parts.
2. Not homogeneous.
3. Not of the same kind or type.
Heterokaryotic (/glossary_terms/490):
1. Cells where two or more genetically different nuclei share one common cytoplasm.
Heteromerous (/glossary_terms/491):
1. Trama found in the Russulaceae (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Russulaceae). Tissue consisting of hyphae and “nests” of spherocysts.
Heteromerous Trama (/glossary_terms/492):

1. Contains rounded elements called sphaerocysts as well as filamentous hyphae.
Heteromorphus (/glossary_terms/493):
(Heteromorphic, Heteromorphy)
1. Exhibiting nuanced forms in different stages within the life cycle.
2. Differing in size or structure from what is considered normal.
3. A type of gill edge in which the cheilocystidia have different shapes and sizes than the pleurocystidia.
Heterothallic (/glossary_terms/494):
1. Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals. The term is applied particularly to distinguish heterothallic fungi, which require two compatible partners to produce
sexual spores, from homothallic (/glossary/show_glossary_term/520) ones, which are capable of sexual reproduction from a single organism.
More: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterothallism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterothallism)
Heterotroph (/glossary_terms/495):
1. An organism that consumes other organisms in a food chain.
2. Fungi do not use the sun to feed themselves (like plants). Nor do they take in CO2 like plants do. Instead, they feed on organic materials (wood chips, soil, etc) and process these materials
for food and energy. A heterotroph is an organism that is unable to synthesize its own organic carbon-based compounds from inorganic sources, hence, feeds on organic matter produced by,
or available in, other organisms. All gilled mushrooms (and all fungi currently described) are heterotrophs.
Contrast this term with Autotroph.
Heterotrophic Spore (/glossary_terms/496):

(Heterotropic Spore, Heterotrophic Spores)
1. A spore which is borne obliquely on the sterigma. This type of attachment facilitates spore discharge. The spore is asymmetrical.
Heterotypic Synonym (/glossary_terms/92):

(Taxonomic Synonym, Facultative Synonym)
1. Facultative synonym = Taxonomic synonym = Heterotypic synonym. These names are based on different type specimens, and therefore the synonymy is a matter of taxonomic opinion.
2. A synonym that comes into being when a taxon is reduced in status (“reduced to synonymy”) and becomes part of a different taxon.
Contrast this term with Homotypic Synonym, Obligate Synonym, and Synonym.
Heterozygous (/glossary_terms/497):
1. Having the two alleles at corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes different for one or more loci.
Contrast this term with Homozygous.
Hexagonal (/glossary_terms/498):
1. Having six sides.
2. Spores that have six angles.
Hexagonal Pores (/glossary_terms/1818):

1. Poroid fungi exhibiting 6-sided pore openings. Note that this taxonomic character is rather unstable. Some poroid fungi exhibit pores with multiple forms upon close examination.
Contrast this term with Subcircular Pores, Circular Pores, Angular Pores, Radially Arranged Pores, and Stuffed Pores.
HI (/glossary_terms/499):
1. PAUP Homoplasy Index (HI).
Hilar Appendage (/glossary_terms/501):
(Hilar Appendix)
1. Reference to spores that have a short extension/part at the basal end of the spore, by which it was attached to sterigma. The hilar appendix is the specialized part of the adaxial wall of the
spore which is the site of formation of the liquid or gaseous droplet associated with extremely violent spore discharge.
Contrast this term with Buller’s Drop.
Hilar Spot (/glossary_terms/503):

(Plage, Suprahilar Depression)
1. A small depression found near the hilar appendix.
Hilum (/glossary_terms/500):
(Plural = Hila)
1. A scar on spore created by detachment. There are two types of hilum: Nodulose and Open-pore. The features of these types is best seen using a SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) at a
college or university.
2. The actual spore surface that makes contact with the sterigmata.
Hirsute (/glossary_terms/17):
1. Pileus or stipe covered with hairs that are rather long and course. More course than pubescent and less course than hispid.
Contrast this term with Canescence, Echinate, Echinulate, Felty, Fibrillose, Fibrillose-Floccose, Fibrils, Fimbriate, Flocosse, Floccose-Scaly, Flocculose, Glabrous, Hair, Hispid, Hispid-
Squarrose, Hoary, Indumentum, Matted, Pruinose, Puberulous, Pubescent, Radial Scales, Scales, Scrupose, Scrupose-Squamulose, Sericious, Setose, Setulose, Shaggy, Spicules, Spines,
Squamose, Squamules, Squamulose, Squarrose, Squarrulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
Hispid (/glossary_terms/505):
1. Pileus or stipe surface covered with hairs (or bristles) that are long or short, erect, and stiff.
2. The surface “hairs” retain a bit of flexibility.
Contrast this term with Canescence, Echinate, Echinulate, Felty, Fibrillose, Fibrillose-Floccose, Fibrils, Fimbriate, Flocosse, Floccose-Scaly, Flocculose, Glabrous, Hair, Hirsute, Hispid-
Squarrose, Hoary, Indumentum, Matted, Pruinose, Puberulous, Pubescent, Radial Scales, Scales, Scrupose, Scrupose-Squamulose, Sericious, Setose, Setulose, Shaggy, Spicules, Spines,
Squamose, Squamules, Squamulose, Squarrose, Squarrulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
Hispid-Squarrose (/glossary_terms/506):
1. Exhibiting stiff, erect scales.
Contrast this term with Canescence, Echinate, Echinulate, Felty, Fibrillose, Fibrillose-Floccose, Fibrils, Fimbriate, Flocosse, Floccose-Scaly, Flocculose, Glabrous, Hair, Hirsute, Hispid,
Hoary, Indumentum, Matted, Pruinose, Puberulous, Pubescent, Radial Scales, Scales, Scrupose, Scrupose-Squamulose, Sericious, Setose, Setulose, Shaggy, Spicules, Spines, Squamose,
Hispidulous (/glossary_terms/507):
1. Minutely hispid.
Hispid-Squarrose, Hoary, Indumentum, Matted, Pruinose, Puberulous, Pubescent, Radial Scales, Scales, Scrupose, Scrupose-Squamulose, Sericious, Setose, Setulose, Shaggy, Spicules,
Spines, Squamose, Squamules, Squamulose, Squarrose, Squarrulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
Histology (/glossary_terms/508):
1. The study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of fungi, plants, and animals.
Hoary (/glossary_terms/2191):
1. Covered thickly with silk-like hairs.
Contrast this term with Canescence, Felty, Fibrillose, Fibrils, Fimbriate, Floccose-Scaly, Flocosse, Flocculose, Glabrous, Hair, Hirsute, Hispid, Indumentum, Matted, Puberulous, Pubescent,
Holobasidium (/glossary_terms/510):
1. A single-celled basidium which is typical in most gilled mushrooms.
Holomorph (/glossary_terms/511):
(Holomorhic, Holomorphs)
1. The whole fungus, including anamorphs and teleomorph.
2. Characterized both by sexual and asexual reproductive states.
Holomorphic (/glossary_terms/2072):
1. Producing both a teleomorph and an anamorph.
Holotype (/glossary_terms/54):
1. The one specimen or illustration indicated as the nomenclatural type by the author(s) of a name of a new species or infraspecific taxon or, when no type was indicated, used by the
author(s) when preparing the account of the new taxon.
Holotype Locality (/glossary_terms/512):

1. The area of origin from which the holotype (representative collection) was found and collected.
Homoiomerous (/glossary_terms/514):
1. Composed of a single kind of hyphae strand, applied to the hymenophoral trama and typical of most agarics except the Russulaceae
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Russulaceae).
Homoiomerous Trama (/glossary_terms/515):

1. Trama with cells that form filamentous hyphae.
Homokaryon (/glossary_terms/516):
(Homokaryotic)
1. A hyphal cell, mycelium, organism, or spore in which all the nuclei are genetically identical. Genetically identical multiple nuclei in a common cytoplasm, usually resulting from fusion of two
cells from the same species.
Homology (/glossary_terms/517):
(Homologies, Homologous)
1. Homology is the relationship of two taxonomic characters that have descended, usually with divergence, from a common ancestral character. Two characters either share or do not share a
common ancestor. This all-or-nothingness is a fundamental fact about homology.
More: https://www.sciencedirect.com/... (https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/plesiomorphy)
Homomorphus (/glossary_terms/519):
1. A gill in which the hymenium lining face is the same as the margin lining.
Homonym (/glossary_terms/55):
1. A name spelled exactly like another name published for a taxon at the same rank based on a different type.
2. A name spelled exactly like an earlier valid name (regardless of whether this is legitimate or illegitimate), or confusingly closely spelled. You can and should use MycoBank or Index
Fungorum to check for earlier potential fungal homonyms. Also check Index Of Fungi, Index Kewensis, and other sources via the International Plant Names Index or Tropicos or AlgaeBase
for many botanical names. Check Index Nominum Genericorum to ensure the generic name in which you are publishing your species, is uniquely fungal. If there are other valid ‘botanical’
homonyms at the generic rank, consider that there is the potential for you to create a later homonym at the species rank to a species in that other genus. You should check Genbank and also
the internet in general for any such uses regardless of whether they are valid or legitimate.
Note1: Homonyms do not compete, but later ones are illegitimate. “Competing” homonym is not an ideal choice of term. “Earlier homonym” is the standard term used in the ICNafp Code.
This is what Index Fungorum means in the circumstance a name says “Competing Homonoym.”
Note2: See also the Glossary Of The Shenzhen Code: https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/glossary.html (https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/glossary.html)
Homoplasious Characters (/glossary_terms/521):

1. Characters that have converged to seem similar.
Homoplastic (/glossary_terms/522):
(Homoplasy)
1. Similar in form and structure, but not in origin.
2. Of, relating to, or derived from another individual of the same species.
3. Of, or relating to the transplantation of tissue between individuals of the same species.
4. Correspondence in form or structure, owing to a similar environment.
5. (Of a tissue graft) derived from an individual of the same species as the recipient.
Homoplastic Morphological Characters (/glossary_terms/523):

1. Characters similar in appearance, but have actually evolved from different ancestors. Homoplastic characters can distort patterns of relationship indicated by homologous characters
because they are often in conflict with them. Octopus eyes and human eyes are homoplastic in that they develop very differently and have evolved independently in two remotely related
groups of animals.
Homothallic (/glossary_terms/520):
1. Homothallic refers to the possession, within a single organism, of the resources to reproduce sexually. Having male and female reproductive structures on the same thallus. The opposite
sexual functions are performed by different cells of a single mycelium. It is often used to categorize fungi. In yeast, heterothallic cells have mating types a and α. An experienced mother cell
(one that has divided at least once) will switch mating type every cell division cycle because of the HO allele.
Contrast this term with Heterothallic (/glossary/show_glossary_term/494).
More: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homothallism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homothallism)
Homotopotype (/glossary_terms/1634):
1. A specimen from the original locality of a species, but not identified by the original author of the species.
Homotype (/glossary_terms/1633):
(Homeotype, Homoeotype, Homoiotype, Homeotypical)
1. Any specimen that has been directly compared with the holotype by someone other than the original author who is recognized as an authority on the group of organisms concerned and
considered to belong to the same species or subspecies.
Homotypic Synonym (/glossary_terms/1632):

(Nomenclatural Synonym, Absolute Synonym)
1. A name based on the same type as that of another name (Art. 14.4); indicated by the symbol “≡” in the Appendices of the Code.
Contrast this term with Heterotypic Synonym, Obligate Synonym, and Synonym.
Homozygous (/glossary_terms/524):
1. Having the two genes at corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes identical for one or more loci.
Contrast this term with Heterozygous (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Heterozygous).
Hooks (/glossary_terms/76):
1. The off-shooting, crown-like tips located at the apex of some cystidia cells seen in species of Pluteus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Pluteus).
Hormone (/glossary_terms/525):
1. A chemical released by a cell or a gland in one part of the body that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism. Only a small amount of a hormone is required to
alter cell metabolism. In essence, it is a chemical messenger that transports a signal from one cell to another.
Horns (/glossary_terms/526):
(Apical Projections, Horned)
1. Found on the heads of cystidia of some Pluteus species. Together these horns form an area shaped similar to a crown.
Host (/glossary_terms/1333):
1. Living organism from which a parasite obtains its nourishment.
2. The species of plant, animal, or fungus that a fungus is using as its primary food source and habitation in order to stay alive.
3. A host is an organism that has become the growth substrate of a parasitic, mutual, or a commensal symbiont, typically providing both nourishment and shelter.
Note: Dung, decaying wood chips, decaying leaf & litter, and other materials are also host-substrata to fungi.
Hulle Cells (/glossary_terms/1478):

2. Thick-walled cells with characteristic thin-walled pores, usually associated with cleistothecia of Aspergillus.
Human Fungal Microbiome (/glossary_terms/1453):
(Fungal Microbiota, Mycobiome)
More:
DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_117
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2013.04.002
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-017-0373-4 (https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-017-0373-4)
Human Microbiota (/glossary_terms/1503):

2. The human microbiota consists of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi that build a highly complex network of interactions between each other and the host. Interestingly, fungal and
bacterial abundance in the gut appear to be negatively correlated, and disruption of the bacterial microbiota is a prerequisite for fungal overgrowth.
More: DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_117
Humicolous (/glossary_terms/1400):
1. Growing from humus.
Humus (/glossary_terms/527):
1. In soil science, humus refers to any organic matter that has reached a point of stability, where it will break down no further and might, if conditions do not change, remain as it is for
centuries, if not millennia.
2. The organic component of soil formed by the decomposition of leaves, additional plant material, and animal products broken down by soil microorganisms.
Hyaline (/glossary_terms/528):
1. Clear and uncolored as seen under the microscope.
Hyaline Apical Oil Drop (/glossary_terms/529):

1. A clear (uncolored) drop at the top of a cell (usually in reference to a cystidia cell) that contains oil(s). See the description for Psilocybe neocaledonica
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Psilocybe+neocaledonica).
Hyaline Drop (/glossary_terms/530):

1. Some cystidia, especially when viewed in a fresh and natural state, possess a round and clear circle at the apex.
Hyaline Hyphae (/glossary_terms/531):

1. Hyphae cells which are without color.
2. Clear hyphae.
Hybrid Speciation (/glossary_terms/1052):

1. Hybrid speciation is a form of speciation where hybridization between two different species leads to a new species, reproductively isolated from the parent species.
More: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_speciation (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_speciation)
Hybridization (/glossary_terms/1463):
(Hybrid, Natural Hybridization)
1. Mating between genetically different populations or taxa, resulting in gene flow between them. This can occur naturally or in lab studies.
2. Inter‐species hybrids result from the crossing of two diverged species. Hybrids are thus chimeric organisms that carry material from two differentiated genomes and may display a range of
properties present in either of the two parent lineages, as well as novel, emerging phenotypes that differentiate them from both of their parents.
Hydric (/glossary_terms/1862):
1. Environment with plenty of moisture; very wet.
Contrast this term with Xeric and Mesic.
Hygrometric (/glossary_terms/504):
1. Readily absorbing water (H2O).
Hygrophanous (/glossary_terms/532):
(Hygrophanic)
1. Hygrophanous refers to the color change of mushroom tissue (especially the pileus surface) as it loses H2O, which causes the pileipellis to become lighter in color as it dries.
Hygrophilous (/glossary_terms/2031):
1. Fungi growing in damp conditions.
Hygrophoroid (/glossary_terms/1710):
1. Waxy caps; thick waxy caps.
Hygroscopic (/glossary_terms/533):
(Hygroscopicity)
1. Readily absorbing moisture, as from the atmosphere.
Hymenial Cystidium (/glossary_terms/534):

(Hymenial Cystidia)
1. Cystidium found in the hymenium.
Hymenial Elements (/glossary_terms/535):

1. Any cellular or sub-cellular elements found on or within the hymenium.
Hymenial Surface (/glossary_terms/536):

1. The surface of a mushroom gill where the spores and basidia can be seen.
Hymeniderm (/glossary_terms/537):
1. A conical layer composed of hymenium-like units.
2. A derm made up of non-septate elements originating at the same level and which transition between hymeniderm and epithelium.
3. A single-layered pileipellis.
4. With reference to the cortical layer, the cells are clavate and in a single layer.
Hymeniderm Pileipellis (/glossary_terms/538):

1. The outer layer of the pileus consisting of hyphae tips.
2. A derm made up of non-septate elements origining at the same level.
Contrast this term with Epithelioid Hymeniderm and Transition Between Hymeniderm And Epithelium.
Hymeniform Layer (/glossary_terms/539):

1. A layer of narrowly clavate cells.
2. Resembling a hymeniderm.
3. A hymeniform pileipellis is one in which the hyphae are club-shaped and arise perpendicular to the cap surface. The hyphae are inflated and resemble immature basidia.
Hymeniform Surface (/glossary_terms/540):

1. The spore-bearing surface of a gill.
2. The surface of a gill.
Hymenium (/glossary_terms/108):
(Plural = Hymenia or Hymeniums)
1. The spore-bearing surface of a mushroom is called the hymenium. It’s a specialized layer of cells made up of basidia and their spores, as well as cystidia and “other cells.” The gills
constitute the hymenium of gilled mushrooms.
Hymenocarpous (/glossary_terms/541):
1. A fruit body with a spore-bearing surface.
Hymenocystidium (/glossary_terms/542):
(Plural = Hymenocystidia, Hyménocystides)
1. Any type of cystidia found on the spore-bearing surface of a mushroom. This is in contrast with cystidia found on the stipe or pileus.
Hymenophoral Trama (/glossary_terms/545):

(Gill Trama, Lamellar Trama, Hymenophoral Trama Proper)
1. The inside central tissue pattern of a gill.
2. Located below the hymenium and subhymenium in a gill. It consists of hyphae which project downwards from the pileus. The way in which these hyphae are arranged is helpful in
identification.
Contrast this term with Subhymenium.
Hymenophore (/glossary_terms/547):
1. Literally means to bear the hymenium.
Hymenopodium (/glossary_terms/548):
1. Tissue beneath the hymenium in certain fungi.
Hymenothecia (/glossary_terms/1832):
(Hymenothecial)
1. Exhibiting an exposed hymenium, rather than enclosed.
Contrast this term with Gasterothecia.
Hypermycoparasitism (/glossary_terms/2339):
(Hypermycoparasites, Hyperparasites, Hypermycoparasitism, Hyperparasitism)
1. A fungal parasite that only parasitizes another fungal parasite like a secondary infection.
Contrast this term with Mycoparasitism.
More: https://www.researchgate.net/... (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6319234_Evidence_of_mycoparasitism_and_hypermycoparasitism_in_Early_Cretaceous_amber)

Hypha (/glossary_terms/549):
(Hyphal, Plural = Hyphae) (Pronounced Hi-fuh and Highf-ay)
1. A long, branching filamentous cell structure. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium.
2. The tubular-shaped filament of a fungal mycelium. Hyphae are the the main cellular structure of fungi.
Hyphal Coils (/glossary_terms/550):

(Coiled Hyphae, Coiling Hyphae, Coiled Mycelium, Hyphal Coiling)
1. Definition and Image Pending.
2. A hypha that forms a loop within a root cell.
Hyphal Fusion (/glossary_terms/1516):

(Anastomosis, Plural = Anastomoses)
1. Interconnections between cell compartments in two adjacent fungal hyphae.
2. Many hyphal fusions form in a mycelium as it matures, converting the hyphal mat into an interconnected colonial network.
3. Hyphal tips may fuse with each other, or a tip may fuse with the side of a neighbouring hypha (tip-to-side fusion). Fusions can also occur between the germ tubes of nearby spores as they
germinate.
More:
http://www.davidmoore.org.uk/... (http://www.davidmoore.org.uk/21st_Century_Guidebook_to_Fungi_PLATINUM/Ch05_17.htm)
https://mushroomobserver.org/species_list/show_species_list/401 (https://mushroomobserver.org/species_list/show_species_list/401)
Hyphal Knots (/glossary_terms/551):

1. Pre-primordial growth stage of mushrooms in which two hyphal mating types enjoin and form a more dense, robust, and round mass which precedes the mushroom fruitbody form.
Hyphal Pegs (/glossary_terms/552):

1. Consisting of thick-walled more-or-less interwoven hymenial hyphae pushing up between basidia. Sometimes a single, very narrow, thick-walled, sub-acute hypha consitutes the peg.
Hyphal Tip (/glossary_terms/553):

(Hyphal Tips)
1. The rounded area at the end of a hypha cell.
Hyphal Walls (/glossary_terms/554):

1. The cell walls of hyphae cells.
Hyphens (/glossary_terms/1571):
Hyphidium (/glossary_terms/1572):
(Hyphidia)
1. Hyphidia are modified terminal hyphae in the hymenium. Examples of hyphidia forms include dichohyphidia, dendrohyphidia, asterohyphidia, and acanthohyphidia.
Contrast this term with Asterohyphidium, Dendrohyphidium, Dichohyphidium, and Acanthohyphidium.
Hyphoids (/glossary_terms/555):
(Hyphidia)
1. Versiform cystidia usually devoid of contents, thin or thick-walled, and frequently so intricately branched so that the shape of the cystidium is complex. Forms of hyphoids include
Asterophysis, Dendrophysis, Acanthophysis, and Dichophysis.
Hyphomycete (/glossary_terms/2092):
(Hyphomycetes)
1. Conidial anamorphs which are mostly ascomycetous with some basidiomycetous producing exposed conidiophores, not enclosed in any protective structure (cf. Coelomycetes
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Coelomycetes)), and usually liberating conidia in large numbers.
Hypoderm (/glossary_terms/556):
1. A differentiated region just below the pileipellis or stipitipellis, in most instances the same as the subpellis.
Hypodermium (/glossary_terms/557):
1. The layer of tissue directly under the pileipellis.
Hypogeal (/glossary_terms/558):
(Hypogean, Hypogeic, Subterranean, Hypogeous)
1. An organism’s activity below the soil surface.
2. Occurring or living below the surface of the ground.
3. Soil fungi producing macroscopic fruit‐bodies partially or completely in soil or humus.

Hypolithic (/glossary_terms/2456):
1. Growing under a rock.
Hyponym (/glossary_terms/2455):
1. A species or subspecies name that is undetermined or undeterminable because there is no published description, or because it is unidentifiable using diagnostic characters, reference to a
type specimen, or reference to a figure.
2. A genus or subgenus name that is undetermined or undeterminable because the type species is not designated or identified.
Hypothallus (/glossary_terms/1979):
1. In lichens the hypothallus is an algal-free mat of hyphae extending beyond the margin of the regular thallus.
Hypothecium (/glossary_terms/1444):
1. The tissue just below the hymenium (and subhymenium) but above the exciple.
IBC (/glossary_terms/559):
(International Botanical Congress)
1. An international meeting of botanists in all scientific fields, authorized by the International Association of Botanical and Mycological Societies (IABMS) and held every six years, with the
location rotating between different continents. The current numbering system for the congresses starts from the year 1900. The IBC has the power to alter the ICNafp (International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants).
Ibotenic Acid (/glossary_terms/1434):

1. Ibotenic Acid is the principal toxin found in many mushroom species. Cells metabolize this product to another active derivative chemical called Muscimol. Both of these toxins act as
excitatory amino acids by mimicking the natural transmitters, glutamic acid and aspartic acid, on neurons in the central nervous system. These toxins may also cause selective death of
neurons sensitive to these excitatory amino acids. Ibotenic Acid is a potent glutamate agonist, which has been used to potentiate anesthesia, and to inhibit tremor and emesis. It has also
been used to suppress enzymatic activities. When injected into rat brain, it was shown to suppress choline acetyltransferase activity. Seven days after injection, enzyme levels had decreased
60%; after 3 months activity had returned to normal. It is also reported to be an insecticidal agent.
ICNafp (/glossary_terms/85):
(ICN, ICNafp Code, the Code, ICBN)
1. Abbreviation for International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. This code aims at the provision of a stable method of (1) naming taxonomic groups, (2) avoiding and
rejecting the use of names that may cause error or ambiguity, (3) and ceasing the means to throw science into confusion. Next in importance is the avoidance of the useless creation of
names. Other considerations, such as absolute grammatical correctness, regularity or euphony of names, more or less prevailing custom, regard for persons, etc., notwithstanding their
undeniable importance, are relatively accessory. The object of the rules is to put the nomenclature of the past into order and to provide for that of the future; names contrary to a rule cannot
be maintained.
More: https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/preamble.html (https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/preamble.html)
Iconotype (/glossary_terms/2013):
(Iconotypes)
1. Photograph(s) of a type specimen(s).
ICTF (/glossary_terms/110):
1. Abbreviation for International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi. The mission of the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi is to promote the science of fungal taxonomy,
both by facilitating the development of high scientific standards among practising taxonomists, and by providing information to people who need to access or interpret taxonomic information
on fungal taxonomy.
More: https://www.fungaltaxonomy.org/ (https://www.fungaltaxonomy.org/)
Identifier (/glossary_terms/562):
1. The name, number, or individual(s) corresponding with a specific collection held in an herbarium or a fungarium.
Illegitimate Name (/glossary_terms/68):

(Impriorable Name)
1. A validly published name that is not in accordance with specified rules (ICNafp Art. 6.4), principally those on superfluity (Art. 52) and homonymy (Art. 53 and 54).
Contrast this term with Legitimate Name.
IMA (/glossary_terms/2141):
1. Abbreviation for International Mycological Association, an organization which represents the interests of over 30,000 mycologists worldwide.
More: http://www.ima-mycology.org/ (http://www.ima-mycology.org/)
Imbricate (/glossary_terms/563):
1. Basidiocarps growing directly above one another.
2. Growing bracket-like in multiple tiers.
3. A surface with a texture of over-lapping (or almost over-lapping) layers of hyphal tissue.
Contrast this term with Connate, Subconnate, Gregarious, Subgregarious, Ring-Like, Numerous, Scattered, Troops, Lines, and Solitary.
Imbricate Scales (/glossary_terms/2380):
(Imbricate-Scaly, Imbricate Scaly, Tiled Scales, Scaly-Imbricate)
1. Appressed squamules sometimes overlapping with one another on the pileus and/or stipe surface(s).
IMC (/glossary_terms/2057):
1. Abbreviation for International Mycological Congress. This organization is also known as “Chapter F” and plays a role similar to the International Botanical Congress (IBC) which can
propose changes to the ICNafp Code.
More: https://imafungus.biomedcentral.com/... (https://imafungus.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s43008-021-00063-1)
Immersion Oil (/glossary_terms/2363):

(Oil Immersion)
1. A specific form of oil used in microscopy, usually at 1000x magnification with a 100x oil immersion objective lens. At this magnification level and with this technique, it is appropriate to
conduct width and length measurements of spores, cystidia, hyphae, and other cells. It is also far better suited for observing spore ornamentations and finer details.
In Situ (/glossary_terms/565):
1. In the natural or original position or place.
In Vitro (/glossary_terms/566):
1. Taking place in a test tube, culture dish, or elsewhere outside a living organism.
In Vivo (/glossary_terms/567):
1. Taking place in a living organism.
Inamyloid (/glossary_terms/568):
(Anamyloid)
1. This term is used describe a lack of color change when a spore print is mounted in Melzer’s reagent, Iodine, or Dilute Lugol’s Solution. If there is no noticeable change in color, the spores
are inamyloid.
2. Not amyloid.
incertae sedis (/glossary_terms/233):

1. Of uncertain placement.
2. A taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as “enigmatic taxa”. Uncertainty at specific taxonomic
levels is attributed by incertae familiae (of uncertain family), incerti subordinis (of uncertain suborder), incerti ordinis (of uncertain order) and similar terms.
incertae sedis vel dubia (/glossary_terms/1772):

1. Of uncertain placement, unknown, and/or doubtful.
Incipient Species (/glossary_terms/564):

1. A group of organisms that is about to become a separate species from other, related individuals.
Incised (/glossary_terms/1980):
1. Lichen margins appear as if cut deeply, sharply, and often irregularly.
2. An intermediate condition between toothed and lobed.

Inclutions (/glossary_terms/569):
(Crystalline Encrustations)
1. Reference to the apex of certain cystidia in which crystal-like additions can be seen.
Incomplete Dihedral Base (/glossary_terms/1698):

Incrassate (/glossary_terms/2387):
1. Less clavate than subclavate.
Contrast this term with Broadly Clavate, Clavate, Narrowly Clavate, and Subclavate.
Incrusted Pigment (/glossary_terms/1745):

(Encrusted Pigment, Incrusting Pigment, Encrusting Pigment)
Indels (/glossary_terms/571):
(Indel Characters)
1. A molecular biology term that has different definitions in different fields: In evolutionary studies, indel is used to mean an insertion or a deletion and indels simply refers to the mutation class
that includes both insertions, deletions, and the combination thereof, including insertion and deletion events that may be separated by many years. In germline and somatic mutation studies,
however, indel describes a special mutation class, defined as a mutation resulting in a co-localized insertion and deletion and a net gain or loss in nucleotides, and microindel is defined as an
indel that results in a net gain or loss of 1 to 50 nucleotides.
Indented Pileus (/glossary_terms/1811):

(Pileus Indented, Pileus With Central Indentation, Indented In Center, Indented Center, Depressed Center, Depressed Pileus, Depressed Pileus Surface, Indented Pilei)
1. Cap has a central area that is depressed (lowered) as seen in some specimens of Gliophorus laetus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Gliophorus+laetus) and
Hygroaster (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Hygroaster).
2. Pileus center is lowered. This can range from barely indented (minutely dented) to widely indented (broadly indented).
Contrast this term with Perforated, Nearly Perforated, Infundibuliform, Slightly Depressed, Narrowly-Deeply Depressed, and Narrowly-Shallowly Depressed.
Index Fungorum (/glossary_terms/1082):

1. Index Fungorum is one of two official nomenclatural databases for fungi. The other is Mycobank.
More: http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp (http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp)
Indole Alkaloids (/glossary_terms/572):

1. Indole alkaloids are a class of alkaloids containing a structural moiety of indole. Containing more than 4100 known different compounds, it is one of the largest classes of alkaloids. Many of
them possess significant physiological activity and some of them are used in medicine. The amino acid tryptophan is the biochemical precursor of indole alkaloids.
Indumentum (/glossary_terms/450):
1. A specific cover surface involving hairs, scales, etc.
2. Surface tissue is covered with outgrowths such as hairs or wooly material.
Contrast this term with Canescence, Felty, Fibrillose, Fibrils, Fimbriate, Floccose-Scaly, Floccose, Glabrous, Hair, Hirsute, Hispid, Hoary, Matted, Puberulous, Pubescent, Radial Scales,
Indusium (/glossary_terms/11):
1. A net-like structure that forms after the fruiting body has emerged. This is in contrast to a partial veil which covers the hymenophore (spore surface) when the fruiting body in immature.
ined. (/glossary_terms/100):
1. Undescribed. Sometimes this term is used for a new proposed taxon before it has been formally described.
Inequilateral (/glossary_terms/573):
1. Having unequal sides.
2. Unsymmetrical or lopsided.
Note: This term, when applied to spores, is based on viewing spores in “side-view.”
Inferior Annulus (/glossary_terms/2079):

(Inferious Annulus)
1. Annulus ring is located neither at the base of the stipe nor at the middle, but rather in between those two areas.
Contrast this term with Basal Annulus, Median Annulus, Apical Annulus, and Superior Annulus.
Inflated (/glossary_terms/574):
(Inflation, Inflated Hyphae)
1. Hyphae swollen or inflated.
2. Any cell that is swollen in one area, or in general.
Inflated-Ramose Subhymenium (/glossary_terms/575):

1. A type of subhymenia in which the cells inflate and branch.
Inflexed (/glossary_terms/576):
1. Pileus or pileus margin bent inwards.
Contrast this term with Deflexed, Involute, Straight, Reflexed, Revolute, Incurved, and Exceeding Lamellae.
Infra- (/glossary_terms/1649):
1. Prefix meaning “below."
Infrageneric (/glossary_terms/104):
1. Below the level of genus. Pertaining to division or subclassification within a biological genus.
Infraspecific (/glossary_terms/105):
(Infraspecific Names, Infraspecific Taxa)
1. Placed in a taxonomic rank below that of species, such as subspecies, variety, subvariety, subform, or form.
Infundibuliform (/glossary_terms/577):
(Broadly-Shallowly Depressed)
1. Funnel-shaped pileus.
2. Pileus is broadly-deeply depressed, but not as much as Deeply Infundibuliform.
Contrast this term with Deeply Infundibuliform, Narrowly Infundibuliform, Broadly-Shallowly Depressed, Concave, and Plano-Concave.
Innate (/glossary_terms/2425):
1. A feature on the pileus cuticle of the stipe that is fixed rather than removable. This term has been applied in regard to powder, bran-like areas, granules, fibrils, hairs, and/or scales.
Contrast this term with Superficial.
Innate Veil (/glossary_terms/2068):

1. An envelope (consisting of generative hyphae or protenchyma) is saved at the outside of the primordium by the differentiation of the hymenophore or the margin of the pileus or the cortex
of the stipe, which are situated further inward.
Inocyboid (/glossary_terms/1724):
1. Strongly resembling – or identical to – taxa in the genus Inocybe (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Inocybe) or the family Inocybaceae
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Inocybaceae).
Inserted (/glossary_terms/2407):
1. The stem base is completely devoid of any visible hyphae, rhizoids, rhizomorphs, or mycelium. It is completely naked where it originates from the substrate. This is a formal taxonomic
character.
Insititious (/glossary_terms/1119):
1. Stipe is grafted on substrate.
2. The stipe base seems inserted in substrate because basal hairs or tomentum are lacking.
Institious (/glossary_terms/1871):
1. Stipe is attached to the substrate without fibrils or hyphae being visible.
Intercalary (/glossary_terms/150):
1. Among or between cells. This term refers to such things as non-apical chlamydospores in many fungi.
Intercalary Inflated Cells (/glossary_terms/579):

1. Inflated cells located in between their daughter cells.
Intercellular (/glossary_terms/580):
1. Pigment situated between elements.
Interlamellar Arches (/glossary_terms/581):

1. Arches located between the lammellae.
Interlamellar Space (/glossary_terms/582):

1. The space between two gills. This term is sometimes abbreviated with i in photo captions.
Intermediate Species (/glossary_terms/583):

(Intermediate Collection, Transitional Form(s)
1. A life form (species) that exhibits traits common to both an ancestral group and its derived descendant group. This is especially important where the descendant group is sharply
differentiated by gross anatomy and mode of living from the ancestral group.
Intermediate Type Hyphae Patterns (/glossary_terms/584):

1. In regard to the gill trama, cap trama, and pileipellis forms, there are intermediate forms (patterns which are a mixture of two patterns such as subregular to irregular).
International Association of Botanical and Mycological Societies (/glossary_terms/560):

(IABMS)
1. The body charged with the responsibility of ensuring the ongoing continuance of International Botanical Congresses (IBC).
More: https://www.iaptglobal.org/iabms (https://www.iaptglobal.org/iabms)
Internodal Species Concept (/glossary_terms/1935):

(Cladistic Species Concept)
1. A species concept defining a species as a lineage segment between two branching events.
2. The interpretation of a species as a part of the genealogical network between two permanent taxa splits.
More:
https://quod.lib.umich.edu/... (https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?cc=ptpbio;c=ptb;c=ptpbio;idno=16039257.0011.020;g=ptpbiog;rgn=main;view=text;xc=1)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/... (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022519383711641)
Intersterile (/glossary_terms/1761):
(Intersterility, Intersterilities)
1. Not capable of creating offspring by interbreeding.
Interstrain (/glossary_terms/1959):
(Inter-Strain)
2. Occurring between – or involving – two or more strains.
Intervenose (/glossary_terms/585):
1. Possessing veins between the lamellae.
Contrast this term with Anastomosing Gills, Furcate, and Intervenose.
Interwoven (/glossary_terms/586):
(Irregular, Interwoven Lamellar Hyphae)
1. Hyphae in the lamellar trama that are intricately entangled as they project downward from the pileus so that the hymenophoral trama proper is said to be interwoven (or irregular). The
hyphal cells are often short, very curved and may or may not be isodiametric.
2. A type of gill trama in which the pattern weaves left to right.
Intracellular (/glossary_terms/587):
1. Inside the cell.
Intraparietal Pigments (/glossary_terms/588):

(Membranary)
1. A position of pigment on the inner portion of a wall, and usually in the form of spirals, rings, or irregular clumps.
Intraspecific (/glossary_terms/1936):
1. A function, behavior, or occurrence exhibited within a species involving two or more members of that species. For example, intraspecific competition, intraspecific aggression, and
intraspecific trait variation.
Intrastrain (/glossary_terms/1958):
(Intra-Strain)
2. Wihin a strain.
Intricate Trichoderm (/glossary_terms/152):

1. A trichoderm pileipellis made up of interwoven elements or cells.
Contrast this term with the following pileipellis forms known as Cutis, Exocutis, Euhymeniderm, Irregular Trichoderm, Ixotrichoderm, Trichohymeniderm, Epithelioid Hymeniderm, Transition
Between Hymeniderm And Epithelium, Regular Epithelium, and Irregular Epithelium.
Introgressive Hybridization (/glossary_terms/589):

(Introgression)
1. The spread of genes of one species into the gene complex of another as a result of hybridization between numerically dissimilar populations in which extensive backcrossing prevents
formation of a single stable population.
Intron (/glossary_terms/590):
(Intron Sequences)
1. Any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing while the final mature RNA product of a gene is being generated. The term intron refers to both the DNA sequence
within a gene and the corresponding sequence in RNA transcripts.
Inverse Gill Trama (/glossary_terms/592):

(Convergent)
1. Having downward convergent hyphae that turn inward.
Inversely Gilled (/glossary_terms/2309):

1. Rather than the gills facing down towards the substrate, the gills face opposite of the substrate. The pileus faces towards the substrate.
Involucrellum (/glossary_terms/2354):
1. In lichens, the upper area of the perithecium surrounding the excipulum.
Involute (/glossary_terms/593):
(Inrolled, Incurved)
1. Margin of pileus rolled down and inward.
Contrast this term with Incurved, Deflexed, Decurved, Plane, Inflexed, Straight, Reflexed, Revolute, and Exceeding Lamellae.
Below: Paxillus involutus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Paxillus+involutus)
Iodoform (/glossary_terms/1749):
1. Having or resembling a volatile pale yellow, sweet-smelling, crystalline organic compound of iodine.
Ion (/glossary_terms/570):
1. A charged atom or group of atoms.
Irpicoid (/glossary_terms/2327):
1. Exhibiting flattened teeth-like formations.
Contrast this term with Odontioid, Teeth, and Tentaculiform.

Irregular Epithelium (/glossary_terms/153):
1. One of several different pileipellis forms.
2. An epithelium pileipellis made up of irregularly disposed elements or cells.
Hymeniderm, Transition Between Hymeniderm And Epithelium, Regular Epithelium, and Euhymeniderm.
Irregular Trichoderm (/glossary_terms/154):

1. Pileipellis form comprised of a trichoderm pileipellis made up of irregularly placed (non-uniform) cells.
Contrast this term with the following pileipellis forms known as Cutis, Exocutis, Trichoderm, Intricate Trichoderm, Euhymeniderm, Ixotrichoderm, Trichohymeniderm, Epithelioid Hymeniderm,
Transition Between Hymeniderm And Epithelium, Regular Epithelium, and Irregular Epithelium.
Isodiametric (/glossary_terms/594):
1. Differentiated into cells of equal diameter in all dimensions.
Isoepitype (/glossary_terms/72):
1. A duplicate specimen of the epitype.
More: See ICNafp Art. 9.4 footnote at https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/art_9.html (https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/art_9.html)
Isolate (/glossary_terms/155):
1. A strain of a mushroom brought into pure culture (i.e. isolated) from a specific environment. Note that some mushrooms require multiple strains to fruit.
2. A substance isolated from an organism.
Isolate Selection (/glossary_terms/156):

2. The separation of a taxonomically distinct strain from a natural, mixed population of fungal strains.
3. Cloning the most ideal mushroom from a multispore cultivation is one approach to selecting an isolate. Some instances of isolate selection will be based on the end result (one or two
particularly desirable individual mushrooms) – versus guessing the best mycelium to choose from a petri dish. A bit more sector selection may still be necessary after cloning since an
individual mushroom can be composed of more than one strain of mycelium. This method uses far fewer petri dishes and time than transferring mycelium from dish to dish with the same
desire.
Isolectotype (/glossary_terms/73):
1. A duplicate specimen of the lectotype.
Isoneotype (/glossary_terms/65):
1. A duplicate specimen of the neotype.
Isonym (/glossary_terms/74):
1. The same name based on the same type, published independently at different times perhaps by different authors. Note: only the earliest isonym has nomenclatural status (ICNafp Art. 6
Note 2; but see Art. 14.14).
Isosyntype (/glossary_terms/75):
1. A duplicate specimen of a syntype (ICNafp Art. 9.4 footnote).
Isotype (/glossary_terms/64):
1. A duplicate specimen of the holotype (ICNafp Art. 9.5).
Isozyme (/glossary_terms/595):
1. Isozymes (also known as isoenzymes or more generally as multiple forms of enzymes) are enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical reaction. These
enzymes usually display different kinetic parameters (e.g. different KM values), or different regulatory properties. The existence of isozymes permits the fine-tuning of metabolism to meet the
particular needs of a given tissue or developmental stage (for example lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)). In biochemistry, isozymes (or isoenzymes) are isoforms (closely related variants) of
enzymes.
ITS (/glossary_terms/157):
(Internal Transcribed Spacer)
1. The official ITS barcode region for identifying fungi using DNA sequencing. This region is highly variable among species and it is flanked by highly conserved regions. The high sequence
variability in the ITS allows us to distinguish between species, while the conserved regions (regions of low or no variation) flanking the ITS permit us to use the same primers for all fungi. The
current “barcode” region used for identification is composed of the partial 18S rRNA, ITS1, 5.8S rRNA, ITS2, and partial 28S rRNA areas – depending on the ITS barcode region limits
accepted for the study.
Contrast this term with DNA Sequence.
Vital Note: ITS is not always suitable for doing high level taxonomic rank phylogeny because it often has too low of a resolution at the genus level. It is good for establishing species level
identifications, but not in all cases. When this occurs, and the DNA is inconclusive, sequencing multiple regions (CO1, COX1, TEF1, RPB1, RPB1-intron 2, RPB2, 18S, 25S, Small Subunit
ribosomal RNA, Large Subunit ribosomal RNA, β-tubulin II [TUB2], γ-actin [ACT], etc.) becomes far more helpful. Even better than sequencing multiple regions, complete genome sequences
are superior and will provide a far more thorough understanding of a mushroom on multiple levels.
ITS Alignment (/glossary_terms/158):

1. A comparison of an ITS sequence to other ITS sequences to identify areas of similarity that may be a consequence of functional, structural, or evolutionary relationships between the
sequences.
ITS rDNA (/glossary_terms/596):

1. Abbreviation for Internal Transcribed Spacer Ribosomal Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
IUCN (/glossary_terms/2392):
1. Abbreviation for the International Union for Conservation of Nature, an organization that is the global authority on the status of the natural world and the measures needed to safeguard it.
More:
https://www.iucn.org/ (https://www.iucn.org/)
https://www.iucnredlist.org/ (https://www.iucnredlist.org/)
Ixo- (/glossary_terms/597):
1. Gelatinous.
2. Slime, typically that found on some species on the surface of the pileus.
3. Prefix meaning sticky, viscous, or viscid.
Ixocutis (/glossary_terms/160):
1. The outer surface tissue of the mushroom cap known as the pileipellis in which the hyphae compose a gelatinous layer.
Contrast this term with the following pileipellis forms known as Cutis, Exocutis, Trichoderm, Intricate Trichoderm, Ixotrichoderm, Irregular Trichoderm, Euhymeniderm, Trichohymeniderm,
Epithelioid Hymeniderm, Transition Between Hymeniderm And Epithelium, Regular Epithelium, Irregular Epithelium.
Ixoderm (/glossary_terms/561):
1. Pileus surface originally made up of more or less erect (anticlinal), somewhat wavy, and more-or-less interlaced hyphal ends which later gellify. This causes the surface to become slimy.
Contrast this term with Mucilaginous, Mucous, Subviscid, Tacky, and Viscid.
Ixohymeniderm (/glossary_terms/1184):
1. Surface layer consisting of a palisade of clavate hyphal tips with mucilaginized walls.
Ixohypoderm (/glossary_terms/151):
1. Layer of slender, interwoven, periclinal hyphae between the flesh and an ixohymeniderm, in which the hyphal walls have become mucilaginized.
Ixoplect (/glossary_terms/1676):
1. Tissue comprised of hyphae connected by gelatinous material.
Ixotrichoderm (/glossary_terms/1618):
1. Long and usually multi-celled, erect to sub-erect hyphae embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Surfaces appear viscid or glutinous without magnification or microscopy.
Contrast this term with the following pileipellis forms known as Cutis, Exocutis, Trichoderm, Intricate Trichoderm, Irregular Trichoderm, Euhymeniderm, Trichohymeniderm, Epithelioid
Hymeniderm, Transition Between Hymeniderm And Epithelium, Regular Epithelium, Irregular Epithelium.
Jelly Fungi (/glossary_terms/10):
1. A general category of mushrooms whose fruiting bodies have a jelly-like consistency. Genera include Tremella (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Tremella),
Dacrymyces (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Dacrymyces), Guepinia (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Guepinia), and Leotia
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Leotia). These include both basidiomycetes and ascomycetes suggesting that this trait has evolved multiple times.
Karyogamy (/glossary_terms/598):
1. One of the two major modes of reproduction in fungi. In fungi that lack sexual cycles, it is an important source of genetic variation through the formation of somatic diploids. Karyogamy is
the fusion of pronuclei of two cells, as part of syngamy, fertilization, or true bacterial conjugation.
Karyokinesis (/glossary_terms/1464):
1. The division of a cell’s nucleus during mitosis (when replicated chromosomes separate into two new nuclei).
Note: Cell division creates genetically identical cells in which the number of chromosomes is maintained.
Kin Species (/glossary_terms/1651):

1. Being of the same genus but different subgenera or species groups,
Contrast this term with Sister Species and Sibling Species.
Kingdom (/glossary_terms/599):
1. A taxonomic rank above phylum and below domain.
KOH (/glossary_terms/1599):
(Potassium Hydroxide, Koh)
1. Both a mounting fluid and a rehydration fluid. KOH solutions can be made in various percentages with distilled or purified H2O.
2. Used in field studies by applying a few drops of liquid KOH onto mushrooms to see if a color change occurs.
More:
https://micro-science.co.uk/... (https://micro-science.co.uk/?s=potassium+hydroxide&post_type=product)
https://www.myko-service.de/... (https://www.myko-service.de/c/mikroskopierbedarf/faerbemittel-reagenzien?page=4&sort=position-asc)
Kormobiont (/glossary_terms/2409):
1. Substrate comprised of small pieces of lignified (woody) material, such as needles, twigs,
cones, and small branches. This term is a subcategory of lignicolous.
Contrast this term with Lignicolous and Xylobiont.
L - D (/glossary_terms/611):
1. Abbreviation for the length minus the diameter of the spores.
Labyrinthoid (/glossary_terms/162):
(Labyrinthinine, Labyrinthiform)
1. Maze-like in appearance.
Laccarioid (/glossary_terms/1850):
(Laccaria-Like)
1. Strongly resembling the genus Laccaria (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Laccaria), with the lamellae being thick and spaced.
Laccate (/glossary_terms/240):
(Shiny, Shining, Splendent, Lucidus, Vernicose)
1. Having a waxy, glossy, or shiny surface that gives the appearance of a lacquered finish.
2. Pileus surface appears as if varnished.
Contrast this term with Dull.
Lacerate (/glossary_terms/1984):
1. Irregularly torn texture.
2. Cut, torn.
3. Pileus exhibits splits with multiple, nearly zonate bands of upwards tearing.
4. Exhibiting a torn, fringed perimeter.
Contrast this term with Eroded, Lacinate, Laciniate, Lacinulate, and Split.
Lacinate (/glossary_terms/1902):
(Radially Lacinate)
1. Possessing edges that are irregularly and finely slashed.
2. Splits and cracks are deep thus cutting the pileus surface into large segments.
Contrast this term with Eroded, Lacerate, Laciniate, Lacinulate, Scissurate, and Split.
Laciniate (/glossary_terms/1981):
1. Deeply, usually irregularly, divided into more or less numerous narrow – often more-or-less pointed – segments or lobes.
Contrast this term with Eroded, Lacerate, Laciniate, Lacinulate, and Split.
Lacinulate (/glossary_terms/1982):
1. Divided into small, narrow pointed lobules.
Lacryform (/glossary_terms/161):
(Lachryform)
1. Tear-drop shaped.
Lacrymoid (/glossary_terms/600):
1. Spores with confluent hilar appendage.
Lactarioid (/glossary_terms/1669):
(Milk Caps)
1. Identical to – or resembling – mushrooms with typical “milk-cap” characteristics. These species are in the genera Lactarius
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Lactarius), Lactifluus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Lactifluus), Multifurca
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Multifurca). They exhibit latex (“milk”) when cut.
Lacteocystidium (/glossary_terms/2036):
(Lacteocystidia)
1. Pseudocystidium carrying latex.
Lactescent (/glossary_terms/1929):
1. Exuding latex when cut.
Lactiferous Hyphae (/glossary_terms/601):

1. Bearing a milky juice.
2. Hyphae that carry latex or are homologous to hyphae containing latex.
Lactifers (/glossary_terms/241):
1. Containing milky or similar exudation.
2. Hyphae possessing latex.
Lacuna (/glossary_terms/2423):
(Lacunae)
1. A variably sized hole or hollow area, the depth of which is more than that of a scrobicula or an alveola.
Contrast this term with Lacunose, Pitted, Alveolate, Scrobicules, and Boring Holes.
Lacunose (/glossary_terms/2204):
(Canaliculate, Fluted)
1. Pileus, stipe, and/or spores exhibit pits which are very deep and surrounded by ridges.
Contrast this term with Scrobiculate, Alveolate, and Boring Holes.
Lageniform (/glossary_terms/602):
1. Cystidia characterized by neck narrower than half width of cell body.
2. Shaped like a flask.
Contrast this definition with Narrowly Lageniform, Nettle Hair-Shaped, Broadly Lageniform.
Lageniform-Utriform (/glossary_terms/1892):
1. Shaped almost like a flask but with a slight constriction below a large, round head.
Lagenocystidium (/glossary_terms/603):
(Lagenocystidia)
1. Small, thin- to thick-walled acuminate hymenocystidium with small crystals covering the apical part (hyphodontia).
Lamella (/glossary_terms/50):
(Plural = Lamellae = Gills)
1. A gill of a fungus.
Lamellar Cystidium (/glossary_terms/604):

(Lamellar Cystidia)
1. A general term referring to any type of cystidia located on the gill.
Lamellate (/glossary_terms/606):
1. Having gills.
Lamellula (/glossary_terms/607):
(Plural = Lamellulae, Partial Gills)
1. The short gills originating from the outer peripheral edge of the cap but not fully extending to the stem. The presence (or absence) of these gills is sometimes important in identifying gilled
mushrooms (i.e. the arrangement of the short gills – random, in tiers, only occurring near the cap margin, etc).
Laminar Flow Hood (/glossary_terms/2315):
1. An electricity-driven sterilization-assisting device implementing a fan with a HEPA filter that produces contamination-free air. The air moves outward toward one’s work area, allowing for
open sterile work without using the less sterile and more challenging glove box system.
Contrast this term with Glove Box.
Laminated Root Rot (/glossary_terms/1547):

(Yellow Ring Rot)
1. Laminated root rot is one of the most damaging root disease amongst conifers in northwestern America and true firs caused by the fungus Phellinus weirii
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Phellinus+weirii). (Douglas-fir, Mountain hemlock, and Western hemlock are highly susceptible to infection.
More: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminated_root_rot (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminated_root_rot)
Lamprocystidium (/glossary_terms/608):
(Lamprocystidia)
2. Lamprocystidia are entirely or at least partially thick-walled cystidia without distinguishable contents and are usually distinct from basidia. The five subcategories of lamprocystidia are Seta,
Setule, Setiform, Metuloid, and Mycosclerids. [See respective definitions].
3. Lamprocystidia (metuloids) are thick-walled, short-fusiform tramal cystidia, which are encrusted over most of their length. They may be modified gloeocystidia. The term is often used in a
wide sense, including all more or less thick-walled encrusted cystidia.
Lanceolate (/glossary_terms/609):
(Lanceolate Cystidia, Lanceolate Cystidium)
1. Having the general shape of a lance (much longer than wide, with the widest part lower than the middle and a pointed apex).
Lanose (/glossary_terms/780):
1. Woolly.
Pubescent, Radial Scales, Downy-Fibrillose, Shaggy, Spines, Squamules, Squamulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, Wooly, Downy-Woolly
Patches, and Warts.
Lanose Volva (/glossary_terms/2260):

1. A volva form that exhibitis a woolly layer on – or partly on – the cap.
Forming Volva, Wart-Forming Volva, Patch-Forming Volva, Ocrea Volva, Layered Volva, and Marginately Bulbous.
Lateral And Reduced Stipe (/glossary_terms/1706):

(Lateral-Reduced Stipitate)
1. Stipe placed on the side of the pileus, and the stipe is small.
2. Not from the center, but rather far from the center and near to the side, and short.
3. Having a stem which extends off to the side, rather than from the cap’s lower-central area, and short in length.
Contrast this term with Eccentrically Stipitate and Central.
Lateral Stipe Stratum (/glossary_terms/2074):

(Lateral Stipestratum, Lateral Stratum Of The Stipe Trama)
1. In many boletes the hyphae beneath the caulohymenium diverge from the longitudinal trama proper and form a more or less distinct lateral layer known as the lateral stipe stratum.
Laterostratum Zone (/glossary_terms/2077):

2. The layer in the lamellae between the mediostratum and the subhymenium.
Latex (/glossary_terms/937):
(Lactescence)
1. A milky fluid exuded usually when certain species are cut or damaged. It is prominently occurring in the genus Lactarius and it is the basis for its generic name, being derived from the Latin
word “lac”, meaning milk. Sometimes this milk-like fluid is already present on specimens without cutting them. Note that some species produce transparent (clear) latex. Also note that not all
specimens will produce latex, despite being categorized as a species known to produce latex.
Laticifers (/glossary_terms/2042):
1. Vessels possessing latex, or are homologous to laticifers that do carry latex. They do not necessarily absorb Cresyl Blue, do not become deep blue throughout the interior, and they do not
necessarily become deep blue in Sulfovanilline, or black in Sulfobenzaldehyde. They are not sieve-like on the surface. See Lactarius volemus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Lactarius+volemus) and Lactarius igroviolascens (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Lactarius+igroviolascens).
Latin-Greek Derivatives (/glossary_terms/1851):

(Latinized, Hellenized, Latinisation, Hellenization, Onomastic Latinisation, Hellenisation)
1. Scientific names of taxa inclusive of Latin and/or Greek language, rather than English or another author’s primary language.
More: http://www.davidmoore.org.uk/... (http://www.davidmoore.org.uk/21st_Century_Guidebook_to_Fungi_PLATINUM/Assets/Latin-Greek%20Derivatives_Resources.html)
Layered Volva (/glossary_terms/2259):

1. A volva form made of two or more layers of unique structuring.
Forming Volva, Wart-Forming Volva, Patch-Forming Volva, Ocrea Volva, and Marginately Bulbous.
LBM (/glossary_terms/1667):
(lbm)
1. Abbreviation for Little Brown Mushroom. This term was partially coined to loosely describe the profound number of rather boring, abundant amount of LBMs found commonly in many
mushroom-thriving localities. They tend to share similar macroscopic features at a quick glance, and require more technical approaches for identification such as microscopy, DNA
sequencing, mating studies, etc.
LC–MS/MS (/glossary_terms/612):
(Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry, LC-MS-MS, Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, LC-MS, LCMS)
1. LC-MS/MS is a method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being ionised and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance using
two mass spectrometers in series. It is used to determine the presence or absence of chemicals and their quantities. Other uses of LC-MS/MS include pharmacokinetics, peptide mapping,
and quality control.
2. With LC-MS only one mass spectrometer is utilized rather than two.
Primer: https://www.agilent.com/... (https://www.agilent.com/cs/library/support/documents/a05296.pdf)
Video Intro: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=lPo9-Ju0lcU (https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=lPo9-Ju0lcU)
More: https://sciex.com/... (https://sciex.com/content/dam/SCIEX/pdf/tech-notes/all/Quantitation-of-Psilocybin-and-Psilocybin-in-Mushroom-3500.pdf)

Lecanorine (/glossary_terms/1441):
1. Pertaining to an apothecium having a margin containing a photobiont, and usually resembling the thallus in color and texture, as in the genus Lecanora
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Lecanora).
Lecideoid (/glossary_terms/351):
1. Resembling the apothecium of Lecidea (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Lecidea), with the margin matching the same color as the disc. It will exhibit a hard and
carbonous proper excipulum without a thalline margin.
Lectotype (/glossary_terms/66):
1. One specimen or illustration designated from the original material as the nomenclatural type, in conformity with ICNafp Art. 9.11 and 9.12, if the name was published without a holotype, or i
the holotype is lost or destroyed, or if a type is found to belong to more than one taxon (ICNafp Art. 9.3).
Lecythiform (/glossary_terms/613):
1. Shaped like a bowling pin, a flask, or a bottle.
Contrast this term with Urticoid, Capitate, and Tibiiform.
See figure 15.K at http://www.davidmoore.org.uk/... (http://www.davidmoore.org.uk/21st_century_guidebook_to_fungi_platinum/Assets/Hyphal_differentiation_Resources.html)
leg. (/glossary_terms/614):
1. Meaning specimen (or collection) collected by….
Legitimate Name (/glossary_terms/67):

(Priorable Name)
1. A validly published name that is in accordance with the rules, i.e. one that is not illegitimate.
More: See ICNafp Art. 6.5 at https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/art_9.html (https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/art_9.html)
Contrast this term with Illegitimate Name.
Leiospore (/glossary_terms/615):
1. Smooth-spored.
Lentiform (/glossary_terms/616):
1. Shaped like a lens.
Lepiotoid (/glossary_terms/1715):
1. This term has co-evolved with phylogenetic studies. Previously, it was meant as a descriptive word implying Lepiota (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Lepiota)-like.
Lepiotoid mushrooms have free gills, a white spore print, and a partial veil, but are saprobic and lack a universal veil. Despite these shared characteristics, lepiotoid mushrooms are now
under the implication of multiple genera, including Cystolepiota (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Cystolepiota), Macrolepiota
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Macrolepiota), Leucoagaricus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Leucoagaricus), Leucocoprinus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Leucocoprinus), Chlorophyllum (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Chlorophyllum), and even some Amanita
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Amanita) species. We will know more about this informal grouping of fungi in the future.
Leprose (/glossary_terms/1808):
1. A lichen with a powdery appearance.
Contrast this term with Byssoid, Crustose, Filamentose, Foliose, Fruticose, Squamulose, and Structureless.
Leptocystidium (/glossary_terms/617):
(Leptocystidia)
1. Thin-walled, smooth cystidium that has no distinguishable contents, is not tramal in origin, and is usually distinct from basidia. One type of leptocystidia are called brachycystidia which has
cells shaped like a stone walkway more-or-less.
Leptotunica (/glossary_terms/2040):
1. A very thin, totally opaque and easily detachable layer (as seen in ultra-thin SEM or TEM sections) located at the surface of some spores.
Leucism (/glossary_terms/1508):
(Leukism, Leucistic, Semi-Albino, Pseudoalbino)
1. Leucism is a word used to describe an indivual fruitbody, an entire strain, or a group of individual fruitbodies that exhibit a lesser version of albinism. This can result in whitish
patches/areas, or a complete shift towards white with some of the original color(s) expected to be seen in a species. It is not a lack of color itself; it is a shift towards white, but less-so than
albinos would express.
Etymology Notation: The stem leuc- is the Latin variant of leuk- from the Greek leukos meaning “white.”
Contrast this term with Albino and Hygrophanous.
leuco- (/glossary_terms/2174):
1. Prefix meaning white or transparent.
Levhymential (/glossary_terms/2065):
(Levhymential Mode)
1. A frequent occurrence of gill formation by the folding of a pre-existing layer of palisade hyphae.
Libri Fungorum (/glossary_terms/1080):

1. This project is coordinated by the Index Fungorum Partnership with the aim of providing a digital archive for books, journals, thesauri, indexes, and other publication important to systematic
mycology.
More: http://www.librifungorum.org/Resources.asp (http://www.librifungorum.org/Resources.asp)
Lichen (/glossary_terms/618):
1. Lichens are multi-species lifeforms consisting of a symbiotic relationship between a fungus (the mycobiont) and a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont or phycobiont), which is usually a
green alga or a cyanobacterium.
Lichen Chemical Tests (/glossary_terms/1834):
(C Test, K Test)
1. Identification of some lichens is made far easier by performing various (or one) chemical test(s). This is performed first by scratching the surface of the lichen carefully to remove the upper
layer (cortex) and exposing the fungal layer (medulla) beneath – unless the species is very thin. Place a single drop of either bleach (C Test) or dilute caustic soda (K Test) on the scratched
spot and watch for a color change. An indication in your observation showing “C-” or “K-” means no color change. If the bleach test produces a fast reaction by turning pink or red – but fading
rapidly – signify this in your observations with “C+” in the text. When conducting a caustic soda test, a slower reaction (~1min) may result in a color change of yellow, orange, or blood red.
This reaction is signified by “K+” in the text. These results can be subtle.
Lichenicolous (/glossary_terms/1925):
1. Associated fungi growing on lichens.
2. Species of fungi that form obligate associations with lichens.
More: https://www.researchgate.net/... (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242137414_Lichenicolous_Fungi_Interactions_Evolution_and_Biodiversity)
Lichenization (/glossary_terms/1600):
(Lichenizations, Lichenized)
1. The process in which one or more alga cellular formations or cyano-bacterial cellulat formations live in symbiosis with one or more fungus (fungi).
Contrast this term with De-Lichenization and Re-Lichenization.
More: https://www.researchgate.net/... (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David-Hawksworth-3/publication/283765259_Lichenization_The_Origins_of_a_Fungal_Life-

Style/links/589b7b69aca2721ae1b79acf/Lichenization-The-Origins-of-a-Fungal-Life-Style.pdf?origin=publication_detail)
Lichenologist (/glossary_terms/1534):
(Lichenologists)
1. Scholars of lichenology are known as lichenologists.
Lichenology (/glossary_terms/1533):
1. A branch of mycology (the scientific study of fungi) that studies the lichens. Lichens are symbiotic organisms and composite organisms that arise from algae or cyanobacteria living among
filaments of multiple fungi species.
Lignicolous (/glossary_terms/619):
(Epixylous, Wood-Decay Fungi, Wood-Degrading Fungi, Wood-Rotting Fungi, Xylophagous Fungi)
1. Growing on wood.
Lignin (/glossary_terms/620):
(Lignen)
1. A complex chemical compound most commonly derived from wood, and an integral part of the secondary cell walls of plants and some algae. Its most commonly noted function is the
support through strengthening of wood (xylem cells) in trees.
Limbate Volva (/glossary_terms/2230):

1. A volva possessing a limb (a narrow, free, membranous margin).
Limbus Internus (/glossary_terms/2240):

(Limbus Internus Of The Universal Veil)
1. The part of the volva that, in the primordium, lies between the stipe and the lamellae. When the stipe has expanded during maturity, the limbus internus looks like a little volva inside the big
volval sac. It is variable in length, thickness, and position on the inside surface of the volval sac. It can be very thin and wispy in some species, and rather thick and robust in others. In can be
very short or several millimeters high. It can be attached to the main limb of the volva at the point of the volva’s attachment to the stem, or it can project from the inner wall of the volval sac
several millimeters above the point at which the sac is attached to the stipe. The limbus internus can be view by looking down into the volval sac, or by making a careful longitudinal section of
the entire fruiting body and looking at the volval sac in cross-section.
Contrast this term with Universal Veil, Universal Veil Remnants, and Limbus Internus Remnants.
Limbus Internus Remnants (/glossary_terms/2241):

Contrast this term with Universal Veil, Universal Veil Remnants, and Limbus Internus.
Limoniform (/glossary_terms/621):
(Citriniform, Biapiculate)
1. Lemon-shaped.
2. More-or-less lemon-shaped.
Limoniform-Hexagonal (/glossary_terms/2199):
Linear (/glossary_terms/622):
1. Gills with a straight edge that are parallel to the upper side.
Linear Mycelium (/glossary_terms/2235):
1. A mass of hyphae arranged in diverging, longitudinal strands.
Contrast this term with Mycelial Fan, Rhizomorphs, Zonate Mycelium, Powdered Mycelium, Matted Mycelium, and Fluffy Mycelium.
Lineolate (/glossary_terms/2167):
1. Exhibiting fine lines.
Lines (/glossary_terms/2166):
(Line Formation)
1. A collection found growing naturally in a line-like formation.
Contrast this term with Connate, Subconnate, Gregarious, Subgregarious, Colony, Imbricate, Ring-Like, Numerous, Troops, Scattered, and Solitary.
Linnaean Classification (/glossary_terms/623):

(Linnaean Taxonomy)
1. The biological classification system established by Carl Linnaeus, as set forth in his Systema Naturae and subsequent works. Linnaeus proposed three kingdoms, divided into classes,
orders, families, genera, and species, with an additional rank lower than species.
Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (/glossary_terms/861):

(LC-MS)
1. An analytical chemistry technique that combines the physical separation capabilities of liquid chromatography with the mass analysis capabilities of mass spectrometry (MS).
Liquid Culture (/glossary_terms/1960):

(LC)
1. A fungi suspended in a liquid nutrient-rich medium. Liquid culture consists of a sterilized nutritious solution which is usually a mixture of water and various kinds of sugars (malt extract). It is
then inoculated with spores or mycelium. Once colonized, liquid culture is used to introduce the mycelium to spawn media (rye berries, etc.), typically via syringe.
Lirella (/glossary_terms/2430):
(Lirellae)
1. Oblong to linear, often branched or more or less stellate, ascocarp, as in Graphis (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Graphis). It can be interpreted as a discocarp or
pyrenocarp. It can also sensu lato for hysterothecia of ascolocular lichnens.
Lirellate (/glossary_terms/2431):
(Lirelliform)
1. The shape of a lirella (like the characters used in the Chinese language, or resembling hieroglyphics.
Lobate (/glossary_terms/1588):
(Lobed, Lobes)
2. In lichens, lobes are like somewhat large, somewhat flattened “branches” or “leaves.” Lobes are generally found on foliose lichens.
3. Rounded areas on the margin.
Contrast this term with Eroded, Lacerate, Lacinate, Laciniate, Lacinulate, Rimose, and Scissurate.
Lobulate (/glossary_terms/624):
(Lobulated, Lobules)
1. Having small lobes (somewhat large, somewhat flattened “branches” or “leaves.”).
Logonym (/glossary_terms/1763):
1. A name later declared a type or “genotype.”
Long-Decurrent (/glossary_terms/2420):
(Long Decurrent)
1. Gills/pores/teeth run down the stem gills for most of their length.
Contrast this term with Deeply Decurrent, Seceding, Free, Adnate, Adnexed, Sinuate, Sinuate-Adnate, Subadnate, Subadnexed, Subdecurrent, Decurrent, Adnate With Decurrent Tooth,
Longitudinal Ridges (/glossary_terms/1685):

1. This term can be applied to spores. Spores of the genus Clitopilus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Clitopilus) appear lined along the long axis when viewed from the
side. These lines are actually grooves, so the spores appear angular when viewed from the end.
Longitudinal Section (/glossary_terms/626):
1. A section that is cut along the long axis of a structure. Longitudinal section is the opposite of transversal cross-section.
Longitudinal Striations (/glossary_terms/625):

(Longitudinally Striate)
1. Typically this is defined as long lines travelling in a vertical pattern along the stipe.
Lubricous (/glossary_terms/627):
(Oleaginous)
1. Pileus exhibiting an oily smoothness.
2. Slippery but smooth.
3. The surface feels slippery as if covered with a layer of oil or cream. See Pholiota lubrica (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Pholiota+lubrica).
Lugol's Dilute Solution (/glossary_terms/628):

(Lugol’s Solution)
1. A stain commonly used to view white-colored spores microscopically.
Lumen (/glossary_terms/1910):
There are several different definitions and uses for the word lumen in mycology:
1. A cavity in a hypha cell.
2. The amount of luminous flux, a measure of the total quantity of visible light emitted by a light source.
3. The interior of a lichen cell.
4. The apex of the stipe, but internally (within) the stipe.
5. Space bounded by tissue or wall, resulting in a cavity.
Lunate (/glossary_terms/629):
(Crescentric)
1. Crescent-shaped.
Lutescent (/glossary_terms/2136):
1. Developing into a muddy yellow color.
LWM (/glossary_terms/2084):
(LWMs)
1. Abbreviation for little white mushrooms.

Macrochemical Color Reactions (/glossary_terms/630):
(Macrochemistry, Macro-Chemical, Macrochemically, Macro-Chemically)
1. Chemical reactions to the mushroom fruitbody oftentimes performed in situ or before performing microscopy. Common tests include adding a few drops of KOH on Agaricus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Agaricus) taxa, adding a few drops of FeSO drops on Russula (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Russula) taxa, a
few drops of Guiac on Entoloma (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Entoloma) taxa, and a few drops of PDAB on Lyophyllum
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Lyophyllum) taxa. These tests can sometimes be very helpful with taxonomy, and should probably be performed far more frequently by
mycologists.
Below: Agaricus sect. Xanthodermati (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Agaricus+sect.+Xanthodermati) turning yellow upon implementing KOH.
Macrocystidium (/glossary_terms/631):
(Macrocystidia)
1. Macrocystidia (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Macrocystidia) is a genus of fungus in the Marasmiaceae family of mushrooms. The genus contains five species that
collectively have a widespread distribution.
2. Possessing very large cystidia cells.
3. Pseudocystidium turning blue in sulfovanillin, black in sulfobenzaldehyde, with granular to banded contents.
See figure 15.O at http://www.davidmoore.org.uk/... (http://www.davidmoore.org.uk/21st_century_guidebook_to_fungi_platinum/Assets/Hyphal_differentiation_Resources.html)
Macrofungi (/glossary_terms/632):
(Macromycetes)
1. Fungi producing macroscopically (as opposed to microscopically) with visible fruits.
2. Fungi that can be uprooted or picked by hand.
Contrast this term with Microfungi.
Macrolichen (/glossary_terms/2097):
(Macrolichens, Macros)
1. A lichen exhibiting a large thallus, oftentimes producing a bushy appearance.
2. Lobes or branches exceed 1 centimeter. This is an important taxonomic character.
Contrast this term with Mesolichen.
Macromorphology (/glossary_terms/633):
(Macromorphological, Macro-Morphological)
1. The gross structures or morphology of a mushroom visible with the unaided eye or at very low levels of magnification.
Macroscopic (/glossary_terms/634):
(Macroscopical, Macroscopically)
1. Large enough to be perceived or examined by the unaided eye.
2. Relating to observations made by the unaided eye.
Contrast this term with Microscopic.
Macrospores (/glossary_terms/1570):
1. The larger spores when there are two distinct sizes of spores from the same mushroom.
Contrast this term with Microspores.
Magniguttate (/glossary_terms/2119):
1. Containing one or more large (oil) drops.
Contrast this term with Guttule.
Magnus-Type Pleurocystidium (/glossary_terms/2022):

(Magnus-Type Pleurocystidia)
See Figure 2e in https://www.researchgate.net/...

(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332379865_Pluteus_Fr_Pluteaceae_Agaricales_in_Paraguay_morphological_studies_and_new_records)
Mammilate (/glossary_terms/2433):
(Mammillate)
Contrast this term with Abrupt Papilla, Acute Papilla, Broadly Umbonate, Cuspidate Umbo, Papilla, Papillulate, Subumbonate, and Umbonate.
Mango Form (/glossary_terms/635):

(Mango-Shaped)
1. Refers to spore shape literally looking like a mango fruit.
Marcescent (/glossary_terms/637):
1. Able to revive when moistened. A mushroom which (unlike most species, described as “putrescent”) can dry out, but later revive and continue to disperse spores. The genus Marasmius
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Marasmius) is well known for this feature, which was considered taxonomically important.
2. Pileus withers but remains attached to the stem.
Margin (/glossary_terms/636):
(Pileus Margin, Pileal Margin)
1. The outer edge of the cap.
2. The rim or perimeter of the the cap.
3. The true gill edge.
Marginal Band (/glossary_terms/2198):

See Panaeolus africanus var. diversistipus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Panaeolus+africanus+var.+diversistipus).
Marginal Cells (/glossary_terms/638):

1. Cells on the true gill edges, but not necessarily cystidia or basidioles. Sometimes these are septate marginal cells which are frustratingly difficult to decipher and separate from basidioles
and club-shaped cheilocystidia.
Marginal Veil Tissue (/glossary_terms/1668):

(Marginal Veil Remnants, Marginal Veil)
1. Tissue from a temporary veil observable on the pileus margin and sometimes the upper area on the stipe and/or annulus. See Russula herrerae
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Russula+herrerae) literature and Melanophyllum haematospermum
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Melanophyllum+haematospermum).
Marginately Bulbous (/glossary_terms/639):

(Marginate Bulb, Marginate Basal Bulb, Marginate Stipe Base)
1. Stipe base has a bulb with a ridge.
2. Bulb of stem with a raised border.
Contrast this term with Bulbous, Subbulbous, Clavate-Bulbous, and Abruptly Bulbous.
Marginately-Depressed Bulb (/glossary_terms/2384):
(Marginate-Depressed Bulbous Base)
1. Stem base bulb with a distinct margin and upper surface shaped like the edge of a saucer.
Marine Mycology (/glossary_terms/1417):

(Marine Fungi)
1. The scientific study of fungi occurring in oceans and seas. Roughly 450 species with this capability have been described. It is likely a very large number of species have yet to be
discovered.
More: http://www.marinefungi.org/ (http://www.marinefungi.org/)
Marmorate (/glossary_terms/641):
1. Marbled.
2. Faintly and irregularly striped or innately veined.
Mass Spectrometry (/glossary_terms/642):

1. Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. It is used for determining masses of particles, for determining the elementa
composition of a sample or molecule, and for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as chemical like Cyanescin. MS works by ionizing chemical compounds to generate
charged molecules or molecule fragments and measuring their mass-to-charge ratios. In a typical MS procedure a sample is loaded onto the MS instrument and undergoes vaporization. The
components of the sample are ionized by one of a variety of methods (e.g., by impacting them with an electron beam), which results in the formation of charged particles (ions). The ions are
separated according to their mass-to-charge ratio in an analyzer by electromagnetic fields. The ions are detected, usually by a quantitative method. The ion signal is processed into mass
spectra.
Mating Types (/glossary_terms/643):

1. Different fungi myceliums can have different mating types. Mating types is a term to describe the way two more mycelia cells fuse together and grow.
Mating-Type Loci (/glossary_terms/644):

(Mating-Type Locus, MAT Locus, Mating Type Locus Sequence)
1. A specialized region of the genome encoding key transcriptional regulators that direct regulatory networks to specify cell identity and fate.
2. In budding yeast, the locus that determines the mating type (α or a) of the haploid yeast cell.
Matted (/glossary_terms/1957):
1. Densley intertangled, snarled objects such as pileus hairs that are arranged in a collapsed (non-erect) manner on the surface tissue. This term is sometimes used in regard to hair-like
protrusions seen on the surfaces of pilei and/or stipes. To get a visual idea of the term, search Google Images for “matted grass”. The genus Inocybe
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Inocybe) contains multiple taxa displaying this feature.
Contrast this term with Canescence, Felty, Fibrillose, Fibrils, Fimbriate, Floccose-Scaly, Flocosse, Glabrous, Hair, Hirsute, Hispid, Hoary, Indumentum, Puberulous, Pubescent, Radial Scales
Matted Mycelium (/glossary_terms/2237):

(Appressed Mycelium)
1. A super dense form of mycelium, such as Ganoderma lucidum (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Ganoderma+lucidum) observed on agar.
Contrast this term with Mycelial Fan, Rhizomorphs, Linear Mycelium, Zonate Mycelium, Powdered Mycelium, and Fluffy Mycelium.
Maximum Parsimony (/glossary_terms/645):

1. Maximum parsimony is a character-based method that infers a phylogenetic tree by minimizing the total number of evolutionary steps required to explain a given set of data, or in other
words by minimizing the total tree length.
Mealy (/glossary_terms/1283):
1. A surface covered with flour-like particles; smelling like fresh flour.
2. Odor and/or taste like wet flour (or meal).
3. Like freshly made flour.
4. Covered with granules resembling meal.
Medallion Clamp (/glossary_terms/646):

1. A clamp connection with an opening between the clamp connection itself and the elements connected by it.
Median Annulus (/glossary_terms/509):
1. A ring (annulus) in the middle of the stem, rather than higher up or lower down.
Contrast this term with Basal Annulus, Inferior Annulus, Apical Annulus, and Superior Annulus.
Median Constriction (/glossary_terms/647):

1. Transverse contraction in the middle.
Mediastratum Zone (/glossary_terms/2076):

Medical Mycology (/glossary_terms/1411):

1. Medical mycology specializes in understanding and treating infections in humans (and animals) resulting from pathogenic fungi.
2. The scientific study of fungi to develop new medicines to treat human and animal diseases not caused by fungi.
Mediopellis (/glossary_terms/648):
1. The middle layer in a pileipellis having three layers. (A stipitipellis and/or bubipellis can also have a multi-layered pellis (skin) in which the term mediopellis is applied).
Mediostratum (/glossary_terms/649):
1. The central strand of a divergent gill trama.
Medulla (/glossary_terms/1440):
2. A horizontal layer within a lichen thallus usually possessing a cottony appearance. It is a loosely arranged layer of interlaced hyphae below the upper cortex and photobiont zone, but above
the lower cortex.
Medullary Hyphae (/glossary_terms/650):

1. Longitudinally-arranged hyphae making up the stem surface.
2. A layer of loose threads (hyphae).
MEGA5 (/glossary_terms/651):
(Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis – Version 5)
1. Software for mining online databases, building sequence alignments and phylogenetic trees, and using methods of evolutionary bioinformatics in basic biology, biomedicine, and evolution.
The 2011 addition in MEGA5 is a collection of Maximum Likelihood (ML) analyses for inferring evolutionary trees, selecting best-fit substitution models (nucleotide or amino acid), inferring
ancestral states and sequences (along with probabilities), and estimating evolutionary rates site-by-site.
Meiosis (/glossary_terms/652):
(Pronounced my-oh-sys)
1. The process (as it relates to gilled mushrooms) of cell division by which a single cell with a diploid nucleus subdivides into four cells with one haploid nucleus each. This takes place as the
developing basidium (basidia) forms and transports nuclei within itself and into spores.
Melanin (/glossary_terms/1506):
1. This term is intended to be used as a broad category for natural pigments found in most living organisms, including mushrooms. Specialized, differentiated cells known as Melanocytes
produce melanin pigments. Melanin is brown to dark brown in color, non-refractile, and finely granular with individual granules having a diameter of less than 800 nanometers.
More:
https://www.researchgate.net/... (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315563682_Melanin_Pigments_of_Fungi)
https://www.researchgate.net/... (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314190214_Production_of_Melanin_Pigment_by_Fungi_and_Its_Biotechnological_Applications)
Melanized (/glossary_terms/653):
(Melanized Spores, Sometimes synonymous with Dematiaceous)
1. To convert into or infiltrate with melanin.
2. Make or become black.
Melzer's Reagent (/glossary_terms/654):

1. Iodine solution used to test amyloidy and dextrinoidy of spores and other structures.
2. Melzer’s reagent is an iodine solution producing a blue-black “amyloid” reaction in some spores and parts of fungi. However, Melzer’s reagent contains chloral hydrate, a medically
controlled substance and therefore it has been hard to get. The history of iodine use for identifi cation of fungi dates back to the mid 1800s; its use for white spore identification was described
by Melzer in 1924. The production of the positive amyloid reaction is due to an amylose-iodine complex. In some cases a reddish “dextrinoid” color may occur due presumably to a glycine-
betaine complex. The spores of 35 species of fungi were tested with Melzer’s, Lugol’s, and iodine solutions. All 35 species reacted as predicted from authoritative sources with Melzer’s but
results were inconsistent with Lugol’s and iodine. Fungal tissue that turns blue or black with Melzer’s reagent is an amyloid positive reaction, sometimes written as I+ or J+.
Membrane (/glossary_terms/655):
1. The thin, limiting covering of a cell or cell part. A pliable, sheet-like, and usually fibrous tissue that covers, lines, or connects fungi cells.
Membrane Mucilage (/glossary_terms/2155):
1. Droplets exhibited by cystidia.
Membranous (/glossary_terms/656):
(Membranaceous)
1. Like a membrane or skin-like covering/shielding – or somewhat like kleenex.
2. A thin and pliant structure composed of cells.
3. Consisting of several membranes in a coherent layer.
Membranous Partial Veil (/glossary_terms/2153):

Contrast this term with Partial Veil, Cortina, and Universal Veil.
Membranous Veil (/glossary_terms/657):

1. A separate or separable (distinguished) tissue consisting of the veil that initially covers the gills by growing connected to both the cap margin to the stem until growth forces the veil to
detach, exposing the gills and allowing spores to have more direct access to the air and ground upon ejection or detachment from their basidia.
Meristem (/glossary_terms/658):
1. Actively dividing cells. Tissue usually made up of small cells capable of dividing indefinitely and giving rise to similar cells or to cells that differentiate to produce the definitive tissues and/or
organs.
Merulioid (/glossary_terms/1870):
1. Hymenophore wrinkled with low uneven ridges, like the fruit-body of a species in the genus Merulius (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Merulius).
Mesic (/glossary_terms/1863):
1. Environment provides a moderate amount of moisture.
Contrast this term with Xeric and Hydric.
Mesolichen (/glossary_terms/2098):
(Mesolichens, Mesos)
1. Lobes or branches are 1 cm or less. This is an important taxonomic character.
Contrast this term with Macrolichen.
Metabolism (/glossary_terms/659):
(Metabolize, Metabolic)
1. The chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms, including mushrooms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow mushrooms to grow and reproduce, maintain their
structures, and respond to their environments.
2. All chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells.
Metachromatic (/glossary_terms/660):
(Metachromasy, Metachromasies)
1. Spore wall turns reddish to violet in solution of Chresyl Blue in H2O.
2. Cresyl blue mounts of spores of Macrolepiota (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Macrolepiota), Leucoagaricus

(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Leucoagaricus) and Leucocoprinus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Leucocoprinus) allow the observation of the
endosporia because of a selective coloration that results from ultrafiltration of the dye solution by the episporium in such a manner that the endosporium is dyed reddish, and therefore stands
out enough to be rather conspicuous even in cases where it is not very strongly developed. In other genera of the Agaricaceae, the endosporium – whether strongly developed or not – does
not show such an effect in Cresyl Blue mounts. This differentiation has been shown to be of great help in the subdivision of this family, as an additional spore character to be used together
with the iodine reaction and the germ pore. It has also been shown (Pouzar 1966) that the spores of certain species of Gerronema
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Gerronema) (Gerronema splendidissimum (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Gerronema+splendidissimum) and
Gerronema venustissimum (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Gerronema+venustissimum) – “Haasiella”) have metachromatic spore walls in cresyl blue mounts.
3. Spores with one or more parts of the wall turn red when placed in Cresyl Blue stain.
More: Page 89 – The Agaricales In Modern Taxonomy
Metadata (/glossary_terms/661):
1. Additional information that is associated with the collection. This includes the date, location, habitat, notes on appearance, smell, and taste.
Metagenomes (/glossary_terms/662):
1. All of the genetic material present in an environmental sample, consisting of the genomes of many individual organisms.
Metagenomics (/glossary_terms/663):
1. The study of metagenomes, genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples. The broad field may also be referred to as environmental genomics, ecogenomics or
community genomics.
Metasection (/glossary_terms/1755):
1. A taxonomic rank between Subgenus and Section. To see this rank in-use, Google “Laccaria metasection”.
Metataxa (/glossary_terms/1757):
1. The concept of metataxa has been proposed as a means of recognizing unresolved groups (e.g., Donoghue, 1985; de Queiroz & Donoghue, 1988).
Metavelangiocarpic (/glossary_terms/664):
(Metavelangiocarpous, Metavelangiocarpy)
1. Secondary tissues present on the cap and/or stem forming an analogous veil to the universal veil.
Metuloid (/glossary_terms/665):
(Metuloids, Metuloidal)
1. Metuloids are prominently projecting cystidia with thick walls.

2. A cystidium which is not pointed at the end and has thick walls.
3. Thick-walled cystidia with an apex having any of several distinct shapes.
4. A lamprocystidium which is rounded at the apex or with a variable-shaped apex. A metuloid may or may not be encrusted, pigmented, inamyloid, dextrinoid, or amyloid.
5. Thick-walled (when mature) pseudocystidia with presumably excretory function in all or part of their development, often rising from oleiferous hyphae and sometimes accompanied by
endocystidia.
6. A thick-walled cystidium which may or may not be encrusted at its apex.
Contrast this term with Fusoid-Ventricose.
See figure 15.M at http://www.davidmoore.org.uk/... (http://www.davidmoore.org.uk/21st_century_guidebook_to_fungi_platinum/Assets/Hyphal_differentiation_Resources.html)
Metuloid-Type Cystidium (/glossary_terms/666):

(Metuloid-Type Cystidia)
2. A cystidium which is not pointed at the end and has thick walls. Modified cystidium apically incrusted with calcium-oxalate, typically thick-walled. Common in Inocybe
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Inocybe) species.
Micaceus (/glossary_terms/667):
(Mica-Like Granules)
1. Glistening with particles or spots on the pileus surface.
2. Similar to grains of salt (or mica) in reference to the tiny granules (veil fragments) that glisten like specks of mica on the surfaces of immature caps. In wet weather these granules are
sometimes washed away so that the surfaces of mature caps become entirely smooth, rather than granular.
Micro (µ) (/glossary_terms/668):

(µm, Micron, Micrometre, Micrometer)
1. Greek letter (μ). The symbol representing the micron, a microscopic measurement.
Microbe (/glossary_terms/669):
(Microbial, Microbes)
2. A microbe or microorganism is a microscopic organism, which may be a single cell or multicellular organism. The study of microorganisms is called microbiology, a subject that began with
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek’s discovery of microorganisms in 1675, using a microscope of his own design. Microorganisms are very diverse and include all the bacteria and archaea and
almost all the protozoa. They also include some members of the fungi, algae, and animals such as rotifers. Many macro animals and plants have juvenile stages which are also
microorganisms. Some microbiologists also classify viruses as microorganisms, but others consider these as nonliving. Most microorganisms are microscopic, but there are some bacteria
such as Thiomargarita namibiensis and some protozoa such as Stentor, which are macroscopic and visible to the naked eye.
Microbiology (/glossary_terms/670):
1. The study of microscopic organisms, which are defined as any living organism that is either a single cell (unicellular), a cell cluster, or has no cells at all (acellular). This includes
eukaryotes, such as fungi and protists, and prokaryotes.
Microbryophyte (/glossary_terms/2350):
(Microbryophytes)
1. Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts and hornworts) which require microscopy or magnification in order to see them.
Microchemical Reaction (/glossary_terms/671):
(Microchemistry)
1. Microscopically observed reaction of a chemical on tissue.
Resource: https://www.myko-shop.de/... (https://www.myko-shop.de/epages/62834980.sf/en_GB/?ObjectPath=/Shops/62834980/Products/ZChem/SubProducts/ZChem-0004)
Microdose (/glossary_terms/1539):
(Microdosing, Microdosed)
1. Microdosing refers to the practice of ingesting a very low dose of a psychedelic substance. A microdose of psilocybin may range from 0.1 to 0.5 grams of dried psychedelic mushrooms.
2. Microdosing is frequently described as involving a ‘sub-threshold’ dose. That is, individuals aim to identify a dose at which they do not feel “high.”
Microfungi (/glossary_terms/1374):
1. Microfungi comprise a loosely defined artificial group of Fungi and fungal-like organisms that include such things as bread molds, plant pathogens, powdery mildews, rusts, slime molds,
and water molds. In general, these fungi are difficult or impossible to see with the unaided eye. A taxonomical classification of microfungi suggests the group contains 4468 genera and
55,989 species.
Micrograph (/glossary_terms/672):
1. A photograph taken through a microscope or a drawing of an object as seen through a microscope.
Microlichen (/glossary_terms/2349):
(Microlichens)
1. Lichens which require microscopy or magnification in order to see them.
Micromanipulator (/glossary_terms/673):
1. A device which is used to physically interact with a sample under a microscope, where a level of precision of movement is necessary that cannot be achieved by the unaided human hand.
It may typically consist of an input joystick, a mechanism for reducing the range of movement and an output section with the means of holding a microtool to hold, inject, cut or otherwise
manipulate the object as required. The mechanism for reducing the movement usually requires the movement to be free of backlash. This is achieved by the use of kinematic constraints to
allow each part of the mechanism to move only in one or more chosen degrees of freedom, which achieves a high precision and repeatability of movement, usually at the expense of some
absolute accuracy.
Micromorphology (/glossary_terms/674):
(Micromorphological, Micro-Morphological)
1. The microscopic taxonomic characters which have been observed.
Microscopic (/glossary_terms/2186):
1. Involving the use of a microscope, usually due to those taxonomic characters not being visible otherwise.
2. Smaller than macroscopic.
Contrast this term with Macroscopic.
Microscopy (/glossary_terms/675):
1. Microscopy is the technique of using one or more microscopes to view fungi in a way that cannot be seen with the un-aided eye (objects that are not within the resolution range of the
normal eye). There are three well-known branches of microscopy: Optical, electron, and scanning probe microscopy. This allows for the viewing and measurement of mushroom cells such as
spores, cystidia, and other cellular formations useful in taxonomy.
More:
https://images.mushroomobserver.org/microscopy.pdf (https://images.mushroomobserver.org/microscopy.pdf)
https://images.mushroomobserver.org/Fungal%20Microscopy.pdf (https://images.mushroomobserver.org/Fungal%20Microscopy.pdf)
Microscopy Razors (/glossary_terms/2432):
1. Razor blades ideal for making gill cross sections and additional sections for microscopic studies.
Microspores (/glossary_terms/1569):
1. The smaller spores when there are two distinct sizes of spores from the same mushroom.
2. In some fruits of both varieties of Conocybe apala (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Conocybe+apala) normal sized spores are mixed with a tiny portion (=less than
5%) of considerably smaller spores called microspores.
Contrast this term with Macrospores.
Microstructure (/glossary_terms/676):
(Microstructures)
1. The fine structure of a material or tissue as revealed by microscopy.
Misappl. (/glossary_terms/677):
1. Misapplied.
Mitic System (/glossary_terms/678):

1. The E. J. H. Corner system of Hyphal Analysis established in 1932.
Mitochondrial DNA (/glossary_terms/679):

1. DNA (plural = DNAs) found in mitochondria, which contain some structural genes and is generally inherited only through the female line. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA
located in organelles called mitochondria, structures within eukaryotic cells that convert chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Nearly all of
the DNA present in eukaryotic cells can be found in the cell nucleus, and in plants, the chloroplast as well.
Mitochondrian (/glossary_terms/680):
(Plural = Mitochondria)
1. A membrane-enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria are the cell’s power producers (ATP). They convert energy into forms that are usable by the cell.
Mitosis (/glossary_terms/681):
(Pronounced my-toe-sys)
1. The non-sexual process of nuclear division in a cell by which the chromosomes of one nucleus are replicated and divided equally into two daughter nuclei.
Mitospore (/glossary_terms/2030):
(Mitospores)
1. Asexual spore(s). Meiosis is not involved.
Mitriform (/glossary_terms/1435):
1. Shaped like a mitre.
2. Mitre-shaped.
3. Shaped like a bishop’s hat.
Mixtocutis (/glossary_terms/2101):
(Dryophila-Type Cutis)
1. A cutis scalp section looking like a mixture of entangled filaments parallel to the plane of the slide (i.e. periclinal). The elements are neither parallel to one another nor radially arranged. See
Collybia dryophila (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Collybia+dryophila).
Contrast this term with Parallelocutis.
ML (/glossary_terms/682):
1. Maximum Likelihood.
ML Tree (/glossary_terms/683):
1. A phylogenetic tree based on maximum likelihood. This is a method of inferring phylogenetic relationships using a pre-specified (often user-specified) model of sequence evolution.
Moist (/glossary_terms/2395):
1. This is a formal taxonomic character used to describe a pileus surface that is moist but is not any of the following: Dry, Ixoderm, Lubricous, Mucilaginous, Mucousy, Subviscid, Tacky, or
Viscid.
Mold (/glossary_terms/1473):
(Mould, Molds, Moulds)
2. Various fungi that cover surfaces as fluffy mycelia and usually produce masses of asexual, or sometimes sexual, spores. Genera with species of molds include Acremonium
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Acremonium), Alternaria (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Alternaria), Aspergillus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Aspergillus), Aureobasidium (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Aureobasidium), Chaetomium
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Chaetomium), Cladosporium (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Cladosporium), Fusarium
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Fusarium), Mucor (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Mucor), Penicillium
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Penicillium), Stachybotrys (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Stachybotrys), Trichoderma
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Trichoderma), and Ulocladium (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Ulocladium).
Molecular Data (/glossary_terms/684):

(Molecular Sequence Data, DNA sequencing results)
1. Referring to an aspect of a DNA sequence study.
Molecular Lab (/glossary_terms/685):

1. A lab that does DNA sequencing.
Molecular Markers (/glossary_terms/686):

1. In genetics, a molecular marker (identified genetic marker) is a fragment of DNA that is associated with a certain location within the genome. Molecular markers are used in molecular
biology and biotechnology to identify a particular sequence of DNA in a pool of unknown DNA.
Molecular Phylogenetics (/glossary_terms/687):

(Molecular Phylogeny)
1. The analysis of hereditary molecular differences, mainly among DNA sequences, to gain information of an organism’s evolutionary relationships. The result of a molecular phylogenetic
analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of molecular systematics, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in taxonomy and
biogeography.
Molecular Systematics (/glossary_terms/689):

(Biological Systematics, Molecular Studies)
1. The DNA study of the diversification of living forms – both past and present – and the relationships among living things through time.
Monilaceous (/glossary_terms/1783):
Moniliform (/glossary_terms/690):
1. Cystidia that are cylindrical but contracted at regular intervals, like a string of beads.
Monoangiocarpous (/glossary_terms/691):
1. Having a single veil instead of two or more veils.
Monobasidiospores (/glossary_terms/692):
1. Single basidiospores.
2. Individual spores isolated for study.
Monoevalangiocarpy (/glossary_terms/693):
1. A type of angiocarpic development in which only a universal veil participates.
Monograph (/glossary_terms/694):
1. A work of writing upon a single subject, usually by a single author. In mycology, this is a frequent term for publications focused on a worldwide, in-depth study of a single genus.
Example Monograph: https://mykoweb.com/... (https://mykoweb.com/systematics/literature/The%20Genus%20Psilocybe.pdf)
Monokaryon (/glossary_terms/695):
(Monokaryotic)
1. Having one nucleus as opposed to two or more.
Contrast this term with Dikaryotic.
Monomitic (/glossary_terms/696):
1. A category of gill trama hyphae having only one type of hyphae pattern, generative hyphae, (which are thin-walled, branched, narrow [1.5-10microns], and septate).
2. Tissue cells comprised of only one type of hyphae.
Contrast this term with Dimitic and Trimitic.
Monophyletic (/glossary_terms/111):
(Monophyletic Taxon, Monophyletic Group, Monophyly)
1. A group composed of a collection of organisms, including the most recent common ancestor of all those organisms and all the descendants of that most recent common ancestor. A
monophyletic taxon is also called a clade. In cladistics, a monophyletic group, or clade, is a group of organisms that consists of all the descendants of a common ancestor. Monophyletic
groups are typically characterised by shared derived characteristics (synapomorphies), which distinguish organisms in the clade from other organisms. The arrangement of the members of a
monophyletic group is called a monophyly.
Contrast this term with Paraphyly and Polyphyly.
Monosaccharides (/glossary_terms/697):
1. The most basic units of biologically important carbohydrates. They are the simplest form of sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids.
Monospore (/glossary_terms/698):
(Monospores)
1. A simple or undivided non-motile, asexual spore.
Monosporidial (/glossary_terms/699):
1. Of, from, or relating to a single sporidium.
Monosporous (/glossary_terms/700):
1. Reproduction via monospores.
Monotypic (/glossary_terms/701):
1. Having a single representative. Used especially when a genus has only one species.
Monotypic Genus (/glossary_terms/702):

1. A genus that only includes one species.
Monotypic Section (/glossary_terms/703):

1. A section with only one species.
Monotypic Subgenus (/glossary_terms/704):
1. A subgenus with only one species in it.
Monovelangiocarpy (/glossary_terms/705):
(Monovelangiocarpous)
1. A type of angiocarpic development of the basidiocarp in which only a universal veil participates. Hymenium covered by a single veil during development. Having a single universal veil
protecting the primordia.
Morph (/glossary_terms/706):
(Plural = Morphs)
1. One of various distinct forms of a microstructure or species.
Morphogenesis (/glossary_terms/1518):
(Morphogenetic Features)
1. A biological process that causes a tissue to develop its shape by controlling the spatial distribution of cells during development.
2. The process that causes a cell, tissue, or organism to develop its shape.
More: http://www.davidmoore.org.uk/Sec01_04.htm (http://www.davidmoore.org.uk/Sec01_04.htm)
Morphological Species Concept (/glossary_terms/2300):

(MSC)
1. This is one of several species concepts. This view approaches a species as a community, or a number of related communities, whose distinctive morphological characters are, in the
opinion of a competent systematist, sufficiently definite to entitle it, or them, to a specific name.
2. Organisms are classified as the same species if they appear identical by morphological (anatomical) taxonomic characters.
Contrast this term with Species Concept, Biological Species Concept, and Phylogenetic Species Concept.
Morphological Variation (/glossary_terms/707):

1. The variation in plain site (macromorphological) attributes or microscopic structures (micromorphological) within a given study – usually in reference to species variation among many
collections, or with reference to genus variation after analyzing many collections of each species.
Morphology (/glossary_terms/708):
(Morphologically)
1. The study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features. This includes aspects of the outward appearance (shape, structure, color, pattern) and inward
structure. In Agaricales (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Agaricales), morphology is often dealt with in two branches: Macromorphology and micromorphology.
Morphospecies (/glossary_terms/1631):
1. A group of fungi whose members differ from all other groups in some aspect of their form and structure, but are so similar among themselves that they are lumped together for the purposes
of analysis.
Morphospecies Concept (/glossary_terms/709):

1. A species concept different from biological or phylogenetic species concepts. It asserts that species is a diagnosable cluster of individuals within which there is a pattern of ancestry and
descent, and beyond which there is not.
Morphotypes (/glossary_terms/710):
(Morphotype)
1. Any of a group of different types of individuals of the same species in a population; a morph.
Morphotyping (/glossary_terms/2011):
1. The identification of morphotypes.
2. An inexpensive and simple method of evaluating fringe and surface characteristics of streak colonies grown on malt agar.
More: https://www.protocols.io/... (https://www.protocols.io/view/morphotyping-fungal-cultures-kqdg366d7g25/v1)

Mottled (/glossary_terms/711):
(Inaequihymeniiferous)
1. Spotted gill tissue as a result of basidia and spores maturing at different rates.
2. With spots or smears of color.
3. Mushrooms with inaequihymeniiferous gills have intermittent spore maturation, causing the gills to develop spots as the spores mature. Examples of genera which often have species with
inaequihymeniiferous gills include Coprinus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Coprinus), Lacrymaria (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Lacrymaria),
and Panaeolus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Panaeolus). This term was coined by Mycologist Arthur Henry Reginald Buller in 1909.
Mount (/glossary_terms/712):
1. A microscopy term used to describe adding a liquid such as KOH or soap water to a section of material before a cover slip is added.
MP (/glossary_terms/713):
1. Abbreviation for Most Parsimonious. “Most parsimonious” means the phylogeny of a group of species is inferred to be the branching pattern requiring the smallest number of evolutionary
changes.
MPT (/glossary_terms/714):
1. MP Tree.
2. Most Parsimonious Tree.
MrBayes (/glossary_terms/715):
1. A software program which performs Bayesian inference of phylogeny.
More: https://www.researchgate.net/...
(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221854363_MrBayes_32_Efficient_Bayesian_Phylogenetic_Inference_and_Model_Choice_Across_a_Large_Model_Space)
MRCA (/glossary_terms/716):
(MRCAs)
1. Most Recent Common Ancestor(s).
MSA (/glossary_terms/2148):
1. Abbreviation for Mycological Society of America, an organization publishing the Mycologia journal and the Inoculum newsletter.
More:
https://msafungi.org/ (https://msafungi.org/)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycological_Society_of_America (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycological_Society_of_America)
Mucilaginous (/glossary_terms/717):
1. Consisting of mucilage (viscous substance).
2. Resembling mucilage and being moist and sticky.
3. Covered in a viscid substance that is sticky and mucus-like.
Contrast this term with Dry, Ixoderm, Lubricous, Moist, Mucilaginous, Mucousy, Subviscid, Tacky, and Viscid.
Mucormycosis (/glossary_terms/1592):
1. Mucormycosis (previously called Zygomycosis) is a serious but rare fungal infection caused by a group of molds called Mucormycetes
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Mucormycetes). These molds live throughout the environment. Mucormycosis mainly affects people who have health problems or take
medicines that lower the body’s ability to fight germs and sickness.
More:
https://www.cdc.gov/... (https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/mucormycosis/symptoms.html)
https://www.reuters.com/... (https://www.reuters.com/world/india/black-fungus-complication-adds-indias-covid-woes-2021-05-10/)
Mucousy (/glossary_terms/718):
(Mucoid, Mucous)
1. Pileus and/or stipe surface is slimy.
2. Resembling mucus.
Contrast this term with Dry, Ixoderm, Lubricous, Moist, Mucilaginous, Subviscid, Tacky, and Viscid.
Mucro (/glossary_terms/719):
1. Crested as in the cystidia of Pluteus cervinus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Pluteus+cervinus) and Pleuroflammula
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Pleuroflammula) species.
2. Cystidia in which the apex narrows abruptly into a pointed protuberance.
Mucronate (/glossary_terms/720):
1. Cystidia with small abrupt, acute, or blunt protuberance at the apex.
2. Having a short apical extension.
Multi-Gene Phylogeny (/glossary_terms/722):

(Multi-Gene Phylogenies)
1. Analyzing and comparing multiple genes between collections, rather than just the ITS barcode or a single gene analysis.
Multi-Species Organism (/glossary_terms/2002):

(Multi-Species Organisms)
1. Organisms formed through symbiotic relationships between members of different species. These organisms can sometimes be associated with species from different kingdoms, such as
lichens.
More: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/biology-individual/ (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/biology-individual/)
Multiannulate (/glossary_terms/2049):
(Multi-annulate)
Contrast this term with Annulus, Annulus Ridges, Double Annulus, and Single Annulus.
Multinucleate (/glossary_terms/1708):
1. Basidiospores possessing more than one or two nuclei.
Multiple Sequence Alignment (/glossary_terms/723):

(Multiple Sequence Alignment(s), MSA)
1. A sequence alignment of three or more biological sequences, generally Protein, DNA, or RNA.
Multiseptate (/glossary_terms/1629):
(Multi-Septate)
1. Having several septa (a partition separating two chambers).

Mummified Fruits (/glossary_terms/1928):
1. With regard to fungal parasitism, fruits from a host plant which are infested by a fungus and which dry like a mummy to form a type of false sclerotium.
Muricate (/glossary_terms/721):
1. With hard excrescence.
Muriform (/glossary_terms/1630):
1. Demonstrating a multicellular pattern with cross and longitudinal septa.
2. Denoting an aggregation of cells fitting together like stones in a stone wall.
Murinous (/glossary_terms/1788):
1. Color similar to silver-grey with a hint of shiny forest green that is hard to see.
Muscarine (/glossary_terms/724):
(L-(+)-Muscarine, Muscarin)
1. A natural chemical found in certain mushrooms, particularly in Inocybe (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Inocybe) and Clitocybe
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Clitocybe) species, such as the deadly Clitocybe dealbata (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Clitocybe+dealbata).
Mushrooms in the genera Entoloma (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Entoloma) and Mycena (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Mycena) have also
been found to contain levels of muscarine, which can be dangerous if consumed. Muscarine has been found in harmless trace amounts in Boletus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Boletus), Hygrocybe (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Hygrocybe), Lactarius
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Lactarius) and Russula (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Russula). Muscarine is only a trace compound in
Amanita muscaria (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Amanita+muscaria). In Amanita muscaria the more relevant compound is muscimol.
Muscimol (/glossary_terms/1433):
2. Muscimol is one of the principal psychoactive constituents of Amanita muscaria (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Amanita+muscaria) and related species of
mushroom. Muscimol is a potent, selective agonist for the GABA-A receptors and displays sedative-hypnotic, depressant, and hallucinogenic psychoactivity. This colorless or white solid is
classified as an isoxazole.
3. It has a role as a fungal metabolite, a GABA agonist and a psychotropic drug. It is a member of isoxazoles, a primary amino compound and an alkaloid.
4. Muscimol is a GABA-A receptor agonist that temporarily inactivates neurons by mimicking the inhibitory neural effects of GABA.
5. Although both muscimol and ibotenic acid are present in mushrooms, muscimol is produced by spontaneous decarboxylation of ibotenic acid that can occur during dehydration of the
mushroom, digestion in the stomach, or after absorption in a variety of tissues.
Mushroom (/glossary_terms/725):
1. The fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungi, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source (decomposing wood, etc). The word “mushroom” is most often applied to
those fungi (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes) that have a stem (stipe), a cap (pileus), and gills (lamellae). Some mycologists use the term in a more relaxed sense, applying the term
“mushroom” to non-gilled fungi.
Mushroom Dehydrator (/glossary_terms/2429):

1. Although several alternative methods exist to dry mushrooms, an electric dehydrator with temperature control is a modern, effective, and fast resource for such purposes. Once the
mushrooms are ready for dehydration, they are spaced out apart from one another inside the dehydrator. The temperature is set to 110-120 degrees Fahrenheit maximum (43-50 degrees
Celsius). Temperatures above 155 degrees Fahrenheit (68 Celsius) can damage DNA. Different sized mushrooms take longer than smaller specimens to dry completely. Generally speaking
12-48 hours is the duration required, but the specimens should be checked fairly frequently.
More: https://fundis.org/sequence/collect-dry/dry-your-specimens (https://fundis.org/sequence/collect-dry/dry-your-specimens)
Mushroom Fruiting Chamber (/glossary_terms/1952):

1. A mushroom fruiting chamber is an enclosed space that growers use to mimic the optimal growth parameters for growing mushrooms – usually indoors. Over the past several decades,
inventors and innovators have developed a variety of techniques and gear for growing fungi indoors. This includes simple to complex chambers (terrariums, mushroom grow bags, shotgun
fruiting chambers, etc.). The most sophisticated gear now available includes internet-compatibility with automated control over temperature, light, humidity, and fresh air exhange.
More: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Mq9Hq0rJmlM (https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Mq9Hq0rJmlM)

Mushroom Hunting Knife (/glossary_terms/2415):
(Mushroom Hunter’s Knife, Mushroom Knife)
1. Although a fairly wide variety of knives are used for mushroom hunting, most of them have a short blade with the opposite end having a brush. The brush allows hunters to sweep off dirt
and other debris. The blade can be used for several aspects of hunting including uprooting a specimen, creating a longitudinal section, and removing the caps for spore prints. Some knives
also have a small ruler to give a general idea of size during photography.
Mushroomic (/glossary_terms/1934):
(Mushroomics)
1. Related to mushrooms or studies relevant to mushrooms.
2. Resembling a mushroom or something about mushrooms.
Musicolous Fungi (/glossary_terms/1511):

(Bryicolous Fungi)
1. Fungi which grow on – or with – mosses.
Mutagenized (/glossary_terms/726):
1. To treat with mutagenic agents.
2. To induce mutation.
Mutant (/glossary_terms/727):
1. In biology and especially genetics, a mutant is an organism or a new genetic character arising or resulting from an instance of mutation, which is a base-pair sequence change within the
DNA of a gene or chromosome of an organism resulting in the creation of a new character or trait not found in the wild type. The natural occurrence of genetic mutations is integral to the
process of evolution. The study of mutants is an integral part of biology; by understanding the effect that a mutation in a gene has, it is possible to establish the normal function of that gene.
Mutation (/glossary_terms/728):
1. In genetics, a mutation is a change of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal genetic element. Mutations result from unrepaired damage to
DNA or to RNA genomes (typically caused by radiation or chemical mutagens), errors in the process of replication, or from the insertion or deletion of segments of DNA by mobile genetic
elements. Mutations may or may not produce discernible changes in the observable characteristics (phenotype) of an organism. Mutations play a part in both normal and abnormal biological
processes including: evolution, cancer, and the development of the immune system. Mutation can result in several different types of change in sequences. Mutations in genes can either have
no effect, alter the product of a gene, or prevent the gene from functioning properly or completely. Mutations can also occur in nongenic regions.
mutatis characteribus (/glossary_terms/928):

(Abbreviated mut. char.)
1. With the characters changed (usually the circumscription). Used in same way as emendatus.
Mycelial Cord (/glossary_terms/729):

(Mycelial Cords, Mycelial Chord, Mycelial Chords)
1. Linear aggregations of parallel hyphae. Mature cords are made up of wide, empty vessel hyphae surrounded by narrower sheathing hyphae. Cords may look similar to plant roots, and also
frequently have similar functions; hence they are also called rhizomorphs (literally, “root-forms”). Mycelial cords are capable of transferring nutrients over long distances. They can transfer
nutrients to a developing fruiting body, or enable wood-rotting fungi to grow through soil from an established food base in search of new food sources.
Mycelial Fan (/glossary_terms/730):
(Mycelial Fans, Mycelium Fan)
1. An oriental fan-like formation of fungal hyphae.
2. A fan-shaped mycelial mat forming under the bark and wood of roots or lower trunks, typically referenced with Armillaria (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Armillaria)
species on tree farms and forests.
Mycelial Fragmentation (/glossary_terms/731):

(Fragmented Mycelium)
1. Any reproductive mycelium that is fragmented or disrupted, provided that the fragment contains the equivalent of the peripheral growth zone, which then develops a new colony. Many fung
are sub-cultured using this hyphal fragment technique. During fragmentation the mycelium breaks into two or more similar fragments either accidentally or due to some external force. Each
fragment grows into a new mycelium.
Mycelium (/glossary_terms/732):
(Plural = Mycelia, Myceliums)
1. A branching network of hyphae. This is oftentimes a white, strand-like material which produces the mushroom body.
Mycenoid (/glossary_terms/733):
1. Resembling a mushroom of the genus Mycena.
2. Tall, slender mushrooms with long cartilaginous stems (no ring or volva), and comparatively small conic to bellshaped caps with attached but not decurrent gills.
3. Pileus conic to campanulate; lamellar attachment variable but not decurrent; annulus absent; volva absent; stipe consistency cartilaginous.
Mycetogenetic (/glossary_terms/2170):
1. Made or caused by a fungus or fungi.
Myco (/glossary_terms/734):
1. Formed irregularly from Greek mukes (=fungus, mushroom).
Mycobank (/glossary_terms/1081):
1. Mycobank is one of two official nomenclatural databases for fungi. The other is Index Fungorum.
More: http://www.mycobank.org/... (http://www.mycobank.org/Biolomics.aspx?Table=Mycobank_Advanced&Page=200&ViewMode=Basic)
Mycobiont (/glossary_terms/1962):
(Mycobionts)
1. The fungal component of a lichen is called the mycobiont. The mycobiont may be an Ascomycete or Basidiomycete.
Mycobiota (/glossary_terms/735):
(Mycobiotas)
1. A group of all the fungi present in a particular geographic region or generalized habitat area.
Mycoblitz (/glossary_terms/1626):
1. A mycoblitz is a quick, intense survey of the fungal species present in a targeted area, usually performed by a small or large team of amateur mycologists. The primary goal of a mycoblitz
is to produce vouchered records of all the macrofungi obtained from a pre-determined locality.
Mycocoenologically (/glossary_terms/1857):
(Mycocoenologic)
1. A collection of fungal life forms that are found together, interacting as a community within an ecosystem.
MycoCosm (/glossary_terms/1939):
1. The MycoCosm web portal provides data access, visualization, and analysis tools for comparative genomics of fungi. MycoCosm enables users to navigate across sequenced fungal
genomes, and to conduct comparative and genome-centric analyses of fungi and community annotation.
More: https://jgi.doe.gov/... (https://jgi.doe.gov/our-science/science-programs/fungal-genomics/mycocosm-jgi-fungal-portal/)
Mycodiversity (/glossary_terms/1858):
(Mycodiverse)
1. The diversity of a single fungus or multiple fungi in a particular environment or locality. This term can also be applied to multiple environments and locations.
Mycoecology (/glossary_terms/1995):
1. The study of relationships of various organisms and their influence on fungi and their physical surroundings.
Mycoestrogen (/glossary_terms/1554):
(Mycoestrogens)
1. Xenohormone that imitates Estrogen produced by fungi.
More: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoestrogen (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoestrogen)
Mycoevangelists (/glossary_terms/2083):
(Myco-Evangelists)
1. People who believe and proclaim that fungi have the potential to solve many of humanity’s biggest problems.
Mycoflora (/glossary_terms/736):
(Mycofloras, Mycoflorae, Mycofloristic)
1. The fungi living within a particular environment.
Mycogardening (/glossary_terms/2060):
1. The growing of an aesthetic mushroom garden, usually with preference for gourmet and medicinal fungi.
Mycoheterotroph (/glossary_terms/1501):
(Myco-Heterotrophy, Mycoheterotrophs, Mycoheterotrophy, Mycoheterotrophic)
1. A plant which obtains carbon from fungi. Merckx 20121, page one.
Mycoheterotrophic plants can be:
█ Fully mycoheterotrophic: Completely dependent on fungi throughout the plant’s entire life cycle.
█ Initially mycoheterotrophic: Dependent on fungi during early life stages, but becoming self-sufficient later.
█ Partially mycoheterotrophic: Combing autotrophy and mycoheterotrophy.
█ A combination of some or all three descriptions above.
Merckx 20121; Hynson 20182. See also, e.g., Bitardando 20013; Taylor 19974; DeShazer, Species List 99 (/species_list/show_species_list/99); “Mycoheterotroph”
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/%22Mycoheterotroph%22)
_____
1
Merckx. 2012. Mycoheterotrophy: The biology of plants living on fungi (http://www.pnas.org/content/94/9/4510.full.pdf+html)
2Hynson. 2018. Partial mycoheterotrophs: The green plants that feed on fungi. (http://theconversation.com/partial-mycoheterotrophs-the-green-plants-that-feed-on-fungi-81643) The
Conversation (retrieved 2019-08-16).
3
Bidartondo & Bruns. 2001. Extreme specificity in epiparasitic Monotropoideae (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Monotropoideae) (Ericaceae
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Ericaceae)): widespread phylogenetic and geographical structure. Molecular Ecol. 10(9): 2285–2295
(http://nature.berkeley.edu/brunslab/papers/bidartondo2001c.pdf)
4
Taylor & Bruns. 1997. Independent, specialized invasions of ectomycorrhizal mutualism by two nonphotosynthetic orchids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 4510–4515
(http://www.pnas.org/content/94/9/4510.full.pdf+html)
Mycolandscaping (/glossary_terms/2059):
1. The science and art of decorating specific environments with medicinal and gourmet fungi using mycelium, spores, and inoculated wood chips or mulch.
Mycolatry (/glossary_terms/1994):
1. The act of giving praise, reverance, adoration, or worship to mushrooms (or fungi in general).
Mycolinguistics (/glossary_terms/2294):
(Mycologese)
1. The evolving technical language of mycologists. Particularly, the language used to formally describe fungi.
Mycological (/glossary_terms/737):
1. A term used to denote relevancy to the study of fungi (mycology) or something related to fungi. It can be contrasted with the word botanical.
Mycologist (/glossary_terms/738):
(Mycologists, Mychologist)
1. An individual dedicated to the scientific study of fungi – which may include:
▓ Fungal genetics
▓ Biochemical and biodefense research
▓ Taxonomy and/or nomenclature
▓ The investigation of fungi for beneficial uses to humans as a source of medicine (e.g., Penicillin)
▓ Foods and beverages (e.g., beer, wine, cheese, gourmet mushrooms)
▓ Poisoning or infection
▓ Ecology and conservation
▓ Historical aspects of fungi
▓ Land care management / forestry management / fungal forestry
▓ Crop disease management and prevention
▓ Education
Mycology (/glossary_terms/99):
(Fungology)
1. The scientific study of fungi.
Mycolysis (/glossary_terms/2056):
Mycoparasitism (/glossary_terms/740):
(Mycoparasitic, Mycoparasite)
1. Mycoparasitism occurs when any fungus feeds on other fungi, a form of parasitism. See Squamanita paradoxa
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Squamanita+paradoxa) mycoparasitize Cystoderma amianthinum
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Cystoderma+amianthinum).
More: http://www.davidmoore.org.uk/... (http://www.davidmoore.org.uk/21st_century_guidebook_to_fungi_platinum/Ch16_15.htm)
Contrast this term with Hypermycoparasitism.
Mycophilic (/glossary_terms/1261):
(Mycophilia, Mycophiles, Fungiphiles)
1. An excited embrace and acceptance of mushrooms and fungi.
2. Having an enthusiastic appreciation of fungi.
3. Any organism capable of inhabiting or growing upon fungi.
Mycophilic Fungi (/glossary_terms/741):

1. Fungi which grow on sporocarps of other fungi or slime moulds.
Mycophobia (/glossary_terms/1262):
(Mycophobic, Fungophobia)
1. A noticeable dislike, fear, and anxiety toward mushrooms and fungi in general – which many people have. In most instances, this is accompanied by a perplexed facial expression,
avoidance of conversation about mushrooms, and false embellishments about what mushrooms are. In extreme cases, people get angry at the mere initiation of dialogue in regard to fungi.
This is followed by dishonest verbal condemnation of the person who started the dialogue.
Mycorrhizal (/glossary_terms/742):
(Plural = Mycorrhizae or Mycorrhizas)
1. A mycorrhiza is a symbiotic (generally mutualistic, but occasionally weakly pathogenic) association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant. In a mycorrhizal association, the
fungus colonizes the host plant’s roots, either intracellularly as in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, or extracellularly as in ectomycorrhizal fungi. They are an important component of soil life and
soil chemistry.
Contrast this term with Endomycorrhizal and Ectomycorrhizal.
Mycosclerid (/glossary_terms/2106):
(Mycosclerids)
1. Irregular, thick-walled skeletal hypha.
Mycoscleroids (/glossary_terms/743):
1. Lamprocystidia that are embedded in the trama.
Mycoses (/glossary_terms/1471):
(Mycosis)
1. Fungal infections growing within or on the surface of animals – including humans. While most fungi do not play a significant role in human disease, there are several hundred fungi that do,
resulting in fungal infection or disease. Fungal infections (mycoses) range from common benign infections like ‘jock itch’ to serious, life-threatening infections such as cryptococcal meningitis.
Antifungal antimicrobials are one drug class that can combat these mycoses.
More: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538168/ (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538168/)
Mycosociology (/glossary_terms/1927):
(Mycosociological, Mycoenological)
2. The study and classification of fungal communities in their own right.
Mycostatic (/glossary_terms/1654):
(Fungistatic)
1. A substance inhibiting the growth of fungi.
Mycota (/glossary_terms/745):
(Mycotas)
1. An alternative taxonomic name for the Kingdom Fungi.
Mycotourism (/glossary_terms/2424):
(Myco-Tourism)
1. Tourism centered on hunting, identifying, growing, and studying mushrooms.
Mycotoxigenic (/glossary_terms/1586):
1. Possessing mycotoxins.
Mycotoxins (/glossary_terms/1447):
2. Toxic secondary metabolites produced by some fungi. They are capable of causing disease and death in both humans and other animals. The term mycotoxin is usually reserved for the
toxic chemical products produced by fungi that colonize crops. Examples of mycotoxins causing human and animal illness include: Aflatoxin, Citrinin, Fumonisins, Ochratoxin A, Patulin,
Trichothecenes, Zearalenone, Ergotamine.
Mycovirus (/glossary_terms/746):
1. Mycoviruses are viruses that infect fungi. The majority of mycoviruses have double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genomes and isometric particles, but approximately 30% have positive sense,
single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) genomes. To be a true mycovirus, it must demonstrate an ability to be transmitted and be able to infect other healthy fungi. Many double stranded RNA
elements that have been described in fungi do not fit this description, and in these cases they are referred to as virus-like particles. Preliminary results indicate that most mycoviruses
codiverge with their hosts. Their phylogeny is largely congruent with one of their hosts. However, many virus families containing mycoviruses have only been sparsely sampled.
Myxomycetes (/glossary_terms/1424):
1. The Myxomycetes, traditionally studied by mycologists, are amoebae, and are now in the interest focus of protistologists.
2. The Myxomycetes, or slime moulds, also known as Mycetozoa or Myxogastria, are a group of ameboid protists, considered for many years as a special group of fungi. They are
microscopic, phagotrophic, non-pathogenic bacterivores, which help to decompose plant remains. Their life cycle has amoeboid, motile, trophic stages, either unicellular (myxamoebae or
swarm cells) or multinucleate (plasmodia), and a reproductive stage with spores generated by a complex non-motile fruiting body. They are found in all terrestrial ecosystems, and about 1000
species are known worldwide. They are particularly abundant in temperate and tropical forest, but many species are also adapted to live in extreme environments where, along with yeast and
bacteria, they form an unusual biota. The myxomycetes, also called plasmodial slime molds, the dictyostelids, cellular slime molds or «social amoebae», and the protostelids form part of a
group now called Amoebozoa. This is of some evolutionary significance, on account of its position in the tree of life, since it is considered to be one of many attempts in the evolution of
organisms towards multicellularity.
Myxosporium (/glossary_terms/744):
1. The set of often mucilaginous layers on the outside of the basidiospore wall enveloping the eusporium. Its components are the ectosporium, the perisporium, and the exosporium.
Myxotelamonoid (/glossary_terms/1662):
2. Viscid species which look like Telamonia (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Telamonia) species.

n. sp. (/glossary_terms/769):
1. New species.
Nacreous (/glossary_terms/747):
1. Having a pearly lustre. Any gelatinized tissue as seen in alkali solutions.
NAMA (/glossary_terms/2192):
1. Abbreviation for North American Mycological Association. NAMA is a non-profit organization committed to the promotion of scientific and educational activities related to fungi.
Tip: NAMA publishes a quarterly newsletter called The Mycophile available at https://namyco.org/mycophile.php (https://namyco.org/mycophile.php)
More: https://namyco.org/ (https://namyco.org/)
NaOCI (/glossary_terms/749):
1. Bleach. Usually a 10% solution (with 90% water) is used for an alternative sterilizing method during cloning.
NaOH (/glossary_terms/750):
1. Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, with the molecular formula NaOH is a highly caustic metallic base which is a white solid available in pellets, flakes, granules, and as
a 50% saturated solution.
Napiform (/glossary_terms/748):
1. Shaped like a turnip.
Narrowly Adnate (/glossary_terms/1495):

1. Lamellae are attached to the stipe less than adnate but more than adnexed.
Emarginate, Emarginate, Emarginate With Decurrent Tooth, and Adnexed.
Narrowly Clavate (/glossary_terms/751):

1. Club-shaped cystidia with a Q greater than 4.
Contrast this term with Clavate and Broadly Clavate.
Narrowly Conical (/glossary_terms/2117):

1. Cystidia conical with Q > 4.
Contrast this term with Conical, Broadly Conical, Truncately Broadly Conical, and Obtusely Conical.
Narrowly Cylindrical (/glossary_terms/753):
1. Cylindrical cystidia with a Q greater than 4.
Contrast this term with Cylindrical and Broadly Cylindrical.
Narrowly Fusiform (/glossary_terms/2344):

2. Cystidia with Q > 4.0.
3. Spores with length divided by width or length divided by breadth > 4.0.
Contrast this term with Broadly Fusiform, Fusiform, Very Broadly Fusiform, Fusiform-Lanceolate, and Subfusiform.
Narrowly Infundibuliform (/glossary_terms/2298):

Contrast this term with Infundibuliform, Broadly Infundibuliform, Broadly-Shallowly Depressed, Deeply Infundibuliform, Concave, and Plano-Concave.
Narrowly Lageniform (/glossary_terms/1418):

1. Shaped like a thin, narrow flask.
2. Cystidia are nearly lageniform, but the slightly swollen lower halves are not so swollen and instead exhibit roughly half as much “swelling” with a much less roundish appearance.
Contrast this term with Nettle Hair-Shaped, Legeniform, and Broadly Lageniform.
Narrowly Parabolic (/glossary_terms/2224):
(Narrowly-Parabolic)
2. More narrow than parabolic.
Contrast this term with Parabolic and Broadly Parabolic.
Narrowly Utriform (/glossary_terms/2296):

Contrast this term with Utriform, Broadly Utriform, Deuterocystidium, Lecythiform, and Pin-Shaped.
Narrowly-Deeply Depressed (/glossary_terms/1909):

1. Pileus center exhibits a depression that is not wide, but it is deep.
See: https://www.researchgate.net/... (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327592308_Mushroom_Characterization_Part_I-Illustrated_Morphological_Characteristics)
Contrast this term with Indented Pileus, Slightly Depressed, and Narrowly-Shallowly Depressed.
Narrowly-Shallowly Depressed (/glossary_terms/1907):

1. Pileus center exhibits a depression that is not wide or deep.
Contrast this term with Indented Pileus, Narrowly-Deeply Depressed, and Slightly Depressed.
Natural Selection (/glossary_terms/754):

1. The process through which species adapt to their environments. It is the engine that drives evolution.
2. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.
More: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection)
Naucorioid (/glossary_terms/1718):
1. A mushroom with a fleshy-fibrous stipe, adnexed or emarginate lamellae, and no annulus or volva.
Naviculate (/glossary_terms/578):
1. Spores which are broader at one end, but both ends are essentially tapered.
NCBI (/glossary_terms/755):
1. Abbreviation for National Center for Biotechnology Information. This organization advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information.
More: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)
NCF (/glossary_terms/109):
(Nomenclature Committee for Fungi)
1. The permanent Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF) is appointed by the Fungal Nomenclature Session of the International Mycological Congress. Its task is to discuss and vote on
formal proposals concerning conservation and rejection of fungal names, and on requests for binding decisions (such as on homonymy). In addition, the NCF discusses and votes on lists of
names of fungi for protection or rejection that are compiled by working groups set up in consultation with the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi. The NCF also provides an
opinion on formal proposals to modify the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants with respect to fungal names; and appoints the repositories that issue identifiers
required for nomenclatural novelties in fungi and typification acts for names of fungi (from 2019).
More: http://www.ima-mycology.org/... (http://www.ima-mycology.org/nomenclature/nomenclature-committee-fungi#:~:text=The%20permanent%20Nomenclature%20Committee%20for,

(such%20as%20on%20homonymy)).
Nearly Perforated (/glossary_terms/1812):

1. More than indented and not quite perforating the pileus center.
Contrast this term with Perforated and Indented Pileus.

Necropigmented Basidium (/glossary_terms/756):
(Necropigmented Basidia)
1. Basidium that becomes ochraceous and collapses with age.
Nematophagous (/glossary_terms/2015):
1. Fungi which eat nematodes.
Neotype (/glossary_terms/69):
1. A specimen or illustration selected to serve as the nomenclatural type if no original material is extant or as long as it is missing (ICNapf Art. 9.8 and 9.13; see also ICNapf Art. 9.16 and
9.19).
Nettle Hair-Shaped (/glossary_terms/757):

1. Lageniform cystidia with long, narrow, slender neck.
Contrast this term with Narrowly Lageniform, Lageniform, and Broadly Lageniform.
New Combination (/glossary_terms/58):

(combinatio nova)
1. A new name for a taxon below the rank of genus based on a legitimate, previously published name, which is its basionym and which provides the final epithet of the new combination.
NH4OH (/glossary_terms/758):
(Ammonia solution, Ammonium Hydroxide, Ammonia Water, Ammonical Liquor, Ammonia Liquor, Aqua Ammonia, Aqueous Ammonia, Ammonia)
1. A solution of ammonia in water. It can be denoted by the symbols NH3. Ammonium Hydroxide can be used as an alternative to KOH. A 10% solution is common, with some mycologists
preferring a 2.5%, 3%, or 5% solution. It should be noted here that Ammonium Hydroxide is listed as corrosive and a small amount will release powerful fumes into the work area. A benefit in
working with it, however, is found in comparison to KOH in that it does not leave a crystallized (solid state) residue upon drying. This solution should be handled with the appropriate level of
care and respect.
Note: A 4oz bottle of 20% Ammonium Hydroxide can be diluted to 10% by adding 4oz of distilled water.
Nitrophilous (/glossary_terms/1721):
1. Found growing in soils rich in nitrogen.
nLSU (/glossary_terms/759):
1. Nuclear Large SubUnit DNA barcode.
Nodose (/glossary_terms/760):
1. With rounded thickenings (nodes) at more or less regular intervals (along the axis of a lobe or branch).
Nodular (/glossary_terms/30):
1. This term describes a spore shape in which small, knoblike outgrowths (proturbences) are exhibited.
Nodulose (/glossary_terms/761):
(Nodulous)
1. Describes a spore shape which possesses small, knob-like outgrowths (proturbences).
2. Spores with small knots/knobs.
3. Exhibiting broad-based, blunt, wart-like outgrowths.
4. Definition Pending. This term appears to have been frequently mis-used by multiple mycologists and mushroom collectors without attention to better vocabulary terms.
Contrast this term with Stellate, Echinate, Gibbous, Roughened, Sub-Rugose, Rugulose, Nodular, Nodulose, Nodulose-Angular, Angular, Strongly Nodulose, Stellate, Rugose-Puberulous,
Rugosissimus, Verrucose, and Verruculose.
Nodulose-Angular (/glossary_terms/1744):
Contrast this term with Stellate, Gibbous, Strongly Nodulose Spores, and Nodulose.
Nodulose-Pustulate (/glossary_terms/2382):
nom. (/glossary_terms/762):
1. A Latin abbreviation for nomen which is translated to English as name.
nom. cons. (/glossary_terms/32):

(nomen conservandum)
1. A conserved name.
2. A name of a family, genus, or species, or in certain cases a name of a subdivision of a genus or of an infraspecific taxon, declared legitimate, even though it may have been illegitimate
when published, and taking precedence over other specified names even if it lacks priority (ICNafp Art. 14.1–14.7, 14.10, App. II, III, and IV). (2) A name for which the type, orthography, or
gender has been fixed by the conservation process (ICNafp Art. 14.8, 14.9, 14.11, App. III, and IV).
nom. cons. prop. (/glossary_terms/1567):

1. Abbreviation for nomen conservandum propositum, a latin phrase attached to a scientific name that is formally in the process of being protected.
nom. et gen. nov. (/glossary_terms/20):

1. Name and genus new.
nom. et stat. nov. (/glossary_terms/24):

1. Name and status new.
nom. excl. (/glossary_terms/106):

1. Name excluded.
nom. illeg. (/glossary_terms/51):

1. Nomen illegitimum.
2. Illegitimate name.
nom. inval. (/glossary_terms/94):

1. Name is invalid.
nom. nov. (/glossary_terms/31):

(nomen novum)
1. New name or new replacement name. A new name published as an explicit substitute (avowed substitute) for a legitimate or illegitimate, previously published name, which is its replaced
synonym and which, when legitimate, does not provide the final epithet, name, or stem of the replacement name (ICNafp Art. 6.11 and 7.4; for names not explicitly proposed as substitutes
see ICNafp Art. 6.12 and 6.13).
nom. nud. (/glossary_terms/22):

(nomen nudum, nomina nuda, Naked Name)
1. Latin meaning literally naked name.
2. nomen nudum. A proposed taxonomic name that is invalid because the name designated is not described or illustrated sufficiently for recognition, that has no nomenclatural status, and
that consequently can be used as though never previously proposed. A designation of a new taxon published without a description or diagnosis or reference to a description or diagnosis
(ICNafp Art. 38 Ex. 1, Rec. 50B).
nom. prot. (/glossary_terms/2024):

(nomen protectum, nomina protecta)
1. A name formally provided with protection.
More: https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/art_f2.html (https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/art_f2.html)
nom. prov. (/glossary_terms/18):

1. The phrase “nom. prov.” is an abbreviation for the term nomem provisorium which means, “a provisional name or a name that may be changed in the future.” When in-use, this is not a
formally published scientific name, and is likely to be pending furthing research and/or publication approval.
nom. rej. prop. (/glossary_terms/1566):

1. Proposal to reject the name.
nom. rev., comb. nov. (/glossary_terms/21):

1. Name revised, combination new.
nom. sanct. (/glossary_terms/29):
(nomen sanctionatum)
1. A sanctioned name. The name is treated as if conserved against earlier homonyms and competing synonyms, through acceptance in a sanctioning work (ICNafp Art. F.3.1).
More: https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/art_f3.html (https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/art_f3.html)
nom. superfl. (/glossary_terms/52):

1. nomen superfluum.
2. A superfluous name.
nome comum (/glossary_terms/1920):

1. Alternative phrase meaning “common name”.
nomen acceptum (/glossary_terms/2137):

1. Latin for acceptable name.
nomen ambiguum (/glossary_terms/232):

(Plural = nomina ambigua)
1. A name that has been used with more than one meaning.
nomen confusum (/glossary_terms/231):

(Plural = nomina confusa)
1. A name based on a mixed culture.
nomen dubium (/glossary_terms/53):

(Plural = nomina dubia)
1. Latin for “doubtful name.”
2. A scientific name that is of unknown or doubtful application.
nomen erratum (/glossary_terms/228):

(nom. err.)
(Plural = nomina errata)
1. A name given in error.
nomen manuscriptum (/glossary_terms/227):

1. A name that appears in manuscript of a formal publication that has no scientific backing.
nomen oblitum (/glossary_terms/56):

(Plural = nomina oblita)
1. Latin for forgotten name.
nomen periculosum (/glossary_terms/229):

(Plural = nomina periculosa)
1. A name which can lead to dangerous outcomes, through confusion.
nomen perplexum (/glossary_terms/230):

(Plural = nomina perplexa)
1. A name confusingly similar to another name or names.
nomen protectum (/glossary_terms/57):

1. A Latin term meaning a name adopted in preference to a nomen oblitum.
nomen rejiciendum (/glossary_terms/28):

1. A Latin term meaning name rejected. Another name is needed, approved, or proposed instead.
nomen vanum (/glossary_terms/226):

(Plural = nomina vana)
1. Not a useful term. It has been used to mean either a nomen dubium, or an invalid change in spelling, but better called an unjustified emendation.
Nomenclatural Novelties (/glossary_terms/1593):

1. Scientific names that are newly presented.
Nomenclature (/glossary_terms/132):
(Nomenclatural)
1. A system of names or terms, or the rules for forming these terms in a particular field of arts or sciences. The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants is the set of
rules and recommendations that govern the scientific naming of all organisms traditionally treated as algae, fungi, or plants, whether fossil or non-fossil, including blue-green algae
(Cyanobacteria), chytrids, oomycetes, slime moulds, and photosynthetic protists with their taxonomically related non-photosynthetic groups (but excluding Microsporidia). Before 2011 it was
called the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN).
Contrast this term with Taxonomy.

Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (/glossary_terms/1595):
(Committee For Fungi)
1. The permanent Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF) is appointed by the Fungal Nomenclature Session of the International Mycological Congress. Its task is to discuss and vote on
formal proposals concerning conservation and rejection of fungal names, and on requests for binding decisions (such as on homonymy). In addition, the NCF discusses and votes on lists of
names of fungi for protection or rejection that are compiled by working groups set up in consultation with the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi. The NCF also provides an
opinion on formal proposals to modify the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants with respect to fungal names; and appoints the repositories that issue identifiers
required for nomenclatural novelties in fungi and typification acts for names of fungi.
More: http://www.ima-mycology.org/... (http://www.ima-mycology.org/nomenclature/nomenclature-committee-fungi)
non (/glossary_terms/763):
1. Not.
Non-Annulate (/glossary_terms/2250):
(Non-Annular)
1. Not exhibiting an annulus (ring) on the stem.
Contrast this term with Annulus.
Non-Coding DNA (/glossary_terms/1938):

(Junk DNA, Noncoding DNA, Genomic Junk, Noncoding Sequences)
1. This term is used differently by various geneticists, and its definition is being altered over time. In general, junk DNA is a category for DNA that geneticists believe has no identifiable
purpose in the lifeform or its cells, but some of these regions can be useful for taxonomy to species level. It is possible that so-called “junk DNA” is actually mis-understood, and this DNA
actually has importance and function in all lifeforms.
More: https://www.quantamagazine.org/... (https://www.quantamagazine.org/the-complex-truth-about-junk-dna-20210901/)
Non-Stipitate (/glossary_terms/764):
(Stemless Fungi)
1. Lacking a stem (stipe).
Non-Stipitate Poroid (/glossary_terms/1895):

1. Fungi that do not have a stipe, nor gills or teeth, but they have pores.
Nonamyloid (/glossary_terms/41):
(Non-Amyloid)
1. Not turning blue, grey, or black when stained with Meltzer’s reagent
not val. pub. (/glossary_terms/765):

1. Not validly published.
Notched (/glossary_terms/766):
1. A small portion of the lower-innermost portion of the gills curves up and into the stem, but only in a very small space.
2. Notched gills are very similar to adnate gills, but diminish earlier and stay narrow for a small distance before attatching to the stem. See Tricholoma equestre
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Tricholoma+equestre).
Nothospecies (/glossary_terms/127):
1. A hybrid species (ICNafp Art. 3.2).
Nothotaxon (/glossary_terms/1948):
1. A hybrid of a natural organism.
nov. (/glossary_terms/767):
1. New.
nov. et (/glossary_terms/768):
1. New and.
nrITS (/glossary_terms/1638):
1. Abbreviation for nuclear ribosomal internal transcibed spacer. nrITS is a targeted region for sequencing the DNA of a fungus. It is used for the purpose of genetic taxonomic identification,
which is sometimes called “barcoding”.
Nucleotide (/glossary_terms/2351):
(Nucleotides)
1. Organic molecules serving as units of measurement for both DNA and RNA. Nucleotides are composed of three subunit molecules: A nucleobase, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or
deoxyribose), and a phosphate group consisting of one to three phosphates. The four nucleobases in DNA are Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine and Thymine, abbreviated GACT, respectively. In
RNA a substitution for Thymine is used called Uracil.
Contrast this term with ITS, Genome, and DNA Sequence.
Numerous (/glossary_terms/2163):
Contrast this term with Connate, Subconnate, Gregarious, Subgregarious, Colony, Imbricate, Ring-Like, Scattered, Troops, Lines, and Solitary.
ob- (/glossary_terms/2133):
1. Prefix for inverse, opposite, toward.
2. Prefix for toward, to, on, over, against.

Obclavate (/glossary_terms/23):
1. Inversely clavate.
2. Inversely caveman club-shaped.
Obclavate Metuloid (/glossary_terms/770):

2. Inversely clavate (club-shaped) cystidium which is not pointed at the end and has thick walls.
Obellipsoid (/glossary_terms/1758):
2. Reversely ellipsoid.
Oblate (/glossary_terms/2154):
1. Wider than long and shaped nearly like the Earth which is oblate-spheroid.
Obligate Synonym (/glossary_terms/2267):

(Nomenclatural synonym, Homotypic synonym)
1. Obligate synonym = Nomenclatural synonym = Homotypic synonym. These names are all based on the same type specimen, and therefore are synonyms as a matter of nomenclatural
fact.
Contrast this term with Heterotypic Synonym, Homotypic Synonym, and Synonym.
Oblique Germ Pore (/glossary_terms/771):

1. The germ pore of a spore having the axis not perpendicular to the base. A germ pore that is oblique will have one of the sides extend up beyond the other (spore on the right) so that if you
tried to connect them, it would not be a straight line. Sometimes this difference is subtle.
Oblong (/glossary_terms/772):
1. This term has been used in a contradicting manner, sometimes with the term Cylindrical.
2. Elongated sphere.
3. Spore Q = 1.6-2.0.
4. Cystidia Q is greater than or equal to 1.6.

Oblong With Median Constriction (/glossary_terms/2353):
1. Oblong with transverse constriction in the middle. This can occur in spores and cystidia at a minimum.
Obovate (/glossary_terms/25):
1. Ovate with the larger end in the opposite direction to the usual.
2. Reverse egg-shaped.
Obovoid (/glossary_terms/773):
1. Reversely ovoid with the broadest and widest part uppermost.
Obpyriform (/glossary_terms/774):
1. Cystidia reversely pyriform, with the broadest and widest part uppermost.
Obspheroid (/glossary_terms/1766):
Obtuse (/glossary_terms/775):
2. A taxonomic character that is rounded.

3. The apex of the cystidia is rounded.
Contrast this term with Acuminate, Acute, Capitate, Mucronate, Rostrate, Subcapitate, and Truncate.
Obtusely Conical (/glossary_terms/1672):

1. Pileus conical with rounded apex.
Contrast this term with Conical, Broadly Conical, and Narrowly Conical.
Ochraceous (/glossary_terms/739):
1. Light orangish-brown to pale yellow-brown. This color is commonly seen in mushroom descriptions.
Ocrea Volva (/glossary_terms/2258):

(Ocreate)
1. A distinctly large volva which envelops the stem base loosely due to it containing material of the partial veil, normally forming a ring around the stem.
Contrast this term with Volva, Evolvate, Pseudovolva, Limbate Volva, Zoned, Circumseccile, Flaring, Bulbous, Sub-Bulbous, Clavate-Bulbous, Abruptly Bulbous, Universal Veil, Partial Veil,
Annulus, Scale-Forming Volva, Wart-Forming Volva, Patch-Forming Volva, and Marginately Bulbous.
Odiferous (/glossary_terms/1568):
1. Having or giving off an odor.
Odontioid (/glossary_terms/2288):
1. Fungi exhibiting small “teeth” (~1 millimetre) are sometimes referred to as odontioid.
2. Tooth-like.
Contrast this term with Teeth, Pores, Tubes, Gills, False Gills, Cantharellus Gills, and Hydnoid.
Oidiophore (/glossary_terms/778):
1. A fungal structure producing oidia.
2. One of the conidia that are borne in chains by certain fungi.
3. A thin-walled spore derived from the fragmentation of a hypha into its component cells.
Oidium (/glossary_terms/777):
(Plural = Oidia)
1. A type of fungal spore (conidium) formed by the breaking up of fungal hyphae into cells, especially as produced by powdery mildews.
Oleiiferous (/glossary_terms/16):
(Oleiferous)
1. Producing oil.
2. Hyphae which don’t contain latex but often contain a resinous material.
3. Hyphae cells which do not carry latex, but often carry resinous substances associated with an acrid taste of the fungal fruits. They usually turn deep blue in Sulfovanilline, or brown in
Sulfoformalin, or black in Sulfobenzaldehyde.
Oleocystidium (/glossary_terms/779):
(Oleocystidia)
1. Cystidium with oily contents.
2. Pseudocystidium producing corpuscles in the interior which after passage through the thin or partially thickened wall form a resinaceous incrustation. This is often pigmented and semi-
solid, eventually often fragmented and shed from the main body.
Olivaceous (/glossary_terms/1106):
(Olive, Olivascent, Olive Color)
1. This term has been used differently depending on the author and requires elaboration. This term is no longer useful because of the manner in which it has been used by many authors. The
majority of fungal descriptions using this term imply a green color is being exhibited resembling the color of green olives. Some have used the term to mean olive-grey color, and still others
used the term to mean olive-black or olive-brown color. Natural olives can appear in a variety of colors, and the term “olivaceous” has to be specified with additional adjectives to accurately
relay the color to readers. Some authors have ambiguously left us with guess-work and we do not know what color(s) they intended to articulate. In some instances, authors did intend to
combine two colors by adding the word olive (while intending to mean green) or olivaceous to another color such as gray, black, brown, etc. In those instances, there would be a combination
of at least two colors with green being one of them.
The color of an actual olive is indicative of its ripeness and may also be a result of selection as a cultivar variety. Green olives ripen and become black olives, transforming from green to light
brown, then to a vibrant red and purple, then to the deepest, darkest black. Typically, the darker the olive, the riper it was when harvested from the tree.
Examples From Different Authors:
⁂ Olive-Black was used by Guzmán & J. M. Trappe to describe Psilocybe semiinconspicua (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Psilocybe+semiinconspicua) in DOI:
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v7.i4.80
⁂ Olive-Gray was used to describe Copelandia cyanescens (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Copelandia+cyanescens) in

https://doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2018.1.1994 (https://doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2018.1.1994)
⁂ Olive-Green was used to describe stained spores of Inocybe sororia (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Inocybe+sororia) in
Doi 10.5943/cream/6/4/9
⁂ Olive-Brown and Olive-Yellow were used to key out Bolbitius titubans (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Bolbitius+titubans) in Persoonia Volume 18, Part 2, 201-214
(2003).
⁂ Olivaceous-Black was used to describe Paraconiothyrium estuarinum (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Paraconiothyrium+estuarinum) in STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY

50: 323–335. 2004.
⁂ Olivaceous-Gray was used to describe Cladosporium cladosporioides (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Cladosporium+cladosporioides) in Contribution To The

Identification Of Cladosporium Species In The North Of Iran.
⁂ Olivaceous-Green was used to describe Inocybe olivaceonigra (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Inocybe+olivaceonigra) in http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/123.169

(http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/123.169)
⁂ Olivaceous-Brown was used to describe the pileus of Coriolopsis Strumosa in A Preliminary Polypore Flora Of East Africa.
⁂ Mycobank defines olivaceous as with the colour of an olive in their online thesaurus: http://www.mycobank.org/... (http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?
Table=Thesaurus&Rec=7135&Fields=All)
⁂ The University of Adelaide defines olivaceous as “Olive-grey colour” at https://mycology.adelaide.edu.au/glossary/ (https://mycology.adelaide.edu.au/glossary/)
Omphalioid (/glossary_terms/27):
(Omphalinoid)
1. Characterized by pileus plano-convex to deeply infundibuliform. Lamellae decurrent.
2. Pileus convex to broadly convex to plane, at times umbilicate. Lamellar attachment subdecurrent to decurrent. Annulus absent. Volva absent. Stipe consistency cartilaginous.
3. A mushroom with a cartilaginous stipe, decurrent lamellae, a convex to plane and sometimes umbilicate pileal shape, a variable pileal margin, and no annulus or volva.
Ontogeny (/glossary_terms/781):
(Ontogenetic, Ontogenesis)
1. The origin and the development of an organism – for example, from spore to sporocarp. It covers in essence, the study of an organism’s lifespan.
Opaque (/glossary_terms/782):
1. Non-translucent.
Contrast this term with Translucent and Semi-Translucent.
Operational Taxonomic Units (/glossary_terms/783):

(OTUs)
1. Phylogenetic comparison to other species (usually after DNA studies are performed) and the ordering of each species taxonomically. Typically using rDNA and a percent similarity threshold
for classifying microbes within the same, or different, OTUs. A terminal node in phylogenetic analysis. Taxonomic level of sampling selected by the user to be used in a study, such as
individuals, populations, species, genera, or strains.
Opercula (/glossary_terms/1285):
(Singular = Operculum)
1. A lid-like, hinged cap on a sporangium or an ascus that opens to permit spore discharge.
Note: The operculum can completely detach from the sporangium and float away. Not all opercula remain hinged.
Opisthokonta (/glossary_terms/784):
1. A new, super-kingdom (super kingdom, superkingdom) combining Kingdom Fungi and Kingdom Animalia. (Sina et al. 2005)
Orbicular (/glossary_terms/2218):
1. The top view (when looking directly down on the pileus) is more-or-less perfectly round.
Order (/glossary_terms/785):
(Ordo)
1. A taxonomic rank between Class and Family used to classify fungi using a hierarchy.
Orellanine (/glossary_terms/786):
1. Orellanine or Orellanin is a mycotoxin found in some mushrooms of the Cortinariaceae family. Structurally, it is a pyridine N-oxide.
Organelles (/glossary_terms/787):
1. This term is a general word that describes tiny, microscopic “organs” within a cell. Each type of organelle can serve its own purpose. Nuclei, vacuoles, and mitochondria are all examples of
organelles.
Ornamentation (/glossary_terms/788):
(Ornamented)
1. Exhibiting an uneven surface which can involve striations, ridges, warts, scales, etc.
2. Some spores have additional features extending from or situated along the cell wall area that can be useful for identification and description. These features are referred to as
ornamentation. For example, a species could be described as having an ornamentation consisting of warts or wrinkles. Ornamentation can be difficult to see with the light microscope
compared to a Scanning Electron Microscope.
Ornatocystidium (/glossary_terms/789):
(Ornatocystidia)
1. Thin to thick-walled hyphoid, acute tramal cystidium, covered with two rows of flattened cystidia (subulicystidia).
Orthographic Variant (/glossary_terms/91):

(orth. var.)
1. An orthographical variant (abbreviated orth. var.), is a spelling mistake, typing mistake or writing mistake within a scientific publication that resulted in a somewhat different name being
accidentally used for an already-named organism. The rules that govern what to do when this happens are laid out in the ICNafp.
2. Orthographical Variants: Various spelling, compounding, and inflectional forms of a name or its final epithet when only one nomenclatural type is involved (ICNafp Art. 61.2).
Orthography (/glossary_terms/1884):
(Orthographic)
1. Notes regarding the correct spelling of a scientific name.
2. Spelling; the conventional or correct spelling of a word or name.
Orthorhombic (/glossary_terms/790):
(Synonymous with Prismatic)
1. Of or denoting a crystal system or three-dimensional geometric arrangement having three unequal axes at right angles.
Orthotropic (/glossary_terms/791):
1. A spore which is borne centred on the sterigma and the spore discharge is not forcible. The spores are usually symmetrical.
Contrast this term with Heterotropic.
Ostiole (/glossary_terms/1869):
1. A pore or hole through which spores are ejected.
Outgroup (/glossary_terms/1107):
1. One or more taxa considered to be outside the monophyletic group of interest.
2. A biological group of organisms not belonging to the group whose evolutionary relationships are being researched.
ov- (/glossary_terms/1775):
(ovo-)
1. Prefix implying egg or egg-shaped.
Oval (/glossary_terms/792):
Having a rounded and slightly elongated outline or shape, like that of an egg.
Ovate (/glossary_terms/26):
1. Pileus is well-rounded and resembles half of a chicken’s egg, or half of a squeezed sphere.
2. Definition Pending. The terms ovate and ovoid are sometimes used in the same sense.
3. Having an oval outline or ovoid shape, like half of a chicken egg.
Ovate–Lentiform (/glossary_terms/793):
1. Both egg and lens shaped. A combined appearance demonstrating both egg-shape and lens-shape.
Ovoid (/glossary_terms/794):
1. Egg-shaped.
Ovoid-Campanulate (/glossary_terms/2196):
1. Egg-shaped and bell-shaped.
Oxidative (/glossary_terms/795):
(Oxidize, Oxidation, Oxidizing)
To combine or become combined chemically with oxygen. Redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed. In general
redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between species. This can be either a simple redox process, such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide (CO 2) or the reduction o
carbon by hydrogen to yield methane (CH4), or a complex process such as the oxidation of glucose (C6H12O6) in the human body through a series of complex electron transfer processes.
Ozonium (/glossary_terms/1512):
1. A hairy carpet of bright, orange mycelium growing on dead logs in the forest. See Coprinellus domesticus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Coprinellus+domesticus).
2. The genus Ozonium (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Ozonium).
p.p. (/glossary_terms/87):
1. Abbreviation for “pro parte.”
2. “For part” in Latin.
3. Part of a taxon, (e.g. some species of a genus or some specimens of a species).
Paleomycology (/glossary_terms/1233):
1. The scientific study of fossilized fungi.
Palisade Layer (/glossary_terms/796):

1. With reference to the stipe surface layer, a layer characterized by outgrowths of short hyphae. These hyphae may be cylindrical, clavate, or capitate cells, either in tufts, and may cover a
portion or all of the stipe.
2. An arrangement of elongated, perpendicular cells in close proximity to each other.
Palisadoderm (/glossary_terms/797):
(Synonymous with Palisoderm)
1. With reference to the cortical layer(s), the hyphae are erect, regular or subregular, and not or only moderately inflated.
2. Type of pellis in which terminal elements reach the same level and form a palisade of inflated somewhat elongate cells.
Pallescent (/glossary_terms/1556):
1. Developing into a pale appearance or more pale color.
Pallid (/glossary_terms/798):
(Pallide)
1. Very pale in color, almost a dull whitish.
Palmicolous (/glossary_terms/2091):
1. Growing from palm trees.
Palynomorph (/glossary_terms/2340):
(Palynomorphs)
1. A fossilized microscopic sample, usually of spores, typically discovered in the highly preserving substance amber tree resin.
Panaeoloid (/glossary_terms/1722):
1. Having an appearance which is identical to – or very similar to – the genus Panaeolus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Panaeolus).
Pantropical (/glossary_terms/799):
(Pan-Tropical)
1. Distribution which covers tropical regions of all of the major continents (i.e. in Africa, in Asia and in the Americas).
Papilla (/glossary_terms/113):
(Papillate, Papillae, Papilloid, Papilliform)
1. A nipple-shaped protrusion in the center-top of the pileus.
Contrast this term with Abrupt Papilla, Acute Papilla, Umbonate, Subumbonate, Papillulate, and Cuspidate Umbo.
Papillulate (/glossary_terms/2203):
1. Exhibiting a very small papilla.
2. Nearly forming a papilla.
Contrast this term with Papilla, Abrupt Papilla, Acute Papilla, Umbonate, Subumbonate, and Cuspidate Umbo.
Parabolic (/glossary_terms/13):
(Paraboloid)
1. Cap is curved like one end of a chicken egg.
2. The pileus height is greater than its width to be conic, but the cap is still regularly rounded.
Contrast this term with Narrowly Parabolic and Broadly Parabolic.
Paracystidium (/glossary_terms/801):
(Paracystidia)
1. Short clavate cell clustered between and among cheilocystidia.
Paraderm (/glossary_terms/802):
(Paraderm Pattern)
1. With reference to the cortical layer(s), the cells are polyhedral in several layers.
2. A multi-layered pileipellis with cell shapes mostly globose to ellipsoid.
Parafilm (/glossary_terms/803):
1. Stretchable material used to seal petri dishes with fungi to help prevent airborne particles from entering the dish (including bacteria, other fungi, viruses, etc.).
Parallel Evolution (/glossary_terms/804):

1. The development of a similar trait in related, but distinct, species descending from the same ancestor, but from different clades.
Parallel Stipitipellis (/glossary_terms/805):

1. The outer tissue of the stem having a parallel pattern.
Parallel To Subparallel (/glossary_terms/807):

(Synonymous with Regular To Subregular)
1. Refers to hyphae arrangement. The hyphae are arranged parallel to one another in which case the hymenophoral trama proper is arranged parallel is said to be parallel (regular). If the
hyphae are mostly parallel to one another and slightly intertwined the trama is said to be subparallel (subregular).
Parallelocutis (/glossary_terms/1068):
(Confluens-Type Cutis)
1. A cutis scalp section looking like a mixture of entangled filaments parallel to the plane of the slide (i.e. periclinal). The elements are radially arranged from the disc to the margin of the
pileus and are parallel to one another. See Collybia confluens (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Collybia+confluens).
Contrast this term with Mixtocutis.
Páramo (/glossary_terms/1918):
(Páramos, Paramo, Paramos)
1. A high, treeless plateau in tropical South America.
2. All high, tropical, montane vegetation above the continuous timberline.
3. An ecosystem of the regions above the continuous forest line, yet below the permanent snowline.
4. A neotropical high mountain biome with a vegetation composed mainly of giant rosette plants, shrubs, and grasses.
Paraphyletic (/glossary_terms/808):
(Paraphyly)
1. Composed of some but not all members descending from a common ancestor. Paraphyly is a term in cladistics. It means a group which does not include all its descendents. Paraphyly is
characteristic of some groups of organisms and families, where one separates from other groups at a common origin point. In phylogenetics (a subfield of biology), a group is said to be
paraphyletic if it consists of all the descendants of the last common ancestor of the group’s members – minus a small number of monophyletic groups of descendants, typically just one or two
such groups. Such a group is said to be paraphyletic with respect to the excluded groups.
Contrast this term with Monophyletic and Polyphyletic.
Paraphysis (/glossary_terms/809):
(Plural = Paraphyses)
1. In agarics paraphysis are pavement cells or brachycystidia.
2. Sterile filamentous hyphal end cells composing part of the hymenium.
3. Any of numerous sterile cells occurring between the basidia of basidiomycetous fungi. (See A.H.R. Buller’s book Researches in Fungi Vol. III here:
https://archive.org/details/researchesonfung03bull (https://archive.org/details/researchesonfung03bull))
Parasitic Fungi (/glossary_terms/810):

Parasitic fungi can be distinguished from saprophytic fungi because they grow on and derive their nourishment from live tissues of various organisms including humans, animals, insects,
plants, and other fungi. A parasite is an organism that obtains its nutrition from another living organism at that individual’s expense. Saprophytic fungi, in comparison, grow on dead or
decaying matter such as woodchips.
Parasitize (/glossary_terms/811):
(Parasitizes, Parasitism)
1. A non-mutual symbiotic relationship between species, where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host.
Paraspecies (/glossary_terms/2328):
(Paraphyletic Species)
1. A species that is responsibly attributed to the development of one or more different species – without itself becoming extinct.
Parataxonomist (/glossary_terms/2029):
(Parataxonomists, Parataxonomy)
1. Parataxonomy is a profession involving biodiversity research, in which the crude tasks of specimen collection, field identification, documentation, and specimen preservation are conducted
by less specialized individuals, thereby alleviating the workload for the lead taxonomist/mycologist. These generated paid or voluntary positions (for parataxonomists) allow the lead
mycologist to more rapidly assess the mycodiversity in a given locality, while focusing on their specialized areas of study.
Contrast this term with Mycoblitz.

Paratype (/glossary_terms/812):
1. Any specimen cited in the protologue that is neither the holotype nor an isotype, nor one of the syntypes if in the protologue two or more specimens were simultaneously designated as
types (ICNafp Art. 9.7).
Paravelangiocarpy (/glossary_terms/813):
(Paravelangiocarpous)
1. A type of angiocarpic development of the basidiocarp in which only a partial veil participates. Having a diminished veil oftentimes lost at maturity.
Parchment Fungi (/glossary_terms/2330):

(Chartaceous, Pergameneous, Pergamenous)
1. Resembling paper.
Contrast this term with Corticioid, Crust Fungi, Merulioid, Patch Fungi, Resupinate, and Sterioid.
Parent Taxa (/glossary_terms/1949):

(Parent Taxon)
1. The closest known taxon name residing above another taxon. For example, the family Galeropsidaceae (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Galeropsidaceae) currently
resides over the genus Panaeolus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Panaeolus). The genus Panaeolus resides over Panaeolus subgenus Copelandia.
Parenthosome (/glossary_terms/814):
1. A part of septa. A hemispherical perforated cap area between two septa. The perforated parenthosome allows cytoplasmic continuity but prevents the movement of major organelles.
Parietal (/glossary_terms/815):
1. Pigment situated in the hyphal wall.
Parplectenchymatous (/glossary_terms/1998):
Parsimony (/glossary_terms/816):
1. Parsimony implies that simpler hypotheses are preferable to more complicated ones.
Parsimony Informative Characters (/glossary_terms/817):

(PIC)
1. Characters where one character state is observed in at least two sequences and a different character state is observed in at least two others.
Partial Veil (/glossary_terms/818):

(Inner Veil, Velum Partiale)
1. A partial veil (also called an inner veil, to differentiate it from the “outer” veil, or velum) is a temporary structure of tissue found on the fruiting bodies of some mushrooms. Its role is to isolate
and protect the developing spore-producing surface, represented by gills or tubes, found on the lower surface of the cap. A partial veil, in contrast to a universal veil, extends from the stem
surface to the cap edge. The partial veil transforms a little once the fruiting body has matured and the spores are ready for dispersal. It might form a stem ring or become fragments attached
to the stem or cap edge. In some mushrooms, both a partial veil and a universal veil may be present.
Contrast this term with Cortina and Universal Veil.
Partially Stuffed (/glossary_terms/2322):

1. Stipe has a small amount of loose hyphal material in the interior – versus being either hollow or solid throughout, or be characterized otherwise.
Contrast this term with Hollow, Fistulose, Chambered, Broadly Fistulose, Stuffed, and Solid.
Patch (/glossary_terms/2233):
(Patches, Mushroom Patch, Outdoor Mushroom Patch)
1. A mushroom patch is a term for a designated, shaded outdoor area selected for growing mushrooms at ground surface without pots or containers. This is typically done by adding a
significant amount mycelium-inoculated, corrugated cardboard beneath the duff layer of soil, and then applying layers of various sized, inoculated hard woodchips (Alder, Oak, etc.). Small or
fairly large fire logs (mycelium rafts) can also be added to maintain a longer lasting patch. Sawdust, straw, mulch, leaves, and other substrates can also be implemented. Wood chips are
typically re-implemented once or twice a year, depending on the age and size of the patch, the rate of wood decomposition, the climate, and the species involved.
More: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ApnNkdZMMk4 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ApnNkdZMMk4)
Contrast this term with Mushroom Fruiting Chamber and Terrarium.

Patch-Forming Volva (/glossary_terms/2257):
1. A volva form which divides into thin to thick patches.
Forming Volva, Wart-Forming Volva, and Marginately Bulbous.
Patent (/glossary_terms/820):
1. Hyphae or projections of hyphae perpendicular to surface of stipe.
Pathogenic Fungi (/glossary_terms/821):

1. Fungi that cause disease in humans or other organisms. The study of pathogenic fungi is referred to as “medical mycology.” Although fungi are eukaryotic organisms, many pathogenic
fungi are also microorganisms. Some gilled fungi (mushrooms) are known to be pathogenic to trees and plants, including species in the genus Armillaria
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Armillaria).
Pathogenicity (/glossary_terms/1564):
1. The ability (capacity) of an organism to cause disease (harm the host).
Pathologist (/glossary_terms/1403):
(Plural = Pathologists)
1. One who studies the scientific causes and effects of diseases, especially one who examines laboratory samples of body tissue for diagnostic or forensic purposes.
Pathotrophic Fungi (/glossary_terms/2010):

1. Fungal pathogens and parasites that attack other organisms and parasitize or kill them to obtain nutrients.
2. Those fungi which derive nutrients by attacking host cells. They cause disease or cause negative effects on plant livelihood. Some species also attack other fungal species and animals,
including humans.
PAUP (/glossary_terms/822):
1. Abbreviation for Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony. This is software to create a phylogenetic tree.
Pavement Cells (/glossary_terms/823):

(Synonymous with Brachycystidia)
1. Brachycystidia in the gills of some species of Coprinus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Coprinus).
Paxilloid (/glossary_terms/1674):
1. Resembling the shape found in the genus Paxillus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Paxillus).
PCR (/glossary_terms/824):
1. Abbreviation for polymerase chain reaction.
PCR Amplification (/glossary_terms/826):

(Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification, PCR-Amplification)
1. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a biochemical technology in molecular biology to amplify a single or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating
thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.
PCR Inhibition (/glossary_terms/825):

(Polymerase Chain Reaction Inhibitors)
1. PCR inhibitors are any factor which prevent the amplification of nucleic acids through the polymerase chain reaction. It is is the most common cause of amplification failure when sufficient
copies of DNA are present. PCR inhibitors usually affect PCR through interaction with DNA or interference with the DNA polymerase. Inhibitors can escape removal during the DNA
purification procedure by binding directly to single or double-stranded DNA.
PDAB (/glossary_terms/827):
(pDAB, p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, 4-Formyl-N,N-dimethylaniline, N,N-Dimethyl-4-formylaniline, DMAB, PDAB)
1. In the genus Lyophyllum (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Lyophyllum) the lamellae usually turn blue with the application of paradimethylaminobenzaldehyde. It is
used in Ehrlich’s Reagent and Kovac’s Reagent to test for indoles. Color change tests can also be performed on genera using freshly harvested, hydrated mushrooms, which may cause
unique color changes.
Pectinate (/glossary_terms/1855):
1. Having narrow projections or divisions set closely in a row, as seen in the genus Bolbitius (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Bolbitius).
Contrast this term with Sulcate-Pecinate.
Pedicel (/glossary_terms/1429):
1. Small or slender stipe or stalk.
Peduncle (/glossary_terms/2073):
1. Stem-like support.
Pedunculate (/glossary_terms/828):
(Synonymous with Pedicellate)
1. Cystidia provided with a stalk at the base.
2. Cystidia base shaped abruptly tapered.
Pellicle (/glossary_terms/829):
1. An upper surface layer on cap surface that can undergo gelatinization, making the cap viscid (sticky) to the touch; often it can be peeled away from the cap, may be thought of as covering
cuticle; same as cuticle or as thinner and more definite.
2. An easily peeling ixocutis.
Pellicula (/glossary_terms/591):
1. A thin, delicate, sterile, loosely connected outer membrane.
Pellis (/glossary_terms/830):
(Plural = Pelles)
(Skin, Rind, Cuticle)
1. The outer surface or skin.
2. The pileipellis, stipitipellis, and bulbipellis of some fungi. A pellis can be composed of one to three layers of cell formation: The suprapellis, the mediopellis, and the subpellis.
Pendant Annulus (/glossary_terms/2375):

(Pendant, Pendulous)
1. Drooping downward or hanging downward.
2. Annulus is hanging down from a supportive structure.
3. Annulus is skirt-like in appearance.
Peptides (/glossary_terms/1526):
More: https://www.sciencedirect.com/... (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0196978104001469)

Perforated (/glossary_terms/1504):
(Perforation, Centrally Perforated)
1. A depression in the pileus center with a hole.
2. An umbo in the pileus with a hole.
Contrast this term with Indented Pileus and Nearly Perforated.
Periclinal Hyphae (/glossary_terms/2071):

1. Hyphae which are curved in the direction of – or parallel to – the surface or the circumference.
2. Membrane or cell wall parallel to the surface of the structure of which it is a part.
Peridiole (/glossary_terms/2278):
(Peridioles, Angiole, Angiolums)
1. A small egg-like area of the gleba which is surrounded by a wall.
2. The glebal chamber of the Nidulariales (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Nidulariales) which has a hard, waxy wall of its own. The peridiole contains the spores, but
acts as a propagation unit in general.
Peridium (/glossary_terms/831):
(Peridial, Peridia)
1. The peridium is the protective layer that encloses a mass of spores in certain fungi. This outer covering is a distinctive feature of the Gasteromycetes
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Gasteromycetes).
2. The covering of the spore-bearing organ in many fungi.
Peridium Pedicellatum (/glossary_terms/2293):

Peripheral Envelope (/glossary_terms/1993):

1. This term appears to have been created by Mycologist Roger Heim, specifically to refer to the genus Inocybe’s spores which can sometimes exhibit a membrane on the spores’ periphery.
Peripheral Hyphae (/glossary_terms/832):

Hyphae located in the outer-most area from the center of a mycelium, or constituting an outer boundary (or periphery) of a mycelium.
Perispore (/glossary_terms/834):
1. A membrane surrounding a spore.
Perisporium (/glossary_terms/836):
1. Refers to layer of a spore’s cell wall. The often mucilaginous layer of the basidiospore wall just inside the ectosporium; sometimes early disappearing, sometimes filling the spaces between
exosporal ornamentations.
2. Sometimes developing spores are enveloped by a membrane called a perisporium, which usually sloughs off as the spores continue to mature.
Peristome (/glossary_terms/2292):
(Peristomate)
1. A distinguished circular area surrounding the opening in the peridium of gasteromycetes.
Perithecium (/glossary_terms/1874):
(Perithecia)
1. A round or flask-shaped fruiting body with a pore through which the spores are discharged.
2. The spore-producing pockets featured in some fungi in the Ascomycota (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Ascomycota). They are bump- or flask-like structures, often
embedded in the surface, or just below the surface, of the fungus. Inside the perithecium, asci and spores are produced; eventually, when the fungus is mature, the spores are released.
More: https://www.indianamushrooms.com/trichoderma_alutaceum.html (https://www.indianamushrooms.com/trichoderma_alutaceum.html)
Perlite (/glossary_terms/1951):
1. Perlite is a white, porous material often used in growing indoor mushrooms (and sometimes outdoor mushroom gardens). It is used to maintain a higher level of humidity within a mushroom
grow chamber. Some growers prefer a product called Hydroton as a substitute for perlite. Other growers may opt out of both perlite and hydroton, instead preferring to attach a modified
humidifier, but this can sometimes result in welcoming competing fungi.
Peronate (/glossary_terms/835):
1. Sheath-like.
2. Booted.
3. Stem is sheathed.
Contrast this term with Constricted Volva and Volva.
Perradial (/glossary_terms/833):
1. This term describes the gill plane or pileus plane section being viewed in a gill cross section, in which the long view exposure to the gill (and/or pileus) can be seen. If a gill cross section is
laid down on a microscope slide, the entire macroscopic view is now the perradial view or perradial plane view.
Petaloid (/glossary_terms/837):
1. Shaped like the petal of a flower and narrowed somewhat at base. See the species Hohenbuehelia petaloides
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Hohenbuehelia+petaloides).
Contrast this term with Spathulate.
Phaeocystidium (/glossary_terms/838):
(Phaeocystidia)
1. Gloeocystidium which is slightly pseudoamyloid and possesses brownish contents.
2. Pseudocystidium with brownish contents, weakly pseudoamyloid, containing
coelosphaerites.
Phallotoxins (/glossary_terms/1446):
1. The phallotoxins consist of at least seven compounds, all of which are bicyclic heptapeptides (seven amino acids), isolated from the death cap mushroom Amanita phalloides
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Amanita+phalloides). The seven compounds currently known are: Phalloidin, Prophalloin, Phalloin, Phallisin, Phallacidin, Phallacin, and
Phallisacin.
Contrast this term with Amatoxins and Mycotoxins.

Phaseoliform (/glossary_terms/839):
1. Spore shape that shows a concave adaxial side and not parallel to abaxial side.
Phenetic Classification (/glossary_terms/840):

1. Classification of organisms based on their overall resemblance to each other.
Phenogram (/glossary_terms/2285):
1. A diagram depicting taxonomic relationships among organisms based on overall similarity of taxonomic characteristics without genetic history or assumed significance of specific
characters.
Phenolic (/glossary_terms/1670):
(Phenol, Phenolics)
2. Phenolic compounds are natural bioactive molecules found mainly in plant tissues – and in some fungi. They exhibit interesting bioactivity properties, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial,
anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative activities, among others.
Phenology (/glossary_terms/841):
1. The scientific study of periodic plant, fungi, and animal life cycle events and how these are influenced by seasonal and interannual variations in climate.
2. The timing of seasonal events.
3. The analysis of biogeographic patterns in fungal fruiting coinciding with seasonal changes in climate and primary production. This includes the oncoming effects of climate change due to
CO2 excess caused by humans.
Phenotype (/glossary_terms/842):
(Phenotypic)
1. The observable constitution of an organism.
2. The appearance of an organism resulting from the interaction of the genotype and the environment.
Phenotypic Plasticity (/glossary_terms/843):

1. The ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment.
Phenotypic Switching (/glossary_terms/1523):

Phialide (/glossary_terms/1837):
(Phialides)
1. The flask-shaped conidiophore branch.
2. The branch which serves as the immediate support for conidia and often takes the form of a flask with a venter and a neck, reminiscent of a single spored basidium and its sterigma.
3. This term has been mis-applied by mycologists. Phialide cells contain cytoplasm from which conidia form by budding of the cytoplasm. They are the end cells of phialosphores. Phialides
are also conidiogenous cells in which the meristematic end remains unchanged as successive conidia are extruded out to form chains.
More: http://www.davidmoore.org.uk/... (http://www.davidmoore.org.uk/21st_Century_Guidebook_to_Fungi_PLATINUM/REPRINT_collection/Minter_etal_What_are_phialides_anyway.pdf)
Phlegmacioid (/glossary_terms/2103):
1. Phlegmacium (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Phlegmacium)-like, but not necessarily related.
Phloem (/glossary_terms/1860):
(Bast)
1. The inner-most layer of bark in trees.
Phloxine (/glossary_terms/844):
1. A red stain used in microscopy for emphasis on hyphae cells.
More: https://www.britmycolsoc.org.uk/mycology/microscopy/reagents (https://www.britmycolsoc.org.uk/mycology/microscopy/reagents)
Photobiont (/glossary_terms/1963):
(Photobionts)
1. A photosynthetic symbiont of a lichen.
Phototropism (/glossary_terms/845):
1. Bending towards the light during growth.
Phycobiont (/glossary_terms/1971):
(Phycobionts)
1. Algal component of a lichen.
Phyletic (/glossary_terms/1700):
(Phyletically)
1. Relevant to the evolutionary development of organisms.
PhyloCode (/glossary_terms/1598):
2. The International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, known as the PhyloCode for short, is a formal set of rules governing phylogenetic nomenclature. Its current version is specifically
designed to regulate the naming of clades, leaving the governance of species names up to the rank-based nomenclature codes (ICN, ICZN, ICNB, ICTV).
More: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhyloCode (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhyloCode)
Phylogenetic Convergence (/glossary_terms/850):

Convergent evolution describes the independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages. Convergent evolution creates analogous structures that have similar form or
function, but were not present in the last common ancestor of those groups. The cladistic term for the same phenomenon is homoplasy, from Greek for same form.
Phylogenetic Species Concept (/glossary_terms/2301):

(PSC, Evolutionary Species Concept)
1. This concept views a species as a monophyletic group sharing molecular characters derived from a common ancestor, which is the base for the phylogenetic species recognition
Contrast this term with Species Concept, Biological Species Concept, and Morphological Species Concept.
Phylogenomics (/glossary_terms/1937):
1. Phylogenomics is a comparative analysis of entire genomes, or sometimes very large portions of genomes. The following insights are pursued in this field of study: Prediction of gene
function, establishment and clarification of evolutionary relationships, gene family evolution, and the prediction – with retracing – of lateral gene transfer. The foremost aim of phylogenomics is
to re-construct the evolutionary history of species by understanding their genomic characters. Additional insights can also be pursued within phylogenomics. Phylogenomics provide
mycologists with a more detailed – and accurate – comparison between taxa, rather than only analyzing the ITS barcode, or a few regions.
Contrast this term with Phylogeny.
More: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/syen.12406 (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/syen.12406)
Phylogeny (/glossary_terms/146):
(Plural = Phylogenies, Phylogenetic, Phylogenetics)
1. The study of the evolutionary history of organisms.
2. Phylogeny refers to the evolutionary history of a taxonomic group of organisms.
3. The branching pattern of evolving lineages through time.
4. A depiction of genealogical relationships between taxa.
Phylotype (/glossary_terms/1551):
(Phylotypes)
2. In microbiology, a phylotype is an environmental DNA sequence or group of sequences sharing more than an arbitrarily chosen level of similarity of a particular gene marker.
3. In taxonomy, a phylotype is an observed similarity used to classify a group of organisms by their phenetic relationship. This phenetic similarity, particularly in the case of asexual organisms
may reflect the evolutionary relationships. The term is rank-neutral, so that phylotypes can be described at different levels, such as species, class, 97% genetic similarity, or homology. The
term is often used in microbiology, since the genomes of prokaryotes, which freely exchange genetic material, do not lend themselves to classification via Linnean taxonomy as easily as do
many eukaryotes such as plant and animals.
More:
https://link.springer.com/... (https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-
4_1210#:~:text=In%20microbiology%2C%20a%20phylotype%20is,of%20a%20particular%20gene%20marker).
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylotype (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylotype)
Phylum (/glossary_terms/851):
(Plural = Phyla)
1. A taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class.
Note: Phylum is synonymous with Division.
More: https://www.iapt-taxon.org/... (https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/art_3.html?zoom_highlight=phylum)
Phyma (/glossary_terms/2333):
1. A feature in some lichens’ podetium appearing as a wart-like outgrowth.
Physaloamphimitic (/glossary_terms/852):
1. This term describes the hyphae pattern as a system of swollen (not standard, unswollen amphimitic hypahe) in which two types of hyphae are seen, namely generative and binding hyphae
Contrast this term with Generative Hyphae and Binding Hyphae.
Physalodimitic (/glossary_terms/853):
1. Dimitic hyphae pattern (displaying both generative and skeletal hyphae) having a swollen appearance throughout the hyphae.
Physalohyphae (/glossary_terms/854):
1. Thin to secondary thick-walled hypha with inflated cells.
Physaloid (/glossary_terms/1878):
Physalomitic (/glossary_terms/855):
1. Any system in which the hyphal cells inflate. This can include physalomonomitic, physalodimitic, physalotrimitic, physaloamphimitic, among other types of inflated hyphal cells.
Physalomonomitic (/glossary_terms/856):
1. Monomitic hyphae with swollen cellular pattern.
Contrast this term with Monomitic.
Physalopalisadoderm (/glossary_terms/857):
(Physalo-Palisadoderm)
1. With reference to the cortical layer(s), the hyphae are erect, regular, or subregular, and the hyphal cells are strongly inflated.
Physalotrimitic (/glossary_terms/858):
1. Trimitic hyphae pattern having three patterns: A. Generative, B. Skeletal, and C. Binding/Ligative hyphae) but which are also swollen (inflated).
Phytopathology (/glossary_terms/1652):
(Plant Pathology)
1. The study of plant diseases, which are often fungal.
Pigmented (/glossary_terms/147):
(Pigment, Pigmentation)
1. In biology, any substance whose presence in the tissues or cells of animals or plants colors them.
2. The natural coloring of tissue.
Pigmented Inflated Elements (/glossary_terms/859):

1. Swollen (comparatively swollen), colored hyphae or hyphae-like cell material.
Pileate-Sessile (/glossary_terms/2416):
(Pileate And Sessile)
Contrast this term with Pseudostipe, Sessile, and Stipe.
Pileate-Stipitate (/glossary_terms/1797):
(Stipitate-Pileate)
1. Exhibiting both a stipe and pileus (stem/stalk and cap/head).
Pileicystidium (/glossary_terms/862):
(Pileicystidia)
1. Pileus surface possessing longer, stiff, awl-shaped cell(s).
Pileipellis (/glossary_terms/863):
(Plural = Pileipelles)
(Synonymous with Hymenoderm)
(Pronounced “pie-lee-eh-pellis”)
1. The layers constituting the outer surface of the pileus (cap).
2. Corticle layer(s) of the pileus. Abbreviated PP or PP.
Contrast this term with Cutis, Epithelioid Hymeniderm, Euhymeniderm, Intricate Trichoderm, Irregular Epithelium, Irregular Trichoderm, Ixocutis, Ixotrichoderm, Regular Epithelium, Transition
Between Hymeniderm And Epithelium, Trichoderm, and Trichohymeniderm.
Pileipellis Cross Section (/glossary_terms/864):

1. A section of material cut from the pileus in which, if the cap were removed from the stipe and laid down on a sheet of paper with the gills facing down, the section would be vertical.
Pileipellis Scalp Section (/glossary_terms/865):
1. A very thin, small section taken from the surface of the pileus, sometimes at the center, but preferably between the pileus center and the margin. The surface of the pileus is examined in
this type of section. To make this section use a fresh, sharp razor blade and make two very fine incisions – parallel to one another – about 5mm long. Make a third incision going the opposite
direction, creating a U-shape. Grab the loose end using forceps or tweezers that is opposite of the one uncut area of the U-shape. Pull free, tearing the material. Examine the edges under a
microscope at low magnification at first.
Pileocystidium (/glossary_terms/148):
(Pileocystidia, Abbreviated “pc”)
1. (Not the same as Pilocystidia according to two authors, however many others consider pilocystidia to be identical to pileocystidia). Sterile cell (cystidium) on the surface of the cap, but not
including the outer margin (perimeter) of the cap (circumcystidia). Sometimes the hyphae that makes up the pileipellis has ends that are odd in some way and this doesn’t make them
pileocystdia. Pileocystidia are separate cystidia-like cells. Cystidia located on the pileipellis. Instead of capturing images of pileocystidia, which most mushrooms do not have, you can simply
capture the image of the top area of the pileipellis and label it as “pileipellis.” In a comparatively few species, single-celled elements stand more or less erect on the pileus surface. These
terminal cells, called pileocystidia, are differentiated, and they may be distinguished morphologically from a mere hyphal tip (Source – http://www.mykoweb.com/Pholiota/Basidiocarp.html
(http://www.mykoweb.com/Pholiota/Basidiocarp.html)).
Pileogloeocystidium (/glossary_terms/866):
(Plural = Pileogloeocystidia)
1. An exudative cystidium on the surface of the pileus.
Pileostipiocarpous (/glossary_terms/867):
(Pileostipitocarpous)
1. A mushroom that has a pileus and stipe.
Pileus (/glossary_terms/49):
(Plural = Pilei, Pileate, Pileated, Head, Pileo)
1. The cap of a mushroom.
Pileus Cuticle (/glossary_terms/868):

(Synonymous with Cap Cuticle)
1. The covering of the pileus.
Pileus Scalp Section (/glossary_terms/869):

1. A very thin, small tissue section taken from the surface of the pileus, sometimes at the center.
Pileus Trama (/glossary_terms/870):
(Pileitrama, Cap Trama)
1. The cap tissue, once sectioned with a razor for microscopy, will reveal multiple layers. The outermost main layer is the pileipellis, which can be comprised of multiple sub-layers. The next
layer is the fleshier layer of the cap which is the pileus trama.
Pilo (/glossary_terms/872):
1. Hair-like.
Pilocystidium (/glossary_terms/873):
(Plural = Pilocystidia)
1. Hair on the pileipellis. Some authors define this word as synonymous with Pileocystidia but see Largent & Johnson.
Contrast this term with Pileocystidium.
Pilogloeocystidium (/glossary_terms/874):
(Plural = Pilogloeocystidia)
1. A hair-like gloeocystidium.
Pilose Agglutination (/glossary_terms/875):

2. Hair-like hyphal strand.
Pin-Shaped (/glossary_terms/876):
1. Shaped like a bowling pin.
Pip-Shaped (/glossary_terms/877):
1. Shaped like an apple seed.
2. Sometimes used to describe spores with a plage at one end that would be described as elliptic by some authors.
3. Essentially dacryoid but the tapered end is bent.
Pisiform (/glossary_terms/878):
1. Pea-shaped.
Pithy (/glossary_terms/879):
1. Soft or spongy tissue.
Pitted (/glossary_terms/880):
1. With small depressions.
Contrast this term with Alveolate, Boring Holes, Scrobiculate, and Lacunose.
Plage (/glossary_terms/881):
1. A distinctive flattened area on the dorsal side of the spore (the side facing the central axis of the basidium on which the spore develops), near the hilar appendage (the part of the spore tha
was attached to the basidium), also known as a suprahilar disc. If the plage is amyloid, it is known as a hilar spot, if it’s depressed it’s known as a suprahilar depression.
Plagiotrichoderm (/glossary_terms/882):
1. Pileipellis trichoderm with elements curving upward and perpendicular to the surface.
Plagiotrichoderm Tomentum (/glossary_terms/883):

1. With reference to the cortical layer(s), a thick, loose, wooly layer. Basal hyphae are repent while most terminal hyphae are obliquely ascending. All hyphae are irregularly arranged.
plano- (/glossary_terms/2159):
(plan-, Plane, Planose)
1. Prefix meaning flat.

Plano-Concave (/glossary_terms/884):
1. Pileus slightly concave.
Contrast this term with Deeply Infundibuliform, Concave, and Infundibuliform.
Plano-Convex (/glossary_terms/2046):
(Convex-Plane, Plane-Convex, Planoconvex)
1. Pileus develops into at least one growth stage which is flattened to umbrella-shaped.
2. Pileus slightly convex but nearly level.
Plasma Membrane (/glossary_terms/886):

1. The cell membrane or plasma membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions
and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. It basically protects the cell from outside forces. It consists of the lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
Cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signaling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular
structures, including the cell wall, glycocalyx, and intracellular cytoskeleton.
Plasmid (/glossary_terms/1943):
(Plasmids)
1. A genetic structure in a fungal cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically shaped like a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm. Plasmids are used in
laboratories to alter specific genes.
More: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid)
Plasmogamy (/glossary_terms/887):
1. Plasmogamy is a stage in the sexual reproduction of fungi. In this stage, the cytoplasm of two parent mycelia fuse together without the fusion of nuclei, as occurs in higher terrestrial fungi.
After plasmogamy occurs, the secondary mycelium forms. The secondary mycelium consists of dikaryotic cells, one nucleus from each of the parent mycelia. It is the fusion of protoplasm
between two motile or non-motile gametes. It involves the union of two protoplasts bringing two haploid nuclei close together in the same cell.
Plasmolysis (/glossary_terms/888):
1. Plasmolysis is the process in which cells lose water in a hypertonic solution. The reverse process, cytolysis, can occur if the cell is in a hypotonic solution resulting in a lower external
osmotic pressure and a net flow of water into the cell. Through observation of plasmolysis and deplasmolysis it is possible to determine the tonicity of the cell’s environment as well as the rate
solute molecules cross the cellular membrane.
Plectenchyma (/glossary_terms/891):
(Plectenchymatous)
1. This term is used to describe organized fungal tissues. It means, literally, to weave with infusion – an intimately woven tissue. Two types of plectenchyma are described: Prosenchyma
(approaching or almost a tissue), and pseudoparenchyma (meaning a false plant tissue or resembling plant tissue).
Plectology (/glossary_terms/889):
1. Histology for fungi.
2. Tissue science for mushrooms and all fungi.
Pleiotropy (/glossary_terms/1527):
(Pleiotropic)
1. When one gene influences two or more seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. Such a gene that exhibits multiple phenotypic expression is called a pleiotropic gene. Mutation in a pleiotropic
gene may have an effect on several traits simultaneously, due to the gene coding for a product used by a myriad of cells or different targets that have the same signaling function.
- https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotropy (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotropy)
Pleomorphic (/glossary_terms/890):
1. The occurrence of two or more structural forms during a life cycle.
Plesiomorphy (/glossary_terms/1896):
(Plesiomorphic Character, Plesiomorphic Trait)
1. A primitive or ancestral character state is called plesiomorphy (plesiomorphic character), and a shared plesiomorphy is called a symplesiomorphy. For example, hair is a unique mammalian
character that evolved with the evolution of mammals. Mammalian evolution was followed by further evolution of various mammalian groups and subgroups based on evolutionary novelties.
For example, primates form a more recently evolved mammalian group. Therefore, hair is a plesiomorphy (ancestral character) for primates. Because hair, as an ancestral mammalian
character, is shared by all primates, it is also a symplesiomorphy (shared plesiomorphy) for primates in general.
— https://www.sciencedirect.com/... (https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/plesiomorphy)
Pleurochrysocystidium (/glossary_terms/892):
(Pleurochrysocystidia)
1. Chrysocystidium that is not found along the true gill edge(s), but rather upon the gill face and away from the true gill edge. This cell form is generally identified based on having a yellow or
golden body (or body part) that becomes more deeply yellow when exposed to KOH, ammonia, or another alkaline compound.
Pleurocystidium (/glossary_terms/145):
(Plural = Pleurocystidia)
1. Pleurocystidia can closely resemble the appearance of a particular mushroom’s cheilocystidia. Pleurocytidia occur within the gill – not along the true gill edge. By cutting into the gill
pleurocystidia can been seen on the “false gill edges.” They are usually far less numbered and more spaced out than cheilocystidia. Not all gilled mushrooms possess pleurocystidia.
Pleuromacrocystidium (/glossary_terms/893):
(Pleuromacrocystidia)
1. Possessing very large pleurocystidia cells throughout the gill tissue.
Pleuropseudocystidium (/glossary_terms/894):
(Plural = Pleuropseudocystidia)
1. Pseudocystidium located on the face (side) of a gill.
Pleurotoid (/glossary_terms/895):
1. Characterized by stipe absent or lateral.
2. Stipe excentrically or laterally attached or stipe absent.
3. A stature type describing a mushroom with a stipe, eccentrically or laterally attached or absent, a variable gill attachment, and no annulus or volva.
Plicate (/glossary_terms/896):
(Plicated, Pleated, Ridged)
1. Pileus exhibiting radial grooves like those seen in an umbrella.
2. Plicate cap margins are categorized as more defined and ridged than striate or sulcate.
Plicate-Striate (/glossary_terms/2441):
(Striate-Plicate)
1. Pileus exhibiting radial folds or pleats.
Contrast this term with Costate, Fibrillose-Striate, Furrows, Grooved, Lineolate, Longitudinal Ridges, Longitudinal Striations, Plicate, Radial Furrows, Stria, Striate, Striate Margin, Striations,
Plicate-Sulcate (/glossary_terms/2450):
1. Exhibiting folds between the striae along the pileus margin.
Pluriascal (/glossary_terms/2027):
1. Containing several asci.
Pluristratous Cellular Suprapellis (/glossary_terms/897):
(Synonymous with Epithelium and Polycystoderm)
Pluristratuous (/glossary_terms/1579):
(Pluristratified)
1. Multi-layered, hymeniderm form of pileipellis.
Pluteoid (/glossary_terms/898):
1. Characterized by lamellae being free, context of pileus being discontinuous with context of stipe, and stipe is usually longer than diameter of pileus.
Pluteotoid (/glossary_terms/1716):
Contrast this term with Pluteoid.
Podetia (/glossary_terms/1847):
1. The spikes or cups that make up the secondary thallus of a Cladonia or other complex lichen.
Poikilohydric (/glossary_terms/1974):
1. A lichen (or any organism) having little control over the status of their hydration, yet they can tolerate irregular and extended periods of severe desiccation.
Polar View (/glossary_terms/1686):

2. Microscopic images of the spores standing on end – upright (not in side view or front view). You can see the width and breadth of the spore(s), but not the length.
Contrast this term with Side View and Face View.
Polarilocular (/glossary_terms/1996):
1. Lichen spores exhibiting two enjoined cells separated by a partition perforated by a thin pore or channel.
Polycystoderm (/glossary_terms/899):
(Sometimes Synonymous with Epithelium)
1. Pluristratous cellular supra-pellis.
2. Group of sphaerocysts in the fibrils of the exoperidium of Calvatia (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Calvatia) species.
Polygonal (/glossary_terms/900):
(Polygonous)
1. Having many sides.
2. A surface marked by polygons.
3. Having many angles.
Polyhedral (/glossary_terms/1373):
1. Having many sides.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (/glossary_terms/901):

(PCR)
1. A biochemical technology in molecular biology to amplify a single or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a
particular DNA sequence.
Polymorphism (/glossary_terms/903):
(Polymorphic, Polymorphisms)
1. The existence of two or more forms (morphs) within the same species. This is usually initially discovered by distinct macroscopic observations.
2. DNA polymorphisms are the different DNA sequences among individuals, groups, or populations. Polymorphism at the DNA level includes a wide range of variations from single base pair
change, many base pairs, and repeated sequences. Genomic variability can be present in many forms, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), variable number of tandem repeats
(VNTRs, e.g., mini- and micro-satellites), transposable elements (e.g., Alu repeats), structural alterations, and copy number variations.
Polymorphous (/glossary_terms/902):
1. Having, assuming, or occurring in various forms.
Polyphasic (/glossary_terms/904):
1. Having more than one phase in a study. For instance, a study of chemotaxonomy, molecular phylogeny, and generic affinities of a particular set of species.
Polyphyletic (/glossary_terms/905):
(Polyphyly, Polyphyletic Group)
1. Relating to or characterized by descent from more than one ancestral group. A polyphyletic group is a group whose members’ last common ancestor is not a member of the group.
Polyphyly is a term in cladistics. It describes a group of organisms whose last common ancestor is not a member of the group. Another way of expressing this is to say that polyphyly includes
groups some members of which are descended from ancestral populations.
2. Greek for “of many races.”
Contrast this term with Monophyletic and Paraphyletic.
Polysaccharide (/glossary_terms/907):
1. Polysaccharides are long carbohydrate molecules of monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic bonds.
Polytypic Species (/glossary_terms/908):

1. Polytypic indicates a separate description (and type specimen) is needed for each of the distinct populations, instead of one for the entire species.
Pores (/glossary_terms/909):
1. The initial opening of tubes in mushrooms that do not have gills, teeth, or another spore-bearing tissue form. Spores emerge from these tubes and pores.
2. A circular depression on the spores of many species. See Germ Pore.
Contrast this term with Gills, Teeth, and Tubes.
Poroid (/glossary_terms/910):
1. Mushrooms (and fungi) that do not possess gills or teeth, but instead have pores with tubes, such as Leccinum (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Leccinum), Suillus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Suillus), Boletus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Boletus), Butyriboletus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Butyriboletus), Caloboletus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Caloboletus), Chalciporus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Chalciporus), Porphyrellus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Porphyrellus), Rubroboletus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Rubroboletus), Neoboletus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Neoboletus), Suillellus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Suillellus), Aureoboletus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Aureoboletus), Buchwaldoboletus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Buchwaldoboletus), and Pulveroboletus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Pulveroboletus). Fungi that are
commonly referred to as belonging to Polyporales (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Polyporales) – with pores – include many genera such as Trametes
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Trametes) and Ganoderma (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Ganoderma).
2. Pore-like; poriform. Resembling a pore, or small puncture.
Contrast this term with Subcircular Pores, Circular Pores, Hexagonal Pores, Angular Pores, Radially Arranged Pores, and Stuffed Pores.
Poroid-Stipitate (/glossary_terms/1894):
(Stipitate-Poroid)
1. Fungi exhibiting a stem, and pores under the cap.
Porous Septa (/glossary_terms/911):

1. Hyphae cells that are septate and contain pores that act as a pathways for the exchange of organelles or nuclei from one hypha to the next.
Positional Cloning (/glossary_terms/912):

(Genetic Screen)
1. A genetic screen is an experimental technique used to identify and select for individuals who possess a phenotype of interest in a mutagenized population. Hence a genetic screen is a type
of phenotypic screen. Genetic screens can provide important information on gene function as well as the molecular events that underlie a biological process or pathway. While genome
projects have identified an extensive inventory of genes in many different organisms, genetic screens can provide valuable insight as to how those genes function.
Postulate (/glossary_terms/1653):
Powdered Mycelium (/glossary_terms/2238):
1. A fragile form of mycelium observable on agar using Laetiporus sulphureus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Laetiporus+sulphureus).
Contrast this term with Mycelial Fan, Rhizomorphs, Linear Mycelium, Zonate Mycelium, Matted Mycelium, and Fluffy Mycelium.
Praticolous (/glossary_terms/913):
1. Fungi which parasitize the roots of grasses and herbs.
2. A meadow species.
Pre-Crystalline Matrix (/glossary_terms/916):

(PCM, Precrystalline Matrix)
1. The putative build-up of calcium and oxalic acid between the wall layers of cystidia prior to calcium-oxalate crystal formation. Crystals appear to form basipetally from this matrix.
Precipitates (/glossary_terms/914):
1. A section that has been broken up into pieces. A solution that has caused a solid substance to be separated.
Precipitation (/glossary_terms/915):
1. In chemistry and particularly in regard to microscopy, precipitation is the alteration of a liquid solution (usually a mounting or staining agent) into a hardened form. This can be caused by a
chemical reaction inducing the hardening of one or more chemicals. A chemical can also precipitate from a fully liquid form into a gradually hardening form as it dries and becomes more and
more dense. Precipitation is the creation of a solid in a solution or inside another solid during a chemical reaction or by diffusion in a solid. When the reaction occurs in a liquid solution, the
solid formed is called the ‘precipitate’. The chemical that causes the solid to form is called the ‘precipitant.’ A common example of precipitation occurs when KOH begins drying and forms
crystals on the glass slide.
2. Rainfall.
Precursor mRNA (/glossary_terms/917):

(Pre-mRNA)
1. An immature single strand of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). Pre-mRNA is synthesized from a DNA template in the cell nucleus by transcription. Pre-mRNA comprises the bulk of
heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA). The term hnRNA is often used as a synonym for pre-mRNA, although, in the strict sense, hnRNA may include nuclear RNA transcripts that do not end
up as cytoplasmic mRNA. Once pre-mRNA has been completely processed, it is termed “mature messenger RNA”, “mature mRNA”, or simply “mRNA”.
Preparate Cut-Out (/glossary_terms/918):

1. A tissue section for microscopy taken from a gilled mushroom. This is done by removing a whole, complete gill and trimming the left and right sides off to obtain a tiny amount of material.
The cheilocystidia, if present, will be located on the true gill edge (the “bottom” area of the section if the pileus is on the top). The pleurocystidia, if present, can be viewed along the left and
right sides (false gill edges), and will be distanced from the cheilocystidia. The pilleipellis can be viewed at the top area of the section, presuming the preparate cut-out size includes the pileus
Primary Angiocarpy (/glossary_terms/919):

1. A type of angiocarpic development in which the primordial hymenium is initiated in a closed cavity.
Primary Decomposer (/glossary_terms/920):

1. Primary decomposers are the first to show up and thrive in the decomposition process, allowing for secondary decomposers (often other types of fungi) to eventually begin a new phase of
breaking down material such as wood chips.
Contrast this term with Secondary Decomposer, Tertiary Decomposer, and Intermediate Decomposer.
Primary Mycelium (/glossary_terms/921):

1. The uninucleate mycelium produced by a germinating basidiospore.
Contrast this term with Secondary Mycelium.
Primary Species Criterion (/glossary_terms/922):

(Primary Species Criteria)
1. The primary defining property of a species.
Primer (/glossary_terms/923):
(Primers)
1. Short stretches of DNA that target unique sequences to identify a unique part of genome such as a gene or the ITS region.
Primer Pair (/glossary_terms/924):

1. A primer is a short, single-stranded DNA sequence used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. In the PCR method, a pair of primers is used to hybridize with the sample DNA
and define the region of the DNA that will be amplified.
Primordium (/glossary_terms/925):
(Plural = Primordia, Pins, Initials)
1. A very young, not fully differentiated basidiocarp (newly developing mushroom).
Priority (/glossary_terms/59):
(Name Priority)
1. A right to precedence established by the date of valid publication of a legitimate name (ICNafp Art. 11) or of an earlier homonym (ICNafp Art. 53 Note 2), or by the date of designation of a
type (ICNafp Art. 7.10, 7.11, and F.5.4).
Prismatic (/glossary_terms/926):
(Synonymous with Orthorhombic)
1. Of or denoting a crystal system or three-dimensional geometric arrangement having three unequal axes at right angles.
pro syn. (/glossary_terms/128):

1. Abbreviation for Pro Synonymo (as synonym). A citation indicating that a designation is not validly published because it was merely cited as a synonym.
More: See ICNafp Art. 36.1(b) and Rec. 50A.
Probasidium (/glossary_terms/2457):
(Probasidia)
Projectile-Shaped (/glossary_terms/940):
(Synonymous with Bullet-Shaped)
1. Shaped like a bullet.
Proliferated Clamps (/glossary_terms/2266):

(Proliferation Of Clamps)
1. Clamps at the bases of older basidia which have grown to form new basidia. In this circumstance, true clamps are only to be found on the youngest basidia. Usually, however, the typical
shape of the base of the older basidia does not equal the original presence of clamps. Their basal septa frequently consist of two planes meeting at an obtuse angle.
Contrast this term with Clamped Basidium, Septate Basidium, Medallion Clamp, Fibulate, and Pseudoclamps.
Propagate (/glossary_terms/1597):
(Propagating, Propagated)
1. Growing fungi from a variety of potential resources: Spores, mycelium transfer on agar, cloning, inoculating corrugated cardboard with stem bases, etc.
Prosenchymatous (/glossary_terms/1565):
Prosoplectenchyma (/glossary_terms/2000):
(Prosenchyma)
1. Plectenchyma of loosely to tightly interwoven, distinctly separate hyphae, i. e., not resembling the parenchyma of vascular plants. In microscopic sections separate fungal hyphae can
clearly be distinguished and their hyphal cells generally appear elongated. Within prosoplectenchyma hyphae may be arranged in distinctly different orientation.
Prosoplectenchymatous (/glossary_terms/1999):
2. In prosoplectenchyma (sometimes called scleroplectenchyma), the hyphae typically are thick-walled and long-celled, and are oriented roughly parallel, so that in section the tissue appears
to have long, thin cavities with occasional side-braches.
Proteophilous (/glossary_terms/1932):
1. Fungi which colonize protein-rich substrates such as animal matter.
Prothallus (/glossary_terms/2422):
1. In lichens the prothallus is the area of the thallus that is free of algae.
Protocarpic Tubers (/glossary_terms/1612):

Protologue (/glossary_terms/129):
1. Everything associated with a name at its valid publication, e.g. description, diagnosis, illustrations, references, synonymy, geographical data, citation of specimens, discussion, and
comments.
More: See ICNafp Art. 6.13 footnote.
Protoplasm (/glossary_terms/941):
1. Protoplasm is the living contents of a cell that are surrounded by a plasma membrane. Protoplasm is composed of a mixture of small molecules such as ions, amino acids,
monosaccharides, water, and macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides.
Protuberant (/glossary_terms/942):
(Protruding, Projecting)
1. Sticking out from a surface to a specific measurement. For example, The first generation of Coprinellus micaceus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Coprinellus+micaceus) basidia are the most protuberant and extend out the greatest distance from the surface of the hymenium.
Subsequent generations of basidia have shorter and less protuberant bodies.
Proximal (/glossary_terms/943):
(Proximal End)
1. End of spore attached nearest to the basidium. The base. A larger, more generalized area than just the apiculus (hilar appendage).
Pruinose (/glossary_terms/944):
(Pruina, Pruinate, Pruinescence, Pruinosity)
1. Pileus and/or stipe showing a powdery appearance, and an almost frosted appearance.
2. Powdered-in-appearance very finely and often pale, similar to a fine layer of chalk dust.
3. A frost-like or flour-like surface covering, and usually crystalline.
Contrast this term with Furfuraceous, Granulose, Leprose, Pruinose-Puberulous, Pulverulent, and Scurfy.
Pruinose-Puberulous (/glossary_terms/1558):
1. Have features that are both finely powdered/finely granular – and – exhibiting tiny hairs or very fine down; finely pubescent.
Pruniform (/glossary_terms/945):
2. Plum-shaped.
3. Having the appearance of a plum.
4. Broader than an amygdaliform spore but tapered in a similar fashion, like a prune.
Psammophilous (/glossary_terms/2032):
(Psammophilus, Psammophile, Deserticolous)
1. Sand-loving.
2. An inhabitant of the sand or a sandy substrate.
Pseudoamyloid (/glossary_terms/946):
(Synonymous with Dextrinoid)
1. In mycology the term amyloid refers to a crude chemical test using iodine in either Melzer’s reagent or Lugol’s solution, to produce a black to blue-black positive reaction.
Pseudoangiocarpy (/glossary_terms/947):
(Secondary Angiocarpy, Pseudoangiocarpous)
1. This term is no longer in use and was considered by the late Mycologist Rolf Singer to “not fit well in our scheme of terms.”
Pseudoclamps (/glossary_terms/1160):
1. Curved branches of distinguished hyphae, which may or may not touch the parent hypha from which they originate, superficially resembling true clamp connections.
Pseudoclavarioid (/glossary_terms/2099):
1. Looking nearly clavarioid but not clavarioid.
Pseudocolumella (/glossary_terms/1931):
1. The extension of a stipe into the gleba of some fungi, especially gasteromycetes, which is still recognizable as stipe tissue.
Pseudocorium (/glossary_terms/1695):
Pseudocyphella (/glossary_terms/2304):
(Pseudocyphellae)
1. A small cavity in a lichen’s thallus underside which lacks specialized cells directly around it.
2. A tiny opening in lichens that is rounded, elongated, and effigurated in the cortex exposing medullary hyphae which is sometimes pigmented, but lacking specialized cells surrounding the
opening.
Pseudocystidium (/glossary_terms/948):
(Plural = Pseudocystidia) (Synonymous with Macrocystidia)
1. Differentiated prolongation of vascular hypha into the hymenium.
2. Gloeocystidia which are tramal in origin and project into and usually beyond the hymenium or the surface of the pileus or stipe. Pseudocystidia are usually metachromatic in Cresyl Blue.
They also stain in the acid-aldehydes; black in sulfobenzaldehyde or red in chlorovanillin and brown in sulfoformol.
3. Extensions of conducting system, (eg. gloeocystidia, chrysocystidia, phaeocystidia, and macrocystidia).
Pseudofleshy (/glossary_terms/949):
(Pseudo-Fleshy)
1. A little flesh-like (fleshy).

Pseudohyphae (/glossary_terms/950):
1. Distinguished from true hyphae by their method of growth, relative frailty and lack of cytoplasmic connection between the cells. They are the result of a sort of incomplete budding where the
cells remain attached after division.
Pseudoparaphysis (/glossary_terms/951):
(Plural = Pseudoparaphyses)
1. Spacer cells between basidia.
2. Elements found in certain gilled mushrooms that are similar to the paraphyses found as sterile elements among the asci on spore bearing surfaces of ascomycetes.
Pseudopararenchyma (/glossary_terms/952):
(Pseudopararenchymatous)
1. The tissue of a primordial agaric where no differentiation has taken place.
Pseudoparenchymatous (/glossary_terms/953):
(Pseudoparenchyma)
1. Fungal cells that appear isodiametric (roughly spherical or polyhedral) in shape.
2. Seems to be comprised of tightly packed cells resembling plant tissue. The hyphae are not immediately obvious as such, though the hyphal nature of the components can be demonstrated
by reconstruction from serial sections or by scanning electron microscopy.
More: http://www.davidmoore.org.uk/... (http://www.davidmoore.org.uk/21st_Century_Guidebook_to_Fungi_PLATINUM/Ch09_06.htm)
Pseudophysis (/glossary_terms/954):
(Pavement Cells, Brachycystidia, Pseudophysises)
1. A type of leptocystidia (cells shaped like a stone walkway more-or-less). Found in Coprinus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Coprinus) species.
Pseudoreticulation (/glossary_terms/2306):
(Pseudoreticulate, Pseudo-Reticulation)
1. Exhibiting reticulation that is not the result of the attachment of the tube walls to the stipe in early development, but from the tearing and/or stretching of the pellicle. This false reticulation
can also occur by the anastomosing of ridges.
Pseudorhiza (/glossary_terms/35):
1. A root-like extension at the base of a mushroom stem.
Contrast this term with Radicating and Rooted.
Pseudosclerotium (/glossary_terms/800):
(Pseudosclerotia, False Sclerotia, Pseudosclerotial)
1. A conglomerated mycelial tissue mass resembling a sclerotium, but it can’t produce a fruitbody and/or new mycelial growth.
Contrast this term with Sclerotia, False Truffles, and Truffles.
Pseudostipe (/glossary_terms/955):
(Substipitate, Sub-Stipitate, Pseudostem, Pseudo-Stem, Pseudo-Stipe, Pseudo-Stipitate, Pseudostipitate)
1. Having an almost stem-like appearance but not considered a quite as a stem. See Lycoperdum lividiim (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Lycoperdum+lividiim),
Lysurus mokusin (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Lysurus+mokusin), Pleurotus calyptratus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Pleurotus+calyptratus), and Scleroderma verrucosum
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Scleroderma+verrucosum) images for visual comparison.
2. Not quite exhibiting a typical stem, as seen in collections of Scleroderma bovista (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Scleroderma+bovista).
3. An extremely short stem.
Contrast this term with Reduced, Stipe, Corticioid, Resupinate, and Sessile.
Pseudothecium (/glossary_terms/2421):
(Pseudothecia)
Pseudotunica (/glossary_terms/1696):
Pseudovolva (/glossary_terms/1899):
(Pseudo-Volva)
1. Enlarged stem base reminiscent of a volva, but less than a volva.
Psilocin (/glossary_terms/956):
(Psilocine, 4-OH-DMT, Psilocine, Psilocyn, Psilotsin)
1. A substituted tryptamine alkaloid and a serotonergic psychedelic substance. It is present in most psychedelic mushrooms in the genera Psilocybe
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Psilocybe), Panaeolus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Panaeolus), Gymnopilus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Gymnopilus) – and other genera – together with its phosphorylated counterpart psilocybin. The mind-altering effects of psilocin are
highly variable and subjective, and resemble those of LSD and DMT. Psilocin and its phosphorylated cousin, psilocybin, were first isolated and named in 1958 by Swiss chemist Albert
Hofmann. Hofmann extracted the chemicals from laboratory-grown specimens of the psychedelic mushroom Psilocybe mexicana
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Psilocybe+mexicana).
Psilocybian (/glossary_terms/1852):
1. Not necessarily belonging to the genus Psilocybe (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Psilocybe), but proving positive for Psilocybin and/or Psilocin.
Psilocybin (/glossary_terms/957):
(Psilocybine)
1. Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychedelic compound produced by more than 200 species of mushrooms, collectively known as psilocybin mushrooms. The most potent are members
of the genus Psilocybe (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Psilocybe), such as Psilocybe azurescens
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Psilocybe+azurescens), Psilocybe semilanceata (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Psilocybe+semilanceata), and
Psilocybe cyanescens (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Psilocybe+cyanescens), but psilocybin has also been isolated from about a dozen other genera. As a pro-drug,
psilocybin is quickly converted by the body to psilocin, which has mind-altering effects similar (in some aspects) to those of LSD, mescaline, and DMT. The effects generally include euphoria,
visual and mental hallucinations, changes in perception, a distorted sense of time, spiritual experiences, and can include possible adverse reactions such as nausea and panic attacks.
Psilocybin Bluing/Greening Reaction (/glossary_terms/184):

(Blueing/Greening Reaction, Bluing Reaction, Blueing Reaction)
1. A color-changing action in certain species – and more notably collections – of psilocybin/psilocin-containing mushrooms in which, after being handled, a blue and/or green color change
occurs over the course of seconds or minutes.
Note: The bluing and/or green color reaction is not directly synonymous with a collection found with bluing or green already observed before handling. It is associated with “bruising” the fruits
or otherwise subjecting psilocybin to oxidadation, resulting in quinoid psilocyl oligomers. There are also many species which exhibit blue or green which do not produce psilocybin and may be
inedible and could be toxic (poisonous). The bluing or green reaction(s) is only one taxonomic character among several to analyze in any mushroom collection.
Below: Psilocybe pelliculosa (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Psilocybe+pelliculosa)
More:
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-03614-0 (https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-03614-0)
https://psychedelicreview.com/... (https://psychedelicreview.com/blue-bruising-psilocybin-mushroom-bluing-reaction/)
Psilocyboid (/glossary_terms/1725):
1. Strongly resembling the appearance of mushrooms in the genus Psilocybe (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Psilocybe).
See Glossary Here: https://library.uniteddiversity.coop/... (https://library.uniteddiversity.coop/Permaculture/Mushroom_Cultivator-A_Practical_Guide_to_Growing_Mushrooms_at_Home.pdf)
Pterate (/glossary_terms/958):
(Synonymous with Alate)
1. Having wings; winged.
2. Having membranous expansions like wings.
3. Spore ornamentation has ridges that are so large that they appear wing-like.
Puberulous (/glossary_terms/1557):
1. Exhibiting minute hairs or very fine down; finely pubescent.
Contrast this term with Canescence, Felty, Fibrillose, Fibrils, Fimbriate, Floccose-Scaly, Flocosse, Flocculose, Glabrous, Hair, Hirsute, Hispid, Hoary, Indumentum, Matted, Pubescent, Radia
Scales, Shaggy, Spines, Squamules, Squamulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
Pubescent (/glossary_terms/959):
(Synonymous with Downy)
1. The pileus or stipe is covered with short, soft, fine hairs.
Puffball Fungi (/glossary_terms/1456):

1. Fungi generally known for having a roundish part and a hole which ejects a dusty current of spores, particularly when squeezed. Genera included in this casual category are Calvatia
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Calvatia), Calbovista (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Calbovista), Lycoperdon
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Lycoperdon), Scleroderma (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Scleroderma), and Tulostoma
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Tulostoma). For identification it is important to cut a mature specimen in half and photograph the inside.
More: https://www.mushroomexpert.com/puffballs.html (https://www.mushroomexpert.com/puffballs.html)
Pulverulent (/glossary_terms/126):
(Pulverulence)
1. Covered with powder, or having an appearance as though covered in a powder.
Pulverulent Volva (/glossary_terms/2256):

1. A volva which has formed a powdery layer on the cap.
Forming Volva, Wart-Forming Volva, and Marginately Bulbous.
Pulvinate (/glossary_terms/1353):
1. Shaped similar to a cushion.
Punctate (/glossary_terms/960):
(Punctate-Roughened)
1. Spore ornamentation describing outgrowths so minute that they appear almost non-existent, but they are equidistant ornamentations.
2. Marked with dots consisting of hollows, depressions, spots, raised-joined scales, or agglutinated fibrils, all very small.
Punctate-Squamulose (/glossary_terms/2388):
(Punctate Squamulose)
1. Exhibiting squamules which are joined at the tip, forming dots, spots, or cavities.
2. The surface is dotted with minute scales or points.
Nodulose, Odontioid, Patches, Pruinose, Puberulous, Pubescent, Radial Scales, Scabrose, Scabrous, Scabrous-Squamulose, Scales, Scrupose, Scrupose-Squamulose, Scurfy, Sericious,
Setose, Setulose, Shaggy, Spiciform, Spiculose, Spikes, Spines, Spinulose, Squamose, Squamules, Squamulose, Squarrose, Squarrulose, Stellate, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose,
Tomentulose, Tuft, Variolate, Velutinous, Verrucose, Verruculose, Villose, Virgate, Warts, and Warty.
Puncticulate (/glossary_terms/2389):
(Puncticulose, Punctulate)
1. Minutely punctate.
Nodulose, Odontioid, Patches, Pruinose, Puberulous, Pubescent, Punctate, Punctate-Squamulose, Radial Scales, Scabrose, Scabrous, Scabrous-Squamulose, Scales, Scrupose, Scrupose-
Squamulose, Scurfy, Sericious, Setose, Setulose, Shaggy, Spiciform, Spiculose, Spines, Spinulose, Squamose, Squamules, Squamulose, Squarrose, Squarrulose, Stellate, Strigose,
Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Tuft, Variolate, Velutinous, Verrucose, Verruculose, Villose, Virgate, Warts, and Warty.
Pustules (/glossary_terms/1683):
(Pustulate)
1. Pimple or blister-like protrusions that are sometimes hollow within. These protrusions can morph into other shapes as well.
Putatively Contaxic (/glossary_terms/1764):

1. Generally accepted as synonymous.
Putrescent (/glossary_terms/961):
1. Undergoing the process of decay and rotting.
Pycnia (/glossary_terms/1560):
(Pycnium)
1. One of the small flask-shaped fruit bodies of a rust fungus formed in clusters just beneath the surface of the host tissue, produced as a result of infection by a single basidiospore, and
producing haploid flexuous hyphae and pycniospores.
- https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pycnium (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pycnium)
Pycnidial Section (/glossary_terms/1437):

Pycnidium (/glossary_terms/1436):
(Pycnidia)
1. A pycnidium is a chamber lined with conidiophores within the fruiting body. The spores escape through a hole (ostiole) that leads to the outside world, much as in a perithecium. In fact, a
perithecium and a pycnidium are pretty much the same thing, except that one produces conidia and the other produces sexual ascospores. The spores produced in a pycnidium can be called
pycnidiospores.
Pyramidal Warts (/glossary_terms/2453):

Pyrenolichens (/glossary_terms/1976):
1. Lichens forming poriform ascocarps (pyrenocarps).
2. Lichenized pyrenomycetes.
Pyriform (/glossary_terms/962):
(Synonymous with Sublimoniform and Piriform)
1. Pear-shaped.
2. Spores which are more elongated as well as more tapered at the apiculate end than an oval spore and resembling a pear.
Pyrophilous (/glossary_terms/1933):
(Burn Fungi, Burn Site Fungi, Burn Associates)
1. Fungi associated with localities that have been burned with fire.
Q (/glossary_terms/963):
1. Quotient of length and width or breadth.
Q-values (/glossary_terms/966):
Quotient values presented as minimum, lower quartile, upper quartile and maximum, respectively.
Qav (/glossary_terms/964):
1. Average quotient.
Quadrangular (/glossary_terms/967):
(Quadrate)
1. Spores shaped like a rectangle or square.

Quaternary Gills (/glossary_terms/969):
1. The fourth and smallest (or lowest) gill in a pattern of gill sizes repeating from primary (largest), secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
Contrast this term with Subgills.
Quiescent (/glossary_terms/965):
1. Inactive or in repose
2. Tranquilly at rest.
3. Dormant and not fruiting or active, but capable when the right conditions present themselves.
Quotient (/glossary_terms/970):
(Q, Spore Quotient)
1. Length divided by width. Typically this is done when measuring spores, but not when measuring cystidia. Usually applied to basidiospores to indicate how broad or narrow are. This statistic
is helpful in determining a specific shape (e.g. globose, subglobose, broadly ellipsoid, etc).
Radial Fibrils (/glossary_terms/1753):

(Radially Fibrillose, Radiating Fibrils, Radiately Fibrillose)
1. Nearly resembling human hairs that have had mousse or styling gel applied - and they are diverging in lines from a common center. This is common in the genus Inocybe
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Inocybe), and they cover the pileus, typically in an aesthetic pattern.
Contrast this term with Canescence, Felty, Fibrillose, Fibrils, Fimbriate, Floccose-Scaly, Floccose, Glabrous, Hair, Hirsute, Hispid, Hoary, Indumentum, Matted, Puberulous, Pubescent,
Radial Furrows (/glossary_terms/1911):

(Radially Furrowed Fungi)
1. Exhibiting narrow trenchlike grooves that radiate from approximately the pileus center to the pileus margin. See Marasmius capillaris
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Marasmius+capillaris).
Contrast this term with Costate, Fibrillose-Striate, Furrows, Grooved, Lineolate, Longitudinal Ridges, Longitudinal Striations, Plicate, Stria, Striate, Striate Margin, Striations, Striatulate,
Sulcate, Sulcate-Pectinate, and Tuberculate-Striate. More numerical and illustrated accuracy is needed to define these terms appropriately.
Radial Section (/glossary_terms/971):
(Radial Gill Cross Section)
A radial section is one of two types of gill cross sections. This type of section begins from any point of the margin of the cap and reaches the opposing side after first cutting through the cente
of the cap. It differs from a tangential section because a radial section must travel thru the center point of the pileus.
Radially Arranged (/glossary_terms/1751):

1. Definitions & Images Pending.
Radially Arranged Pores (/glossary_terms/1819):

Contrast this term with Subcircular Pores, Circular Pores, Angular Pores, Radially Arranged Pores, Hexagonal Pores, and Stuffed Pores.
Radially Rimose (/glossary_terms/125):

1. Cap surface marked with numerous, superficial, radial clefts or cracks.
Contrast this term with Areolate, Fibrillose-Rimulose, Rimose, Rimulose, and Rhagadiose.
Radially Symmetrical Spores (/glossary_terms/972):

1. Spores that are basically perfectly circular so that any radius measurement take is identical within a given spore.
Radially Wrinkled (/glossary_terms/2316):

1. Wrinkling, creasing, or ridging pileus surface pattern radiates from approximately the pileus center outwards towards the pileus margin.
Radiately Rugulose (/glossary_terms/1881):

Radiatus (/glossary_terms/973):
1. Provided with spokes or rays.
2. Radiatus may refer to a radially striped pileus when dried.

Radicating (/glossary_terms/14):
(Radicate)
1. Exhibiting a narrowing, root-like area at the bottom of the stem. The genus Phaeocollybia (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Phaeocollybia) is known for its radicating
stipes.
Contrast this term with Pseudorhiza, Rooted, Subulate, and Tapered Stipe, .
Radiotrophic Fungi (/glossary_terms/1401):

1. Fungi that perform radiosynthesis using the pigment melanin to convert gamma radiation into chemical energy for growth.
Rainforest (/glossary_terms/1368):
(Rain Forest)
1. Rainforests are forests characterized by high rainfall, with annual rainfall in the case of tropical rainforests falling between 250 and 450 centimetres (98 and 177 in). Contrast Tropical
Rainforest with Temperate Rainforest. Then contrast Cloud Forest with Temperate Cloud Forest.
Raised Ridges (/glossary_terms/1488):

1. Interlacing, elevated tissue appearing like gill ridges on the underside of the cap. Unlike lamellae, they cannot be easily removed.
Raised Scales (/glossary_terms/2378):

1. Scales on pileus are standing up rather than flattened.
Rameales-Structure (/glossary_terms/974):
1. Pileipellis with irregularly shaped and arranged, nodose, en bosse, or diverticulate elements.
Ramose (/glossary_terms/2138):
1. Exhibiting branching.
2. Being branched.
Rancid (/glossary_terms/1357):
1. Possessing an unpleasant aroma or tasting unpleasant as a result of being old and in the process of decaying.
Raphanoid (/glossary_terms/1954):
1. Taste is similar to a radish.
2. Aroma is similar to a radish.
Rate Of Evolution (/glossary_terms/2175):

1. The quantified speed of genetic or morphological change in a phylogeny over a period of time.
rDNA (/glossary_terms/975):
(Synonymous with Nuclear rDNA and Nuclear Ribosomal DNA)
1. Spliced dNA formed from two or more different sources that have been cleaved by restriction enzymes and joined by ligases. Genetically engineered dna made by recombining fragments
of dna from different organisms.The joining together of genetic material from two different organisms.
Re-Lichenized (/glossary_terms/1965):
(Relichenized, Re-Lichenization, Relichenization)
Reagent (/glossary_terms/976):
1. A substance used in a chemical reaction to detect, measure, examine, or produce other substances.
Receptaculum (/glossary_terms/1427):
1. A structure bearing one or more reproductive organs.
Recombination (/glossary_terms/977):
1. The rearrangement of genetic material, especially by crossing over in chromosomes or by the artificial joining of segments of DNA from different organisms. The natural formation in
offspring of genetic combinations not present in parents through the processes of crossing over or independent assortment.
Rectocutis (/glossary_terms/978):
1. A trichoderm pileipellis.
2. With reference to the cortical layer(s), the hyphae pattern is regular, subparallel, inflated or not, and often radially arranged.
Recurved Squamules (/glossary_terms/2243):

(Recurved-Squamulose)
1. Pileus surface exhibits backward-bent and curved protrusions that are hair-like scales.
Contrast this term with Hirsute, Hispid, Hispidulous, Radial Fibrils, Scabrous-Squamulose, Scales, Scrupose-Squamulose, Squamose, Squarrose, and Strigose.
Red Rot (/glossary_terms/1544):

(Red Heart)
1. Either of two diseases of sugarcane:

(A) A destructive disease caused by a fungus (Physalospora tucumanensis (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Physalospora+tucumanensis)) characterized by red
patches within the canes and found also on sorgo.
(B) A rot of the leaf sheaths caused by a fungus (Sclerotium rolfsii (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Sclerotium+rolfsii)).
2. A wood decay of various conifers and deciduous trees caused by various pore fungi.
— Taken from “Red rot.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/red%20rot (https://www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary/red%20rot). Accessed 16 Nov. 2020.
Reddening Syndrome (/glossary_terms/2146):

1. Gills stain pinkish, salmon, or brick red – or the flesh turns pinkish. This syndrome is applied to the genus Amanita (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Amanita) for a
very limited number of species like Amanita boudieri var. beillei (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Amanita+boudieri+var.+beillei).
Contrast this term with Yellowing Syndrome.
Reduced (/glossary_terms/979):
(Semi-Stipitate)
1. Stipe is very short.
Contrast this term with Pseudostipe, Stipe, Corticioid, Resupinate, and Sessile.
Reflexed (/glossary_terms/980):
(Uplifted Margin, Upturned Margin)
1. Margin (edge) of pileus bent upwards north, but not curving backwards.
Contrast this term with Deflexed, Involute, Straight, Inflexed, Revolute, and Exceeding Lamellae.
Refraction (/glossary_terms/981):
(Refracted, Refractive)
1. In microscopy, refraction occurs when the light waves pass between the medium and the specimen, causing blurring and distortion of the image. Differences in refractive index between
materials causes the light to bend as it passes between them. The refractive index of a material is a measure to the degree that light is bent (refracted) by passing through the material.
Refractive Contents (/glossary_terms/982):
1. Any unidentified mass within a cell that possess the capacity to deflect light from a straight path by refraction.
Refractive Pigment-Body (/glossary_terms/983):

1. Any pigmented tissue possessing the ability to deflect light.
Refringent Content(s) (/glossary_terms/984):

1. Any contents within a cell producing refraction.
Regular (/glossary_terms/985):
(Regular Gill Trama, Regular Hymenophoral Trama, Parallel)
1. Hymenophoral trama having parallel hyphae.
2. Another term describing a parallel hymenophoral trama.
Regular Epithelium (/glossary_terms/986):

1. An epithelium pellis made up of elements in erect rows.
Hymeniderm, Transition Between Hymeniderm And Epithelium, Euhymeniderm, Irregular Epithelium.
Relict Group (/glossary_terms/1831):

1. A fungal population or taxa of organisms that was more widespread – or more diverse – in the past. A relictual population is a population currently inhabiting a restricted area whose range
was far wider during a previous geologic epoch. Similarly, a relictual taxon is a taxon (e.g. species or other lineage) which is the sole surviving representative of a formerly diverse group.
See the terms Climate Change, Global Warming, Critically Endangered, Endangered, Extinct, and Extirpation.
Reniform (/glossary_terms/987):
1. Kidney-shaped.
Contrast this term with Rounded Flabelliform, Spathuliform, and Flabelliform.
Repent (/glossary_terms/988):
1. Hyphae creeping and not ascending.
2. Prostrate.
Resting spore (/glossary_terms/989):

1. A spore which has a thick cell wall in order to survive in stress, such as drought. It protects the spore from biotic (microbial, fungal viral), as well as abiotic (wind, heat, xeric) factors.
Restriction Enzyme (/glossary_terms/990):

(Restriction Endonuclease)
1. An enzyme that cuts DNA at specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as restriction sites. Restriction enzymes are commonly classified into three types, which differ in their
structure and whether they cut their DNA substrate at their recognition site, or if the recognition and cleavage sites are separate from one another. To cut DNA, all restriction enzymes make
two incisions, once through each sugar-phosphate backbone (i.e. each strand) of the DNA double helix. These enzymes are found in bacteria and archaea and probably evolved to provide a
defense mechanism against invading viruses. Inside bacteria, the restriction enzymes selectively cut up foreign DNA in a process called restriction, while host DNA is protected by a
modification enzyme (a methylase) that modifies the bacterial DNA and blocks cleavage. Together, these two processes form the restriction modification system.
Restriction Fragment (/glossary_terms/991):
1. A restriction fragment is a DNA fragment resulting from the cutting of a DNA strand using a restriction enzyme (restriction endonucleases), a process called restriction. Each restriction
enzyme is highly specific, recognizing a particular short DNA sequence, or restriction site, and cutting both DNA strands at specific points within this site.
Restriction Fragment Analysis (/glossary_terms/992):

1. The basic technique for detecting RFLPs involves fragmenting a sample of DNA by a restriction enzyme, which can recognize and cut DNA wherever a specific short sequence occurs, in a
process known as a restriction digest. The resulting DNA fragments are then separated by length through a process known as agarose gel electrophoresis, and transferred to a membrane via
the Southern Blot procedure. Hybridization of the membrane to a labeled DNA probe then determines the length of the fragments which are complementary to the probe. An RFLP occurs
when the length of a detected fragment varies between individuals. Each fragment length is considered an allele, and can be used in genetic analysis. RFLP analysis may be subdivided into
single (SLP) and multi-locus probe (MLP) paradigms. Usually, the SLP method is preferred over MLP because it is more sensitive, easier to interpret and capable of analyzing mixed-DNA
samples. Moreover, data can be generated even when the DNA is degraded.
Resupinate (/glossary_terms/130):
1. Lying flat on the substratum.
2. A resupinate mushroom is flattened or closely appressed to the substrate (usually a log), lacking a well defined cap or stem.
Contrast this term with Effused-Reflexed.
Reticulate (/glossary_terms/993):
(Reticulations, Reticulated, Reticulum)
1. Covered with a net-like interlacing pattern.
2. With vein-like pattern of low relief intercrossed like a net. This feature can occur on the pileus and/or the stipe.
Contrast this term with Reticulate-Areolate.
More: https://www.mushroomexpert.com/glossary.html (https://www.mushroomexpert.com/glossary.html)
Reticulate-Areolate (/glossary_terms/2173):
1. Exhibiting a somewhat net-like interlacing pattern and cracked like the cracking that occurs when mud dries in the sun.
Reticulately Venose (/glossary_terms/994):

(Reticulate-Venose, Reticularly Venose)
1. Pileus surface marked with anastomosing veins forming angular patches.
Retinerved (/glossary_terms/166):
1. Exhibiting veins that form a net.
1. Having a veined net.
Revivescent (/glossary_terms/1555):
(Revivescence, Revivescency)
1. The act or state of being revived; revival; reanimation.
2. From the Latin word “revīviscere” – to come back to life, related to “vīvere” – to live.
Contrast this term with Marcescent.

Revolute (/glossary_terms/995):
1. Margin of pileus rolled upwards and back.
Contrast this term with Subrevolute, Inflexed, Deflexed, Straight, Involute, Revolute, Reflexed, and Exceeding Lamellae.
RFLP (/glossary_terms/996):
1. In molecular biology, restriction fragment length polymorphism, or RFLP (commonly pronounced “rif-lip”), is a technique that exploits variations in homologous DNA sequences. It refers to a
difference between samples of homologous DNA molecules that come from differing locations of restriction enzyme sites, and to a related laboratory technique by which these segments can
be illustrated. In RFLP analysis, the DNA sample is broken into pieces (digested) by restriction enzymes and the resulting restriction fragments are separated according to their lengths by gel
electrophoresis. Although now largely obsolete due to the rise of inexpensive DNA sequencing technologies, RFLP analysis was the first DNA profiling technique inexpensive enough to see
widespread application.
Rhagadiose (/glossary_terms/1209):
1. Exhibiting deep cracks.
Contrast this term with Areolate, Fibrillose-Rimulose, Rimose, Rimulose, and Radially Rimose.
Rhizal (/glossary_terms/997):
1. Roots or root-like.
2. Relating to the below-surface mycelium or parts of fungi.
Rhizine (/glossary_terms/2418):
(Rhizines)
Rhizinomorphs (/glossary_terms/1986):
(Rhizino-Morphs)
Rhizinose Strand (/glossary_terms/2269):

(Rhizinose Strands)
1. Strong, irregular, branching hyphae in soil developed as an attachment organ in some lichens.
Rhizoid (/glossary_terms/998):
(Plural = Rhizoids)
1. Root-like structure from the base of fruiting body.
2. Root-like and branched hyphae which anchor the mycelium to the substrate. Rhizoids are haracteristic of some Zygomycetes
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Zygomycetes) (Rhizopus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Rhizopus) and Absidium
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Absidium)).
Rhizomorphs (/glossary_terms/999):
(Rhizomorphic, Rhizoids, Rhizomorphic Mycelium)
1. A visible root-like mycelium network. These can vary in length and width.
2. Mycelial cords, hairs, strings, or strands. These are often described as a taxonomic character present at the stem base such as those seen with Psilocybe azurescens
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Psilocybe+azurescens).
3. Cord-like strands of hyphae twisted. These can appear on agar cultures of myceliums without the presence of fruit bodies.
Contrast this term with Mycelial Fan, Linear Mycelium, Zonate Mycelium, Powdered Mycelium, Matted Mycelium, and Fluffy Mycelium.
Rhizosphere (/glossary_terms/1000):
1. The narrow region of soil that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms.
Rhombic (/glossary_terms/1001):
1. A 4-sided flat shape with straight sides where all sides have equal length.
Rhomboid (/glossary_terms/135):
1. Possessing a shape resembling a rhombus (a simple quadrilateral whose four sides all have the same length).
Rhombus (/glossary_terms/1002):
1. An outline with four equal sides, but with angles that are not right angles.
RI Value (/glossary_terms/1003):
(RI Values)
1. PAUP Retention Index Value.
Ribbed Spores (/glossary_terms/1004):

(Synoymous with Subalate Spores)
1. Having a pattern of raised bands.

Ribonucleic Acid (/glossary_terms/1005):
(RNA)
1. Ribonucleic acid is a ubiquitous family of large biological molecules that perform multiple vital roles in the coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
Ribosomal Sequences (/glossary_terms/1006):

1. Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences are DNA sequences that code for ribosomal RNA. Ribosomes are assemblies of proteins and rRNA molecules that translate mRNA molecules to
produce proteins.
Ridges (/glossary_terms/1007):
(Ridged)
1. Spores with narrow, raised, straight, or curved strips on the surface.
Contrast this term with Striations, Sulcate, and Grooves.
Rimose (/glossary_terms/1008):
1. Cap or stem is cracked.
2. Pileus margin is split and radially runs towards the pileus disc.
3. Pileus surface is split, usually in a radial manner, with the splits normally extending through the cuticle (outer-most layer of tissue).
Contrast this term with Rhagadiose, Areolate, Areolate-Rimose, Fibrillose-Rimulose, Rhagadiose, Rimulose, and Radially Rimose.
Rimulose (/glossary_terms/1009):
1. Pileus surface is minutely rimose (cracked).
Contrast this term with Areolate, Rimose, Rhagadiose, Reticulate-Areolate, Areolate-Rimose, Fibrillose-Rimulose, and Radially Rimose.
Rind (/glossary_terms/1010):
1. Outer surface of the stipe. “Approximately” equal to the stipitipellis.
Contrast this term with Cuticle.
Ring-Like (/glossary_terms/2162):
(Fairy Ring, Pixie Ring, Elf Circle, Elf Ring, Arid Grass Formation, Fairy Rings, Pixie Rings, Ring-Like Formation)
1. A collection found growing in a circular or nearly circular pattern such as those frequently displayed by Chlorophyllum molybdites
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Chlorophyllum+molybdites).
Contrast this term with Connate, Subconnate, Gregarious, Subgregarious, Colony, Imbricate, Numerous, Scattered, Troops, Lines, and Solitary.
Riparian Zone (/glossary_terms/1011):

(Riparian Habitat, Riparian Area)
1. The area of interface between land and a river or stream.
Rivulose (/glossary_terms/2337):
2. Marked with line-like formations that give the impression of a system of small rivers.
Contrast this term with Grooved, Plicate, Reticulate, Rugulose, Rugose, Rugosissimus, Streaked, Striate, Stricate, Subrugose, Sulcate, and Wrinkled.
Rivulose-Wrinkled (/glossary_terms/2447):
1. Definition Pending. See stipe of Lactarius mucidus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Lactarius+mucidus).
RNA (/glossary_terms/1012):
1. Ribonucleic acid, or RNA, is part of a group of molecules known as the nucleic acids, which are one of the four major macromolecules – along with lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins –
essential for all known lifeforms on Earth. Like DNA, RNA is made up of a long chain of components called ribonucleotide bases: Adenine {A}, Cytosine {C} Guanine {G}, and Uracil {U}. Each
ribonucleotide base consists of a ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The sequence (order) of ribonucleotides allows RNA to encode specific genetic information. All
cellular organisms use messenger RNA (mRNA) to carry the genetic information that directs the synthesis of proteins.
Contrast this term with DNA Sequence.
RNA Polymerase II (/glossary_terms/1013):

(RNAP II, Pol II)
1. An enzyme found in eukaryotic cells that catalyzes the transcription of DNA to synthesize precursors of mRNA and most snRNA and microRNA. The purified enzyme has subunits (regions
that mycologists compare and study.
RNA Splicing (/glossary_terms/1014):

Modification of the nascent pre-mRNA taking place after or concurrently with its transcription, in which introns are removed and exons are joined. This is needed for the typical eukaryotic
messenger RNA before it can be used to produce a correct protein through translation. For many eukaryotic introns, splicing is done in a series of reactions which are catalyzed by the
spliceosome, a complex of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), but there are also self-splicing introns.
RNA Transcript (/glossary_terms/1015):

(RNA Transcripts)
1. RNA transcribed in the nucleus.
Rooted (/glossary_terms/2383):
Contrast this term with Pseudorhiza and Radicating.
Rosecomb (/glossary_terms/1535):
(Rose-comb Disease)
1. A convoluted growth of hymenium developing over the outer surface of the cap.
Rostrate (/glossary_terms/1018):
(Synonymous with Rostellate)
1. Cystidia apex having a beak-like or finger-like protuberance.
Rostrulate (/glossary_terms/1019):
1. Provided with a beak-shape.
Rostrum (/glossary_terms/1020):
1. Apex of a restrate cystidium. A beak-like or finger-like protuberance.
Rotula (/glossary_terms/1585):
1. Rotula-type cystidia as seen in some Mycena (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Mycena) species.
2. When you turn over a cap and see that the inner collar, the gills, and the outer rim of the cap - and you can see it resembling the hub, spokes and rim of a car wheel. See Marasmius rotula
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Marasmius+rotula).
Roughened (/glossary_terms/1398):
(Roughened Spores, Rough Spores, Punctate-Rough):
1. Spores with strongly punctate surfaces. (Punctate = Studded with or denoting dots or tiny holes).
2. Spores are not smooth on the surface.
Round Pores (/glossary_terms/1816):

(Rounded Pores, Circular Pores)
1. Poroid fungi exhibiting round pores rather than other shapes as noted below.
Contrast this term with Subcircular Pores, Hexagonal Pores, Angular Pores, Radially Arranged Pores, and Stuffed Pores.
Round To Angular Pores (/glossary_terms/1817):

(Circular To Angular Pores)
1. Poroid fungi exhibiting pores that are sometimes rounded and sometimes angular, typically in each individual specimen.
Contrast this term with Hexagonal Pores, Subcircular Pores, Circular Pores, Angular Pores, Radially Arranged Pores, and Stuffed Pores.
Rounded Flabelliform (/glossary_terms/1021):

1. Pileus rounded and fan-shaped.
Note: There are two forms of Rounded Flabelliform.
Contrast this term with Reniform, Spathuliform, and Flabelliform.

Rounded Triangular (/glossary_terms/1022):
1. Spores with three angles.
Rounded Truncate (/glossary_terms/2135):

2. Abruptly cut off and somewhat circular.
RPB2 (/glossary_terms/1027):
1. The second largest RNA polymerase subunit.
2. A protein-coding gene region used in DNA sequencing.
rRNA (/glossary_terms/1028):
(Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid)
1. rRNA is the RNA component of the ribosome and is essential for protein synthesis in mushrooms and all living organisms. It constitutes the predominant material within the ribosome, which
is approximately 60% rRNA and 40% protein by weight. Ribosomes contain two major rRNAs and 50 or more proteins. The LSU and SSU rRNAs are found within the large and small
ribosomal subunits, respectively. The LSU rRNA acts as a ribozyme, catalyzing peptide bond formation. rRNA sequences are widely used for working out evolutionary relationships among
organisms.
Rubescent (/glossary_terms/1029):
1. Becoming red.
Rudimentary (/glossary_terms/1030):
1. Under-developed.
2. Immature.
Rufous (/glossary_terms/1031):
1. Brownish-red.
Rugose (/glossary_terms/1032):
(Corrugate)
1. This term has been typically applied to describe the un-smooth, wrinkled appearance of some spores, but also for pilei. It is a technical term, and should be contrasted with the terms below
2. Wrinkled but not finely wrinkled as in Rugulose.
3. Coursely wrinkled or ridged.
Contrast this term with Angular, Echinate, Gibbous, Nodular, Nodulose, Nodulose-Angular, Rivulose, Roughened, Rugose-Puberulous, Rugosissimus, Rugulose, Stellate, Strongly Nodulose,
Sub-Rugose, Verrucose, and Verruculose.
Rugose-Areolate (/glossary_terms/2451):
Rugose-Puberulous (/glossary_terms/1559):
1. Wrinkled and possessing soft, short, erect hair-like cells.
Rugosissimus (/glossary_terms/1035):
1. Extremely rugose or wrinkled.
Contrast this term with Roughened, Sub-Rugose, Rugulose, Rugose, Nodulose, Gibbous, Nodulose-Angular, Angular, Strongly Nodulose, Rugose-Puberulous, and Verrucose.
Rugula (/glossary_terms/1033):
1. A small wrinkle.
Rugulose (/glossary_terms/1034):
1. Finely wrinkled.
Contrast this term with Roughened, Sub-Rugose, Rugose, Nodulose, Gibbous, Nodulose-Angular, Angular, Strongly Nodulose, Rugose-Puberulous, Rugosissimus, and Verrucose.
Rugulose-Areolate (/glossary_terms/2452):
Russet (/glossary_terms/1036):
Reddish-brown.
Russuloid (/glossary_terms/1727):
1. Identically or closely resembling fungi in the order Russulales (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Russulales) or the genus Russula
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Russula).
S (/glossary_terms/1037):
1. Standard deviation.
S.E.M. (/glossary_terms/1074):
(Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM)
1. A scanning electron microscope is a form of electron microscope that creates images of tissue samples by scanning it with a beam of electrons in a raster scan pattern. The electrons
interact with the atoms that make up the tissue, which produces signals that contain information about the sample’s surface topography, its composition, and other properties such as electrica
conductivity.
Below: Scanning electron microscopy of Psilocybe subaeruginosa (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Psilocybe+subaeruginosa) spores.
s.l. (/glossary_terms/80):
1. Abbreviation for sensu lato.
2. In the broad sense.
s.n. (/glossary_terms/1038):
Side Note. (a.s.n. = Another Side Note).
s.str. (/glossary_terms/81):
1. Abbreviation for sensu stricto.
2. In the strict sense.
Contrast this term with Sensu Lato.
Sabulicolous Fungi (/glossary_terms/2014):

(Sabulicole)
1. Fungi which emerge from a sandy substrate.
Saccate Volva (/glossary_terms/1039):

1. Shaped like a sac (pouch-like).
2. A saccate volva is one which has a deep, cup-like (or potato sack-like) cellular formation at the stipe base.
3. A saccate volva is free from the stipe except at the extreme base.
Contrast this term with Circumsessile, Flaring, and Zoned.
Sacred Mushrooms (/glossary_terms/1040):

1. Any of various hallucinogenic mushrooms, usually pertaining to species in the genus Psilocybe (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Psilocybe), that have been ingested
while generating a sacred (holy) experience. Note: Many authors prefer the term “hallucinogenic” over “sacred.” Others still, above hallucinogenic and sacred, prefer to more accurately label
them as “active” or “neurotropic” fungi. Many other terms are used including “visionary,” “mind-manifesting,” “psychedelic,” “divinitory,” and “entheogenic.”
Samaroid (/glossary_terms/2189):
1. Resembling the shape of the letter V.
Sapid (/glossary_terms/1096):
(Sapidous)
1. Having a pleasant taste to someone.
2. Savory.
Sapling (/glossary_terms/1041):
(Plural = Saplings)
1. A young tree, but bigger than a seedling.
Saprotroph (/glossary_terms/1972):
(Saprotrophs, Saprotrophic Nutrition, Saprobe, Saprophyte, Sabrobic)
1. An organism that feeds itself by absorbing dead organic matter (detritus, lysis, etc.).
Sarco-Hypha (/glossary_terms/1043):
1. Fleshy hyphae.
Sarcodimitic (/glossary_terms/1057):
1. Consisting of generative hyphae and thick-walled, long, inflating fusiform elements.
2. Tissue consisting of generative hyphae and chains of very long, thin- to thick-walled elements (‘sarcoskeletals’).
Sarcomitic (/glossary_terms/1045):
1. Any hyphal system in which thin-walled skeletals are present. This includes sarcodimitic and sarcotrimitic hyphal systems.
Sarcoskeletals (/glossary_terms/1044):
1. Longitudinally arranged, long, inflated hyphae.
Saxicolous (/glossary_terms/1792):
1. Growing or living on stone.
sbf. (/glossary_terms/1056):
1. Abbreviation for sub-form. A taxonomic rank below form which is very rarely used.
Scabrous (/glossary_terms/1736):
(Scaber, Scabers)
1. Stipe urface is rough to the touch due to large scales or points.
2. Rough surface with scale-like projections. This term is often applied when describing a pileus surface or stipe surface.
3. Exhibiting scabers. For example, the blackish cell formations on the stipes of Leccinum (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Leccinum) species.
4. The stipe apex is roughened due to erect, pointed scales.
Scrupose, Scrupose-Squamulose, Scurfy, Sericious, Setose, Setulose, Shaggy, Spiciform, Spiculose, Spines, Spinulose, Squamose, Squamules, Squamulose, Squarrose, Squarrulose,
Stellate, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Tuft, Variolate, Velutinous, Verrucose, Verruculose, Villose, Virgate, Warts, and Warty.
Scabrous-Squamulose (/glossary_terms/1737):
1. Having a rough surface with scale-like projections and small scales.
Contrast this term with Canescence, Felty, Fibrillose, Fibrils, Fimbriate, Floccose-Scaly, Flocculose, Flocosse, Glabrous, Hair, Hirsute, Hispid, Hispid-Squarrose, Hoary, Indumentum, Matted,
Puberulous, Pubescent, Radial Scales, Scabrous, Scales, Scrupose, Scrupose-Squamulose, Setose, Setulose, Shaggy, Spines, Squamose, Squamules, Squamulose, Squarrose,
Squarrulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
Scabrulose (/glossary_terms/2403):
1. Nearly scabrous or exhibiting a smaller form of scabers.
Scale-Forming Volva (/glossary_terms/2255):

1. A volva exhibiting adnate, often imbricate, scalelike patches.
Contrast this term with Volva, Evolvate, Pseudovolva, Limbate Volva, Zoned, Circumseccile, Flaring, Bulbous, Sub-Bulbous, Clavate-Bulbous, Abruptly Bulbous, Universal Veil, and
Marginately Bulbous.
Scales (/glossary_terms/1059):
1. Pilei and/or stipes exhibiting wart-like outgrowth, but unlike warts, scales are not distinct from the cap cuticle. They are part of it.
2. This term was once described as membranous, fibrillose, hairy, floccose, hard, erect, flat, or patchlike, but exhibited as a discrete portion of the pileus or stipe surface.
3. Flat piece of tissue – often tapered at the apex to a point – and often arranged like flattened, pointed shingles.
4. Definition Pending. This term has been used widely, ambiguously, and in contradiction to the point of achieving obfuscation.
Hispid-Squarrose, Hoary, Indumentum, Matted, Pruinose, Puberulous, Pubescent, Radial Scales, Scrupose, Scrupose-Squamulose, Sericious, Setose, Setulose, Shaggy, Spicules, Spikes,
Spines, Squamose, Squamules, Squamulose, Squarrose, Squarrulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
Scalp Section (/glossary_terms/1058):

1. A very thin, small section taken from either the center of the pileus surface or the upper stipe surface.
Scaly Volva (/glossary_terms/2385):

Scattered (/glossary_terms/2164):
1. Individual specimens of the same species are growing one to two feet apart from each another.
Contrast this term with Connate, Subconnate, Gregarious, Subgregarious, Colony, Imbricate, Ring-Like, Numerous, Troops, Lines, and Solitary.
Schäffer’s Reaction (/glossary_terms/1530):

(Schaeffer Reaction, Schafer Test, Schaeffer-Reaction, Schaeffer’s Reaction, Schaeffer’s Cross Reaction, Schaeffer’s Test)
1. Julius Schäffer was a German mycologist who developed a chemical test to help with the identification of Agaricus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Agaricus)
species. A positive reaction of Schaeffer’s test, which uses the reaction of Aniline and Nitric Acid on the surface of a mushroom, is indicated by an orange to red color. It is characteristic of
species in Agaricus sect. Flavescentes (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Agaricus+sect.+Flavescentes). The compounds responsible for the reaction were named
Schaefferal A and Schaefferal B to honor Schaffer.
2. Two intersecting lines are drawn on the surface of the cap, the first with aniline or aniline water, the second with an aqueous solution of 65% nitric acid. The test is considered positive when
a bright orange color forms where the lines cross.
Resource: https://www.myko-shop.de/... (https://www.myko-shop.de/epages/62834980.sf/en_GB/?ObjectPath=/Shops/62834980/Products/ZChem/SubProducts/ZChem-0004)

Schizohymenial (/glossary_terms/2066):
Science (/glossary_terms/2341):
1. The applied pursuit of comprehensive knowledge regarding the natural-social world using a systematic methodology that relies on true evidence.
2. More than a body of knowledge, science is a way of thinking – a way of skeptically interrogating the universe with a fine understanding of human fallibility.
Contrast this term with Scientific Methodology.
Scientific Methodology (/glossary_terms/2342):

1. Scientific methodology implements:
▓ Objective observation utilizing measurements and definable data
▓ Evidence
▓ Experiment and/or observation to determine standards for testing hypotheses
▓ Induction: Reasoning to establish general rules or conclusions drawn from facts or examples
▓ Repetition (the conclusions are reproducible)
▓ Critical Analysis
▓ Verification & Testing: Critical exposure to scrutiny, peer review, and assessment
Contrast this term with Science.
Scientific Name Format (/glossary_terms/2308):

2. A scientific name’s format can appear differently depending on the publication – whether hard copy or digital copy, not fully as a matter currently established within the ICNafp. On
Mushroom Observer the format currently used varies depending on the page and field. The ICNafp does not rule on matters of format such as use of bold or italics. This is a matter of the
editorial style of the particular venue of publication or relevancy. However, it is frequent practice to put the scientific name into italics, and the author citation with bibliographic reference into
Roman, but not in bold. Among hard copy and digital copy materials, a variety of formats can be seen. On Index Fungorum (http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp) (IF) the
following format is standardized on “name pages”:
Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler, Kavaka 3: 20 (1976) [1975]
The species’ scientific name above appears first in bold as Lentinula edodes†, with the bolded authors second (Berk.) Pegler. The journal or publication which published the authored work
for this name then follows as Kavaka in unbolded italics. The volume number appears next in bold as 3. This is followed by the page number. This is then followed by the year(s) of publication
for this name’s associated literature.
† Note: Index Fungorum also underscores and hyperlinks the genus Lentinula without italics and with potential color change.
Scissurate (/glossary_terms/1798):
1. Split or appearing cut.
Contrast this term with Eroded, Lacerate, Lacinate, Laciniate, Lacinulate, Lobate, Rimose, and Split.
Sclerified (/glossary_terms/2313):
(Sclerification, Sclerify)
1. Having become hardened, usually in regard to the cell walls.
Sclero- (/glossary_terms/1628):
1. Prefix denoting hard and possibly dry.
Sclerobasidium (/glossary_terms/1060):
1. Thick-walled basidium. Oftentimes, these are sterile basidium.
Sclerocystidium (/glossary_terms/1581):
(Plural = Sclerocystidia)
Scleropileocystidium (/glossary_terms/1627):
(Scleropileocystidia)
1. Scleropileocystidia are narrow, thick walled pileocystidia. This term is most often used when describing coprinoid fungi.
See https://grzyby.pl/... (https://grzyby.pl/coprinus-site-Kees-Uljee/species/sclerocy.htm)

Sclerotium (/glossary_terms/1061):
(Sclerotioid, Sclerotial, Sclerotium-Forming, Plural = Sclerotia)
1. An almost nut-like, persisting compact mycelial object from which a basidiocarp can arise. Those produced in the genus Psilocybe
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Psilocybe) often look similar to caramel corn. They can range greatly in size from barely visible to several inches in length.
2. Sclerotia are specialized, dense hyphal cell formations appearing in a stone-like or nut-like appearance. Some species of Psilocybe
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Psilocybe) are specifically grown as an alternative to the mushroom fruit bodies by cultivators. In addition to the genus Psilocybe,
sclerotia have been discovered among 85 genera in 20 orders of Dikarya. See Psilocybe mexicana (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Psilocybe+mexicana), and
Psilocybe tampanensis (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Psilocybe+tampanensis).
Contrast this term with Truffles, False Truffles, and Pseudosclerotium.
More: https://www.sciencedirect.com/... (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1754504814001214)
Sclerotized (/glossary_terms/2033):
1. Possessing a thickened wall.
Scolecospores (/glossary_terms/1771):
1. Very long spores, (including both septate and non-septate spores), threadlike in appearance, slender, such as those seen in the genus Poaceascoma
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Poaceascoma).
Scrobicules (/glossary_terms/1950):
(Scrobiculate, Scrobicule, Scrobiculi, Potholes, Scrobiculation, Scrobicula)
1. Pothole-like depressions, as seen on the stipes of some Lactarius (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Lactarius) collections. Potholes are the result of a thin layer of
slime, and represent areas where the cells on the stem surface have become gelatinized.
Contrast this term with Lacunose, Pitted, Alveolate, and Boring Holes.
Scrupose (/glossary_terms/2081):
1. Covered with small, sharp projections.
Contrast this term with Canescence, Felty, Fibrillose, Fibrils, Fimbriate, Floccose-Scaly, Flocculose, Flocosse, Glabrous, Hair, Hirsute, Hispid, Hispid-Squarrose, Hoary, Indumentum, Matted,
Puberulous, Pubescent, Radial Scales, Scabrous, Scabrous-Squamulose, Scales, Scrupose, Scrupose-Squamulose, Setose, Setulose, Shaggy, Spines, Squamose, Squamules,
Squamulose, Squarrose, Squarrulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
Scrupose-Squamulose (/glossary_terms/1882):
1. Covered with small, sharp projections and minute scales.
Scurfy (/glossary_terms/2356):
1. Surface layer is roughened, but it is not self-evident what the cause is, or whether these items are attached to the surface or not. This character can present itself as flake-like, thread-like,
powdery, and partially attached to the mushroom some of the time.
2. A surface is covered with tiny flakes or scales.
Contrast this term with Furfuraceous, Furfurescence, Leprose, Pruinose, Verrucose, Verruculose, and Warty.
SDS (/glossary_terms/1062):
1. Abbreviation for Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate.
Seceding (/glossary_terms/1063):
1. Lamellae at first attached to stipe, but later separating from it during maturity. This may cause the gill attachment to appear free, but sometimes evidence of this will exist in the form of left
over longitudinal lines at the stipe apex.
Contrast this term with Free, Deeply Decurrent, Adnate, Subadnate, Adnexed, Subadnexed, Sinuate, Sinuate-Adnate, Subdecurrent, Decurrent, Adnate With Decurrent Tooth, Adnate-
Secondary Angiocarpy (/glossary_terms/1064):

1. A type of angiocarpic development in which in its later stages the primordial hymenium is enveloped by hyphae originating from the stipe and/or the pileus.
Secondary Mycelium (/glossary_terms/1065):

1. A dikaryotic and binucleate mycelium characterized by clamp connections, crossing (anastomosis), and which is assimilative, not generative, in function.
Contrast this term with Primary Mycelium and Tertiary Mycelium.
Secondary Species (/glossary_terms/1066):

1. The species subordinate to the dominant species.
Secondary Species Criteria (/glossary_terms/1067):

(Secondary Species Criterion)
1. An alternative species concept adopting a different property of lineages as a secondary defining property of species (i.e. mating studies, full genomic comparison, or any additional
alternative method to primary species criteria).
Secotioid (/glossary_terms/1069):
(Secotoid)
1. Secotioid fungi are an intermediate growth form between mushroom-like hymenomycetes and closed bag-shaped gasteromycetes, where an evolutionary process of gasteromycetation has
started but not run to completion. Secotioid fungi may or may not have opening caps, but in any case they lack the vertical geotropic orientation of the hymenophore needed to allow the
spores to be dispersed by wind, and the basidiospores are not forcibly discharged.
2. Some authors are using the terms Secotioid and Secotoid identically. Some authors have also used these terms to describe a secotioid form of gilled mushrooms which have their gills
covered (Lentinus tigrinus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Lentinus+tigrinus), etc.), or for forms of gilled mushrooms that possess only small openings in the “veil,"
thereby barely showing the gills. Both secotioid and agaricoid forms can emerge side-by-side in some observations.
Contrast this term with Agaricoid, Pseudosecotioid, and Stature Types.
sect. (/glossary_terms/101):
(§, Sections)
1. Abbreviation for “section.”
2. A section is a taxonomic rank below genus, but above species. The subgenus, if present, is higher than the section, and the rank of series, if present, is below the section. Sections may in
turn be divided into subsections. Sections are typically used to help organise very large genera, which may have hundreds of species. A mycologist wanting to distinguish groups of species
may prefer to create a taxon at the rank of section or series to avoid making new combinations, (i.e. many new binomial names for the species involved). A series is a subdivision of a genus,
a taxonomic rank below that of section (and subsection) but above that of species.
sect. nov. (/glossary_terms/1330):

1. Abbreviation for new section.
Sector (/glossary_terms/1070):
(Sectoring)
1. When multi-spore cultivation attempts on agar show the same species having multiple strains. This creates division lines between these strains. A sector will have a distinct line of
separation between it and adjacent ones.
Contrast this term with Isolate.
Sector Selection (/glossary_terms/1071):

1. An individual mushroom can be composed of more than one strain of mycelium. When agar is used to study multi-spore growth, it is very common to see a multitude of strains (in the same
petri plate) with visible barriers of division (open spaces of incompatibility). A sector will have a distinct line of separation between it and adjacent ones. When studying strains and attempting
to select the best mushroom culture (fruiting abundance, aesthetic appearance, taste, etc) sector selection involves picking the right area(s) of the mycelium for studies in spawn creation and
substrate growth.
Segmentiform (/glossary_terms/1072):
1. Lamellae with straight lamella edge and convex upper side.
Seismic Coda Scale Patterns (/glossary_terms/1073):

(Polygraph-Like Scales, Snakeskin Fibers)
1. Stipe surface pattern resembling some seismic coda and polygraph charts. When present, this taxonomic character is frequently at the bottom 1/4 of the stem, and sometimes the bottom
1/2 of the stem. Sometimes almost the entire stem can be covered with this pattern.
Semi-Secotioid (/glossary_terms/2290):
(Pseudosecotioid, Pseudo-Secotioid)
1. Nearly secotioid in the strict sense, but not quite.
Semi-Translucent (/glossary_terms/1458):
1. Partially or somewhat translucent.
2. Partially permitting the passage of light.
Contrast this term with Translucent and Opaque.
Semispecies (/glossary_terms/1047):
1. A taxonomic rank between species and subspecies, usually as a result of geographical isolation.
Semixerophytic (/glossary_terms/1075):
(Semi-Xerophytic)
1. A habitat that is quite dry.
2. A somewhat dry, arid habitat.
Senescence (/glossary_terms/1455):
1. A type of cellular degeneration preventing indefinite propagation.
2. The progressive loss of growth potential culminating in eventual death. Senescent mycelium, like any aged plant or animal, is far less vigorous and fertile than its counterpart.
sensu amplo (/glossary_terms/935):

(s. ampl.)
1. In an enlarged sense.
2. In a relaxed, generous (or ‘ample’) sense, similar to sensu lato.
sensu auct. (/glossary_terms/86):

1. Abbreviation for sensu auctorum which means “in the sense of certain authors.”
sensu auct. amer. (/glossary_terms/936):

1. In the sense of American authors.
sensu auct. eur. (/glossary_terms/1076):

1. In the sense of European authors. Also abbreviated sensu auct. Euro.
sensu auct. mex. (/glossary_terms/939):

1. In the sense of Mexican authors.
Septal Pores (/glossary_terms/1814):

Septate Basidium (/glossary_terms/2124):
(Septate Basidia, Phragmobasidiate, Phragmobasidia, Phragmosbasidium)
1. Basidium is septated. This is common in rust fungi.
Contrast this term with Clamped Basidium.
Septate Epibasidium (/glossary_terms/2459):

(Septate Epibasidia)
Septum (/glossary_terms/2064):
(Septa, Septate)
1. The cross wall that divides and defines individual hyphae and other fungal cells.
Sequestrate (/glossary_terms/1664):
1. This term has been used differently by authors. Some authors use this term when a mushroom never opens to reveal the gills (or gill-like structures) and spores, or it will open only a little.
2. Fungal fruit-bodies with a closed hymenium evolved from ancestors with an exposed hymenium.
Contrast this term with Secotoid.
More: https://www.ingentaconnect.com/... (https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wfbi/fuse/2020/00000006/00000001/art00013?crawler=true&mimetype=application/pdf)
ser. (/glossary_terms/102):
1. Abbreviation for series. A series is a subdivision of a genus, a taxonomic rank below that of section (and subsection) but above that of species. These taxa require further study before
being published as species.
Sericious (/glossary_terms/2291):
(Silky)
1. Pileus and/or stipe surface(s) are covered with fine, straight, appressed, glossy hairs or fibrils. See the stipes of some collections of Entoloma sericeum
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Entoloma+sericeum).
Serrate (/glossary_terms/1830):
(Serrated, Serrated Teeth)
1. This term can be applied to gill edges, cap margins, or spore surface. It is intended to mean jagged edges as observed frequently with the pileus margin of Panaeolus papilionaceus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Panaeolus+papilionaceus).
Contrast this term with Coarsely Serrate, Even, Undate, Undulate, Crenate, Crenulate, Serrulate, Eroded, and Fimbriate.
Serrulate (/glossary_terms/1746):
(Serrulatum)
1. Having the edge minutely cut or minutely fringed.
2. Lamella edge minutely serrate.
3. Minutely toothed like a saw, but not as much as serrate.
4. Gill edge matches figure 30.36 in https://images.mushroomobserver.org/Glossary_Vellinga.pdf (https://images.mushroomobserver.org/Glossary_Vellinga.pdf)
Contrast this term with Undate, Undulate, Crenate, Crenulate, Serrate, Coarsely Serrate, Even, Eroded, and Fimbriate.
Sessile (/glossary_terms/1387):
1. Without a stalk.
2. Macrofungi that lack a pedicel or stipe.
3. Attached to the substrate without a stem.
Contrast this term with Stipe and Pseudostipe.
Seta (/glossary_terms/1900):
(Plural = Setae)
1. A bristle-like hair or hairs.
2. Cystidia that are thick-walled and dark brown to black in KOH.
3. Sexual reproduction involving the fusion of two compatible nuclei
Seta-Like Elements (/glossary_terms/1602):

1. (In Pileus) Definition And Image Pending.
Setiform (/glossary_terms/2105):
(Setidiform)
1. Long, pointed lamprocystidia which will not react in the presence of KOH.
Setoid Cystidium (/glossary_terms/2035):

(Setoid Cystidia)
1. Setoid cystidia are thick-walled cystidia which have distinctly acute tips and colored walls. Such cystidia have been found in certain boletes and Marasmius
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Marasmius) (Marasmius cohaerens (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Marasmius+cohaerens)). They have been
called setoid cystidia because of a little bit of similarity to setae (hymenial setae). They are much more comparable to pigmented hymenial skeletal hyphae. The term setoid cystidia can be
used whenever there is no evidence for or likelihood of cystidia excretory function, as long as the
walls are pigmented by an intraparietal pigment.
Setose (/glossary_terms/2276):
1. Covered with a surface of bristles (short, stiff hair-like appendages).
Pubescent, Radial Scales, Strigose, Setulose, Shaggy, Spines, Squamules, Squamulose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
Setula (/glossary_terms/2104):
(Setulae)
1. Small seta, but sometimes specifically referring to a delicate hair-like appendage arising from a conidium or a thin-walled cystidium.
Setule (/glossary_terms/546):
1. Brown unit which is more-or-less skillet-shaped.
2. Skillet-shaped, pointed lamprocystidia which are frequently small, setiform lamprocystidia that hypothetically darken in the presence of KOH.
Setulose (/glossary_terms/2277):
1. Surface exhibiting fine bristles, and finer bristles than setose.
2. Delicately setose.
Pubescent, Radial Scales, Setose, Strigose, Shaggy, Spines, Squamules, Squamulose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
Shaggy (/glossary_terms/1840):
1. This term is not very effective in taxonomy, but it has been used repeatedly to describe the “Shaggy Mane,” otherwise known as Coprinus comatus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Coprinus+comatus). The caps of this species may temporarily develop scale-like, pointed protrusions that slightly resemble horse or
sheep hair manes, (or shaggy carpet/some shaggy hairstyles/some lawyer’s wigs).
Pubescent, Radial Scales, Spines, Squamules, Squamulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
Sheath (/glossary_terms/2229):
1. In some species a partial veil initially forms, but develops into a covering (sheath) over most of the stipe. This sheath is a mass of cells, sometimes distinctly colored, and does not
necessarily look seperable from the stem.
Contrast this term with Peronate.
More:
https://www.mushroomexpert.com/... (https://www.mushroomexpert.com/hygrophorus_olivaceoalbus.html)
https://www.mushroomthejournal.com/partial-veils/ (https://www.mushroomthejournal.com/partial-veils/)
Sheathing Ring (/glossary_terms/2207):

(Stalk-Sheathing Armilla, Stipe-Sheathing Ring)
1. Partial veil appears as a layer that covers the whole stem and simply extends up and connects to the edge of the cap, eventually developing into a sheath-like attachment to the stipe with a
ring-like apex.
More: https://www.mushroomthejournal.com/partial-veils/ (https://www.mushroomthejournal.com/partial-veils/)
Sibling Species (/glossary_terms/1048):

1. Any of two or more related species that are morphologically nearly identical but are incapable of producing fertile hybrids. Sibling species can only be identified by genetic, biochemical,
behavioral, or ecological factors, and are thought to have become divergent very recently.
2. Sibling species are pairs or groups of closely related species which are reproductively isolated but morphologically identical or nearly so.
Siccus-Type Broom Cells (/glossary_terms/2023):

1. Cheilocystidia which are broadly club-shaped with finger-like protrusions at the far end. These cells are produced in Marasmius siccus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Marasmius+siccus). Other genera may also reveal these cells.
Side View (/glossary_terms/2142):

(Profile View, Side-View, Dorsiventral View)
1. When you are in side view you should see the hilar appendage facing either to the left or right, and not directly facing you.
Contrast this term with Face View.
Silky-Fibrillose (/glossary_terms/1747):
Silvicolous (/glossary_terms/1915):
1. Living in or inhabiting woodland habitat.
Single Annulus (/glossary_terms/2448):

1. Under-surface and over-surface of annulus is smooth, singular, and not divided into two or more layers.
Contrast this term with Double Annulus.

Sinuate (/glossary_terms/1496):
1. Lamellae attached to stipe with a concave (curving inward) indentation near the stipe.
Contrast this term with Free, Deeply Decurrent, Adnate, Subadnate, Seceding, Subadnexed, Adnexed, Sinuate-Adnate, Subdecurrent, Decurrent, Adnate With Decurrent Tooth, Adnate-
Sinuose (/glossary_terms/1680):
(Sinuous)
1. Full of turns or curves.
Sister Species (/glossary_terms/1650):

(Sister-Species, Sister Position, Sister Group, Sister Taxa, Sister Clades)
1. Any of the two descendant species formed when one species splits during evolution.
2. Two species identified as being one another’s closest relatives.
3. Sharing an immediate common ancestor.
4. Being from the same subgenus or same species group.
Contrast this term with Sibling Species and Kin Species.
Skeletal Cells (/glossary_terms/1921):

(Skeletal Hyphae)
1. Thick-walled, little branched, non-septate hyphae found in dimitic and trimitic basidiomata.
Slightly Depressed (/glossary_terms/1735):

(Slight Depression)
1. Cap exhibiting a shallow central depression.
Contrast this term with Depressed, Narrowly Depressed, Perforated, Nearly Perforated, Infundibuliform, Indented Pileus, Narrowly-Deeply Depressed, and Narrowly-Shallowly Depressed.
Slime Flux (/glossary_terms/1622):

(Slime-Flux, Bacterial Wetwood)
1. Slime flux is caused by the infection of sapwood by several different bacteria. Yeasts may also be involved in the disease. The microorganisms that have been associated with disease are
commonly found in soils and probably enter through wounds above and below the soil line. Over a period of time, which may be several years, the number of microorganisms increases in the
wood, causing the water-soaked symptoms of wetwood. Large amounts of gases may be produced as the microorganisms grow, and the liquid is forced out of cracks and wounds.
Slime Mold (/glossary_terms/1623):

(Slime Mould)
1. An informal name given to several kinds of un-related eukaryotic organisms that can live freely as single cells, but can aggregate together to form multicellular reproductive structures.
Slime molds were formerly classified as fungi but are no longer considered part of the kingdom Fungi, and instead are called Protists within the kingdom Protista.
More: https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/slimemolds.html (https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/slimemolds.html)

Smooth (/glossary_terms/1375):
1. (Smooth spores) without grooves, elevation, ridges, veins, etc.
2. (Pileus and stipe) without grooves, elevation, ridges, veins, etc.
Smut Fungi (/glossary_terms/2086):

(Smuts)
1. Smut fungi are mostly Ustilaginomycetes (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Ustilaginomycetes) [phylum: Basidiomycota

(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Basidiomycota)] and they can cause plant disease. They are distinct by their production of large quantanties of teliospores.
Snowmelt Fungi (/glossary_terms/1944):

(Snowmelt Fungus, Snowbank Fungi, Snowbank Fungus)
1. Diverse fungi that occur adjacent to or within melting snow. They are most commonly found on mountains where deep snowpack accumulates during the winter and slowly melts through
the spring and summer, often shaded by coniferous forest.
Soft Rot (/glossary_terms/1543):

1. Any instance of the characteristic penetration and growth of hyphae within the secondary cell walls of wood whether or not softening of the surface is evident. It is caused by a number of
micro-fungi — that is, members of the Ascomycetes and some Fungi Imperfecti. Soft rot appears to occur in all old timber which has been exposed to moist conditions.
Solarization (/glossary_terms/1608):
(Soil Solarization)
1. A method which uses heat energy from the sun to reduce the effects of soilborne diseases, pests and other soil problems. The sun heats the soil to temperatures that kill bacteria, fungi,
insects, nematodes, mites, weeds, and weed seeds.
Solid (/glossary_terms/2321):
1. Stipe inside is neither hollow, stuffed, partially stuffed, nor chambered. It is comprised of flesh similar to the rest of the mushroom’s firmness.
Contrast this term with Hollow, Fistulose, Chambered, Broadly Fistulose, Stuffed, and Partially Stuffed.
Solitary (/glossary_terms/1331):
1. A collection naturally living in isolation (alone and without other specimens of the same species nearby).
2. Only one specimen was found.
Contrast this term with Connate, Subconnate, Gregarious, Subgregarious, Colony, Imbricate, Ring-Like, Numerous, Troops, Scattered, and Lines.
Sordid (/glossary_terms/1853):
1. Appearing dirty.
Sorediate (/glossary_terms/1848):
(Soredium, Soredia)
1. A decorticate structure consisting of photobiont cells and fungal hyphae, having the appearance of a powdery granule and capable of reproducing a lichen vegetatively.
Sorus (/glossary_terms/2089):
1. A pustulate mass of spores.
sp. (/glossary_terms/82):
1. Abbreviation in singular form for “species”.
Contrast this term with spp.

sp. nov. (/glossary_terms/79):
(species nova, Plural = species novae, spp. nov.)
1. A new species.
2. Species new.
sp. nov., nom. rev. (/glossary_terms/124):

1. Species new, name revised.
Spathulate (/glossary_terms/2220):
1. Spoon-shaped.
Spathuliform (/glossary_terms/2282):
1. Pileus exhibits an elliptical or oblong tapering form that gradually occurs towards the stem.
Specialist Taxa (/glossary_terms/2009):

(Specialist Taxon, Specialist Species, Specialist Fungi)
1. Species of fungi which feed upon a specific, limited substrate/substrata and occupy a much narrower environmental range than generalist species.
Contrast this term with Generalist Taxa.
Speciation (/glossary_terms/1051):
1. Speciation is a lineage-splitting event that produces two or more separate species.
2. Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise.
Species (/glossary_terms/1085):
(Spec., sp., spp., Specific)
1. A fundamental category of taxonomic classification, ranking below genus, subgenus, and section – and consisting of genetically related organisms capable of interbreeding. This
classification is above variety, form, subform, and strain.
Species Aggregate (/glossary_terms/1050):

1. An informal taxonomic rank and grouping of closely-related species that are treated like a single species for practical purposes.
2. A grouping of species that are morphologically nearly identical and therefore difficult to identify.
Species Complex (/glossary_terms/235):

1. A group of closely related species very similar in appearance, generally constituting a monophyletic taxon.
Species Concept (/glossary_terms/1086):

1. In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing
fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, the difficulty of defining species is known as the species problem. The species concept is a human term and a human attempt
to categorize life forms, including fungi, into finely tuned groups. However, Nature does not always display species in a consistent and definitive manner. Variations occur, environmental
changes or adaptations occur, and other caveats can be seen when closely studying species of fungi.
Contrast this term with Phylogenetic Species Concept, Biological Species Concept, and Morphological Species Concept.
Species Conceptualization (/glossary_terms/1087):

1. The conceptual problem of defining the species category by using one or more “species concepts” such as the biological species concept, the DNA (genetic) species concept, etc.
Species Delimitation (/glossary_terms/1088):

1. Rather than an attempt to clarify a species by using a species concept (ie the biological species concept, etc), species delimitation is a scientific concern to address the methods used by
scientists to determine the appropriate methodological evidence used to infer the boundaries of a species. Species delimitation is also concerned with determining the numbers of species.
Species Flock (/glossary_terms/1049):

1. A species flock is an accumulation of a relatively large number of closely related species confined to a narrowly circumscribed area.
Contrast this term with Mixed Species Flock.
Species Fungorum (/glossary_terms/1083):

1. Species Fungorum is a closely related project to Index Fungorum based at the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew and supported by CABI to decide a consistent subset of the Index Fungorum
names which can be recommended as currently valid. It is possible to search in either the Index Fungorum or the Species Fungorum list separately and the Index Fungorum results also give
a cross-reference to Species Fungorum where an entry is available – names without such a reference are generally only of historical interest and should not be considered reliable for present
use.
Tip To search for a fungal name, visit: http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp (http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp)
species inquirenda (/glossary_terms/225):

1. A species of doubtful identity requiring further investigation.
Species Problem (/glossary_terms/1089):

1. The species problem is a mixture of difficult, related questions that often come up when biologists define the word “species” using species concepts. Definitions are usually based on how
individual organisms reproduce, but biological reality means that a definition that works well for some organisms (e.g., birds) will be useless for others (e.g., bacteria). One common, but
sometimes difficult question is how best to decide which species an organism belongs to, because reproductively isolated groups may not be readily recognizable. Cryptic species may be
present. Another common problem is how to define reproductive isolation, because some separately evolving groups may continue to interbreed to some extent, and it can be a difficult matte
to discover whether this hybridization affects the long-term genetic make-up of the groups. Many of the debates on species touch on philosophical issues, such as nominalism and realism, as
well as on issues of language and cognition. The current meaning of the phrase “species problem” is quite different from what Charles Darwin and others meant by it during the 19th and early
20th centuries. For Darwin, the species problem was the question of how new species arose: Speciation.
Specimen (/glossary_terms/1380):
2. One individual fungal representative from a collection. (In example, one basidiocarp from a collection of ten basidiocarps).
Sphaerocyst (/glossary_terms/1090):
(Sphaerocysts)
1. Round or swollen cells in flesh of certain mushrooms. They are particularly common in the genera Russula (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Russula) and Lactarius
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Lactarius).
Sphaerocyte (/glossary_terms/1091):
(Sphaerocytes)
1. Round cells of the pellis or veil.
Sphaeropedunculate (/glossary_terms/1092):
1. Cystidia in which the apical portion is swollen into a spherical tip and tapers abruptly near the middle to an elongated basal peg or peduncle.
Spherical (/glossary_terms/1093):
(Synonymous with Globose)
1. Having the shape of a sphere or ball.
Spherocystoderm (/glossary_terms/1094):
1. With reference to a cortical layer, the cells are spherical and in a single layer.
Spheropedunculate (/glossary_terms/1095):
1. Cystidia globose or subglobose with lengthy stalk-like base.
Sphingolipids (/glossary_terms/1580):
1. Abundant components of membranes in eukaryotic cells, playing a variety of roles in fungal cells specifically, such as heat stress response, signal transduction, endocytosis, and apoptosis
Spiciform (/glossary_terms/2324):
1. Exhibiting spike-shaped projections.
Indumentum, Matted, Puberulous, Pubescent, Radial Scales, Scabrous, Scabrous-Squamulose, Scales, Scrupose, Scrupose-Squamulose, Setose, Setulose, Shaggy, Spines, Spiny,
Spinulose, Squamose, Squamules, Squarrose, Squarrulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tentaculiform, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Tuft, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
Spicules (/glossary_terms/2311):
(Spiculate, Spiculose, Spiculum)
1. Exhibiting many small spines.
2. Small spikes.
Hispid-Squarrose, Hoary, Indumentum, Matted, Puberulous, Pubescent, Radial Scales, Scales, Scrupose, Scrupose-Squamulose, Sericious, Setose, Setulose, Shaggy, Spines, Squamose,
Spikes (/glossary_terms/2359):
Scrupose, Scrupose-Squamulose, Scurfy, Sericious, Setose, Setulose, Shaggy, Spiciform, Spiculose, Spines, Spinulose, Squamose, Squamules, Squamulose, Squarrose, Squarrulose,
Stellate, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Tuft, Variolate, Velutinous, Verrucose, Verruculose, Villose, Virgate, Warts, and Warty.
Spines (/glossary_terms/2295):
(Calcariform, Spiny)
2. This term has been used with broadness and ambiguity to the point of needing critical peer review and a visual-technical diagram of related terminology. See terms below.
3. Narrow, sharply pointed protrusion.
Contrast this term with Asperate, Asperulate, Atomate, Canescence, Diverticulate, Echinate, Echinulate, Erinaceous, Felty, Fibrillose, Fibrillose-Floccose, Fibrillose-Squamulose, Fibrillose-
Truncate Warts, Fibrils, Fimbriate, Flocosse, Floccose-Scaly, Flocculose, Furfuraceous, Furfurescence, Glabrous, Grandinioid, Hair, Hirsute, Hispid, Hispid-Squarrose, Hoary, Indumentum,
Leprose, Matted, Nodose, Nodulose, Odontioid, Pruinose, Puberulous, Pubescent, Radial Scales, Scabrose, Scabrous, Scabrous-Squamulose, Scales, Scrupose, Scrupose-Squamulose,
Scurfy, Sericious, Setose, Setulose, Shaggy, Spiciform, Spiculose, Spikes, Spines, Spinulose, Squamose, Squamules, Squamulose, Squarrose, Squarrulose, Stellate, Strigose,
Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Tuft, Velutinous, Verrucose, Verruculose, Villose, Virgate, Warts, and Warty.
Spinulose (/glossary_terms/1097):
1. Finely spiny.
2. Spores are covered with small spines.
Squamose, Squamules, Squamulose, Squarrose, Squarrulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Tuft, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
Spiral Hyphae (/glossary_terms/1098):

1. Hyphae that end in a flat or helical coil, or hyphae that maintain from top to bottom a spiral appearance. See the genera Trichophyton
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Trichophyton), Candida (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Candida), Phycomyces
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Phycomyces), Aspergillus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Aspergillus), and Mucor
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Mucor).
Contrast this term with Haptonema and Hyphal Coils.
Spiral Incrustations (/glossary_terms/1099):

1. Winding or circling patterned crust.
Spitze (/glossary_terms/1742):
(Cusp)
Spitzenkörper (/glossary_terms/1100):
(Spitzenkoörper)
1. The Spitzenkörper is a structure found in fungal hyphae which is the organizing center for hyphal growth and morphogenesis. It consists of many small vesicles and is present in growing
hyphal tips, during spore germination and where branch formation occurs. Its position in the hyphal tip correlates with the direction of hyphal growth. The spitzenkörper is a part of the
endomembrane system system in fungi. Hyphae grow at their tips. During tip growth, cell walls are extended by the external assembly and polymerization of cell wall components, and the
internal production of new cell membrane. The spitzenkörper is an intracellular organelle associated with tip growth. It is composed of an aggregation of membrane-bound vesicles containing
cell wall components. The spitzenkörper is part of the endomembrane system of fungi, holding and releasing vesicles it receives from the Golgi apparatus. These vesicles travel to the cell
membrane via the cytoskeleton and release their contents outside the cell by the process of exocytosis, where it can then be transported to where it is needed. Vesicle membranes contribute
to growth of the cell membrane while their contents form new cell wall. The spitzenkörper moves along the apex of the hyphal strand and generates apical growth and branching; the apical
growth rate of the hyphal strand parallels and is regulated by the movement of the spitzenkörper.
Spliceosome (/glossary_terms/1113):
1. A spliceosome is a complex of snRNA and protein subunits that removes introns from a transcribed pre-mRNA (hnRNA) segment. This process is generally referred to as splicing.
Sporangiophore (/glossary_terms/2264):
(Sporangiophores)
1. Specialized hyphae with sporangia (enclosed, sac-like structures of spores).
Sporangium (/glossary_terms/2265):
(Sporangia)
1. A closed sac-like structure of asexual spores.

Spore Apex With Apical Papilla (/glossary_terms/2366):
1. Spore’s apex exhibits a papilla-like feature.
Spore Attachment (/glossary_terms/1115):

Spore Cavity (/glossary_terms/1116):

1. An opening in the cell wall of a spore, namely the germ pore.
Spore Germination (/glossary_terms/1117):

1. The process of a spore developing hypha/hyphae.
Spore Measurement Abbreviations (/glossary_terms/1118):

1. Q is the spore quotient (length divided by width), Qe is the median Q-value, Me is the median, C is the number of entities within the brackets, N is the number of measured entities.
Contrast this term with Spore Statistics.
Spore Print (/glossary_terms/1120):

(Spore Prints, Spore Deposits)
1. A spore print is a gathering of many, many spores ejected from the gills, pores, (or spore-bearing surface). Although spores are individually invisible to the un-aided, un-magnified eye,
when hundreds of thousands or millions of spores appear in a spore print, they leave a color which is taxonomically helpful. Spore prints can also be used to grow mycelium, and eventually
mushrooms, too.
Here’s how to make a spore print:
✘ Before going hunting, clean a tupperware container with excellence and wash your hands. Place the tupperware container in a clean, new paper bag for extra cleanliness. Go straight to the
site of the mushrooms and swiftly collect them into the tupperware container. Return to your living quarters in haste.
✘ Immediately after returning from hunting to your living quarters, wash your hands thoroughly with effort.
✘ Clean a table surface or shelf surface intended for this task.
✘ Tear off a piece of new aluminum foil. Its size should be slightly larger than the cap you are about to use.
✘ Using a clean knife or scissors (or your hands), swiftly remove the stipe of a freshly harvested mushroom.
✘ Place the cap onto the aluminum foil with the gills or pores facing the foil (face down).
✘ Get a freshly cleaned and dried, clear drinking glass that can fit nicely over and around the cap – and place it there. Rubbing alcohol can be used to help cleanse the glass beforehand if
necessary.
✘ Wait roughly 24 hours and do not remove the glass – not even for a moment.
✘ After 24 hours approximately you should now have a good spore print.
✘ After removing the drinking glass, immediately place the spore printed foil into a new ziplock bag. Seal it thoroughly, confidently. This can then be mailed out to the appropriate mycologist
for further study using Fedex, UPS, DHL, or a fast shipper of your choice. You can write a note on the ziplock bag using a permanent marker for the mycologist so he or she knows what they
are dealing with in truth.
Spore Range (/glossary_terms/1121):

1. The shortest and longest length with the shortest and longest width of all spores measured. For instance, spores measure 9-11 microns x 5-7 microns.
Spore Statistics (/glossary_terms/1122):
1. Spore measurements include length and width of 30 to 55 spores followed by their maximum length, maximum width, minimum length, minimum width, average, spore length range, spore
width range, median, and quotient. Some mycologists also take L-W (Length minus Width) which is synonymous with L-D (Length minus Diameter).
Contrast this term with Spore Measurement Abbreviations.
Spore Wall (/glossary_terms/1123):

1. The outer layer(s) of a spore cell. Sometimes the spore wall has several layers. The endosporium is the innermost, and is usually quite thin. Sometimes the developing spore is enveloped
by a membrane called a perisporium, which usually sloughs off as the spore matures. Mycologist Roger Heim, in his 1931 text Le genre Inocybe
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Le+genre+Inocybe), proposed that this should be called the peripheral envelope instead – when talking about the genus Inocybe
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Inocybe). The episporium is considered the fundamental layer of the spore wall. It is the thickest, gives rise to whatever ornamentation
there is, and is also responsible for the spore’s color. The mesosporium sometimes occurs, in between the episporium and the endosporium, and the exosporium sometimes covers the
episporium – and is pierced by its ornamentation – but is in turn covered by the perisporium.
2. Definition & Imagery Pending.
Contrast this term with Endosporium, Episporium, Epispore, Epitunica, Eusporium, Exospore, Exosporium, Mesosporium, Myxosporium, Perispora, Perispore, Perisporium, Peripheral
Envelope, and Trachytectum.
Spores (/glossary_terms/1114):
(Sporal, Singular = Spore)
1. Spores are the reproductive structure of gilled mushrooms – like seeds from a plant in many ways. Meiosis is used in order to develop. Spores are specialised cells of the fungus that can
function as resting or dispersal propagules. Each spore has the potential to generate another individual of the species. Spores that come from basidia (versus asci for instance) are called
basidiospores.
2. A reproductive cell capable of developing into a new individual without fusion with another reproductive cell. Spores thus differ from gametes, which are reproductive cells that must fuse in
pairs in order to give rise to a new individual. Spores are agents of asexual reproduction, whereas gametes are agents of sexual reproduction.
Sporidium (/glossary_terms/1124):
(Plural = Sporidia)
1. A secondary spore, or a filament produced from a spore, in certain kinds of minute fungi.
2. A spore.
Sporocarp (/glossary_terms/1125):
(Fruiting Body, Fruit Body)
1. A multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures, such as basidia or asci, are borne. The fruiting body is part of the sexual phase of a fungal life cycle, with the rest of the life
cycle being characterized by vegetative mycelial growth and asexual spore production. The sporocarp of a basidiomycete is known as a basidiocarp, while the fruiting body of an ascomycete
is known as an ascocarp.
Sporograph (/glossary_terms/2147):
1. A graph developed by applying the ratio of the length to the width of spores against the length.
Sporoid (/glossary_terms/1126):
1. A very limited number of students have chosen to measure spores without including the ornamentation. This type of measurement is known as a sporoid (or sporoidal) measurement.
Sporophore (/glossary_terms/1127):
(Sporophores)
1. An organ in fungi (such as a basidium) that produces or carries spores.
Sporopore (/glossary_terms/1128):
(Synonymous with Germ Pore)
1. A soft spot in the wall of certain spores, through which the fungus first starts to grow, same as apical pore (but not the same as apiculus).
Sporothecium (/glossary_terms/2041):
1. The region next to – or near to – the eusporium and the perisporium.
2. The apex of a basidium bearing sessile basidiospores.
3. The outermost thin gelatinous layer of a basidiospore.
spp. (/glossary_terms/1129):
1. Abbreviation used for multiple species. This abbreviation can be contrasted with the abbreviation sp. which is designated as an abbreviation for a single species.
Sputter Coating (/glossary_terms/1130):

(Sputter Coater)
1. Sputter coating in scanning electron microscopy is the process of covering a specimen with a thin layer of conducting material, typically a metal, such as a gold/palladium (Au/Pd) alloy.
Squamose (/glossary_terms/1131):
1. Pileus or stipe surface is covered with coarse, adpressed scales.
2. Cohesion of fibrils occurs at the tips of the hyphae as well as laterally, and the tips stick together to form scale-like structures on the fungal surface.
3. Exhibiting medium-sized scales to large scales.
4. Covered with scales.

Spinulose, Squamules, Squamulose, Squarrose, Squarrulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Tuft, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
Squamule (/glossary_terms/1132):
(Plural = Squamules)
1. A small scale. Small scales, usually referring to the pileus surface.
Spinulose, Squamose, Squamulose, Squarrose, Squarrulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Tuft, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
Squamulose (/glossary_terms/1133):
1. Pileus or stipe surface covered with minute scales. These scales are smaller than squamose scales.
2. A lichen that is scaly in appearance.
3. Pileal surface is covered by small scales. The small scales are called squamules.
For Mushroom Taxa Contrast this term with Canescence, Echinate, Echinulate, Felty, Fibrillose, Fibrils, Fimbriate, Floccose-Scaly, Flocculose, Flocosse, Glabrous, Hair, Hirsute, Hispid,
Hispid-Squarrose, Hoary, Indumentum, Matted, Puberulous, Pubescent, Radial Scales, Scabrous, Scabrous-Squamulose, Scales, Scrupose, Scrupose-Squamulose, Setose, Setulose,
Shaggy, Spines, Spiny, Spinulose, Squamose, Squamules, Squarrose, Squarrulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Tuft, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
For Lichen Taxa Contrast this term with Byssoid, Crustose, Filamentose, Foliose, Fruticose, Leprose, and Structureless.
Squarrose (/glossary_terms/1134):
1. Pileus or stipe surface covered with projecting coarse scales.
2. The scales are upright, particularly in the area of the center of the pileus. On rare occasions this term has also been used in a similar way to scabrous.
Spinulose, Squamose, Squamules, Squamulose, Squarrulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Tuft, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
Squarrulose (/glossary_terms/1135):
1. Pileus or stipe surface is covered with small projecting scales.
Spinulose, Squamose, Squamules, Squamulose, Squarrose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Tuft, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
ssRNA (/glossary_terms/1136):
1. Single stranded RNA (single-stranded ribonucleic acid).
SSU Region (/glossary_terms/1137):

1. Small SubUnit Region. A coding region of DNA.
st. (/glossary_terms/1138):
(stat.)
1. Abbreviation for status.
Stage Micrometer (/glossary_terms/2364):

(Microscope Micrometer Slides, Calibration Slide)
1. A unique microscope slide that has a ruler in the center of a circle. The ruler has many “line divisions” just like a regular ruler, only the distance is 0.01mm from one line to the next (0.01mm
is the same distance as 10 microns). The stage micrometer is usually used to verify measurement accuracy after newly purchasing a microscope. This process is called calibration. It is also
used once per year to re-verify measurement accuracy or adding accessories/replacement parts, such as a microscope camera.
More: https://amscope.com/... (https://amscope.com/collections/microscope-parts-accessories-microscope-micrometer-slides-calibration-kits)

Stain (/glossary_terms/1549):
(Stains, Staining, Stained)
1. Artificial coloring added to cells to facilitate examination under the microscope (the piliepellis, cheilocystidia, spores, etc.). This can be done by one stain or a combination of stains.
Common examples of stains used in mycology include Congo Red, Melzer’s Reagent, Phloxine, GSM, and Lactophenol Cotton Blue. There are many others beyond these.
2. This term is used in a relaxed sense to describe collections that have “stained blue” as a result of the presence of a Psilocybin-related chemical, or another chemical reaction which leaves
a fungal collection colored. View the term with Bluing Reaction in this glossary.
More:
https://www.myko-service.de/... (https://www.myko-service.de/c/mikroskopierbedarf/faerbemittel-reagenzien?page=4&sort=position-asc)
https://micro-science.co.uk/product/sulphovanillin-kit/ (https://micro-science.co.uk/product/sulphovanillin-kit/)
stat. nov. (/glossary_terms/123):

1. Status novus (name at new rank).
2. A new name based on a legitimate, previously published name at a different rank, which is its basionym and which provides the final epithet, name, or stem of the name at new rank
(ICNafp Art. 6.10 and 7.3).
Statismospore (/glossary_terms/1139):
1. Spores which are not forcibly discharged from the basidium. These spores are usually axially symmetrical.
Statismosporic Basidium (/glossary_terms/1140):

(Statismosporic Basidia)
1. A basidium that does not discharge its spores because they simply break off from the sterigmata.
Stature Types (/glossary_terms/1711):

1. Any mushroom from any genus possessing a categorical form similar to a genus known for those taxonomic macrocharacters, or similar to an already established form not associated with
a genus name. See Mycenoid, Collybioid, Omphalinoid, Tricholomatoid, Clitocyboid, Pleurotoid, Panaeoloid, Hygrophoroid, Psilocyboid, Entolomoid, Russuloid, Gymnopiloid, Inocyboid,
Secotioid, etc. Used in a sentence, a person might say, “This collection looks Panaeoloid, but it does not fit in the genus Panaeolus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Panaeolus) due to its microscopic characters.” Another example involves an intermediate form: “This collection had small, thin
mushrooms with a mycenoid to collyboid body form.”
See: https://www.mycoguide.com/... (https://www.mycoguide.com/files/methods/agarics-stature-types.pdf)
Note: Carefully observe these names, as they include highly similar spellings, but may have different definitions applied to them.
Status (/glossary_terms/77):
1. Nomenclatural standing with regard to effective publication, valid publication, legitimacy, and correctness (ICNafp Art. 6 and 12.1).
2. Rank of a taxon within the taxonomic hierarchy (see name at new rank).
3. Category of nomenclatural novelty (ICNafp Art. 6.14).
Stellate (/glossary_terms/1141):
1. Star-shaped from some views of observation.
Contrast this term with Strongly Nodulose Spores, Gibbous, Nodulose, and Nodulose-Angular. Also see figure 199 here: https://permies.com/...
(https://permies.com/t/55316/a/38472/Mushroom-Identification-Chart.jpg)
STEM (/glossary_terms/1142):
1. (Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy): A scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) is a type of transmission electron microscope (TEM). As with any transmission
illumination scheme, the electrons pass through a sufficiently thin specimen. However, STEM is distinguished from conventional transmission electron microscopes (CTEM) by focusing the
electron beam into a narrow spot which is scanned over the sample in a raster. The rastering of the beam across the sample makes these microscopes suitable for analysis techniques such
as mapping by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and annular dark-field imaging (ADF). These signals can be obtained simultaneously,
allowing direct correlation of image and quantitative data. By using a STEM and a high-angle detector, it is possible to form atomic resolution images where the contrast is directly related to
the atomic number (z-contrast image). The directly interpretable z-contrast image makes STEM imaging with a high-angle detector appealing. This is in contrast to the conventional high
resolution electron microscopy technique, which uses phase-contrast, and therefore produces results which need interpretation by simulation. Usually STEM is a conventional transmission
electron microscope equipped with additional scanning coils, detectors and needed circuitry; however dedicated STEMs are manufactured also.
2. Abbreviation for Science – Technology – Engineering – Math.
Stem-Based Clade (/glossary_terms/1225):

1. A clade consisting of one entire branch stemming from a particular node on a phylogenetic tree.
Stenospore (/glossary_terms/1143):
1. Projectile-shaped or bullet-shaped spore.
Stereoid (/glossary_terms/2314):
1. Strongly resembling the genus Stereum (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Stereum), or identical to the genus Stereum
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Stereum).
Sterigma (/glossary_terms/40):
(Plural = Sterigmata)
1. Prong at top of basidium on which a spore develops.
2. The extension-tips located at the tops of basidia which hold spores until they are ejected.
Sterigmal Appendage (/glossary_terms/1144):

1. A nipple-like protuberance on the spore where it was connected to a sterigma. With many species, the opposing end of the spore is dimpled with a germ pore.
Sterile (/glossary_terms/1145):
1. Lamella edge composed of cystidia only with no basidia.
2. Unfertile (non-reproductive cells).
3. When gills are immature and white preceding the development of millions of spores which will transform the gill color from white to the color of the mass of spores.
Sterile Veil (/glossary_terms/1462):

1. Veil lacking spore deposits.
Stichobasidium (/glossary_terms/1146):
1. Basidium in which the spindles of the second meiotic division are vertical, and which are parallel to the longitudinal axis of the basidium.
Stilboids (/glossary_terms/1615):
1. A sterile carpophore is formed that has a separable capitellum (pileus) which is blown by the wind from one leaf to another and thus serves for vegetative propagation, in this case of the
epiphyllous phase of the life cycle of the fungus. The capitella attach themselves to the leaf by their gelatinosity and the hyphae start immediately to form new exogenous mycelium. This
mycelium is parasitic on the leaf. It is especially interesting to remember that certain species of Mycena (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Mycena) – as has been shown
by the anatomical studies of Kühner (1926, 1938) – have the stipe actually separate from the pileus by an intermediate zone of different structure.
Stipe (/glossary_terms/36):
(Stem, Stalk)
1. The stem of a mushroom.

Stipe Base (/glossary_terms/1673):
(Stem Base)
1. The lowest zone on a mushroom stem where the fungus meets the substratum. In mushroom taxonomy, this is an important macroscopic taxonomic character that yields hints to genera
and other ranks. When you harvest and photograph mushrooms, it is sometimes vital to safely, securely wiggle the specimen(s) out of a substrate, or even dig them out methodically and
patiently.
Stipe Necrosis (/glossary_terms/1956):

(Internal Stipe Necrosis)
1. Internal cellular damage to the stipe caused by a bacterium named Ewingella americana (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Ewingella+americana).
More: https://www.researchgate.net/... (https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Symptoms-of-internal-stipe-necrosis-of-cultivated-mushrooms-A-and-B-typical-symptoms-of_fig1_256190154)
Stipe Scalp Section (/glossary_terms/1147):

1. A very thin, small section taken from the stipe surface, usually from the upper area of the stipe. This section is typically created to perform microscopy of the stipitipellis and check for
caulocystidia cells. Sometimes an additional section is made near the base to check for nuances.
Stipe Trama (/glossary_terms/1148):

(Stem Trama, Stipe Context, Stem Context)
1. The inner-central hyphal pattern of the stipe viewed under magnification using a stem cross section.
2. Layer of hyphae in the center of the stipe, excluding the stipitipellis.
Stipe Volva Collar (/glossary_terms/2226):

(Collar-Like Cup, Collar-Like Volva, Stem Base Collar, Stipe Volva Collar, Volval Collar)
1. The stem base exhibits a bulbous swelling which at its apex contains a short, collar-like tissue area that is mostly unattached from the bulb and stipe, but barely. This can be in the form of a
truly folded collar, an almost folding collar, or a raised collar (in the sense of a dress shirt with the collar uplifted).
2. A collarlike, (pseudo-) folded-over rim of volval material, sometimes standing upright like a “raised collar.” See Amanita multisquamosa
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Amanita+multisquamosa).
Stipitate (/glossary_terms/1149):
1. Possessing or supported by a stem (stipe).
Stipitate-Lamellate (/glossary_terms/1875):
(Lamellate and Stipitate, Lamellate-Stipitate)
1. Fungi possessing a stipe and gills.
Stipitipellis (/glossary_terms/1150):
(Caulopellis, Caulocute, Stipital Covering, Stem Cuticle, Stipitopellis)
1. The outer tissue of the stipe.
2. The surface tissue of the stem(s).
Stipitocarpy (/glossary_terms/1151):
(Stipitocarpous)
1. A type of development of the basidiocarp in which the first differentiating hyphae of the primordium are those of the stipe.
Stirps (/glossary_terms/95):
(Stirp, Stirpe, Proles, Race)
1. Stirps is an informal rank without authorship and without type. It is synonymous with “proles” and “race.” In biological taxonomy, race is an informal rank in the taxonomic hierarchy, below
the level of subspecies. It has been used as a higher rank than strain, with several strains making up one race. Various definitions exist. Races may be genetically distinct populations of
individuals within the same species, or they may be defined in other ways, e.g. geographically, or physiologically. Genetic isolation between races is not complete, but genetic differences may
have accumulated that are not (yet) sufficient to separate species. The term is recognized by some, but not governed by any, of the formal codes of biological nomenclature. In botany, the
Latin words stirps and proles were traditionally used, and proles was recommended in the first botanical Code of Nomenclature, published in 1868.
2. An informal taxonomic rank intended to show one or many names in a group that require further investigation before more refined taxonomy can be established.
Straight (/glossary_terms/1152):
(Plane)
1. Margin (perimeter) of the pileus is not bent upwards or inwards – in relation to the gills/pores/teeth/etc.
2. The cap perimeters remain uniform and do not curve. A longitudinal cut of a mushroom may be required to observe this taxonomic feature (character).
Contrast this term with Deflexed, Inflexed, Reflexed, Incurved, Decurved, Involute, Revolute, and Exceeding Lamellae.
Strain (/glossary_terms/96):
1. A strain in mycology has some similarities described in textbook definitions used for the same term in both bacteriology and virology. Strain is below the level of species, which means for
every species of fungi in existence, it is theoretically possible that two or more versions can exist for the same species named. In mycology this is demonstrated by the ATCC (American Type
Culture Collection), an organization which collects, stores, and distributes standard reference microorganisms, cell lines, and other materials for research and development. Extrolite analysis
can be performed on fungi, as was done with the world famous Fleming Penicillium (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Penicillium) strain.
More:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3317369/ (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3317369/)
http://www.atcc.org/... (http://www.atcc.org/Products/Cells%20and%20Microorganisms/Fungi%20and%20Yeast.aspx)
Stramineous (/glossary_terms/1153):
1. Chaffy.
2. Like straw or straw-colored.
Strangulate (/glossary_terms/2139):
(Strangulated)
1. Irregularly contracted and expanded.
Stratum (/glossary_terms/2228):
Streaked (/glossary_terms/2390):
(Streaks)
1. Exhibiting faint lines or bands on the stipe or pileus surface. Appressed fibrils will be present and appear like bands or faint lines.
Contrast this term with Virgate.
Streaked-Scissurate (/glossary_terms/1799):
Stria (/glossary_terms/1154):
(Plural = Striae)
1. Lines or fine grooves which may be parallel or radiating
Striate (/glossary_terms/115):
(Striated)
1. Having parallel or radiating fine lines.
2. Exhibiting fine ridges.
Contrast this term with Costate, Fibrillose-Striate, Furrows, Grooved, Lineolate, Longitudinal Ridges, Longitudinal Striations, Plicate, Radial Furrows, Stria, Striate Margin, Striations,
Striate Margin (/glossary_terms/1155):

1. Margin of pileus having parallel or radiating fine lines, or fine ridges.
Striations (/glossary_terms/1156):
1. The surface of the pileus will partly collapse against the gills, usually at the margin, producing a zone of short, parallel ridges (lines) that are called striations. Some species exhibit striations
from the pileus margin to the pileus center. Also note that some species will exhibit stipe striations (a striate stipe).
Contrast this term with Costate, Fibrillose-Striate, Furrows, Grooved, Lineolate, Longitudinal Ridges, Longitudinal Striations, Plicate, Radial Furrows, Stria, Striate Margin, Striate, Striatulate,
Sulcate, Sulcate-Pectinate, and Tuberculate-Striate.
Striatulate (/glossary_terms/1157):
1. Marked by small lines, grooves, or ridges that are finer than striate lines.
Sulcate, Sulcate-Pectinate, and Tuberculate-Striate.
Strigose (/glossary_terms/1904):
1. Fungal surface exhibiting long, coarse, thick, stiff, bristle-like hairs.
Pubescent, Radial Scales, Setose, Setulose, Shaggy, Spines, Squamules, Squamulose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
Strobiculate (/glossary_terms/1158):
1. Having many shallow depressions, grooves, or pits.
Contrast this term with Alveolate, Boring Holes, Pitted, and Lacunose.
Stroma (/glossary_terms/1553):
(Stromata)
1. A dense mass of fungal hyphae on or in which reproductive structures develop.
2. A dense mass of hyphae that is produced by certain fungi and gives rise to spore-producing bodies.
Strongly Nodulose Spores (/glossary_terms/1159):

1. Spores with small knoblike outgrowths.
Contrast this term with Stellate, Gibbous, Nodulose, and Nodulose-Angular.
Structureless (/glossary_terms/1809):
1. Lichens that do not have a recognizable thallus structure, including gelatinous lichens where the cyanobacteria produce a polysaccharide that absorbs and retains water.
Contrast this term with Byssoid, Crustose, Filamentose, Foliose, Fruticose, Leprose, and Squamulose.
Stub (/glossary_terms/1161):
(SEM Pin Stub)
1. Used to hold specimen for scanning electron microscopes.
Stuffed (/glossary_terms/1162):
1. Stem is stuffed with loose material in the interior – versus being either hollow or solid throughout, or be characterized otherwise.
Contrast this term with Hollow, Fistulose, Chambered, Broadly Fistulose, Solid, and Partially Stuffed.
Stuffed Pores (/glossary_terms/1897):

(Stuffed Pores, Covered Pores, Closed Pores, Stuffed Tubes, Covered Tubes, Closed Tubes)
1. A conspicuous development of cheilocystidia covering tube mouths of young fruit bodies.
2. Conspicuously stuffed in youth as if covered by a complete white membrane.
3. Pores of tubes in youth densely covered with a great number of conspicuously developed cheilocystidia which, in this stage, form a continuous layer on the lower sur-face of the
hymenophore. Under a hand lens this layer looks like ‘hoarfrost’ covering the mouths of the tubes. The tube mouths become distinct only when fruitbodies and their tubes are sufficiently
developed.
See: Butyriboletus appendiculatus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Butyriboletus+appendiculatus)
Contrast this term with Subcircular Pores, Circular Pores, Hexagonal Pores, Angular Pores, Radially Arranged Pores, and Stuffed Pores.
More: https://www.researchgate.net/...
(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282809211_Sutara_J_2014_Anatomical_structure_of_pores_in_European_species_of_genera_Boletus_sstr_and_Butyriboletus_Boletaceae_-
_Czech_Mycol_662_157-170)
Styrylpyrones (/glossary_terms/1646):
(Styrylpyrone)
1. Phenylalanine (Phe)-derived fungal metabolites with a variety of functions, including defense, pigmentation and signaling molecules.
More: https://www.nature.com/articles/ja20112 (https://www.nature.com/articles/ja20112)
Sub-Connate (/glossary_terms/2107):
(Subconnate)
1. Almost, nearly joined by united growth.
2. Growth habit (pattern) is between connate and gregarious.
Contrast this term with Connate, Gregarious, Subgregarious, Colony, Imbricate, Ring-Like, Numerous, Scattered, Troops, Lines, and Solitary.
Sub-Fruticose (/glossary_terms/2417):
(Subfruticose)
Sub-Membranous (/glossary_terms/1197):
(Submembranous)
1. Almost resembling a membrane. (A membrane is the thin, limiting covering of a cell or cell part).
Sub-Napiform (/glossary_terms/2239):
(Subnapiform)
1. Shaped nearly like a turnip, but not quite.
Sub-Peronate (/glossary_terms/2374):
(Subperonate)
Sub-Pruinose (/glossary_terms/2436):
1. Very lightly pruinose (appearing powdery).
Sub-Radicating (/glossary_terms/2438):
(Subradicating)
1. Barely radicating (narrowing, root-like area) at base of stem.
Subadnate (/glossary_terms/1868):
(Sub-Adnate)
1. Lamellae almost/nearly appear to meet the stipe at nearly a right angle, but less than adnate.
Contrast this term with Seceding, Free, Adnate, Adnexed, Sinuate, Sinuate-Adnate, Subadnexed, Subdecurrent, Decurrent, Deeply Decurrent, Adnate With Decurrent Tooth, Adnate-
Subadnexed (/glossary_terms/1163):
(Sub-Adnexed)
1. Gills almost narrowly attached to the stipe.
2. Lamellae slightly (almost) rounded towards stipe.
3. Nearly adnexed.
Contrast this term with Seceding, Free, Adnate, Adnexed, Sinuate, Sinuate-Adnate, Subadnate, Subdecurrent, Decurrent, Deeply Decurrent, Adnate With Decurrent Tooth, Adnate-
Subalate (/glossary_terms/1165):
1. Ribbed.
Subannulus (/glossary_terms/1166):
(Sub-Annulus)
1. A sometimes fibrillose (covered with hair-like projections) zone where the annulus or annular zone is expected to occur on the stipe. Resembling an annulus but not a true annulus resulting
from the partial veil.
Subattenuate (/glossary_terms/2245):
(Sub-Attenuate)
1. Nearly appearing as if tapering gradually up toward the apex, but less-so than attenuate.
Contrast this term with Attenuate and Attenuate In Steps.
Subbulbous (/glossary_terms/1173):
(Sub-Bulbous)
1. Bulbous but less than fat, round, or bulging.
Contrast this term with Bulbous, Marginately Bulbous, Clavate-Bulbous, and Abruptly Bulbous.
Subcapitate (/glossary_terms/1174):
(Sub-Capitate)
1. Almost capitate, barely inflated and not distinctly covered by a cap.
Subcellular (/glossary_terms/2251):
(Sub-Cellular)
Subcespitose (/glossary_terms/1410):
(Subcaespitose, Sub-Cespitose, Sub-Caespitose)
Note: The word cespitose (caespitose) has been mis-used by sites and authors to the point that the term is now in a state of contradiction. The terms cespitose and subcespitose should now
be avoided. See Connate and Sub-Connate instead.
1. With stems nearly attaching together but not quite cespitose.
2. Slightly spaced out but near to a cespitose gathering.
Subcircular Pores (/glossary_terms/2275):

(Subrounded Pores, Sub-Rounded Pores)
1. Poroid fungi exhibiting pores that are not perfect circles and sometimes jagged circles.
Contrast this term with Hexagonal Pores, Circular Pores, Angular Pores, Radially Arranged Pores, and Stuffed Pores.
Subclade (/glossary_terms/1594):
(Subclades, Sub-Clade, Sub-Clades)
1. In genetics, subclade is a term used to describe a subgroup of a subgenus or haplogroup.
Subclavate (/glossary_terms/2201):
(Sub-Clavate)
1. Stipe is slightly caveman club-shaped.
Subclose (/glossary_terms/1175):
(Sub-Close)
1. A term used occasionally of gill spacing, intermediate between close and crowded.
Contrast this term with with Extremely Crowded, Crowded, Subcrowded, Close, Subdistant, and Distant.
Subconvex (/glossary_terms/1176):
(Sub-Convex)
1. Almost domed.
Subcoprophilous (/glossary_terms/1177):
(Sub-Coprophilous)
1. Associated with dunged fields rather than dung itself.
Subcrowded (/glossary_terms/1178):
(Sub-Crowded)
1. Slightly less or somewhat less than crowded gill spacing.
Contrast this term with Extremely Crowded, Crowded, Subclose, Close, Subdistant, and Distant.
Subcutis (/glossary_terms/2062):
1. The cellular layer between the epicutis and hypodermium.
Subcylindric (/glossary_terms/1179):
(Sub-Cylindric, Subcylindrical, Sub-Cylindrical)
1. Nearly cylindrical.
Subdecurrent (/glossary_terms/1180):
(Sub-Decurrent)
1. Lamellae slightly decurrent (extending downward).
Contrast this term with Free, Deeply Decurrent, Adnate, Subadnate, Seceding, Subadnexed, Sinuate, Sinuate-Adnate, Adnexed, Decurrent, Adnate With Decurrent Tooth, Adnate-
Subdistant (/glossary_terms/1181):
(Sub-Distant)
1. Gills are spaced out in an intermediate manner, between close and distant.
Contrast this term with Extremely Crowded, Crowded, Subcrowded, Subclose, Close, and Distant.
Subellipsoid (/glossary_terms/1182):
(Sub-Ellipsoid)
1. Somewhat ellipsoid.
Subevanescent (/glossary_terms/1643):
(Sub-Evanescent)
1. The act of disappearing somewhat swiftly, usually in relation to a particular feature of a fungus.
subf. (/glossary_terms/222):
1. Abbreviation for subforma; subform.
2. A taxonomic rank below the level of form.
3. This abbreviation has also been used to represent subfamily, a taxonomic rank below family.
subfam. nov. (/glossary_terms/1825):

1. New Subfamily of mycological classification.
Subfamily (/glossary_terms/1601):
1. A taxonomic rank below Family and above Genus. Note that some others abbreviate Subfamily by using “subf.”, while others prefer using this abbreviation for Subform.
Subfusiform (/glossary_terms/1183):
(Sub-Fusiform, Boletiform)
1. Mushroom-shaped.
2. Spores which are elongated and unequally tapered at one end and rounded at the other.
Subgelatinous (/glossary_terms/1185):
(Sub-Gelatinous)
1. Imperfectly or partially gelatinous.
Contrast this term with Gelatinous.

Subgenus (/glossary_terms/1055):
(Subgen., Subgenera, Subgenuses, Subgeneric, s.g.)
1. Taxonomic rank below genus and above section and species. A subgenus classification tends to eventually become its own genus, pending further research. For example, see the fate of
Inocybe subgen. Mallocybe (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Inocybe+subgen.+Mallocybe) on Index Fungorum.
Subgills (/glossary_terms/1186):
1. The short gills that do not span the entire distance from margin to stem. These gills exist in between the longer, full-size gills.
Subglobose (/glossary_terms/1187):
(Sub-Globose)
1. Not quite globose. Almost globose.
2. Spore Q=1.05-1.15.
3. Cystidia Q=1.05-1.15.
Subgregarious (/glossary_terms/1188):
(Sub-Gregarious)
1. Growing in a small group or growing in a group of widespread specimens.
Contrast this term with Connate, Subconnate, Gregarious, Colony, Imbricate, Ring-Like, Numerous, Scattered, Troops, Lines, and Solitary.
Subhemispheric (/glossary_terms/2195):
(Sub-Hemispheric)
1. Pileus is nearly the shape of half a sphere, but not quite.
Subheteromorphus (/glossary_terms/1189):
1. A type of gill edge in which the cheilocystidia are similar to the pleurocystidia.
Subhexagonal (/glossary_terms/1190):
(Sub-Hexagonal)
1. Refers to shape of spores. Less than hexagonal (a polygon having six angles and six sides).
Subhymenial Tree (/glossary_terms/2227):

1. A portion of a gill made up of diverging elements located between the central stratum and the hymenium. Basidia are found to arise in this “tree” in a stack of cells up to five levels high.
Subhymenium (/glossary_terms/1191):
(Sub-Hymenium)
(Plural = Subymenia)
1. A differentiated tissue just beneath the hymenium which is visible utilizing microscopic magnification. Consists of small, short hyphae.
Contrast this term with Hymenophoral Trama.
Subicule (/glossary_terms/1192):
(Subiculum)
1. A net-, wool-, or crust-like growth of mycelium under fruiting bodies.
Subisodiametric (/glossary_terms/1193):
(Sub-Isodiametric)
1. Of spore sizes, the average length divided by the average width has a value from 1.16-1.27: with isodiametric spores this value is 1.0-1.15, and with heterodiametric spores it is greater
than 1.27.
Subkingdom (/glossary_terms/1482):
(Subkingdoms)
1. A taxonomic rank below Kingdom and above Phylum.
Sublageniform (/glossary_terms/1194):
(Sub-Lageniform)
1. Slightly lageniform. Almost lageniform. Almost shaped like a flask.
Sublentiform (/glossary_terms/1195):
(Sub-Lentiform)
1. Shaped somewhat like a biconvex lens.
Sublimoniform (/glossary_terms/1196):
(Sub-Limoniform)
1. Almost lemon-shaped.
Sublubricous (/glossary_terms/2045):
(Sub-lubricous)
1. Exhibiting a barely noticable “oily” smoothness that is slippery.
Submembranaceous (/glossary_terms/1743):
(Submembranous, Sub-Membranous, Sub-Membranaceous)
1. Not quite membranous, but close. A cellular formation categorized as providing partial cover/shielding/almost skin-like.
Subovate (/glossary_terms/1198):
(Sub-Ovate)
1. Not quite ovate. Almost ovate.
Subparallel (/glossary_terms/1199):
1. Not quite parallel. Almost parallel.
Subpellis (/glossary_terms/1200):
(Sub-Pellis)
1. The lowermost layer of the pileipellis. or the lowermost layer of the stipitipellis or bulbipellis.
Subphylum (/glossary_terms/1486):
1. A taxonomic rank below Phylum and above Class.
Subpopulation (/glossary_terms/1110):
(Sub-Population, Subpopulations)
1. An identifiable fraction or subdivision of a population.
Subregular Lamellar Trama (/glossary_terms/1201):

(Subregular Lamellar Hyphae)
1. Hymephoral trama having slightly flexuouse, nearly parallel hyphae.
Subrevolute (/glossary_terms/1645):
(Sub-Revolute)
1. Slightly curved or curled back at the edge. This feature can be seen at the pileus margin of some fungi.
Subrhomboid (/glossary_terms/1202):
(Sub-Rhomboid)
1. Spores somewhat rhomboid, but not quite.
Subrugose (/glossary_terms/1844):
(Sub-Rugose)
1. Almost – but not quite as much as – rugose (i.e. un-smooth, wrinkled, irregularly wrinkled).
Contrast this term with Roughened, Rugose, Rugulose, Nodulose, Gibbous, Nodulose-Angular, Angular, Strongly Nodulose, Rugose-Puberulous, Rugosissimus, and Verrucose.
subsect. (/glossary_terms/847):
1. An abbreviation for subsection, a taxonomic rank below section and above species.
subser. (/glossary_terms/848):
1. Abbreviation for the taxonomic rank of subseries.
2. A subseries is a subdivision of a genus – a taxonomic rank below that of section (and below subsection and series) but above that of species. It is a temporary classification usually
resolving into multiple species names upon further study.
subsp. (/glossary_terms/223):
(Plural = subspp.)
1. Abbreviation for subspecies.
2. Subspecies (commonly abbreviated “subsp.” or “ssp.”) in biological classification is either a taxonomic rank subordinate to species. In botany, subspecies is one of many ranks below that o
species, such as variety, subvariety, form, and subform. In mycology, particularly with gilled mushrooms, it is more common to use the term “variety” instead of using “subspecies.”
Subspathulate (/glossary_terms/1589):
(Sub-Spathulate)
1. Kind of shaped like a spoon, but not quite.
Subspherical (/glossary_terms/1203):
(Sub-Spherical)
1. Not quite spherical.
2. Almost spherical.
Substerile (/glossary_terms/1204):
1. Basidiospores are very scarce.
Substrate (/glossary_terms/1205):
(Synonymous with Substratum and Substrata)
1. The material, such as soil and wood chips, that a fungus is growing on.
Subtaxon (/glossary_terms/1596):
(Plural = Subtaxa)
1. An element within a taxon.
2. A supplementary piece of identifying information in a species’ scientific name.
Subtomentose (/glossary_terms/1206):
(Sub-Tomentose)
1. With a somewhat dense layer of matted down or soft hairs; or like a newly sheared lamb. Not quite as pronounced as “tomentose.”
Pubescent, Radial Scales, Shaggy, Spines, Squamules, Squamulose, Strigose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
Subtruncate (/glossary_terms/2244):
(Sub-Truncate)
1. Less than truncate (ending abruptly as if cut off), but nearly truncate.
Subulate (/glossary_terms/1207):
1. Tapering to a point.
2. Awl-shaped.
Subulicystidium (/glossary_terms/2100):
(Subulicystidia)
1. The genus Subulicystidium (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Subulicystidium) Parmasto, Consp. System. Corticiac. (Tartu): 120 (1968).
2. Cystidia that taper to a point like an awl.
3. Specialized cystidia in the genus Subulicystidium (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Subulicystidium) that consist of a hypha protruding from a needle-tipped, thick-
walled crystalline sheath oranmented with regular, rectangular encrustations.
Subumbilicate (/glossary_terms/1208):
(Sub-Umbilicate)
1. Area on pileus possessing an almost naval-like depression but not blatantly umbilicate.
Contrast this term with Umbilicate and Deeply Umbilicate.
Subumbonate (/glossary_terms/1822):
(Sub-Umbonate)
1. Having a slightly umbonate appearance.
2. Pileus having low broad umbo.
3. Having a slight umbo.
Contrast this term with Broadly Umbonate, Umbonate, Convex-Umbonate, Papillate, Acute Papilla, Cuspidate Umbo, and Abrupt Papilla.
Subunit Ribosomal RNA (/glossary_terms/1210):

1. A region of ribosomal RNAs form two subunits: The large subunit (LSU) and small subunit (SSU). These are taxonomically useful regions to sequence in addition to other regions like ITS.
subvar. (/glossary_terms/224):
(Subvarietas)
1. Abbreviation for subvariety, a taxonomic rank below species and variety, and above that of strain.
Subventricose (/glossary_terms/1211):
(Sub-Ventricose)
1. Not quite ventricose (enlarged in the middle), yet still enlarged.
Subventricose-Rostrate (/glossary_terms/1212):
(Sub-Ventricose-Rostrate)
1. Swollen, especially on one side or unequally, protuberant, and beak like.
Subvesiculose (/glossary_terms/1213):
(Sub-Vesiculose)
1. Cell(s) almost swollen or appearing inflated like a large sac or bladder (vesicle), with only the base abruptly tapered.
Subviscid (/glossary_terms/1214):
(Sub-Viscid)
1. Slightly sticky, and thinly viscid.
Contrast this term with Ixoderm, Mucilaginous, Mucous, Tacky, and Viscid.
Subzonate (/glossary_terms/1740):
(Sub-Zonate)
1. Almost – but not quite – exhibiting alternate areas (usually concentric) of (a) lighter and darker colors, or a (b) smooth and rough surface.
Sui Generis (/glossary_terms/2026):

1. Latin for “of its/his/her/their own kind.”
2. Latin for “in a class by itself” and therefore uniquely distinguished.
Sulcate (/glossary_terms/1215):
1. With grooves.
2. Furrowed.
Contrast this term with Costate, Fibrillose-Striate, Furrows, Grooved, Lineolate, Longitudinal Ridges, Longitudinal Striations, Plicate, Plicate-Striate, Radial Furrows, Stria, Striate, Striate
Margin, Striations, Striatulate, Sulcate, Sulcate-Pectinate, and Tuberculate-Striate.
Sulcate-Pectinate (/glossary_terms/1355):
2. (Pileus or Margin of Pileus) with grooves/divisions set closely in a row. See Pluteus longistriatus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Pluteus+longistriatus). This term
may be a synonym to other terms, including the term striate, and requires investigation.
Sulfocystidium (/glossary_terms/1532):
(Sulfocystidia)
Sulfureous (/glossary_terms/1216):
(Sulphureous, Sulphurescent, Sulphurine)
1. Sulfer yellow.
2. Sulpher yellow.
Sulphidium (/glossary_terms/143):
(Sulphidia)
1. Pleurocystidium that has a yellowish coloration similar to that of of a chrysocystidium. So far this term has been used extremely infrequently.
2. E. Gerhardt, in his monograph on Panaeolus (Taxonomische revision der gattungen Panaeolus und Panaeolina, Bibliotheca Botanica 47, 1996), defines sulphidia as follows (translation
from German): “There are pleurocystidia, so far called chrysocystidia but not matching this definition as they do not stain yellow with KOH (unlike Stropharia and Hypholoma), but they are
yellowish from the very beginning or keep uncolored. They become a beautiful red wine in sulphovanillin (sulfo-vanillin, sulpho-vanillin), consequently they are called sulphidia.” The stain
patent blue may be useful as an alternative to sulphovanillin. Note: Use the full, appropriate level of safety and caution when working with either of these solutions, especially sulphovanillin.
Superficial (/glossary_terms/2426):
1. A feature on the pileus cuticle of the stipe that is not fixed and is easily removable. This term has been applied in regard to powder, bran-like areas, granules, fibrils, hairs, and/or scales.
Contrast this term with Innate.
Superior Annulus (/glossary_terms/1657):

(Superous Annulus)
1. Annulus (ring) located at the very top of the stipe.
Contrast this term with Basal Annulus, Inferior Annulus, Median Annulus, and Apical Annulus.
supersect. (/glossary_terms/849):
1. Abbreviation for the taxonomic rank of Supersection. This rank is below genus and above section, and implies that many species resemble one another within the rank, and more
taxonomic work is necessary.
Superspecies (/glossary_terms/1046):
2. A group of entirely or essentially allopatric taxa that were once races of a single species but which now have achieved species status. The species comprising a superspecies have usually
been called “semispecies.” Superspecies are especially interesting because they represent a “snapshot” of the process of speciation — evolution caught in the act, as it were. There is no
sharp dividing line between very well-differentiated subspecies and members of a superspecies, so designation of superspecies is usually tentative and sometimes controversial. In regions
where their mapped ranges approach one another, it is important to look for evidence of members of a superspecies occurring together (being partially “sympatric” as opposed to allopatric).
Suprahilar Depression (/glossary_terms/1218):

1. Spores having a sinking area just above the hilar appendage.
Suprahilar Disc (/glossary_terms/1217):
(Synonymous with Suprahilar Plage)
1. Refers to spores that show a rounded, smooth area just above the hilar appendage.
Supralamellar Zone (/glossary_terms/605):

Suprapellis (/glossary_terms/1220):
1. The outermost layer of the pileipellis, or the outermost layer of the stipitipellis or bulbipellis.
Supraspecific (/glossary_terms/2130):
(Supraspecific Taxa)
1. Having a taxonomic rank above that of species rank.
Surface Tension Catapult (/glossary_terms/1221):

1. Reference to how spores eject in connection with a Buller’s Drop. The swift coalescence of the Buller’s Drop with additional water causes a sudden shift in the center of mass of the spore
and contributes to its release from the sterigma.
Symbiosis (/glossary_terms/1985):
1. Symbiosis refers to a close, long-term biological interaction between two or more different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic. An example of this in the
kingdom fungi would be three organisms forming a lichen (a fungus, an alga, and a cyanobacterium).
Symmetrical (/glossary_terms/1222):
1. Spores exhibiting a balanced symmetry when comparing two opposing side views. Spores are called either symmetrical or asymmetrical as a taxonomic character.
Symmetry (/glossary_terms/1223):
1. Correspondence in size, form, and arrangement of parts on opposite sides of a plane, line, or point; regularity of form or arrangement in terms of like, reciprocal, or corresponding parts.
2. Proper or due proportion of the parts of a body or whole to one another with regard to size and form; excellence of proportion.
syn. (/glossary_terms/1026):
1. Synonym.
2. Synonymous with.
3. Another name for the same species, especially an earlier or illegitimate name not currently used for the species. If two or more names are based on the same type, they are homotypic
synonyms, sometimes indicated by three horizontal lines between the two names. If they are based on different types, they are heterotypic, sometimes indicated by two horizontal lines
between the two names. In this manner, alternate names following the primary name are earlier or later or illegitimate names representing all or part of the concept of the primary name. The
primary name includes the alternate name, but the alternate name may not include the whole taxon represented by the primary name.
Synanamorph (/glossary_terms/1224):
(Synanamorphs)
1. When a single fungus produces multiple morphologically distinct anamorphs, these are called synanamorphs.
Synapomorphy (/glossary_terms/1226):
(Synapomorphic)
1. In cladistics, a synapomorphy or synapomorphic character is a trait that is shared (“symmorphy”) by two or more taxa and their most recent common ancestor, whose own ancestor in turn
does not possess the trait. A synapomorphy is thus an apomorphy visible in multiple taxa, where the trait in question originates in their last common ancestor.
2. A derived trait shared by two or more taxa that is believed to reflect their shared ancestry.
Syncytium (/glossary_terms/1709):
(Syncytia, Symplasm)
1. A single cell or cytoplasmic mass containing several nuclei, formed by fusion of cells or by division of nuclei.
Syngamy (/glossary_terms/1227):
1. The union of two gametes to form a zygote in fertilization.
2. A method of reproduction in which two individuals (gametes) unite permanently and their nuclei fuse.
Synnema (/glossary_terms/1839):
(Plural = Synnemata)
1. A group of erect conidiophores that are cemented together and produce conidia at the apex and/or along the sides.
Synnematoid (/glossary_terms/1614):
Contrast this term with Synnemata.

Synonym (/glossary_terms/1228):
(Synonymy)
1. Another name for the same species, especially an earlier or illegitimate name not currently used for the species. If two or more names are based on the same type, they are homotypic
synonyms, sometimes indicated by three horizontal lines (≡) between the two names, but if they are based on different types, they are heterotypic, sometimes indicated by two horizontal lines
(=) between the two names. Alternate names following the primary name are earlier or later or illegitimate names representing all or part of the concept of the primary name. The primary
name includes the alternate name, but the alternate name may not include the whole taxon represented by the primary name.
Contrast this term with Heterotypic Synonym, Homotypic Synonym, and Obligate Synonym.
Synonymized (/glossary_terms/1604):
1. The action of establishing two or more scientific names as being identical (one taxon, multiple names).
Synoptic Keys (/glossary_terms/1229):

1. A taxonomic dichotomous key to identify species. Synoptic keys follow the taxonomic classification as close as possible. Keys which aim to reflect the scientific classification of organisms.
Contrast this term with Diagnostic Keys and Dichotomous Keys.
Syntype (/glossary_terms/1025):
1. Each of a set of type specimens of equal status, upon which the description and name of a new species is based.
2. Any specimen cited in the protologue when there is no holotype, or any of two or more specimens simultaneously designated in the protologue as types (ICNafp Art. 9.6).
Systematic Mycology (/glossary_terms/1230):

1. Mycological systematics is the study of the diversification of fungi, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time with phylogenies.
Systematics (/glossary_terms/1231):
(Biological Systematics)
1. The study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time with phylogenies.
Systems Biology (/glossary_terms/1232):

Systems biology is an emerging approach applied to biomedical and biological scientific research. Systems biology is a biology-based inter-disciplinary field of study that focuses on complex
interactions within biological systems, using a more holistic perspective (holism instead of the more traditional reductionism) approach to biological and biomedical research. Particularly from
year 2000 onwards, the concept has been used widely in the biosciences in a variety of contexts. One of the outreaching aims of systems biology is to model and discover emergent
properties, properties of cells, tissues and organisms functioning as a system whose theoretical description is only possible using techniques which fall under the remit of systems biology.
These typically involve metabolic networks or cell signaling networks.
Tacky (/glossary_terms/2393):
1. Very slightly sticky on the pileus and/or stipe surface, but less so than subviscid.
Contrast this term with Ixoderm, Mucilaginous, Mucous, Subviscid, and Viscid.
Tangential Slice (/glossary_terms/1248):

(Tangential Section)
1. This section starts at any point along the margin of the pileus and reaches the opposing side (of the cap) but does not travel through the true center (middle of the cap).
Tapered Stipe (/glossary_terms/1955):

(Tapering, Tapering Upwards, Tapering Downwards, Tapered Upwards, Tapered Downwards)
1. Becoming thinner. There are two common forms of tapering: Tapered (becoming skinnier) downwards and tapered upwards.
Taq Polymerase (/glossary_terms/1249):

1. A thermostable DNA polymerase frequently used in polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a method for greatly amplifying short segments of DNA.
Targeted Capture Sequencing (/glossary_terms/2151):

(TCS)
1. The extraction of genomic information from exons or regions of interest in a genome with customized probes.
More: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-022-00499-9 (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-022-00499-9)
Tawny (/glossary_terms/1250):
2. Brownish-orange.
3. A dull yellowish-brown.
Taxon (/glossary_terms/238):
(Taxa)
1. A taxonomic group at any rank (See ICNafp Art. 1.1).

Taxonomic Characters (/glossary_terms/1648):
(Taxonomic Characteristics, Taxonomic Units)
1. Describable features observed in a taxon such as color(s), size(s), shape(s), molecular nuances, habitat, locality, associated host(s), aroma, taste, microscopic cellular patterns,
macrochemical test reactions, etc. These features are used for publication, identification, and for taxonomic ranking. They provide us with the means for species delimitation and for broader
taxonomic purposes.
2. Any expressed attribute of a fungus that can be evaluated for the purpose of identification.
3. Any characteristics used to separate members of different taxa.
4. Features such as form, physiology, structure, phenotype, and behavior, that are assessed by taxonomists, in order to make comparisons, interpretations, and identifications.
Examples: https://mushroomobserver.org/species_list/show_species_list/1417?q=1mg6c (https://mushroomobserver.org/species_list/show_species_list/1417?q=1mg6c)
Taxonomic Rank (/glossary_terms/1053):

1. A category used in mycology to place taxa into a systematically arranged hierarchy. Formal and informal ranks have been used or may be used, including Superdomain, Domain,
Subdomain, Superkingdom, Kingdom, Subkingdom, Phylum, Division, Subphylum, Subdivision, Class, Subclass, Superfamily, Epifamily, Family, Subfamily, Infrafamily, Order, Suborder,
Infraorder, Tribe, Subtribe, Infratribe, Genus, Subgenus, Clade, Subclade, Supersection, Section, Subsection, Species, Semispecies, Subspecies, Variety, Subvariety, Forma Specialis, Group
Species Complex, Species Aggregate, Series, Subseries, Form, Stirps, Subform, Strain, Substrain, Cryptic Species, Crypt. Temp., Incertae Sedis, Uncertain, Unknown, etc.
Taxonomy (/glossary_terms/131):
(Taxonomic)
1. The science of classification.
2. A science that involves discovering, identifying, classifying, and formally describing organisms.
3. The science of naming, defining, and classifying groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics. Organisms are grouped together into taxa (singular: taxon) with
taxonomic rank.
Teeth (/glossary_terms/1390):
(Hydnoid Fungi, Tooth Fungi, Toothed)
1. Definition pending. See images of Hydnum repandum (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Hydnum+repandum). Tooth fungi bear their basidia and basidiospores on
the surface of small teeth. The teeth are oriented perpendicular to the Earth. The teeth are also tapered, allowing spores produced on their surface to fall straight down.
2. This term can also refer to the pileus margin having sharp saw-like edges as see in Panaeolus papilionaceous
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Panaeolus+papilionaceous).
Contrast this term with Pores, Gills, False Gills, Hydnoid, and Odontioid.
Teleomorph (/glossary_terms/1251):
1. The sexual reproductive stage (morph), typically the fruiting body.
Contrast this term with Anamorph.
Teleomorph-Typified Name (/glossary_terms/1252):

1. The terms teleomorph, anamorph, and holomorph apply to portions of the life cycles of fungi in the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Teleomorph describes the sexual reproductive
stage (morph) of a basidiocarp.
Teliospores (/glossary_terms/2087):
1.Thick-walled latent spores, unicellular or multicellular, with binucleate (dikaryotic) cells, produced in a telium.
Telium (/glossary_terms/2088):
1. Group of binucleate cells in a sorus producing teliospores.
Telomeres (/glossary_terms/1537):
1. Telomeres are the functional elements concluding and defining each linear chromosome in eukaryotes. They play an essential role in protecting genetic material and preventing genome
loss during cell division.
More: DOI: 10.1007/4735_108

Tentaculiform (/glossary_terms/2320):
1. Having a form that includes tentacles.
2. Exhibiting sea anemone-like tentacles.
Teonanácatl (/glossary_terms/1253):
1. "Flesh of the gods.”
Terete (/glossary_terms/1883):
1. Not compressed.
Terminal (/glossary_terms/1254):
1. The final part of a structure, usually referred to as a terminal cell.
Terminal Cells (/glossary_terms/1255):

1. The last or end cell on a multicellular organism. Differentiated and specialized cell with limited or no capacity to divide, also called terminally-differentiated cell.
Terminal Elements (/glossary_terms/118):

1. The end hyphae in the pileipellis.
Terminal Hyphae Elements (/glossary_terms/1264):

1. The end hyphae in the pileipellis.
Terrarium (/glossary_terms/1364):
(Plural = Terraria or Terrariums)
1. A sealed, transparent container in which fungi are grown.
Terrestrial (/glossary_terms/116):
1. This term can have multiple meanings in modern science, but it generally means growing on the ground with soil.
Terricolous (/glossary_terms/1265):
(Terricole)
1. Living on or in the soil.
Tertiary Gills (/glossary_terms/119):

1. A third form or third branching of gills from the primary gills.
Tertiary Mycelium (/glossary_terms/1266):
1. Mycelium arising from secondary mycelium that is involved in mushroom fruitbody formation.
Contrast this term with Primary Mycelium and Secondary Mycelium.
Tessellate (/glossary_terms/2355):
(Rimose-Areolate, Tessellated, Tessellation, Areolate-Rimose)
1. A pileus pattern using one or more geometric shapes with no overlaps or gaps.
2. Pileus surface exhibits superficial cracking or clefts which form angular patches.
Contrast this term with Rhagadiose, Areolate, Fibrillose-Rimulose, Rimose, Rimulose, and Radially Rimose.
Tetrapolar Sexuality (/glossary_terms/1267):

1. Four or more possible mating types.
Tetrasporangium (/glossary_terms/1269):
1. A sporangium in which four spores (tetraspores) are formed.
Tetrasporic (/glossary_terms/1268):
(Tetraspore)
1. One of four spores produced from a tetrasporangium.
2. Any of the asexual spores that are produced in groups of four in the sporangium.
Tetrasterigmate (/glossary_terms/1754):
1. Having four sterigmata and four spores.
Thalline (/glossary_terms/1442):
(Thalloid, Thallodal, Thalliform, Thallose)
1. Referencing the general, entire vegetative body of an organism. This phrase may be used to reference a mycelium or lichen.
Thallorhizae (/glossary_terms/377):
1. Rhizomorphs forming white mycelial strands, rather than black.
Note: Read page 8 of The Agaricales In Modern Taxonomy, 4th Edition
Thallus (/glossary_terms/1438):
(Thalli, Thallophyte, Thallic)
1. In lichens, the vegetative body consisting of both algal and fungal components.
The Emergent Layer (/glossary_terms/1370):

2. The emergent layer is one layer among others that describe a forest’s contents. The emergent layer contains a small number of very large trees called emergents which grow above the
general canopy, reaching heights of 45–55 meters, although on occasion a few species will grow to 70–80 meters.
The Endofungal Microbiome (/glossary_terms/1502):

(Endofungal Bacteria, Endobacteria)
1. Definition with Images Pending.
2. Bacteria that live inside fungal cells.

Thelephoroid Fungi (/glossary_terms/1457):
1. Soft, felty, funnel-shaped fungi with a wrinkled underside. There are no pores, nor gills or spines on the underside. These fungi usually decay wood and emerge from fallen branches and
dead roots, but some species grow on the ground and these may be mycorrhizal. Thelephoroid fungi are often dull-colored and fairly inconspicuous.
See: Amaurodon cyaneus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Amaurodon+cyaneus) and Thelephora palmata

(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Thelephora+palmata).
Thermal Dimorphs (/glossary_terms/1521):

Thick-Walled Hyphae (/glossary_terms/1271):

Thick-Walled Spores (/glossary_terms/1270):

Tibiiform (/glossary_terms/1272):
1. Shape of a cystidia which is almost ventricose and has a long narrow neck with an apex that is swollen into a knob, like a tibia bone.
Titan Cells (/glossary_terms/1522):

2. Titan cells are extra large cells that possess a thickened cell wall and a dense, cross-linked capsule. In addition, titan cells have increased cell wall chitin that is associated with a
detrimental anti-inflammatory human immune response. See observations of Cryptococcus neoformans (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Cryptococcus+neoformans).
TLC (/glossary_terms/1625):
1. Abbreviation for Thin-Layer Chromatography. This is one of several methods used to separate compounds in a mixture. TLC can be used to analyze virtually any substance, including
pesticides, steroids, alkaloids, lipids, nucleotides, glycosides, carbohydrates, and fatty acids.
2. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is the most widely used method of identification in lichens in the year 2020.
More: https://www.nybg.org/bsci/lichens/identification.html (https://www.nybg.org/bsci/lichens/identification.html)
TM (/glossary_terms/1273):
1. Total magnification combining the eyepiece magnification with the objective magnification.
Tomentelloid (/glossary_terms/1779):
1. Any mushroom resembling or being in the genera Pseudotementella (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Pseudotementella), Tomentellopsis
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Tomentellopsis), Tomentella (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Tomentella), and Odontia
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Odontia).
Tomentocutis (/glossary_terms/1274):
1. With reference to the cortical layer(s), the hyphae pattern is irregular, not inflated. Similar to a tomentum but compacted into a thin layer.
Tomentose (/glossary_terms/1275):
1. Pileus or stipe surface covered densely with matted, soft hairs.
2. A tomentose mycelium is a soft, airy, cotton-like mass formation of hyphae.
Pubescent, Radial Scales, Shaggy, Spines, Squamules, Squamulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentulose, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
Tomentulose (/glossary_terms/1276):
1. Covered with short fine hairs or fibrils, which may be matted like a thin woollen blanket or erect, according to different authors’ interpretations.
2. Nearly tomentose but less than subtomentose.
Pubescent, Radial Scales, Shaggy, Spines, Squamules, Squamulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Subtomentose, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
Tomentum (/glossary_terms/1277):
1. A piliepellis or cortical layer consisting of irregularly arranged hyphae.
2. A mass of filamentous hairs.

Topography (/glossary_terms/1278):
1. The surface features of an object.
Topoisomerases (/glossary_terms/1639):
(Topoisomerase, Topoisomerasa)
1. The enzymes that regulate the topological structure of DNA, play critical roles in fundamental cellular processes, including replication, transcription, recombination, and mitosis.
Topology (/glossary_terms/1640):
(Topologies, Topological, DNA Topology, Phylogenetic Topology)
1. DNA topology refers to the relationship between the two DNA strands of the double helix, and includes the concept of supercoiling.
2. Phylogeny topology is the particular branching pattern for a tree. A labeled topology represents the relationships among the taxa at the tips. An unlabeled topology has no taxa at the tips
and thus consists only of the abstract tree shape.
More:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643378/ (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643378/)
http://ib.berkeley.edu/... (http://ib.berkeley.edu/courses/ib200b/lect/ib200b_lect16_Nat_Hallinan_Lindberg_tree_shape2.pdf)
Topotype (/glossary_terms/120):
1. A specimen or new collection taken from the type locality of that species.
Tortuose (/glossary_terms/1280):
1. Twisted of bent in different directions.
2. Wreathed.
3. Twisted.
4. Winding.
Contrast this term with Twisted, Flexuose, and Geniculate.
Torulose (/glossary_terms/1279):
(Synonymous with Moniliform)
1. Having a cylindrical or ellipsoid body while being swollen and constricted at intervals.
See: https://www.researchgate.net/... (https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Cystogloea-oelandica-left-to-right-moniliform-hyphae-disarticulated-hyphal-compart_fig1_272737260)
Toxinology (/glossary_terms/1489):
1. The study of the chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of toxins.
2. Toxinology is the specialized area of science that deals specifically with animal, plant, and microbial toxins.
3. Toxinology is “the scientific discipline dealing with microbial, plant, and animal venoms, poisons, and toxins.”
Trabecular (/glossary_terms/2111):
1. Gill trama exhibiting transversely oriented elements.
Trabeculae (/glossary_terms/1987):
(Trabecula, Traneculate)
1. Plate-like, flattened lichen lamellae.
2. Flattened and often appearing shredded.
Trama (/glossary_terms/1281):
(Tramal View)
1. An internal layer of hyphae cells revealed in a cross section of either the gills (gill trama), the cap (cap trama), or the stipe (stipe trama).
Tramal Cystidium (/glossary_terms/1282):

(Tramal Cystidia, Endocystidia)
1. Cystidium forming in the tramal tissue of the pileus or stipe.
Transfer RNA (/glossary_terms/1287):

1. A Transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA and archaically referred to as sRNA abbreviating soluble RNA) is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 73 to 94 nucleotides in length, that
serves as the physical link between the nucleotide sequence of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and the amino acid sequence of proteins.
Transition Between Hymeniderm And Epithelium (/glossary_terms/2070):

1. One of several pileipellis structures in which the end cells appear similar to some traditionally shaped light bulbs.
Hymeniderm, Euhymeniderm, Regular Epithelium, Irregular Epithelium.
Translucent (/glossary_terms/1408):
(Translucence)
1. Permitting the passage of light.
2. Permitting light to pass through but diffusing it so that the view on the opposing side is not clearly visible.
Contrast this term with Opaque and Semi-Translucent.
Translucently Striate (/glossary_terms/1288):

(Translucent-Striate)
1. The cap margin is translucent, and the gills can be seen through it, creating a pattern that looks striate even though the surface of the cap is smooth. Sometimes this feature is difficult to
observe.
Contrast this term with Costate, Fibrillose-Striate, Furrows, Grooved, Lineolate, Longitudinal Ridges, Longitudinal Striations, Plicate, Plicate-Striate, Radial Furrows, Semi-Translucent, Stria,
Striate, Striate Margin, Striations, Striatulate, Sulcate, Sulcate-Pectinate, Translucent, and Tuberculate-Striate.
Transvenose (/glossary_terms/1289):
1. Lamellae exhibiting veins on their surfaces.
Contrast this term with Anastomosing Gills, Furcate, and Intervenose.
Transverse Section (/glossary_terms/1290):

1. A cross section.
Trapeziform (/glossary_terms/1291):
Tree Length (/glossary_terms/1293):

1. Phylogenetic tree software value which scores the number of changes between different character states that at a minimum are necessary to explain the observed data.
Tree Of Life (/glossary_terms/1292):

1. Darwin envisioned a “tree of life” with branches representing currently living species and the base as the common ancestor of all. As one moved from the braches toward the trunk, one
would pass the common ancestors for each species group.
Triangular (/glossary_terms/1294):
1. Spores are rounded-triangular.
2. Gill shape in relation to the pileus and stipe is nearly trianglular or triangular.
Contrast this term regarding gill shape with Arcuate, Broadly Ventricose, Linear, Segmentiform, Subventricose, and Ventricose.
Tribe (/glossary_terms/1295):
(Synonymous with Tribus)
1. In biology, a tribe is a taxonomic rank between family and genus. It is sometimes subdivided into subtribes.
trich- (/glossary_terms/846):
(trichi-, tricho-)
1. Prefix indicating filamentous hairs are exhibited.

Trichiform (/glossary_terms/1296):
(Aculeate, Aculeate Seta)
1. Tapered so that only the basal portion is relatively swollen. The entire cystidium is slender and shaped like some forms of spikes.
Trichocutis (/glossary_terms/1297):
1. With reference to the cortical layer(s), the hyphae are at first erect and later the hyphal ends are periclinal.
Trichoderm (/glossary_terms/1298):
(Note: Definition needs to be re-examined and compared between Vellinga, Watling, and Clémençon).
1. With reference to the cortical layer(s), the hyphae are erect, irregular to subregular, not or moderately inflated.
2. A pileipellis made up of erect straight elements, septate (and/or) not originating at the same level.
Contrast this term with the following pileipellis forms known as Cutis, Exocutis, Euhymeniderm, Intricate Trichoderm, Irregular Trichoderm, Ixotrichoderm, Trichohymeniderm, Epithelioid
Trichodermial Epicutis (/glossary_terms/1561):

Trichohymeniderm (/glossary_terms/1299):
1. A hymeniderm made up of elements with Q > 6.
Contrast this term with the following pileipellis forms known as Cutis, Exocutis, Euhymeniderm, Intricate Trichoderm, Irregular Trichoderm, Ixotrichoderm, Trichohymeniderm, Epithelioid
Tricholomatoid (/glossary_terms/1300):
1. Characterized by gills neither free nor decurrent. The stipe is more-or-less as long as the diameter of the pileus. The context is fleshy. The context of the pileus is continuous with the
context of stipe.
2. Pileus convex to broadly convex or plane, rarely campanulate. Gill attachment is variable, but not decurrent. Annulus is absent. Volva is absent. Stipe consistency is fleshy-fibrous.
Trimitic (/glossary_terms/1301):
1. Trama hyphae possessing three types of hyphae (generative hyphae, skeletal hyphae, and binding hyphae).
Note: The binding hyphae are thick-walled, distinctly branched, tortuous, often lacking a lumen.
Contrast this term with Monomitic and Dimitic.
Troops (/glossary_terms/2391):
1. Hundreds to thousands of fruits growing within a few square yards of one another.
Truffles (/glossary_terms/1479):
(Truffle)
1. Strong-smelling underground mycorrhizal fungi that resemble a potato growing in broad-leaved woodlands on calcareous soils. Truffles are considered a culinary delicacy and found with
the aid of trained dogs or pigs. Genera producing truffles include Tuber (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Tuber), Terfezia
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Terfezia), Geopora (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Geopora), Peziza
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Peziza), Choiromyces (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Choiromyces), and Leucangium
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Leucangium). Truffles can be cultivated. Over 200 truffle orchards are now under development in the United States alone. Black truffles
produce a compound called anandamide, a chemical similar to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
Contrast this term with False Truffles, Sclerotia, and Pseudosclerotia.
Truncate (/glossary_terms/1302):
1. Ending abruptly as if cut off.
Truncate Germ Pore (/glossary_terms/1303):

1. A germ pore that ends abruptly/cuts off.
Truncately Broadly Conical (/glossary_terms/1304):

1. Pileus broadly conical with as if cut off apex.
2. Pileus appearing as figure 29.16 in https://images.mushroomobserver.org/Glossary_Vellinga.pdf (https://images.mushroomobserver.org/Glossary_Vellinga.pdf)
3. Pileus presents itself in an isosceles trapezoid form.
Contrast this term with Conical, Broadly Conical, Obtusely Conical, and Narrowly Conical.
Truncately Conical (/glossary_terms/1305):

1. Pileus conical with as if cut off apex.
Contrast this term with Truncate and Truncately Broadly Conical.
Tryptamines (/glossary_terms/1448):
2. A group of biologically active compounds, including neurotransmitters (e.g. serotonin) and hallucinogens (e.g. LSD, psilocin and psilocybin). The chemical nucleus of these compounds is
the monoamine alkaloid tryptamine that can be found in numerous plants and animals. Tryptamine is based around an indole ring structure, and is chemically related to the amino acid
tryptophan.
3. Tryptamine (rather than Tryptamines) is itself its own isolatable chemical. Tryptamine is a monoamine alkaloid. It contains an indole ring structure, and is structurally similar to the amino
acid tryptophan, from which the name derives. Tryptamine is found in trace amounts in the brains of mammals and is hypothesized to play a role as a neuromodulator or neurotransmitter.
Tuberculate (/glossary_terms/1306):
(Tuberculose, Tubercular, Tubercule, Tuberculiform, Tuberculum)
1. Covered with tubercles (any small rounded nodule or elevation).
2. With low bumps.
3. Exhibiting wart-like or knob-like outgrowths.
Contrast this term with Nodose, Nodulose, and Stellate.
Tuberculate-Striate (/glossary_terms/1307):
1. Of cap margin, furrowed radially with small bumps on the ridges.
Striatulate, Sulcate, and Sulcate-Pectinate.
Tubes (/glossary_terms/1263):
1. The spore-bearing cylindrically-open structures of boletes, polypores, and some other mushrooms.
2. Tubes are used to hold spore-producing basidia. At maturity the basidia release large quantities of spores, which fall from the mouths (pores) of the tubes into the air currents.
Tubulin (/glossary_terms/1308):
1. One of several members of a small family of globular proteins. The most common members of the tubulin family are α-tubulin and β-tubulin.
Tuft (/glossary_terms/2202):
(Tufts, Tufted)
1. This word may have been mis-used within mycology literature, and it requires careful critique before a proper definition can be accepted. See: https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/tuft (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tuft)
3. Resembling an isolated, or group of isolated, grass tuft(s).
4. Resembling an isolated, or group of isolated, hair tuft(s).
Spinulose, Squamose, Squamules, Squamulose, Squarrose, Squarrulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
Tulostomateceous Fungi (/glossary_terms/2090):

1. An informal name for some species in the following genera: Tulostoma (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Tulostoma), Battarrea
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Battarrea), Chlamydopus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Chlamydopus), Dictyocephalos
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Dictyocephalos), Battarreoides (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Battarreoides), Phellorinia
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Phellorinia), and Schizostoma (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Schizostoma).
More: http://rev.mex.biodivers.unam.mx/... (http://rev.mex.biodivers.unam.mx/index.php/es/tulostomataceous-fungi/)
Turbinate (/glossary_terms/1309):
1. Cystidia which have a swollen apex and has a tapers near the middle, becoming quite abrupt at the base, like a top, and therefore top-shaped.
Twisted (/glossary_terms/1310):
1. Stipe fibrils arranged spirally round axis because of base of stipe being rotated with regard to apex.
Contrast this term with Tortuose, Flexuose, and Geniculate.

typ. cons. prop. (/glossary_terms/1562):
1. Abbreviation for typus conservandus proposed or conserved type proposed.
2. Proposal to conserve a name with a conserved type against other names.
Type Collection (/glossary_terms/48):

1. A type collection is a particular specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally attached. Ideally, it is a
representative example of the taxon. Type species can exist at all levels of classification including genus, subgenus, section, subsection, etc.
Type Designation (/glossary_terms/1024):

(Designated Type)
1. An explicit statement that establishes the type of a name; either (A) a holotype (ICNafp Art. 9.1) or syntype(s) (ICNafp Art. 9.6) designated in the protologue or (B) a lectotype, neotype, or
epitype subsequently designated under the provisions of ICNafp Art. 9–10 and in accordance with ICNafp Art. 7.8–7.11 and F.5.4.
Type Locality (/glossary_terms/78):

(Type Location)
1. The geographical location where a type specimen (or specimens) was/were originally found.
More: See also the definition for Type Collection.
Type Section (/glossary_terms/1313):

1. May refer to literally a section of material being studied from a type collection.
2. A phylogenetic tree section for species that are based on a type species.
Type Species (/glossary_terms/1312):

1. In mycological and biological nomenclature, a type species is the species to which the name of a genus is permanently linked; it is the species that contains the biological type specimen(s)
of the taxon. A type species is both a concept and a practical system which is used in the classification and nomenclature (naming) of animals and plants. The value of a “type species” lies in
the fact that it makes clear what is meant by a particular genus name. This is an important concept whenever a taxon containing multiple species must be divided into more than one genus;
the type species automatically assigns the name of the original taxon to one of the resulting new taxa, thus reducing the potential for confusion.
Type Specimen (/glossary_terms/1311):

1. A single specimen that was used to describe the species and add it into nomenclature. The scientific name of every taxon is almost always based on one particular specimen, or in some
cases specimens. Types are of great significance to biologists, especially to taxonomists. Types are usually physical specimens that are kept in a museum or fungarium research collection,
but failing that, an image of an individual of that taxon has sometimes been designated as a type. Describing species and appointing type specimens is part of scientific nomenclature and
alpha taxonomy. When identifying material, a scientist attempts to apply a taxon name to a specimen or group of specimens based on his or her understanding of the relevant taxa, based on
(at least) having read the type description(s), preferably based on an examination of all the type material of all of the relevant taxa. If there is more than one named type that all appear to be
the same taxon, then the oldest name takes precedence, and is considered to be the correct name of the material in hand. If on the other hand the taxon appears never to have been named
at all, then the scientist or another qualified expert picks a type specimen and publishes a new name and an official description.
Typonym (/glossary_terms/1314):
1. Similar to synonym, typonyms are words that sound and mean the same but are spelled differently due to typographical error.
Typus Generis (/glossary_terms/2302):

1. The type species of a genus.
Tyrphophilous (/glossary_terms/1916):
(Tyrphobiontic)
1. Growing in a bog (bogland) habitat (ie a wetland that accumulates peat, a deposit of dead plant material—often mosses, and in a majority of cases, sphagnum moss).
Ultrastructure (/glossary_terms/1315):
(Ultrastructures)
1. The finer, detailed structures of a fungus that can be observed by electron microscopy. It refers in general to the study of cellular structures that are too small to be seen with an optical
microscope. These cellular structures are known as organelles and allow the cell to function properly within its specified environment.
Umbilicate (/glossary_terms/121):
1. Pileus possessing a navel-like depression.
Contrast this term with Submbilicate and Deeply Umbilicate.
Umblicate (/glossary_terms/2215):
1. Papilla-like umbo occurs in the depression of the pileus.
Umbonate (/glossary_terms/1316):
(Umbo)
1. Pileus center possesses an elevated, mountain-like area. This feature is more broad (and less acute) than a papilla. Notice that this macro-morphological character can be inconsistently
observed among species, collections, and individual specimens. This feature also has significant variation when expressed.
2. A pileus with a distinct swelling or bump/knob (umbo) at the centre.
Contrast this term with Sub-Umbonate, Cuspidate Umbo, Conical, Campanulate, Papillate, Acutely Papillate, and Abruptly Papillate.
Unbranched Gills (/glossary_terms/1317):

2. Gills which do not branch out (or fork out) into secondary, tertiary, or quaternary gills from a primary gill.
Uncinate (/glossary_terms/1318):
1. Gill attachment hooked.
2. Gill attachment in which the gills are attached with a short hook.
Undate (/glossary_terms/1319):
1. Waved.
3. Gill edge is observed as seen in figure 30.31 in https://images.mushroomobserver.org/Glossary_Vellinga.pdf (https://images.mushroomobserver.org/Glossary_Vellinga.pdf)
Contrast this term with Even, Undulate, Crenate, Crenulate, Eroded, Appendiculate, Serrate, Serrulate, Coarsely Serrate, and Fimbriate.
Undulate-Pustules (/glossary_terms/1679):
(Undulate Pustulate, Undulate-Pustulate)
Undulating (/glossary_terms/136):
(Undulate, Minutely Undate, Minutely Wavy)
1. Wavy. For example, most mature Psilocybe cyanescens (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Psilocybe+cyanescens) specimens exhibit a wavy (undulating) cap.
3. Gill edge is observed as seen in figure 30.32 in https://images.mushroomobserver.org/Glossary_Vellinga.pdf (https://images.mushroomobserver.org/Glossary_Vellinga.pdf)
Contrast this term with Undate, Crenate, Crenulate, Eroded, Appendiculate, Even, Serrate, Coarsely Serrate, Serrulate, and Fimbriate.
Unequal (/glossary_terms/2371):
1. The gills are not of equal length when measured from the pileus margin to the stipe. Subgills are present in one or more of the following forms: Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary lengths.
Contrast this term with Equal.
Uneven (/glossary_terms/2400):
(Bumpy, Un-Even)
1. Pileus surface has areas that are raised.
Unguiculate (/glossary_terms/2281):
1. Exhibiting a claw-like, hoof-like, or nail-like feature.
2. Tapering below into a claw-like or stalk-like base.
Ungulate (/glossary_terms/776):
(Unguliform)
1. Shaped like a horse’s hoof.

Unicolorous (/glossary_terms/2216):
1. Exhibiting only one true color throughout with no discernible additional color(s).
Uniform (/glossary_terms/1320):
1. Not changing in form or character.
2. Remaining the same in all cases and at all times.
Uniguttulate (/glossary_terms/1321):
1. Spores with one droplet.
Uninucleate (/glossary_terms/1322):
1. With one nucleus.
Unique Binomial (/glossary_terms/1323):

1. A unique genus and species name. The name cannot be the same species epithet as another species validly published in the same genus.
Unisexual Reproduction (/glossary_terms/2231):

1. A distinct form of homothallism that dispenses with the requirement of an opposite mating type. Pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi previously thought to be asexual are able to undergo
robust unisexual reproduction.
Contrast this term with Gender and Mating Types.
More: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24880737/ (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24880737/)
Universal Veil (/glossary_terms/1324):

(Velum Universale, Outer Veil)
1. The universal veil which initially covers the whole fruiting body including the top of the cap, always breaking and sometimes leaving fragments on the cap or the stem, or a volva at the base
of the stem. Protective tissue enclosing the whole of the developing fruit body.
2. A temporary membranous tissue that fully envelops immature fruiting bodies of certain gilled mushrooms. The developing Caesar’s mushroom (Amanita caesarea
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Amanita+caesarea)), for example, which may resemble a small white sphere at this point, is protected by this structure. The veil will
eventually rupture and disintegrate by the force of the expanding and maturing mushroom, but will usually leave evidence of its former shape with remnants. These remnants include the
volva, or cup-like structure at the base of the stipe, and patches or “warts” on top of the cap. This macrofeature is useful in wild mushroom identification because it is an easily observed,
taxonomically significant feature. It is a character present among species of basidiomycete fungi belonging to the genera Amanita and Volvariella. This has particular importance due to the
disproportionately high number of potentially lethal species contained within the former genus.
Contrast this term with Partial Veil, Universal Veil Remnants, and Volva.
More: https://www.researchgate.net/... (https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Different-stages-in-the-fruiting-body-development-of-V-volvacea-Note-from-left-to_fig2_301787377)
Universal Veil Remnants (/glossary_terms/819):

(Velum Tissues, Veil Remnants On Pileus)
1. Fragments of universal veil tissue left on the pileus after the mushroom has reached maturity.
Contrast this term with Fibrils, Marginal Veil Tissue, Scales, Spines, and Warts.
Unsynonymized (/glossary_terms/1603):
1. An action taken to dis-associate a scientific name associated with another name, indicating those names no longer represent the same taxon.
Uplifted-Umbonate (/glossary_terms/2428):
(Uplifted And Umbonate, Umbonate-Uplifted)
1. Cap is nearly funnel shaped and it also has an umbo in the center.
Urticiform (/glossary_terms/1325):
1. Cystidia legeniform with a long, tapering neck and bearing needle-shaped crystals. Reminiscent of the nettle-cells of Urtica species.
Urticocystidium (/glossary_terms/1528):
(Urticocystidia)
Urticocystis (/glossary_terms/2075):
Urticoid (/glossary_terms/1767):
1. Shaped like a stinging-nettle hair.
2. Exibiting a long, straight, pointed section and a swollen base.
Utriculate (/glossary_terms/1326):
1. Spores entirely enclosed by an outer spore wall in the form of loose sack.
Utriform (/glossary_terms/1327):
1. Cystidia exhibit a slight constriction below a large round head like a bladder
2. Bladder-shaped.
3. Cystidia characterized by neck broader than half width of cell body.
Contrast this term with Narrowly Utriform and Broadly Utriform.
Vacuoles (/glossary_terms/1328):
1. A membrane-bound organelle which is present in all plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal, and bacterial cells. Vacuoles are essentially enclosed compartments which are filled
with water containing inorganic and organic molecules including enzymes in solution, though in certain cases they may contain solids which have been engulfed.
Vaginate (/glossary_terms/2253):
1. A long volva or sheath at the stem base.
Contrast this term with Volva, Evolvate, Pseudovolva, Limbate Volva, Zoned, Circumseccile, Flaring, Bulbous, Sub-Bulbous, Clavate-Bulbous, Abruptly Bulbous, and Marginately Bulbous.
Vaginatoid (/glossary_terms/1714):
1. A mushroom stature type with a fleshy-fibrous stipe, free or finely adnexed gills, and a volva, but no annulus.
Validly Published (/glossary_terms/60):

1. Effectively published and in accordance with the relevant provisions of ICNapf Art. 32–45, F.4, F.5.1, F.5.2, and H.9 (ICNapf Art. 6.2) (see ICNapf for designation, name).
var. (/glossary_terms/90):
1. A variety of a species.
2. A variety is a subspecies epithet classification used to describe a consistently appearing, nuanced variation of a species.
var. nov. (/glossary_terms/1329):

1. New variety.
Variolarioid (/glossary_terms/1563):
1. Exhbiting powdery or granular tubercules (any small rounded nodule or elevation).
Vascular Hypha (/glossary_terms/1738):

(Vascular Hyphae)
Vector NTI (/glossary_terms/1335):

1. Vector NTI is a bioinformatics software package. A tool for manipulation of DNA data and mushroom identification through comparing sequences of personally collected specimens with
those available in GenBank. This product is no longer available for purchase.
Vegetative Mycelium (/glossary_terms/1550):

(Vegetative Hyphae, Vegetative Mycelial Stage)
Contrast this term with Aerial Mycelium, Generative Mycelium, Primary Mycelium, Secondary Mycelium, Tertiary Mycelium, Fluffy Mycelium, Mycelial Fan, Rhizomorphs, Linear Mycelium,
Zonate Mycelium, Powdered Mycelium, and Matted Mycelium.
Veil (/glossary_terms/1336):
1. Protective layer of tissue enclosing the emerging fruit body, which ruptures and disperses (sometimes leaving various remnants).
2. Referring either to the partial veil which joins the stem to the cap edge at first, and often breaks to leave a ring on stem and remnants hanging from the cap margin, or the universal veil
which initially covers the whole fruiting body including the top of the cap, always breaking and sometimes leaving fragments on the cap or the stem, or a volva at the base of the stem.
3. Tissue that covers something, varying from the young hymenium to the entire basidiome.
Contrast this term with Cortina, Partial Veil, and Universal Veil.
Veil Flocks (/glossary_terms/1924):

1. Fragments of veil attached to the pileus and/or stipe. These pieces can vary in size from rather large to barely visible. They can even be so tiny and illusive that a hand lens or loupe is
needed. Veil flocks are a taxonomic character useful in identification of some species in the genus Pholiotina (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Pholiotina).
See pages 180-203 in https://www.researchgate.net/...

(https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Elena_Voronina6/post/What_is_this_species2/attachment/59d638ec79197b80779961c8/AS%3A399370970255361%401472228868022/download/Vol.6
Vein (/glossary_terms/2318):
(Veins, Veniform, Venous)
1. A wrinkle or raised line on the pileus and/or stipe.
2. Cords of tissue in lichens.
Contrast this term with Intervenose, Marmorate, Transvenose, Furcate, Anastomosing, Retinerved, Reticulate, Reticulately Venose, Retinerved, Venate, Venose, and Venulose.
Velangiocarpous (/glossary_terms/1337):
(Velangiocarpic)
1. Spores and gill tissue are protected (concealed) by a veil until the spores have reached maturity. The four types of velangiocarpic systems are monovelangiocarpic (having a single
universal veil protecting the primordia), paravelangiocarpic (having a diminished veil oftentimes lost at maturity), bivelangiocarpic (having both an inner partial veil and an enveloping universa
veil), and metavelangiocarpic (in which secondary tissues emerge from the cap and/or stem forming an analogue to the universal veil).
Velar (/glossary_terms/1338):
1. Relating to the veil.
Velar Cells (/glossary_terms/1339):

1. Cells that compose the veil.
Velar Sphaerocysts (/glossary_terms/2194):

1. Rounded or swollen cells in a veil.
Velipellis (/glossary_terms/2050):
1. A coating on the pileus surface, which is present as a thin layer above the pileipellis proper. See Inocybe messapica
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Inocybe+messapica).
Velum (/glossary_terms/1340):
1. Outer veil.
2. Tissue that covers something, varying from the young hymenium to the entire fruitbody.
Velutinous (/glossary_terms/1413):
(Velvety, Velutinate)
1. Covered densely with short, fine, erect hairs. They are also soft (velvety) hairs.
Pubescent, Radial Scales, Shaggy, Spikes, Spines, Squamules, Squamulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
Velvety-Squamulose (/glossary_terms/2181):
(Velvety Squamulose)
Pubescent, Radial Scales, Shaggy, Spines, Squamules, Squamulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, and Warts.
Venate (/glossary_terms/2317):
(Venation)
1. Exhibiting vein-like formations.
Contrast this term with Intervenose, Marmorate, Transvenose, Furcate, Anastomosing, Retinerved, and Reticulate.
Venose (/glossary_terms/1341):
1. Covered with veins or similar ridges.
Ventral Side (/glossary_terms/1342):

1. The convex side of a spore which faces away or outward from the imaginary axis of the basidium is called “abaxial side” or the ventral side.
Ventricose (/glossary_terms/137):
1. Cystidia or gills are swollen or enlarged in the middle.
2. Swollen, distended, or inflated – especially on one side. This term has been applied to the stems of Gymnopilus ventricosus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Gymnopilus+ventricosus), too. See page 20 of North American Species Of Gymnopilus, 1969.
Ventricose-Fusoid (/glossary_terms/1802):
1. Swollen or enlarged in the middle and somewhat spindle-shaped.
Ventricose-Rostrate (/glossary_terms/1343):
1. Cystidia shape in which the basal and middle portions are ventricose and the apex is extended into a beak-like protrusion.
Venulose (/glossary_terms/2319):
1. Exhibiting small veins (small vein-like formations).
Contrast this term with Intervenose, Marmorate, Transvenose, Furcate, Anastomosing, Retinerved, Reticulate, Reticulately Venose, Retinerved, Vein, Venate, and Venose.
Vermiform (/glossary_terms/1344):
1. Shaped like a worm.
Vernal (/glossary_terms/1707):
1. Found in the Spring season.
Verrucose (/glossary_terms/1345):
(Verruciform)
1. Spores or cystidia surfaces are warty-roughened, but not the same as nodulose. This type of “ornamentation” term is used to describe cystidia with small and hollow protuberances or smal
and solid protuberances.
2. Pileus or stem surface covered with wart-like elevations.
Contrast this term with Angular, Diverticulate, Gibbous, Nodular, Nodulose, Nodulose-Angular, Roughened, Rugose, Rugose-Puberulous, Rugosissimus, Rugulose, Spikes, Strongly
Nodulose, Stellate, Sub-Rugose, Verruculose, and Warts.
Verruculose (/glossary_terms/1346):
1. With moderate outgrowths but smaller than verrucose.
Contrast this term with Gibbous, Roughened, Sub-Rugose, Rugulose, Nodular, Nodulose, Nodulose-Angular, Angular, Strongly Nodulose, Stellate, Rugose, Rugose-Puberulous,
Rugosissimus, and Verrucose.
Versiform (/glossary_terms/1347):
1. With various shapes.
2. Variable in shape.
Vertical Stipe Fold (/glossary_terms/1856):
1. A stem exhibiting a vertical arch.
2. Stem exhibits a vertical crease/fold/wrinkle/groove.
3. A line-like-inward-feature on the stipe as seen in collections of Entolomataceae (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Entolomataceae), Morchella

(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Morchella), Gyromitra (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Gyromitra), and other genera.
Contrast this term with Compressed Stipe.
Verticil (/glossary_terms/1485):
1. A group of conidiogenous cells whose bases are attached in a whorl around a conidiophore (e.g., in Verticillium).
2. Verticils of blastoconidia may be found at the junction between Candida (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Candida) pseudohyphae.
Verticillium Wilt (/glossary_terms/1854):

(Wilt Disease)
1. Six species in the fungal genus Verticillium (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Verticillium) can cause over 350 species of eudicot plants to wilt, to a lesser degree than
wilt caused by Fusarium (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Fusarium) species.
More: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verticillium_wilt (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verticillium_wilt)
Very Broadly Fusiform (/glossary_terms/1348):

1. Spores fusiform with l/w or l/b =1.15-1.5.
2. Cystidia fusiform with Q < 1.5.
Contrast this term with Broadly Fusiform, Fusiform, Fusiform-Lanceolate, Narrowly Fusiform, and Subfusiform.
Very Narrowly Clavate (/glossary_terms/1415):

1. Basidia clavate but with a Q > 8.0.
More: Flora Agaricina Neerlandica 5, Glossary Page 11.
Contrast this term with Broadly Clavate, Clavate, Narrowly Clavate, and Subclavate.
Vesicle (/glossary_terms/1349):
(Vesicles)
1. A small bubble within a cell, and a type of organelle.
Vesiculate (/glossary_terms/1350):
(Vesiculose)
1. Cell swollen or appearing inflated like a large sac or bladder (vesicle), with only the base abruptly tapered.
Vesiculose-Physaloid (/glossary_terms/1877):
(Vesiculose-Physaloid Elements)
Vessel Hyphae (/glossary_terms/1351):

1. Wide, empty hyphae cells.
Vestige (/glossary_terms/1247):
1. A rudimentary or degenerate and usually nonfunctioning structure that is the remnant of an organ or part that was fully developed or functioning in a preceding generation or an earlier
stage of development.
Vesture (/glossary_terms/1246):
(Stipe Vesture)
1. To cloth or cover; a covering or garment.
2. (Stipe Vesture) A roughened surface of the tem of a mushroom, usually caused by small cellular projections.
Villose (/glossary_terms/1245):
(Villosity)
1. Pileus or stipe surface is bearing long, hair-like appendages.
2. The hairs on the pileal surface are rather long and weak.
Pubescent, Radial Scales, Shaggy, Spines, Squamules, Squamulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Velutinous, Virgate, and Warts.
Vinaceous (/glossary_terms/38):
1. The colour of pale red wine.
2. Having a red wine color to it.
Virescent (/glossary_terms/159):
1. Becoming greenish.
Virgate (/glossary_terms/1244):
(Virgation)
1. Streaked.
2. Finely striped, often with dark fibers.
3. Appearing as if radial hairs were embedded into the surface tissue.
Pubescent, Radial Scales, Shaggy, Spines, Squamules, Squamulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Velutinous, Villose, and Warts.
Virulence (/glossary_terms/1524):
1. Some fungi are virulent while others are capable of being attacked via virulence. This term describes the attack and damage capabilities of a lifeform upon another. Virulence can be used
to describe the level of damage comparatively. The pathogenicity (its ability to cause disease) of an organism is determined by its virulence factors.
2. An organism’s causative disease severity.
Virulence Factors (/glossary_terms/1517):

(Pathogenicity Factors)
1. Similar to the term virulence, virulence factors describe the specific capabilities an organism can have upon another organism. This can include a fairly broad list of items, including:
Colonization of a niche in the host, movement towards and attachment to host cells, immunoevasion, evasion of the host’s immune response, immunosuppression, inhibition of the host’s
immune response, leukocidin-mediated cell death, entry into and exit out of cells, obtaining nutrition from the host, etc.
Viscid (/glossary_terms/37):
1. Slimy or sticky (at least when moist).
Contrast this term with Ixoderm, Mucilaginous, Mucous, Subviscid, and Tacky.
viz. (/glossary_terms/1243):
1. In contradistinction to i.e. and e.g., viz. is used to indicate a detailed description of something stated before, and when it precedes a list of group members, it implies (near) completeness.
Viz. is usually read aloud as “that is”, “namely”, but is sometimes pronounced as it is spelt, viz.
Volva (/glossary_terms/1242):
(Volval, Volvas, Volvate)
1. A cup-like structure formed at the base of the stipe, as seen in Amanita (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Amanita), Volvopluteus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Volvopluteus), Volvariella (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Volvariella), Macrolepoiota
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Macrolepoiota), Battarrea (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Battarrea), Phallus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Phallus), Clathrus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Clathrus), and other genera. This cup-like structure is actually
part of a disassembled universal veil which once covered the entirety of the mushroom.
Contrast this term with Evolvate, Pseudovolva, Limbate Volva, Zoned, Circumseccile, Flaring, Bulbous, Sub-Bulbous, Clavate-Bulbous, Abruptly Bulbous, Universal Veil, Scale-Forming
Volva, Wart-Forming Volva, Patch-Forming Volva, Ocrea Volva, Layered Volva, Lanose Volva, Floccose Volva, and Marginately Bulbous.
More: https://www.researchgate.net/... (https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Different-stages-in-the-fruiting-body-development-of-V-volvacea-Note-from-left-to_fig2_301787377)
Voucher Number (/glossary_terms/1241):

1. A number assigned to a voucher specimen or collection by an herbarium or organization. Mushroom Observer observation numbers could be considered a voucher number for the MO
database.
Voucher Specimen (/glossary_terms/1240):

(Voucher, Vouchered Herbarium Specimen)
1. A voucher specimen is one or more specimens collected and properly submitted to an herbarium (or organization) for storage and further study. Voucher specimens can be examined long
after a study has been completed. They enable others to confirm taxonomic conclusions. Voucher specimens are dried fruiting bodies from the collections that form the basis of the
descriptions or additional data associated with a species. They are permanently stored in a herbarium where researchers can access and study them. Researchers can re-examine these
specimens and check or amend the descriptions as needed. This is very important because species concepts are often modified through time as new data is obtained.
Wart-Forming Volva (/glossary_terms/2254):

1. A volva disassembling into relatively narrow and high parts, and exhibiting pustules or warts.
Contrast this term with Volva, Evolvate, Pseudovolva, Limbate Volva, Zoned, Circumseccile, Flaring, Bulbous, Sub-Bulbous, Clavate-Bulbous, Abruptly Bulbous, Vaginate, and Marginately
Bulbous.
Warts (/glossary_terms/1239):
(Warted, Phymatodeous, Tubercularioid, Verruca)
1. Pieces of tissue adorning a mushroom’s cap, resulting from the deterioration of a universal veil.
Odontioid, Patches, Pruinose, Puberulous, Pubescent, Radial Scales, Scabrose, Scabrous, Scabrous-Squamulose, Scales, Scrupose, Scrupose-Squamulose, Scurfy, Sericious, Setose,
Setulose, Shaggy, Spiciform, Spiculose, Spikes, Spines, Spinulose, Squamose, Squamules, Squamulose, Squarrose, Squarrulose, Stellate, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose,
Tomentulose, Tuft, Variolate, Velutinous, Verrucose, Verruculose, Villose, Virgate, Warts, and Warty.
Warty (/glossary_terms/1238):
(Synonymous with Verrucose)
1. With warts or with outgrowths smaller than warts but larger than verruculose.
2. Warty includes both verrucose and verruculose forms.
3. Exhibiting small, wartlike excrescences.
Contrast this term with Scurfy and Furfuraceous.
Warty-Punctate (/glossary_terms/2405):
(Punctate-Warty, Warty Punctate, Punctate Warty)
Water-Spots (/glossary_terms/2303):
(Water Spots)
1. The surface of the pileus and/or stipe exhibit(s) roundish, darker spots, as if stained by drops of water. This is used as a taxonomic character for Tricholoma
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Tricholoma) species in Flora Agaracina Neerlandica Volume 4.
Wet Bubble (/glossary_terms/1605):
(Wet Bubble Disease)
1. A crop disease caused by the fungus Mycogyne perniciosa (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Mycogyne+perniciosa).
More: doi:10.5897/AJMR2013.6533
White Rot (/glossary_terms/1541):

1. White-rot fungi degrade lignin leaving decayed wood whitish in color and fibrous in texture. White-rot fungi (WRF) are a heterogeneous group of fungi that belong to basidiomycetes.
More: https://www.sciencedirect.com/... (https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/white-rot-fungi)
Whorle (/glossary_terms/2372):
(Whorled, Whorls, Verticil, Verticils)
1. Arrangement is ring-like resembling a spiral pattern or concentric circles.
Contrast this term with Whorl.
Width (/glossary_terms/1237):
1. Spores as seen in side view, the largest distance measurement between sides.
Wild Type (/glossary_terms/1236):

(Abbreviated wt)
1. The phenotype of the typical form of a species as it occurs in nature.
Wiry (/glossary_terms/2381):
1. Stipe is extremely thin and exhibits a likeness to electrical wire. See the stems of some specimens in the species Marasmius siccus
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Marasmius+siccus). This taxonomic feature may be present on all or some of the stipe.
Woody (/glossary_terms/2408):
1. Stipe, gills, and/or pileus exhibiting a wood-like texture.
Wooly (/glossary_terms/2210):
(Woolly, Lanate)
1. Having an appearance of wool fur from a sheep.
Pubescent, Radial Scales, Downy-Fibrillose, Shaggy, Spines, Squamules, Squamulose, Strigose, Subtomentose, Tomentose, Tomentulose, Velutinous, Villose, Virgate, Wooly, Downy-Woolly
Patches, and Warts.
Wrinkled (/glossary_terms/1235):
2. Any exhibition of rugose, rugosissimus, rugula, or rugulose.
3. Currugated. Formed of alternate ridges and grooves.
4. Having some resemblance to wrinkled skin particularly on the pileus surface.
xanth- (/glossary_terms/1774):
1. Prefix implying the color yellow is involved. See Agaricus xanthodermus (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Agaricus+xanthodermus).
xer- (/glossary_terms/2182):
1. Prefix indicating dry and lacking hydration.
Xeric (/glossary_terms/1861):
1. Locality containing little moisture; very dry.
2. Adapted to a dry environment.
Contrast this term with Hydric and Mesic.
Xerocutis (/glossary_terms/1682):
Xylobiont (/glossary_terms/2410):
1. Substrate is comprised of relatively large pieces of wood like large branches, tree stumps, logs, tree trunks, and/or roots.
Contrast this term with Lignicolous and Kormobiont.

Xylophilic (/glossary_terms/122):
(Xylophile, Xylophiles)
1. Wood-loving fungi. Fungi that grow from wood and wood-based products.
Y-Base (/glossary_terms/1699):
Yeast (/glossary_terms/1452):
(Yeasts)
1. Unicellular, budding polyphyletic fungi. There are about 1500 species currently described.
2. A fungus consisting of single oval cells that reproduce by budding, and are capable of converting sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
Note: Yeasts are among the most important fungi because they raise bread and ferment sugars to make beer, wine, and spirits. They also represent a concentrated food source and a supply
of B vitamins.
Yellowing Syndrome (/glossary_terms/2145):

1. Yellowing, often malformed specimens of a few Amanita (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Amanita) species that often bear stunted or malformed spores. Species
which show this phenomenon include Amanita subsolitaria (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Amanita+subsolitaria).
Contrast this term with Reddening Syndrome.
Ypsiliform (/glossary_terms/2125):
1. Shaped like the letter Y.
Zearalenone (/glossary_terms/1470):
1. A mycotoxin produced by Fusarium graminearum (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Fusarium+graminearum) (teleomorph in Gibberella zeae
(https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Gibberella+zeae)). It is the cause of Oestrogenic Syndrome (vulvovaginitis and infertility) in pigs.
Zeorine (/glossary_terms/1491):
1. Lichen apothecia with a lighter margin.
Zonate (/glossary_terms/15):
1. Having alternate areas (usually concentric) of (a) lighter and darker colors or (b) smooth and rough surface.
Zonate Mycelium (/glossary_terms/2236):
(Zonations)
1. This common form of mycelium is cottony, but it forms concentric bands as it grows outward.
Contrast this term with Mycelial Fan, Rhizomorphs, Linear Mycelium, Powdered Mycelium, Matted Mycelium, and Fluffy Mycelium.
Zoned Volva (/glossary_terms/2213):

(Zonate Volva)
1. Similar to circumsessile, but the upper part of the volva forms a ring or zone-like structures just above the main part of the volva.
Contrast this term with Circumsessile, Flaring, Saccate, and Scaly Volva.
Zoopagaceous (/glossary_terms/1484):
1. Belonging to the order Zoopagaceae (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Zoopagaceae).
More: http://www.librifungorum.org/... (http://www.librifungorum.org/Image.asp?ItemID=472&ImageFileName=002/0154b.jpg)
Zoophilic Fungi (/glossary_terms/1480):

1. Fungal species which infect animals on Earth, but not humans.
Zoospore (/glossary_terms/2095):
(Zoosporic)
1. An asexual spore of some algae and fungi.
Zygospore (/glossary_terms/1469):
(Zygospores)
1. A special type of chlamydospore arising from sexual conjugation between two fungi. See Rhizopus sexualis (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Rhizopus+sexualis).

Mycology Glossary Illustrations

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Glossary of Mycology Terms

More Latin And Greek Prefixes & Suffixes: http://www.davidmoore.org.uk/... (http://www.davidmoore.org.uk/21st_Century_Guidebook_to_Fungi_PLATINUM/Assets/Latin-

More: https://www.uvm.edu/... (https://www.uvm.edu/rsenr/wfb232/Dictionary%20of%20Word%20Roots%20&%20Combining%20Forms.pdf)

1. Suffix or prefix meaning fungus or mushroom.

1. Suffix meaning resembling or similar to.

2. Facing away from the axis.

2. When a fruiting body’s growth is stunted and it then dies.

Abrupt Papilla (/glossary_terms/1866):

Academic Mycology (/glossary_terms/1392):

2. The formal scientific study of fungi in a college, university, or similar institution.

See Mycena bicystidiata (https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/lookup_name/Mycena+bicystidiata) figures in https://www.researchgate.net/...

More: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1449000/ (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1449000/)

1. Hyphidium with a bottle-brush appearance.

Contrast this term with Hyphidium, Dendrohyphidium, Dichohyphidium, and Asterohyphidium.

Accelerated Evolution (/glossary_terms/2176):

1. A transition from evolving at a normalized, anticipated rate to a more rapid rate.

Accession Number (/glossary_terms/2006):

1. A unique identifier code given to a DNA or protein sequence record.

More: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/acc_prefix/ (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/acc_prefix/)

2. Spicey (spicy) hot.

2. Gradually narrowing to a mutual point.

Contrast this term with Acute.

2. Less than a right angle.

5. Spore apex is pointy.

Contrast this term with Acuminate.

Acute Papilla (/glossary_terms/1867):

See page 56 figure 29-31 in https://images.mushroomobserver.org/Glossary_Vellinga.pdf (https://images.mushroomobserver.org/Glossary_Vellinga.pdf)

Acute Umbo (/glossary_terms/1823):

1. Possessing an umbo which is sharply pointed.

1. A small, thin-walled and acutely shaped hymenial leptocystidium.

1. The structure or side closest to the axis.

2. Gills meet the stipe at nearly a right angle.

3. Gills bluntly attached or widely attached to the stipe.

Adnate With Decurrent Tooth (/glossary_terms/1497):

2. Gills are narrowly (barely) attached to the stem.

3. Lamellae narrowly attached to the stipe.

2. Pressed close to or lying flat against something.

3. (Adpressed Stipe) “Adpressed hairs on stipe.”

Advancing Zone (/glossary_terms/2053):

2. A mass of hyphae that occurs above the surface of a substrate.

Contrast this term with Vegetative Mycelium.

4. Closely related to, or akin to.

More: https://fungi.com/products/antibiotic-malt-extract-agar-1lb (https://fungi.com/products/antibiotic-malt-extract-agar-1lb)

A. Agaricales sensu lato = gilled fungi.

2. Fungi growing on other species of fungi.

More: https://goodmushroom.weebly.com/... (https://goodmushroom.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/1/7/57176535/fungi_on_fungi_pdf_lq.pdf)

3. Resembling or being one of the gill-bearing fungi.

More: https://www.researchgate.net/... (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265412973_Agaricomycetes)

More: https://mydigimag.rrd.com/... (https://mydigimag.rrd.com/publication/?m=65814&i=693279&p=24)

1. Two or more layers combined as if with glue.

1. The science of the causes of diseases.

Contrast this term with Leucism and Hygrophanous.

Contrast this term with Botuliform.

2. With small cavities or pits.

Contrast this term with Scrobiculate, Lacunose, and Boring Holes.

More: http://www.mycolog.com/fifthtoc.html (http://www.mycolog.com/fifthtoc.html)

Amoebophagous Fungi (/glossary_terms/1514):

2. Shapeless, formless. Having no comparable, nameable shape or form to describe.

1. Resembling the appearance of an almond.

1. Entirely lacking sexually reproducing states.

anam. nov. (/glossary_terms/932):

2. Asexual form or morph.