Pulse-2 Induction, Explaination Info

Calibration

When Completely Assembled, The Main Calibration using VR1, is to set the
Voltage at Pin 6 of IC9's TP to Aproximately 0.25 Volts.

Latest Update: March 22 2014

However For Initial Operation, I also Recommend These

Settings:

If your using the Dual Frequency Make Sure you are set
to the 100Hz.

ALSO SET THESE CONTROLS:

R5A which is VR5, Set to a 10K Resistance. (so R5 + R5A = 15K)

R7A which is VR6 Set to a 1K5 Resistance.(so R7 + R7A = 3K3)

R9A which is VR7 Set to a 3K2 Resistance. (so R9 + R9A = 4K7)

The reason for this is it puts these 3 settings, equivalant to the Pulse-1.

And it will operate with any suitable coil.

Otherwise you May NOT get any Response to Metals or even Cause Over-heating
and possible Damage.
Gain: IC9 controls most of the Gain in this circuit. Increasing the value
of R23 will

increase gain. But at the same time, Increase noise. Some increase might be
acceptable

But don't go overboard. More about IC9 and also IC10 Below.

"The 555 circuits and Functions":

Frequency: IC5, C11, R3, R4 Determines the frequency and Duty Cycle.

Currently 100 Hz. and a 33% for Ver-3,

or 100 Hz and a 7% duty cycle for Ver-3B.

If you decide to change the frequency, just

change the

capacitor to a larger value to lower the

frequency or

a smaller value to raise the frequency. However

in doing

so, you may have to change the other values

also.

(Pulse width, Dead Time and Recieve Time).

(Updated Aug 2010)

{100 Hz is good for detecting Medium to Large

objects,

using a 8 to 12 inch coil.}

{1000 Hz is good for detecting Small Objects,

Using coils

8 inches in diameter or Smaller.}

But 1000 Hz Draws Considerably MORE CURRENT.

 NOTE: An External SPDT Switch could be added to

switch between these two frequencies.

But be careful on the 1000 Hz, as when using

higher Pulse

Width at 1000 Hz the Current Draw can become

EXCESSIVE and

Cause Damage.

Pulse Width: IC6, C14, R5 Determines the Pulse width to the coil.

Currently 165 us. Making it longer or

shorter, requires changes to dead time

R5A can be considered as VR5.

Dead (Delay) Time: IC7, C17, R7 Determines the Delay Time, (Dead Time)
before the

Sample takes place, allowing the coil to lose

back emf.

The better the coil,(High "Q") the shorter this

time can be set for.

Currently 36 us. R7A can be considered as VR6.

Recieve Time: IC8, C21, R9 Determines the Recieve Time. (Sample Time)

Currently Set a 50 us.

R9A can be considered as VR7.

SOME PRACTICAL VALUE EXAMPLES

"Use Linear Taper Pots and they will give a Fairly linear range of
adjustment".

Frequency (Updated June 2009)

(I Only Recommend using these Two Frequencies.)

C11 = .1 = 100 hz.

C11 = .01 = 1000 hz.

Pulse Width

Rotation Resistance Ohms Time in uS

Min. 5100 56

1/4 7600 84

1/2 10100 111

3/4 12600 139

Full 15100 166

Dead Time

C17 = .01 & R7 + R7a C17 = .0047 & R7 +

R7a

Rotation Resistance Ohms Time in uS Resistance Ohms Time in uS

Min. 3300 17 1800 9

1/4 4550 24 3050 16

1/2 5800 30 4300 22

3/4 7050 36 5550 29

Full 8300 43 6800 35

Recieve Time
 Rotation Resistance Ohms Time in uS
Min. 1500 16

1/4 2750 30

1/2 4000 44

3/4 5250 58

Full 6500 72

If you Use the Values I've given for the Pots and Caps above, results are
pretty good.
I have also given the Calculated Times for Minimum Rotation, 1/4 turn
increments
and Maximum Rotation of each control.
** I Recommend these controls should be calibrated for ease of reference.

I did not find any advantage in Changing Frequency, But that is Your Choice

There is No Guarantee that your detector will function

correctly at all these settings.
** Lead Lengths, Layout, Coil Size as well as Numerous other Factors can
cause

problems. Play with it.

**Reducing the turns on the coil, as well as a Smaller Diameter coil should
help.

ADDITIONAL EXPERMENTATION:

I have also experimented with Small 1/2 inch OD coils wound on a Ferrite
Core and
achieved some very good results for Pin-Pointing. "Pot Cores" seem to work
Best.

"These types of Coils gave me the Best Results in Detecting my 1/4 and 1/2
Gram Gold Nuggets".

I only recommend this experiment be done by those

persons
Having "GOOD Electronic Knowledge"!

Interconnecting Cable:

When connecting the coil to the circuit board, it is best to use a shielded
cable to
prevent these wires also picking up metal objects. However too much
Capacitance in
this wire will reduce the detectors sensivity.

Below are a few cables and their capacitance per foot.

RG174/U 30.8 pf per ft.

RG58U 28.5 pf per ft.

RG59U 20.5 pf per ft.

RG62A/U 13.5 pf per ft.

RG6U 16.2 pf per ft. Beldon 1223A

---- 12.8 pf per ft. Beldon 89269

In my unit, I'm only using 3 feet of cable and I'm using the RG174U.
However if you plan to run long lengths, consider this capacitance.

On the Schematic, IC9 & IC10, "The TL081 IC's":

"C26" Determines the Integration time. Currently this is a .1 Mfd.

Changing it to a .047, Speeds up the response time, but is Harder to

control. Changing
it to a .47, Slows down the response time, easier to control, but less
responsive.
A NOTE about VR2: This is the main control over the unit, and once the unit
is
finalized, this control and the volume control are the only two controls
that will
typically need further adjustment. The "Meter Zero" is quite stable and
seldom
needs adjustment.

For the "ADVANCED EXPERMENTER", To Facilicate Easier

adjustment,
here is another possible modification.
Once the circuit is completely built and Optomized the way you want it, A
new value of
a Resistor can be put in place of R26 and R27, at either end of VR2 and the
value of
VR2 can be reduced to a 10 K or even a 5 K pot. Try to keep the total
resistance close
to 150K or slightly higher.

Method to determine resistors: set up the unit for normal operation, with
about 1 beat
per second. Now turn off the unit. Without turning the shaft of it, Remove
VR2 from
the circuit and with an ohm-meter measure the resistance from the center to
each side.
Now, with the lower value pot that you have chosen to be used, put an
appropriate
resistor value for R26 and R27 to equil the resistance readings above.

"In my detector", I finally used a 10 K pot, making R26 = 82 K and R27 =

68K.
Resistance total = 160 K ohm."

While not essential for the metal detector to work, best sensitivity on my
unit (for
my intended purposes) was accomplished with my flat coils. But these coils
require a
fancy Jig to wind them nicely.

REMEMBER, Low Capacitance and High "Q" is always

IMPORTANT in the coil designs.

Meter:
If Higher sensitivity is wanted, replace the meter with a 100 uA, 50uA or
even a
25 uA. meter.

I Do NOT Recommend This:

** But for Ultimate sensitivity: Replace the conventional meter with a 200
MV. Digital Panal Meter.
Set Adjustment for a slight positive reading. These readings are somewhat
unstable,

due to the extreme sensitivity involved, but can help somewhat to finding
smaller or deeper items.

PLEASE "CLICK HERE" for More info on using a "LCD

Meter".

Please, If any persons building this come up with other

"Useful Modifications". Please contact me.

Lets share the info. It will bennifet others as well.

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Copyright © June 2013