Industrial

Instrumentation
MS. GRESHA S. SAMARAKKODY

(M.PHIL, B.SC, MIEEE)

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LESSON 1
Introduction to
Instrumentation

EE4315 - I ND U ST R I AL I NST R U M ENT AT I ON - M S. GR ESHA S. SAM AR AKKOD Y

EE4315 - I ND U ST R I AL I NST R U M ENT AT I ON - M S. GR ESHA S. SAM AR AKKOD Y 2

What is
Instrumentation?
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Instrumentation can be
defined as the application of
instruments, in the form of
systems or devices, to
Instrumentation? accomplish some specific
objective in terms of
measurement or control, or
both.
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What is
Industrial
Instrumentation?

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What are the

physical
measurements
employed in
instrumentation
systems?

EE4315 - INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION - MS. GRESHA S. SAMARAKKODY

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Acceleration Mass

Capacitance Position
Physical Chemical properties Pressure
measurements Conductivity Radiation
employed in Current Resistance
instrumentation Flow rate Temperature
systems Frequency Velocity

Inductance Viscosity

Luminosity Voltage
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What is Data
Acquisition?

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Data
Acquisition
Data acquisition is the process
of sampling signals that
measure real world physical
conditions and converting the
resulting samples into digital
numeric values that can be
manipulated by a computer.

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From a All data is composed of digital values.

Computer’s
Viewpoint, All digital values are represented by
voltage or current levels in the computer’s
internal circuitry.

In the world outside of the computer,

physical actions or phenomena that cannot
be represented directly as digital values.

These analogue values must be translated

into either voltage or current, and then
translated into a digital form.

EE4315 - I ND U ST R I AL I NST R U M ENT AT I ON - M S. GR ESHA S. SAM AR AKKOD Y

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Input Will already be in digital form, such as

that from switches or other on/off–type
sensor.

Data It might be a stream of bits from some

type of serial interface (such as RS-232
or USB).

In other cases, it will be analogue data

in the form of a continuously variable
signal (perhaps a voltage or a current)
that is sensed and then converted into a
digital format.

EE4315 - I ND U ST R I AL I NST R U M ENT AT I ON - M S. GR ESHA S. SAM AR AKKOD Y

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• We mean binary values encoded in the

form of bits that a computer can work
with directly.
• Binary digital data is said to be discrete,
and a single bit has only two possible
values: 1 or 0, on or off, true or false.
• Digital data is typically said to have
a size, which refers to the number of bits
that make up a single unit of data.
• The size of the data, in bits, determines
the maximum value it can represent.

Digital Data
EE4315 - I ND U ST R I AL I NST R U M ENT AT I ON - M S. GR ESHA S. SAM AR AKKOD Y
 What are the
Binary Data
Sizes?

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EE4315 - I ND U ST R I AL I NST R U M ENT AT I ON - M S. GR ESHA S. SAM AR AKKOD Y
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Binary
Data Sizes EE4315 - I ND U ST R I AL I NST R U M ENT AT I ON - M S. GR ESHA S. SAM AR AKKOD Y
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What is Analog
Data?

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Analog Data
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• Analog data, on the other hand, is

continuously variable and may take on
any value within a range of valid values.
• The name analogue data is derived
from the fact that the data is an
analogue of a continuously variable
physical phenomenon.
• For example, consider the set of all
possible floating-point values in the
range between 0 and 1. One might find
numbers like 0.01, 0.834,
0.59904041123, or 0.00000048, and
anything in between.

EE4315 - INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION - MS. GRESHA S.

SAMARAKKODY
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What are the types

of inputs that may
be found in a
computer-based
data acquisition
system?

EE4315 - I ND U ST R I AL I NST R U M ENT AT I ON - M S. GR ESHA S. SAM AR AKKOD Y

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Types of inputs
that may be
found in a
computer-based
data acquisition
system?

EE4315 - INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION - MS. GRESHA S.

SAMARAKKODY
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What is
Control
Output?
EE4315 - I ND U ST R I AL I NST R U M ENT AT I ON - M S. GR ESHA S. SAM AR AKKOD Y
Control The control part of an
Control of a physical
device involves

Output instrumentation
system uses that data
to effect changes in
transforming some
type of command or
sensor input into a
form suitable to
the physical world.
cause a change in the
activity of that device.

Linear control
More specifically, systems can be
control entails broadly grouped into
generating digital or two primary
analogue signals (or
categories,
both) that may be
used to perform a • Open-loop
• Closed-loop
control action on a
device or system.

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EE4315 - I ND U ST R I AL I NST R U M ENT AT I ON - M S. GR ESHA S. SAM AR AKKOD Y
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What is
Open Loop
Control
System?

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 Open Loop
Control Systems
• In an open-loop systems, there is no
feedback between the output and the
control input of the system.
• The system has no way to determine if
the control output actually had the
desired effect.

• The accuracy of an open-loop control

system depends on the accuracy of its
components and how well the system
models what it is controlling.
• Open-loop controls can actually entail a
high degree of complexity and they are
fairly common.

EE4315 - INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION - MS. GRESHA S. SAMARAKKODY

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Can you guess

any example
for open-loop
control
systems?

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Example:
Open Loop
Control
System
A N A U TO M AT I C L I G H T S W I TC H

EE4315 - INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION - MS. GRESHA S.

SAMARAKKODY
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Can you develop

a mathematical
model for Open
Loop Control
System?

EE4315 - INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION - MS. GRESHA S.

SAMARAKKODY
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What is
Closed-Loop
Control
System?

EE4315 - INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION - MS. GRESHA S.

SAMARAKKODY
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Closed-Loop
Control System
• A closed-loop control scheme
utilizes data obtained from the
device or system under
control, known as feedback, to
determine the effect of the
control and modify the control
actions in accordance with
some internal algorithm.

EE4315 - INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION - MS. GRESHA S. SAMARAKKODY

Closed Loop
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Control System
• Notice that the control input and the feedback
signal are summed with opposing signs at the
circle symbol in, which is called a “summing
junction” or “summing node.”

• The output is called the control error.

• This is because the key to a closed-loop control

is the response of the controlled device to the
control signal generated by the block labelled
“Control Signal Processing.” T

• he control error is input to the control signal

processing block, and the system will attempt to
drive its control output into the controlled
device to whatever extent is needed or possible
in order to make the control error zero.

EE4315 - INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION - MS. GRESHA S. SAMARAKKODY

 Can you guess any
example for Closed-Loop
Control Systems?

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Example:
Closed-Loop
Control System
FLUID LEVEL CONTROL
SYSTEM

EE4315 - INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION - MS. GRESHA S.

SAMARAKKODY
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Can you develop

a mathematical
model for
Closed-Loop
Control
System?

EE4315 - INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION - MS. GRESHA S.

SAMARAKKODY
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What is
Sequential
Control?

EE4315 - INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION - MS. GRESHA S.

SAMARAKKODY
Sequential Control

A control system in which the

individual steps are
Sequential controls are a very
processed in a predetermined
common form of control
order, progression from one
system and are
sequence step to the next
straightforward to implement.
being dependent on defined
conditions being satisfied.

EE4315 - I ND U ST R I AL I NST R U M ENT AT I ON - M S. GR ESHA S. SAM AR AKKOD Y 32

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Example:
The timing diagram for a
sequential AC power controller
with five devices.

In this example, a delay after each

device is powered on allows it to
stabilize and respond to a query to
verify that it is functioning
correctly.

In a system such as this, each

device would typically have three
possible states: On, Off, and Fail.

EE4315 - INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION - MS. GRESHA S.

SAMARAKKODY
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Industrial
Instrumentation

EE4315 - INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION - MS. GRESHA S.

SAMARAKKODY
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Industrial
Instrumentation
The process of measuring
and controlling various
quantities in industries by
utilizing various industrial
instruments is called as
industrial instrumentation.

EE4315 - INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION - MS. GRESHA S.

SAMARAKKODY
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What is the use of

learning Industrial
Instrumentation?

EE4315 - INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION - MS. GRESHA S.

SAMARAKKODY
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Thank You!
Conducted By:

Ms. Gresha S. Samarakkody

Senior Lecture in Electronics & Telecommunication

Engineering,

gresha.samarakkody@cinec.edu

EE4315 - INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION - MS. GRESHA S.

SAMARAKKODY
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Task for You

• Identify a real-life scenario where

you can utilize open loop and closed
loop system for the same scenario.
Create two presentation slides to
describe the open loop and closed
loop control system.

EE4315 - INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION - MS. GRESHA S. SAMARAKKODY