Iñupiatun Uqaluit Taniktun Sivunniuġutiŋit

North Slope Iñupiaq to English Dictionary

Compiled by Edna Ahgeak MacLean

Alaska Native Languages Archives

University of Alaska Fairbanks
2012
©2012 Alaska Native Languages Archives, University of Alaska Fairbanks

Printed in the United States of America

All rights reserved

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data

MacLean, Edna Ahgeak, 1944-

Iñupiatun Uqaluit Taniktun Sivunniuġutiŋit North Slope Iñupiaq to English Dictionary /
compiled by Edna Ahgeak MacLean.
Includes bibliographical references and an English wordfinder list.
ISBN #
1. Iñupiaq language – Dictionaries – English I. Title

Ms., item IN(N)971M2010. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Archive.

This work was supported in part jointly by the National Science Foundation (Grant No.?),
the President’s Office of the University of Alaska, and the North Slope Borough
Assembly through the North Slope Borough History, Language, and Culture
Commission. Barrow, Alaska.

First Printing 2012?. ? copies.

Address correspondence to:

Alaska Native Languages Archives
University of Alaska
PO Box 757680
Fairbanks, Alaska 99775
 Dedicated
To
Dr. Michael Krauss
In Recognition of his Leadership
in the
Retention, Maintenance and Preservation
of
Alaska’s Native Languages

Also Dedicated
To
All Iñupiat

For Keeping the Iñupiaq Culture Alive and Vibrant

And to my Inspiration and Tutaaluuraq

Gwendolyn Sirrouna MacLean

 Imaŋi
Contents
Sivulliġilugu
Preface………………………………………………................................................... i
Quyanaaġun
Acknowledgments……………………………………………………………………. iii
Iļisimaraksrat
General Introduction………………………………………………………………...... vii
1. Iñupiuraaqtuat Nunaŋat
Iñupiaq Language Distribution……………………………………………...... vii
2. Iñupiatun Uqautchim Irrusia
Overview of the Iñupiaq Language Grammar………………………………... ix
3. Iñupiatun Uqallagniġlu Aglaŋniġlu
Sounds and Symbols of the Iñupiaq Language……………………………..... xvi
4. Iñupiatun Uqaluum Sivunniuġutaata Taniktun Salapqiġñiŋa
Iñupiaq to Englsih Dictionary Format………………………………………... xxv
Iñupiatun Uqaluit Maŋŋuŋit
Iñupiaq Word Stems and Roots…………………………………………………….... 0001
Iñupiatun Akunniġutit
Iñupiaq Postbases……………………………………………………………………... 0663
Iñupiatun Uqaluit Isuŋit
Iñupiaq Word Endings………………………………………………………………... 1115
1. Uqallagautit Nalunaiġutiŋiļļu Isuŋiļļu
Verb Moods and Endings……………………………………………………... 1117
2. Atiqausit Isuŋit
Noun Cases…………………………………………………………………… 1137
Iñupiatun Uqaluit Isukłiqpiaŋit
Iñupiat Enclitics……………………………………………………………………..... 1149
Iiguutit Savaamun
Appendices……………………………………………………………………………. 1157
1. Atiqautchiurat Nauniŋit
Inflection of Personal Pronouns………………………………………………. 1159
2. Tamatkiunnallu Ilaaguaġutillu Atiqautchiurat Nauniŋit
Inflection of the Inclusive and Exclusive Pronouns………………………….. 1160
3. Urriqautit Maŋŋuŋit
Demonstrative Stems…………………………………………………………. 1161
4. Maŋŋuġruallu Maŋŋuurallu
Roots and “Nominal” Stems………………………………………………...... 1164
5. Tuqłuġautit
Kinship Terms………………………………………………………………… 1171
6. Sikukun Taggisit
Ice Terms……………………………………………………………………… 1183
7. Aputikun Taggisit
Snow Terms…………………………………………………………………... 1187
 8. Piviksrakun Taggisit 1190
Names of Segments of Time ………………………………………………….
9. Uvluġiatigun Taggisit
Names of Stars and Constellations……………………………………………. 1192
10. Iñupiaqsiñivut
Iñupiat Names………………………………………………………………… 1195
11. Iñupiatun Kisitchiñiq
Iñupiat Counting System……………………………………………………… 1203
12. Init Sumiinmaġaaġutait
Area References………………………………………………………………. 1220
13. Sumiinmagaaġutit
Locational Terms……………………………………………………………... 1221
14. Saġvait Taggisiŋit
Names of Ocean Currents…………………………………………………...... 1222
15. Anuġit Taggisiŋit
Names of Winds………………………………………………………………. 1223
16. Umiapiaq
Umiak…………………………………………………………………………. 1224
17. Qayaq
Kayak…………………………………………………………………………. 1226
18. Uniat
Sled……………………………………………………………………………. 1228
19. Aġviġmiñ Niŋit
Bowhead Whale shares……………………………………………………..... 1229
20. Niaqum Sauniŋi
Human Skull………………………………………………………………….. 1230
21. Timim Sauniŋi
Human Skeleton……………………………………………………………… 1231
22. Ivrulik Kataligaaq Iglu
Traditional Sod House……………………………………………………….. 1233
23. Niġrutit Atiŋit
Names of Mammals………………………………………………………….. 1235
24. Nauriat Suġusiŋisalu Atiŋit
Names of Plants and Plant Parts…………………………………………….... 1237
25. Qupilġut Atiŋit
Names of Insects……………………………………………………………... 1240
26. Tiŋmiat Atiŋit
Names of Birds………………………………………………………………. 1242
27. Iqaluillu Imanġillu Igliġallu Atiŋit
Names of Fish, Mollusks, and Crustaceans………………………………….. 1247
28. Uqallagautit
Exclamations………………………………………………………………….. 1249
29. Tatqit Atiŋit
Names of Months…………………………………………………………….. 1254
Maqpiġaat Ivaqłiġviit
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………….. 1257
Iñupiat Kaŋiqsiuġviit
Iñupiat Sources List………………………………………………………………….. 1261
Taniktun Uqaluit Iñupiatun Arriŋisa Paqirrutaat
English to Iñupiaq Wordfinder……………………………………………………….. 1263
 Sivulliġilugu
Preface

This is a bilingual dictionary of North Slope Iñupiaq into English. North Slope
Iñupiaq is the ancestral language of the Iñupiat people whose lands are located within the
boundaries of the North Slope Borough situated in northern Alaska from the Brooks
Range to the Arctic Ocean. The towns in the North Slope Borough of Alaska include
Tikiġaq “Point Hope” to the far west along the Chukchi Sea and Qaaktuġvik “Barter
Island” along the Canadian border. Inbetween the two towns are Kali “Point Lay,”
Ulġuniq “Wainwright,” Utqiaġvik “Barrow,” Atqasuk “Meade River,” Anaqtuuvak
“Anaktuuvak Pass,” and Nuiqsut, progressing west to east.

The intent of this dictionary is to provide information which will inspire

individuals to study and learn the Iñupiaq language. Because the structure of the Iñupiaq
language is very different from English, a word-for-word correspondence is not to be
found. Therefore this dictionary contains a detailed grammatical overview of the Iñupiaq
language. It is inherently essential for any student of any language to know the grammar
of the language they are studying.

It is my fervent hope that this effort will contribute to the maintenance of Iñupiaq
as a living language in use by the people of the North Slope of Alaska. The language
evolved with the people. It is central to our culture and our identity.

Enjoy the dictionary and if you are inspired to undertake further study of any part
of the Iñupiaq language, I am always available for consultation.

Quyanaqpauraq.
Edna Ahgeak Maclean, Ph.D.
edna.maclean@gmail.com

i
ii
 Quyanaaġun
Acknowledgments

The compilation of any dictionary incorporates the contributions of many

individuals, books, and manuscripts. The Iñupiatun Uqaluit Taniktun Sivunniuġutiŋit
North Slope Iñupiaq to English Dictionary is no exception.

The Inupiat Eskimo Dictionary by Webster and Zibell, published in 1970,

provided the impetus for the development of a North Slope Iñupiaq to English wordlist in
1972 by an Iñupiaq language class at the University of Alaska Fairbanks under the
direction of Dr. Michael Krauss, Director of the Alaska Native Language Center and
James Mumiġaaluk Nageak, a student turned instructor from Barrow, Alaska. One
student from that class, Dr. Robert Rausch has kept in touch and provided MacLean with
the scientific names of many plants and animals identified in this publication.

In 1974 Leona Okakok, an Iñupiaq speaker from Barrow, Alaska joined the
Alaska Native Language Center (ANLC) and began the expansion of the Iñupiaq to
English wordlist started by Krauss and Nageak and their students. During the same year
Lawrence Kaplan was hired to work with Iñupiaq elders to assist in expanding the
wordlist. Kaplan had just received his M.A. in linguistics on the phonology of Iñupiaq
working with Edith Rowry, an Iñupiaq speaker from Barrow living in California. At
ANLC, Kaplan worked with Edith Narvauraq Tegoseak, a respected elder speaker of
Iñupiaq.

Okakok reviewed the words gathered by Kaplan and entered them into the wordlist.
She was able to corroborate her revisions and made numerous additions to the growing
wordlist by consulting with Edith Narvauraq Tegoseak, Arctic John Etalook and Jean
Numnik who were living in Fairbanks. Under the direction of Dr. Krauss, Okakok
extracted words from the Stevenson and Marsh texts, Spriggs 1905 Iñupiaq wordlist and
searched for Inupiaq cognates in Schultz-Lorentzen’s Dictionary of the West Greenlandic
Eskimo Language. Okakok left the Alaska Native Language Center in 1978.

In 1978 Dr. Michael Krauss received a grant from the National Science
Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities for the development of
dictionaries for ten indigenous languages of Alaska, including North Slope Iñupiaq.
This grant enabled Kaplan to continue working with elders Dora Hugo, Elijah Kakinya,
and Rulland Akmaalik from Anaktuuvak Pass, Arctic John Etalook from Wiseman, and
Jimmie Killugvuk from Point Hope.

Meanwhile, Edna Ahgeak MacLean had joined a cadre of individuals at the

ANLC in 1972 learning to read and write in their indigenous languages under the
instruction of Dr. Micheal Krauss. MacLean became the Iñupiaq language instructor in
1973 after the departure of Nageak. While teaching Iñupiaq, she began compiling a
dictionary for use in her classes. Also during this time Emma Bodfish from Barrow, who

iii
was a student at the university, reviewed the integrated wordlists and added several
entries of her own. Then, in1980 the forerunner to the current dictionary, the Iñupiallu
Tanŋillu Uqaluŋisa Ilaŋich Abridged Iñupiaq and English Dictionary by Edna Ahgeak
MacLean was compiled in 1980 and jointly published by the Alaska Native Language
Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks and the Iñupiat Language Commission of the
North Slope Borough with support from the National Endowment for the Humanities and
the National Science Foundation in 1981. The entries of the 1980 publication came from
her personal knowledge of Iñupiaq, with assistance from Maria and Joseph Ahgeak of
Barrow, Alaska and Marie Kayutak Kasak originally from Wainwright, Alaska, who
worked with MacLean at the ANLC.

From 1980 until the summer of 1987, MacLean expanded and refined the entries
(stems, postbases, and endings) of the Iñupiallu Tanŋillu Uqaluŋisa Ilaŋich Abridged
Iñupiaq and English Dictionary in consultation with Harold Itta from Barrow, Alaska,
living in Fairbanks; and also incorporated the wordlists created by the 1972 UAF Iñupiaq
class, Okakok, and Kaplan. Before leaving the University of Alaska Fairbanks in 1987,
MacLean prepared electronic and printed copies of the integrated dictionary corpus and
left them at the ANLC. James Nageak replaced her that fall to teach the Inupiaq
language classes and to continue the work on the development of the dictionary.
According to Nageak there was minimal expansion of the dictionary from 1987 to 1998.

In 2006, after retiring from the Ilisaġvik College in Barrow, Alaska, MacLean
received the University of Alaska President’s Professor award in Alaska Native
Languages. One of her tasks was to initiate the completion of the comprehensive Iñupiaq
dictionary. She enlarged and further refined the suffix entries and helped in the
development of a proposal to secure funds from the National Science Foundation to
complete and publish the North Slope Iñupiaq dictionary.

After Krauss successfully secured funds from the National Science Foundation in
2007, MacLean continued the completion of the dictionary. Working with Muriel
Hopson, an Iñupiaq from Wainwright, Alaska, living in Anchorage, she began the
verification of the main entries, gathering sentence illustrations and new entries from
Floyd Ahvakana’s Tikiġaġmigguuq…In Point Hope, Alaska, from Vincent Nageak’s
Ataatalugiik and Upinġaksrami Aŋuniaġniq Hunting in Springtime, from Roxy
Ekowana’s Nannum Malikataġmagik Malġuk Iññuk. Polar Bear Chasing Two Men, from
Harold Kaveolook’s Malġuk Quliaqtuak: Aahaalliglu Piayaaŋillu & Aŋiqpaktuaq
Aviŋŋaq Two Stories: The Old Squaw and Its Ducklings & The Large Lemming and
Allagiich Igluŋich Iñupiat Different Kinds of Houses, from Jimmie Kiligvuk’s
unpublished manuscript of stories told to Bud Kanayuraq, from Tupou Pulu’s, Ruth
Ramoth-Sampson’s and Angeline Newlin’s Whaling: A Way of Life Aġviġich Iglauniŋat
Niġinmun based on information from David and Dinah Frankson, from Froelich Rainey’s
The Whale Hunters of Tigara, from Matthew Sturm’s Apun, The Arctic Snow based on
information from Arnold Brower Sr., from Knut Bergland’s Nunamiut Unipkaaŋich
Nunamiut Stories, from the Iñupiat New Testament, from Waldo Bodfish, Sr.’s Kusiq An
Eskimo Life History from the Arctic Coast of Alaska, from Ray’s (and Murdoch’s)

iv
Expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska, and Powell’s (and Murdoch’s) Annual Report of the
Bureau of Ethnology 1887-’88.

In 2009, after Muriel Hopson identified entries in the Iñupiatun Eskimo

Dictionary compiled by Wolf A. Seiler in 2005 which were not in the integrated North
Slope Iñupiaq dictionary corpus, MacLean incorporated words she recognized as North
Slope Iñupiaq words into the dictionary. For words not recognized, she consulted with
Leo Kinneaveauk and Seymour and ClaudiaTuzroyluke from Point Hope living in
Anchorage, Doris Hugo from Anaktuvak Pass living in Fairbanks, and Warren
Matumeak, Wesley Aiken, and Molly Itta from Barrow for verification.

The work with Warren Matumeak and Wesley Aiken continued until the fall of
2010 gathering information about compass directions, winds, currents and land
designations. Matumeak and Aiken also provided information about the sharing of the
bowhead whale, the nomenclature of the kayak frame, the open skin boat (umiaq) frame,
the large sled (uniat) frame and the human skeleton. This information was used to create
the illustrations shown in Appendices 12 through 21.

All of the beautiful illustrations in Appendices 12 to 22 were done by Ronald

Engstrom of Anchorage, Alaska. The illustrations of the open skin-covered boat, the
kayak, the bowhead whale, and the sleds were based on Foote’s publication in 1994, The
Tigara Eskimos and Their Environment and information from Warren Matumeak and
Wesley Aiken of Barrow, Alaska. The illustration of the traditional sod house (Appendix
22) with an underground entrance was based on Murdoch’s report in the Ninth Annual
Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 1887-
’88 by Powell and from an unpublished manuscript Ivruligum Kataligaam Suġusiŋisa
Taggisiŋit Iñupiatunlu Taniktunlu:Iñupiaq and English Nomenclatures for Traditional
Kataligaaq House Parts by MacLean, Newell, and van Holk with information from
Iñupiaq elders Ernest Kignak, Harold Itta, Harold Kaveolook, and Samuel Panningona
from Barrow, Alaska.

Wm. Clark Bartley, a former teacher in Kaktovik, Alaska (Barter Island) wrote
the article The Iñupiat Counting System found in Appendix 11. I am very grateful to Mr.
Bartley for sharing both the Kaktovik numerals he and his students at the Harold
Kaveolook School in Kaktovik, Alaska developed, as well as the information they
collected from other Inuit communities from Russia to Greenland. The North Slope
Borough School District is using the Iñupiat counting system in the Iñupiaq Language
Program and developing math curriculum based on the Iñupiat counting system .

Illustrations inserted in the main entries section were done by George West of
Homer, Alaska informed by work done by Simon Paneak in Helge Ingstad’s Nunamiut,
Among Alaska’s Inland Eskmos (1954), and by Berit Arnestad Foote illustrations in her
manuscript, How Eskimos Cope With Their Environment.

v
 Ronald Segungetuk created the beautiful and expressive illustrations for the cover
of the dictionary, the introduction pages of the main entries, the postbases, the endings,
and the enclitics.

Stephen F. MacLean, Stephen Ahgeak MacLean, and Jo-Ann Mellish assisted

with trouble shooting whenever I managed to mistreat the computer and also helped with
many improvements to the wording of the English definitions.

Molly Pederson, Emma Bodfish, Ida Olemaun, Beverly Qalutaksraq Ahgeak,

Kiogak and Mae Ahgeak, Max and Kathy Ahgeak, Ronald Brower, Eugene Brower, Eli
Solomon, and Whitlam Adams also helped me refine definitions in Iñupiaq.

The index was developed with assistance by Angelika Lynch, an associate of

Frank Broderick of Anchorage, Alaska, who helped in the proofreading of the stem and
postbases sections of the dictionary.

The creation of a dictionary is a time consuming process but one filled with much
learning and enjoyment. It is the wonder of language that inspires individuals to make
dictionaries and it certainly has been a wonderful process of learning and enjoyment for
me. I thank all the individuals who have participated with me in this process.

Quyanaqpauraq iluqavsi!

vi
 Ilisimaraksrat
General Introduction

1. Iñupiuraaqtuat Nunaŋat
The Iñupiaq-Inuit Language Distribution

In Alaska, there are four Eskimo Languages. Three of them are Yupik: Siberian
Yupik spoken on St. Lawrence Island, Central Yupik spoken in southwestern Alaska,
including Nunivak Island, and Alutiiq or Pacific Gulf Yupik spoken on Kodiak Island,
the Kenai Peninsula, the upper part of the Alaska Peninsula and around Prince William
Sound.

The Inuit language is a continuum of dialects which extends from Unalakleet,

throughout the Seward Peninsula to Kotzebue and the Kobuk River Valley and then north
to Anaktuvak Pass, Point Hope, Point Lay, Wainright, Barrow, Atqasuk, Nuiqsut, and
Barter Island in Alaska, across the Canadian Arctic (Aklavik to Eskimo Point to Baffin
Island then south to Rigolet in Labrador) and throughout Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland).

The darkened area of the map of arctic Alaska, Canada, and Kalaallit Nunaat
below shows where the Inuit language is spoken. There are approximately 101,000 Inuit
of whom approximately 73,500 are speakers of Inuit. In Alaska there are approximately
24,500 Iñupiat, 2000 of whom are speakers of Iñupiaq. Ninety-six percent (97%) of Inuit
speakers live in Canada and Greenland (Krauss 2007).

vii
 The Inuit language in Kalaallit Nunaat is called Kalaallisut; in Canada,
Inuvialuktun, Inuktitut, and Inuttut, and in Alaska, Iñupiaq. Alaskan Iñupiaq has four
major dialects: North Slope, Malimiut, Qawiaraq, and Bering Strait. The Bering Strait
dialect is spoken in the villages of Shismaref, Wales, Brevig Mission and Teller on the
Seward Peninsula, and on King Island, and Little Diomede. In Teller, the Qawiaraq
dialect is used in addition to the Bering Strait dialect. The Qawiaraq dialect is spoken in
Teller, Nome, Mary’s Igloo, Council, Golovin, White Mountain, Shaktoolik and
Unalakleet. The villages of Shaktoolik and Unalakleet are also Malimiut (indicating that
in these villages both Qawiaraq and Malimiut are spoken). The Malimiut dialect is
spoken in the villages of Unalakleet, Shaktoolik, Koyuk, Deering, Buckland, Noatak,
Kotzebue, Kiana, Selawik, Shungnak, Ambler and Kobuk. The Malimiut dialect is
divided into Northern and Southern Malimiut, with Northern Malimiut spoken
everywhere except in Koyuk, Shaktoolik and Unalakleet, wherer the Southern dialect is
found. The North Slope dialect is spoken in the villages of Kivalina, Anaktuvak Pass,
Point Hope, Point Lay, Wainwright, Atqasuk, Barrow, Nuiqsut and Barter Island.

The map below marks the villages where Alaskan Iñupiaq is spoken.

The Canadian villages of Aklavik, Inuvik and Tuktuyaktuk are shown on the map. The
Iñupiaq spoken in Aklavik and Inuvik is akin to the Iñupiaq spoken in Anaktuvak Pass.
In Tuktuyaktuk, Inuvialuktun is spoken.

viii
 This North Slope Iñupiaq dictionary incorporates words from all the dialects of
Iñupiaq in the villages of the North Slope Borough, but it makes no claim to have
included all words of the various dialects of Iñupiaq on the North Slope of Alaska.

2. Iñupiatun Uqautchim Irrusia

Overview of the Iñupiaq Language Grammar

Iñupiaq is a polysynthetic language. This means that an Iñupiaq word may be

changed with the addition of derivational and inflectional affixes (“postbases”, verb
endings, or enclitics) to create a new word. In the following example the Iñupiaq word
nanuq “polar bear” is a word. It is a word because it represents a complete thought.
That is, when the word nanuq is uttered, there is no question that it represents a “polar
bear.” When the postbase ‘-k- “to acquire” is added to the word nanuq it changes the
nominal word into a verb stem nannuk- “to kill a polar bear” which now requires an
inflectional ending. When the inflectional ending “tuq” is added it becomes new word, a
verb that translates into the sentence “she or he killed a polar bear.”

nanuq “polar bear”

nanuq ‘-k → nannuk- “to kill a polar bear”
nannuk+tuq → nannuktuq “she or he killed a polar bear”

The stem carries the meaning of the word and the ending gives the grammatical
information of person and number. Postbases are used between the stem and the ending.
Postbases modify the information in the stem, serving somewhat the same function as
words like ‘have”, “probably”, “will”, “not”, “did”, “about to”, “again”, “likes to”,
“good’, “big”, “about to”, “did” and a multitude of other modifiers in English.

A. Iñupiaq Word Stems

There are three kinds of stems in Iñupiaq: verb stems, noun stems, and
demonstrative stems.

An Iñupiaq stem may be either basic or extended. An extended stem contains one
or more postbases, and a basic stem does not contain postbases. The example niġiruq
“she is eating” given below has a basic verb stem niġi- “to eat”.

verb stem verb ending word

niġi- ruq → niġiruq
“to eat” “she/he/it” “she is eating”

The example given below niġiñiaŋitpalliqsuq “she probably will not eat” shows a word
(a sentence) with an extended verb stem niġiñiaŋitpalliq- “probably will not eat” which
has three postbases.

ix
 verb post- post- postbase ending word
stem base base
niġi- +ñiaq -ŋit- +palliq- +suq → niġiñiaŋitpalliqsuq
“to eat” “will” “not” “probably” “she/he/it” “she probably will not eat”

An Iñupiaq noun in singular form acts as a stem to which postbases may be

added.

Noun and verb stems may acquire nominalizing or verbalizing postbases. In the
following example the noun stem iglu “house” first acquires a nominalizing postbase
+qpak “large” then acquires a verbalizing postbase -nik- “to obtain” then finally an
inflectional ending +tuq “she/he/it” changing into a verb from a noun. Here is an
example.

noun post- post- ending word

stem base base
iglu +qpak -nik- +tuq → igluqpaniktuq
“house” “big” “obtain” “she/he/it” “she acquired a big house

In most cases, postbases are attached to verb and noun stems and not to fully
inflected verbs, but there is at least one exception. The suffux -.q- “to say” embeds the
verb or noun rendering the verb or noun into a verb stem. Here is an example.

verb ending suffix verb stem ending verb

stem
niġi ruŋa -.q- → niġiruŋaaq- tuq → niġiruŋaaqtuq
“eat” “I” “say” “say I eat” “she/he/it” “he said he is eating”

The resultant verb stem can acquire other postbases. Here is an example.

verb stem ending postbase postbase ending verb

niġi ruŋa .q- +ni- +raa → niġiruŋaaġniraa
“to eat” “I” “to say” “to report” “she/he “she reported that he said “I
/it to it” am eating”.

Nouns in Iñupiaq are marked for singular, dual, or plural number and for case.
Iñupiaq has eight noun cases – the Absolutive, the Relative, the Locative, the Ablative,
the Modalis, the Terminalis, the Similaris, and the Vialis. The Absolutive and Relative
noun cases function as subjects, objects, or possessors of other nouns in Iñupiaq sentence
constructions. The Locative, the Ablative, the Modalis, the Terminalis, the Similaris, and
the Vialis function as prepositions do in English. All of the noun case endings and usage
examples are given in the section: Iñupiaq Word Endings, 2. Noun Cases.

In North Slope Iñupiaq there are twenty-two basic demonstrative stems (see Chart
1 in Appendix 3) used in the construction of demonstrative pronouns and demonstative

x
adverbs, which number over six hundred. Iñupiaq demonstratives pronouns form a very
elaborate system of reference in the Iñupiaq language. They indicate a person, an animal,
an object, or an area by reference to its position with respect to the speaker and the
addressee, and the position of the speaker and addressee in reference to the concept of
"downness" represented by a body of water in the outside environs or the door inside a
dwelling.

The basic demonstrative stems with the addition of the markers na (sg.), kuak
(dual), kua (pl.) form the Absolutive Case pronouns. The Relative Case pronouns are
formed with the addition of the markers (t)uma (sg.), kuak (dual), and kua (pl.) to the
basic demonstative stems.

The demonstrative Relative Case pronominal stems (see Chart 3 in Appendix 3) in

their respective singular, dual, or plural relative forms can acquire the following
demonstrative case endings: the Locative, the Ablative, the Vialis, the Terminalis,
Modalis, and the Similaris (see Appendix 3). The adverbial demonstrative stems can
acquire three demonstrative case endings: the Localis, the Terminalis, and the Vialis).
These same words can acquire select postbases that transform them into verb stems.
These verb stems can then acquire verb endings and noun case endings.

Iñupiaq has one prefix ta(t)- that is used only with the demonstratives. The
addition of this prefix to any demonstrative indicates that the speaker is referring to an
object, person, or area, that is closer to the addressee than to the speaker; or the object,
person, area, or origin of the activity in reference is removed from the present time or
focus.

There is no copula in Iñupiaq. Demonstratives and possessed nouns, alone or in

combination with select enclitics can serve as links between the predicate of the sentence
with a noun or pronoun in the absence of a verb. Here are some examples:
Ikka aġnaq. “There (is) the woman.”
Taamna qallutiga. “That one (is) my cup.”

See Appendix 3 for further discussion and presentation of charts and postbases specific to
demonstrative stems.

B. Types of Iñupiaq Verbs

There are two types of verbs in Iñupiaq. Those with endings which give
information only of the subject are called intransitive verbs, and those with endings
which give information about both the subject and the direct object are called transitive
verbs. When the verb is intransitive, the subject is expressed in the Absolutive Case.
When the verb is transitive, the subject is expresssed in the Relative Case and the direct
object in the Absolutive Case.

Some verbs are decidedly intransitive. They are verbs of emotion, description, or
of natural processes. Here are some examples:

xi
 alapit- (i) to become confused, disoriented, baffled
Alapittuq. “He is confused.”
Aŋun alapittuq. “The man is confused.”

iglaq- (i) to laugh

Iglaqtuq. “He is laughing.”
Aŋun iglaqtuq. “The man is laughing.”

patchisau- (i) to be guilty, blameworthy

Patchisauruq. “He is to blame.”
Aŋun patchisauruq. “The man is to blame.”

nakuu- (i) to be good, nice; (i) to be in good health

Nakuuruq. “Its okay.”
Nullaġvik nakuuruq. “The hotel is okay.”

tuqu- (i) to die

Tuquruq. “It is dead.”
Qimmiq tuquruq. “The dog is dead.”

itiq- (i) to wake up

Itiqtuq. “She woke up.”
Aġnaiyaaq itiqtuq. “The girl woke up.”

Some verbs are decidedly transitive. The subject is expressed in the Relative
Case. The direct object is expressed in the Absolutive Case when it is specified. When
this type of verb acquires an intransitive ending it becomes reflexive and a pronoun in the
Terminalis Case is used to depict the object. Here are some examples:
nalautit-2 (t) to adjust it (e.g., to sight a gun; to set a clock; to focus binoculars)
Nalautitkaa. “He adjusted it.”
Nalautitkaa pisiksi. “He adjusted the bow.”
Nalautitkaa pisiksi inmiñ. “He adjusted the bow to his liking.”

piraksriq- (t) to assign her/him a task

Piraksriġaa. “She is assigning him a task.”
Piraksriġaa nukatpiaq. “She is giving the young man a task.”
Piraksriqsuq inmiñun. “She is assigning herself a task.”

kapi- (t) to give her/him/it a shot

Kapigaa. “He is giving her an injection.”
Kapigaa aġnaq. “He is giving the woman an injection.”
Kapiruq inmiñun. “He is giving himself an injection.”

Some decidedly transitive verbs may acquire an “intransitivizing” postbase such

as +sI- , :I-4 or ~rI-5, enabling them to acquire intransitive endings and gain an indefinite
3

xii
object in the Modalis Case (see section on Akunniġutit/Postbases for further
information). Here is an example.
Kapisiruq iñuŋik. “He is giving injections to people.”

Some verbs may be equally intransitive or transitive. When this type of verb has
an intransitive ending it may take an object in the Modalis Case indicating an indefinite
object, not a direct object. Here is an example.
tautuk- to see (her/him/it)
Tautuktuq. “She sees something.”
Tautuktuq tuttumik. “She sees a caribou.”

To express a reflexive situation an equally intransitive or transitive verb acquires

a reflexive pronoun expressed in the Terminalis Case. Here is an example of this type of
verb with an intransitive ending:
tautuk- to see (her/him/it)
Tautuktuq. “She sees something.”
Tautuktuq inmiñun. “She sees herself.”

When an equally intransitive or transitive verb acquires a transitive ending it takes

a direct object expressed in the Absolutive Case. The subject of the transitive verb is
expressed in the Relative Case. Here is an example.
Tautukkaa tuttu. “She see the caribou.”
Aŋutim tautukkaa tuttu. “The woman sees the caribou.”

Some verbs based on nouns contain the “object” in the noun stem. When a verb
of this type has an intransitive ending it indicates that the action is reflexive. When it
has a transitive ending it indicates that the object is the recipient of the action. Here are
some examples:
atigi(-) parka; to put a parka on (her/him/it)
Atigiruq. “He is putting a parka on.”
Atigigaa aŋutaiyaaq. “He is putting a parka on the boy.”

kamik(-) boot; to put a boot on (her/him/it)

Kamiktuq. “He is putting boots on.”
Kamikkaa aġnaiyaaq. “He is putting boots on the girl.”

Verbs based on names of animate entities which have acquired a postbase such
as '=I- nv “to make, work on, cook or to fix” or +t-2 nv“to acquire a noun by hunting or
1

gathering from its natural state; or ‘-k-1 “to obtain from its natural state” as in the
following examples also contain the “object” in the meaning. When this type of verb
has an intransitive ending it does not indicate that the action is reflexive. To specify the
“object” the Modalis Case is used. This type of verb does not have a transitive ending.
Here are some examples:
iġñiq [iġniQ] son
iġñi- (i) to give birth to a child | '=I-1 nv
Iġñiruq. “She gave birth to a child.”

xiii
 Iġñiruq aġnaiyaamik. “She gave birth to a girl.”

natchiq(-) [natchIQ] a seal; (i) to kill a seal | +t-2nv

Natchiqsuq. “He caught a seal.”
Natchiqsuq aŋŋiimik. “He caught a large seal.”

amaġuq(-) wolf; (i) to kill a wolf

Amaġuqtuq. “He caught a wolf.”
Amaġuqtuq qatiqtaamik. “He caught a white wolf.”

tuttu caribou
tuttut- (i) to kill a caribou
Tuttuttuq. “He caught a caribou.”
Tuttuttuq malġugnik. “He caught two caribou.”

nanuq polar bear

nannuk- (i) to kill a polar bear |’-k-1
Nannuktuq. “He caught a polar bear.”
Nannuktuq piŋasunik. “He caught three polar bears.”

Verbs describing elemental forces may be expressed either intransitively or

transitively with no difference in meaning when an “object” is not involved. The subject
is a force or an element of nature, which may be expressed in the Absolutive Case. These
verb stems are labeled elemental because they refer to the actions of forces of nature.
Here are some examples:
siku(-) ice; to freeze over (of a body of water); (t) to form over it (of ice)
Sikuruq. “Ice is forming.”
or
Sikugaa.

Sikuruq kuuk. “Ice is forming on the river.

or
Sikugaa kuuk.

Sikugaa umiaq. “Ice is forming on the boat.”

sialuk(-) rain; to rain; (t) to rain on it

Sialuktuq. “It is raining.”
or
Sialukkaa.

Sialukkai paniqtat. “It is raining on the dried meat.”

qannik(-) [qannIk] snowflake; to fall (of snow)

Qanniksuq. “It is snowing.”
or

xiv
 Qannikkaa.

C. Independent and Dependent Verbs

In Iñupiaq there are words which express complete and stand alone thoughts and
some that require other words to complete the thought. This is true of nouns as well as
verbs.

For example, Inupiaq nouns such as aġnaq “woman”, aŋun “man”, qimmiq
“dog”, iglu “house” when uttered give a complete picture of the entity referred to. But
words like aġnam “woman’s,” aŋutim “man’s,” qimmim “dog’s,” and iglum “house’s,”
do not. They do not express a complete thought. They need another noun to complete
the reference and express a complete thought. Here are some examples:
aġnam atigiŋa “the woman’s parka”
aŋutim qimmiŋa “the man’s dog”
qimmim pamiuŋa “the dog’s tail”
iglum upkuaŋa “the door of the house”

The words atigiŋa, qimmiŋa, pamiuŋa, and upkuaŋa respectively translated “her
parka”, “his dog”, “its tail”, and “its door” represent complete thoughts.

Likewise, in Iñupiaq verbs there are sentences that express complete thoughts and
some that do not. Here are some examples of Iñupiaq verbs that express a complete
thought:
Niġiruq. “She is eating.”
Iqalliqiva? “Is he fishing?”
Niġġiiñ. “(you) Eat.”
Niġiñak. “(you) Don’t eat.”
Iqalliqili. “Let him fish.”
Kiisaimmaa niġivuq. “He finally ate.”

Here are examples of verbs that do not express a complete thought:

Niġivluni… “Because she is eating…
Iqalliqigami… “When he is fishing…
Tikitkumi… “When he arrives…
Niġilla ġmi… “While eating he simultaneously…
Iglammaġmi… “While intermittently laughing he …
Niġiŋŋaġmi… “While (in the state of) eating he…

Verbs that do not express a complete thought are called dependent verbs and verbs that
express a complete thought are called independent (main) verbs. The charts containing
all of the verb endings for both the independent and dependent verbs are given in the
section: Iñupiaq Words Endings, 1. Verb Moods and Endings.

xv
3. Iñupiatun Uqallagniġlu Aglaŋniġlu
Sounds and Symbols of the Iñupiaq Language

A. The Iñupiaq Consonant Grid

The following consonant grid includes all of the symbols used to write consonants
in the North Slope dialect of Alaska Iñupiaq. The symbols in brackets represent sounds of
the Iñupiaq language represented by symbols immediately adjacent. [f] is represented by
/v/, [] is represented by /t//or /ch/, [x] is presented by /k/, [X] is represented by /q/, and
[] is represented by /ġ/.

The Iñupiaq Consonant Grid

stops p t → []/ch k q ‘

voiceless [f] ł → ł s sr [x] [X] h

fricatives
voiced v l → l y r g ġ
fricatives
nasals m n →ñ ŋ [ ]

l a p r v u p g
a l a e e v h l
b v l t l u a o
i e a r a l r t
a o t o r a y t
s l a f s r n a
a l l s g l
r s e e s
s x a
e l
s s

The consonant grid arranges the sounds of the North Slope Iñupiaq language in an
informative manner, so that someone who does not know the writing system but knows
something of phonetics or speech sounds can tell what each symbol represents.

Every consonant may be classified according to two criteria. First, where in the
vocal tract the sound is produced, or place of articulation; and second, how or by what
process the sound is produced or manner of articulation.

The vertical columns of the consonant grid are labeled with eight basic places of
articulation of Iñupiaq consonants, from the lips (labials) to the glottis (glottals).

xvi
 The horizontal rows represent the four possibilities for manner of articulation of
an Iñupiaq consonant: stops, fricatives (voiceless and voiced), and nasals.

Each symbol on the consonant grid can be identified according to the row and
column in which it stands. For instance, /t/ is an alveolar stop, /g/ is a voiced velar
fricative, etc….

B. Pronunciation of Iñupiaq

When we exhale normally, the air exits freely from our lungs. Speech sounds are
produced when various obstacles, like the tongue and the lips, are moved into position in
the vocal tract.

1. Consonants

Stop consonants are produced by completely closing off the flow of air, letting
pressure build up, then releasing the trapped air. Iñupiaq stops are /p/, /t/, [], /ch/, /k/,
and /q/. Consonants /p/, /t/, [], /k/, and /q/ are not aspirated, but released gently, without
a puff of air.

Fricatives are produced when the flow of air is obstructed but not entirely
blocked. This is done by making the air flow through a narrow passage which is almost,
but not quite closed. When the air passes through such a small opening, a natural kind of
friction occurs. These sounds are therefore called fricatives.

Nasal consonants are produced by making a closure in the mouth, just as for a
stop. There are three ways to close the flow of air: by using the lips, by putting the tip of
the tongue against the alveolar ridge, and by raising the back of the tongue to the velum.
When the flow of air through the mouth is restricted in those three ways, the air flows
through the nasal cavity; therefore, consonants /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/ are called nasals.

In addition to the different ways in which they can be made, consonants can be
distinguished according to where in the vocal tract they are made or which organs are
used to make them.

Labials involve the lips. The consonant /p/ is a labial stop produced with both
lips; therefore, it is called a bilabial stop. The consonants /v/ and [f] are fricatives
produced by placing the upper teeth against the lower lip, therefore they are called
labiodental fricatives. The consonant /m/ is a bilabial nasal.

Alveolar consonants are produced when the tip of the tongue touches or comes
near the ridge, called the alveolar ridge, directly behind the upper teeth. The consonant
/t/ is an alveolar stop, /s/ is an alveolar fricative, and /n/ is an alveolar nasal.

xvii
 Palatal sounds are produced against the palate or “roof” of the mouth. The
consonants [], /ch/, /ł /, /l /, and /ñ/ are palatals. Moving the articulation of an alveolar
sound to this position is called palatalization.

Velar sounds are produced at the middle of the mouth cavity where the hard
palate (hard part of the roof of the mouth) ends and the soft palate or velum begins.
Iñupiaq has a velar stop /k/, two velar fricatives /g/ and [x], and a velar nasal /ŋ/.

Uvular sounds are produced farther back in the mouth than velars. The uvula is
the fleshly piece which hangs down at the back of the velum toward the throat. The
consonant /q/ is a uvlular stop, /ġ/ and [X] are uvular fricatives, and [] is a uvular nasal.

Voicing or absence of voicing is an important feature of many consonants. When

air is forced out of the lungs and through the windpipe, it meets the vocal cords, which
are two thin but flexible membranes. If these membranes are tightly closed, they can
prevent the air from passing between them. If close together, but not shut, they vibrate
rapidly when air passes between them. The third possible position of the vocal cords is
completely open, which means the air passes freely, and the membranes do not vibrate.

Voiced sounds are produced when the vocal cords are partially closed and the
flowing air causes them to vibrate. Iñupiaq has no voiced stops, but it has seven voiced
fricatives /v/, /l /, /l /, /y/, /r/, /g/, and /ġ/. All nasals are voiced in Iñupiaq.

Voiceless sounds are produced when the vocal cords are completely open and
there is no vibration. Voiceless stops in Iñupiaq are /p/, /t/, /ch/, /k/, and /q/. Voiceless
fricatives are [f], /ł/, /ł /, /s/, /sr/, [x], [X], and /h/.

2. Vowels

Unlike consonants, vowels are produced when the air passing through the mouth
cavity from the lungs is not obstructed but only shaped by the cavity.

The tongue and the lips assume different positions to produce the sounds of the
vowels. The position of the tongue may be high or low. Iñupiaq has three vowels. /a/ is
called a low vowel because the tongue remains at the bottom of the mouth when /a/ is
produced. /i/ and /u/ are called the high vowels because some part of the tongue is raised
to produce them.

The tongue’s position may also be seen in terms of front and back. /i/ is made by
raising the front of the tongue toward the alveolar ridge behind the teeth. /i/ is a front
vowel. /u/ is made by raising the back of the tongue so that it approaches the rear of the
palate. /u/ is a back vowel.

There are six dipthongs (clusters of two unlike vowels) in Iñupiaq: /ai/, /ia/, /au/,
/ua/, /iu/, and /ui/. Here are some illustrations.

xviii
 ai as in aiviq “walrus”
ia as in qiaruq “he is crying”
au as in auk “blood”
ua as in uamittuq “he is Eskimo dancing”
iu as in kiugaa “he answered her”
ui as in uiga “my husband”

There are three long vowels in Iñupiaq: /aa/, /ii/, and /uu/.
aa as in aapa “father” or aaka “mother”
uu as in uumman “heart”
ii as in iigaa “she swallowed it”

The Iñupiaq dipthongs and long vowels and examples of English sound
equivalents are presented below.
ai as in irate
ia as in fiat
au as in how
ua as in quality
iu as in cute
ui as in gooey
aa as in father
uu as in smooth
ii as in neat

C. The Symbols for the Sounds of the Iñupiaq Langauge

The symbols for the sounds of the Iñupiat language are presented below in the
first column, followed by an articulation guide for the production of the sound in the
second column and followed by Iñupiaq examples and with English words containing
equivalent or similar sounds, respectively in the third and fourth columns.

Symbol Articulation Guide Iñupiaq English

(consonants are not aspirated) Examples Examples
a Place the tongue towards the base of the avu “sugar” awake
bottom front teeth and release the vocal
cords as you drop your lower jaw.
ch Place the front part of the tongue against natchiq “seal” which
the upper teeth and aspirate.
[f] Place the upper teeth against the lower lip aqvaluqtuq “it
and release the flow of air is circular”
g Place the front of the tongue in mid-air and agiaq “file”
bring the back of the tongue towards the
upper back teeth and release the vocal
cords.
ġ Place the tip of the tongue on the lower naġiaq “bait”

xix
 back of the front teeth and bring the back of
the tongue towards the uvular and release
the vocal cords.
h Place the tip of the tongue against the lower hauk “I’m how
bottom front teeth and release the air. exhausted”
i Place the tip of the tongue against the lower ikiruq “it is it
front teeth and release the vocal cords. burning”
k Place the sides of the tongue against the katak “trapdoor skill
back upper teeth and stop the air. in sod house”
[x] Place the sides of the tongue against the akłaq “grizzly
back upper teeth and release the flow of air. bear”
l Place the tip of the tongue against the top of alu “sole of love
the upper front teeth and release the vocal foot”
cords.
l Place the front part of the tongue against ilaga “my billion
the back of the upper teeth and alveolar relative”
ridge and release the vocal cords.
ł Place the tip of the tongue lightly against iłuaqtuq “it is
the alveolar ridge and force the air to correct”
escape through the sides of the mouth.
ł Place the front part of the tongue against siklaq “pickaxe”
the back of the upper teeth and on the
alveolar ridge and force the air to escape
through the sides of the mouth.
m Put lips together and release the vocal mannik “egg”
cords.
n Firmly place the tip of the tongue against nuna “land” net
the upper section of the upper front teeth
and release the vocal cords.
ñ Firmly place the front part of the tongue iñuk “person” onion
against the upper teeth and the alveolar
ridge and release the vocal cords.
ŋ Bring the back of the tongue towards the nauŋ “where” sing
velum and release the vocal cords.
[] Bring the back of the tongue high towards aġnaq “woman”
the uvular and release the vocal cords.
p Put the lips together and do not release the putu “hole” spoon
vocal cords.
q Bring the back of the tongue towards the quaq “frozen
uvular and do not release the vocal cords. meat”
[X] Bring the back of the tongue towards the
uvular and release the flow of air.
r Bring the tip of the tongue towards the iri “eye”
alveolar ridge and release the vocal cords.
s Suspend the tip of the tongue slightly savik “knife” snow
behind the front teeth and release the flow

xx
 of air.
sr Suspend the tip of the tongue behind the iqsraq “cheek”
front teeth and with the sides of the tongue
raised towards the alveolar ridge, release
the flow of air.
t Place the tip of the tongue behind the upper talu “tarpaulin” tarpaulin
front teeth and do not release the vocal
cords
[] Place the tongue firmly behind the upper iñuit “people”
front teeth and the alveolar ridge and do not
release the vocal cords
u Purse the lips into a circle and release the una “this one” loot
vocal cords
v Place the upper teeth against the lower lip avu “sugar” love
and release the vocal cords
y Place the sides of the tongue against the ayak “support yes
mid-teeth and release the vocal cords pole”

The following symbols used in writing Iñupiaq do not have sound equivalents in
English: g, ġ, ł, ł, r, and q. The voiced velar fricative g, as in iglaaq “newcomer” is
pronounced in the same place as the voiceless velar stop k and the voiceless velar
fricative [x]. The Iñupiaq g is produced by placing the middle of the tongue against the
hard palate, as you would to produce the English g, but instead of stopping the flow of air
as you would for English g, you allow the air to escape through the middle of the mouth.

The voiced uvular fricative ġ as in aġnaq “woman” is the voiced counterpart of

[X] written with the symbol q before sr, ł, ł, and v as in iqsraq “cheek,” iqłaŋaruq “she
is making a funny face,” aqłaruq “it is breezy” and aqvaluqtuq “it is round.” The [X] is
also written qh between vowels as in anniqhuni “by getting hurt” and aaqhaalliq “Old
Squaw duck.” Some speakers pronounce qh like the pharyngeal fricative h when it is
followed by a long vowel.

The voiceless alveolar liquid ł is produced by placing the tip of the tongue lightly
against the alveolar ridge and forcing the air to escape through the sides of the tongue by
the back teeth and out the sides of the mouth.

The voiceless palatal liquid ł is produced by placing the front part of the tongue
against the back of the front teeth and on the alveolar ridge, and forcing the air to escape
through the sides of the mouth.

The voiced fricative r as in iri “eye” and irruaġaa “he is imitating her” is
produced by suspending the tip of the tongue slightly behind the front teeth and
releaseing the flow of air. Iñupiaq r has a range of sounds intermediate between English z
and r.

xxi
 The Iñupiaq h is pharyngeal and is most commonly found in combinations with
the voiceless fricative ł and ł, as in saviłhaq “metal” and aqpałhaaqtuaq “he ran the
most”.

The diagram of the mouth below shows where the Iñupiaq consonant sounds are
articulated.

1. Explanation of Specific Sounds and Symbols

Four of the symbols on the consonant grid are enclosed in brackets indicating the
symbol is not used in the writing system, although the sound is present in the language.
The sound enclosed in brackets is written with the symbol that is immediately above or
below it on the gird. The [f] sound is written with /v/, the [x] sound is written with /k/ or
/kh/, the [X] sound is written with /q/ or /qh/, and the [] is written with /ġ/.

There are four sounds in North Slope Iñupiaq represented by digraphs in the
writing system. A digraph is a combination of letters used to represent one single sound.
In English, /ng/ as in “sing” and “thing” is a digraph which stands for the velar nasal
written with the symbol /ŋ/ in Iñupiaq. The digraphs in Iñupiaq are /ch/, /sr/, /kh/ for the
sound [x], and /qh/ for the sound [X], each a single sound written with two letters.

The arrows on the grid are used to show the process of palatalization. The writing system
indicates palatization by putting a dot under the letter in the case of /l / and /ł /. The
palatal [ț] is generally written /t/ but is also written /ch/ when aspirated and is a final
consonant. The palatal /n/ is written /ñ/.

While a dot under a letter indicates palatalization, a dot over the letter indicates a
uvular, a sound further back in the mouth.

xxii
D. Dialect Differences in North Slope Iñupiaq

Iñupiaq spoken in Anaktuvak Pass, Alaska and in Point Hope, Alaska has some
very beautiful differences from the Iñupiaq spoken in the rest of the villages on the North
Slope of Alaska. For a speaker of Barrow Iñupiaq, it is a pleasure to hear the other
dialects of Iñupiaq spoken. As mentioned previously, the Iñupiaq language extends from
Unalakleet, Alaska throughout the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, to the Kobuk River Valley
over the Brooks Range to Anaktuvak Pass, Alaska down to Kivalina, Alaska and up the
coast to Point Hope, Alaska and across the Arctic Coast to Aklavik, Canada. Throughout
this region dialect differences manifest themselves in the phonology, morphology, and
the vocabulary of each region.

For North Slope Iñupiaq, the major differences are phonological. In Point Hope
Iñupiaq, the most striking differences appear in the final consonant of plural forms. For
Point Hope Iñupiaq, the /t/ in final position for Barrow Iñupiaq, is [sh] when not
preceded by a “strong i”. For example, [uvagut] “us” and [Iñupiat] “Iñupiaq people”
for Barrow Iñupiaq are [uvagush] and [Iñupiash] for Point Hope Iñupiaq; and [iñui] or
[iñuich] “people” for Barrow Iñupiaq is [iñuiy] for Point Hope Iñupiaq. This is a
predictable difference so it is not noted in the dictionary entries. The difference is caused
by the presence or the absence of the “strong i”.

Also, many of Barrow Iñupiaq voiceless fricatives are voiced in Point Hope
Iñupiaq. For example for the Barrow Iñupiaq, the voiceless fricatives combination [kł] is
a voiced fricatives combination [gl] in Point Hope Iñupiaq, as in the word [ikikłiruq] “it
is becoming narrow” for Barrow Iñupiaq and [ikigliruq] for Point Hope Iñupiaq. These
differences are not predictable so they are noted. The only voiceless fricative in Point
Hope Iñupiaq is /s/ as in savik “knife” and pasi- “to blame” (see Kaplan 1982 for further
information).

Another difference between Iñupiaq as spoken in Barrow and Point Hope is the
use of the [l] in place of the [r] in words such as the following.

qargi1 [qargI] or (Ti) men’s community house; whaling crew association;

qalgi (i) to hold activities or assemble at the men’s
community house
argiq- [argIq] or (Ti) to roast (it =meat) on a spit
algiq
arguagi- or (Ti) (t) to be undaunted by her/him/it; to have no
alguagi- misgivings or reservations about her/him/it

Also, Point Hope Iñupiaq tends to flatten the diphong [ai] and sounds like /ay/ in
English “day,” whereas for the most part, flattening does not occur in Barrow Iñupiaq.

The most striking difference between Anaktuvak Pass Iñupiaq and the rest of the
North Slope Iñupiaq is the use of the initial sound [h] instead of the [s] by some speakers

xxiii
in words like savik “knife” and sumi “where” producing [havik]] and [humi]. This is a
predictable difference so it is not noted in the dictionary entries. But the differences
between Barrow Iñupiaq and Anaktuvak Pass Iñupiaq which involve the combination of
voiceless and voiced consonants are less predictable and are noted in the dictionary.
These differences reflect a close relationship between the people of Anaktuuvak Pass and
the Kobuk River valley. Here are some examples:

Barrow Iñupiaq Anaktuvak Pass Iñupiaq

ivsaq “juice of meat or fruit ipsaq
imnaq “steep cliff” ipnaq
innaq- “to say or do this” itnaq-
iñuqułłigauraq mythical little person iñugaqutlik

Not noted in this dictionary are the use of the nine (9) glottalized consonants
described by Bergsland (1984: 10) in his publication Nunamiut Unipkaaŋich/Nunamiut
Stories. According to Bergsland, the initial consonant of some voiced nasal and voiced
fricative geminates in Barrow Iñupiaq are glottalized consonants. These differences are
not noted in this dictionary.

Also not noted in this dictionary is the voicing of the consonants /ł/, /sr/, and [f] in
Barrow Iñupiaq to /l/, /r/, and /v/ in Anaktuvak Pass Iñupiaq as in the following
examples.

Barrow Iñupiaq Anaktuvak Pass Iñupiaq

akłaq [axłaq]
siksrik [sixsrik]
qaqłuk [qaXłuk]
qaqsrauq [qaXsrauq]
aqvaluqtuq [aXfaluqtuq]
“brown bear” aklaq [axalaq]
“ground squirrel” sikrik [sixirik]
“lips” qaqluk [qaXaluk]
“red-throated loon” qaqrauq [qaXarauq]
“to be round” aqvaluqtuq [aXvaluqtuq]

In the course of compiling this dictionary the issue of vowel insertion and vowel
deletion between voiced consonants surfaced. In some North Slope Iñupiaq dialects there
is vowel insertion as in the word aġnaq “woman” to [aġanaq]. In another dialect there is
vowel deletion as in the word niġigaluaġami “eating for a while, then…” to
[niġiġluaġami]. These differences are not noted in this dictionary and should be
investigated to determine their distribution.

The distribution of the absence or the replacement of the vowel /i/ by vowel /a/ in
initial position in words such as iqaluk “fish”, aqaluk (Ti) “fish”, and qaluk “fish” also
needs to be determined.

The distribution of the disappearing initial vowel /a/ in words such as aqargiq
“ptarmigan” and qargiq “ptarmigan” also need to be determined.

The main phonological differences between Barrow Iñupiaq and Point Barrow
Iñupiaq in this dictionary are: 1) the metathesis of the consonants /r/ and /v/ in one entry,

xxiv
2) the use of the alveolar nasal /n/ as final consonant of plurals in Point Barrow Iñupiaq
instead of the voiceless alveolar stop consonant /t/ used in Barrow Iñupiaq, 3) the
alternation of the consonant clusters /tk/ in Point Barrow Iñupiaq and the /kk/ in Barrow
Iñupiaq in two entries, 4) the alternation of the consonant clusters ll in Point Barrow
Iñupiaq and the /rr/ in Barrow Iñupiaq in one entry, and 5) the alternation of the
consonant clusters /ñŋ/ in Point Barrow Iñupiaq and /ŋŋ/ in Barrow Iñupiaq in one entry.
Here are the entries.

Point Barrow Iñupiaq Barrow Iñupiaq

tarva yes, I know; that’s right; that is all; tavra
that’s enough, stop it
Ka-wait-piv’-i-en birds month of May Qaugait Piviat
[ducks] arrive (Simpson:
261)
Ka-wai-a-niv’-i-en month of June Qaugait Anniviat
birds hatched
Ka-wai’-lan pa-yan- month of July Qaugalaat ¤Payaŋaiġviat
ra’-wi-en (young) birds
[eider ducks] fledged
aqitkaq bowhead whale fluke aqikkaq
itkauraq five-gallon kerosene can ikkauraq
paġlalluġik- to be good at greeting (her/him paġlarruġik-
aviñŋaq lemming (Lemmus sibiricus) aviŋŋaq

The use of the alveolar nasal /n/ instead of the alveolar stop /t/ seems to be a regular
occurrence so it is not noted in this dictionary except for the entries given above. There
are many examples of this phenomenon in the literature, notably in the report by
Murdoch (1892). More research needs to be conducted to determine the extent of the
other differences.

This is a much larger dictionary than the one published in 1981 but no claim is
made to have included all Iñupiaq words from any one dialect spoken on the North Slope
of Alaska. There are many legends and stories that have not been transcribed and
translated. When that process is undertaken, previously undocumented Iñupiaq words
will be found and gathered for inclusion in future editions of this dictionary.

4. Iñupiatun Uqaluum Sivunniuġutaata Taniktun Salapqiġñiŋa

Iñupiaq to English Dictionary Format

North Slope Inupiaq main entries are entered following the sequencing of
symbols in the Iñupiat Atchagat, “Iñupiat Alphabet” presented here:
a, ch, g, ġ, h, i, k, l, l, ł, ł, m, n, ñ, ŋ, p, q, r, s, sr, t, u, v, y.

xxv
 Each main entry is entered on the left side of the column followed by its
definition, a verbal illustration, etymology, and related information. Subentries are
indented several spaces and under the main entry with their own definitions, verbal
illustrations, etymologies, and related information.

The following entry format is generally followed throughout the dictionary.

Main Entry (-) [underlying form] [irregular dual and plural forms] (language or
dialect source) [literal translation] (transitivity) definition » verbal
illustration (source of verbal illustration) | etymology § related words and
references, additional information from other sources (source name: page
number)
Subentry(-) (language or dialect source) [irregular dual and plural forms]
[literal translation] (transitivity) definition » verbal illustration (source
of verbal illustration) | etymology § related words and references,
additional information from other sources (source name: page number)

All entries and sentence samples are in bold. Information in italics and in
parentheses or brackets identifies and clarifies where the word is used, its source, what
part of speech it is, its transitivity, its distribution and further information.

A hyphen follows verb stem entries indicating that a verb ending is needed to
form an Iñupiaq verb. Once a verb stem acquires an ending it is a complete sentence.
The lack of a hyphen after an entry indicates that it is a noun and a complete word as it is.
When a hyphen in parentheses (-) follows a main entry it indicates that the stem is a noun
and can also function as a verb stem. Here are some examples.
a. ili- (t) to set, place, lay it down
b. tuttu caribou
c. atigi(-) parka; to put a parka on (her/him/it)

The first example ili- is a verb stem and needs a verb ending to make it a complete
sentence such as in iligaa “she is placing it down”. The second example tuttu is a noun
and a complete word as it is. The third example atigi(-) is a noun but also functions as a
verb stem. Here are some examples.
Atigi iligaa tuttumun. “She placed the parka on the caribou.”
Atigiruq. “She is putting her parka on.”
Atigigaa. “She is putting a parka on her/him.”

Most nouns are entered in their singular form. When the dual and plural forms
are irregular or archaic they are presented within brackets. Here are examples of regular
dual and plural forms. When the word ends in a consonant it is replaced with /k/ and /t/,
for dual and plural respectively; when the word ends in a vowel the /k/and /t/ are simply
added on.
aġnaq woman
aġnak two women
aġnat three or more women

xxvi
 aŋun or aŋuti man
aŋutik two men
aŋutit three or more men

Most irregular dual and plural forms of a word are the result of the
“transformation” of a vowel called the “weak i”. Modern Iñupiaq has three vowels: a, i
u. Proto-Eskimo had a fourth vowel, ә (Hammerich: 8; Bergsland: 7; Kaplan 1982:
385). As Iñupiaq evolved from Proto-Eskimo, the ә changed to an [i] in most cases. The
former ә is the “weak i”, and the original i is the “strong i” (identified as an italicized
capital I in the underlying form enclosed in brackets; the “strong I” causes
palatalization). Both i’s sound exactly alike, but it is the “weak i” which causes irregular
dual and plural forms.

Here are examples of irregular dual and plural forms. To form the dual, the semi-
final consonant preceding a “weak i” is geminated, the “weak i” is replaced by vowel /a/
and the final consonant is replaced by /k/. To form the plural, the “weak i” between the
medial and final consonants is deleted, the final consonant assimilates to the medial
consonant, then the plural ending /It/ is added.
tupiq [tupiQ] tent
tuppak two tents
tupqit three or more tents

aiviq [aiviQ] one walrus

aivvak two walrus
aivġit three or more walrus

Here are the two entries as presented in the dictionary:

aiviq [aiviQ] [dual aivvak, pl. aivġit] walrus
(Odobenus rosmarus)

tupiq(-) [tupiQ] [dual tuppak, pl. tupqIt] tent;

to raise, set up a tent for (her/him/it)

Main entries also include the roots of Iñupiaq words. Each root is preceded by an
asterisk /*/ and is italicized. Roots are units of meaning which do not serve as verb stems
nor are they nouns. A root cannot acquire verb or noun endings without the addition of a
postbase. Here is an example of a root entry and several subentries.
*alapi (root) ignorance; confusion
alapigi- (t) to be unaware of, not notice her/him/it; pay
no attention to (her/him/it)| +[g]i- vv
alapiŋa- (Ti) (t) to be unaware of, not notice her/him/it |
±ŋa- rv
alapirrun confusion; scource of confusion | +t-2 vv
-rrun vn
alapit- (i) to become confused | +t-2 vv

xxvii
 Main entries also include nominal stems which do not take the Absolutive or
Relative Case endings directly but are able to acquire other noun cases, possessive endings,
and select postbases that regular nouns acquire. These stems are marked with a degree sign
° and the entry is also italicized indicating that they are not complete words as they are but
embody concepts. Further analysis may reveal these stems to contain suffixes which are no
longer freely distributed or are seen in limited distribution in existing Iñupiaq words. Here
is an example of a stem marked with a degree sign with subentries that are derived from it.

°anaqa (root) evening

anaqagu this evening still to come; (Nu) tonight |
#[g]u(n) nn
anaqaksraq evening | +ksraq(-) nn
anaqaksri- (i) to spend the evening; to work the
evening shift | +ksraq(-) nn =I-3 nv
anaqami in the evening | ÷mI (loc)
anaqapak tonight, this evening » anaqapak
kasimaniaqtut they will have a meeting this
evening | -pak1 rn

The subentries are indented several spaces under the main entry. Subentries are entered
again when the third character is different from the third character of the main entry, and
that form renders its placement three or four pages in either direction of the main entry.
This rule is generally followed throughout the dictionary.

Main entries also include demonstrative stems which are also marked with a
degree sign ° and in italics. These stems are followed by the marker (dem. stem) setting
them apart from verb stems and nouns.

Some stems have “ghost consonants” that surface when combined with a limited
set of postbases that cause gemination. These stems are followed by an italicized form
enclosed in brackets identifying the “ghost” consonant. Here are some examples.

ai-2 [agi] (i) to go home, to come home

aggiqi- (Nu) (t) to return home to her/him/it »
uniñŋagaluakkani aggiqigaa he returned home to the
one he had previously left | '-qi- vv
umiaq(-) [umiġaq] a boat; (i) to go hunting in a skin boat for sea
mammals; (Ti) (i) to be out at whaling camp or in a
whaling boat § qayaq
umiġġiq- (i) to put together a whaling crew » umiġġiqsuat
they have put together a crew for whaling | ‘=Iq-1 nv

auk(-)1 [aruk] blood; (i) to bleed; (Ti) to have a nosebleed

arri- (i) to collect animal blood for broth in dog food; to
make broth from blood | ‘=I1 nv

xxviii
 Some stems contain a “strong i” which causes palatalization and others contain a
“strong q” that is not deleted when attached to postbases preceded by the division sign ÷.
These stems are also followed by an italicized form enclosed in brackets identifying the
“strong i” and/or the “strong “q” written in capitals. Here are a couple of examples:
natchiq(-)1 [natchIQ] ring seal (Pusa hispida); (i) to catch a seal
ani- [anI] (i) to leave; (i) to exit; (i) to be born; (i) to emerge from
the den in spring (of hibernating animal)

A language or dialect source is indicated for an entry when it is used in or

identified only for Tikiġaq (Ti), Anaktuvak Pass (Nu), or Point Barrow (PB). The (Ti),
(Nu), or the (PB) indicates that the entry, the meaning, or the spelling is specific to Point
Hope Iñupiaq, Anaktuvak Pass Iñupiaq, or Point Barrow Iñupiaq, respectively. Entries
without language or dialect labels are used in all villages in the North Slope Alaska.
Entries based on words from other languages are also identified.

Immediately preceding a verb stem definition, there may be a small (i) or a small
(t) in parentheses, or no notation. The (i) indicates that the verb stem uses only
intransitive endings to maintain the meaning given. The (t) indicates that the verb stem
takes a transitive ending to maintain the meaning given. The lack of either an (i) or a (t)
indicates that the verb stem may take either intransitive or transitive endings. The
pronouns “her”, “him” and “it” in italics and sometimes enclosed in parentheses
(her/him/it) indicate what type of object the verb may have. The pronouns “her/him” are
used to indicate humans and the pronoun “it” is used to refer to an animal or an object.

A definition (an equivalent meaning) in English is given for each Iñupiaq entry.
Immediately following the definition a half-transitive form (verb stem with a postbase
which enables it to use intransitive endings) may be given preceded by the notation @.

Following the definition, a verbal illustration in Iñupiaq is sometimes given

signaled by the sign “»”. Following each definition or verbal illustration, the suffixes
contained in the entry are identified. The notation “|” indicates the beginning of the
etymology. The notation § signals listing of words or references related to the entry. The
notation < indicates the entry is a subentry (or is derived from) under the main entry
indicated following the symbol <. Here are three examples.
naġluŋŋatigi- (t) to have it as one’s source of anger, dissenion » “tittauraq
unnii, mikiruuraq unniiñ, inna siliktigimman, taipkua
naġluŋŋatigipiallakkaat killukuaŋanivlugu, titiġniaġamirruŋ”
(David Frankson as reported by Pulu, Sampson, Newlin: 89) [even
a small mark, even a very small one, when it had a certain
prescribed width was a source of dissension, claiming that a
mistake is being made in the marking] | ±ŋa- vv ‘ti1 vn +[g]i- nv
paugaq large stake (e.g., for dog chain, for anchoring net); tent peg »
“Taapkuak suli paukkak illivigisuummigaiñ argiqamik niqimik.”
(Kaveolook 1975a: 10) [they also use the two stakes to place meat
when they are roasting meat over an open fire] | +[ġ]aq vn

xxix
 taimña [dual taipkuak, pl taipkua] that one in the past, one previously
mentioned < imña

Five presentation styles are used for the Iñupiaq verbal illustrations. One
presentational style shown below depicts an Iñupiaq verbal illustration whose source may
be either Leona Okakok or Edna Ahgeak MacLean. The verbal illustration and its
translation is not enclosed in quotation marks and without punctuation, i.e., the first letter
of the first word is not capitalized and there is no closing punctuation.

aaqanuq (excl.) I guess so; maybe so; perhaps » aaqanuq samma it’s
probably so | qanuq § qanuq, aillukiaq

Another presentation style depicts an Iñupiaq verbal illustration taken from a published
source with no English translation. The verbal illustration is enclosed in quotation marks
and the source is in italics enclosed in parentheses immediately after. The translation
offered by the compiler without punctuation is enclosed in brackets with clarifications
enclosed in parentheses within the brackets.

aġvaktaġiyummiuqpak- (Ti) (t) to really want to catch it =a whale »

“Aġvaktaġiyummiuqpakkaat suli taamna iŋutualuk.” (David
Frankson as reported by Pulu, Sampson, Newlin: 68) [the mature
female whale is a sought after whale catch] | +t/raq vn +[g]i- nv
+yummiuq- vv

The third presentation style depicts an Iñupiaq verbal illustration taken from a published
source with an English translation. The Iñupiaq verbal illustration and its English
translation are enclosed in quotation marks and the source is in italics enclosed in
parentheses immediately after.

kiŋuvġu- (Ti) to mourn (for her/him/it) » “Tavra ilaŋich nalluķsraŋarut

nunam avyuanik niaķumiŋñun, ķiallaġmiŋ kiŋuvġullaġmiglu
nipaalavlutiŋ, … They threw dust on their heads, they cried and
mourned…” (Iñupiat New Testament: Rev. 18:19) § kiŋunġuu-

The fourth presentation style depicts an Iñupiaq verbal illustration taken from a published
source with an English translation but the compiler offers another translation enclosed in
brackets without punctuation with clarifications enclosed in parentheses within the
brackets.

naksi-2 [naksI] (i) to surpass others, to accomplish what has not been done
before » “Isumasuuruŋa tavra naksiñasugaluŋa, imailaami
aġvakama (Ii.) taavrumiŋa.” (Bodfish: 240) [I always think that I
accomplished something that others had not done, when I caught that
whale in an area where there was no water]

xxx
The fifth presentation style depicts an Iñupiaq verbal illustration elicited from an Iñupiaq
speaker with an English translation offered by the compiler. The Iñupiaq verbal
illustration is in quotation marks without punctuation and the English translation is in
brackets with clarifications enclosed in parentheses, also without punctuation.

alguniq mold-like growth on whale meat or maktak which has been in an

ice cellar for an extended time period » “alguniqaġnisuugait
uqsrut puyauġniŋi; panaqłuŋaruatunkii marra” (Aiken 2009)
they say that there is mold-like growth on blubber that has become
grimy; it (the mold-like growth) has the appearance of being
somewhat dried up]

Abbreviations and labels used in this dictionary in addition to the ones mentioned
above are listed below.

Postbases have signs in front of them which signify the pattern by which they are
attached to stems. The signs which are used are as follows:

- the minus sign indicates that the postbase is added to the stem after deletion of the
stem-final consonant; if addition of the postbase would result in a cluster of three
vowels, g is inserted between the second and third vowels.

+ the plus sign indicates that the postbase is added to the stem without any deletion; stem
final k and q become g and ġ respectively; with postbases beginning with a vowel if
addition of the postbase would result in a cluster of three vowels, g is inserted between
the second and third vowels; if addition of the postbase would result in a cluster of
three consonants, the initial consonant of the postbase is deleted.

: the colon sign indicates that these steps are taken when adding the postbase: 1) delete a
semi-final “weak i” when it is preceded by one consonant; after voiced consonants, q
becomes ġ, and k becomes g (ŋ after a nasal); 2) when the semi-final “weak i” is not
deleted, being preceded by two consonants, the stem-final consonant k or q is also not
deleted, becoming g and ġ respectively; 3) if there is no semi-final “weak i” delete the
stem-final consonant; 4) if there is no stem-final consonant, attach the postbase directly,
inserting g if the stem ends in two vowels.

÷ the division sign indicates that stem-final weak q is deleted, but not Q, k or n.

± the plus sign over the minus sign indicates that stem-final consonant t is not deleted but
stem-final consonants k or q (including Q) are.

m the minus sign over the plus sign indicates that stem-final consonant t is deleted, but
not stem-final consonants k or q (including Q).

= the equals sign indicates deletion of final vowel-consonant cluster.

xxxi
' the apostrophe sign indicates gemination of initial consonant of last syllable.

[ ] the brackets sign indicates that the consonant they enclose is used only with stems
which end in a vowel or t.

c/c the slash between two consonants indicates that the first consonant is used when the
stem-final is a consonant and the second consonant when the stem-final is a vowel.

Each postbase entry is followed by one of the following notations, all in italics:

dv the combinaton “dv” indicates the postbase is attached to a demonstrative and the
resulting form is a verb stem.

nn the double “nn” indicates that the postbase is attached to a singular absolutive noun and
the resulting form is a noun.

vv the double “vv” indicates that the postbase is attached to a verb stem and the resulting
form is a verb stem.

nv the combination “nv” indicates that the postbase is attached to a singular absolutive
noun and the resulting form is a verb stem.

vn the combination “vn” in italics indicates that the postbase is attached to a verb stem and
the resulting form is a noun.

rv the combination “rv” indicates that the postbase is attached to a root and the resulting
form is a verb stem.

rn the combination “rn” indicates that the postbase is attached to a root and the resulting
form is a noun.

sv the combinations “sv” indicates that the postbase is attached to a sentence and the
resulting form is a verb stem.

(limited) indicates the distribution of the postbase is limited.

N the capital N indicates a noun

V the capital V indicates a verb stem

ENG indicates English

RUSS indicates Russian

xxxii
 The following abbreviations are used to represent the various grammatical
classification of words in Iñupiaq.

abl. Ablative Case

adv. adverb
abs. Absolutive Case
conj. conjuction
dem. demonstrative
encl. enclitic
excl. exclamation
(i) intransitive
loc. Locative Case
mkr. marker
mod. Modalis Case
n noun
N noun
pl. plural
poss. possessive
pro. pronoun
R co-refence
Rf reflexivity
rel. Relative/Ergative Case
sg. singular
sim. Similaris Case
term. Terminalis Case
(t) transitive
v verb stem
V verb stem
via. Vialis Case

xxxiii
Iñupiatun Uqaluit Maŋŋuŋit
Iñupiaq Word Stems
 A aamaŋa- or aamaŋaaq- (i) to be
a (excl.) listen!; hark!; oops!; oh! (of
surprise)
aa1 (excl.) yes, I know; I agree (expresses
listener’s agreement with
storyteller or speaker) § aaŋ, ii
aaqanuq (excl.) I guess so; maybe so;
perhaps » aaqanuq samma it’s
probably so | qanuq § qanuq,
aillukiaq
aa2 (excl.) (expresses exasperation,
criticism or dismay over what
another person does or says, said
in breathy voice);expression of
surprise or awe
aakhaa (excl.) that’s not right!; you’re
lying! (expresses disagreement
with another person’s statement)
§ aaqhaaŋ, saglu-, uumaa
aallalii (excl.) shame on you!; not like
that! (expresses disapproval) §
allai
aa- (i) to cry violently, becoming
physically rigid, followed by
temporary unconsciousness due to
interrupted breathing (usu. of a
baby) » miqłiqtuuraq
kataktaqłuni aaruq the baby is
having a spasm because he fell;
miqłiqtuuraq anniqami
naakka qinnałłakami
qiaġutisaġniallaġmi aasuuruq,
taimmaasii
aniqsaaġluqqaaqtumi
siquiññaqhuni when a baby hurts
himself or has a sudden tantrum,
he bursts out crying, sucks in his
breath and is out of breath
sometimes for a long time, then
the minute he starts breathing
again he usually falls immediately
to sleep
1
mildly retarded; (i) to be stupid by
nature; (i) to pay no heed to one’s
surroundings; (i) to be obtuse,
imperceptive and dull; (i) to be
clumsy » aamaŋaaqsiaqsilgitkaa
imġum his drinking is making
him stupid again; aamaŋavluni
puiguġaqtuq sumiitilaamiñik he
forgets where he is because he is
mildly retarded | +ma-1 vv ±ŋa- vv
or +ma-1 vv ±ŋa-vv +aq-1 vn, vv
aamit- (i) to become unaware of what
is happening; (i) to become
unconscious | +mit- vv § alapit-,
qaurimaiq-
aanŋu- (i) to feel faint | -nŋu- vv
aanŋuq- (i) to be knocked
unconscious, knocked out; (t) to
knock him/her/it unconscious |
+nŋuq- nv § avaaq-, qaurimaiq-
aanŋuraġaq- (i) to feel faint,
frequently, intermittently |
-nŋu- vv +t/raġaq- vv
aaŋayaaq- or aaŋayaaŋa- (i) to be
partially conscious, lightheaded,
not clearheaded | ±ŋa- vv
+yaaq-1 vv or ±ŋa- vv +yaaq-1 vv
±ŋa- vv
aaŋayaaŋaŋaiq- (i) to become aware;
(i) to be enlightened | ±ŋa- vv
+yaaq-1 vv ±ŋa- vv :Iq-2 vv
aaqsallaiġaq- (i) to laugh so hard one
has difficulty taking a breath |
+q-1 vv +saq-2 vv +lla- vv :Iq-2 vv
+aq-1 vv
aaqsallaiq- (i) to laugh so hard that
one runs out of breath; (i) to be
unable to stop laughing »
mitaaqłuni aaqsallaiqsitkai he is
making them laugh continuously
with his jokes | +q-1 vv +saq-2 vv
+lla- vv :Iq-2 vv
aaraġaq- (i) to cry repeatedly,
violently, becoming physically
rigid, followed by temporary
 unconciousness due to interrupted
breathing (usu. of a baby) |
+raġaq- vv
aagiaq or (Nu) aagiuraq prong of an
antler, tine » tuttum nagruata
aagiaŋanik niksiliuqtuq he made
a fishhook out of the tine of a
caribou antler | +iaq3 n or
=uraq nn § isaġutaq
Aagruuk (dual) two stars, Vega and a
lesser star in the constellation
Lyra known as the Morning Star,
Sivulliik (Spencer: 258);
“Vega… agrǔ-lu-bwǔk” (Ray
1885: 56); the appearance of the
Aagruuk signal the new year, the
reappearance of the sun (Jenness
1924: 183B cited in MacDonald:
49); “a large bright one above a
much smaller, less brighter one;
the larger star is Vega
“Uvluġiaqpak =a big star which
appears above the horizon in late
December, an indication that the
Solstice is past and that the days
will soon grow longer” (source
not known); together these two
stars are also known as
Ayaqhaaġnailaq [lit. “time when
you can not play string games”]
(Etalook 1983 cited in
MacDonald: 50); “…Vega and
two other stars not visible agru-la-
wik so called from rising at certain
seasons just before daylight.”
(Simpson cited in Bocktoce: 351)
§ Sivulliq
Aagruliġvik [lit. “time when the two
stars ‘Aagruuk’ appear”] month
of December | -lIq-1 vv +vIk1 vn §
(Ti) ¤Umigraġvik, (Nu)
Siqiñġilaq, Ayaligvik,
Umiqsraġvik, Uyaliġvik
2
aagun or aaksiñ or aaksiññaq a knife
used to skin an animal without
cutting the skin < aak-
aaġaaliq (Ti) Long-tailed duck (Clangula
hyemalis) § aaqhaalIq
aaġaaq- (i) to make the sound “aa” (the
call of the loon) | +q-2 nv +aq-1 vv
-.q-2 nv
aaġaayiq [aaġaayIq] legendary little
person with an oversized head
(who travels by bouncing on his
hips) § naaġaayiq,
makkaqpaligauraq, iiġaaq
aaġiak [aaġirak] upper back between the
shoulder blades; ¤shoulder bone »
§ aaq-, kiasik
aaġlu killer whale (Orcinus orca) »
“sisuaqsiuqtaurul-li makua
aaġlut” (David Frankson as
reported by Pulu, Sampson,
Newlin: 70) [killer whales are
professional hunters of belugas] |
perhaps +lu(q) n
aaġliñġu- (i) to avoid a pursuing killer
whale (as of a beluga escaping to
shallow water) | ‘=It-2 nv -nġu- vv
aaġluġunaaq- (i) to sight, see a killer
whale | +[ġ]unaaq- nv
aaġlum iñua [lit. “the person/spirit of
a killer whale”] hump on back of
killer whale | +m (rel. mkr.) iñuk
:a (abs. poss. 3s-3s)
aaġluġaq- (i) to look up, raise one’s chin
repeatedly < aaq-
aaġluq- (i) to look up; to raise one’s chin;
(i) to throw one’s head back; (t) to
raise her/his chin upward; (t) to
raise it into an upright position <
aaq-

aaġlutit- (i) to have one’s head slip back,
fall back, e.g., as when asleep <
aaq-
aaġuraq one of the stones for a bola;
household amulet »“The most
important household amulet was
the aaroraq, that [was] placed
over the subterranean entrance of
the house. This was generally a
round stone, described as about
the size of a man’s fist, and
perforated. Not every house had
one and no details could be
obtained as to how a house
acquired one. The purpose of the
charm was to work to the good of
the house and all in it. It was
particularly related to curing, first
as a means of keeping illness from
the house and second, as a non-
shamanistic curing agent. When a
member of the household became
ill, the aaroraq was taken down
from its place above the door
descending into the hall and was
rubbed over the affected parts of
the sick person. Actually, this
charm gave rise to a small curing
ceremonial in which the activities
associated with curing were
communal rather than the
individualistic ones performed by
the shaman. A group of relatives
and neighbors assembled outside
the house and a fire was built for
them there by the members of the
household in which the sickness
appeared.” (Spencer 1959: 285) §
aanġuaq
aaġuraq(-)2 sealing club; (t) to club it =a
seal; (Ti) slotted stone affixed to
the head of sealing club (S.
Tuzroyluke 2009) @ aaġurai- »
3
natchiq aaġuraġaa” he clubs the
seal; “kuvraq napinman
anaullaġuugaat” (S.Tuzroyluke
2009) [when something is caught
in the net they usually club it] <
aaq-
aahaaliq [aahaalIq] (Nu) Long-tailed
duck (Clangula hyemalis) §
aaqhaalIq
aahaaliġñaq (Nu) Harlequin Duck
(Histrionicus histrionicus) »
“aahaaliġñaq aahaallitun
itchaŋaaqtuaq” (Hugo 2009) [the
harlequin duck is similar in
appearance to an oldsquaw duck] |
+naq1 nn
aak- (t) to skin it =animal without cutting
the fur (usually the incision is
made around the lips of the
mouth, then the skin is pulled back
while turning it inside out) @
aaksi- || +sI-3 vv § nayuk-
aagun or aaksiñ or aaksiññaq a
knife used to skin an animal
without cutting the skin | :un-1 vn
or +sI-3 vv ‘-ti1 or +siññaq vn
aaktaq skin removed, uncut, from an
animal; item made from a skin
which has been removed uncut »
aaktaq tiġiganniam amia
tutquġaa he is putting the uncut
foxskin away for future use |
+t/raq vn
aaka mother; grandmother (modern use)
» aakaa ikayuquraa igña aġnaq
uvamnun my mother requests
that I help that woman
aakaa my mother (rel); my mother’s
(poss. 1s) » aakaa nukaalua
tikiññiqsuaq I found out that my
mother’s younger sibling arrived |
+a (poss. rel. 1s-3s)
 aakaaluk grandmother; (Nu)
stepmother | -aluk nn § aana,
aanaaluk
aakaaq- to say aaka “mother” (to
her/him) | +q-2 nv
aakaaqtuq- (t) to call her/him aaka,
“mother” » aakaaqtuġaat
taamna they call that one “aaka”
| +q-2 nv +tuq-2 nv
aakaksraq stepmother | +ksraq(-)1 nn,
aakari yourp mother » aakari
sumiitpa where is yourp mother |
+ri (poss. 3p-3s)
aakaruaq mother-in-law | +ruaq2 nn
§ aanaruaq
aakatchiaq (Nu) elder sister |
+tchiaq(-)3 nn § aatauraq, aakiaq
¤aakiaq eldest sister | +iaq2 §
aakatchiaq, aatauraq
aakhaa (excl.) it’s not right, you lie!; oh
yeah (Aiken 2009) < aa2
aakkuu a chant to be sung during a game
where one teams holds an object
and instructs a member of the
opposing team how to retrieve it
without smiling or laughing
aakkuuq- (i) to play aakkuu; (i) to
play "red rover, red rover, red
rover, come over" | +q-5 nv
aakupak main decoration on a ring or
bracelet, e.g., a stone or a
diamond | -pak2 n § uyamik
aalġu- (i) to menstruate
aalġunaq menstruation | +naq(-) vn
aallalii (excl.) shame on you!; not like
that! § aa2
aalumiu or aalumiaq snail; brown
hairless worm » “quŋulliñi
aalumiuqaġuuruq” (Aiken 2009)
4
[usually there are snails in wild
rhubarb]
aałhutaaq- or aałhuik- or aałhuuq- to
sway, swing or rock back and
forth
aamaŋa- or aamaŋaaq- (i) to be mildly
retarded; to be stupid by nature; to
pay no heed to one’s surround-
ings; to be clumsy, obtuse,
imperceptive and dull < aa-
aamit- (i) to be obtuse » iñuk piuŋilanik
uqaġman aaminnisuugaat it is
said that when a person is talking
nonsense he is stupid < aa-
aana or aanaaluk grandmother;
great-aunt » aanani aatchigaa
niqiksraŋanik he is bringing food
to his grandmother | -aluk nn §
aanaa (irreg. rel. poss.) my
grandmother; my great-aunt »
taamna aanaa atigiŋa that is my
great-aunt’s parka
aanaak set of parents | -k2 nn
aanaaq- to say aana “grandmother”
or “great aunt” (to her/him) |
+q-2 nv
aanaaqtuq- (t) to call her/him aana
“grandmother” or “great-aunt” |
+q-2 nv +tuq-2 nv
aanait- (i) to be without a great-aunt
or a grandmother | :It-1 nv
aanailli - (i) misbehave, to behave in
ways one usually does not do
when an authority figure is present
| :It-1 nv +lI-3 vv
aanalugiik grandmother and
grandchild; (i) to be in a
grandmother and grandchild
relationship | +[g]iik(-) nn, nv
aanaluk or aanaluuraq old woman |
+luk nn or +luk nn :uraq nn
 aanaruaq mother-in-law | +ruaq2 nn
§ aakaruaq
aanaruiñ suliuqpa [lit. “what is your
grandmother making”] Savannah
Sparrow (Passerculus
sandwichensis) | +ruk nn :In (poss.
2s-3s)
aanaruun kiviruq or aanaruk
kiviruq [lit. “grandmother is
sinking”] (Nu) Northern Dipper;
Water Ouzel (Cinclus mexicanus)
aanaakłiq [aanaakłIq] broad whitefish
(Coregonus nasus) »
aanaakłiqsuġukkaluaqtuŋa I
would love to eat some whitefish
aanaakłiqsiun net with large mesh
used to catch whitefish »
aanaakłiqsiunmik aŋun
kuvriruq the man is making a net
for catching whitefish |
+siun nn, vn
aanaakłiiŋiq (Nu) whitefish |
¤-IŋIq nn
aanaatchiaq (Ti) cartridge bag with
shoulder strap carried at waist |
-tchiaq nn
¤aanami (Ti) player in a game who
makes frightening noises while
attempting to touch or “tag”
others; the person touched
becomes the new aanami or “it”
aanaruuraq(-) a competition game in
which two persons kneel side-by-
side with knees touching, grasp
each other around the shoulders
and under the armpits, and try to
unbalance the other; the
competitor who unbalances his
opponent on both the right and left
side is the winner; (i) to play
“aanaruuraq” | +q-5 nv
5
aanġuaq [aanġuraq] or aanġuluk
amulet, charm » “…angoak is a
charm kept in a special place, for
example, the bow of a whaling
boat.”(Rainey: 272);
“aanuġuluuraqaġuuniqsut-
kiimma taipkua,
tusaaraqtugut” (Nageak 1975:
5) [those who lived long ago had
amulets, we hear]; “tavra,
aanġuluata annautigaik”
(Nageak 1975: 46) [so his charm
saved them] § tupitkaq § aaġuraq
aanġurri- to make an amulet (for her,
him); to make an amulet (out of it)
» aanġurriruq aŋutaiyaamun he
is making an amulet for a boy;
aanġurriruq uyaġagmik he is
making an amulet out of a piece of
stone | ‘=I-1 nv
aanġurriq- (i) to place an amulet; (t)
to provide her/him with an amulet
| ‘=Iq-1 nv
aanġurrulik the one with an amulet »
tavra, aanġuluata annautigaik;
taamna aanġurrulik so his
amulet saved them; the one with
the amulet | -lik nn
aanġuuraq or aanġuluuraq small
amulet, charm | =uraq nn
aani located over there across, e.g., a
river, a street, or a body of water
(extended and visible); by
extension, the contiguous United
States or Europe < °ag (dem.
stem)
aanitchiq (Ti) north side of Point Hope
< °ag
aannaa (excl.) oh, my! oh!; (Ti) (excl. of
grief, sadness) how unfortunate!
alas!
°aanna (stem) today’s time beyond or
before this moment
aannagu (excl.) or aatnagu (Nu)
wait; wait a minute; in a moment,
shortly, in a while, later on, in a
little while, after a while |
m[g]u(n) § aaqagu, aaqan
aannaguliq- to become later on »
aannaguliġaa it is now later |
1
m[g]u(n) -liq- nv
aannagutaaġun continuance, a
postponement of judicial
proceedings to a future date;
reason for not continuing |
+[g]u(n) +taaq- vv +un1 vn
aannagutaaq- to procrastinate, delay
or postpone (it); (t) to put it =esp.
food away for later consumption;
(t) to table it =any action in
parliamentary procedure @
aannagutaaqsi- | +[g]u(n)
+taaq- vv || +sI-3 vv
aannapak or (Nu) aatnapak
immediately, right now; (Ti)
tonight | -pak1 nn § akkupak
aatnami (Nu) a little while ago, a
moment ago | -:mI (loc.)
aannigaq- (i) to continually contract
diseases from others < aat-1
aannik- (i) to catch a disease from
someone; (i) to gain possession of
something from someone, i.e. toy
< aat-1
aanŋu- (i) to feel faint < aa-
aanŋuq- (i) to be knocked out,
unconscious < aa-
aaññaŋaa or aaññuŋuu (excl.) how cute!
(especially in reference to a child
to express delight over someone
who is cute, or over a child’s
ability to do something skillfully)
6
aaññaŋaaq- (i) to be cute; to say
“aaññaŋaa” | -q-2 nv
aaññuŋuuraq a child who is dear to
someone | :uraq nn
aaŋ (excl.) yes (expresses agreement or
confirmation of statement; also
consent to request, used with a
negative question) » qaiñiaŋitpa
isn’t he coming aaŋ,
qaiñiaŋitchuq yes, he is not
coming § ii, aa1, aillu kiaq
aaglukiaq (excl.) yes, that is right, I
agree | +lu (encl.) +kiaq (encl.) §
aillukiaq
aaŋa- (i) to be stubborn; to act against
better advice; to hold one’s head
high | ±ŋa- vv
aaŋaaq- (i) to be haughty, act
superior | ±ŋaaq- vv
aaŋasi- (i) to become haughty | ±ŋa-
vv +sI-1 vv
aaŋayaaŋaŋaiq- (i) to become aware; (i)
to be enlightened < aa-
aaŋayaaq- (i) to be partially conscious <
aa-
aaŋayaaŋa- (i) to be partially conscious,
lightheaded, not clearheaded < aa-
aaŋhaa (excl.) its not right (said in
reference to someone whom one
thinks is lying) » “saglummatun”
(Aiken 2009) [like one is telling
lies]
aaŋit- (i) to believe one knows
everything; (i) to be arrogant |
¤+ŋit-
aaŋŋa from over there across, e.g., a
river, a street, or a body of water
(extended and visible); by
extension, the contiguous United
 States or Europe < °ag (dem.
stem)
aaŋŋaġmiut (Ti) people from Seward
Peninsula area; people from
“outside=lower 48 states”, the
contiguous Unites States < °ag
(dem. stem)
aaŋŋamiñ from that direction over there
across, e.g., a river, a street, or a
body of water (extended and
visible); by extension, the
contiguous United States or
Europe < °ag (dem. stem)
aaŋŋaq- (i) to come from over there
across, e.g., a river, a street, or a
body of water (extended and
visible); by extension, the
contiguous United States or
Europe < °ag (dem. stem)
aapa father; grandfather (modern use)
aapaa (irreg rel. poss. 1s) my father;
my father’s » aapaa aitchuqtaani
suppunmik my father gave me a
gun | +a3 (rel. poss. 1s-3s)
aapaaluk grandfather | +aluk nn §
ataata
aapaaq- to say aapa “father” (to
her/him) | +q-2 nv
aapaaqtuq- (t) to call her/him aapa,
“father” » aapaaqtuġaa
tiguuviñi he calls his adopted
parent his father | +q-2 nv
+tuq-2 vv
aapailaq illegitimate child | :Ilaq(-) nn
aapailli- (i) to give birth (in reference
to an unmarried woman) »
aapailli ruam quyalivasik did the
unmarried woman giving birth
make youd happy, i.e. because
now youd have a baby which she
has given to youd | :Ilaq(-) nn ‘=I1
aapaksraq stepfather | +ksraq(-) nn
7
aaparuaq father-in-law | +ruaq2 nn
¤aapiaq eldest brother | +iaq2 nn
aapiyaq older brother | -yaq rn § aapa
aapapaaq (Ti) old-style barrel stove »
“taigruaq iŋniġvik” (S.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [a stove
fashioned from a 55 gallon oil
drum] § aippaanI
aapsavak (Ti) very large whale (usually
more than sixty feet) | -vak nn §
aŋirualuk, aġviq
aapsavaaluk (Ti) very old, male
whale (often in last group of
whales to migrate northward in
spring) » “Tikiġaġmiulli katkua
iŋmikkun usiŋŋuaġaaluich
tamatkua atqat aippaqaġaa
aapsavaaluŋnik” (David
Frankson as reported by Pulu,
Sampson, Newlin: 69) [the
people of Tikiġaq have another
name for the usiŋŋuaġaaluk
which is aapsavaaluk] | -vak nn
-aluk nn
aapu or aapuq [ENG “apple”] apple
aapuluk (Ti) [ENG] apple | -luk nn
aaq- (i) to raise one’s head; (t) to raise
her/his/its head; (Ti) (i) to sit up
aaġluġaq- (i) to look up, raise one’s
chin repeatedly » aaġluġaqtuq
nalagaluaqami she kept raising
her chin after lying prone for
some time | +aq-1 vv
aaġluq- (i) to look up; to raise one’s
chin; (i) to throw one’s head back;
(t) to raise her/his chin upward; (t)
to raise it into an upright position
» aaġluqłuni tautukkaa
qulimiñi-ittuaq he looked up and
saw the object that is above him |
+luq-2 vv
 aaġlutit- (i) to have one’s head slip
back, fall back, e.g., when asleep |
+luq-2 vv -tit-2 vv
aaqtit- (t) to cock it = hammer of a
firearm; (i) to have the whaling
boat and harpoon gun ready for
whale hunting (of a whaling crew)
» aaqtiłługu supputini
utaqqiruq he is waiting with the
hammer of his gun cocked |
1
mtit- vv
aaqtitaun rod which sets the trigger
of a darting gun back for firing
aaqan or aaqagu or aaqagun (excl.)
wait; wait a minute; in a moment,
shortly, in a while, in a little
while, after a while, later on |
m[g]u(n) nn § aannagu
aaqagusaaq or aaqagusaaġrugu in a
long while | m[g]u(n) nn
+saaġruk nn m[g]u(n) nn
aaqagutaaq- to postpone, delay or
put off doing (it) »
aaqagutaaqłuni aŋŋutiŋitchuq
he did not catch up because he
waited | m[g]u(n) nn +taaq- nv §
aannagutaaq-
aaqaguili- to become later »
aaqaguilimman isiġataqtuq she
finally entered after some time
had passed | m[g]u(n) nn perhaps
:Iq-2 nv -lI-2 vv
aaqaguqisuuraġu in a little while |
m[g]u(n) nn -qisuuraq nn
m[g]u(n) nn
aaqanuq (adv) I guess so; maybe so;
perhaps < aa
aaqaqa (excl.) of surprise or dismay
(Jenness 1928: 7)
aaqhaaliq [aaqhaalIq] or aaqhaalliq or
aahaaliq (Nu) Oldsquaw Duck or
8
Long-Tailed Duck(Clangula
hyemalis) § aahaaliġñaq
aaqhaaŋ uumaa (excl.) my goodness!;
oh dear! § aakhaa
aaqhii (Nu) (excl.) oh my!; (conj) and;
and then » “aaqhii, tavraasii”
(Hugo 2009) [oh my, it happened
again] § aasii
aaqqaa (excl.) phew, what a bad smell;
how foul smelling; don’t touch it,
its filthy
aaqqaala- to voice displeasure
repeatedly about an offensive
smell or taste (off of her/him/ it) »
tipi naikamiuŋ aaqqaalagaa
when he smelled the odor, he said
it was bad | -la- nv
aaqqaaq- (i) to smell foul or taste
bad; (t) to say that something
smells foul or tastes bad |
-q-2 nv, vv
aaqqan mitten; (Nu) caribou skin mitten
used when breaking bones for
making broth » “kaugaliuqtuq;
imiġaliuqtuq sauniġnik; aaqqan
atuġuugaat kisianik
kaukkamik; atulaitkaat
tamaani; karrutaqaqtuq uyaġak
ipuvlugu qirugmik” (Hugo
2009) [she is making something
liquid by hammering it; she is
making broth from bones; they
use the caribou skin mitten only
when they are hammering; they
do not use it for any other
purpose; her hammer is a stone
tied to a wood handle] < aiq-
aaqsallaiġaq- (i) to repeatedly laugh so
hard and for such duration that
one runs out of breath < aa-
aaqsallaiq- (i) to laugh so hard that one
runs out of breath; (i) to be unable
to stop laughing < aa-
¤aaqsiun “arm above elbow ák-sût-kwa”
(Ray 1885: 51)]
aaqsiutaq or aaqsuutaq or akkiutaq
sling to keep an injured arm
elevated » aaqsiutani iłuigivlugu
piiġaa he removed the sling from
his arm because it was
uncomfortable | +utaq1 vn
aaquk or aaquaksraq old woman |
-aq-3 nv +ksraq(-) nn
aaquaksraatchiaq little old woman »
taigña aaquaksraatchiaq
kisimġiuqtuq that little old lady is
living alone | -aq-3 nv +ksraq(-) nn
-atchiaq nn
aaquaksralaaq elderly looking
woman | -aq-3 nv +ksraq(-)1 nn
-laaq nn
aaquaksraluuraq(-) or
aaquluuraq(-) game played in
moonlight, where children sit in
two lines of equal number facing
each other; one child plays “the
old woman” and asks members of
his line what they would like from
the moon; the members of the
opposite line must answer by
miming the object they desire
which has been decided upon
before the onset of the game; (i) to
play aaquaksraluuraq »
tatqiaġiksimman ililgaat
aaquaksraluuraqtuat the
children played “aaquaksraluuraq”
when the moon turned full |
-aq-3 nv +ksraq(-) nn +luk nn
:uraq nn
aaquaq- (i) to grow old (of a woman)
| -aq-3 nv
aaquluatchiaq little old woman |
+luk nn -atchiaq nn
9
aaquluk old woman | +luk nn
aaraġaq- (i) to cry repeatedly and
violently, becoming physically
rigid, then temporary
unconciousness due to interrupted
breathing (usu. of a baby) < aa-
aarigaa (excl.) good!, that’s good!; oh,
how nice! wonderful! cool! that’s
cool!
aarigaaq- (i) to be good or nice »
aarigaaqsimaruq; uuktuaġuŋ it
is good; try it | +q-2 nv
aasi (excl.) don’t!; stop it! § kaasi
aasi or aasii or aasiiñ or (Nu) aaqhii
(conj) and then; then »
qaagiyaqqaaġlugu aasiiñ ilua
niġilugu first remove the top
layer, then eat what is inside;
isiġuma-asiiñ suniaqpiñ and
then, what will you do when I
come in; aasii una what about this
one
aasiasi and again | aasi reduplication
aasiili and; therefore (indicates a
change in subject as well as in
action) » Asiaŋŋataq
miquġniaqtuq aasiili Paniattaaq
aglautitaġniaqtuq Asiaŋŋataq
will sew and Paniattaaq will type |
+lI (encl.)
aasiiñ uvva or aasiuvva (conj) so
now, based on this knowledge »
aasiiñ uvva suniaqpiñ so now
what will you do | +uvva (dem.
adv)
aasii suli (conj) and furthermore | suli
(conj)
aasii suruq or aasii suva (excl.) and
so what!; what difference does it
make to you; what’s it to you | +su
(verb stem) +ruq (ind 3s) or +su
(verb stem) +va (interrog 3s)
 aasi suruq (Ti) (interrog.) and then
what
aasii una or aasi-una what about this
one | una (dem. pro)
aasivak large spider | +vak nn § akłauraq
aat-1 (t) to take something away from
her/him/it » aġnaiyaaq
piuraapayuktuaq aŋutaiyaam
aatkaa ayuktauraŋanik the boy
took the ball away from the girl
who was playing nicely by herself
§ aqtaq-, aqsak-
aannigaq- (i) to keep catching
diseases from others | +nnik- vv
+aq1 vv
aannik- (i) to catch a disease from
someone; (i) to gain possession of
something from someone, i.e. toy
» aanniktuq he caught a disease
from someone | +nnik- vv
aat-2 (t) to take her/him/it somewhere @
aatchi- » iqsigaluaġman aatkaa
aimmiviŋanun he took her home
because she was so afraid;
tuyuusiaŋa aakaŋata taamuŋa
aatkaa he took her mother’s
parcel over to her | +sI-3 vv
aatakaa or aatukuu (excl.) oh, how little!
§ uutukuu, uuñuŋuu
aatauraq older sister » aataurani
kamagiyagaa nakuaġivlugu it is
easy for him to obey his older
sister, because he loves her | :uraq
nn § aakatchiaq
aatchakisaaq- (i) to jump on a jumping
board (a game where participants
jump up and down on a board
usually six feet in length placed
over a large piece wood which
suspends the board above the
10
ground) | +kisaaq- vv (the single
“a” in aatchakisaaq can either be
“i” or “u”, depending on
dialect)§ nalukatauraq-
aatchakisaun jumping board (a board
usually six feet in length placed
over a large piece wood which
suspends the board above the
ground) | +kisaaq- vv :uti1 vn
aatchaq- (i) to open one’s mouth; (i) to
open (of sea ice crack) »
aatchaqummani kigusiqirim
aatchaqtuq when the dentist
asked me to open his mouth, he
did | perhaps aa- +tchaq- vv
aatchaġruummisiññaq- (i) to gasp
for breath » “Nanuq tavra
supputittuni uummataagun
ulġusuuruq
aatchaġruummisiññaqhuni,
iñuŋmuksalaitchuq.” (Nageak
1976: 4) [when a polar bear is
shot through the heart it topples,
gasping for breath; it does not try
to attack the person] | +ġru- vv
:u-2 vv +mmI-5 vv +q-1 vv
msiññaq- vv
aatchaqtit- (i) to pant (of animal) |
-tit-2 vv
aatchauq- (i) to yawn | :uq-2 vv
aatchauqtuŋiq or
aatchauqtuŋialaaq or (Nu)
aatchausiayaaq nestling, newly
hatched bird | :uq-2 vv +tuŋiq vn
or :uq-2 vv +tuŋiq +laaq nn or
:uq-2 vv perhaps -sia- vv -iyaaq nn
aatchauti- or aitchauti- (t) for the ice
crack to open up, much to her/his
disadvantage » “Tavra
uisilaamignik ilitchuġirut.
Aitchautiniġmatigi,
maŋaġruaqtun manna,
qanuġutik tulakkumiñaiñmiut”
(Nageak 1975: 17) [then they
realize they were being taken out
 to sea; (the ice) had opened up on
them, it was very dark, they had
not way of making it to shore] |
:uti- vv
aatchikaaŋ (excl.) what a narrow escape!
look out!
aatqan mitten § aitqan under aiq-
aatqarruaq or (Nu) atqatsruaq
Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus);
Peregrine Falcon (Falco
peregrinus) § kirgavik,
kirgavigruaq
aatqigraqtuuq coal deposit site (S.
Tuzroyluke 2009)
aatqik-1 [aatqIk] (i) to stand up straight,
erect; (i) to roll onto the back (of
whale); (i) to make or straighten
one’s bed; (t) to prepare, make up
a bed for her/him » aġnaiyaaq
aatqiksuq makitiqłunilu the girl
made her bed as soon as she got
up; “aġviq nivaallapiaqłuni,
ilaanni narraatik iluġaan
puipkaqługu, aatqikłuni
nakkaqtuq nivġalaqqaaqłuni”
(Aiken 2009) [sometimes a whale
really stretches out on its back
exposing its whole belly above
water, and while still on its back
it dives]
aattai (excl.) oh, how cute!; oh, how
pretty!
aatahai (Nu) (excl.) such cute little
things! » “igligimmatun tavra”
(Hugo 2009) [finding something
or someone loveable, huggable, or
cute] § aattai
aattaiq- (i) to be cute, pretty | -q-2 ev
11
aayuġaq crack in sea ice kept open by
shifting currents | +[ġ]aq nn
aayutaaq- (Ti) (i) to swing on a swing §
aŋilġisaaq-
aayyutaaq- (i) to play golf or ice hockey
°ag (dem. stem) over there across, e.g., a
river, a street, or a body of water
(extended and visible, sometimes
not visible) § °av1 (dem. stem),
°taag (dem. stem)
aani or aaniit- located over there
across, e.g., a river, a street, or a
body of water (extended and
visible); by extension, the
contiguous United States or
Europe » aani ittuk they are
living in the contiguous United
States | +anI (dem. loc.)
aanitchiq (Ti) north side of Point
Hope | +anI (dem. loc.) -tchIq1 dn
aaŋŋa from over there across, e.g., a
river, a street, or a body of water
(extended and visible); by
extension, the contiguous United
States or Europe | +aŋŋa (dem.
abl.)
aaŋŋaġmiut (Ti) people from Seward
Peninsula area; people from
“outside=lower 48 states (the
contiguous United States)” | aaŋŋa
(dem. abl.) +q-3 dv ÷miu(q) nn
-t nn
aaŋŋamiñ from that direction over
there across, e.g., a river, a street,
or a body of water (extended and
visible); by extension, the
contiguous United States or
Europe | +aŋŋa (dem. abl.) ÷miñ
(abl.)
aaŋŋaq- (i) to come from over there
across, e.g., a river, a street, or a
body of water (extended and
visible); by extension, the
 contiguous United States or
Europe | +aŋŋa (dem. abl.) +q-3 dv
aaŋŋaqtaq item obtained from the
contiguous United States | +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.) +q-3 dv +t/raq vn
agga over there across, e.g., a river, a
street, or a body of water
(extended and visible) | ‘a (dem.
adv. mkr.)
agna [dual akkuak, pl. akkua] that
one over there across, e.g., a river,
a street, or a body of water
(extended and visible) | +na (dem.
abs. pron. sg. mkr.)
agnatchiq the other side, not this side
e.g., of a river, a street, or a body
of water | +tchIq1 dn
aktuma or aksruma or agruma
[dual akkuak, pl. akkua] that one
over there across, e.g., a river, a
street, or a body of water
(extended and visible) | +tuma
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
aktumani or aksrumani or
agrumani [dual akkugnagni, pl.
akkunani] located with that one
over there across, e.g., a river, a
street, or a body of water
(extended and visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +anI
(dem. loc.)
aktumaŋŋa or aksrumaŋŋa or
agrumaŋŋa [dual akkugnaŋŋa,
pl. akkunaŋŋa] from that one over
there across, e.g., a river, a street,
or a body of water (extended and
visible) | +tum (dem. rel. pron. sg.
mkr.) +aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
aktumatun or aksrumatun or
agrumatun [dual akkugnaktun,
pl. akkunatitun] similar to that one
over there across, e.g., a river, a
street, or a body of water
(extended and visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +atun
(dem. sim.)
12
aktumiŋa or aksrumiŋa or
agrumiŋa [dual akkugniŋa, pl.
akkuniŋa] that one over there
across, e.g., a river, a street, or a
body of water (extended and
visible) | +tum (dem. rel. pron. sg.
mkr.) +iŋa (dem. mod.)
aktumuŋa or aksrumuŋa or
agrumuŋa [dual akkugnuŋa, pl.
akkunuŋa] to that one over there
across, e.g., a river, a street, or a
body of water (extended and
visible) | +tum (dem. rel. pron. sg.
mkr.) +uŋa (dem. term.)
aktumuuna or aksrumuuna or
agrumuuna [dual akkugnuuna,
pl. akkunuuna] via, that one over
there across, e.g., a river, a street,
or a body of water; with that one
over there across, e.g., a river, a
street, or a body of water
(extended and visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +uuna
(dem. via.)
auna via, through over there, across,
e.g., a river, a street, or a body of
water (extended and visible); via
northside of Tikiġaq | +una (dem.
via.)
auŋa to over there, across, e.g., a
river, a street, or a body of water
(extended and visible) | +uŋa
(dem. term.)
auŋanmun towards over there,
across, e.g., a river, a street, or a
body of water (extended and
visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.) nmun
(term.)
auŋaq- (i) to go over there, across,
e.g., a river, a street, or a body of
water; (i) to go to the lower 48 or
to Europe (extended and visible) |
+uŋa (dem. term.) +q-3 dv
agak(-) a tease; a mischief-maker; (i) to
be mischievous; (i) to be a tease;
 (i) to be belligerent, want to fight,
be argumentative; (i) to fight; (t)
to tease her/him; (t) to fight with
her/him » agaktuq-asuuna iñuk
oh, you are such a tease (said in
annoyance); agakkaa nukaaluni
he is teasing his younger sibling
aggaktit- (i) to become mischievious;
(i) to start teasing others | ‘-k-2 vv
-tit-2 vv
aggaŋa- (i) to be a tease; (i) to be
troublesome, belligerent,
argumentative » aggaŋaruq-araa
uumiñaqtuq-unnii taamna iñuk
that person is extremely
troublesome and aggravating |
‘-k-2 vv ±ŋa- vv
aggaŋait- (i) to be kind, gentle »
aggaŋaitchuamik iñugmik
paqittuq he found a kind, gentle
person | ‘-k-2 vv ±ŋa- vv :It-2 vv
aggaq- (i) to come loose, come off, slip
off; (t) to cause it to come loose,
slip off » sanniġuġiaŋa
aggaqhuni pituiqsuq the
cross-piece slipped off and
became disconnected
aggaġiitkutaq barb on a point which
keeps the point from slipping out
of the quarry, e.g., seal, whale;
any object used to keep something
from slipping off; groove »
aggaġiitkutaŋa satkuŋata
navigniqsuq the barb on his spear
point is broken | +iitkutaq vn
aggai- (i) to have something come
loose; (t) to have it come loose |
-I-5 vv
aggia- (i) to arrive en masse < ai-2
aggiñ ticket home < ai-2
aggiq- (i) to arrive, come home < ai-2
13
aggiqi- (t) to return home to her/him/it <
ai-2
aggisi- (t) to bring or take her/him/it home
< ai-2
aggisuuti- (t) to bring or take her/him/it
home < ai-2
agik- [agIk] or agiaq- to rub, smooth, or
cut (it) away with a file » agikkaa
tuugaaq he is carving a piece of
ivory using a file | -aq7 vn
aggiq [aggIq] something that has
been filed | ‘-Q vn
agiaġnaq atuqtuuraq [lit. “a musical
instrument that you file”] violin |
-aq7 vn -q-2nv +naq(-) vn
agiaq(-) a sharpener for knives, ulus,
saws, etc.; to sharpen, grind (it)
with a file; (Ti) a grindstone,
whetstone; to sharpen (it) with a
grindstone | -aq7 vn § silliñ,
ipiksaun
agigvigaq- to wash (it) using a
washboard » aakaga
agigvigaqłuni iqaqsriruq my
mother is washing clothes using a
washboard; annuġaat
agigvigaġai he is washing clothes
using a washboard | +vIk1 vn
+aq-10 nv
agigvik or agirvik washboard |
+vIk1 vn
agiuk- to grate (it) against another
object e.g.,, a boat grating against
another boat | -uk(-)2 vv, vn
agiukpak or (Ti) agiuppak wall of
sheared ice along the edge of an
open lead of water that has been
formed by the grinding action of
floating ocean ice against shore-
locked ice » agiukpaum
saaŋagun natchiit puiraqtut the
seals keep surfacing just below the
shear ice | :uk(-)2 vv, vn perhaps
 -pak2 rn, vn or -pak2 vn
agiun1 file (a tool) » agiun
attaqsirani utiqtitkaa he returned
the file that he borrowed |:uti1 vn
agiun2 (Ti) rubbing alcohol, liniment,
ointment | uti1 vn § nanuluun
under nanuk-
agiuqasiraaq- (Ti) to rub against
(her/him/it) accidentally; (i) to
touch accidently | -uk(-)2 vv, vn
±qasiraaq- vv § nanuiqasiraaq-
agiuqsaaq- to rush, speed by
(her/him/it) » agiuqsaaqtuq
nutqaġaluaġnaniunnii he rushed
by without stopping;
agiuqsaaġaatigut
iglauguraġniaqtilluta it sped by
us even though we were traveling
along | :uq2 vv +saaq-1 vv
agitchiaq step-relative; (Ti) older sister §
aatauraq, aakatchiaq
aglaan (conj) but; however; (enc) up to;
as far as
aglak(-) a letter character; print pattern;
(Ti) a letter sent by mail; to write
(it); (i) to vote by secret ballot |
-k-4 nv
aglaaksraq blank writing paper;
something to be written down »
aglaaksramik paqitchiuqtuq
ilisaurri the teacher is looking for
a blank piece of paper | -k-4 nv
±aq1 vn +ksraq(-) nn
aglaaq something written;
composition » aglaamiñik
aitchuġaa ilisaurriñi = he gave
his teacher what he had written |
-k-4 nv ±aq1 vn
aglagaaq a design, pattern, stripe »
aglagaaŋit atikłukpit
nalunaipalugniqsut the designs
on your snowshirt (fabric cover
for parka) are very distinct |
14
-k-4 nv +aq-1 vv ±aq1 vn
aglagiit- (i) to have a bad pattern (of
cloth fabric); (Ti) (i) to be one
who has broken the law, to have a
bad record | +[g]Ik- nv :It-1 vv §
maqpiġaaġiit-
aglagik- (i) to have a nice pattern (of
cloth) | +[g]Ik- nv
aglaglugu piksraq- to vote by secret
ballot (parliamentary procedure) |
+lugu (contemp. irrealis 3s-3s)
aglagvik desk; surface to write on »
aglagvigmiñun uniññiġaa
aglaani he left his composition on
his desk | -k-4 +vIk1 vn
aglait- (i) to be blank (of paper); to
have no design (of cloth fabric) »
aglailaamik atikłuliaksramiñik
tauqsiqsuaq she bought plain
unprinted fabric to make a
snowshirt (fabric cover for parka) |
:It-1 nv
aglaiyaq- (t) to erase it | :Iyaq- nv
aglaiyaun eraser | :Iyaq- nv un1 vn
aglakługu piksraġniq secret ballot |
+ługu (contemp realis 3s-3s)
aglakpak capital or upper case letter;
big letter » aglakpagmik
sivulliliġñaqtuq uqallagniq one
should start a sentence with a
capital letter | +qpak nn
aglakti secretary, scribe, clerk »
aglaktiŋa aiganiŋaruq his
secretary has already gone home |
-k-4 nv mt/ri vn
aglaktu- (i) to have large, repeating
design elements (such as flowers,
polka dots) (e.g., of fabric or
wallpaper) | +tu- nv
aglaqatigiik two playing cards of the
same suit | -qati nn +[g]iik nn
aglaulaaq- (i) to be brightly colored,
have a bold pattern (e.g., of cloth
fabric); | -ulaaq(-) vv
aglaun pencil, pen | -k-4 nv :un1 vn §
miŋuaqtuun
 aglauraaq- to doodle (on it); to write
(it) slowly | -k-4 nv -uraaq- vv
aglauraq lower case letter | :uraq nn
aglauti- or agliuti- (t) to write it
down; to record it; (t) to write for
her/him | +uti- vv or perhaps
‘=I-1 nv +uti- vv
aglautitaq- to type (it) » taamma
tusaġnaqtuq aglautitaqtuaq
whoever is typing can be heard |
:un1 vn +[t]aq-2 nv
aglautitaqti typist | :un1 vn
+[t]aq-2 nv mt/ri vn
aglautitaun typewriter | :un1 vn
+[t]aq-2 nv :un1 vn
agliqi- (i) to be a postal clerk; to
deliver mail | ‘=Iqi-1 nv
agliqiri or (Ti) agliqiruaq postal
clerk; mail plane; mail carrier (in
dog team days) | ‘=Iqi- nv mt/ri vn
or +t/ruaq vn
agliusima- (i) to be written down, be
recorded | ‘=iuti- vv ¤+sima- vv
agliuti- to record, write (it) down; (Ti)
(t) to photograph her/him/it @
agliurri- | ‘=I-1 nv +uti- vv ||
~rI-5 vv § (Ti) pitchaliuti-,
qiñiġaq-
agli- (i) to grow, become large < aŋi-1
agliġuq half of the lower jaw; one side of
the whale jawbones § see
Appendices 19 & 20
agliġula- (i) to chatter (of one’s teeth)
» agliġularut kigutiŋi
qiusiavluni his teeth are
chattering because he is very cold
| ±ġuq n -la- nv
agliqquk (dual) mandible » agliqquk
tuttum uniaŋŋualiuġukługik
piiġaik he removed the caribou’s
jawbone because he wanted to
make a toy sled out of it | ±ġuq n
‘-k2 nn § aglu
15
aglilaaq- (t) to enlarge it @ aglilaaqsi- <
aŋI-1
agliñġaaq (Nu) adolescent girl < aŋi-1
agliq- (Ti) (i) to menstruate (menstruating
women were seen as taboo and
isolated; the word agliq- in turn is
associated with other terms
relating to taboo) § aalġu-
agliġi- (t) to avoid her/him/it (in
accordance with taboo, e.g.,
avoidance of an ill person) »
naŋittuaq agliġivlugu ullaŋitkaa
he did not visit the person because
of his illness @ agliqsrI- | +[g]i-
rv || ~srI- vv § iruġi-, kiruq-
¤agliġik- (Ti) (i) to be observant of
consequences of taboo | +[g]Ik- rv
¤agliġit- (Ti) (i) to be immune to the
consequences of ignoring taboo |
:It-1 rv
agliġnaq- (i) to be forbidden, taboo,
i.e. to be avoided | +naq-1 rv
agliqsraq- to avoid (her/him =a
person with a disease) »
agliqsraqłuni naŋittuat igluat
naŋaġaa he is making a detour
around the sick people’s house |
-qsraq- rv
agliqtau- (i) to be observant of taboo,
avoiding that which should be
avoided | +tau rv § paquġi- under
*paquq; quŋuġi- under quŋuq;
iruġi-; kiruġi-
agliraġaun magnifying glass < aŋi-1
aglisuilauraq midget; dwarf; a
diminutive person/animal,
abnormally small being < aŋi-1
aglisuit- (i) to grow slowly, to be stunted
< aŋi-1
aglitchiit- (i) to grow slowly < aŋi-1

aglitchik- (i) to grow rapidly < aŋi-1
aglitchiq- (i) to be set aside to grow,
increase in size; (t) to wait for
her/him/it to grow < aŋi-1
agliuti- (t) to record, set it down in
writing; (Ti) to photograph
her/him/it < aglak(-)
aglu(-) coating or filler applied on
underside of sled runner (usually
made of hard wood, whale jaws,
or metal); whale jawbone; (t) to
apply a coating or filler on bottom
of sled runners » agluiyaqtut
uniatka the bottom layers of my
sled runners are off § sikkuk
under siku, see Appendix 18
aglugi- (t) to run over her/him/it with
a vehicle » qamunmiñik
aglugigaa kalikuġruaq he ran
over the heavy canvas with his
car; aglugivlugu naviksimaraa
he ran over it with his vehicle and
broke it | +[g]i- nv
agluq-1 (t) to remove its jawbone |
-q-1 nv
agluutaq templepiece of eyeglasses |
-utaq vn
agluq-2 (i) to dive into the water, e.g., an
animal or a swimming water bird
» natchiq agluqtuq sikumiñ the
seal dove off the ice floe;
“agluqtuq: it dives (of bird)”
(Jenness 1928: 8) § nakkaq-
agma- or aŋma- (i) to be open,
uncovered, unlocked »
misuġuqtuun agmaruq the glass
jar is open » tauqsiġñiaġvik
agmaruq suli the store is still
open
agmailaq [lit. “no hammer”].45-.70
16
brass rifle » “itiġruqpaŋi takirut
sammakiaq 3.5 inches” (Aiken
2009) [its (the rifle’s) bullets are
about 3.5 inches long] |:Ilaq nn
agmalat- or aŋmalat- (t) to continue
to open it, e.g., door; (Nu) (t) to
open it part-way (as the wind does
a tent flap) | -la- vv +t-1 vv
agmaq- or aŋmaq- to open (it); to
bloom, blossom @ agmai- or
aŋmai- » aŋmaqtaa
uvlaatchauraq tauqsiġñiaġvik
he opened the store early this
morning | +q-1 vv -I-6 vv
agmaun can opener; key | +q-1 vv
:un1 vn § pitchiġiiyaun,
kiluitchaun
agmaaq [agmaraq] or aŋmaaq or (Nu)
akmaaq flint; chert »
agmaaqsiuġuuruagut
Ukkuqsimi we used to search for
flint at Ukkuqsiq; “akmaat
igniqsuutigisuugait
karuuttaġivlugit igniñmik”
(Hugo 2009) [flint is used to start
fires by striking it against a stone
to create a spark]
aŋmaaqtalik or (Nu) akmaaqtalik
flintlock rifle (muzzle-loader) |
+taq(-) nn -lik nn
aŋmaaqtuun a tool with a flint point
used in softening a tanned caribou
hide | +tuq-2 vv :un1 vn
aŋmarriqi- (i) to work with flint |
‘=Iqi-1 nv
agmaluq- or aŋmaluq- to be round §
aqvaluq-
agnaaq- (t) to make it too large < aŋi-1
agnatchiq the other side, not this side,
e.g., of a river < °ag (dem. stem)
agniq(-) [agnIq]or aŋniq(-) blizzard,
snowstorm, blowing snow; (i) to
have a blizzard » agniq
suaŋŋaktuq the blizzard is
becoming stronger; agniqsuq
aimmiuraaġiñ you should stay
home because of the blizzard
agniġuq- or aŋniġuq- (t) to develop
into a blizzard, a snowstorm |
+[ġ]uq-1 nv
agniñġu- (i) to be stopped or delayed
by a blizzard » agniñġuvlutiŋ
aiñaġiaŋitchut they did not arrive
home early because they were
held up by a blizzard | -nġu- nv
aŋniġu- (Ti) (t) to have hard blowing
snow accompanied by high wind |
:u-1 nv
agralgun (Ti) wheeled vehicle, e.g., car §
qamun, aksrak-
agraq- (t) to haul them =boxes with
repeated trips @ agraqsi- »
agraġait suġauttatiŋ
iglutiqsaqtuat the ones who are
moving into the house are hauling
their things over | -sI-3 vv
agrutaq bothersome person, someone
who is in the way » aniiqsuaġiñ
agrutausiññaqtutin uvva go play
outside, you are in the way here §
avrialutaq(-)
aguirrun cause of trouble »
aguirrutiłhiñaq ilviñ iñuk you
are just a troublemaker | +run1 vn
aguummak or (Nu) aguummaq
[aguummaQ] woven basket »
aguummaliaŋi tuvaaqatikpiñ
savaġipaluktut the baskets made
by your spouse are well made
17
aguummaayaaġiik [lit. “the onesd of
the same basket”] twins |
-ayaaq1 nn +[g]iik(-) nn
aguummi- to weave, make a basket
for (her/him/it); (t) to weave,
make it into a basket »
aguummigaa tutaaluurani he is
making a basket for his grandchild
| ‘=I-1 nv
aġayuk- (i) to travel about »
“aġayuktutin uvva akkupak;
yugittutin savaaġni” (Aiken
2009) [you are now traveling
about; you are traveling in your
job]
aġayuuq- (i) to be quick, fast; to
hurry | perhaps :uq-2 vv
aġġi- [aġġI] (i) to hold an Iñupiaq dance
aġġiri dancer, drummer or singer at
an Iñupiaq dance » aġġirit
quviasupiaġataqtut the dancers
and drummers are very happy |
mt/ri vn
aġġivik a place to hold an Iñupiaq
dance; (Nu) men’s house |
+vIk1 vn § qargi
aġġiññaq bag (for hunting gear), sealskin
bag, knapsack | +nnaq nn
aġġutaq1 membrane surrounding the
heart; dried stomach or bladder
used as a container; food storage
poke (bag) made of dried beluga
or bearded seal stomach »
 “paniġmatigiŋ
puukatauraġivlugit” (Matumeak
2009) [when dry they are used as
containers]
aġġutaq2 distant relative § ila(-)
*aġI (root) dampness, moisture
aġiñaq- (i) to be damp; remain moist
(of skin, meat); (i) to be soft |
+naq(-) rv
aġiññaq(-) wet object; (i) to be damp
(of ground, air, weather) | +t-2 rv
+naq(-) vv
aġiparaq fresh, untanned skin |
¤+paraq rn
aġit- [agIt] to become wet or damp
(of fabric, ground, animal hide,
child’s diaper)» isikkit iñirat;
aġitkai bring in the clothes that
have been hung out to dry; they
are becoming wet | +t-2 rv §
tavliq-
aġitchiq- to soak (it) » amiq
aġitchiqsuq iqaqqivigruami the
skin is soaking in the big tub |
+[t]sIq- vv
aġivri- (i) to become wrinkled from
soaking in water, of skin »
aġivriruq he gets wrinkled skin »
argatka aġivrirut my hands are
getting wrinkled | =rI-2 vv
aġimmiq bone joint § navlu
aġiu- (i) to stop, adjourn, quit, adjourn; to
die (after a lengthy illness or a
long life); (t) to have nothing to do
with her/him/it anymore »
aġiunaqsigaatigut it is time for us
to stop » savaani aġiugaa he quit
his job » ataatakpur-guuq
taamma aġiuruq our grandfather
just died, it is said
18
aġiulaktuaq- (t) to do all one wants to
do with her/him/it »
“aġiulaktuaġuŋ” (Matumeak
2009) [do all you want to do with
it] |-lak- vv +tuaq- vv
aġiusaaq- (i) to come to the
conclusion of an event, to the
finale | -saaq-1 vv
aġiut- (t) to have nothing to with
her/him/it anymore »
“pilaiġutivlugu aġiutkaa”
(Matumeak 2009) [he got tired of
it and will not have anything more
to do with it] | +t-2 vv
aġiyuk- (Ti) (i) to travel about from place
to place » “tasamani aasii
aġiyukkaluaġami utiġluni;
immamikaluaq
imaġualaitchuq” (David
Frankson as reported by Pulu,
Sampson, Newlin: 95) [and after
traveling down there she returns;
although she has been in water,
she never gets wet] § kukiluk-
aġlik- (t) to leave behind a portion of a
load » usiami ilaŋi aġlikkai he
left behind some of his load
aġligi- (t) to regret at being unable to
carry part of her/his load »
aġligivlugu unitkaa feeling bad
about not being able to take a part
of her load, he left her | +[g]i- nv
aġnaq woman; an adult human female;
queen (suit in cards) »
iġñimaruaq aġnamik she gave
birth to a girl
aġnaat (irreg abs. poss.) his wife »
aġnaat uvlaakun
tikiññiaġniraŋat they said his
wife will arrive tomorrow | :at
(poss. 3p-3s) § aġnaqtiŋ
aġnaġik- (i) to be pretty, attractive (of
a woman) | +[g]Ik- nv
aġnaġiksaq- to primp (her), apply
makeup on (her) | +[g]Ik- nv
3
msaq- vv
aġnaġri- (i) to act like a woman (of a
man) | -ġrI- nv
¤aġnaġuaq- (Ti) (i) to grow old (of a
woman) | -ġuaq- vv § aaquaq-
aġnaġuq- (i) to become a woman
» “qatqitchuq;
niviaqsiaguŋaiqsuq;
aġnaġuqtuaq” (Aiken 2009) [she
is mature; she who becomes a
woman ceases being a teenager] |
+uq-1 nv
aġnaiyaaq girl (pre-teen); a female
human baby » aġnaiyaaq
savvaġiksuq the girl is neat and
clever | -iyaaq nn
aġnaksraq man who acts the part of a
woman (as in a play where a man
is chosen to play the lead of a
woman) | -ksraq(-) nn, nv
aġnalaniaq (Ti) a beautiful woman |
+laniaq nn
aġnaqan matrilineal cousin (child of
mother’s sister) | ±qati/qan vn nn
§ aŋunnuniq, aŋutiqan under aŋun
aġnaqtaq an object or article
designed for a woman »
aġnaqtagnik kamikłuugnik
tauqsilgiññiqsuq killukuaqłuni
he bought a pair of women’s pants
by mistake | +taq(-) nn
aġnaqtiŋ his own wife » aġnaqtiŋ
nakuaġikpakkaa he adores his
wife | +ktiŋ (poss. 3p-3s) § nulianI
under nuliaq
aġnasalluq female animal »
aġnasalluq ivamaruq the bitch
has borne a litter | +salluq nn
aġnasuk female dog, bitch » aġnasuk
ivaalik ugiallaruaq qallikaptigu
the bitch with the litter began to
snarl when we got close to her |
-suk nn
19
aġnatuq- (i) to commit adultery with
a woman; to have an affair with a
woman (of a man) | +tuq-3 nv §
also allatuq-
aġnau- (Nu) (i) to dance, performing
the arm movements characteristic
of a woman (often used of a man
imitating a woman) | :u-1 nv
aġnaun (Ti) girlfriend | -un2 nn
aġnauniq wife; woman taken along
on a hunting party; (Nu) female
maternal parallel cousin (of a
man) | +unIq nn § aŋunnuniq
aġnauraq (Ti) white woman |
:uraq nn
aġnaviaq female Eider Duck |
-viaq2 nn
aġnavik female Ptarmigan (Lagopus
lagopus) | -vIk2 nn § aqargIq
aġnavvi- (i) to flirt in an alluring way
(of a woman); (i) to exhibit
prideful behavior, regardless of
others watching; (i) to indulge in
self-esteem (of a woman) |
+vvI- nv
aġniqi- (i) to womanize; (t) to molest
her sexually | ‘=Iqi-1 nv
aġniqiniuraq- (i) to flirt, chase after
women | ‘=Iqi-1 nv +niuraq- vv
aġnauraak two small pieces of wood
inserted into the tips of a bow to
hold a braided sinew bowstring in
place | -k2 nn
aġra or aġraq ash; gunpowder; fire pail
(used by whaling crew for cooking
prior to the modern campstove)
 aġraiyaun rake for fireplace ash |
:Iyaq- nv :un1 vn
aġraqtuqtuaq (Ti) small stove made
from a kerosene can with top
removed | +tuq-3 nv +tuaq2
aġriq- (t) to fill it =gun with
gunpowder » aġriqsaa akku he
filled it (the gun) with powder a
while ago | ‘=Iq-1 nv
aġrit- to become ash covered |
‘=It-2 nv
aġraq(-) (Ti) ball; (t) to kick it =ball
repeatedly § aqsraq-
Aġraurraġvik (Ti) month of January;
“The January moon (month) was
sometimes called Agrawagvik
after the football” (Rainey: 257)
aġraurraq(-) (Ti) (i) to play
traditional Iñupiaq soccer; “One
game, argauguk (football), was
played with a ball, about the size
of an indoor baseball, made of a
bundle of baleen shavings sewed
into a sealskin cover.” (Rainey:
256)| -q-2 nv -urraq- vv also
aqsrautraq-
aġraurraun (Ti) football for Iñupiaq
soccer | -q-2 nv -urraq- vv :un1 vn
aġriqi- (Ti) (i) to play ball (any ball
game) | ‘=Iqi-1 nv § aqsriqi-,
ayukyaq(-)
aġvak(-)1 edge of hand; balls of fingers
and thumb; fleshy part of palm; (t)
to hit her/him/it with edge of hand
» aġvaŋmigun kiliŋaruq he has a
cut on the ball of his thumb;
aġvaŋni aksiyagigai the edge of
his hand is tender to the touch;
kuvluŋmi aġvaŋa anniġaa he
injured the ball of his thumb |
-k-4 nv
aġvaŋmik- (t) to hit her/him/it with
the edge of the hand repeatedly »
aġvaŋmikugu tavra
20
qaurimaiqsitiġaa he quickly
rendered him unconscious by
hitting him with the edge of his
hand | -k-4 nv +mIk-1 nv, vv
aġvaluq- (Ti) (i) to be round § aqvaluq-,
agmaluq-
aġvaluqtauraq (Ti) weaned female
whale (young and fat); muffin
(bread) | +taraq2 vn =uraq nn
aġvaluqtaurisit muffin tin, pan |
+taraq2 vn =uraq nn ‘=I-1 nv -ti1 vn
aġviq [aġviQ] [dual aġvak, pl. aġviġit,
archaic pl. aavġit; archaic relative
form aavġum] bowhead whale
(Balaena mysticetus); Pacific right
whale (Eubalaena japonica)
aġvaalik female bowhead whale with
a calf » “Tamarra aġvaalgillu
tamatkua, aġviŋuluuramik
aullarriruat, amaaqtuat,
tamarra iŋutuvaŋnik
pivaguŋnagaich.” (David
Frankson as reported by Pulu,
Sampson, Newlin: 68) [and the
female whales traveling with
calves on their backs are called
iŋutuvak “young female whales”]
| -aq2 nn -lik nn
aġvaaq [aġvaraq] infant whale;
whale calf » aġvarrak puiruk
atautchikun the two whale calves
surfaced simultaneously | -aq2 nn
aġvaaq aŋŋuuq! (excl.)
announcement crying out that a
whale has been caught
aġvak-2 or (Ti) aġvaaq- (i) to kill
a whale in a whale hunt »
aġvaktuat quvianapaluktut oh,
what joy, they caught a whale! |
‘-k-1 nv or ‘-k-1 nv perhaps
-aq-2 vv
aġvaksakaaq the type of whale one
usually caught » “Taimmagguuq
aapami aġvaksakaaŋisitun
 ittuamik aŋiŋitchuamik
uuktuaġaqsiruq.” (Ahvakana:
29 [so he began to try to kill not
so large whales like his father
used to get] | ‘-k-1 nv +saq vn
-kaaq nn
aġvaktaġi- (t) to kill, catch it =whale |
+t/raq nv +[g]i- vv
aġvaktaġiyummiuqpak- (Ti) (t) to
consider it to be the whale to
catch » “Aġvaktaġiyummiuq-
pakkaat suli taamna
iŋutualuk.” (David Frankson as
reported by Pulu, Sampson,
Newlin: 68) [the mature female
whale is a sought after whale
catch] | +t/raq vn +[g]i- nv
+yummiuq- vv
aġvanġaq(-) (Ti) a new whaling
captain who has killed her/his first
whale; (i) to catch one’s first
whale (of new whaling captain) |
‘-k-1 nv -nġaq2 vn -q-2 nv
aġvanġaqtuaq (Ti) a new whaling
captain who has caught his first
whale (usually the whale is
divided differently than those
whales caught by seasoned
whaling captains; rituals such as
“nalukataq” also differ slightly) »
aġvanġaqtuaq qagruġman
nalukataġuurut avarriqi-
ŋaiġmata when the whaling
captain who has caught his first
whale holds the first day of the
whaling festival, the blanket toss
is held the second day after the
whale flukes have been distributed
(Kineeveauk, 2008) | ‘-k-1 nv -
nġaq- vv +tuaq2 (3s participle)
aġvanġaun first whale taken by a new
whaling captain | ‘-k-1 nv
-nġaq- vv +un1 vn
aġvanġautituq- (i) to eat from the
first whale of a new whaling
captain | ‘-k-1 nv -nġaq- vv
21
+un1 vn +tuq-3 nv
aġvaŋniaq- (i) to hunt bowhead
whales; (Ti) (i) to camp on the ice
for whaling | -k-1 nv +niaq(-) vv
aġvaŋniat whalers | ‘k-1 nv
+niaq(-) vn -t nn
aġviġluaq gray whale (Eschrichtius
robustus) » aġviġluam sarġutkai
a gray whale is passing by in front
of them | +luaq nn
aġviġunaaq- (i) to sight, see a whale |
+[ġ]unaaq- nv
aġviliqun whaling shoulder gun |
-liqun vn
aġvilia! (excl.) announcemnt cried out
as a crew or family member of a
successful whaling captain gets on
a blanket toss to jump [note: the
vowel cluster /ia/ is flattened]
aġviñġaq oil from rendered whale
blubber » aġviñġamik
misiġarriruq he is making oil
from whale blubber |
-nġaq nn
aġviqi- (i) to hold a whaling feast (of
whaling captain) | ‘=Iqi-1 nv
aġviqsiuq- or aġviġniaq- (i) to hunt
whales | +siuq- or nv +niaq-2 vv §
aġvaŋniaq-
aġvisuaq porpoise (Phocoena
vomerina) » “maŋaqtaurat
aaġlutun qiññaqauraqtuat”
(Aiken 2009) [the ones that are
black and resemble killer whales
slightly] | +suaq nn
aġviuġun knife for butchering whale |
=iuq-1 nv :un1 vn
aġviuq- (i) to divide up, butcher a
whale into shares (of whaling
crews) » titiqtuqqaaġlugu
aġviuġuugaat they always mark
the shares before they butcher the
whale | =iuq-1 nv
aġviuraq snowdrift in the shape of a
“whale back” (usually about 30
feet in length) (Arnold Brower Sr.
 in Sturm: 41) § aniuvauraq,
qayuqłak
aġviq- [aġvIq] to reach the summit after a
difficult climb » “qimiġaq
aġviqsaaqsiññaġlugu
tikiññiaqtutin” (Aiken 2009)
[you will have arrived at the
destination after you reach and go
over the top of the hill] § akpak-,
itivit-, ukpitaq-
aġviqtaq- (i) to pace back and forth
» “qimiġaq aġviqtaġaa” (Aiken
2009) [he is pacing back and
forth on the hill] | +t/raq-1 vv
aġyuk- (i) to travel about; to walk, stroll §
aġayuk-
aġyuuq- (i) to be fast, quick, to hurry
» aġyuuġraġiñ please hurry |
-uq-2 vv
ai (excl.) seeks approval or endorsement »
ailuk ai let’sd go home, okay;
tikitchut ai they have arrived,
isn’t that so
ai-1 [agI] (t) to fetch, go and get her/him/it
» aggiuŋ (you) go and get it; @
aikłiq- » aikłiqsuq
ikayuqtiksramiñik he has gone
for help || +kłIq-1 vv
ai-2 [agi] (i) to go home; (i) to come
home » aggiiñ; ammapta
piŋigigaatin go home; they are
probably worried about you as
usual § aŋilġaq-
aggia- (i) to arrive en masse (used in
pl) | ‘-q-2 vv -a-1 vv
aggiñ ticket home » aggisiksramiñik
tauqsiqsuaq she bought a ticket
home | ‘n vn
aggiq- [aggIq] (i) to arrive; (i) to
come home » “tavra airuq;
aimman iñuk” (Aiken 2009) [he
22
comes home; it’s when a person
comes home] | ‘-q-2 vv
aggiqi- (Nu) (t) to return home to
her/him/it » uniñŋagaluakkani
aggiqigaa he returned home to the
one he had left behind| '-qi- vv
aggisi- or aggisuuti- (t) to bring or
take her/him/it home @
aggirri- or aggisuurri- or (Nu)
aggiurri- » aġnam aggisigaa
miqłiqtuuraq the woman took
the baby home | ‘ti- vv or ‘ti- vv
+uti- vv || ‘rrI- vv, +urrI- vv
aimaaġvigipasaŋit- (t) to not have it
as a home for long »
aimaaġvigipasaŋitkikput
taimña kaviqsaaq iglu we did
not stay in that red house for very
long | +[g]ipasaŋIt- nv
aimaaġvik or aimmivik home »
aimaaġvigmiñi mavsiqsuq he is
convalescing at home |
+maaq(-) vv +vIk1 vn, +mmI-5 vv
+vIk1 vn
aimmi-1 (i) to be at home | +mmI-5 vv
aimmi-2 (i) immediately upon arrival
at home » aimmiuŋalu nannit
qamiruat just after I arrived at
home, the lights went out |
+mmi-2 vv
aimmimmi- (i) to also be home »
aimmimmiuq he too is home |
+mmi-1 vv
aiñmuk- (i) to go homeward |
-nmun (term.) -k-3 ncv
aiñmun toward home | -nmun (term.)
aipqaulligaq- (i) to return home
joyfully » “tavra aapaŋat
aipqaulligaqtuq qitunġamiñun;
araa, aliitkutinikhutik”
(Nageak 1975: 7) [so their father
would enjoy returning home
joyfully to his children; it was
wonderful that they (he and his
wife) now had something
(children) to enjoy] |
 -pqaullik- vv +aq-1 vv
aiġaaluk husband’s older brother
aiġaq plant with edible roots, vetch
(Oxytropis nigrescens) | +[ġ]aq n
§ nakaq, masu
aiġun cuff of sleeve < aiq-
ailaq- (i) to be damp or wet
ailaġnaq(-) damp cool weather; (i) to
be misty (of air); (Ti) (i) to be wet,
damp (of ground) | +naq(-) vv
ailaqi- to get (it) wet | -qi- vv
aillałak that which is dripping wet |
‘-Q-4 vn -łak nn, vn
aillaq dampness, moisture; someone
or somethng which is drenched,
soaking wet » aillaq alappaa it is
so damp and cold | ‘-Q vn § avyuq
ailli- [aillI] (Ti) (i) to stop and eat when
on a journey » aillipkaġitka
qimmitka I stopped my journey
to feed my dogs
ailli liq- (Nu) (i) to eat lunch | -lIq-1 vv
§ qituġusiq-
aillukiaq (excl.) yes, that is right! I agree!
| +lu (encl.) +kiaq (encl.) §
aaglukiaq, ii, aa, aaŋ
ailuqtuq Surf Scoter (Melanitta
perspicillata) | +tuq6 n §
tuunġaaġruk, aviluqtuq
aiłhuuq- to rock (it) back and forth (as in
a boat or plane)
aimaġnaq antlerless female caribou;
barren female caribou § tuttu
aimmaq (Nu) berry container, sack »
“pukugviurat asianun” (Hugo
23
2009) [gathering containers for
berry picking]
aiñaq [ENG “onion”] onion
aiñiq [aiñiQ] pocket » aiñġitchuq he
doesn’t have pockets § igvik
aiñiġmiutaq(-) something kept in the
pocket; pocket watch; to keep (it)
in one’s pocket | +miutaq(-) nn
aiñiqsimaaq- (i) to stand with one’s
hands in one’s pants pockets |
+simaaq- vv § kaumaaq-
aiñiqsruq- to reach into (her/his/its)
pocket | +qsruq-1 nv § igvigruq-
aiparaq fresh, raw, untanned skin
(Aiken 2009)
aippaq [aippaQ] one of a pair (persons,
objects, seasons, years, or ages);
co-wife (woman with whom one
shares a husband) » aippani
aġnam taluġigaa the woman
fears her co-wife; aippaŋa
aitqatikpiñ nauŋ where
is your other mitten; “Ilaanni
Tikiġaġmiut upiñġagrami
aippaŋani, uillaigutisuugai.”
(David Frankson as reported by
Pulu, Sampson, Newlin: 95)
[sometimes on an alternate
spring, it takes a long while for
the ocean ice to develop an open
lead of water near Point Hope] §
iglu
aippaaġnisaq that which is ancient |
perhaps ‘-.q-4 dv +nisaq nn §
iŋilġaaġnisaq
aippaaġu during next year; indefinite
in the future » aippaaġu
tautuutiniaqtuguk qakugu
sometime next year wed will see
each other | perhaps
‘-.q-4 dv m[g]u(n) nn
aippaak [lit.”theird = first & third other”]
the number two (second in a
series, used especially when
counting in a game) | perhaps ‘-
.q-4 dv :ak (abs. poss. 3d-3s)
aippaani long ago in the distant past,
in olden days; “in the other time”
(Murdoch 1890: 43) »
siġġaqivlutiŋ aippaani
iñuusuuŋarut in the olden days
they really had to struggle to make
a living; “aippaanilu alġaanilu
atiruk” (Harold Itta 1982: track
1) [aippaani and alġaani are
synomyns] | perhaps ‘-.q-4 dv ÷nI
(loc.) § alġaanI
aippaanigu in the distant future | ÷nI
(loc.) m[g]u(n) nn
aippaapak time immemorial, ancient
times » aippaapak qaŋapak
tainna ittuq it has always been
thus since time immemorial |
perhaps ‘-.q-4 dv -pak1 nn
aippaġiik a pair of items belonging
together; a pair of co-wives; in
spelling, double letters =geminate
sounds » aippaġiik
aññaġiigmiuk the pair of co-
wives are also maternal cousins |
+[g]iik/t nn
aippaġu the year after next |
m[g]u(n) nn
Aippiġñiq Tuesday | ‘=Iq-1 nv
+niQ1 vn
Aippiq- [lit. “we have Tuesday”] (i)
to be Tuesday (used with 1p
ending) » Aippiqsugut it is
Tuesday | ‘=Iq-1 nv
aippiq- (i) acquire a companion; (t) to
become the companion of
her/him/it; (t) to accompany
her/him; (t) to add a second one to
it; (t) to second, endorse it
=nomination or motion in
parliamentary procedure, so that a
vote may be taken » ayaksaqtuaq
24
aippiġaa he joined the one who is
leaving (for an event) | ‘=Iq-1 nv §
tappiq-
aipqaulligaq- (i) to come home joyfully
and eagerly < ai-2
aiq- to put (her/his) arm into (her/his)
sleeve » qumiikkaluaqami
aiġataqtuq he put his arms
through his sleeves after having
had them inside his parka for a
while § asiq(-)
aiġun cuff of sleeve » qaliġuuraŋata
aiġutaa aliktuq the cuff of her
dress sleeve tore | :un1 vn
aiñiq [aiñiQ] pocket | -niQ vn
aiñiqsruq- to reach into one’s own
pocket; (t) to reach into her/his/its
pocket | -niQ vn +qsruq-1 nv
aiqpak elbow-length mitten |
+qpak(-) nn
aitqan or aatqan or aaqqan mitten;
(Nu) caribou skin mitt used when
breaking bones for making broth |
+tqan vn
aisitaq cracked ice made by force of
moving ice when it attaches to
free floating ice (Harcharek: 8)
aitchuq- (t) to give her/him/it something
» aitchuġaa aŋun qilaamiñik she
gave the man what she had knitted
aitchui- (i) to donate or make a
contribution; to give away; to
make an offering in church |
:I-4 vv
aitchuivik a time or place for giving
gifts; offering plate or basket, in
church » aitchuivik
kataiqqayaġaa he almost
dropped the collection basket |
:I-4 vv +vIk1 vn
aitchuġniġluun death-inducing object
given by a shaman to someone he
wishes to harm; something given
 in an aggressive manner »
aitchuġniġluusiaqaŋavluni
aŋatkumiñ tuquliŋaruq he died
shortly after he received a death-
inducing charm from the shaman |
-niġluk- vv :un1 vn
aitchuun offering, sacrifice; donation
gift ġiven | :un1 vn
aitchuusiaq gift, item received »
aitchuusiani qimaksimarai she
forgot the things that were given
to her | :un1 vn ~Iq-1 nv ±aq1 vn
aitchuutigi- (t) to betray, deliver
her/him/it; to give her/him/it away
as a gift or offering | :un1 vn
+[g]i- nv § annauti-
aitchuutiginniktuaq betrayer, traitor |
:un1 vn +[g]i- nv +nnik- vv
+t/ruaq vn
aiva- (Nu) to quarrel, argue (with her/him)
§ qanaaq- under qaniq(-)
aiviq [aiviQ] [dual aivvak, pl. aivġit]
walrus (Odobenus rosmarus)
aivġit- (i) to lack walrus, have a
dearth of walrus | :It-1 nv
aivġit nauyaŋat [lit. “the seagull of
the walrus”] Northern Fulmar
(Fulmarus glacialis) | :It nn
aivġukkaq- (i) for there to be many
walrus | :ukkak- nv
aivġutait- (i) to not have a suppy of
walrus meat | :uti2 nn :It-1 nv
aivġutau- (i) to have a large supply of
walrus meat | :uti2 nn :u-3 n
aivvak- (i) to kill a walrus | ‘-k-1 nv
aiviqiak [aiviqirak] Pectoral
Sandpiper (Calidris melanotos) »
aiviqirrat tautugnaqsisuurut
upinġaami pectoral sandpipers
return for the summer §
puvviaqtuuq
aiy?! (excl.) is that so?!
25
aiyaaŋa- (i) to be dizzy, to feel faint, to
be nearly unconscious »
aiyaaŋaruq; nallaqtirruŋ he is
dizzy; have him lie down | ±ŋa- vv
§ aanŋu-
aiyugaaq- (t) to invite her/him @
aiyugaaqłiq- or (Ti) aiyugaaġliq-
or aiyugaaqłii- | +kłIq1 +I5
aiyugaaqsiu- (Ti) (i) to be invited |
+siu- vv
aiyuili- (i) to get carried away; (i) to go to
excess | perhaps -ili- vv
aka- (i) to protest, make a fuss, be
disagreeable » “taimma
akaŋitchuq” (Nageak 1975: 24)
[so he did as asked]
akałłuqutaq troublesome person,
troublemaker | +t-2 vv +łuqutaq vn
akałłuqutau- (i) to be the cause of
dissension among people; to be a
troublemaker; to cause a
disturbance | +t-2 vv +łuqutaq vn
-u-1 nv
akarrun cause of conflict,
disharmony, or dissension »
akarrutaunak illatiguviñ don’t
be troublesome when you join
them | +t-2 vv -ruti vn
akat- (i) to harm oneself; (t) to upset,
bother, or harm her/him/it »
aapiyani akatkaa savagni-tuaq
he is bothering his elder brother
who is trying to work; akattuq
ilimiñik immaġluliqłuni he is
doing himself harm by drinking
heavily | +t-2 vv
akatchi- (i) to be disruptive; (t) to
disrupt her/his activity » suaguŋ
ikka akatchiruq scold him, he is
being disruptive; akatchigaa
ataurani he is disrupting his older
sister; iññuqłuum akatchigaa
 savaaŋanik the trouble maker
messed up her work | +t2- vv
+sI-4 vv
akayugnaiq- (i) to appease someone
so they no longer bother one; (t) to
satisfy to the fullest to where it
can never be repaid | -yuk(-)vv
+naq-1 vv :Iq-2 vv
akalik- or (Ti) agalik- to be unruly (of
hair); (Ti) to be curly (of hair) »
“ill aŋaruatun inmata nuyaŋit
akalignisuugait” (Aiken 2009)
[it is said that when one’s hair is
tangled, it is unruly]
agaliksaq- (Ti) (t) to curl hair »
agaliksaġaa niaquġa she is
curling my hair | +saq3- vv
agaliŋa- (Ti) (i) to have curly hair »
niaqqun agaliŋaruq your hair is
curly | ±ŋa- vv
akatiŋa- (i) to be curly (of hair) |
±ŋa- vv
akavalik- (Nu) (t) to roll it into a ball,
e.g., with hands
aki(-)1 [akI] corresponding value,
equivalence; cost, price, value;
wage; opposite side, other side;
(Ti) north side of the point (Point
Hope); (t) to respond,
acknowledge, or answer her/him
with gestures (of one who is far
away but visible) » akiptinni
igluqaqtut they have a house
across from ours; taamna
qanutun akiqaqpa what is the
price on that
akiaġaqtaaq- to take turns using (it);
(i) to take turns doing an activity |
-aq-4 nv +aq-1 vv +taaq- vv
akiani on the opposite side | -anI
poss.3s-sloc.
akiaq- (t) to relieve her/him during a
task; (t) to take over her/his watch
26
(period of time doing something);
(t) to replace her/him in a
competition, etc. @ akiaqsi- »
akiaġaa ilaaluni he took over for
his partner | -aq-4 nv || +sI-3 vv
akigaq-2 to bear, carry (it) from both
sides (of more than one person);
to bear, carry (it) on or across
one’s shoulders, e.g., with a yoke
» aġviġum niaqua akigaqługu
nuutkaak theyd moved the
whale’s head by carrying it from
both sides | -gaq- vv, nv § kakaaq-,
nanmak-, tigumiaq-
akigaun yoke, a frame fitted to a
person’s shoulders to carry loads;
a stick slipped under the handle
used to distribute a load to be
carried, as when a bucket of water
is transported by two persons »
akigautaak naviktuq the stick
that theyd are using to carry
something broke | -gaq- vv, nv
:un1 vn
akigautik a stretcher; a litter »
akigautik aikkik go get the
stretcher | -gaq- vv :un1 vn -k2 nn
akigiik(-) (i) to be across from each
other; opponents | +[g]iik- nv §
akilliġiik(-)
akiġruq- (Ti) to buy (it) on credit |
-ġruq- nv § akiilaq(-), imuŋaaq(-)
akiġruun (Ti) a debt | -ġruq- nv
:un1 vn § akiilaq(-), imuŋaaq(-)
akiilaaq something free, without cost
| :ilaq(-) nv ±aq1 vn
akiilaq(-) debt; to buy (it) on credit »
akiilani akiliġiaġai he has gone to
pay his debts | :ilaq(-) nn, nv
akiilaqtuqtitchiri creditor; money
lender | :ilaq(-) nn, nv +tuq-2 vv
+sI-3 vv mt/ri vn
akiili- (t) to defeat her/him in a
contest » kamanniraaqtuaq
akiiligaa he defeated the one who
 was showing off, one who thought
he was strong | :It-1 nv -lI-4 nv
akiisit- (t) to defeat, beat her/him/it;
(t) to overcome (it =illness,
misfortune) | :It-1 nv mtit-1 vv
akiit- (i) to lose, be defeated; (i) to be
cheap, inexpensive »
akisunasugiraġa akiiññiqsuq I
thought it was costly, but found it
to be inexpensive;
tikitqaurraġmata akiitchuaq he
lost when a race was held | :It-1 nv
akiitchuq a prostitute, harlot | :It-1 nv
+tuq2 vn
akiksrait- (i) to be priceless,
invaluable » iñuit uqallagaqtut
maġlaktuutaa akiksraiññivlugu
once in a while people would say
that his dance gift was priceless -
ksraq nn :It-1 nv
akiksriq- or (Ti) akigriq- (t) to
assess, appraise its worth, set a
price on it; (t) to set a taxation
value on it | -ksraq nn or
+graq nn ‘=Iq-1 nv
akiksriqsuq- (t) to set a value on, to
assess the worth of them (for
taxation, sale price) @
akiksriqsui- | -ksraq nn ‘=Iq-1 nv
+tuq-2 vv || :I-4 vv
akiliaksraq bill; item to be paid for »
akiliaksratka tikiñmata
quyatchapaluktuŋa
mikiniġmata when my bills
came, I was overjoyed when I
realized that they were a small |
-lIq-1 nv ±aq1 vn +ksraq nn
akiliaksriq- (t) to levy, impose a tax
on it; (t) to bill, charge her/him/it
an amount | -lIq-1 nv ±aq1 vn
+ksraq nn ‘=Iq-1 nv
akiliñaaq north side area of a point of
land; north side of Point Barrow
(Nuvuk) » ukiami akiliñaami
aġvagniqsut during the fall, they
caught a whale on the north side
27
of Point Barrow » qamma
akiliñaaqsiuqtut kalittuat
aġviġmik the boats pulling the
whale are remaining on the north
side of Point Barrow | +liñaaq vn
akiliq- (t) to pay for it; (t) to pay
her/him @ akilii- » akiliġaa
tauqsiġñiaqti he paid the store-
keeper; akiliiruaq aŋunmun he
paid the man | -lIq-1 nv || :I-4 vv
akilirrun payment for services,
usually money | +lIt- nv +run vn
akilisiq- (t) to pay them each a wage |
+lIt- nv ~Iq-1 nv
akilit- (t) to pay her/him a wage »
savaktini akilitkai he paid his
workers | +lIt- nv
akilitchi- (Ti) (i) to pay a debt |
+lIt- nv +sI-3 vv § akiilaq(-)
akiliusiaksraq reward | +lIt- nv
:un-1 vn ~Iq-1 nv ±aq1 vn
+ksraq(-) nn
akiliusiaq reward, wage, paycheck »
akiliusiani nuŋupkapasuuġaa he
spent his paycheck already |
+lIt- nv :un-1 vn ~Iq-1 nv ±aq1 vn
akilliġii (Nu) “two-family” sod house
(with one door), entrance on long
side (Ingstad: 158 “akilliri”);
duplex house | +llIQ nn
+[g]iik(-) nn § sivunmuktaq,
iglupiaqtaqłik
akilliġiik(-) enemiesd, opponentsd; (i)
to be enemies, opponents| +llIQ
nn +[g]iik(-) nn, nv
akilliliq- to oppose (her/him); (i) to
now have an opponent » aapiyani
anaktaqtuani akilliliġaa he is
competing against his brother in
the games | +llIQ nn -lIq-1 nv
akilliliqsuq- (t) to oppose her/him/it
@ akilliiqsui- | +llIQ nn -lIq-1 nv
+tuq-2 vv || :I-4 vv
akilliliqsuun opposition,
contradiction | +llIQ nn -lIq-1 nv
+tuq-2 vv :un
akill iq opponent, competitor;
opposite; enemy; (Nu) side
platform in sod house (one of two
platforms opposite each other) »
akilliñi siġmaaliqsitkaa he is
forcing his competitor to work
harder | +llIQ nn
akill iqsruq- (t) to oppose her/him/it
@ akilli qsrui- | +llIQ nn
+qsruq-1 nv || :I-4 vv
akiłhun glass lantern chimney; snow
deflector, e.g., at the entrance of
a snowhouse to keep the snow
from piling up and blocking the
entrance » akiłhutaa naniġuami
naviksimaraa he broke the glass
lchimney of his lantern | -łhun nn
akiłhurraq- (i) to break (of lantern
chimney); (t) to break her/his/its
lantern chimney | -łhun nn
perhaps -rraq- rv
akiłuliq- (t) to set a snow deflector |
-luk(-) vn, nv -lIq-1 nv
akiługaq echo; light flashing on and
off | +łuk(-) nn, vn
+[ġ]aq vn
akiłuk(-) beam of light; echo; (t) to be
illuminated by a beam of light; (i)
to echo » akiłukkaa a beam of
light shines on it | -luk(-) nn, nv §
akiłhun
akiłuktaq- (i) to echo more than once
» atuġman akiłuktaġaqtuq
nipaa when he sang, his voice
would echo | +łuk(-) nn
+t/raq-1 vv
akima- (i) to be victorious; (t) to win
(it) » akimaruaq
tikitqaurraqtuani she won in the
race | +ma-1 vn
akimman victory » akimmatiktiŋ
ilitchuġipqauraqamirruŋ, iñuit
piallaktut the people became very
excited when they learned of their
victory | +ma-1 vv ‘n vn
28
akimuksaaġun oblique horizontal
support beam | ÷muk- nv +saaq-2
vv :un1 vn § see Appendix 22
akiñ or akisi pillow; sleeping
platform head beam (crossbeam)
akisiga nakuuruq my pillow is
perfect | -n2 § igliq,
sayyagiitkutaq, see Appendix 22
akiññak- (i) to be paid a wage, to get
paid | +nnak- nv
akiññaktaaq paycheck, payment
received for services rendered;
prize won » akiññaktaaksrautit
naanŋaitkaitsuli they have not
finished the payroll yet;
akiññaktaaġa tautuŋaviuŋ have
you seen the prize I won |
+nnak- nv +t/raaq2 vn
akiññaktit- (t) to pay her/him a wage
» akiññaktitkaaŋa she paid me a
wage | +nnak- nv mtit-1 vv
akiŋŋaq- (t) to speak boldly to
someone; (t) to criticize someone
openly; (i) to bounce off
repeatedly; (i) to resist impact; (i)
to make no impression on
someone (of words or scolding) @
akiŋŋai- | -ŋŋaq- nv
akiraġaq- (Ti) to echo » nipiga
akiraġaqtuq or nipiga
akiraġaġaa my voice is echoing |
-t/raġaq- vv § qaiġuatitaq-
akisaq- to respond aggressively in
reciprocation (to her/him) back;
take revenge (on her/him); (i) to
reciprocate by fighting back; (i) |
3
msaq- nv
akisauti- (t) to avenge, defend
her/him/it | msaq-3 nv -uti- vv
akisaurriñiq vengeance, revenge |
3 5
msaq- nv -uti- vv ~rI- vv
1
+niQ vn
akisiġun lamp chimney » naniġuam
akisiġutaa lamp shade or
chimney | -ti vn :Iq-1vn +un1 nn §
also akiłhun
 akisu- (i) to be expensive, valuable; to
be of some value, worth | +tu- nv
akisutilaaq(-) price; value; (t) to
inquire about its price | +tu- nv
mtilaaq(-) vn
akitchaq- to trade, barter, or offer (it)
for exchange; (t) to bid for it »
akitchaġaluaqtuq iñuit
tauqsiġuŋitchut he offered things
for sale or barter but people did
not want to buy | +tchaq- vv
akiuġuti- (i) to quarrel, disagree,
fight, oppose | :uq-1 nv :uti- vv
akiuq- (t) to be opposed to it;
continue to respond or answer
her/him with gestures (of one who
is far away but visible) | +uq-1 vv
akivik- (t) to prop it =usu. a boat on
its side » akivikługu umiaq
uqquutchiqsut they made a wind
shelter for themselves by propping
the boat on its side | +vik- v
akkiñ that which is used to catch
something falling (e.g., dripping
water) | ‘n vn § akkuaq-
akkiq- (t) to catch it while falling
(e.g., dripping water, plate) »
akkiġaa puggutauraq
kataksaqtuaq he caught the plate
just as it fell | ‘=Iq-1 nv § akkuaq-
akkiqsima- (i) to hold onto
something to keep from falling; (t)
to hold a container underneath
another to catch any spillage; (t)
to keep her/him/it from falling |
‘=Iq-1 nv +sima-2 vv § akkuaq-
akkiqsimaaq- to hold one’s head in
one’s hands (usually as one leans
on something) | ‘=Iq-1 nv
+simaaq- vv § akkuaq-
aki(-)2 barb on hook; curved hook-
shaped slough off river; (t) to
hook it » “akiligaaq narviligaaq”
(Aiken 2009) [one with a gaff and
a hook]; “akigaa, natchiqtuq
29
kiuvva, niksikkaa” (Aiken 2009)
[he hooked it, he caught a seal that
is, he hooked it]
¤akigaq (Ti), (Nu) large hook, gaff,
e.g., for retrieving bearded seals |
+gaq1 nn
akikaq- (i) to be caught with a hook,
be secured with an ice hook (of a
sled); (t) to catch it with a hook, to
secure it =sled with an ice hook
sled brake | +kaq- vv
akikki- (i) to make a large hook, gaff
with shaft | +gaq1 nn ‘=I-1 nn
akit- [akIt] (t) to hook her/him/it |
+t-2 nv
akititaun a brake usually consisting
of a hook or hooks attached to a
sled by rope; the brake is thrown
from the sled, then stepped on to
anchor it into snow or ice » uniat
akititautaat iluaqsiuŋ fix the sled
brake | +t-2 nv mtitaq- vv, vn
:uti1 vn § niksikpak
akiġuq knot in wood; (Nu) branch of tree;
(Nu) antler tine » akiġuligmik
tivramik paqittuq he found a
piece of driftwood with a knot in
it; “qiruŋmi ittuaq siqquqtuq”
(Aiken 2009) [it is in wood and it
is hard] | ±ġuq n § aagiaq, unŋuq
°akim (dem. stem) over there across (not
visible) § °ag (dem. stem); °aki
akimna [dual akipkuak, pl. akipkua]
that one over there across (not
visible) | +na (dem. abs. pron. sg.
mkr.)
akiptuma or akivsruma or
akivruma [dual akipkuak, pl.
akipkua] that one over there
across (not visible) | +tuma (dem.
rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
akiptumani or akivsrumani or
akivrumani [dual akipkugnagni,
pl. akipkunani] located with that
 one over there across (not visible)
| +tum (dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
+anI (dem. loc.)
akiptumaŋŋa or akivsrumaŋŋa or
akivrumaŋŋa [dual
akipkugnaŋŋa, pl. akipkunaŋŋa]
from that one over there across
(not visible) | +tum (dem. rel.
pron. sg. mkr.) +aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
akiptumatun or akivsrumatun or
akivrumatun [dual
akipkugnaktun, pl. akipkunatitun]
similar to that one over there
across (not visible) | +tum (dem.
rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +atun (dem.
sim.)
akiptumiŋa or akivsrumiŋa or
akivrumiŋa [dual akipkugniŋa,
pl. akipkuniŋa] that one over there
across (not visible) | +tum (dem.
rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +iŋa (dem.
mod.)
akiptumuŋa or akivsrumuŋa or
akivrumuŋa [dual akipkugnuŋa,
pl. akipkunuŋa] to that one over
there across (not visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +uŋa
(dem. term.)
akiptumuuna or akivsrumuuna or
akivrumuuna [dual
akipkugnuuna, pl. akipkunuuna]
via that one over there across;
with that one over there across
(not visible) | +tum (dem. rel.
pron. sg. mkr.) +uuna (dem. via.)
aŋma over there across (not visible) |
‘a (dem. adv. mkr.)
aŋmani located over there across (not
visible) | +anI (dem. loc.)
aŋmaniit- (i) to be located over there
across (not visible) | +anI (dem.
loc.) it- to be
aŋmaŋŋa from over there across (not
visible) | +aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
30
aŋmaŋŋamiñ from that direction
over there across (not visible) |
+aŋŋa (dem. abl.) ÷miñ (abl.)
aŋmaŋŋaq- (i) to come from over
there across (not visible) | +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.) +q-3 dv
aŋmuŋa to over there across (not
visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.)
aŋmuŋanmun towards over there
across (not visible) | +uŋa (dem.
term.) -nmun (term.)
aŋmuŋaq- (i) to go over there across
(not visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.)
+q-3 dv
aŋmuuna via, through over there
across (not visible) | uuna (dem.
via.)
¤aŋmuunnaaq- (i) to go via, through
over there across (not visible) |
+uuna (dem. via.) ‘.q-4 dv
akimiat the number fifteen » akimiat
qimmit fifteen dogs § see
Appendix 11
akimialik thirty-forty caliber rifle
(short shells, held fifteen bullets);
forty-four caliber gun (old style) |
-lik nn
akimiat atausiq the number sixteen »
akimiat atausiq qimmit sixteen
dogs § § see Appendix 11
akimiat malġuk the number
seventeen » akimiat malġuk
qimmit seventeen dogs § see
Appendix 11
akimiat piŋasut the number eighteen
» akimiat piŋasut qimmit
eighteen dogs § see Appendix 11
akimiaġutailat the number fourteen »
akimiaġutailat qimmit fourteen
dogs | :uti-1 vn :ilaq nn
-t nn § see Appendix 11
akimiakipiat the number three
hundred » akimiakipiat iñuit
kasimayyaġniqsut three hundred
 people went to the meeting |
+kipiaq nn § see Appendix 11
akiqsruq- to promise § unniqsuqłii-
akiñ or akisi pillow; sleeping platform
head beam (in traditional
sodhouse) < akI(-)
akiraġaq- (Ti) to echo < aki(-)1
akisaq- take revenge (on her/him); to
reciprocate by fighting back, to
retaliate < aki(-)1
akisaurriñiq vengeance, revenge <
aki(-)1
akisauti- (t) to avenge, defend her/him/it
< aki(-)1
akisiġun oil lamp chimney < aki(-)1
akisu- (i) to be expensive, valuable; to be
of some value, worth < aki(-)1
akisutilaaq(-) price; value; (t) to inquire
about its price < aki(-)1
akitchaq- to trade, barter, or offer (it) for
exchange; (t) to bid for it < aki(-)1
akkaaka paternal uncle; (Nu) maternal or
paternal uncle » akkaakani
ikayuġiaġaa he has gone to help
his uncle § aŋak, aŋaaluk,
aŋatchiaq
akkakaa (excl.) enough!, what a lot!
akki- (Ti) to make a fancy parka hem (for
her) < akuq
akkiñ that which is used to catch
something falling (e.g., dripping
water) < aki(-)1
31
akkiq- (t) to catch it while falling (e.g.,
dripping water, plate) < aki(-)1
akkiqsima- (i) to hold onto an object or
person to keep it from falling; (t)
to hold a container underneath it
to catch its contents; to keep a
person/it from falling < aki(-)1
akkiqsimaaq- to hold one’s head in one’s
hands (usually as one leans on
something) < aki(-)1
akku a while ago; some time ago » akku
tautuktaqput; tauqsiġñiaġvigmi
savaksimaruaq avilaitqataa we
saw her some time ago; we
learned her friend is working at
the store
akkumman after some time had
passed, after a short while »
akkumman isiġataqtuq
aniłłaktaqtuaq after some time
had passed, the one who stormed
out came in | +mman (conseq 3s)
akkupaiññaq right at that moment,
immediately, right away, shortly
thereafter, quickly | +pak1 nn
-iññaq nn
akkupak right now » akkupak isiġiñ
come in right now | +pak1 nn
akkupauraq in a short while, in no
time at all; for a little while |
+pak1 nn :uraq nn
akkuqisuuraq a short while ago »
akkiqisuuraq tikitchuat iglaavut
Kalaallit Nunaanniñ our visitors
from Greenland arrive a short
while ago | -qisuuraq nn
akkusaaq or akkusaaġruk or
akkusugruk a long while ago,
quite a while ago, much earlier in
the day » akkusugruk
tautuktaġa I saw her quite a
 while ago | -saaq, -saaġruk,
+sugruk(-) nn, vv
akkutchiaq food saved from a meal
to be eaten later » niġiñiġaat
akkutchiaŋa they ate the food
that she had saved to be eaten later
| +[t]sIq- vv, rv ±aq1 vn
akkutchiq- (t) to save it =food from a
meal to eat later @ akkutchii- »
aqiattuqłuni akkutchiiruq she is
saving some of her food for later
since she is full | +[t]sIq-vv rv ||
:I-4 vv
akkuaq- (t) to catch her/him/it in the air
with the hands or arms; (t) to
catch it =an airplane and board it
as it makes its stop; (i) to bite a
hook (as a fish); (t) to catch a
person before she/he leaves
unexpectedly on an aircraft @
akkuaqsi- | +sI-3 vv || +sI-3 vv §
aki(-), akkiq-, akuqtuq-
akkuaġaqti catcher in baseball |
+aq-1 vv mt/ri vn
akkuaġaun baseball glove, catcher’s
mitt | +aq-1 vv :un vn
akkuaġauraq- (i) to play catch (of
children) | +[t/r]aq-3 vv :uraq- vv
akkuk two boards positioned on either
side of the keel of a boat < akuq
akłaq brown bear, grizzly (Ursus arctos)
akłauraq medium-sized spider »
akłauram muayutchaigaa the
spider repulsed her | :uraq nn §
aasivak
akłunaaq [akłunaraq] or (Ti) aglunaaq
rope; harpoon line, rope
(originally of animal skin) »
akłunaaq naitpaitchuq the rope
is much too short
aglunaatchauraq (Ti) thin string |
-atchiaq nn :uraq nn
32
akłunaapiaq or (Ti) aglunaapiaq
sealskin rope | -piaq nn
akłunaatchiaq (Nu) or (Ti)
aglunaatchiaq braided rope used
by hunters; (Ti) string |
-atchiaq nn
akłunarri- (i) to make rope; (t) to
make rope for her/him/it) | ‘=I-1 nv
akłunarriq- to provide a rope for it |
‘=Iq-1 nv
akłunauraq string, small cord used to
fasten or tie | :uraq nn
akłaa (excl.) too bad! (of dismay, of
disappointment) § alakkaa
akpa or atpa or (Ti) akpaaluuraq
Common Murre (Uria aalge) §
atpa, akpa
akpak- (i) to reach the summit when
climbing; (i) to take a step up; (i)
to climb up through the interior
entrance hole into a traditional
subterranean sod house; (i) to
come through the door of a
communal house (of a dancer in a
dance); (i) to push one’s way
through a crowd, navigate through
a crowded place; (i) to overcome a
personal problem, crisis; (t) to
reach its summit when climbing;
(t) to overcome it =a personal
problem or crisis » aġnat
akpakkaat iġġi qitiqqaġman the
women reached the top of the
mountain at noon; “akpaktuaq
tavra qatqitchuq” (Matumeak
2009) [one who reaches the top is
one who has reached the summit]
§ qaki-
akpagiaq (Nu) doorsill (on ground);
doorstep; threshold; entry up into
the sod house from the
underground passageway |
+iaq1 vn § see Appendix 22
 akpai- (t) for she/he/it = obj. to reach
the top before she/he = subj. does
» “mayuġniluktillugu
tammaigaa, akpaivlugu”
(Matumeak 2009) [while he was
struggling to climb up he lost sight
of her, because she reached the
top before he did] | -I-5 vv
akpakaq- to barely manage to climb
on (to it) » akpakaqtuq
kataqqayauraġaluallaġmi he
barely managed to climb (on to it)
after nearly falling off | -kaq- vv
akpapqaq- to barely manage to climb
on (to it) | -pqaq- vv
akpit- to begin to sing or say (it =song or
speech) » akpittuq qaukłiat
aġġirit sayuunmik the leader of
the Iñupiaq dance group began to
sing a choreographed dance song;
atuun akpitkaa aġnam the
woman started the song
akpirrun starting point (an
“ice-breaker”in conversation);
beginning of a song | +ruti vn §
isaguti-
aksik- [aksIk] to touch (her/him/it); (t) to
graze her/him/it with a bullet or an
arrow @ aksiksi- » taaġmi
patalavluni aġiñaqtuamik
aksiksuq while groping in the
dark, he felt something wet and
soft; aksikkaa aksiyaruaq taliñi
he touched his sore arm || +sI-3 vv
aksia- (t) to touch her/him/it lightly;
to touch her/him/it as one gropes
about; (t) to move her/him
emotionally; to have an effect on
her/him/it » uqaluŋisa aksiagaa
her words moved him | -a-2 vv
aksiuk- (t) to touch her/him/it; to
identify an object by touching it;
(t) to determine the state of an
object by feeling it » aksiukkaa
33
uunaġmagaaqługu paniŋmi
qauŋa he touched his daughter’s
forehead to see if it was hot @
aksiuksi- | -uk- vv || +sI-3 vv
aksiya- (i) to be sore, tender to the
touch | -ya-2 vv
aksrak- (i) to roll; (i) to roll and slide
down a slope (e.g., of an animal
when shot); (t) to roll it, e.g.,
barrel
aksragiitkutaq barrier to keep an
object or person from rolling; one
of two rails situated along the
sides of a kayak deck to block
objects from rolling off into the
sea (two fore and two aft) »
aksragiitkutaŋa piiŋamagaat
they have removed the barrier
which was used to keep objects
from rolling | +iikutaq vn
aksraktuaq or (Nu) aksraliktualik
wheeled vehicle | +tuaq2 (part 3s)
§ qamun
aksraktuuraq wagon; chariot |
+t/ruuraq
aksraligaq wheel, tire » aksraligaŋa
qamutaata putumaruaq the tire
on his car has a hole in it | -lik- vv
+aq7
aksraligaun wheel | -lik- vv +aq-1
:un1 vn § aksraligaq
aksralik- or (Nu) aksralui- to roll (it)
away; (Nu) (i) to roll over and
over, tumble down | -lik- vv or
-luk(-)2 vv :I-4 vv
aksraliktualik (Nu) wheeled device,
vehicle | -lik- vv
aksraŋaaq- (i) to slope, be inclined,
to not be level | -ŋaaq(-)2 vn
aktigi- (i) to be of a certain length or size
< aŋi-1
aktikłi- (i) to become a certain size; (t) to
cause it to become a certain size <
aŋI-1
aktilaaq(-) size, amount; (i) to measure
oneself; (t) to measure the size or
height of her/him/it or the amount
of it < aŋI-1
aktuġruaq full-grown male animal < aŋi
°aku (root) space in-between, physical or
temporal
akulaitchuami often, frequently »
akulaitchuami kisimġiuqłutik
aŋuniaġviŋmi iglumi inmata
taġium siñaani nannut
qaisuupiksuaqtut nunamun
aasii igalaamukłutik ilaanni
qitunġagiit siñiktiłługit
unnuami frequently when they
are alone in the house at the
hunting site by the ocean, the
polar bears come onshore at
night and climb to the the
skylight and peer in while the
family is asleep | -laq vn :It-1 nv
+t/uaq2 vn ÷mI (loc.)
akuliaq bridge of nose » iñuum iglua
akuliakitchuq naqinman una
akuliaŋa, akuliaqturuq aasii
qutchigman some people have
short nose bridges when the ridge
along the bone of the nose is low
and a long bridge when the ridge
along the bone of the nose is high |
-liaq nn § qiŋaaq, nuŋŋaq
akuliġaq (Nu) land between two
rivers at confluence | -liġaq rn
akulirri- (t) to cut her/him between
the eyes to perform phlebotomy
(to cure headache or vision
problems); (i) to give a “poke” |
=irri- nv
akullaq distance between objects »
akullakitchuq kuuk the river is
34
not wide; akullaqturuq quppaq
the crack is wide | -llaq rn
akulliq middle one, middle door |
-llIQ rn
akunġagni paktumalu aptumalu
location southwest § see
Appendix 13
akunġagni paktumalu qaptumalu
location southeast § see Appendix
13
akunġagni uttumalu aptumalu
location northwest § see
Appendix 13
akunġagni uttumalu qaptumalu
location northeast § see Appendix
13
akunġak ridge between eyebrows;
space between two objects »
narvak akunġak aqpiuruq there
are many salmonberries between
the two lakes | +niQ1 rn -aq2 nn k
(abs. poss. 3d-3s)
akunġaq space between items »
akunġanni tautunnaitchuq
uvlaapak she was not visible in
their midst this morning |
-nġaq nn
akuni a while (as in time) or akuniñ
a little while | ÷nI (loc.) or ÷niñ
(abl.)
akuniit- (Nu) (i) to stay a while
longer » akuni-ittuŋa I stayed a
little longer | ÷nI (loc.) or it- to be
akunnaq- (i) to pass through,
between or among objects, people,
or animals; (t) to pass through
between or among them |
+nnaq- rv
akunniġun soft pad within the hoof
of sheep; a postbase, in Iñupiaq
grammar » akunniġusiġlugu
taamna uqaluk atuqsaġuŋ use
that word with a postbase |
+nniQ vn -ġun nn
 akunniq interval of time or space
between two events or objects |
+nniQ rn
akunniraq- (i) to move amidst a
crowd or other entities (e.g.,
buildings, rivers); (t) to move
amidst them » akunniraqłuni
iñuktigun aŋupqauraġaa
paniurani she finally managed to
catch her little daughter by going
after her through the crowd |
+nniQ rn +raq- vv
akuttu- (i) to be far apart; (i) to occur
at long intervals | +tu- rv
akuttusi- (i) to become farther apart;
(i) to occur at longer and longer
intervals; (i) to have desire abated
after partial satisfaction; (t) to
separate them farther; (t) to satisfy
her/his desire partially »
uniaġaqtuak akuttusiruk the
two dog teams are getting farther
apart » akuttusigaa uiñiq the
open lead has widened | +tu- rv
+sI-1 vv
akuġluk(-) (Ti) church bell; (i) to ring (of
church bell)
akuq(-) skirt, hem, lower part of garment;
outer keel of an umiak frame,
board placed on one side of the
keel of an umiak frame; sheer line
of kayaq; to put a skirt on
(her/him/it); to place the two
boards on either side of it =keel of
an umiak frame § see Appendix 16
akki- (Ti) to make a fancy parka hem
(for her) | ‘=I-1 nv § qupak(-)
akkuk two outer keels positioned on
either side of the mainkeel of a
boat | ‘-k2 nn
akuaġutit or akkut fancy trim on
botton of parka » akkuŋi
qiñiyunapaluktut the fancy trim
on the bottom of his parka is
35
beautiful | -aq-4 nv :un1 vn -t nn or
‘-t nn
¤akuaq (Ti), (Nu) lower belly |
-aq2 nn
akukikłil aaq- (t) to make an it (skirt,
dress, parka) shorter |
-kikłilaaq- nv
akuqtu- (i) to be too long in length
(of a garment) » akuqturuq
atigaa his parka is too long |
+tu- nv
akuqtuaġun (Nu) white skin (often
sheep) sewn around bottom of
parka | +tu- nv perhaps -aq(-) nn,
nv :un1 vn
akuqtuaġutilik (Nu) parka with white
skin often from sheep around
bottom | +tu- nv perhaps
-aq(-) nn, nv :un1 vn -lik vn
akuqtuq-1 (i) to wear a skirt |
+tuq-3 nv
akuqtusi-(i) to be made longer (of
skirt, dress, parka cover, or parka
style dress, or shirt) | +sI-1 vv
akuqtusilaaq- (t) to alter it = skirt,
dress, parka cover, or parka style
dress or shirt making it longer |
+sI-1 vv -laaq-1 vv
akuuralik (Nu) parka with trim on
bottom and fancy back | :uraq nn
-lik vn
akuuraq (Nu) trim on bottom edge of
parka | :uraq nn § avavsilauraq
akuqtuq-2 (t) to accept, acknowledge
her/him/it; to adopt, accept it
=amendment, motion formally
and put into effect @ akuqtui- »
akuqtuŋiñmagu iġñiġmi
aitchuutaa iłuilli upaluktugut
when he did not accept his son’s
gift, we felt very uncomfortable |
:I-4 vv
akuqtuġnaġumiñait- (i) to be
invalid, not acceptable |
+naq(-) vv +kumiñaq- vv :It-1 vv
 akuqtuqtat ilaaguallaalugi adoptions
of sections (as of an agreement or
resolution)
akuqtuaksraq a resolution, a formal
intent or opinion which will be
voted on by an official body or
assembly | -aq1 vn -ksraq(-) nn, nv
akuqtuaq or akuqtuqtaq a
resolution, a formal intent or
opinion voted on by an official
body or assembly; anything or
anyone accepted | +t/ruaq vn or
+tuq-3 vv +t/raq vn
akut- to mix or stir it @ akutchi- »
akutchiani akutkaa she is
stirring her own mixture | +sI-3 vv
akutaq bread dough » akutaq
nuurruŋ punnilivigñun move the
dough into the bread pans |
+t/raq vn || +sI-3 vv
akutchi- (i) to make Eskimo “ice
cream” (a mixture of melted
caribou fat and finely ground
caribou meat) | ‘=I-1 nv
akutuq Eskimo “ice cream” (a
mixture of melted caribou fat,
finely ground caribou meat and
chopped caribou meat) »
akutuliuġniqsuaq aakaga I just
found out that my mother is
making Eskimo ice cream |
+tuq4 vn
akuvliqtaq hash, a cooked dish made
of several ingredients | +vliq- vv
+t/raq vn
*akutuq (root) leaf
akutuak (Nu) a short reddish willow
found along rivers in mountains
and on tundra » “akutuanik
igniqsuġuurut qiruiñman”
(Hugo 2009) [the akutuak is used
for starting a fire when better
wood is not available] | -ak nn §
36
uqpIk, uqpivik, kanuŋŋiq,
mitquapIk, ninŋuq
akutuqpak broad leaf; flat piece on
top of pipe bowl where tobacco is
inserted | +qpak(-) nn
akutuqpalik any plant with broad
leaves | +qpak(-) nn -lik nn
akuummak (Ti) baleen basket §
aguummak
akuummi- (Ti) to weave a baleen
basket (for her/him/it) | ‘=I-1 vv
*alapi (root) ignorance; confusion
alapigi- (t) to be unaware of, not
notice her/him/it; pay no attention
to (her/him/it)| +[g]i- vv
alapiŋa- (Ti) (t) to be unaware of, not
notice her/him/it | ±ŋa- rv
alapirrun confusion; scource of
confusion | +t-2 vv -rrun vn
alapisaaq- (t) to try to distract
her/him; (t) to try to confuse
her/him/it; (t) to keep her/his
attention focused on something
else @ alapisaaqłiq-,
alapisaaqłii- » alapisaaqługu
natchiŋisiqtuq by distracting her
this time, she did not cry wanting
to follow; nukatpiaq
alapisaaqłiqsuq uqaqtuamik the
young man is trying to distract the
speaker | ±saaq-2 vv || -kłIq- vv,
:I-4 vv
alapit- (i) to become confused,
perplexed, puzzled, confounded;
(t) to shuffle them =cards @
alapitchi- » alapitkai piannat he
shuffled the cards | +t-2 vv ||
+sI-3 vv § aamit-
alavrak- (Ti) (t) to not pay attention
to, not notice her/him/it; to have
her/him/it slip one’s mind |
=rak- vv
alavri- (i) to make oneself confused,
perplexed (e.g., by considering
 various possibilities); (t) to cause
her/him to become confused,
confounded » Siġmiam alavrigaa
Aaŋa Siġmiaq is confusing Aaŋa |
=I-6 vv
alappaa or alappuu (excl.) oh, it’s cold!
alappaaq- or alappuuq- (i) to be
cold; to say “alappaa” » sila
alappaaqtuq the weather is cold;
miqłiqtuuraq alappaaġaa;
upkuaġuŋ the child is cold; close
the door | -q-2 nv or -q-2 nv
alaq- to look away, turn away (from
her/him/it); (t) to stop or cease, i.e.
to give up on trying to catch it
=animal one is pursuing » alaġaa
he is looking away from her;
“alaqłuni nipuŋaiqtiġniġaak
una aaquaksrauraq
anianiktiġniqsuaq” (Nageak
1975: 69) [looking away, they
ceased paying attention to the
little old woman who had already
quickly exited] | -suk vn ÷mI
(loc.)
alaqtiq- to look away briefly quickly
(from her/him/it) » “alaqtiqłuni
naluliqługu sumuktilaaŋa iñuk;
quviqtittuq” (Aiken 2009)
[because he looked away briefly,
he did not know where the person
went] | mt/liq-3 vv
alaqit- (i) to crane (the neck) to see
something far off
Alaqtaq “Half Moon Three”, Alaska
(where Charles DeWitt Brower
had his reindeer ranch in the
early to mid-1900s)
*alat (root) soft area of hand
37
alaaq part of mitten or glove that
covers the palm of the hand; sole
of animal’s paw | perhaps -aq2 rn
alannaak soft area of sole of animal’s
paw | +naaq3 rn -k2 nn
alannaaq (Ti) palm of hand |
+naaq3 rn § utummak
alannaat3 balls on tips of fingers |
+naaq rn -t nn
alatkaq- to peer over a barrier (at
her/him); to go and have a look at
her/him/it; (i) to reach a point
where one can see clearly, e.g.,
passing a point of land; to rise
over the horizon (of sun) »
nukaaluni siñiktuaq alatkaġaa
she looked in on her younger
sibling who is sleeping | -kaq- nv
algak (Ti) finger § argak
algagruaq (Ti) a large hook, gaff used
to haul meat out of water, pull
meat from whale bones » “Suli
sauniġnik algagrualiuġlutik,
tamarra ipuvlugich suli,
tasamaŋŋa niqimik
isagautiqaġlutik.” (David
Frankson as reported by Pulu,
Sampson, Newlin: 74) [also out of
bones they made ice picks, putting
handles on them, and using them
to reach in and get meat from
inside the whale] | +ġruaq nn
algait (Ti) hand | :It nn § argak, argait
algiq(-) (Ti) roasted meat; (t) to roast it =
meat (in oven or over a roasting
pit) § argiq-
alguagi- (Ti) (t) to doubt her/him/it §
arguagi- under argua
alguaŋaaq- (Ti) (i) to be bold; (i) to
boast § arguaŋaaq-
alguaqtuq- (Ti) (t) to continue to
doubt her/him/it § arguaqtuq-
 taapkua aŋiruat atautchiit
alguniq mold-like growth on maktak alġaiqaġutik naammaktaanik,
(whale skin with blubber attached) aŋipiaŋilaanik; ikayuutai
which has been in an ice cellar for tavra” (David Frankson as
an extended period; (Ti) measure- reported by Pulu, Sampson,
ment of the thickness of the slice Newlin: 74) [in addition to the
of whale’s tail cut off for captain large block and tackle there is a
who has caught his first whale » smaller block and tackle which
“alguniqaġnisuugait uqsrut support the other] | -I nn (3s-3p
puyauġniŋi; poss.) § iglua, alla
panaqłuŋaruatunkii marra” alġaqsruiri preacher, minister |
2 4
(Aiken 2009) [they say that there mqsruq- rv :I- vv mt/ri vn
is mold-like growth on blubber alġaqsruivik pulpit | +vIk1 vn
that has become grimy; it (the alġaqsruq- (t) to preach a sermon to
mold-like growth) has the them; (t) to give her/him moral
appearance of being somewhat instruction; (t) to counsel her/him;
dried up]; (t) to teach her/him right from
“alguniġiyaġaluaġnagu maktak wrong @ alġaqsrui- | mqsruq-2 rv
niġitqusuugait; sammagguuq || :I-4 vv
aġviq tuqutiqataġniaġaa” (Aiken alġaqsruun sermon, homily; moral
2009) [one is told to eat maktak instruction | mqsruq-2 rv :un1 vn
without removing the growth of
mold on it; as a consequence, one
alġaaq afterbirth, placenta § papaaq
can then easily kill a whale] |
alġaaġusiq large flat part of caribou’s
+niQ2 vn § aŋirrak
digestive system (good to eat)
|+uti1 vn :Iq nn, vn
°alġa (stem) alternative (cognitive,
temporal, or physical); ancient or
alġun or aluġvik animal food dish <
earliest times
aluk-
alġaani a long time ago; ancient times
» “utuqqauniqtauruaq
alġuraq metal wire < aliq
aippaaniqpaaġruk” (Harold Itta,
1982: track 1) [it is the most
*alia (root) lonliness; dullness;
ancient of all times, a long, long
humorlessness
time ago] | +anI (3s-3s poss. loc.) §
alianait- (i) to have a good sense of
aippaani
humor; (i) to be amusing,
alġaaniqsaq(-) or alġaqsaq old
entertaining | +naq-1 rv :It-1 vv
artifact; an object of great
alianaq- (i) to be boring, not
antiquity; fossilized ivory; (i) to
enjoyable » piiġman aġnaat
find an ancient object | +anI (3s-3s
igluak alianaqsiŋaruq when his
poss. loc.) +qtaq nn
wife died, their house became a
alġai the other, one of a pair » alġaiŋa
sad place | +naq-1 rv
its other; “aitqatigma imma
alianniuq- (i) to be lonely, be
alġaiŋa paqillaiġiga” (Aiken
lonesome; (i) to be quiet and sad;
2009) [I cannot find one of my
(i) to be bored | +naq-1 rn
mittens]; “kuyapigauraqpait
‘=iuq-2 nv

38
aliasaaq- (t) to try to make her/him
feel lonely or sad @ aliasaaqłiq-
or aliasaaqłii- | ±saaq-2 vv ||
-kłIq- vv
aliasugi- (Ti) (t) to miss her/him/it
who is absent; (t) be saddened by
her/his absence | -suk-2 vv +[g]i-
vv
aliasuk- (i) to feel lonely and sad; (i)
to be bored » aliasuktuni
piluktuq it is awful to be bored |
-suk-2 vv
aliasuŋit- (i) to have fun; (i) to
celebrate | -suk-2 vv ±ŋIt-1 vv
aliiqsiaq- (i) to take a vacation; (i) to
leave home, to “get away from it
all”; (i) to have a holiday »
panimiñun aliiqsiaġiaŋaruq she
has gone to her daughter to get
away from it all | :Iq-2 rn
+[t]sIq- vv +aq-1 vv
aliiqsiq- (i) to be on a retreat seeking
solace » “aullallakłuni sumun
alianniuqpaiññami
aliiqsiaġuuruq” (Aiken 2009)
[when he is very lonely or sad, he
leaves to seek solace in another
place for a time] | :Iq-2 rn
+sIq-1 vv
aliit- (i) to not feel lonely or sad when
one is expected to feel such
emotions (said of an invalid or
someone living by themselves who
might be lonely) | :It-1 rv
aliitkugauraq source of pleasure, that
which makes one happy;
affectionate term for someone
who makes one happy | :It-1 rv
+kun vn =[g]auraq nn
aliitkun pastime, hobby,
entertainment | :It-1 rv (note: final
vowel a of *alia is deleted to
avoid a three vowel cluster)
+kun vn
39
Alignik “Alignuk, the Moon man…There
is no doubt among the Tikirarmiut that he
controlled the sea mammals… It is said
that Alignuk is the inyuk of the moon, or
the moon has an inyua, owner.” (Rainey:
270-71) § iñuk
alik- to tear or rip (it) @ aliksi- »
aqsaurrautigivlugu
alipalukkikpuk wed sure ripped it
while fighting over it || +sI-3 vv
aligaaġuti- (i) to come loose, come
out by tearing; (i) to tear out of an
animal (of a harpoon head) |
+aq-1 vv :uti- vv
aligaq- to tear (it); (i) to be sad, “torn
up” | +aq-1 vv
aligiitkutaksraq (Nu) trim, bias for
sewing | +iitkuti vn -ksraq(-) nn §
qupaksraq
allaiq- to no longer have any holes; (t)
to mend its holes @ allaiqsi- |
‘-Q vn :Iq-2 nv || +sI-3 vv
allaiyaq- (t) to patch its hole @
allaiyai- | ‘-Q vn :Iyaq- nv ||
:I-4 vv
allaq1 a perforation, a rip | ‘-Q vn
alliraq- or alliraaq- (i) to go about
with a hole in one’s clothing »
alliraġuuruq iliappauvluni he
wears torn clothing because he is
poor | ‘-Q vn =I-1 nv =raq- vv
aliq [aliQ] (Ti) harpoon line » avataum
aglunaaŋa the line rope of a float
aligraq [lit. “raw material for a
harpoon line”] (Ti) bearded seal »
“aliġisuuvlugu tavra tainna
pisuumagaat; ninŋuqtuq
kiktuġaqsiġiitchuq; tainnasimik
aliġramik aliqaqtut, aglunaaŋa
avataqpaum” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [because it (bearded
sealskin) was used as harpoon
line, it was called aliġraq; it is
resilient; it is hard to break; they
 used that kind of sealskin for
harpoon lines and the rope for the
float] | -ksraq(-) nn
aligrauraq (Ti) newborn bearded seal
| -ksraq(-) nn -uraq(-) nn
alġuraq metal wire | :uraq nn
aliqsik [aliqsIk] a pair of knee-high fur
socks; (Ti) women’s breeches
with fur inside | -k2 nn
aliuq- (i) to be amazed, astonished,
astounded, to marvel, to wonder »
aliuqtuq-suli itqaqamiuŋ he was
still amazed when he remembered
what had happened
aliugaq ghost | perhaps ±aq1 vn
aliuġataq- (i) to experience a
hallucination, supernatural event |
+ataq-3 vv
aliuġnaġaa (excl.) how amazing!
wow! | +naq(-) vv aa2
aliuġnaq- (i) to be incredible,
astonishing, wonderful, amazing,
marvelous » aŋatkuutai
aliuġnaqtut his shamanic powers
are amazing; aliuġnaqtuq
uvamni in my opinion, he is
astonishing | +naq(-) vv
aliuġnaqtuaq miracle, magic |
+naq(-) vv +t/ruaq vn
aliuġun one held in awe | +un1 vn
aliuġusuk- (i) to be amazed, in awe,
impressed by an unexpected event
| +[s]uk-1 vv -suk-2 vv
aliuġutchak- to become amazed,
awed | +[s]uk-1 vv -tchak-vv
aliuġutigi- (t) to be in awe of
her/him/it » anaktaqtuaq
aliuġutigigaat; kamasuutigigaat
they are in awe of the participant
in the competitive games; they are
very proud of him; aliuġutigigaik
akimaruak she is in awe of the
two who won | :un1 vn +[g]i- nv
40
aliuqsaaq- (t) to try to awe or
astonish her/him; to tell tall tales
to her/him @ aliuqsaaqłiq- or
aliuqsaaqłii- » aŋun
aliuqsaaqłiqsuaq
naalaktuannaraaġaat they are
enjoying listening to the man who
is telling tall tales; aliuqsaaġai
aŋutim unipkaaqtim the story-
teller is trying to astonish them |
+saaq-2 vv || +kłIq- vv :I-4 vv
aliuqtuġnaq enigma, one that is
inexplicable | +tuq-3 vv +naq1 vn
aliuqtuq- (i) to see a ghost; (i) to
hallucinate; (i) to experience the
supernatural, the amazing »
aliuqtuqłuni aapani
tautugnasugigaa he thought he
saw his father while hallucinating |
+tuq-3 vv
alivsuk or alivsuuraq premature baby |
suk2 nn or suk2 nn :uraq nn §
alġaaq
alivsuk- (i) to have a miscarriage »
aġnaq siŋaiyauvaallugmiruaq
alivsuktuq oh, it was the
woman’s first pregnancy and she
had a miscarriage | -k-4 nv §
iġñiayaaq-
alla another one, different one; something
strange » allamik aitchuŋŋa give
me another one
allagi- (t) to feel or sense that she/he/it
is different, changed, unfamiliar or
unrecognizable » allagigaa
avilaitqatini he felt his friend was
acting strangely | +[g]i nv
allaksrait- (i) to resemble something
or someone exactly; (t) to be
exactly like her/him/it, to
resemble her/him/it to the point
where one would err in
distinguishing one from the other |
+ksraq nn :It-1 nv
allanaq- (i) to be strange, unusual,
abnormal, odd » sila upinġaapak
allanaqtuq uunaqpaiłłuni the
weather this summer has been
unusually hot | +naq-1 nv
allaŋŋuġniaġniksraq impact, change
of status quo | mŋŋuq-2 nv
+niaq-2 vv +niQ1 vv -ksraq(-) nn
allaŋŋuq- (i) to undergo a change, to
be different than before |
2
mŋŋuq- nv
allasaaq- (t) to try to make her/him
become uncomfortable |
±saaq-2 vv
allasuk- (i) to react apprehensively to
the unfamiliar; (i) to be fearful of
strangers (often said of a child);
(Ti) to begin labor (of a woman
giving birth) » aaquaksraq
allasuktuq timimiñik
naŋiliqsaqami the old woman
sensed the difference in her body
just before becoming ill |
+suk-2 nv § iġñisuliq-
allatuq- (i) to commit adultery |
+tuq-3 nv
allatuqti whore, prostitute, harlot |
+tuq-3 nv mt/ri vn
allatuun adultery, fornication with
another’s spouse | +tuq-3 nv
:un1 vn
allayuaġi- (t) to experience a sense of
unease because she/he/it is acting
strangely or differently »
allayuaġivlugu ullaŋillaktaa in
the end, she did not approach him
because she felt uneasy in his
presence which seemed strange |
+yuaq- nv +[g]i- vv
allayuaġniq an unidentified object;
fantastic vision, e.g., Unidentified
Flying Object (UFO) | +yuaq- nv
+niQ1 vn
allayuaq- (i) to feel shy, bashful
among strangers (of small
children); to feel uneasy, be wary,
41
apprehensive in an unfamiliar
situation; (i) to see a strange
object or behavior, different from
what one has seen before; (i) to
see something unrecognizable; (i)
have a vision | +yuaq- nv
allayuqqaq strange object |
+yuqqaq n
allaiq- (t) to mend the holes in something
< alik-
allaiyaq- (t) to mend or patch its holes
< alik-
allaq1 a perforation, hole, a rip < alik-
allaq- (Ti) to be clear (of weather) »
allaqtuq or allaġaa the weather is
clear § silaŋŋuq-
allaġniq clear sky | +niQ1 rn
allait- to be overcast | :It-1 nv
allaqtit- to be clear and very calm (of
weather) » allaqtittuq sila the
weather is very calm | -tit-2 vv
allaq2 [allaQ] or allatchiaq breast meat
of a bird| +tchiaq nn § tuttuuraq
allaqtiq- (i) to wipe dry, clean @
allaqtiġi- | mtiq-2 vv
allaqtuun wash cloth » “kiiñamun
nanugaaġun salummaun”
(Aiken 2009) [it (allaqtuun) is
used to rub the face, to clean it] |
-un1 vn
alliat tent floor made of willows or shrub
birch; mattress < °ati
alliatchiaq tent mat made of willows <
°ati
alliġaq bedding skin; mattress < °ati
alliġauraq or alliatchiaq small dish;
coaster, doily < °ati
allimaaq (Nu) one that is like another, a
similar one » “allimaaġiik
atiqqayaqtuak” (Hugo 2009)
[ones that are similar, which are
almost alike] § arri(-)
allimġaq any lower tooth < °ati
alliñaaq bottom layer < °ati
alliñaat (Ti) lower teeth < °ati
alliñiq lower area, bottom part < °ati
alliq one on the bottom < °ati
alliq- (i) to be deep < °ati
alliraq- (i) to go about with a hole in
one’s clothing < alik-
alliviñiq ice under another piece of ice
which may surface due to ocean
currents or wake of boat < °ati
allu seal’s breathing hole in sea ice §
qiŋaaġaġvIk
alluaq ice fishing hole; seal’s
breathing hole in sea ice | -aq2 nn
alluaqsiuq- (i) to hunt seals through
their breathing holes | +siuq- nv
allusiliq- (i) to quickly find a seal’s
breathing hole » “taunuŋa
sarvaqtaaġurallakhutik
ayuuqpasaġaluaġatik
uŋasiksiurallakługu-aglaan
aapamiŋ natchiġvia pivlutiŋ
ilaŋat allusiliqtuq” (Nageak
1975: 15) [then moving further
out on the ice, but not too much
further, but going just a short
distance from their father’s
sealing hole, one of them quickly
42
found a seal’s breathing hole] |
+sI-2 nv -liq-2 vv
allut- or allukuaq- to kill a seal by
harpooning it through its
breathing hole » aŋuniaqti
alluttuaq natchiġmik unnugman
the hunter killed a seal through its
breathing hole yesterday | +t2 nv
or -kuaq- nv
allutuqtuaq aġviq bowhead whale
trapped under ice with a polygon-
shaped breathing hole »
allutuqtuamik aġviġmik
apqusaaġami kiliksiyyaq-
sauraqtuq when he ran across a
whale trapped under the ice, he
went to inform others | +tuq3 nv
+t/ruaq vn § qiŋaaġaġvIk
alluvak the breathing hole of a seal
large enough to set a net »
alluvagmik paqitchikami
kuvrani iliñiusiġaa nukatpiam
when the young man found a
seal’s breathing hole suitable for
setting a net, he proceeded to
place his net in it | -vak nn
alluiyaq a oblong, wooden plate with a
concavity carved lengthwise down
the middle | -ya(q) vn
alu sole of foot or of footwear »
nukatpiaġruum kamiŋata alua
anŋikkaa aakaŋata his mother is
sewing a patch over the hole in the
young man’s boot sole
aluġuaq(-) piece of skin attached to
the sole of boot to provide traction
on slippery surface; (t) to swe on a
piece of skin on sole of boot to
prevent slippage | -ġuaq1 nn
aluġun sandal, shoe; dog booties »
aluġutini qaitkaik
nukaalugmiñun he gave his
sandals to his younger sister |
-ġun nn
 aluiyaq- (i) to clean the soles of one’s
footwear; (t) to clean the soles of
her/his footwear | :Iyaq- nv
aluiyaun doormat; entrance rug »
aluiyaun ivsugiaġaa he has gone
out to shake the doormat |
:Iyaq- nv :un1 vn
aluaq [aluraq] coal » aluaq ailaqłuni
ikitchiġiitchuq the coal is
difficult to ignite because it is wet
aluaqaġvik coal scuttle | -qaq- nv
+vIk1 vn
aluaqsaq- to haul coal (for her/him) »
aluaqsaqtuq aakamiñun he is
hauling coal for his mother;
aluaqsaġniaqtuŋa uvlaapak I
will go and get some coal this
morning | +saq-1 nv
aluaqsaun gunny sack, burlap sack »
aluaqsaun silvitkaat
annuġaalugnik they filled up the
burlap sack with old clothes |
+saq-1 nv :un1 vn § miitchuk
alurriq- (t) to put coal in it =stove »
alurriġiaqtuuraġuŋ qamna why
don’t you take a minute to put
some coal in the stove inside |
‘=Iq-1 nv
alurriqi- (i) to mine for coal |
‘=Iqi-1 nv
alurriqiri coal miner | =rriqi- nv
mt/ri vn
alurriqsuq- (t) to put coal in it =stove
repeatedly | ‘=Iq-1 nv +tuq-2 vv
alugraaq(-) (Ti) a food dip made of seal
oil; to dip (it =food) in seal oil
aluk(-) dog mush (food); (i) to lap up
food or water into the mouth with
the tongue; (t) to lick her/him/it
once
alġun or aluġvik animal food dish;
container for portioning out dog
food | -lġun vn or -q-2 nv +vIk1 vn
43
alliuq- (i) to make mush for dogs; (t)
to make them =pieces of meat into
soup mush for the dogs; (t) to
make mush for them =animals
that lap food » nukatpiam
alliuġai qimmit the young man is
making mush for the dogs |
‘=iuq- nv
alliuġun cooking pot for dog food |
‘=iuq- nv :un1 vn
alugvik salt lick | +vIk1 vn
alugraaq- (Ti) (i) to drink seal oil; to
dip food into seal oil and eat it |
-raaq- vv
aluktinniq snow cliff | +tit-2 vv
+nniQ1 vn
aluksrautik two fingers dipped into
oil then licked | -ksraq(-) nn, nv
:un1 vn -k2 nn
aluktuq- (t) to lick her/him/it
repeatedly » aluktuqługu
salummaġaa he licked it clean |
+tuq-2 vv
alumiġaq- to be cordial, hospitable
alumiġait- (i) to lack hospitality and
regard for others | :It-1 nv
alupaaġiik a pair of whales swimming
together | +[g]iik vn
aluu [ENG] hello » “‘Aluu,’ aniqlugu
ilaliraġigaat.” (Elijah Kakinya
as reported by Bergsland 1987:
378) [they would greet him
saying “hello”]
aluuttaq1 or aluuttaun spoon; (Ti)
tablespoon | +ttaq(-) vn, vv or
+ttaq(-) vn, vv :un1 vn
aluuttaġaaq bite-sized bits of fried
meat with gravy; (Ti) food eaten
with a spoon, e.g., soup, mush |
+ttaq(-) nv, vv +aq-1 vv ±aq1 vn
aluuttaġaq- to eat (it) with a spoon |
+ttaq(-) vn, vv +aq-1 vv
 aluuttaqpak or aluuttautiqpak
basting spoon; big spoon |
+ttaq(-) vn vv +qpak(-) vv, nn
aluuttauraq teaspoon | +ttaq(-) vn, vv
:uraq nn
aluuttaq2 triggering pan of an animal
trap (when depressed this pan
causes the jaws of the trap to
close) § aluuttaq1
alvik (Ti) whale rib placed under a
sealskin which is being scraped
cleaned (dried fat is being
removed from the side which has
no fur) § sakivsivik
alvik- (Ti) (i) to run down a slope,
downhill; (t) to run down it (a
slope) » atqasaaqtuq he is
coming down fast; “saavittuq
siñaanun” (S. Tuzroyluke 2009)
[he has climbed downslope with
the gear to the coast] < °ati
alakkaa (excl.) alas! oh, no! something
didn’t go right § akłaa
allai (excl.) yuck! (expresses displeasure
at unacceptable behavior or
unsuitable conditions) § aallalii
°am (dem. stem) over there (not visible) §
°av1 (dem. stem),
amani located over there (not visible)
| +anI (dem. loc.)
amaniit- (i) to be located over there
(not visible) | +anI (dem. loc.)
amaŋŋa from over there (not visible) |
+aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
amaŋŋamiñ from that direction over
there (not visible) | +aŋŋa (dem.
abl.) ÷miñ (abl.)
amaŋŋaq- (i) to come from over there
(not visible) | +aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
+q-3 dv
44
amma over there (not visible) |
‘a (dem. adv. mkr.)
amma amani over there, in the other
room (not visible) | ‘a (dem. adv.
mkr.) +anI (dem. loc.)
amna1 [dual apkuak, pl. apkua] that
one over there (not visible) | +na
(dem. abs. pron. sg. mkr.)
amnatchiq that other one there, noth
this one (not visible) | +na (dem.
abs. pron. sg. mkr.) +tchIq n
amuŋa to over there (not visible) |
+uŋa (dem. term.)
amuŋanmun towards over there (not
visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.) nmun
(term.)
amuŋaq- (i) to go over there (not
visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.)
+q-3 dv
amuuna via, through over there (not
visible) | uuna (dem. via.)
amuunnaaq- via, through over there
(not visible) | +uuna (dem. via.)
‘.q-4 dv
aptuma1 or avsruma1 or avruma1
[dual apkuak, pl. apkua] that one
over there (not visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +na
(dem. abs. pron. sg. mkr.)
aptumani1 or avsrumani1 or
avrumani1 [dual apkuŋnaŋni, pl.
apkunani] located with that one
over there (not visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +anI
(dem. loc.)
aptumaŋŋa1 or avsrumaŋŋa1 or
avrumaŋŋa1 [dual apkuŋnaŋŋa,
pl. apkunaŋŋa] from that one over
there (not visible) | +tum (dem.
rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +aŋŋa (dem.
abl.)
aptumatun1 or avsrumatun1 or
avrumatun1 [dual apkuŋnaktun,
pl. apkunatitun] similar to that one
over there (not visible) | +tum
 (dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +atun
(dem. sim.)
aptumiŋa1 or avsrumiŋa1 or
avrumiŋa1 [dual apkuŋniŋa, pl.
apkuniŋa] with that one over there
(not visible) | +tum (dem. rel.
pron. sg. mkr.) +iŋa (dem. mod.)
aptumuŋa1 or avsrumuŋa1 or
avrumuŋa1 [dual apkuŋnuŋa, pl.
apkunuŋa] to that one over there
(not visible) | +tum (dem. rel.
pron. sg. mkr.) +uŋa (dem. term.)
aptumuuna1 or avsrumuuna1 or
avrumuuna1 [dual apkuŋnuuna,
pl. apkunuuna] via that one over
there; with that one over there (not
visible) | +tum (dem. rel. pron. sg.
mkr.) +uuna (dem. via.)
amaamak- (i) to suckle (of baby) »
nalaquyauraq amaamaktuq
aakamiñiñ the infant is nursing
from his mother’s breast § miluk-
amaaq1 rootlet of plant, e.g., spruce root
with which baskets are made
amaġuq wolf, gray wolf (Canis lupus) §
+quq nn
amaġupiaq white wolf (colored
phase of Canis lupus) | +quq nn
-piaq(-)1 nn
amaġuuraq coyote (Canis latrans) |
+quq nn :uraq nn
amai (excl.) yes; (interrog.) isn’t that so;
(Ti) I don’t know § amay, amii
amak- to carry an object for a period of
time
amaniilik or amanilik or amanilik
caribou intestines which are
cleaned of their contents, chopped
and fried in their own fat or boiled
45
in water; “amaniiluk, boiled lower
intestines” (Nelson:51)
amaq(-) dorsal fin; (t) to lift or place
her/him/it on one’s back to carry
her/him/it @ amaqsi- || +sI-3 vv
amaaġun or amaunnaq parka
fashioned for carrying a baby on
one’s back » amaunnaliuqtuq
she is making a parka for carrying
her baby on her back | +aq-1 vv
:un1 vn or :unnaq vn
amaaq2 object or person carried on
the back | ±aq1 vn
amaaq- to carry (her/him/it) on one’s
back (in or out of one’s parka) |
+aq-1 vv
amaqsi- (i) to put one’s arms behind
one’s back | +sI-1 vv
amaqsimaaq- (i) to keep one’s arms
behind one’s back | +simaaq- vv
amaqtuuq humpback salmon
(Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) |
+tuuq nn
ammaktaq animal skin worn on the
back of an individual as an amulet
| -k-4 vv +t/raq vn
amau or amaułuk or (Ti)amauluk great-
grandparent; great-grandchild »
amauni atchiutiŋagaa she named
one of her children after her great-
grandparent » aaquaksram
amaułuni tuqłuġaa the old
woman called her great-
grandchild by his kinship name |
+łuk1 nn § ilulik
amaullik or amauligruaq or (Ti)
amaulligaaluk male Common
 Eider (Somateria mollissima) |
+aaluk nn
amaułłigaaluk or (Nu) amautligaq
Snow Bunting, Snowbird
(Plectrophenax nivalis) »
“‘Amaułłigaaluk
avilaitqatigigaat iñuich, aasii
tainnamik
pisiktaaqulaitkaatigut
amaułłigaalugnik…The
snowbird is a friend of people, and
because of this fact it is forbidden
to shoot snowbirds.’” (Michael J.
Kayuutaq as reported by
Ahmaogaak and Webster
1981:11-12) | +aaluk nn
amay (Ti) I don’t know § atchu, nalu-
¤amiaku remainder
ami (interj) well; the case of the matter
is…
amiami or amiamikii (excl.)
well....based on whatever...; well,
just the same | reduplication of
ami +kii1 (encl.)
amikii (excl.) well, anyway |
+kii1 (encl.)
amigaq- (i) to be insufficient »
amigaqtut tupiliuqtuat they ran
out of material for finishing the
tent ; “amigarpoq, is insufficient;
is deficient” (Schultz-Lorentzen:
17) | -gaq- v § amikkit- , amit-
amikkit- (i) to run short of something,
e.g., skins for the making of a
boat » amikkiłłutiŋ aġiurut they
stopped when they ran out of
supplies; “amikisârpoq (N.G.),
has not enough, cannot make both
ends meet.” (Schlutz-Lorentzen:
17) | -gaq- vv ‘=It-1 vv § suiġuti-,
amigaq-
46
amii or (Nu) amma (interrog) that’s
right, isn’t it; don’t you agree
amilluti- (t) to gang up on her/him/it; to
work together as a group on it @
amillurri- | :uti- vv || :uti- vv
~rI-5 vv
amiñilik cleaned and cooked intestines of
a caribou » “tuttum iŋaluaŋit
imaiyaqługit, salummaqługi,
uułługit, tavra amiliññiuqługu;
qaunnałhiñaq, iŋaluaŋata
qaunnaŋa” (Aiken 2009) [the
intestines of a caribou are
emptied, cleaned and cooked, then
they are made into amiñilik; it’s
all fat, the fat of the intestines]
amiq(-) [amIQ] animal skin; skin
covering on umiak or kayak
frame; to sew a hide covering on it
=boat or kayak frame § tuut-
Amiġaiqsivik [lit. “time when the
velvet sheds from the caribou’s
antlers”] month of August » “XI.
[1854] July 25,
A-mi-rak’-si-win.” (Simpson:
261) | +[ġ]aq nn :Iq-2 nv +sI-3 vv
+vIk1 vn § Tiŋŋivik, Amiġiksivik,
Sikuaqtuġvik
amiġait- to chafe, to make the skin
raw by friction | +[ġ]aq nn :It-1 nv
amiġaq tree bark; velvet on caribou
antlers | +[ġ]aq nn § qaalu
amiġaq(-) specific type of skin
sewing stitch which makes a seam
waterproof, used especially when
sewing umiak covers or
waterproof boots; (t) to sew it
using a waterproof stitch |
+[ġ]aq vn
Amiġiksivik [lit. “time when the
skins are ready”] month of August
| +[g]Ik-nv +sI-1 vv § Tiŋŋivik,
AmiġaiqsivIk
amiġluli- (Ti) to become dry, chapped
(of skin); to dry (of meat) »
kiiñaġa amiġluliruq my face is
chapped; amiġluligaa niqi the
meat is drying | +luk(-)1 nv, nn
-lI-2 nv
amiġl i- to become chapped (of part of
the body) » siqiñġum amiġligaa
kiiñaŋa the sun is making her
face chapped | -lI-2 nv
amiġluk(-) chapped skin, scab; (i) to
be rough, chapped (of skin); (i) to
be scarred (of skin); (i) to form a
scab; (Nu) old tree bark »
amiġluktuq ikusia his elbow is
chapped » amiġluksivluni
mamittuq killi ŋa his cut healed,
forming a scar » amiġluktuq a
scab is forming » amiġlukkaa
killi ġa a scab is forming on my
cut | +luk(-)1 nv, nn § qaligluk(-)
amiġruaq skin butchering mat |
+ruaq1 nn
amiiġruk- (i) to scrape one’s skin; (t)
to scrape it =one’s skin | :Iq-2 nv
+rruk- vv
amiiq- (t) to remove its skin, e.g., an
game animal; (t) to remove its
skin covering, e.g., a drum, a
kayak, or umiak; (t) to remove its
peel, e.g., of a fruit | :Iq-2 nv
amiiyaq- (t) to remove its = umiak
skin covering » amiiyaġaat
umiaq they are removing the skin
covering of the boat | :iyaq- nv
amiksraq skin for use in making a
cover for an umiak, a tent or drum
» qilautim amiksraŋanik
aitchuġaa he gave her a piece of
skin for making a drum |
+ksraq(-) nn
amiku remnant leftover from cutting
skin or hide » amikuŋi tutquġai
he stored the remainder of the
hide away | -ku(-) nn
47
amiqsuq- (i) to eat the skin from a
tanned hide or, in the case of
ducks, from a skinned bird »
ikuktuaq amiqsullaaraqtuq the
tanner would occasionally take a
piece of the skin and eat it | +tuq-3
nv § mamisuq-
amiqti a woman who assists in the
sewing of the bearded sealskins
that cover a whaling boat | mt/ri
Amiqtuġvik [lit. “time to put the
skins on the boats”] month of
March | +tuq-3 nv +vIk1 vn §
Paniqsiqsiivik
amiun braided sinew for sewing boat
skins together; (Ti) (PB) skin
sewing needle (its tip has three
sides which come to a sharp point)
for boat skins; | :un1 vn §
quagrulik
amirġaq- (i) to be many; “many, ‘a-ma-
drák-tû(k)’” (Murdoch 1890: 38),
iñugiak-
amirriaq food leftover from preparing
meal; remainder § ilaku
amit- [amIt] (i) to be narrow, slim,
slender
amigli- or amikłi (i) to wane (of
moon); to become narrower, more
slender, slimmer; (t) to make it
narrower » aġnaat
amikłipaluksimaruq his wife
has gotten much slimmer;
amigl iruq the moon is waning |
-glI- vv (devoiced -kłI- vv)
amikłilaaq- (t) to make it narrower »
amikłilaaqqaaġlugu
atuġumagiñ you should wear it
after making it narrower, slimmer
| -kłI- vv +laaq-1 vv
amilġaq or amirġaq ulna, inner bone
of two long bones in the human
forearm; fibula, outer bone of two
 long bones in the lower human leg
| +[ġ]aq vn § see Appendix 21
amilġuq narrow part (of any object) »
amilġuagun sauniq navignaqtuq
when one wants to break a bone
one should break it at its narrow
part | ±ġuq n
amiłhuyuk one who is tall and
skinny; one that is lengthy and
thin » nukatpiaq ikkahii
amiłhuyuk that young man over
there is tall and skinny |
-łhuyuk vn
amisilaaq(-) (t) to measure how
narrow it is; measurent of the
narrow part » amisilaaŋa
nalunaqtuq it’s hard to tell that it
is narrow;qanutun amisilaatku
youd measure how narrow it is |
mtilaaq(-) vn, vv
amma (excl. interrog) (Nu) really?!
ammaktaq animal skin worn on the back
as an amulet < amaq(-)
ammi (excl.) don’t be stupid!
ammiumaa (excl.) oh, don’t be
stupid!; don’t you dare!; that’s
nonsense! | uumaa
amna2 [dual apkuak, pl. apkua] (dem.
abs. pron.) that one over there
(extended and visible)
< °av1 (dem. stem),
amu- (i) to be pulled out; (i) to slide back
into water after beginning to
surface (of a seal); (t) to pull
her/him/it out; (i) to withdraw
money from a bank; (t) to pick up
a C.O.D. from the post office @
amusi- or amuri-1 »
nukatpiaġruk aqayamun
kalivittuaq amugaa aapiyaŋata
the young boy who got stuck in
48
the mud was pulled out by his
elder brother; amuriruq
kuvramik he pulled out a fishnet
|| +sI-3 vv or +rI-5 vv
ammuaq whaling camp ice ramp, an
umiak launching place on the ice
at whaling camp where the umiak
is kept, so it can be easily put in
the water; box of gun cartridges or
shotgun shells » piŋasunik
ammuanik atuqtut
qaukkiaqtuat the duck hunters
used three boxes of shells § (Ti)
ammuq
ammuktuq- (t) to pull it (e.g., a net)
from under the ice with a rope line
| ‘-k-2 vv +tuq-2 vv
ammuktuun rope line attached to fish
net under ice (measuring at least
the same length as the net) »
ammuktuun nuqitchaqługu
kiktuġaġaa the rope line attached
to the fish net under the ice
snapped as he started to pull it out
| ‘-k-2 vv +tuq-2 vv :un1 vn
ammun net rope » kuvram
ammutiksraŋanik aikłiqsuq he
went to get a rope to pull the net
out | ‘n vn
ammuq (Ti) place on the ice at
whaling camp where the umiak is
kept, so it can be easily put in the
water | ‘-Q vn
amuaq- (t) to pull her/him/it up and
out | +aq-1 vv
¤amuma or amuŋaruaq an object
that has been pulled out | +ma vn
or ±ŋa- vv +t/ruaq vn
amuraġaaq drawer (furniture) |
+raġaaq vn
amuraġaat dresser, chest of drawers
» amuraġaat uqumaiñmiruat
anillagruaġai showing great
strength, he moved the heavy
dresser out | +raġaaq vn -t nn
 amuri-2 (t) to withdraw or pull out an
item that she/he/it had stored for
safekeeping Aalaagum
uumisukłuni Siġmiaq
iliuqqaaŋiñik amurigaa angered,
Aalaak being angry pulled out the
things that Siġmiaq had put in |
+rI-4 vv
amuuġun (Ti) one of two ice-fishing
sticks used to wind fishing line
around to pull up fish | .-q-1 vv, rv
+un1 vn
amuuq- (t) to pull it (e.g., fish line) up
and out; (t) to continue pulling
them out | .-q-1 vv, rv
amuuqqaq- (t) to pull them out @
amuuqqai- | .-q-1 vv ‘-aq-1 vv
anaa (Nu) (excl.) oh my!
anaaq (Ti) cousin » “ilannaġiik,
anaaġiik” (S. Tuzroyluke 2009)
[close relatives, cousins] § aññaq,
illuayaaq
anaaq- (t) to bruise her/him
anaaġniq a bruise | +niQ1 vn
anaaqtit- to become bruised | -tit-2 vv
anaggusimaaq- (i) to lean on a secure
object | +simaaq- vv
anak- (t) to surpass or best her/him in
competition @ anaksi- »
aapiyani suaŋagaluaqtuq
anakkaa he beat, surpassed his
elder brother even though he is
very strong | +sI-3 vv
anaġvik- (t) to beat her/him soundly
in a game, to “skunk” her/him @
anaġviksi- » taammaqatini
anaġvikkaa he skunked his
opponent in a game of checkers |
+vik- vv || +sI-3 § anaqhiaq-
anaġviktauruaq a player in checkers
who loses by not being able to
49
move a single piece or “man” |
+vik- vv +t/raq vn :u- nv
+t/ruaq vn § akiit- under akI1
anakkisaaq- to challenge (her/him) to
a competition; (i) to compete by
daring others to surpass one’s feat
» anakkisaaqtuak aġnaqatigiik
two cousins are challenging each
other to compete | +kkIt- vv
-saaq-1 vv
anakkit- (i) to perform a feat one
expects others to try to surpass; (i)
to offer a rematch or to engage in
another form of competition (of a
losing team) | +kkIt- vv
anaksit- (Ti) (i) to engage in another
form of competition as a rematch
» “akiitchuaq anaksitchuuruq”
(S. Tuzroyluke 2009) [the loser
engages in another form of
competition as a rematch] |
+sIt- vv
anaktaq- (i) to hold or participate in
competition games; (i) to compete
in sports » anaktaqtut qargimi
they are holding games of
competition in the communal
house | +t/raq-1 vv
anaktiksrait- (i) to be the best |
1
mt/ri vn +ksraq(-) nn :It- nv
anaqhiuq- (t) to win the first and
second games in a contest »
“akilliñi anaqhiullaan
akiisitkaa; anaqhiullaaġuurut
double-lukługu
akiisinnamirruŋ” (Aiken 2009)
[one beats his/her opponent in the
first and second games in a
contest; one wins resoundingly
when one beats his/her opponent
twice in a row] | -qhi- vv
+aq-1 vv § anaġvik-
anakuutaq (Nu) mitten string; strong
string for knife (Hugo 2009)
anaq(-) excrement, feces; dung, manure;
to defecate (it); (t) to defecate on
it; (i) to fall into the atmosphere
and burn (of a “shooting star”) »
qimmit anaŋit piiyakkit go
remove the dog feces
anaaġaq- (i) to have frequent loose or
liquid bowel movements |
±aq-1 vv ±aq-1 vv
anaġlu or ¤(Nu) anaqłuk black
sediment once buried in the snow
which becomes visible on the ice
during spring melting | +lu(q) nn
or +qłuk(-) nn
anaġnaq laxative » anaġnaqtuqugaa
iñuunniaqtim the doctor wants
him to take a laxative | +naq(-) vn
anaġvik toilet, bathroom, outhouse »
anaġvitchiamik tauqsiqsuq he
bought a new toilet | +vIk1 vn
anallaiq- (i) to become constipated |
-lla- vv :Iq-2 vv
anaqhiaq- (i) to have diarrhea
suddenly | -qhiaq- vv
anaqsiuġayuk dung fly | +siuq- nv
perhaps +[t/r]aq-3 vv -yuk vn
anaqtaq- (i) to have diarrhea |
+t/raq-1 vv
anaqtitaq- (t) to give her/him an
enema | mtitaq(-) vv
anaqtitaun enema equipment »
anaqtitautit tutquġai she put the
enema equipment away | mtitaq- vv
:un1 vn
Anaqtuuvak or Anaqtuġvik
Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska | +tu- nv
:u-2 vv +vak vn or +tuq-3 nv
+vIk1 vn § orig. Naqsraq
anniqi- (i) to make a mess when
defecating (of child) | ‘=Iqi-1 nv
anaŋŋaa (Ti) (excl.) how cute! § aattai,
aaññaŋaa
anaŋŋaaq- (i) to be cute; to say
“anaŋŋaa” | -q-2 rv
50
anaŋŋauraq (Ti) younger sibling »
nukaaluuraq younger sibling (S.
Tuzroyluke 2009) § aññaq
°anaqa (stem) evening
anaqagu this evening still to come;
(Nu) tonight | m[g]u(n) nn
anaksrami or anaqami in the
evening | ÷mI (loc.)
anaqaksraq evening | +ksraq(-) nn
anaqaksri- (i) to spend the evening;
to work the evening shift |
+ksraq(-) nn =I-3 nv
anaqapak tonight, this evening »
anaqapak kasimaniaqtut they
will have a meeting this evening |
-pak1 rn
anaqasaaġiaq late afternoon, early
evening » anaqasaaġiamiimma
anikami she has been out since
late afternoon | -saaq-1 rv +iaq1 vn
anaqatchauraq or anaqatchiaq early
evening | -tchauraq(-) nn or
+tchiaq1 rn
anaqatuaq(-) every evening; (i) every
time it became evening »
“Tainna unnuatuaq,
anaqatuaq piitqataliqsuq.”
(Ahvakana: 2) [every night,
every evening he was absent] |
-tuaq(-) nn, vv
anau- (t) to hit her/him/it with one’s arm
or an object held in one’s hand @
anausi- || +sI-3 vv
anaullaġaq- (Ti) (i) to play baseball »
“anaullaġaġamik akiitchuat
qakummisaaġuurut”
(Kinneeveauk, 2008) [the losers of
the baseball game bring food
(usually meat and maktak from
the underground ice cellar) to the
aftergame gathering] | -llaq- vv
+aq-1 vv
anaullaġaqti (Ti) batter in baseball |
-llaq- vv +aq-1 vv mt/ri vn
 anaullaq- (t) to hit her/him/it
repeatedly with an object held in
the hand | -llaq- vv
anaullaun club, an object used to
strike with | -llaq- vv +un1 vn
anaumik- (t) to hit her/him/it
repeatedly with the arm or with an
object held in the hand »
anaumikługu tuqutkaa he killed
it by hitting it repeatedly |
+mIk-1 vv
anauniqłak- (t) to hit her/him/it
violently with an object |
-niqłak- vv
anauraġaq- (i) to play baseball |
+raġaq- vv
anauraġaqti baseball player |
+raġaq- vv mt/ri vn
anauraġaun baseball bat »
anauraġaun naitpaitchuq the
baseball bat is too short |
+raġaq- vv :un1 vn
anauraġauraq(-) softball game (i) to
play softball | +raġaq- vv :uraq- vv
§ ayuktaq- ayyutaaq-,
iluaqsuġaaq-, aqsraaq-
¤anautailaq [lit. “no hammer”] (Ti)
.45-.70 caliber rifle | -taq(-) vn
:Ilaq nn § agmailaq
anauttaq(-) axe; upper hind leg of a
four-legged animal; (Nu) femur
bone, thighbone; (i) to use an axe;
(t) to chop it with an axe, to hew it
» anauttaqługu avguġaa
quaksraq he chopped up the
frozen meat with an axe;
anauttamnik atuġiñ use my axe;
“anauttaitchut iñuit” (Hugo
2009) [peope do not have upper
hind legs] | +ttaq(-) vn § kiniġniq,
piagniq
anauviñaq- (t) to strike or give
her/him/it a heavy blow |
-viñaq- vv
anauvak(-) (Ti) bird net affixed to the
51
end of a long stick (for capturing
murres); (t) to get it =bird with
bird net
*anaya (root) wariness, caution |
-ya(q) rn
anayagi- (t) to be wary of her/him/it |
+[g]i- rv
anayailaq an incautious person |
:ilaq nn
anayaktuq- or anayaktuaq- (Ti) (i)
to be cautious, careful in a
dangerous place; (i) to rise up
carefully, move cautiously (of a
sick person) | -k-4 rv +tuq-2 vv or
+tuaq- vv
anayanait- (i) to be safe | +naq(-) rv
:It-1 vv
anayanaq- (i) to be dangerous; (i) to
require caution; (i) to be unsafe;
(i) to be risky » siku
anayanaqtuq innailimman the
ice is dangerous at this time of the
year | +naq(-) rv
anayanniuq- (i) to be in danger; (i) to
show anxiety » anayanniuqłutiŋ
ataaqtuqtuat airut the whalers
went home because they were
afraid for their safety | +naq(-) rn
‘=iuq-2 nv
anayasaaq- (t) to try to make her/him
fearful, apprehensive »
anayasaaqługit qapiqtittai she
discouraged them by pointing out
all of the dangers involved |
±saaq-2 vv
anayasuk- (i) to be cautious, careful
in a dangerous situation »
anayasukłuni qailliġmi tulaktuq
he came ashore because he was
afraid of the ocean waves |
+suk-2 rv
anayatchak- (i) to become fearful,
afraid, apprehensive »
anayatchakłuta aġiuruagut we
stopped because we became
 apprehensive | -tchak- vv §
iqsitchak-
ani- [anI] (i) to go out, exit; (i) to be
born; (i) to emerge from the den in
spring (of hibernating animal) »
aniliqtuq ilani aipqauraġmata
he went out as soon as his
relatives went home § umŋuti-
ania- (i) to leave en masse | -a-1 vv
¤aniguq- (i) to pass through, to come
out the other side | perhaps
:uq-2 vv
aniiġaaq- (i) to be outside enjoying
the weather, the out-of-doors; (i)
to take a break by going outside |
.-q-1 vv +aaq(-) vv
aniiġauraq- (i) to be outside,
spending time with one’s
sweetheart » niviaqsiaq ivaqtan
aniiġauraqtuq the young woman
you are looking for is out with her
boyfriend | .-q-1 vv +aq-1 vv
:uraq- vv
aniiq- (i) to be outside » aniiqsuq
kiani he is out there (near the
house) | .-q-1 vv
aniiqsuaq- (i) to relax or play outside
» aniiqsuaqtuq piuraaqatimiñi
he is playing outside with his
playmate, friend | .-q-1 vv
+tuaq- vv
anikallaŋit- (i) to not come out right
away, immediately | +kallaŋIt- vv
aniłłaktaq- (Ti) to surface suddenly;
breach (of a whale); (i) to jump
out of the water (of a fish); (i) to
leave, exit enraged; to storm out »
aniłłaktaġmiñak; ilaanniuvva
putukkiviñaġniaqtutin you
shouldn’t leave so enraged; one of
these times you will stumble and
fall | +łłaktaq- vv § aniniġluk-,
animaġluk-
52
animaġluk- or aniñiġluk- (Ti) (i) to
storm out | -maqłuk- vv or -
niġluk(-) nn, vv § aniłłaktaq-
aniñiq (Nu) birth; birthplace |
+niQ1 vn
aniŋa- (i) to have a bump or lump on
it; (i) to be convex | ±ŋa- vv
aniŋarualiqsuq- (Ti) (i) to contract
hives | ±ŋa- vv +t/ruaq vn -lIq-1 vv
+tuq-2 vv
anipkaq- to let (her/him/it) out, to
release (her/hm/it) out of
confinement | +pkaq-1 vv
anipqaułłik- or anipqauraq- (i) to
narrowly make one’s way out,
escape | -pqaułłIk- vv or
-pqauraq- vv
aniqan sibling » aniqatinilu atuqtuk
he is singing with his sibling |
±qan1 vn § nuka, anayu
aniqqammiaq or
aniqqammialauraq or
aniqqammiayaaq or (Ti)
aniqqammiuraq newborn; infant
(human or animal) »
aniqqammialauraq
aggisuutigaa naŋirviŋmiñ she
took the newborn baby home from
the hospital | ±qqammIq- vv
±aq1 vn +laaq nn =uraq nn
aniraġaatchiaq- (Ti) (i) to participate
in a game where one jumps
through one’s arms with hands
clasped in front | +t/raġaq- vv
-atchiaq(-) vn
anisaanmun towards the mouth of
the river from upriver | -saaq-1 vv
+mun (term.)
anisaaq- (i) to enter the open ocean
from a channel or river; (Nu) (i) to
travel down towards the ocean on
a frozen river or over land (not on
water) | -saaq-1 vv
anisaġniq- (Nu) to blow downstream
(of wind) | +saq-2 vv +nIq-2 vv
anisaġniq downstream current; wind
blowing downstream | +saq-2 vv
+niQ1 vn
anisiq- (i) to depart quickly » “tavra
aullaqtuq; piiqsiqtuq tavraŋŋa
aġiuvluni” (Aiken 2009) [he
leaves; he is gone quickly from
there because he quits] | +sIq-2 vv
anit- (t) to throw her/him/it out; (t) to
expel her/him; (t) to place, set it
outside; (t) to thrust it outside; (t)
to begin it = speech or song; (Ti)
(t) to be carried out to sea, drift
out to sea § anitchi- » quaq
auŋaiñŋaan anitkaa
qanitchanun he placed the frozen
meat in the porch before it thawed
out; “saġvaum anitkaa; anuġim
tiŋitkaa” (S. Tuzroyluke 2009)
[the current takes it out to sea; and
the winds “flies” it out to sea];
“saġvamunlu anuġimunlu
piñisuugaat” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [they say it is the current
and the wind that takes it] | +t-1 vv
|| +sI-3 vv
anitaġaq- (t) to continue casting out
or putting her/him/it outside »
anitaġaŋaiġuŋ stop putting it
outside | +t-1 vv -t/raġaq- vv
anitaq an outcast; one who has been
sent away, cast out | +t-1 vv
+t/raq vn
anitchaun beginning; initial sound (of
word or song) » anitchautaa
atuutim ilitkaat they learned the
beginning of the song | +t-1 vv
+saq-2 vv :un1 vn § akpirrun
anitchi- (i) to begin singing the song,
to sing out the first note | +sI-3 vv
anitchiq- or anitchiaq- or anitchii-
(t) to wait for her/him/it to exit
her/his/its dwelling) » siksrik
anitchiigaa nukatpiaġruum the
boy is waiting for the squirrel to
come out | +[t]sIq- vv || :I-4 vv
53
aniuġiq- (i) to exit and enter |
-uġIq- vv § isauġiq-
aniuq- (i) to come out steadily,
continuously; (Ti) (i) to break out
in pimples or a fever rash |
:uq-2 vv
aniuraaq- to slowly file out of a
dance hall as part of a dance |
-uraaq- vv
aniyaġiaq traditional sod house
passage foundation floor | +iaq1 vn
aniyumaaq- (i) to intend, plan to go
out | +yumaaq- vv
anniñ birth; birthplace; bail | ‘-n vn
anniññaaq exit; mouth of river |
‘=It-2 vv +naaq vn § paa
anniññiq hole in ocean ice made by
river current at the mouth of the
river | ‘=It-2 vv +nIQ vn
anniqi-2 (t) to go out and deal with a
person who’s making trouble |
‘-qi- vv
annisi- or annisuuti- (t) to exit with
her/him/it @ annisuurri- |
‘ti- vv or ‘ti- vv +uti- vv -rI-5 vv
annisiq- (i) to bail oneself out of jail;
(t) to bail her/him out of jail »
annisiġaa tigutaaqtauruaq
she/he bailed her/him out of jail |
‘ti1 vn ‘=Iq-1 nv
annivik birthday; birthplace |
‘+vIk1 vn
anniviliqi- (i) to celebrate one’s
birthday; (i) to have a birthday
party | -lIqi- vv
annivilit- (i) to have a birthday |
-lIt- nv
aniŋak older brother » aniŋani
nakuaġigaa he loves his older
brother § aapiyaq, aŋayuk
aniq- to speak, say to (her/him) § uqaq-
aniġniġiq- (i) to stop breathing; (i) to
become unable to breathe |
+niQ1 vn :Iq-2 nv
aniġniġilauraġniagaqsilgit- (i) to
once again begin to try to hold
one’s breath »
“aniġniġilauraġniagaqsilgitchuq
pisuqtilaamisun” (Ekowana: 13)
[once again he tries to hold his
breath as best as he can] |
+niQ1vn :ilaq(-) nv -uraġniaq-vv
-aqsI- vv -lgIt- vv
aniġniġluaqi- to have blood in one’s
breath (of wounded whale) »
“aġviġit ikilgit
aniġniġluaqirurguuq tavra
aniqsaaġaġamik augulaamik”
(Aiken 2009) [it is said, wounded
whales have blood in their breath]
| +niQ1vn +luaq-1 vv -qi- vv
aniġniq breath | +niQ1 vn
aniġniqsiugaqsivallilgit- (t) to again
try to detect her/his/its breathing »
“sigguugni tavruŋa kurraqhuni
niaquata saniġaanun nannum
aniġniqsiugaqsivallilgitkaa”
(Ekowana: 13) [the polar knelt,
and placing his snout beside his
head (the man’s head) tried to
detect his breathing] |+niQ1 vn
+siuq- nv -aqsI- vv +p/vallIq- vv
-lgIt- vv
aniġnitchiaq- (i) to pant, to be short
of breath » aniġnitchiaqtuq
aqpatqaaqłuni he was short of
breath after running »
puvagiiłłuni aniġnitchiaġuuruq
he pants all the time because he
has asthma | +niQ1 vn +tchiaq- nv
aniqsaapak(-) a sigh; (i) to sigh once
» tigupkaŋaruaq
aniqsaapaktuq,
aipkaġniaŋisimammani the one
in the jail sighed, when he realized
they would not let him go home |
-saaq-1 vv -pak- vv, vn
aniqsaappit- (i) to catch one’s breath
» igliqtuallakłutiŋ iluqatiŋ
aniqsaappitkaqsirut
54
nutqaqamiŋ they all began to
catch their breath when they
stopped travelling | -saaq-1 vv
-pak- rn ‘=It-2 nv
aniqsaaq- (i) to take a breath, to
breathe » ilunmun aniqsaaqtuq
iñuunniaqtim aniqsaaqummani
he took a deep breath when the
doctor instructed him to |
-saaq-1 vv
aniqsraaqtuq- (t) to tell her/him with
determination; to warn her/him |
-qsraaq- vv +tuq-1 vv
aniqtiġi- (i) to be breathing »
aniqtiġiruqsuli she is still
breathing | +tiġi- vv
aniqtiġluaqi- (Ti) (i) to pant, be short
of breath | mt/liq-3 vv +luaq-1 vv
-qi- vv
aniqtipkaq- (i) to be panting, short of
breath » qilamiqsruqpaiłłuni
aniqtipkaqtuq she was panting
from rushing about | mt/liq-3 vv
+pkaq-2 vv § qiniqqaluk-
aniqtipki- (i) to be out of breath |
+tipkaq- vv =I-7 vv
aniqsa (excl.) fortunately, luckily, good
thing! (prompts the use of the
Kiisaimmaa mood) » aniqsa-
imña tautugiaqpigu
aullaŋaiñŋaan luckily, I went to
see her before she left
aniu packed snow » maŋaqsipaluktuq
aniu the snow sure looks dirty §
aniguyyaq
aniquyyaq or aniguyyaq or (Nu)
anigutyaq snow shelter; snow
house; winter den (for female
polar bear) » aniguyyamun
annaktut anuqqagman they
found shelter in the snow house
when it got windy | +yyaq1 vn §
qakummavIk, apuyyaq under
apun, saggutyaq
 aniguyyaqtuq- (i) to live in a snow
house; (i) to live in a winter den
(of female polar bear) | +yyaq1 vn
+tuq-3 nv
aniuliqsuq- (t) to fill it =container
with snow § aniuliqsui- »
aniuliqsuiganikpisik have you
two finished filling the water
container with snow | -lIq-1 nv
+tuq-2 vv || :I-4 vv
aniulliuq- (i) to melt snow; ¤(i) to go
through deep snow »
”aniulliuqtuaq immiuqtuaq”
(Aiken 2009) [one who is melting
snow is making water] | +lliuq- nv
aniutaq- (i) to fetch packed snow for
drinking water; (t) to fetch some
packed snow for her/him to put in
her/his water container »
aniutaġaa aakani imġiqsuaq he
is fetching some packed snow for
his mother who ran out of water;
aniutaġitchik uniaġaġlusik why
don't youd take the dogteam and
get some snow for making water |
+taq-4 nv
aniuvak mound of hard packed snow;
snowbank | +vak nn
aniuvauraq a snowdrift with a sharp
downwind side and a more
inclined upwind side | +vak nn
:uraq nn § qayuqłak, aġviuraq
aniumaniqsraq one who continues to be
the one who has surpassed
everyone else; the reigning
champion » “iñugli atausiq
Utqiaġviŋñi
aniumaniqsrauŋavalliqsuaq
quliaqtuaġiniaġiga;Taaqpak
tamanna ilisimaraqsi,
tautuŋaraqsi, tautuŋaraqput”
(Harold Itta 1982) [there is one
man in Barrow who still holds
the title of having surpassed
everyone; I will talk about
55
Taaqpak who you know, who
you have seen, who we have
seen]; “iñuk suilli uŋiñman,
aŋunialgumman,
piilliuŋiñman” (Aiken 2009)
[when a person does not lack for
anything, when he is a good
hunter, and he is not in need of
anything] | :uma-vv +niqsraq vn
*anmik (root) feeling of superiority
anmigi- (t) to feel that one can beat
her/him in a competition; to feel
that one is more capable than
her/him @ anmiksri- »
nukatpiam anmigiraŋata
akiisitkaa the young man who
felt more capable than him beat
him | +[g]i- rv
anmikkiuti- (t) to think that one can
accomplish it, do it | +[g]i- rv
'uti- vv
anmiksraq- (i) to feel or act superior
» anmiksraqtuaq akiisitkaat
qitiktuani the one who acted so
superior was beaten during the
competitive games | +qsraq- rv, nv
anmuaq- or (Nu) atmuaq- to sew with an
overlapping stitch » “atmuaqługu
kammiruni immalaitchut;
qayaligamiglu” (Hugo 2009)
[when boots are made with an
overlapping stitch, they are
waterproof; also when kayaks are
made]; “saŋŋisaallaavlugu”
(Aiken 2009) [pulling it (the
stitch) tight each time]
atmuaqtaq (Nu) stitch | +t/raq vn
anmuiññaq straight down < °ati
anmuk- to go down, descend, drop; (i) to
go down a slope, to descend
gradually, to drop, as of the
indicator in a therometer,
 barometer, etc.; (t) to set it lower
< °ati
anmuksiiññaq- (i) to drop lower and
lower < °ati
anmuktaaq- (t) to set it at a lower setting;
(t) place it on a lower level < °ati
anmun downwards < °ati
anmuŋŋaġik- (i) to have a good decline,
downward slope; (i) to be steep
< °ati
annak- (i) to escape from danger »
natchiq annaktuq taġiumun the
seal escaped into the ocean
annai- to have (it) escape from one »
annairuq iqalugmik
niksianikkaluaqługu the fish
managed to escape from him
although he had hooked it | -I-5 vv
annaksaq- (i) to seek help, assistance
when in danger | msaq-3 vv
annapqaullik- (i) to narrowly escape
» “tavraasii uvluġmagu
quliaqtuaġman taamna
nukatpiaġruk nannumun imma
malikataŋanivlutik
annapquallignivluni;
uvluġmagu qaummagman
aŋutit qimilġiuġiaġniġaat
taamna unnuiviak” (Ekowana:
14) [then at daybreak, when the
boy told they (he and another boy)
had been chased by a polar bear
and had narrowly escaped, the
men set out to look over the area
where they (the two boys) had
spent the night] | -pqaullik- vv
annaun salvation; rescue | :un1 vn
annaurri [annaurrI] saviour | :uti- vv
mt/ri vn
annauti- (t) to save, deliver, rescue
her/him/it from danger @
56
annaurri- » tuqutchaqtaŋat
pamiqsaaŋa qimautivlugu
annautigaa he saved his pet by
running away with it from the one
who wanted to kill it | :uti- vv
:urrI- vv
annii (excl.) of pain, sorrow,
disappointment
anniñ birth; birthplace; bail < ani-
anniññaaq exit; mouth of river < ani-
anniññiq hole in ocean ice made by river
current < ani-
*annIq or (Nu) *atnIq (root) valuable,
beneficial
anniġi- (t) to be protective of
her/him/it fearing hurt or loss; to
refuse to relinquish possession of
it; to refuse to share it »
attaqsitqulaitkaa supputini
anniġivlugu he doesn’t like
anyone to borrow his gun for fear
of losing it | +[g]i- rv
anniġñaq-1 (i) to be too precious to
lose (of person or object) |
+naq(-) vv
anniqsrau- (i) to be stingy |
+qsraq- rv, nv -u-2 vv
anniqsraq- (i) to be unwilling to
share an object one fears might be
damaged » suġauttamiñik
anniqsraqtuq he is unwilling to
share his possessions | +qsraq- rv
§ sigña
anniqsrautu- (i) to be very stingy,
selfish; (i) to be protective of
one’s possessions, unwilling to
share | +qsraq- rv +u-4 vv +tu- vv §
sigñatu
anniqsuq- (t) to assist or rescue
her/him in a time of need, stress,
or danger » anniqsuġai il ani
 ikayullasikami he assisted his
relatives when he was finally able
| +suq-2 vv
anniqsuqtiq- (i) to quickly and
competently perform an act so that
one is spared unpleasantness |
+tuq-3 vv mt/liq-3 vv
anniqsuun assistance; object used to
assist one, e.g., tools, equipment |
+tuq-3 vv :un1 vn
anniqsuutau- (i) to be useful,
essential, necessary | +tuq-3 vv
:un1 vn :u-1 vv
anniqsuutauŋit- (i) to be worthless,
useless | +tuq-3 vv :un1 vn :u-1 vv
±ŋIt- vv
anniqsuusiaq blessing (promoting
prosperity, well-being) | +tuq-3 vv
:usiaq vn § nagliktuun,
quviasaaġusiaq,
ataniġnaqutiksriusiaq
anniq- [annIq] (i) to become injured; (t)
to hurt her/him/it » anniqsuq
talimigun he hurt his arm
anniałłaktaq- (i) to repeatedly
experience sharp pain | -aq-1 vv
-łłak- vv +t/raq-1 vv
anniaq- (i) to feel pain as a sign, e.g.,
of a change in weather; (t) to
inflict pain her/him/it »
anniaqtuq putugua his big toe is
hurting (and therefore, it may
rain, etc.) | -aq-1 vv
anniaqtaq- (i) to experience pulsating
pain » “tigliqtaġman”
(Matumeak 2009) [when it is
pulsating] | -aq-1 vv -łłak- vv
+t/raq-1 vv
anniġñaiyaun medicine for pain |
+naq(-) vv :Iyaq- vv :un1 vn
anniġñaq(-)2 pain; (i) to be in pain, to
ache, to hurt; (i) to cause pain,
emotional distress » amauni
anniġñaġniraa he said that one of
his great-grandparents is in pain »
57
anniġñaq aŋigaluaqtuq
iglutuġaa the pain was enormous,
but she withstood it | +naq(-) vv
anniitkutaq or anniyaitkutaq a
means of protection against hurt
or injury i.e. pad used for
protection from injury (such as a
recoil pad on stock of a shotgun) |
+kutaq vn, +ya-1 vv +iitkutaq vn
anniluk- (i) to experince a small,
sharp pain » anniluktuq
saniġamigun he has small, sharp
side pains | +luk- vv
anniutaq chronic pain; pleurisy »
anniutaniktuq saniġamigun
apuqtitqaaqłuni he developed
chronic side pains after being hit
(by a vehicle) | -utaq(-)1 vn
anniutchiq- (i) to develop a chronic
pain; (t) to cause her/him to
develop a chronic pain »
niaqumigun anniutchiqsuq
kataqqaaqłuni he developed a
chronic headache after he fell |
-utaq(-)1 vn ‘=Iq-1 nv
annivak- (i) to experience a short,
sharp pain | -vak- vv
annivaktaq- (i) to have short, sharp
pains » annivaktaqtuq
tunumigun he has short sharp
pains in his back | -vak- vv
+t/raq-1 vv
anniya- (i) to be easily hurt, to be sore
(of body part); to be emotionally
fragile » anniyaruq niuŋa his leg
is sore | +ya-1 vv
anniqi-1 (i) to make a mess when
defecating < anaq(-)
anniqi-2 (t) to leave one’s house and deal
with a person who’s making
trouble < ani-
annisi- or annisuuti- (t) to take
 her/him/it out @ annisuurri-
< ani-
annisiq- (i) to bail oneself out of jail; (t)
to bail her/him out of jail < ani-
annivik birthday; birthplace < ani-
anniviliqi- to celebrate one’s birthday; to
have a birthday party < ani-
annivilit- (i) to have a birthday < ani-
annuġaaq [annuġaraq] or (Nu)
atnuġaaq(-) piece of clothing,
garment; (i) to dress oneself; (t) to
dress her/him/it
annuġaagilaq a naked person |
:Ilaq nn § iqaqtai-
annuġaaqtuq- (i) to dress oneself; (t)
to dress her/him/it @
annuġaaqtui- » miqłiqtuuraq
annuġaaqtuqtuq ilimiñik the
child dressed himself | +tuq-2 vv ||
+tuq-2 vv :I-4 vv
annuġaiq- or annuġaiyaq- to undress
(her/him/it) @ annuġaiyai- »
annuġaiġaa ivvaqsaqamiuŋ she
undressed him for a bath | :Iq-2 nv,
=Iyaq- nv || :I-4 vv
annuġait- (i) to be naked; to have no
clothing » annuġaitchuq
akkupak he has no clothes on
right now | :It-1 nv
annuġarri- to make clothing (for
him/her/it); (t) to make it into
clothing » annuġarrigaa she is
making clothes for him | ‘=I- nv
annut- (i) to frown, pout; (t) to frown at
her/him/it » annutkaviñ
iqsiñapaluktutin oh, you are so
frightening when you frown < °ati
annutu- (i) to frown, pout a lot,
frequently | -tu- vv
58
anŋik(-) [anŋIk] patch on boot sole; (i) to
patch a boot sole; (t) to patch it
=boot sole @ anŋiksi- » anŋiŋa
kamiŋata piiġmiuqsuli
miquġaluaqtaġa I sewed a patch
on her boot sole, but it came off »
anŋianiktuq kamiŋa his boot
sole is now patched » anŋikkaa
kamini she is patching her own
boot sole ||
+sI-3 vv
anŋun sticky, burnt blubber from oil
lamp; pitch (caulking) » “Aasii
aaqaguilimman kuvitqikługu
nannim uqsruqaġvianun,
naagga anŋusiuqługu
kutchuksramiŋnik,
atugaksrivlugu
immayuiyautaulugu qayyanun
naagga umianun.” (Kaveolook
1975a: 10) [then after a while it
(anŋun) is poured back into the oil
container of the lamp, or is made
into pitch for chewing gum, or
saved to be used to caulk the kayak
or umiak]; “Tulimaniġum
kivaliġñaaŋani anŋutiqaqtuq.”
(Aiken 2009) [pitch can be found to
the east of Tulimaniq] | ‘-ti1 vn
anŋiqpak rubber boot »
anŋiqpakkaluaq uvva
igluitchuq here is one rubber boot
but the other one is missing |
+qpak(-) nn § kamik(-)
anŋiqsruq- (t) to tease, bother her/him/it
@ anŋiqsrui- | mqsruq-2 rv
Anŋutik Simpson, Alaska
anu(-) harness; mitten string; yoke; (t) to
harness it @ anuri- » qimmim
anua qairruŋ give me the dog
harness; qimmiñi anugaa he is
 putting a harness on his dog ||
+rI-5 vv
anuk mitten straps | -k2 nn
anuksraq harness webbing »
aŋunmiñ tauqsiqsuq
anuksramik he bought harness
webbing from the man |
+ksraq(-) nn
anukuutak or anakuutaq (Nu)
harness to hold mittens | perhaps
+kutaq nn -k2 nn
anupiaq (Nu) old style dog harness
(no collar) | -piaq(-)1 nn §
kalaligaaq
*anu (root) emotional security, fortitude
anuaqsruit- (i) to be emotionally
vulnerable as in a time of crisis; (i)
be deeply affected, moved to
compassion; (i) be moved to tears
| perhaps -aq-7 rv mqsruq-2 vv
:It-1 vv § tupquraanŋuliq-,
ilunŋutchak-
anuaqun source of an emotional
reaction »
“anuaqqutigigisuugiga
tautukkapku” (Aiken 2009) [I get
emotional when I see him] |
perhaps -aq-7 rv -quti vn
anuqsru- (i) to be able to bear great
pain or sorrow with fortitude; (i)
to be stoic » aġnaiyaaq
anuqsruvluni
naglignaqsipiksuaġaqtuq the
young girl was stoic to the point
where it become pitiful | mqsru- rv
anusiñŋuq- (i) to be so negatively
affected by an experience that one
does not wish to repeat it »
qaitqigñiaŋitchugnaqtuq;
anusiñŋuqtuq piqatikpuk he
probably will not return; our
59
companion has been negatively
affected | +sI-1 vv +nŋuq- nv
anuġi wind » anuġi suaŋaruq the wind is
strong § see Appendix 15
anuġaiq- to cease, (of wind)/ sila
anuġaiqsuq the weather is calm |
:Iq-2 nv
anuġait- to be still, (of wind) | :It-1 nv
anuġiqłuk strong wind, storm »
anuġiqłuk tamauŋa tikitchuq
the storm arrived suddenly |
+qłuk(-) nn
anuġisiun barometer; wind vane,
wind mill » anuġisiutini
navikkaa he broke his wind vane
| +siun nn
anuqłiq- (i) to be windy »
anuqłiqsuq; aniñak it’s windy;
don’t go out | -łIq-1 nv
anuqłiqłuk wind storm | -lIq-1 nv
-łuk2 vn +łuk(-) nn
anuqqak- to become windy »
anuqqaktuq aiŋaisilluta it got
windy before we made it home |
‘-k-2 nv
anuqsraaġik(-) a light breeze; to have
a light breeze (of wind) |
+sraaq(-) nn +[g]Ik- nv
anuqsraaġiksiraġaq- (i) to blow in
gusts (of wind) | +sraaq(-) nn
+[g]Ik- nv +sI-1 vv +raġaq- vv
anuqsraaq(-) or anuqsralaaq(-)
breeze; (i) to be breezy »
anuqsralaaq nakuupaluktuq the
breeze feels so good |
+sraaq(-) nn, +sralaaq(-) nn
anuti- (i) to confess » “anutiruq tavra
quliaqtuaġami piilaaŋaramiñik
iñuit naluraat; tavra quliaqtuq”
(Aiken 2009) [he is confessing
when he tells of those things he
has done that people do not know
about; he is confessing] § *anu
aññaq cousin
aññak (Ti) woman’s second cousin §
aġnaqan, aŋutiqan, uumaaq, illuq,
illualuk
aŋ (excl.) here, take it
aŋaayyu- or aŋaiyyu- or (Nu) agaiyu- (i)
to pray; (t) to say it = prayer »
siquŋaiñŋaġmi aŋaayyuruq she
prayed before she went to sleep;
aŋaayyuliaq- (i) to go to church |
-liaq- nv
aŋaayyuliqiruat church,
congregation | ‘-ti1 vn -liqi- nv
aŋaayyusiqi- (Ti) (i) to study religion;
(i) to be immersed in religion |
‘-ti1 vn ~Iqi-1 nv
aŋaayyuliqsi or (Nu) agaiyuliqsi
preacher, minister, evangelist »
aŋaayyuliqsi aigaa aŋutim the
man went to get the preacher;
“Tavra uqallautiniġaat
tamatkua iñuŋisa agaiyuliqsim
taaptum minisitauram.” (Elijah
Kakinya as reported by Bergsland
1987: 377) [then the congregation
of the little preacher told him] |
-lIq-1 nv mt/ri vn
aŋaayyun prayer » aŋaayyunmik
agmautiqaġuurut they always
open with a prayer | ‘-ti1 vn
aŋaayyuti- (t) to pray for her/him/it;
(t) to hold a funeral for her/him/it
@ aŋaayyurri- | ‘ti- vv || ~rI-5 vv
aŋaayyuvigi- (t) to worship, pray to
her/him/it | +vIk1 vn +[g]i- nv
aŋaayyuvik church (building) »
miŋuliġaat aŋaayyuvik they are
painting the church | +vIk1 vn
aŋak or aŋaaluk uncle » aŋaŋmiñik
tautuŋaitchuq he has never seen
his uncles | -aluk nn § akkaaka
aŋatchiaq maternal uncle (mother’s
brother) » “Tavra taiksrumakii
60
…aŋatchiaġigaaŋa
…aŋatchiaġivluŋa…illuġa
ilisimauraaġmivlunilukii.”
(Walter Akpik as reported by
Kisautaq: 109) [that one over
…I’m his maternal uncle…it is
because I am his maternal
uncle…my cross cousin is smiling
because he knows] | -tchiaq nn
*aŋa (root) manipulation, power
aŋala- (Nu) (i) to move about | -la- rv
aŋalarruġik- (Nu) to be nimble, agile,
dexterous » “aŋalarruġiksuq
aularruġiksuq sayyaġigmatun”
(Hugo 2009) [she is nimble,
moves well like she is full of
energy] | -la- rv
-rruġIk- vv
aŋalat- (t) to stir it; (t) to manipulate
her/him; (t) to supervise her/him;
(t) to be in charge of her/him/it @
aŋalatchi- » aŋalatkai
anaktaqtuat he is in charge of the
competitive games » aŋalatkaa
misiġarriani she is stirring the oil
she is rendering » aŋalatchiruq
savaktinik he is supervising the
workers | -la- rv +t-1 vv || +sI-3 vv
aŋalataġi- (t) to govern, have
authority over her/him/it |
+t/raq vn +[g]i- nv
aŋalatchiñ or aŋalarrun authority,
power | -la-2 rv +t-1 vv +sI-3 vv
‘-n vn or -la-2 rv +n vv +run1 vn
aŋalatchirit administration | +n vn
mt/ri vn -t nn
aŋałhuiq- (i) to dangle, flap, move
about, e.g., in wind |
-łhuiq- rv
aŋarraq- (t) to behead it =animal; (t) to
cross them =two upright poles
near upper end » aŋarraġaa
tuttutaani he beheaded the
caribou he had killed | -rraq- rv
 aŋarraak or aŋarraurak (Ti) two
sticks tied together (at a ninety
degree angle) and hung near the
door or house vent to prevent evil
spirits from entering; cross |
+aq1 vn ‘-k2 nn or ‘-Q vn :uraq nn
-k2 nn
aŋarraq or aŋarraaq a structure
formed of two poles crossed at a
ninety degree angle near the upper
end | ‘-Q vn or +aq1 vn
aŋarrat several stakes (placed
in the ground) to guide owls or
other game birds into a snare-trap |
‘-Q vn -t nn § qaapquak
aŋarrauraq cross, crucifix; two
pieces of crossed wood »
aŋaayyuvium aŋarrauraŋa
miŋuliġaa he is painting the cross
on the church | ‘-Q vn:uraq nn
aŋatkuq shaman » aŋatkut qaŋasaaq
iñugiaguuŋarut there used to be
many shamans a long time ago
aŋatkit- (i) to conjure up supernatural
powers | ‘=It-2 nv
aŋatkuaq- or aŋatkuk- (i) to perform
a shamanistic ritual; (t) to cast a
spell on him/it, to hex her/him/it
» aŋatkuaqługu tuqutkaa iglaaq
the shaman cast a spell on the
stranger and killed him | -aq-4 nv
or -k-4 nv
aŋatkuġnaq spirit medium »
aŋatkuġnaŋa il aanni
suaŋŋaguurug-guuq his spirit
medium sometimes gets very
powerful, it is said | +naq(-) nn
aŋatkula- (i) to perform shamanistic
rituals; (i) to invoke a spirit (of
shaman) | -la- nv
¤aŋatqiaq (Ti) small duck which lands on
ocean § iŋaġiuraq
61
aŋayakkiiq (Ti) a human-sized puppet
manipulated by strings that
appears during the ninth (9th)
scene in a ten act dance
ceremonial held in a qalgi during
Christmas week at Point Hope,
Alaska (S. Tuzroyluke 2009) §
suayyaġluqaq
aŋayu- (i) to dance Iñupiaq style »
tuvaaqatini aŋayumman
tautukpaallukkaa he saw his
wife Iñupiaq dance for the first
time
aŋayuuq- (Nu) (i) to perform Iñupiaq
dances | -uq-2 vv or .-q-1 vv
aŋayyun “common” dance song to
which anyone may dance as
opposed to a motion dance song to
which only trained dancers may
dance » aŋayyunmik
akpipqauraġman saaviayaarut
iñuit as soon as he began a
common dance song, a steady
stream of people got up to dance |
‘n1vn § sayuun
°aŋayu (stem) older person § aapiyaq,
aniŋak
aŋayukłiaġruk (Nu) two-year-old
caribou calf or lamb | +llIQ nn
-aġruk nn
aŋayukłiġaq or aŋayukłiġauraq
one-year-old caribou | +llIQ nn
+[ġ]aq n
aŋayukłiq firstborn, eldest one,
someone’s elder; two-year-old
caribou bull » aŋayukłiit
aullautivlugit nutaġaurat
ilisautiyaqtuaġaqsigait
aŋuniaġniġmik the older ones
took the younger ones on a trip to
teach them how to hunt | +llIQ nn
aŋayukłitqik three-year-old caribou
bull | +llIQ nn -tqIk3 nn
aŋayunġuq senior co-in-law,
spouse’s older sibling’s spouse |
+nġuq nn § nukaġaq under
nuka(q)
aŋayuqaaġiit immediate family
(parents and children) »
aŋayuqaaġiit atautchimukługIt
qiñiġaaqsigai he brought the
family together to take their
picture | perhaps
-qaaq nn +[g]iit nn
aŋayuqaak parents [dual use only] »
iglutchialiuġniaġniraŋik
aŋayuqaaŋni he told his parents
he would build a new house for
them | perhaps -qaaq nn -k2 nn §
nulliq
aŋayuqaaq- (i) to become old (of a
man) » aŋayuqaaġniqsuq taavva
aŋaaluga my uncle is an old man
now, it seems | -qak nn -aq-3 nv
aŋayuqak or aŋayuqaksraq (Nu) old
man; (Nu) Arctic char »
aŋayuqaksrat atautchimukamiŋ
unipkaallaturut old men like to
tell stories whenever they get
together | -qak nn or -qak nn
+ksraq(-) nn
aŋayuqaksraatchiak two old men |
-qak nn +ksraq(-) nn -atchiaq nn
-k2 nn
aŋayuqaksraatchiaq little old man |
-qak nn +ksraq(-) nn -atchiaq nn
aŋayuqaksraq (Nu) Arctic char
(Salvelinus alpinus) »
aŋayuqaksrauraq kavisiilauraq
aarigaa quaqtuni a small Arctic
char without any scales is so
delicious when eaten raw and
frozen | -qak nn +ksraq(-) nn
:uraq nn § iqalukpik
aŋayuqagrauraq (Ti) small fish
resembling a trout (from Kuukpak
River) | :uraq nn
62
aŋi- 1 (i) to be big, large » aŋitigiruamik
tainnatun iñugmik
tautukpaallukłuni aŋutaiyaaq
qimmaġmik isagutiruq the boy
fled because he had never seen a
man of such enormous size before
agli- (i) to grow in size, become large,
big | -lI-2 vv § nau-
aglilaaq- (t) to enlarge it @
aglilaaqsi- | -lI-2 vv +laaq-1 vv ||
+sI-3 vv
agliñġaaq (Nu) adolescent girl »
qakiŋaitchuaq aġnaġupiaġuni
piŋaitchuaq one who has not
fully matured, one who has not
become a mature woman |
-nġaq2 vv -aq1 vn § aġnaiyaaq,
niviaqsiaġruk
agliraġaun magnifying glass | -lI-2 vv
-t/raġaq- vv -un1 vn
aglisuilauraq midget; dwarf;
person/animal of little growth,
abnormally small being |
-suilaq vn :uraq nn
aglisuit- (i) to grow slowly, be
stunted | ±suit- vv
aglitchiit- (i) to not grow steadily, to
be underdeveloped | -lI-2 vv
+tchIk- vv :It-1 vv
aglitchik- (i) to grow steadily »
nukatpiaq aglitchiksuq the
young man is growing steadily |
-lI-2 vv +tchIk- vv
aglitchiq- (i) to be set aside to grow,
increase (in size or amount); (t) to
wait for her/him/it to grow,
become larger @ aglitchii- |
-lI-2 vv +[t]sIq- vv || :I-4 vv
aktigi- (i) to be of a certain length or
size » aapamisun aktigiruq he is
as tall as his father | mtigi-1 vv
aktikłi- (i) to become a certain size;
(t) to cause it to become a certain
size » aktikłiruq innatun it is
now this big; uvaptun aktikłiruq
he has grown as tall as me |
 1
mtigi- vv -kłI- vv
aktilaaq(-) size, amount; (i) to
measure oneself; (t) to measure
the size or height of her/him/it or
the amount of it » aktilaaŋa
nalugiga niġġivium I do not
know the size of the table;
aktilaaġniaġaatigut uvlupak she
will measure how tall we are
today | mtilaaq(-) vn, vv
aktuġruaq full-grown male animal |
‘qtu-vv +ġruaq nn
aŋigi- (t) to find it to be too large for
one » aŋigipaluksimagaa
atigitchiaksrautini his new parka
was way too big for him | -[g]i- vv
aŋilla ŋilaq one not so large | -llaq nn
±ŋilaq nn
aŋinaaq- or aŋnaaq- or agnaaq- (t)
to make it too large » kammiaka
aŋinaaqsimagikka; panigma
aŋigivaisimaraik I made the
boots too big; they’re too big for
my daughter | +naaq- vv
aŋinaq magnifying glass » aŋinani
ataataviñ tammaqsimaraŋa
unnugman your grandfather has
lost his magnifying glass
yesterday | +naq(-) vn
aŋipiksuaq- (i) to be much larger,
bigger | -piksuaq- vv
aŋirualuk (Ti) a very large whale |
+t/ruaq vn -luk nn § aapsavak
aŋivaałłak- (i) to be extremely large,
big; (t) to make it extremely big |
+vaałłak- vv
aŋŋiiq a huge being or object | ‘.q4 vn
aŋi-2 [aŋI] (i) to revive, be resurrected,
come back to life » aŋitqiŋaruq
tuqqunmiñ aŋatkuuvluni he
came back to life after dying,
because he was a shaman
aŋianik- (i) to have come back to life,
to be resurrected already |
-anik- vv
63
aŋiñiq a risen soul, resurrected being |
+niQ1 vn
aŋipkaq- (t) to resurrect, raise
her/him/it from the dead » “aatai,
suagguuq igña qilautikuluuraq
argaŋiññiñ aŋipqaqhuni”
(Nageak 1975: 85) [and then, to
their surprise a small drum grew
out of his hand] | +pkaq-1 vv
aŋiuq- (t) to reclaim or repossess it
=something stolen, sold or which
was originally given away @
aŋiuqsi- | -uq-2 vv || +sI-3 vv
aŋŋiñ resurrection of the body |
‘-n vn
*aŋI (root) failure
aŋiiññaq- (i) to fail to procure game
(while hunting); (i) to fail to attain
one’s goal, e.g., a job, a request »
“aŋiiññaqtuq; sunnaŋitchuq;
savaannaŋitchuq” (Aiken 2009)
[he did not catch anything while
hunting; he failed to get anything;
he did not get a job] | ±iññaq- vv
aŋiluŋaq- (i) to fail to procure game
or fish | ±luŋaq- vv
aŋilġaq- (i) to return home after being
absent a long time » uisauŋaruaq
aŋun aŋilġaqtuq the man who
floated away on the ice floe has
finally returned; “utiġman iñuk
aŋilġaqtuq qavsiñi ukiuni
piitkaluaġami” (Aiken 2009) [it’s
when a person finally returns after
being absent several years] |
-lġaq- vv § ai-2, aŋirraq-
aŋilġisaaq- (i) to swing on a swing »
aŋilġisaaġiaŋaruk imma
aññaakiñ aniiqsuaġviŋmun your
cousinsd have gone to swing at the
playground § aayutaaq-
aŋilġisaun swing » ikka-hii aapaviñ
aŋilġisausiuġait nukaġiit look,
 your father is making the siblings
a swing | :un1 vn
aŋipkaqtaq metal softened in a fire |
+pkaq-1vv +qtaq nn, vn § aŋi-2
aŋiq- (i) to say “yes,” (i) to nod “yes,” to
signify “yes” by raising the
eyebrows; (t) to say, nod or
signify “yes” to her/him
aŋiqusaaq- to try and influence
(her/him) to say yes | -[t]qusaaq-vv
aŋiqusaun temptation | -[t]qusaaq-vv
=un1 vn
aŋŋaq- to continue saying “yes” (to
her/him) » aŋŋaġaluaqtuaq akku
maligniaġmagaan
apiqsruqamni he kept saying yes
when I asked him a while ago if
he would go with me | ‘-q-1 vv
aŋirruk (Ti) base of whale’s tail, between
flukes (stored to be eaten with the
first sighting of slush ice in the fall
or during the spring festival held
in March before the start of the
whaling season)
aŋirraq- (i) to arrive after being at
another location enroute »
“aŋirraqtuq imma
sumiitqaaqłuni qairuaq” (Aiken
2009) [it’s when one comes after
being somewhere first] § aŋilġaq-
aŋivit- or aŋivraq- (i) to become loose,
untied, unraveled, unwound, or
disassembled; (t) to loosen, untie,
unravel, unwind it; (t) to take
apart, disassemble it @ aŋivsi-1 »
aŋivittuq ikka imupayuktan
qilaaksraq look, the yarn which
you rolled up is unwinding »
siqiñġuraq aŋivisimaraa
savagniŋa kaŋiqsiñiatakługu he
64
took the clock apart to see how its
mechanism worked | +vit- vv,
+vit- vv :aq-1 vv || +sI-3 vv §
igumit-
aŋimniq (Ti) bone joint such as elbow
or knee | perhaps =mniq vn
aŋiptaq that which has been taken
apart | ±aq1 vn
aŋivraaq item disassembled, taken
apart, unwound | +vit- vv :aq-1 vv
±aq1 vn
aŋivraun wrench; screwdriver »
aŋivrautitchiaġniqsuaq, sivulliq
qaliqtisimavlugu he has a new
wrench because he let the first one
rust | +vit- vv :aq-1 vv :un1 vn
aŋivsi-2 (t) to take apart an object
belonging to her/him » aakaŋata
aŋivsigaa qilaaŋanik
saŋŋiñaaqpaiññivlugu her
mother took her knitting apart
because she claimed it was done
too tightly | :I-7 vv
aŋma (dem. adv) over there across (not
visible) < °akim (dem. stem)
aŋmani (dem. adv. in loc.) located
over there across (not visible)
aŋmaniit- (i) to be located over there
across (not visible)
aŋmaŋŋa (dem. abl. adv) from over
there across (not visible)
aŋmaŋŋamiñ (dem. abl. adv) from
that direction over there across
(not visible)
aŋmaŋŋaq- (i) to come from over
there across (not visible)
aŋmuŋa (dem. adv. term.) to over
there across (not visible)
aŋmuŋanmun towards over there
across (not visible)
aŋmuŋaq- (i) to go over there across
(not visible)
aŋmuuna (dem. adv. via.) via,
through, by way of over there
across (not visible)
 aŋmuunaaq- (i) to go via, through,
by way of over there across (not
visible)
aŋmaġuq “old man fish”, little trout
akmaġuq or aŋmaġuq (Nu) smelt;
(Nu) small fish with spots, no
scales
aŋmaġuuraq (Nu) smelt | :uraq nn §
iłhuaġniq
aŋmaksraq smelt | +ksraq(-) nn§
pagmagrak
aŋmaq (Ti), (Nu) hole, opening, orifice §
agma-, putu
aŋmailaq [lit. “one with no hole”]
(Ti) or aŋmailaġruaq (Nu) .45-70
caliber rifle | :ilaq nn or :ilaq nn
+ġruaq nn
aŋmaiyaq- (t) to chink the holes in it
=house to add insulation, to fill
the cracks in a house | :Iyaq- nv
aŋmaluaq bone labret with beads in it
| +luaq nn § tuutaq
aŋniġu- (Ti) (t) for there to be hard
blowing snow accompanied by
high wind < agnIq(-)
aŋniġuq- (t) for there to be hard blowing
snow accompanied by strong
wind; to develop, e.g., of a
blizzard < agnIq(-)
aŋniksrauraq square cube of yeast
(Molly Itta 2009)
aŋniñġu- (i) to be stopped or delayed by a
blizzard < agniq(-)
aŋniq(-) blizzard, snowstorm, blowing
snow; (i) for there to be a blizzard
< agniq(-)
aŋniqsruq- (t) to tease or bother her/him
@ aŋniqsrui- » anŋiqsruŋaiġuŋ
65
nukaaluiñ stop bothering your
younger sibling | mqsruq-2 rv
|| :I-4 vv
*aŋŋI (root) denial
aŋŋigi- (t) to deny knowledge of it,
keep it a secret; deny knowledge
of it to someone @ aŋŋiksri- |
+[g]i- rv || ~srI- vv
aŋŋiiyaq- (i) to resolve a situation; (i)
to find a solution to a problem
through discussion with others |
:Iyaq- rv
aŋŋikkuti- (Ti) (t) to keep it a secret »
“ilisimaragraġaluaŋiññik
aŋŋikkutigaa” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [he kept secret from her that
which she should have had
knowledge of] | ‘ti- nv §
piilaaġuti-, sagluqi-
aŋŋirri- (i) to deny knowledge of a
fact | perhaps -ti- vv +rI-5 vv
aŋŋirrisi- (t) to deny knowledge of a
fact to her/him | perhaps
-ti- vv +rI-5 vv perhaps =sI-4 vv
aŋŋiñ resurrection of body < aŋI-2
aŋŋuaq- (Ti) (i) to dance white American
style § kanaakkiu-
aŋŋuu or aŋŋuuŋ (excl.) quit it!; leave it
alone!; don’t do that! stop doing
that! » ikłigusaaġaluaqpatin
aŋŋuu maliksugnak even if he
tempts you, don’t be persuaded |
+uŋ (imp 2s-3s) § iaqi, ñiaq, tavra
aŋu- (i) to catch a game animal; (t) to
catch up with her/him/it; (t) to
have seen her/him/it when young;
(t) to reach her/his height »
aŋuratka taipkua
tuutaqaġuuruat in my lifetime I
have seen the ones who wore
labrets; aŋullasipayuŋaruq
 nukatpiaq the young man is now
knowledgeable enough to hunt
and catch game animals
aŋŋun game animal » aŋŋutit
makua nunapta niġrutiŋi
qaunakłaaŋitchuni nuŋullarut
the game animals on our land can
face extinct if we are not careful |
‘n1 vn
aŋŋutailli - (i) to experience hardship
due to a shortage of game animals
| ‘n1 vn :It-1 nv +lI-3 vv
aŋŋutait- (i) to be scarce of game |
‘n1 vn :It-1 nv
aŋŋuti- (i) to catch up with someone
in age, in height, in one’s work,
goals, etc. | ‘ti- vv
aŋuġauraq- (i) to play tag » ililgaat
aŋuġauraqtuat aliasuŋipaluktut
unnuaq the children had a lot of
fun playing tag night | +aq- vv
:uraq- vv
aŋunġaq- (i) to kill one’s first game
animal | -nġaq- vv
aŋunġaun young hunter’s first game
animal kill | +nġaq-3 vv :un1 vn
aŋunġautituq- (i) to eat a young
hunter’s first kill | +nġaq-3 vv
:un1 vn +tuq-3 nv
aŋunġiuq- (i) to cook fresh game »
aakaga aŋunġiuqtuq amma;
nullautchillu  ataġniaqtugut my
mother is cooking fresh meat; we
are going to have a good supper;
“aŋunġiuqtaliqisuurut nutaanik
niqinik” (Aiken 2009) [fresh meat
is what they refer to when they
talk about meat recently obtained]
| perhaps -niQ vn ‘=iuq-1 nv
aŋunġiutaq mid-section of bowhead
whale; fresh meat and maktak
served at the whaling captain’s
house several days after the whale
is caught | perhaps -niQ vn
:iuq-1 nv +t/raq vn § tavsi, uati, see
Appendix 19
66
aŋuniallaniq ability to hunt |
+niaq-2 vv -lla- vv +niQ1 vn
aŋuniaq- to hunt (it =game animal) »
aŋuniaġiaġait taimma tuttut
they went hunting for the caribou
(they had heard about) |
+niaq-2 vv
aŋuniaqqattaliq- (i) to begin hunting
regularly » “Kiisaimmauna
taamna nukatpiaq kisimi
aŋuniaqattaliqpuq.”
(Ahvakana: 28) [finally that
young man began to go hunting
alone regularly] | +niaq-2 vv
-qattalIq- vv
aŋuniaqti hunter » aŋuniaqtikpulli
tavra iġñiqpuk our son is our
hunter | +niaq-2 vv mt/ri vn
aŋuniun or aŋuniunnaq piece of
hunting clothing or gear »
aŋuniutivurguuq paliumarut
pamma tupiġmi she said our
hunting clothes and gear are dry in
the tent | +nIt- vv :un1 vn or
+nIt- vv :unnaq vn
aŋunnuniq husband | +unIq nn
aŋuq- (t) to tag, touch her/him in a
game of tag @ aŋuqsi- »
aqpalgutilauraġaluaqtuŋa,
akill iġma aŋuqtaani utiqsaġama
I ran as fast as I could, but a
member of the opposing team
caught up with me and tagged me
as I was returnig | +q-5 vv ||
+sI-3 vv
aŋuraq game animal that has been
caught | +raq2 vn
aŋusuk- (i) to continue to catch up »
“aŋusuktuq auktuaq,
aŋusuktuq” (Nageak 1975: 44)
[the section that is melting
continued to catch up; it
continued to catch up]
aŋuuraġauraq- (Ti) (i) to run along a
beach ahead of a breaking wave |
-uraq- vv +aq-1 vv :uraq- vv
 aŋuuraq- (Ti) (i) to play tag |
-uraq- vv
aŋuyaaq- (Ti) (i) to catch the first
whale of the season »
“aŋuyaaqtuak umialgusuuruk
taaptuma ukiumi” (S.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [the two (man
and wife) who get the first whale
of the season are the king and
queen for the year] | perhaps
+yaaq-1 vv
*aŋu (root) propel
aŋuaq- (i) to paddle or row »
igniqutigiiłłutiŋ aŋuaqłutiŋ
aimaruat they had engine trouble
so they rowed home | +aq-1 vv
aŋuksraq- (i) to paddle furiously »
“Sisuasalait qaivlutiŋ
umiaqtuqtit saavittut
aŋuksraqłutiŋ aasii pisikkaat
atausiq. …Since many belugas
were coming, the crew set out and
paddling very hard they shoot and
hit one.” (Ahmaogak & Webster
1981: 21-22) | perhaps +ksraq- vv
aŋuun short oar, paddle; one of paired
fins on a fish, especially pectoral
or pelvic fin » aŋaŋmiñun
aŋuusiuqtittuq he had his uncle
make him an oar | :un1 vn
aŋuunmik- to row or paddle
vigorously » aŋuunmiksut unna
tikitqaurraqtuat the contestants
paddled vigorously during the
umiak race | :un1 vn +mIk-2 nv
aŋuutit propeller (of boat, plane) |
:un1 vn -t nn
aŋuutmigaq- (Nu) (i) to paddle
(usually a kayak with a single-
bladed paddle) | :un1 vn +mIk-2 nv
+aq-1 vv
¤aŋula- (t) to scrape it =fat from a bird
skin § iġitchaq-
67
aŋun adult male human, man § aŋi-1
aŋugaatchiaq little old man |
+gaq3 nn -atchiaq nn
aŋugaatchiałak middle-aged man »
“…qiayugaaqsiñiqsuq iñuk
aŋugaatchiałakkaluaq,
kivgausuŋitpailluni.” (Elijah
Kakinya as reported by
Bergsland 1987: 371) […and he
started to cry on and on even
though he was a middle-aged
man, because he did not want to
be the messenger] | -lak nn
aŋugaiyaaq boy (usually used by an
older person to address a boy) |
-gaq3 nn -iyaaq nn § nukatpiaġruk,
aŋutaiyaaq
aŋugauraq small boy | -gaq3 nn
:uraq nn
aŋunnaq or aŋunnaqtaq an item
especially made for men |
+naq1 nn, +qtaq nn
aŋurriŋ or (Nu) aŋutriŋ co-wives’
husband; ¤man of the house | -riŋ
(abs. poss. 3p-3s) § aŋutaat (rel.
poss. 3p-3s)
aŋusalluq male animal; sire; term
praising a young man for his
ability to perform male associated
actions well (especially hunting) »
qimmiñi aŋusallualuk
pitiulaġuugaa he always leaves
his male dog loose | -salluq nn §
pagniq
aŋusiqi- (i) to pursue men with sexual
intent; (t) to molest him sexually |
~IqI-1 nv
aŋusiuŋaitchuaq female virgin
| ~iuq- nv ±ŋait- vv +t/ruaq vn
aŋutaat her husband | :at (abs. poss.
3p-3s) § aŋurriŋ
aŋutaiyaaq boy (pre-teen); male
human baby » kigga aŋutaiyaat
ayuktaqtut the boys are playing
ball outside | -iyaaq nn §
aŋugaiyaaq, nukatpiaġruk
 aŋutau- [lit “to be a man”] (i) to be
virile; (i) to dance in the male
style (esp., of woman imitating a
man) | :u-1 nv
aŋutaukhaaq- (i) to strut in a manly
way, exaggerating the mannerisms
and actions of a male | :u-1 nv
+khaaq- vv
aŋutaun (Ti) boyfriend | -un2 nn
aŋutauqan co-husband in a
polyandrous marriage; one of
several men who share the same
wife; man’s partner; (Ti) relative
by wife exchange » aŋutauqataa
qaŋasugruk tuquŋaruq his
co-husband died a long time ago |
:u-1 nv ±qan1 vn § aġnaqan
aŋutauqasi- (Ti) (i) to be exchange
spouses » aŋutauqasiruk they are
exchanging spouses | :u-1 nv ±qan1
vn -I-1 nv
aŋutigik- (i) to be handsome (of a
man) | +[g]Ik- nv
aŋutiqan male’s patrilineal male
cousin (male’s father’s brother’s
son) » aŋutiqatigiik taavapkuak
avitchuilaak those two parallel
male cousins are always together |
±qan1 vn
aŋutiqtaq an item especially made
for men » avanitchiġmiittut
aŋutiqtat items especially made
for men are over on the other side
| +qtaq nn
aŋutisugruk ram, male sheep |
+sugruk(-) nn
aŋutituq- (i) to have sexual relations
with a man | +tuq-3 nv
aŋurvak or (Nu) aŋutvak red alpine
bearberry (Arctostaphylos
alpinus) » ”aŋurvait
cranberries-niñ aŋirut” (Hugo
2009) (red alpine bearberries are
larger than cranberries)
68
aŋuuq- (i) to urinate accidentally; (i) to
give birth before reaching the
hospital;(i) to experience
accidental or premature release of
bodily functions, esp. urinating »
aŋuuqtuq nukaaluiñ;
annuġaatqiksaġiñ your little
sibling urinated accidentally;
change his/her clothes
aŋuvigaq a point for a killing lance
(Kisautaq: 649)
aŋuvit- (Nu) (t) to untie it =a slip knot |
+vit rv § aŋivit-, qiliiq-
aŋuvyuġaq (Nu) slip knot » “qiliqtaq
akkupak qiliill asivlugu” (Hugo
2009) [it’s a knot made ready to
be untied immediately] |
=yuġaq vn
aŋivruqqiq- (Nu) (t) to tie a slip knot
in it =rope | =yuġaq rn ‘=Iq1 nv
aŋuyaaq- (Ti) (i) to catch the first whale
of the season < aŋu-
aŋuyaġaaq appetizer or snack to eat to
tide one over until the main meal |
-yaġaaq n § aŋu-
aŋuyak- (i) to wage war; (t) to do battle
with her/him » taagani sumi-
taima aŋuyaktut somewhere on
the other side of the globe they are
at war
aŋuyait the armed forces; army |
:It nn
aŋuyakti or aŋuyyiuqti soldier »
aŋuyaktit aiyaaniaqtut
ikpaksraaġu the soldiers will be
coming home in a few days |
mt/ri vn
aŋuyaŋŋuaq- (i) to play war |
±ŋŋuaq vv
 aŋuyaunnat a suit of armor; soldier’s
uniform; fighting gear | :unnaq vn
-t nn
aŋuyautait- (i) to be peaceable, not
hostile » iñugli taamna
aŋuyautaitchuq that man has no
hostility | :un1 vn :It-1 nv
aŋuyyiuq- (Nu) (i) to learn how to do
battle; (i) to hunt; (i) to be
unnerved, “hassled” by someone |
‘=iuq nv
¤apagi- (Ti) (t) to use it as a vertical
support or upright »
“igluligamik, qanitchamiŋnun
tamarra apagigaich aglut,
tatuuraġlugich ilaanni” (David
Frankson as reported by Pulu,
Sampson, Newlin: 72) [when
they built houses they used the
whale jawbones as support for
the cold entryway, sometimes
positioning them side by side]
apai or apay (Ti) (excl.) that’s enough!;
that’s plenty! too much!
apaiq- (i) to be enough | -q-2 ev
api- (t) to become snow-covered (of
landscape, ground); (t) for it to
become snow-covered » maanna
ukiapak apinaġiaqtugut this fall,
the snow covered the ground
earlier than usual
apiqqaaġun first snowfall »
apiqqaaġun autqiŋillaktuq
qiiyanaqsivaiłłuni sila the first
snowfall never did melt because
the weather turned very cold |
±qqaaq- vv :un1 vn
apiqqammiaq(-) or apirġammiaq
new snow | ±qqammIq- vv
±aq1 vn
apiqqammiq- (t) to have new snow
cover (of ground); to snow
recently » nuna apiqqammiġaa
69
the ground has new snow |
±qqammIq- vv
apiraq object covered with snow
apitchiq snowdrift; female polar bear
which bears young in a hollow
snowdrift » “apitchimik
taisuugaat tamauŋa
iġñiyyaqtuaq” (Aiken 2009) [they
call the one (polar bear) that
comes to that kind of area
(snowdrift) to give birth an
apitchiq] | +tchIQ vn
apivaalluqqaaġniq first lasting
snowfall of the year |
+p/vaalluk- vv ±qqaaq(-) vv, nn
+niQ1 vn
apun snow (lying on a surface); fallen
snow » aniutaġviptinni araa
apun salumaruq the location
where we get snow for water is
very clean | -n2 vn
apusiñiqtu- (i) to have thick snow
cover » “tavra
agniġuutimmatiŋ,
niptailaġuutimmatiŋ, taunuŋa
utiqtaaqhutiŋ
apusiñiqturuamun
apuyyaqtut” (Nageak 1975: 17)
[so when it became windy for
them, when it became impossible
for them to see clearly, they
traveled back down to where
there was thick snow and built
themselves a snow house] |
perhaps +sI-2 nv +niQ1 vn +tu- nv
apusiqi- (i) to play in snow; to
become overed in snow; to
perform an activity involving
snow ~Iqi-1 nv
aputaiyaq- (i) to remove snow from
oneself; (t) to remove snow from
her/him/it @ aputaiyai- | -ti4 vn
:Iyaq- nv
apuyyaq or (Nu) aputyaq snow
block shelter; snow patch; snow
house » apuyyaliuqłutiŋ
 nullaqtut they built a snow
shelter and stayed overnight in it |
-ti4 vn -yyaq vn
apuyyi- to make a snow shelter (for
her/him/it) | -ti4 vn -yyaq vn =I1 nv
apiktit- (i) to be fastened tightly or to fit
snugly; (t) to fasten it snugly,
tightly » puyuuġviksrak
taapkuak apiktitkik fasten the
two stovepipes together snugly
igalauraq apiktitkaa
iluaqsivlugu he fitted the window
just right | mtit-1 vv
*apiq (root) inquiry
apiġi- or apiqsruq- (t) to ask her/him
@ apiqsri- » apiġilugu samma
uqallautiniaġaatin if you ask
him, he will tell you; qakugu
aiñiaġmagaan apiqsruġuŋ ask
him when he will be going home |
+[g]i- rv or mqsruq-2 rv || ~srI- vv
apiqqun or apiqsruun a question »
kiullaalugit apiqqutiŋi
pisaqtutin you better answer each
of her questions apiqsruutiŋi
kaŋiqsiñaġaluaqpat are his
questions understandable |
+[g]i- rv ‘n1 vn or mqsruq-2 vv
:un1 vn
apiqsri- (i) to appeal, request|
2 apta- (i) to be busy » nalautkaluaqtaġa
mqsruq- rv -srI- vv
apiqsriaq request | ±aq1 vn
apiqsruqtaq- or apiqsruqtuq- (t) to
question, interrogate her/him @
apiqsruqtai- or apiqsruqtui- |
2 1
mqsruq- rv +t/raq- vv or
2 2 4
mqsruq- vv +tuq- vv || :I- vv or
4
:I- vv
apqałak- to eat it quickly § niġilik under
niġi-
apqun road, street, trail
70
apqugaatchiat sidewalk, boardwalk »
apqugaatchiat naviŋaniŋi
iluaqsaġai he is fixing the broken
boardwalk | +[g]aaq nn -tchiaq nn
-t nn
apqusaaq- (i) to pass by, travel
through; (t) to meet her/him/it by
chance while enroute; (t) to
experience or encounter it =event,
i.e., a death, starvation,
happiness, etc. » apqusaaqtavut
taamma nullaŋamaruat
Ualiqpaani we passed them back
there camping at Ualiqpaa |
-saaq-1 vv
apqusi- or apqusiuq- (i) to make a
trail (esp., on the ice); (i) build a
road | ~I-1 nv or ~iuq-1 nv
apqusiq- (t) to build a road on it
=tract of land » apqusiqsaat they
built a road there | ~Iq-1 nv
apqutiqpait a well-used trail on snow
used by hunters or travelers |
+qpak(-) nn :It nn
apsaktaq- (Nu) to pound (on it), making a
lot of noise | +t/raq-1 vv < avsak-
apsatit- (Nu) to make a noise once »
aŋutaiyaaq apsatittuq
atausiaqłuni the boy made noise
once § avsak-
aptamaruaq iglaaqaġniaqłuni I
went by her place but she was
busy because she was expecting
guests § sagla-
aptanaq- (i) to demand constant
attention; (i) to run around “every
which way” (e.g., of child) »
aptanaqpaitchuq;
qaunaginiaŋitkiga he is
constantly into everything; I will
not take care of him | +naq(-) vv
aptari- (t) to cause her/him to be
busy; (t) (Ti) to annoy, bother
 her/him; ¤(Nu) to try to hurt or
harm her/him @ aptariññik- »
“aptarigaa, inna kiikaa qilamik
pitquvlugu suna
naanniuraqtaŋa;
qilamiksruġaa” (Aiken 2009) [he
is causing her to hurry,
encouraging her to hurry up and
finish whatever she is doing; he is
telling her to hurry up] | +rI-3 vv ||
+nnik- vv
aptatilaaq- (i) to rush about, hurriedly
performing an action |
mtilaaq(-) vv
aptatqik- (i) to be quick | -tqIk-2 vv
aptuma1 or avsruma1 or avruma1 [dual
apkuak, pl. apkua] that one over
there (not visible) < °am
aptuma2 or avsruma2 or avruma2 [dual
apkuak, pl. apkua] that one over
there (extended and visible) < °av1
1 1
aptumani or avsrumani or avrumani
[dual apkuŋnaŋni, pl. apkunani]
located with that one over there
(not visible) < °am
2 2
aptumani or avsrumani or avrumani
[dual apkugnagni, pl. apkunani]
located with that one over there
(extended and visible) < °av1
1
aptumaŋŋa or avsrumaŋŋa or 1 avrumuuna2 [dual apkugnuuna,
avrumaŋŋa1 [dual apkuŋnaŋŋa,
pl. apkunaŋŋa] from that one over
there (not visible) < °am
aptumaŋŋa2 or avsrumaŋŋa2 or
avrumaŋŋa2 [dual apkugnaŋŋa,
pl. apkunaŋŋa] from that one over
there (extended and visible) < °av1
aptumatun1 or avsrumatun1 or
avrumatun1 [dual apkuŋnaktun,
pl. apkunatitun] like that one over
there (not visible) < °am
aptumatun2 or avsrumatun2 or
avrumatun2 [dual apkugnaktun,
pl. apkunatitun] like that one over
there (extended and visible) < °av1
aptumiŋa1 or avsrumiŋa1 or avrumiŋa1
[dual apkuŋniŋa, pl. apkuniŋa]
with that one over there (not
visible) < °am
aptumiŋa2 or avsrumiŋa2 or avrumiŋa2
[dual apkugniŋa, pl. apkuniŋa]
that one over there (extended and
visible) < °av1
aptumuŋa1 or avsrumuŋa1 or
avrumuŋa` [dual apkuŋnuŋa, pl.
apkunuŋa] to that one over there
(not visible) < °am
aptumuŋa2 or avsrumuŋa2 or
avrumuŋa2 [dual apkugnuŋa, pl.
apkunuŋa] to that one over there
(extended and visible) < °av1
aptumuuna1 or avsrumuuna1 or
2 avrumuuna1 [dual apkuŋnuuna,
pl. apkunuuna] via, with that one
over there (not visible) < °am
aptumuuna2 or avsrumuuna2 or
pl. apkunuuna] via, with that one
over there (extended and visible) <
°av1
apummaq or apummak or apummaaq
[apummaraq] side lath of kayak §
tippiq, tippik
apummarriq- (i) to now have a side lath
on (of kayak); (t) to put a side lath
on it =kayak | ‘=Iq1 nv
71
apun snow cover, snow lying on a surface
< api-
apuq- to bump or crash (into her/him/it);
(i) to reach shore » pisuaqtuaq
unianun apuqtuq he bumped
into the sled as he was walking
along apuqługit uniani
anniqsuq he bumped into his sled
and hurt himself
appuq- to repeatedly bump or crash
(into her/him/it) | ’-q-1 vv
apua- to all bump into (her/him/it) |
-a-1 vv
apuġaq- (t) to meet them one at a
time | +aq-1 vv
apuġautituq- (i) to hold a feast on the
beach to welcome the successful
whalers after the whaling season
is over (prepared by the whalers’
wives) » apuġautituqtuat kanna
quviasuksimarut the people
having a feast to welcome the
whalers sure look happy | +aq-1 vv
:un1 vn +tuq-3 nv
apuġiitkutaq front crosspiece of sled
(especially rounded front of
basket sled) » uniama
apuġiitkutaŋa naviŋaruq the
front front of my sled is broken |
+iitkutaq vn
apuġnik- (i) to crash into something
or someone | +nnik- vv
apuġun front crosspiece of sled »
apuġutaat uniat naviŋaruaq
simmausiġaa he is changing the
broken front crosspiece of the sled
| :un1 vn
apuqtinniq sea ice which has been
pushed onto shore | mtit-1 vv
+nniQ vn
apusatit- to crash (into her/him/it)
suddenly, without warning |
+satit- vv
72
apusiqi- (i) to play in snow; to get snow
all over oneself; to perform an
activity involving snow < api-
aputaiyaq- (i) to brush snow off oneself;
(t) to brush snow off of her/him, to
remove snow off of it < api-
apuyyaq or aputyaq snow shelter < api-
apuyyi- to build (it into) a snow shelter <
api-
apyuq(-) or apyuula- (Nu) steam, dust;
(i) to steam, to make steam <
avyuq(-)
apyuala- or apyuula- (Nu) (i) to swirl
and rise (e.g., of clouds, steam,
dust) | +ala- vv
apyulak- (Nu) (i) to blow dust |
-lak1- vv
*aq (root) taking away
aqsak- (t) to grab an object away
from her/him; (t) to cheat her/him
@ aqsai- » aqsakkaa aŋun
akimaniaġaluaqtaŋanik he
cheated the man out of his reward;
aqsaivlugu aġnaq suġauttaŋiñik
qinnaigaa she angered the woman
by grabbing her possessions away
from her | +sak- vv || :I-4 vv §
aqtaq-, aat-
aqsaaġun two-handled pulling
implement used in a game |
-aq-1 vv :un1 vn
aqsaaq- (i) to play a game where two
seated opponents try to pull a
double-handled implement away
from the other, the player who
gains possession of the implement
wins the match; (t) to grab
something away from her/him |
-aq-1 vv
aqsaurraq- (i) to fight over an object,
trying to gain possession »
 aqsaurraġmiñasik youd should
not fight over things | -urraq- vv
aqtaq- (t) to repeatedly take away
objects from her/him @ aqtai- |
+t/raq-1 vv || -I-6 vv § aat-
aqaġlik (Ti) [dual aqaġlak] below the
knee waterproof sealskin boot
with hard sole made of bearded
seal (hair removed) § iqaqłik,
qaġliik
aqak- (i) to sing to a baby
aqaun lullaby » aakaa aqaunmik
ilisautiraani my mother taught
me a lullaby | :un1 vn
aqaluk (Ti) fish § iqaluk, qaluk
aqaluaq (Ti) tomcod (Microgadus
proximus) | -aq2 nn
aqaluayaaq (Ti) sardine | -ayaaq nn
aqalugruaq (Ti) salmon | +ġruaq nn
aqalukpak or aqalukpiaq or
aqalukpik (Ti) trout | +qpak(-) nn
aqamak- (i) to wrestle with an opponent
with wrists or arms interlocked; to
compete in finger pulling »
anaktaqtuani aqamaktuat
qiñiqtuaġnaqtut it is fun to watch
them compete in finger pulling
aqargiq [aqargIq] Willow Ptarmigan
(Lagopus lagopus) » aqargit
iġitchaġai aakaa my mother is
plucking the willow ptarmigans §
qargiq
Aqavirvik [lit. “moulting time”] month of
August | +vIk1 vn
aqaya or aqiya mud | perhaps -ya(q) rn
aqayaqisaaq(-) swamp; (i) to travel
through mud or a swamp »
aqayaqisaamun samnaarut
igliqtuat the travellers came to a
73
dead end at the swamp |
+qisaaq(-) nn, nv
aqayaulaaq(-) one with mud on it;
(i) to have mud on one’s/its
surface » aqayaulaaqpaitchuq
taavani its too muddy over there
| -ulaaq(-) nn, vv
aqayyiq- (t) to apply mud on it »
aqayyiqsaa he put some mud on
it | ‘=Iq-1nv
aqayyiqi- (i) to play in mud, to walk
on muddy ground, to become
covered with mud | ‘=Iqi-1 nv
aqayyit- (i) to become stuck in mud,
become covered with mud |
‘=It-2 nv
aqh (excl.) wow!
aqi- (i) to kick her/him/it » aqisaqługu
ayuktaq aquvsalaaqtuq while
trying to kick the ball he fell on
his backside
aqiniqłak- (t) to kick her/him/it
violently without warning |
-niqłak- vv
aqsraaq(-) ball; (i) to play with a ball,
especially kicking it; (i) to play
soccer | +qsraq- vv ±aq1 vn
aqsraatchiaq(-) high-kick ball; (i) to
compete at high-kick | -aq-1 vv
-atchiaq(-) vv § naanŋiraaq-
aqsraq- to kick (her/him/it)
repeatedly | +qsraq- vv
aqraurraq- (Nu) (i) to play a soccer
game, match » “Igliqhutigguuq
Kuuvaum kaŋiani
tusaagaqsigaak nipi
aqraurraqpaluk.” (Elijah
Kakinya as reported by
Bergsland 1987: 315) [as they
traveled in the headwaters of the
Kobuk River, they began to hear
sounds of a soccer game] |
+qsraq- vv -urraq- vv
aqsriqi- (Nu) (i) to play ball |
 ‘=Iqi-1 vv
aqiaq or (Ti) aqiak upper belly above
waist and below the ribs (of
human)
aqiaġuġiit- (i) to have a stomachache,
to have something wrong with
one’s stomach | ±ġuq n
+[g]Ik- nv :It-1 nv
aqiaġunŋu- (i) to have a stomachache
| ±ġuq n +nŋu-1 nv
aqiaġuq stomach » aqiaġuŋaniñ
aivġum imaniġnik piiqsiruq she
removed some clams from the
stomach of the walrus | ±ġuq n
aqiaġuuraq (Nu) ruminant stomach
(of hoofed animal) | ±ġuq nn
:uraq nn § niġukkaq
aqiattuq- (i) to satisfy one’s hunger;
to become satiated, full »
aqiattuqłuni niġisuŋaiqsuq he
stopped eating because he was full
| -ttuq- v
aqiaviñaaq (Nu) dry caribou meat
which includes the belly meat and
the backside meat of the carcass |
-viñiQ nn or -viñiQ nn -aq2 nn
aqiaviñiq abdominal fat (of humans);
(Nu) belly » aqiaviñiqpaniktuq
niġġiqsusivluni he now has a
large waist because he has been
eating a lot | -viñiQ nn
aqikkaq or (PB) aqitkaq [aqitkaQ]
bowhead whale fluke » aġviġum
aqikkaŋiñik siġuamiñ aikłiġiñ
go get some flukes (of whale)
from the cellar § see Appendix 19
aqiq- [aqIq] (i) to sing in order to heal the
sick, sing a healing song; (t) to
sing it =healing song
aqiun healing song | :un1 vn
aqit- [aqIt] (i) to be soft, tender to the bite
or touch » tuttaatka aqitpaiłłutiŋ
74
tunugiiññaqtut my bed is so soft
it causes me to have backaches
aqigi- (t) to be too soft for her/him/it »
aqigigaa akisini nukatpiam the
young man considers the pillow to
be too soft | :[g]i- vv
aqikłi- (i) to become soft, pliable; (t)
to make it soft, pliable | -kłI- vv
aqilġuq soft area | ±ġuq n
aqilitchii- to simmer (it =meat) until
it is tender » aqilitchiigai
tulimaat she is simmering the ribs
| -lI-2 vv +[t]sIq- vv -I-1 vv
aqilluk a bank of deep, soft snow »
“tamarra siqquqsiŋaitchuaq
apun” (Aiken 2009) [it’s the snow
that has not hardened]; naŋaġlugu
aqill uk ikaaġnilugiñ akkupak
try to go across avoiding the deep,
soft snowbank right now | perhaps
+luk(-)2 n
aqilluq (Nu) soft snow | ±lluQ vn §
aqiluqqaq
aqiluqqaq soft snow | ±lluQ vn
-qqaq vn
aqirruaq- (i) to be soft despite its
appearance | +ġruaq-1 vv
aqiyyaq waterproof backpack (Kisautaq:
649)
aqła(-) draft (i) to be drafty » aqła imma
sumiñ-kiaq; alappaa there is a
cold draft from somewhere; it’s
cold » igalauraqput araa
aqłaruq our window is so drafty
aqłakataq [lit. “something that is
blown about”] cotton grass
(Eriophorum angustifolium or E.
scheuchzeri) » “aqłakatat
naukpata tasamma-guuq aqpiit
nauniaqtut” (Hugo 2009) [when
the cotton grass grows, it is said
that salmon berries will grow] |
-kataq(-) vv, vn
 aqłanaaġun or aqłayaaġun fan |
-naaq vn -q-2 nv :un1 vn or
+yaaq-1 vn :un1 vn
aqłanaaq(-) breeze (i) to be breezy »
aarigaa imña aqłanaaq the
breeze feels so good | -naaq vn
-q-2 nv
aqłanaaqtit- (i) to fan oneself; (t) to
cause it =the air to move as with a
fan | -naaq vn -q-2 nv mtit-1 vv
aqłayaaq(-) very light breeze; a draft
inside tent or house; (i) for it to be
drafty | +yaaq2 vn -q-2 nv
aqpat- (i) to run (of a human) »
aqpapaluktuguk Paniattaaġlu
aŋutquŋitpaiłłunuk Aaŋamun
this morning Paniattaaq and I ran
very hard because wed did not
want Aaŋa to catch up with usd §
paŋalik-
aqpaaqtuaq messenger from a
whaling crew announcing the
successful kill of a whale to the
wife of the whaling captain and to
the rest of the community |
-aq-1 vv +t/ruaq vn
aqpaliġaq- (i) to frolic, run about
playing; (i) to run in bursts,
stopping and starting | -liġaq- vv
aqpaliġauraq- (i) to move one’s legs
as if running when tossed in the
air during the blanket toss »
aqpaliġauraqtuuraġaqtuq
nalugmanni she would quickly
move her feet in a running motion
when they threw her in the air
during the blanket toss | -liġaq- vv
:uraq- vv
aqpaliqsuq- or aqpaliqsruq- (i) to
run very hard for a short distance |
-lIqsuq- vv or mqsruq-2 vv
aqpaliuramik (adv) running | -lI-2 vv
:uraq- vv -:mik (mod.)
aqpaliurraq- (i) to have a footrace;
(t) to perform it =race running;
75
(Ti) (i) to take a running jump »
aqpaliurraaqsigaat they are
going to race the distance by
running | -lI-2 vv -urraq- vv
aqpanniaq- (i) to try to run |
+niaq(-) vv, vn
aqpaqsruayuuq Sanderling (Calidris
alba); Red-breasted Merganser;
Red Necked Grebe (Mergus
serrator) | perhaps mqsruq-2 vv
-ayuuq vn
aqpaqsruq- (i) to run very fast |
2
mqsruq- vv
aqpaqsruqti runner | mqsruq-2 vv
mt/ri vn
aqparruti- (t) to run with her/him/it
(carrying or holding hands) |
+ruti- rr
aqpataq participant in a marathon run
representing one of several
villages in a race to the Kivgiq
(Messenger Feast) »
“nunaaqqilla at aqpatiŋit”
(Aiken 2009) [marathon runners
from each respective village] |
±aq1 vn § Kivgiq
aqpatau- (i) to be designated to
compete in the marathon run
leading to the Kivgiq “Messenger
Feast” » aqpatauruaq imma
airuaq; tikiññiaqtilaaksramiñik
nalupqisuktuq the designated
runner for one village has gone
home; he is uncertain whether he
will arrive home (he thinks he may
be in danger) | ±aq1 vn :u-1 nv
aqpatqasiq- (t) to run with her/him |
±qasIq- vv
aqpauq- or aqpaaq- (i) to run with a
message, often at whaling time to
annouce a catch; (t) to run to them
=whaling captain’s household
with a message that a whale has
just been caught |
:uq-2 vv, -aq-1 vv
 aqpaurri- (i) to run for someone in
her/his stead | :urrI- vv
aqpik-1 (i) to find an object or a task not
entirely desirable; (i) to not want
to carry a heavy load in one’s boat
or sled » uqumaigigaa naagga
aŋigigaa he thinks that it is too
heavy or too big; uqumaigivlugu
aqpigigaa he does not want to
carry it in his sled because it is too
heavy
aqpigi- (t) to find her/his/its presence
undesirable; (t) to not want
her/him/it to come along and send
her/him/it away @ aqpiksri- »
uqallautigaa inna, “aqpigiuŋ
taamna” she said to him, “tell
that one to go away” | +[g]i- rv ||
~srI- vv
aqpigruq- (Ti) (t) to not want her/his
presence and telling her/him to
leave| -pik- vv mqsruq-2 vv
aqpiksraq- (i) to be unwilling to
accept someone’s or something’s
presence or existence | -pik- vv
+[g]i- rv +qsraq1 rv, vv
aqpiktutilaaqtun as much as you
want, as much as desired |
‘-qtu- vv -tilaaq vn +ktun (sim.
poss. 2s-s)
aqpik-2 [aqpIk] (i) to be confident »
aqpikpaiłłuni [eta:ns#22b]
aqpik cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus) |
-pIk nn
aqpiqutaq cloudberry plant |
-pIk nn -qutaq nn
aqqaluk woman’s younger brother |
+luk nn § nuka, nukaaluk,
nukatchiaq, nayaaluk
76
¤aqqauq-1 (i) to bite on hook (of fish); (t)
to angle, fish for it with a hook §
akkuaq-
aqraurraq- (Nu) (i) to play a ball game,
match < aqi-
aqsaaġun two-handled pulling instrument
used in a game < *aq
aqsaaq- (i) to play a game where two
seated opponents try to pull a
double-handled implement away
from the other, (the player who
gains possession of the implement
wins the match); (t) to grab an
object away from her/him < *aq
aqsak- (t) to grab an object away from
her/him; (t) to cheat her/him < *aq
aqsaurraq- (i) to fight over an object,
trying to gain possession < *aq
aqsraaq(-) ball; (i) to play with a ball,
especially kicking it; (i) to play
soccer (t) to juggle a ball with the
feet, play “hacky sack”, a football
game < aqi-
aqsraatchiaq(-) highkick ball (i) to
compete at highkick < aqi-
aqsraq- (t) to kick her/him/it repeatedly <
aqi-
aqsri- [aqsrI] (i) to harden up (of muscle)
aqsriñiq hardened bicep muscle;
short muscular person | +niQ1 vn
aqsriqi- (Nu) (i) to play ball < aqi-
aqtaq- (t) to repeatedly take objects away
from her/him @ aqtai- < *aq
¤aqtuaq Rhinoceros Auklet (Cerorhinca
monocerata) § aqpa, atpa
aqtuq- (t) to be unable to budge, move (it
=heavy object) » “aqtuġaa;
kiviyuitkaa uqumaitchuaq”
(Aiken 2009) [he is unable to
budge it; he is unable to lift the
heavy object]
°aqu (stem) behind, rear, back of an
object; trunk of car, bed of truck,
stern of boat; final chapter of
story; some time after; downriver
end of an island » umiam aqua
stern of the boat § see Appendix
16
aqquaq- to surface behind a boat (of
whale, or other sea mammals) »
“aqquaġaatigut aġviġum;
aquptigun amma puiruq”
(Aiken 2009) [the whale has
surfaced behind our boat; it has
surfaced behind us] | -aq-4 nv
aquġun sled bag (hung on the sled
handle bar) | -ġun/ti nn
aqulliġaq mainsail, rearmost sail |
+llIQ nn +aq2 nn
aqulliġmi the last time | +llIQ nn
-:mI (loc.)
aqulliġmi savaiñŋaiñŋaisa last
week | +llIQ nn -:mI (loc.)
aqulliq last, hindmost one | +llIQ nn
aqulliqsaaq(-) last portion, e.g., last
verse of song, last chapter of
book; to write (it =the conclusion
of a publication); final draft of a
publication; (t) to write it =final
draft of a publication; to perform
(it =activity) for the last time |
+llIQ nn +saaq(-) vn
aquppi- to be sitting (on her/him/it) |
+ppI- vv
aquppiugaq- to remain seated (on
her/him/it) | +ppI- vv -ugaq- vv
77
aquppiuq- (i) to stay seated in one
spot | +ppI- vv :uq-2 vv
aquppiuraaq- (i) to sit in chair with
feet on floor, legs forward
relaxing | +ppI- vv :uq-2 vv
-raaq- vv
aquppiutaq chair | +ppI- vv -utaq vn
§ iksivautaq
aquppiviuraq whaling captain’s seat
at stern of an umiak | +ppI- vv
+vIk1 vn :uraq nn § see Appendix
16
Aquppiyut or Aquppirut four day
sitting ceremony; participants in
the four day sitting ceremony »
“anaktaqtuanik qiñiqtuaġlutik
umialgit nuliaŋit payuktaġlutik;
iliappaluurat aanaaŋiqsuat
niġipkaġuugait qalgit; il aŋit
siñiktaġlutik” (S. Tuzroyluke)
[the whaling captains watch the
competitors while their wives
bring food; the association of
whalers feed the orphans who
have lost their parents; and some
of them (whaling captains) spend
the night] | +ppI- vv +t/rut (indic
3p) § “The next day the actual
‘sitting’ began. Followed by their
wives, the umeliks went to the
qalegis early in the morning.
While their wives waited, for a
time, in the storm shed of the
qalegis, the umeliks entered, to
take their special seats against the
wall opposite the entrance
hole...The ‘sitters’ were called
aqopeyut, as were the four days of
the following sitting ceremony.
(Rainey: 247)
aquptaa- (i) to sit down en masse |
2 1
mtiq- vv -a- vv
aquptaaq- (i) to lower oneself into a
comfortable sitting position |
+vit- vv =taaq- vv
aquptiġuti- (i) to sit down and
concentrate because one’s
attention has been captured »
qiñiqtuannaraaqpaiłłutiŋ
miqłiqtut aquptiġutimakamiŋ
the children were having such a
good time watching that they sat
down | +vit- vv =tiġuti- vv
aqut- to pilot or steer (it =a boat) |
+t-2 nv
aquun rudder; anal fin of fish (single
rear ventral fin under tail) |
:un1 vn
aquuraq (Nu) point at stern of kayak
or umiak » aquuraŋani isimava
is it located at the very end of the
umiak | :uraq rn
aquvaaq- (i) to react, respond
belatedly in mourning the death of
a loved one | +vaaq- vv
aquvatigun afterwards | +vaq- vv
+tigun (via.)
aquvilġaq- (Ti) (i) to sit down
suddenly | +vit vv lġaq- vv
aquvit- (i) to sit up or sit down; (t) to
sit down on it | +vit- vv § qusauq-
aquvliq- (i) to bend at the knees as
part of a dance (of a woman) |
-vliq- vv
aquvliqtaq- to dance, bending one’s
knees to the beat of the drum |
+t/raq-1 vv
aquvrik- (i) to be low (of stern of
boat) » aquvriqsuq umiaqput
usiaqaqpaiłłuta the stem of our
boat is low because we are
carrying so much weight;
“umiaqtuqtuni uvva aqua
atchiksimman” (Matumeak
2009) [it’s when while boating
that the stern is low] | =vrIk- vv
aquvsaaq (Ti) seat in an umiak in
front of captain’s seat at stern »
“aŋuaqtiłhiñaq” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [all he does is row] |
78
perhaps +vit- vv =saaq(-) nn §
sivu, quŋialik, qitiq
aquvsalak- or aquvsalaaq- to land in
a sitting position when falling
from a standing position (on it) »
aquvsalaapaluktuq she sure fell
hard on her butt | -vsak- rv
-lak- vv -aq-1 vv
aquvsatit- (i) to sit down with a thud
» nukatpiaq aquvsatipaluktuq
qimaksaqtuaq quayaqiłłuni the
young man who started to flee
slipped and fell hard on his butt |
-vsak- rv -tit-2 vv
aquvsrik- (i) to sit down suddenly |
=srik- vv
¤aquluksaaq- (t) to tickle her/him on the
ribs » aquluksaaqługu qiarigaa
she made him cry by tickling him
on the ribs | +saaq-2 vv §
quiññaksaaq-
aqulirri- (Ti) (t) to cut her/him between
the eyes to perform phlebotomy
(to cure headache or vision
problems) § akulirrI-
¤aquptit- (t) to dry and become bleached
by weather (of skins) § puvitquq-
aquptitaak or aquptitak pair of short
boots made from caribou leg fur; a
pair of boots made from leg fur of
one caribou (Kisautaq: 649) |
-k2 nn
aquviq- [aquvIq] to get (it =food) by
buying or trading
aquviġiaq- (i) to go shopping for
groceries | +iaq-1 vv § tauqsiġiaq
aqvaluq- or (Ti) aġvaluq- (i) to be round
aqvaluaŋaaq(-) or aqvaluaqtaaq an
oval; an object shaped like an
oval; (i) to be oval in shape |
 -aq-1 vv ±ŋaaq(-) vn or -aq-1 vv
+taaq vn
aqvaluaq upper arm muscle | ±aq1 vn
§ aqsriñiq
aqvaluŋŋaġik- (i) to be perfectly
round, circular »
aqvaluŋŋaġiksivlugik making
themd round | -ŋŋaġIk- vv
aqvaluqtaaq a circle; something
circular | +taaq vn
ara (excl.) something is wrong!
(exclamation of surprise as when
seeing or smelling smoke)
araa (excl.) no, I don’t want to; oh, no!;
too much!; (showing dismay) oh,
oh, you’re going to get in trouble!
§ arraa
araaq- (i) to be excessive (too loud,
too talkative, etc.); to say “araa”
(to her/him) | -q-2 ev
araavai (excl.) too much! | +vai
(encl.)
araumaa (excl.amation of pain,
sorrow or disappointment; may be
said in a loud voice to someone
who is being a bother or a pest) |
uuma (dem. pron.) -a (vocative)
arak- (t) to comfort, soothe, placate
her/him; (t) to encourage her/him
@ arakłiq- || +kłIq-1 vv
araaġi- (t) to continue to encourage
her/him tenderly | ±aq1 vv
+[g]i- nv
aragnaqsi- (i) to now require special
attention or care; (t) to make it so
that it requires special attention or
care » siqiñġuraġauna
salummaġnaqsisugnaqtuq;
aragnaqsiŋaruq uvva I think my
watch needs cleaning; it has begun
to need special attention |
+naq-1 vv +sI-1 vv
79
araksiu- (Ti) (i) to be comforted |
+siu- vv § tutqiksaq-
araq or araqhaa (excl.) how big!; wow!
cool!
argak(-) or (Ti) algak finger; hand; to dig
(in it) with hands; to use an ice
scratcher (a tool made of seal
claws mounted on a wooden
handle used to simulate the
scratching of a seal to lure it to its
breathing hole) | +[g]ak nn
argaaq glove | -aq2 vn
argagluk- (i) to have unhealthy or
chapped hands | +[g]luk- nv
argagmik- (i) to compete in the
finger-pull competition
(opponents lock fingers together
and pull; the one whose arm
extends and her/his finger slips
out of the lock is the loser) »
“argagmiguurut aqamak-
kamik” (Aiken 2009) [they are
competing in the finger pulling
contest when they are pulling with
their fingers] | +mIk-1 nv
argagniq a measurement of hand
breadth | +niQ1 vn
argaiġñaq [lit. “that which destroys
your hand”] mushroom |
:Iq-2 nv +naq(-) vn
argaiq- (i) to have a severe infection
of one’s hand | :Iq-2 nv
argait or (Ti) algait phalanges,
fingers of the human hand; hands
or entire hand | :It2 nn § see
Appendix 21
argaiyaq- to have cold hands |
:Iyaq- nv
argakit- (i) to have a withered hand |
-kIt- nv
argaktu- (i) to have large hands |
+tu- nv
argalaq club (suit in cards) | -laq nn §
tumiŋŋuaq, kapuun, iqquk
 argaugaatchiaq(-) game in which a
jump rope is turned by two people
while a third person jump the
twirling rope; (i) to play the game
of argaugaatchiaq | -ugaq- vv
-atchiaq(-) vn
argaun wrist; ice scratcher used by
seal hunters | :un1 vn § tayaġniq
argaunmik- (i) to participate in the
wrist-pull competition (opponents
lock their wrists together and pull;
the one whose arm extends and
slips out of the lock is the loser) |
:un1 vn +mIk- nv
argaurraaq- (i) to break, injure one’s
hand; (t) to break, injure her/his
hand | -urraaq- nv
argautailisaq wristlet worn during
cold weather | :un1 vn -ilisaq nn
argautit bones of the hand,
metacarpals; ice scratcher (a tool
made of seal claws mounted on a
wooden handle) used by hunters
to attract seals | :un1 vn -t nn §
argaun § see Appendix 21
argaq- (t) to dig a hole in snow or earth
argaġniq a hole in the frozen ground
(used often for storing meat); meat
cached underground » “samuŋa
qiqumaruamun
tutquqsisuummiut
argaġniliuqłutik, ukiumi
aigaksranik” (Aiken 2009) [they
also dig a hole into the frozen
ground making an underground
meat cache to store food, which
will be retrieved during the
winter]; “tuttut niqiŋi sauvlugit
nalunaiñŋutchillaavlugi” (Aiken
2009) [caribou meat is buried,
each cache with its own marker] |
+niQ1 vn
80
argauti- (t) to bury it in the ground @
argaurri- | :uti- vv || ~rI-5 vv §
iluviq-
argiq- [argIq] or (Ti) algiq- to roast (it
=meat) on a spit § samuunnaaq-
argiqsaq meat roasted on a spit |
+t/raq vn § samuunnaaq- under
°sam (dem. stem)
argiutaq roasting spit | +utaq1 vn
argiq [argIq] (PB) Oldsquaw Duck or
Long-tailed Duck (Clangula
hyemalis) § aaqhaaliq
*argua (root) audacious, bold
arguagi- or (Ti) alguagi- (t) to be
undaunted by her/him/it; (t) to
have no misgivings about
her/him/it » “uvaniuvva
Utqiaġviŋñi Nuvuŋmilu
tainna iñuuniaġusiat
arguagiŋiłługuli
unipkaaġmatun uqausiġivlugu
utuqqanaat uvamnun
naluanŋaraqtigli” (Harold Itta
1985: 1 Track-01) [I have no
misgivings talking about life in
Barrow and Point Barrow since
the old people (from the two
villages) used to tell me stories of
their experiences] | +[g]i rv
arguaktit- (i) to become audacious,
bold, overly confident »
arguaktittuq he is growing
overly confident | -k-1 rv +tit-2 vv
arguanait- (i) to not be taken lightly »
“uvva arguanaitchugnaqtuq
taimani iñuuniaġniq makkua
aŋayuqaapta, aapapta, aapaŋisa
nalaunŋaraŋat supputaiñŋaan”
(Harold Itta 1985: 1 Track-01) [it
is probably wise not to take lightly
the lifestyle our parents’ fathers’
fathers followed before guns were
introduced] | +naq(-) vv, vn
 :It-1 vv
arguaŋa- (i) to be audacious, bold,
aggressive | ±ŋa- vv
arguaŋaaq- or alguaŋaaq- (Ti) (i) to
be inclined to be audacious, bold,
presumptuous | ±ŋaaq rv
arguaqtuq- to continue to doubt,
disbelieve (her/him/it) » “kii uvva
ukpiġiŋitkaa iñuk uqaqtuaq”
(Aiken 2009) | [he does not believe
the person who is talking] | +q7 rv
+tuq-3 vv
arguasuk- (i) to feel bold, audaci ous;
(i) to be unbelieving, doubtful |
+suk-2 rv
arguniq- (i) to become aged » “maktak
“arguniqsisuumaruaq
aviksillakłuni aasii
quqsuqsiuraaqłuni avalua
siñaa; mumikatauraaqługu
tainna arguniqtiłługu”
(Matumeak 2009) [whale skin and
blubber become aged by cutting a
piece off and letting it become
yellowish around its edges; and
turning it around once in a while]
arguq(-) (i) to travel against the wind;
prevailing wind
arguani on the windward side | :a
(poss. 3s-3s) ÷nI (loc.)
arguġaq point of land exposed to the
prevailing wind | +[ġ]aq nn
Arguġaq place name for the point
northeast of Birnirk, Alaska |
+[ġ]aq nn
arguġaun or arguqtuun or
argumuktuun centerboard of
sailboat | +aq-1 vv- :un1 nn,
+tuq-2 vv :un1 vn or –muk- nv
+tuq-2 vv :un1 vn § sanipaun under
*sani
arguġnaq windward direction |
+naq(-) vn
81
arguilisaq shelter from the wind |
-ilisaq vn
argunmun into the wind, windward |
nmun n-term.
arguqłiq one situated farthest in the
direction from which the wind is
blowing | +llIQ nn
arguqtaġniq or arguqtinniq newly
formed thin ice on the downwind
side of an ocean lead (Harcharek:
11)
arguuraq the immediate area in front
of the prevailing wind »
“…takanuuna arguuraptigun,
qaiqsuuram taavruma
unanitchiagun,
ivunaqpalillagaruaġluaġniqsuq.
” (Bodfish: 238) […immediately
leeward on the ocean side of a
level stretch of ice, large ice
pressure ridges had quickly
formed] | :uraq nn
arii (excl.) ouch! it hurts!
ariila- (i) to cry out repeatedly in pain
| -la-1 vv
ariilatchi- (t) to cause her/him to cry
out in pain @ ariilatchiññik- |
-la-1 nv -tchI- vv
ariumaa (excl.) you make me tired! |
uumaa
arraa (excl.) I’ve had it! (said when
something goes wrong); wow! oh
my! (when one is astonished) §
araa
arri1 [arrI] a likeness; a copy | perhaps
~rI § ati-2
arrigiik two similiar items |
+[g]IIk(-) nn, nv
arriilaq one of a kind | :ilaq nn
arrili- (i) to take a photograph of
oneself; (t) to draw or photograph
her/him/it; to xerox it; (t) to make
 a copy of it, e.g., a likeness in
drawing, carving, sewing | -lI-1 nv
arriraq- (Ti) (t) to copy her/him,
imitate what she/he does | +raq4 nv
§ irruaq-, tuvraq-
arri-2 (i) to collect animal blood for broth
in dog food; to make broth from
blood < auk(-)
arriq- (i) to receive a blood transfusion;
(t) to administer to her/him/it a
blood transfusion < auk(-)
arriqi- (i) to bleed from the mouth <
auk(-)
arriqsinniq blood bruise (an
ecchymosis); animal skin with
blood stains < auk(-)
arriqsit- (i) to bruise; (t) to give her/him a
bruise; (t) to kill an animal in such
a way that it is soaked through
with blood < auk(-)
arriuq- (i) to mix blood with water to
make broth < auk(-)
arruk- (i) to become damp; (i) to be
damp; (Nu) (i) to develop an
infection » “ailaqiuraġuuruq
taktugman, arruktuq
tatqaŋma” (Aiken 2009) [when
it’s foggy it becomes moist, so it’s
damp outside] | perhaps =rruk- rv
§ immak- under imaq(-), ailaq-;
perhaps related to au-
arruksiaq- (t) to let it become moist
or damp » “arruksiaġlugu
imaqtiġlugu” (Molly Itta 2009)
[let it dampen by applying water
to it] | perhaps =rruk- rv +sIq-1 vv
-aq-1 vv
arruumaaq- (i) to be damp, musty |
perhaps =rruk- rv -umaaq- vv
82
arva area farther down from it < °ati
arvaq (i) to go down, come down,
descend < °ati
arvik(-) [arvIk] anvil, flat rocks used as a
chopping surface; chopping
board; (t) to crush it by applying
pressure with a hammer § parvik;
siqumit-, tuksruk-
°asI (stem) a non-specific place;
everywhere; nowhere; someplace
else; away from the village;
something insignificant
asiġui- (t) to realize, ascertain,
discover something is not what
one thought it was » “asiġuigaa
tautuktani piuŋilaumaruq;
asiġuiruq” (Aiken 2009) [he
realized what he saw was not what
it seemed; he ascertained that
something was not what it seemed
to be] | +[ġ]uq-1 nv -I-3 vv
asiġuq- to become useless |
+[ġ]uq-1 nv
asiksruq- (t) to insult, offend her/him
@ asiksrui- » “asiksruġaa
qanuq imña ukpiġiŋiñmatun”
(Aiken 2009) [he offended her by
not believing her] | perhaps +k-1
rv mqsruq-2 rv || :I-4 vv
asiliqi- (i) to talk or act nonsensically,
foolishly; to act unsuccessfully, in
vain | -liqi- nv
asiñi outside, in the open; not in the
usual place » asiñiisimaruaq it
was not in its usual place | ÷nI
(loc.)
asiñila- (i) to be slack or baggy, to be
loose (of clothing) » “asiñil aruq
tattuŋitchuaq, naakka
kamikłuuk silikpaitchuk” (Aiken
2009) [that which is not tight
 fitting is slack or baggy, or the
pants are too wide] | ÷nI (loc.)
-la- vv
asiñiñ (adv) from a place other than
where it belongs | ÷niñ (abl.)
asiñuk- (i) to be out of place, out of
its usual location; (t) to put it
aside, out of its usual place @
asiñuksi- | +nuk- (term.) || +sI-3 vv
asiñun (adv) to a place other than
where it belongs » asiñun iliñagu
don’t put it just anywhere | +nun
(term.)
asiŋñaq- (i) to be misleading or
deceiving | -k-1 rv +naq-1 vv
asiŋŋuq- (i) to begin to malfunction,
work badly | ±ŋŋuq-2 rv
asiŋŋuqsaaq- (t) to relate information
which upsets or angers her/him |
±ŋŋuq-2 rv +saaq-1 vv
asiŋŋuya- (i) to spoil easily |
+ŋŋuq-2 nv -ya-1 vv
asitqut- (i) to miss a target, miss
one’s destination in traveling; (t)
to miss it =target | -tqut- nv
asiu- (i) to be useless; (i) be valueless,
to be nothing; to be bad, worthless
(of a person) | :u-1 nv
asivaq- (i) to stray, wander away from
course, to be out of order (during
a formal meeting); (i) to move
away from a place or event; (t) to
set it aside, set it apart; (t) to move
it; (t) to set it out ready for use; (t)
to get rid of, abolish it, to cast it
aside @ asivaqsi- | +vaq- vv ||
+sI-3 vv § uniuŋasI-
asivaqtaaq- to move to the side, out
of the way | +vaq- vv +taaq- vv
asiaq(-) [asiraq] cloudberry, (Nu)
blueberry (Vaccinium
uliginosum); any berry or fruit; (i)
to pick berries
asiagusi- (i) to obtain a supply of
berries | :u-3 nv +sI-2 vv
83
asiaġniaq- or asiaġiaq- (Nu) (i) to go
berry-picking | +niaq-2 nv
asiaġruaq potato | +ġruaq nn § masu,
utqIk
asiaqpak (Ti) prune | +qpak(-) vv, nn
asiaqsruq- (i) to fetch berries from
one’s supply to eat | +qsruq-1 nv
asiavik blueberry (Vaccinium
uliginosum); (Ti) crowberry
(Empetrum nigrum) » asiaviit
nakaaŋit roots of blueberry plants
| -vIk2 nn
asiaviqutaq (Nu) blueberry plant »
“asiaviqutat tiigisuuravut
ukiumi nivaaqługit tiigiqapta”
(Hugo 2009) [we used the
blueberry plant as tea after
digging it up during the winter
when we ran out of tea] | -vIk2 nn
-qutaq nn
asiayaaq (Ti) raisin | -ayaaq nn
asirri- (i) to grow berries; (i) to gather
berries; (i) to store a supply of
berries; (i) to have numerous
berries growing on it (of land) »
“asianik nautchiiruaq naakka
katiqsriruaq” (Aiken 2009) [the
one who is growing berries or the
one who is gathering berries];
“asirriruq tutquqsivluni
asianik” (Molly Itta 2009) [she is
building up a supply of berries by
storing them] | ‘=I-1 nv
asirriq- (t) to mix berries in it »
asirriġaa she put berries into it |
perhaps ‘=Iq-1 nv
asirriñiaq- to grow (of berries) »
asirriñiaqtuq aqłakataukkaqtuq
there will be berries since there is
a lot of cotton grass | ‘=I-1 nv
+niaq-2 nv
asiġñiq bent bow of sled or snowshoe tip
§ uniat, siku3, kiavluutak, see
Appendix 18
asiŋŋuŋa- (i) to be pale from shock|
±ŋŋuq-2 rv ±ŋa vv § asI
asiq(-) [asIq] sleeve; (i) to put one’s arms
into the sleeves of a garment; (t)
to help her/him put her/his arm
into the sleeves of a garment §
aiq-
asiġun cuff of sleeve | -ġun nn
asilivik sleeve hole in the body of a
shirt | -lI-1 nv +vIk1 vn
asiqsu- (i) to have sleeves that are too
long (of garment) | +tu- nv, rv
asiqtusilaaq- (t) to make its sleeve
longer » asiqtusilaaġumiñaqpiuŋ
atigiga can you make the sleeves
of my parka longer | +tu- nv, rv
+sI-1 vv -laaq-1 vv
atchiq- (i) to now have a sleeve, of a
garment; (t) to sew a sleeve on it
=garment @ atchiqsi- |
‘=Iq-1 nv || +sI-3 vv
asiq- [asIq] (i) to nod while watching
others dance
°asu (stem) wonderment
asugupta (excl.) fortunately, luckily,
it’s a good thing | perhaps
+k/gupta (cond 3p)
asulu (excl.) you’re so righ!t; should
have done so! | +lu (encl.)
asuluasu (excl.) so, that’s the reason!;
no wonder! | +lu (encl.) °asu
asulukiaq (excl.) that’s right! | +lu
(encl.) +kiaq (encl.)
asu- (Nu) to sleep with (her/him), of
young people § allatuq-
asuġaq paternal aunt-in-law § atchak,
ayak
ataa (Nu) (Ti) (excl.) silence! be quiet!;
listen! (as to a strange noise) §
atta
84
ata- (i) to be attached, connected
ataiq- (i) to become loose, detached
(used when pack ice breaks off
from shore ice); (t) to completely
detach it @ ataiqsi- | :Iq-2 vv
atait- (i) to have nothing holding one
back, to be free, disconnected; (i)
to have an open lead near shore;
(Ti) (i) to be near shore (of open
water) » uvvali
aullaqsaġumaalliġuma
ataipiaġataġmiuŋa if I do decide
to leave, I have nothing to prevent
me from doing so | :It-1 vv
ataitchuaq shore ice not anchored to
ocean floor (Harcharek: 11)
¤atamman hinge that holds the door
to the door frame | -mmak- vv
:un1 vn § ata-, matu(-), qiiqiġiaq
atammiŋa- (i) to be stubbornly
determined, inflexible in one’s
resolve or intent | +mmI-5 ±ŋa vv
atanauraq council member, board or
assembly member; leader, ruler;
vice-chief, assistant boss |
+niQ1 rn :uraq nn
atanaurat council members; board
members; governing board |
+niQ1 rn :uraq nn -t nn §
uqaqsitaaqtitchirit
atanġi- (t) to honor, respect her/him/it
| :i-4 nv
atanġiq- (t) to set her/him/it free |
+niQ1 rn :Iq-2 nv
atanġiqsau- (i) to gain personal
freedom, to become free (of
person) | +niQ1 vn :Iq-2 nv +t/raq
vn :u-1 nv
atanġiqsirrun freedom | +niQ1 vn
:Iq-2 nv mtit-1 vv -rrun vn
atanġiqsitaq one made free |
+niQ1 vn :Iq-2 nv mtit-1 vv
+t/raq vn
atanġirrun liberty | +niQ1 rn :It-1 nv
+run1 vn
atanġusuk- (i) to be bossy, willful,
demanding | +niQ1 vn :u-1 nv
+[s]uk-1 vv
atanġutchak- (i) to become bossy,
willful, demanding | +niQ1 vn
:u-1 nv -tchak- vv
ataniġnaqutiksrit- to give her/him a
blessing (birthright) | +niQ1 vn
+naq1 nn -quti nn -ksrIt- nv
ataniġnaqutiksriusiaq blessing
(birthright) | +niQ1 vn +naq1 nn
-quti nn -ksraq(-) nn ‘=Iq1 vn
:usiaq vn § nagliktuun,
quviasaaġusiaq, anniqsuusiaq
ataniġnaqsi- (i) to become mean,
stern | +niQ1 vn +naq-2 vv +sI1 vv
ataniġnaqun authority, power,
regulation; birthright | +niQ1 rn
+naq(-) nv ‘-quti vn
ataniġnaqutiqaqtuaq official entity |
+niQ1 rn +naq(-) nv ‘-quti vn
-qaq- vv +t/ruaq vn
ataniq source of connection; isthmus;
lord, master; god; supreme being;
higher power | +niQ1 vn
Ataniq name of site east of
Wainwright, Alaska; name of
Christian God
ataniqsraq- (i) to be afraid to ask a
favor from a higher authority |
+niQ1 rn +qsraq- nv
atanniqsima- (t) to subdue, control
her/him/it | +niQ1 rn ‘=Iq-1 nv
+sima-2 vv
atanniqsimanniktuat rules,
regulations, principles, policies |
+niQ1 rn ‘=Iq-1 nv +sima-2 vv
+nnik-vv +t/ruaq vn -t nn
atanniqsuq- (t) to compel or coerce
her/him @ atanniqsui- | +niQ1 rn
‘=Iq-1 nv +tuq-1 vv
atanniuġun policy, law | ‘=iuq-1 nv
:un1 vn
ataŋaiq- to be loose, free, unattached;
(i) to freed of obligation (from it);
to make compensation and thus be
85
no longer responsible; (t) to
indemnify her/him/it »
“ataŋaiqsuq; tavraniinŋaiqsuq;
ilauŋaiqsuq taapkunuŋa” (Aiken
2009) [he is no longer a member;
he is no longer there; he is no
longer part of them] | ±ŋaiq vv
ataŋiq-1 (i) to become detached; (t) to
pry it loose | -ŋIq- nv
attatit connectors that keep
components attached to each
other, e.g., spinal column; items
that support or provide structural
integrity; structural support »
“attatitkiuvva tigummisit
sumun; attatauruat
makittataurut; sumun
nayummatit” (Aiken 2009)
[structural supports provide
cohesion; they provide
uprightness; they provide support]
| ‘ti1 vn -t 3 nn § kuyapigaq
ataaguaq- (i) to go, travel, progress under
it < °ati
ataagun aside from the fact of; via under
it < °ati
ataaguun a long slat under bed of sled on
which cross braces rest < °ati
ataanuaglaaq- (i) to reach the area under
her/him/it < °ati
ataanuk- (i) to get below, underneath
her/him/it; (t) to place her/him/it
below or underneath something or
someone < °ati
ataanun to the area under her/him/it <
°ati
ataaq- to travel downriver (on it =river)
< °ati
ataaqtuq- (i) to camp on the ice for
spring whaling; to be out on the
ice camped for whaling < °ati
ataata granduncle; grandfather §
aapaaluk
ataataa (rel. poss.) my granduncle;
my grand uncle’s; my grandfather;
my grandfather’s » ataataa
umiani savakkaa my granduncle
is working on his boat | +a3 nn
ataatalugiik(-) relationship between
grandfather and grandchild; (i) to
be in a grandfather to grandchild
relationship | +[g]iik(-) nn,nv
ataguna (excl.) here, give it to me!; let
me see it!; look at this! | una (dem.
pro)
atagupta (excl.) much to one’s
annoyance this is the usual pattern
of behavior » atagupta qiviyavuq
oh! she gets so huffy easily |
+k/gupta (3s Consequential)
atain (excl.) move! » “piiqsaaġiñ”
(Matumeak 2009) [get out of the
way!]
¤atainna (Ti) (excl.) its right over there!
atakhii (excl.) oh, look at that!
atakkii or (Ti) atakii or atakkiataŋ
(conj) because | +kii1 (encl.) or
+kiataŋ (encl.)
atałiq [atałIq] (Nu) a mythical person
able to ascend from the ground »
“Tavra nunakun
pisukatallaksaġniallaġmiŋ
tavra qaŋattaġniqsut, maaŋŋa
nunamiñ…And as they started
to walk along on the ground, they
rose from the ground.” (Kakinya
86
as reported by Bergsland 1987:
149, 153)
¤atallit (Ti) “sky people” (mythical) |
-t nn
atammak underside of walrus foreflipper
| +mmak n
ataŋ (excl.) listen! » ataŋ una-hii! lo and
behold!
ataraak pair of long underwear, union
suit; coveralls; full-length one-
piece article of clothing |
+raaq(-) nv -k2 nn § ilupiġuk
ataraaq- to put a pair of long
underwear, coveralls (on her/him)
| +raaq(-) rn, nn
ataramik (adv) all the time, constantly,
always | +mik (mod.)
atarraaq traveler going downriver < °ati
atarratmun (Nu) (toward) downriver
< °ati
atarruuk (Ti) man’s ankle-length, fur,
breeches with drawstring at waist
and tapered legs; sweatpants; a
one piece article of clothing
complete with feet (Kisautaq:
649); coveralls § ataraak
ataut- to shoot under the mark; pass
below < °ati
atautchaaq- to travel past (it =place) by
water or on ice < °ati
atausiq [atausIq] the number one |
+un1 vn ~iq nn § ata- (see
Appendix 11)
atausialuk or “A”-sialuk (Ti) ace (at
cards) (C. Tuzroyluke, 2009) |
+un1 vn ~iq nn -aluk nn
atausiaq- (i) to do once, to complete a
task in one attempt; (t) to do it
once, to complete it in one
attempt, to kill an animal with a
single shot | +un1 vn ~iq nn
-aq-4 nv
atausiaqtiqataġuu- to always quickly
get (it) with one attempt, shot »
“supputiłługu nannulgitchuŋa;
atausiaqtiqataġuugitka nannut
atakkiataŋ uŋasiñun
pisuitkitka” (Nageak 1976:4)
[once again I shot and killed a
polar bear; I usually kill a polar
bear with one shot since I never
shot from afar] | +un1 vn ~iq nn
-aq-4 nv mt/liq-3 vv -qataq- vv
+[s]uu- vv
atausiġaaq an individual | +un1 vn
~iq nn +[ġ]aq nn -aq2 nn
atausimġaaq solitary, lone animal |
+un1 vn ~iq nn +mġaq rn -aq2 nn
atausimġaq solitary one; lone one »
“atausimġaq atausiuruq,
igluitchuq; atausiuruksrauruq”
(Aiken 2009) [the solitary one is
one, it has no partner; it has to be
solitary] | +un1 vn ~iq nn
+mġaq rn
Atausiŋŋuġniq or Atautchiiġñiq
Monday | +un1 vn ~iq nn
2 1 1
mŋŋuq- nv +niQ vn or ‘=Iq- nv
1
+niQ vn
atausiŋŋuq- (i) to be in agreement, be
in harmony; (i) to become as one;
to become united; (i) (Nu) to flow
together as one (e.g., of rivers); (t)
to reduce it to one part or one
thing; (t) for one to remain »
“maliksukłutik
avigaaŋaŋaiqłutik” (Hugo 2009)
[influencing each other and not
divided] | +un1 vn ~iq nn
2
mŋŋuq- nv
87
Atausiŋŋuq- or Atautchiiq- (i) to be
Monday » Atautchiiqsugut it is
Monday | +un1 vn ~iq nn
2 1 1
mŋŋuq- nv or ‘=Iq- nv -q- vv
atausiŋŋuumaniq (Nu) single river
formed of many, smaller
branches; agreement among
people | +un1 vn ~iq nn
2 1
mŋŋuq- nv :u- nv +ma- vv
1
1
+niQ vn
atausiullaa to do one by one,
individually | +un1 vn ~iq nn
:u-1 nv -llaa- vv
atausiuti- (t) to be united for or
against her/him/it » atausiutigaat
they are united against him; they
are of the same opinion or stance;
“atausiutigaat atausiq iñuk;
akilliliqsuġaat iñugiaktuat
iñuit” (Aiken 2009) [they are all
united against the one person;
many persons are opposing him] |
+un1 vn ~iq nn:u-1 nv ‘ti- vv
atautchiit one set of objects |
+un1 vn ~iq nn ‘-It nn
atautchikuaq- (i) to progress or
move forward together, united as
one | +un1 vn ~iq nn -kuaq- nv
atautchikun together, at the same
time » atautchikun makitta let’s
stand up together at the same time
| +un1 vn ~iq nn ‘-kun (via.)
atautchimi once | +un1 vn ~iq nn ÷mI
(loc.)
atautchimuk- (i) to assemble into one
group; (i) to unite; (i) to be
unified; (t) to combine, unite them
» atautchimugluta savakta let’s
work united | +un1 vn ~iq nn
‘-muk nv
atautchimuktat combination |
+un1 vn ~iq nn ‘-muk nv
atautchimuktuun unifying force |
+un1 vn ~iq nn ‘-muk nv +tuq-2 vv
-un1 vn
 atautchimunmun towards unity »
atautchimunmun savagukłutiŋ
sivunniqsuat quvianapaluktut it
was wonderful when they decided
to work towards unity| +un1 vn
~iq nn ‘-muk nv -nmun (term.)
atautchimunmuqaġiksilipiaq- (i) to
come quickly to a complete
agreement » “Tavra tamatkua
aŋatkuuruat
atautchimunmuqaġiksilipiaq-
hutiŋ uqallaŋniqsut: ‘Tavra-
unnii!’…Then the shamans, in
full agreement, said, ‘Anyway,
he may get nothing, but its
possible.’” (Elijah Kakinya as
reported by Bergsland 1987:
372, 375) |+un1 vn ~iq nn
‘-muk nv -nmun (term.) -qaq- nv
+[g]Ik- vv +sI-vv -lIq- vv
+piaq- vv
atchaan (excl.) almost! that was close! »
atchaan! pisiqqayapalukkiñ
that was close! You almost shot it
§ ayyai
atchagat Iñupiat alphabet (named for the
first three letters a, ch, and g) »
atchagat ilisaġniaġivut uvlupak |
-t nn
atchak aunt § aya, ayaaluk, ayak, asuġaq
atchaaluk grandaunt; (Nu) aunt »
atchaaluga ikka ikani aġnani
amiqsuaniittuq my grandaunt is
over there with the women who
are sewing the bearded sealskins
onto the the umiak frame
atchii- (i) to enroll, to register or sign
one’s name; (i) to make a will; (t)
to enroll her/him; (t) to will things
to her/him; (i) to conduct a census
< atiq
88
atchiiŋaruaq one who has signed, given
his signature; the undersigned <
atiq
atchiiñiq will, testament; enrollment;
census < atiq
atchiq- (i) to give oneself a name; (t) to
give a name to her/him/it @
atchiqsi- < atiq
atchiuti- (t) to name someone after
her/him < atiq
atchu (excl.) I don’t know
atchuamiiq(-) (excl.) I joke!; (i) to
say “I joke” | .q-2 nv
perhaps ÷mik (mod.) perhaps
-.q-2 nv
atchuuq- or atchuaq- to say “I don’t
know” (to her/him) »
atchuuġmatigut
uumiñapalukkaluaqtuq;
suyumiñaitchugut it was so
infuriating, when she told us she
did not know; but there was
nothing we could do about it |
.q-2 nv
atchuhaa (excl.) I don’t know, beats
me! | +haa (encl.)
atchukii (excl.) don’t know, not
certain at all | +kii2 (encl.)
Atchuraq (Ti) name of a man etched on a
whale jaw bone standing in front
of a whale with arms outstretched;
(the figure is etched by a whaling
captain for the purpose of
preventing a captured whale from
escaping); “This was Atcuraq who
prevented the whales from
escaping.” (Rainey: 247)]
°ati (stem) area below; bottom,
underside; down » “Aasiuvva
tainnaittuallakhuta samma
 atiptigniñ tasamma …,
qaaqtuq.” (Bodfish: 239) [so we
remained still for a while, then
from the area below us…, it
exploded]
alliat (Nu) tent floor made of willows
or shrub birch; mattress »
allialiġaat tupiq they are putting
a willow mat floor in the tent;
“uqpigñiglu allialiuġuurut
alliqpiaguvlugu; ukiulliq mitqua
tasamuŋatchianukługu
alliaqaġuurut” (Aiken 2009)
[they also made a mattress with
willows as the bottommost layer;
they also had mattresses out of
caribou skins with the fur down] |
+llIQ rn ‘=Iq-1 nv ±aq1 vn -t nn
alliatchiaq tent mat made of willows |
+llIQ rn ‘=Iq-1 nv ±aq1 vn
+tchiaq nn
alliġaq skin placed below bedding,
used with fur side down as a
mattress; mattress pad »
aġnaiyaam makitiqami alliġani
imugaa right after getting out of
bed the girl rolled up her mattress |
+llIQ rn +[ġ]aq nn
alliġauraq saucer, small dish; coaster,
doily | +llIQ nn +[ġ]aq nn :uraq nn
allimġaq any lower tooth » allimġat
lower teeth | +llIQ nn perhaps +m
(rel. mkr.) +[ġ]aq n § see
Appendix 20
alliñaaq bottom layer, section; (Ti)
lower tooth | +llIQ nn +niQ1 vn
+aq2 nn
alliñiq or atliñiq (Nu) lower area,
underpart » “‘Takanna
Kuukpium alliñaġani
itkaluaqtut uŋasiksut” (Simon
Paneak as reported by Bergsland
1987: 329) [they are in the lower
part of the Colville River, but
they are still far away] |
+liñiQ rn, vn
89
alliq the one on the bottom | +llIQ nn
alliq- (i) to be deep | perhaps ~lIq-1 rv
§ iti-
alliq- (t) to place a mat or support
under it » alliġuŋ uumiŋa place
this under it | ‘Iq- nv
alliviñiq ice under another piece of
ice which may surface due to
ocean currents or wake of boat
(Harcharek: 11) | +llIQ nn
-viñiq nn
alvaq- (Ti) (i) to fall into a trance, be
transported (usually into the
netherworld) | ~vaq(-) rv
anmuiññaq straight down »
“Anmuiññaq
nauliksallagruaqtuaŋaa,…”
(Bodfish: 239) [I forcefully and
quickly thrusted the harpoon
straight down,…] | +nmun v-adv.
term. -iññaq nn
anmuk- to go down, descend, drop;
(i) to go down a slope, to descend
gradually, to drop, e.g., indicator
in a therometer, barometer, etc.; to
have been set downward, lowered;
(t) to set it lower | +nmun (term.)
-k-3 v (term.) rv
anmuksiiññaq- (i) to move lower and
lower | +nmun v-adv -k-3 v (term.)
rv +siiññaq- vv
anmuktaaq- (t) to set it at a lower
setting; (t) place it on a lower level
| +nmun v-adv -k-3 v (term.)
+taaq- vv
anmun or (Nu) atmun (adv.)
downward | ÷mun (term.)
anmuŋŋaġik- (i) to have a good
decline, downward slope; (i) to be
steep | -ŋŋaġIk- vn
arva area farther down from it |
perhaps -ŋa (poss. 3s-3s)
arvaq- (i) to go down, come down,
descend | ~vaq(-) rv
arvik- to run down (it) | +vIk- vv
ataaguaq- (i) to go, travel, or progress
under it | :a (poss. 3s-s)
-kun nnc (via.) -aq-4 nv § ataut-
ataagun aside from the fact of; via
under it » ataagun taaptuma
aside from that fact | +a (poss.
3s-3s) +kun (via.)
ataaguun a long slat under bed of
sled on which cross braces rest
running down the centerline »
“ataaguutiqaġuurut uniat
tamauna napuŋisa qitqatigun
qiruk, naviyaitquvlugit naput”
(Aiken 2009) [sleds had a long,
wooden slat under the bed through
the center of the cross braces to
reinforce them from breaking] | :a
(poss. 3s-3s) +kun (via.) -un1 vn
ataani under or below her/him/it | :a
(poss. 3s-s) +nI (loc.)
ataanuaglaaq- (i) to reach the area
under her/him/it | :a nn (poss. 3s-s)
-nuk- nv -aglaaq- vv
ataanuk- (i) to get below, underneath
her/him/it; (t) to place her/him/it
below or underneath something or
someone » umiam ataanuguŋ
place it underneath the boat | :a nn
(poss. 3s-s) -nuk- nv
ataanun to the area under her/him/it |
:a nn (poss. 3s-3s) +nun (term.)
ataaq- to travel downriver (on it =a
river) | .-q-1 rv
ataaqtuġvik whaling camp at the
edge of shore-fast ice (a camp is
comprised of a whaling crew, a
walled tent, an umiak, snow-
machines, sleds, and equipment) |
.-q-1 +tuq-2 vv +vIk1 vn
ataaqtuq- (i) to be out whaling,
camped on the ice; (Ti) move
down to the beach to hunting
camp (said of inland people) |
.-q-1 +tuq-2 vv
ataŋiq-2 (t) to get below her/him/it |
-ŋIq- nv
90
atarraaq traveler going downriver |
¤+rraaqvn
ataut- (i) to shoot under the mark, the
target; (i) to strike under target (of
a projectile); (i) to travel past a
place, on water or ice; (t) to shoot
under her/him/it; to go under
her/him/it (of a projectile); (t) to
travel past it =a place, on water or
ice; (t) to pass beneath, below
(her/him/it); (t) to take them all »
atauttuagut unnuami we sailed
by during the night | +ut-1 rv
atautchaaq- to travel past (it =place)
via water or on ice | +ut-1 nv
+saaq-1 vv
atchaġnaq ocean current flowing
away from shore to the north;
¤south flowing current | ‘-q-1 vv
+naq2 vn § Appendix 14
atchaġniq (Nuvuk) easterly wind |
‘-q-1 vv +nIQ1 vn
atchanmun out to sea (carried by a
current) | ‘-q-1 vv +nmun v-term.
atchaqtu- (i) to be wide (of land, ice
or water) | ‘-Q vn +tu- nv
atchik- (i) to be far away from shore
(of open water); (i) to be deep; (i)
to be meek or humble; (i) to be in
a low position in a sequence of
numbers or elevation | ~sIk1- rv
atchiksi- (i) to become lower, deeper;
(t) to make it deeper or lower (as
digging an ice cellar) | ~sIk1- rv
+sI-1 vv
atiġun seal net set in the water under
the ice » “atiġutiliqisuummiut
kuvraqtuqtuat niviŋŋaqługu
natchiqsiun kuvraq;
atiġutituqłuni kuvriqsuaq
unnuami natchsugruguurut
uiñiqaġman” (Aiken 2009) [those
who use nets also use the seal nets
which are placed under the ice;
the one who places a seal net in
the water under the ice at night
 usually catches a lot when the
ocean waters are high] | +un1 vn
Atiġun Atigun Pass
atikit- (i) to be near the beach (of
lead); for there to have a narrow
lead in shorefast ice | +kIt- rv
atimiñi located in the area below,
beneath oneself | ÷mI (loc.) +nI
(refl. poss.)
atimiñiñ from the area below,
beneath oneself | ÷mI (loc.) +niñ
(refl. abl.)
atimiñun to the area below, beneath
oneself | +mI (refl. poss.) ÷nun
(term.)
atiq- (i) to travel out on ice to whaling
camp from the village; (i) to travel
from inland towards the ocean
after hunting | +q-5 rv
atiqsaaq- to travel downriver (on it
=a river) | +q-5 rv +saaq-1 vv
atiqtaq polar bear cub in its first year
(so named because the mother
takes it immediately out on the sea
ice from the place where it was
born) | +q-5 rv +t/raq vn
atitu- (i) to be far away from shore (of
lead or open water); to be wide
(of a boot); to be a wide (of open
lead =expanse of ocean water
between shoreline ice and floating
ice) | +tu- rv
atpaq- or arvaq- to go down, to
descend (from it =steep slope); (t)
to lower it; (t) to make it deeper |
~paq- rv, ~vaq(-) rv
atqaa- to descend en masse |
-a-1 vv
atqapqaqtaq- (i) to rarely come
downstairs | -pqaqtaq- vv
atqapqauraq- (i) to barely make it
down, descend | -pqaq- vv
-uraq- vv
atqaq- or aqqaq- (i) to descend, go
down; (i) to step down from a tall
vehicle; (t) to set her/him/it down
91
physically; (t) to remove her/him
=baby from the back of one’s
parka | ~qaq-1 rv
atqaqsaaq- (i) to travel downward
without stopping enroute |
~qaq-1 rv +saaq- vv
atqasalik- (i) to travel downward,
down a slope | ~qaq-1 rv -salik- vv
atqasuk downslope; ¤outer flare of
nostril » “atqaġiaq” (Aiken 2009)
[it’s a way to go downwards] |
-suk vn
Atqasuk village of Atkasuk, Alaska |
~qaq-1 -suk vn
atqun lamp wick adjuster (a stick
usually 10 inches in length and 1
inch in diameter with a pointed
end used when trimming the wick
of a stone seal oil lamp; also used
as a light when going into the
entryway of a structure) | +q-5 rv
:qun rv
atqurri- or atiġurri- (i) to bring cubs
to the coast (of polar bear) »
nannut atqurrisuurut
piayaamiŋnik polar bears take
their young to the coast (from the
place where they were born);
“atiġurriruq taunuŋa nunamiñ
piayaamiñik nanuq” (Aiken
2009) [the polar bear takes her
cubs down from the land to the
coast] | :urrI- vv
attinniq hole or thin spot in sea ice
near mouth of river, which has
melted as river breaks up |
+ptinniQ nn
ati-1 (i) to be the same, equal, identical, be
in agreement; (i) to have a tie
vote, to have the same number of
votes; (t) to treat them equally
atinġiq- (i) to have a disagreement, to
argue; (t) to cause them to have a
disagreement, an argumnent |
+niQ1 vn :Iq-2 nv
 atiŋirrun disagreement, difference of when indoors or on a warm day) |
opinion, division, strife, discord | perhaps +q-2 nv +rruk- nv
±ŋIt- vv –rrun vv atiġaq (Ti) high fur socks extending
atiŋŋit- (Ti) (i) to be in disagreement, above the knee (S. Tuzroyluke
to not get along | +ŋŋIt- vv 2009) | +[ġ]aq vn § anmuaq-
atiri one that is like another, similar to atikłi- to make a parka (out of them =
another » “atiruakavsak” [one skins); (t) to make a parka for
that is like another] (Aiken 2009) | her/him » atikłiruq ukalliġñik
mt/ri vn § arrI aġnaiyaamun she is making a
atisaġniq equalization; process of rabbit skin parka for the girl |
becoming similar in appearance, ~lI-1 nv
size or amount | msaq-3 vv atikłuk(-) snowshirt, parka cover
+niQ1 vn (pullover fabric cover for parka)
atisaq- (t) to cause them to become (t) to put a snowshirt over her/his
more similar | msaq-3 vv parka | ~łuk1 nn
atikłuuraq parka-style dress or shirt |
atisi- (i) to become equal, identical; (t)
~łuk1 nn :uraq nn
to make them equal, identical |
atikuluk or atikuluatchiak man’s
+sI-1 vv
knee high dress boots (with fringe
on top, made of dark and light
ati-2 (t) to put it =garment on » attuuŋ or
furs in decorative pattern) »
attiuŋ put it on
atikulugaaqtuaq
qiñiyunapaluktuq the one
atigi(-) parka, pullover-style fur parka
wearing a pair of man’s dress
with traditional fur ruff for the
boots proudly is so attractive to
hood; (i) to put on a parka;
look at | ¤-kuluk nn
(t) to put a parka on her/him »
atikulugaaq- (i) to wear a pair of
atikkuiñ put on a parka;
man’s knee-high dress boots with
atikkuuŋ put a parka on him |
pride | -kuluk nn +aaq- nv
+[g]i- vv
atipkaq- (t) to cause or allow her/him
atigaiġutiuraq- (i) to become so
to put on an article of clothing; (t)
engrossed in what one is doing
to cause it to wear an object, e.g.,
and remove one’s parka to
a harness » anut atipkaġai she
continue the activity | :Iq-2 nv
put them =harness on a dog |
-uti-vv -uraq- nv
+pkaq-1 vv
atigiġruaq (Nu) parka made of duck
skins » ”tuulligit atigisuuraŋit-
atiġniġaq new ice which forms along pre-
guuq ivsuksallaktuni
existing ice (Harcharek: 11)
kataguuruq imiq; ailaqilaitchut
isilaitłuni imiq” (Hugo 2009)
atiq [atiQ] name; namesake; someone
[Yellow Bill loons were made into
who shares the same name with
parkas; when they were shook the
another
water would fall off; they never
atchii- (i) to enroll, to register or sign
got wet because the water could
one’s name; (i) to make a will; (t)
not penetrate] | +ġruaq nn
to enroll her/him; (t) to will things
atigiġruk- (i) to wear a parka when it
is not necessary to do so (such as

92
 to her/him; (i) to conduct a census
| ‘=Iq-1 nv -I-1
atchiiŋaruaq one who has signed,
given his signature; the
undersigned | ‘=Iq-1 nv -I-1 vv
±ŋa- vv +t/ruaq vn
atchiiñiq will, testament; enrollment;
census | ‘=Iq-1 nv -I-1 vv +niQ1 vn
atchiq- (i) to give oneself a name; (t)
to give a name to her/him/it @
atchiqsi- | ‘=Iq-1 nv || +sI-3 vv
atchiuti- (t) to name someone after
her/him/it @ atchiurri- » aapani
atchiutigaa paniuramiñun she
gave her father’s name to her little
daughter | ‘=Iq-1 nv :uti- vv
|| ~rI-5 vv
atiġusiq given name rarely used |
-un2 nn ~Iq nn
atiitiga (Ti) my namesake | perhaps
-uti4 nn +[g]a (poss. 1s-s) § atiġa
atiitin (Ti) your namesake | perhaps
-uti4 nn +tin (poss. 2s-3s) § atqiñ
atiqausiq noun | -qaq- nv :un1 vn
~Iq nn
atiqsi- (t) to find out her/his/its name |
=sI-4 nv
ativik given name; name which
occurs within a family | -vIk3 nn
atiq- to travel out onto the ice to whaling
camp < °ati-1
atiqsaaq- to travel downriver < °ati-1
atiqtaq polar bear cub in its first year
< °ati-1
atittuġun tusk-shaped design strip on
front and back of parka yoke |
-ġun nn § kayuaġun, manusiññak
atittuġutiligaaq parka with
tusk-shaped design strips on front
and back of yoke | -ġun nn
-ligaaq(-) nn
93
atitu- for there to be a wide open lead in
the ice < °ati-1
¤atmaġuq (Nu) small fish with spots, no
scales
atmuaqtaq (Nu) stitch § anmuaq-
atniaq- (Nu) to hurt (her/him/it) § anniq-
atnuġaaq (Nu) article of clothing §
annuġaaq(-)
atpa Common Murre, thick-billed murre;
auk » “upinġaksrami
tikitchuurut aaqhaalliuratun
aktigiruat” [they arrive in the
spring and they are the size of old
squaw ducks] (Aiken 2009) §
aqpa, akpa
atpaq- or arvaq- to go down, to descend
(from it); (t) to lower it; to make it
deeper < °ati
atpaugaq or atvaugaq [dl atpaukkak or
atvaukkak] (Nu) full-length skin
legging (ankle to thigh) »
atpaukkak paqillaiġikka I
cannot find his full-length skin
leggings
atqaq- to descend, come down < °ati
atqasuk downslope; ¤outer flare of
nostril < °ati
Atqasuk Atkasuk, Alaska | -suk < °ati
atqun oil lamp wick adjuster < °ati
atqunaq(-) numerous, many; to a large
extent; intensively; (i) to do in
excess, take too much; (t) to “do
her/him one better” in verbal
exchange; (Ti) (i) to be in great
 pain; (t) to do something to
her/him/it excessively
atqunałhaaq- (i) to make the highest
bid; (t) “do her/him one better” »
“qalġutaurraqłutik nalliġaġaa”
[bidding higher and higher against
each other she kept up with him]
(Aiken 2009) | -łhaaq- vv
atta (excl.) listen, be quiet! be silent! §
ata, ataa
attaġri- (i) to think one is about to die |
-ġrI- rv
attaġriuq-1 (Ti) (i) to not expect to
live, think one is about to die |
+ġrI- nv :uq-2 vv
*attaq (root) unapproachable,
intimidating
attaġi- (t) to consider her/him to be
unapproachable, intimidating; to
hesitate to ask a favor of her/him;
(Ti) (i) to not expect to live; (t) to
not expect her/him to live because
of a serious illness | +[g]i- rv
attaġnaq- (i) to be unfriendly, unkind,
not helpful, unwilling to grant
favors, unapproachable; (Ti) to be
terminally ill, not expected to live
| +naq(-) rv
attaġnait- (i) to be kind, helpful, easy
to ask favors of, easily
approachable | +naq(-) rv :It-1 vv
attaġri- (Ti) (i) to be hesitant to ask
someone for anything | -ġrI- rv
attaġriuq-2 (Ti) (i) to be hesitant to
ask someone for a favor, object, or
assistance | perhaps +qsraq- rv
‘=iuq-2 nv
attaqsraq- (i) to hesitate to ask
someone for something; (i) to be
diffident | +qsraq- rv
attaqsrautu- (i) to be timid, easily
intimidated | +qsraq- rv :u-2 vv
+tu- vv
94
attaqsi- [attaqsI] to borrow (it) §
piatchiaq-
attaqsipkaq- (t) to lend it | +pkaq-1 vv
¤attaqtaaq (Ti) full-length, one-piece
article of clothing, such as a
one-piece long underwear §
ataraak
attat dumping area for honeybuckets (a
honeybucket is an indoor covered
pot for urine and other wastes) »
“immagguuq akkumi tatkiani
aniiqamik tikitqaaqamik
tautukkaŋiik attaurat” (Nageak
1975: 57) [recalling that a while
ago, while they were outside right
after they arrived, they had seen
the dumping area] | -t nn §
naaptiġvik
attatit items that support or provide
structural integrity, e.g., spinal
column; structural support < ata-
¤attausiq- (t) to pay, to reward her/him
@ attausii- | :un1 vn Iq-1 nv §
ata(-)
¤attausiun payment | :un1 vn Iq-1 nv
:un1 vn
attinniq hole or thin spot in sea ice (found
near mouth of river which has
melted during breakup) § °ati
¤attuaq (Nu) maternal aunt (mother’s
sister) §atchak, ayaġruksaaq
attuq something worn-out, used
abusively; old, used clothing; one
who has been married before <
atuq-2
atuagnaq northeasterly wind (paralleling
coast) | +naq2 vn § nigiqpak(-)
atuagniq southeast wind » anuġi
nigiġmiñlu kiluagnamiñlu wind
from the east and from the south §
uŋalaaq(-)
atun fur sock; sock
atulaak slippers | -laaq nn -k2 nn
atulaapiaq (Ti) high fur sock |
-laaq nn -piaq(-)1 nn
atulaaq short sock; insole | -laaq nn §
piñiq
atuŋak(-) bootsole, hard sole (usually
made of bearded sealskin); (t) to
sew a sole on it =boot @
atuŋaksi- | perhaps +ŋak(-) nn ||
+sI-3 vv
atuŋaun thread for attaching hard
sole to boot; three-edged skin
sewing needle used for boot soles |
perhaps +ŋak(-) nn :un1 vn
atuŋŋiq- (t) to sew a sole on it =boot;
(t) to sew a sole on her/his boot |
‘=Iq-1 nv
atunim equally; with no discrimination;
with fairness » atunim
piuraaġitchi! you guys play fair!
atuq-1 to sing (it)
attuliuq- (Ti) to compose a song (for
her/him/it) | ‘n1 vn -liuq- nv
attuqtu- (i) to sing whenever one has
an opportunity » attuqturuq
tutaaluuraġa my grandchild
sings a lot | ‘-qtu- vv
attutit- (i) to burst out singing |
‘-tit-2 vv
atuġaaq(-) (i) to have a singspiration;
a singspiration | +aaq(-) vv, nn
atullasi-1 to be able to sing (it = song)
| -llasI- vv
atunnaġi- (t) to sing it with pleasure |
perhaps +nnaq nn +[g]i-nv
atuqpak- (Nu) (i) to sing a strong
song | +qpak(-) vv,nn § kivgiq-
atuq-2 to use (it); to wear (it)
95
atuqpaun or atuutiqpak (Nu) a
strong, dance song |
+qpak(-) vv,nn :un1 vn
atuqtuuraq(-) musical instrument;
phonograph; (i) to play music; (t)
to play it =instrument, record,
song | +tuuraq(-) vn
atuqtuuraqti musician | +tuuraq(-) vn
mt/ri vn
atuugauraq fast Iñupiaq dance song |
:un1 vn +gaq2 nn :uraq nn
atuun song; record; piece of music |
:un1 vn
atuułłuk shaman’s magic song for
hunting, healing, etc. | :un1 vn
-łuk1 nn
atuurviluk- (i) to sing a magic
healing song (of shaman) »
aŋatkuq atuurviluktuq
naŋittuaq iluaqsipqaqsaqługu
the shaman is singing a healing
song to try to heal the sick person |
:uti- vn viluk- vv
atuusiq-1 (i) to sing, to burst out
singing | :un1 vn ~Iq-1 nv
atuusiqsi- (i) to make a tape
recording of songs » aŋun
atuusiqsiruq aġġiruani the man
is making a tape recording at the
Iñupiaq dance | :un1 vn ~Iq-1 nv
+sI-3 vv
atuusiuq- to create a song (for
her/him/it) | :un1 vn ~iuq-1 nv
atuuti- (t) to sing for her/him/it |
-uti- vv
atuutipiaq(-) song for a “common”
dance (in which dance movements
are not choreographed); (i) to
sing a “common” dance song (as
opposed to a song for a “motion”
dance in which dance movements
are choreographed) | :un1 vn
-piaq(-) nn § sayuun
atuutit music | :un1 vn -t nn
 attuq something worn out, used
abusively; old, used clothing; one
who has been married before |
‘-Q vn
attuilisaġi- (t) to use it too frequently,
wearing it out | -ilisaq n +[g]i- nv
atugaq or atukkaq something
borrowed, a debt | ±aq1 vn
atuġnaġumiñait- (i) to be invalid, not
usable | +naq(-) vv +kumiñaq- vv
:It-1 vv
atuġnaq- (i) to be usable, valid |
+naq(-) vv
atukkirruti- (t) to rent, lease it out |
-kkIt- vv -rruti vn
atullasi-2 (i) to become operable,
usable; (t) to make it operable,
usable | -lla- vv +sI-1 vv
atunnaġi- (t) to use it with pleasure |
perhaps +nnaq nn +[g]i-nv
atuqqiguti- (t) to become used to,
accustomed to her/him/it |
-qqiguti- vv
atuqtit- (t) to lend something to
her/him (obj); to let it be used |
1
mtit- vv
aturraġiit- (t) to not use them very
much | perhaps -rraq vn
+[g]iit- nv
atuuma- (Ti) (t) to continue to use,
perform, observe it as a tradition,
custom » “atuumagaat”
(Kinneeveauk, 2008) [it is still
their tradition] | :uma- vv
atuusiq-2 (t) to pay rent; to pay for
use of it | :un1 vn ~Iq-1 nv
atuti- (t) to treat equally without prejudice
» “kiiqsruqłiqsuaq ilaan iñugni
…, Tanŋugaluaġman,
qanusiugaluaġman, tamarra
atutivlugu natqiksruġuugaa”
(Harold Itta 1985: 4A) [one who
encourages his men, …, no
matter who they are,
whether they are white men, he
96
counsels them equally without
prejudice] § ati-2, atunim
¤atvaukkak (Nu) caribou-fur boots
reaching to mid-calf »
atvaukkaak sitquliñiaġikka I
will quickly patch the knees of his
mid-calf length caribou-fur boots
au- (i) to rot or decay (of tooth, wood,
etc.); (i) to ferment or age (of
meat, fish); (i) to become partially
melted and dangerous underfoot
(of ice); (i) to decompose
augniġrak- to begin flowing again (of
river, when temperatures rise
after the land freezes) »
“qiqitqaaqługu nuna sila
uunnaaksimman kuugit
supitqiguurut” (Matumeak 2009)
[after the land freezes when the
weather warms up the rivers begin
to flow again] | ‘-k-2 vv devoiced
+niQ1 vn +qsraq vn -k-1nv
augniqłak- (t) to warm up suddenly
(after having been out in the cold
and coming in to a warm house
causing one to feel sleepy or
sluggish) » augniqłakkaa;
qiiyaqqaaqłuni isiqtuni
siñaavriñaqtuq he warmed up
suddenly; one usually dozes on
and off after one warms up
suddenly after being cold | ‘-k-2 vv
+niġluk- vv § kirraksIġa
augniqsraq patch of ground from
which the snow has melted while
the surrounding area is still snow
covered; area where sea ice has
become dangerous to travel on
due to melting » augniqsraq
nalaułługu uniaŋi
kalivisimaruat his sled became
stuck when he went on the mound
from which the snow has melted |
‘-k-2 vv +niQ1 vn +qsraq vn
auguti- (t) to melt (of ice or snow)
and cause him/her difficulty e.g.,
snow on a trail melts making
travel difficult; to become visible
or obtainable as the snow or ice
melts » uniaġaġlutiŋ sikukun
Utqiaġvigupayuktuat augutigai
they wanted to go to Barrow by
dogsledding on the ice but it
melted (before they began) |
‘-k-2 vv +uti- vv
auġak- or auġaŋasi- (i) to become
bent with age » “uvaaŋaruaq
qiruk; auġaŋauraqtuq qiruk;
tavra uvaaŋauraqtuq”
(Matumeak 2009) [the wood is
bent; it is slightly bent with age;
that is, it is bending slightly] |
+ġak- rv or -ġak- rv ±ŋa- vv
+sI-1 vv
auk- (t) to melt, thaw »
auktuulalgitkaatigut (the snow
in) our area sure melted fast;
“apqusaaġnaiġuuruq auŋmagu
siku” (Aiken 2009) [when the ice
rots it no longer supports traffic] |
‘-k-2 vv
auksalaq or auksałłak rapidly
melting snow | ‘-k-2 vv +saq-2 vv
-laq nn or ‘-k-2 vv +saq-2 vv
-łłak vn
auksaq- to begin to melt | ‘-k-2 vv
+saq-2vv
auksiq- or auksiaq- (i) to warm
oneself by the fire, stove; (t) to
warm or thaw it | ‘-k-2 vv +sIq-1vv
or +sIq-1vv +aq-1vv
auktuuġun hot water bottle, hot pad »
unnuaq auktuuġutim
tuttaamniittuam
tupaktipalukkaa the hot water
bottle in my bed last night sure
startled me | ‘-k-2 vv +tuq-2 vv
.-q-1 vv :un1 vn
auktuun heating pad; warm poultice;
a device for thawing an engine or
97
pipes | ‘-k-2 vv +tuq-2vv .-q-1vv
:un1vn
auktuuq- (i) to warm oneself, to use a
heating pad on oneself; (t) to
apply heat to it = part of the body,
an airplane engine in extreme
cold conditions, a frozen pipe, etc.
» auktuuqqaaqługu tiŋŋun
aullaqtuani we took off after
thawing the engine of the airplane
| ‘-k-2 vv +tuuq- vv
aułłak- to melt quickly (of snow) |
-łłak- vv
auma- (i) to be thawed | +ma-1vv
aumaraq2 something not frozen,
thawed | +ma-1 vv +t/raq vn
aumayyaaq(-) something not yet
frozen (as freshly killed game); (i)
to be partially thawed (of meat) |
+ma-1 vv +yyaaq vn
auniq rotten area; rotten ice |
+niQ1 vn
auniq- (i) to melt thus becoming
unsafe (of ice or snow); (i) to rot
or decay | +nIq-2 vv
aunniq or aupkaġniq rotten ice » |
‘+nnIQ1 vn +pkaq-2vv +niQ1 vn
auŋa- (i) to be rotten (of fruit,
vegetable, wood or teeth) | ±ŋa- vv
auŋaraq something rotten » auŋarat
qanniatka siiġnat tikitchuat the
fruit I ordered online arrived
rotten | ±ŋa- vv +t/raq vn
aupkaġniq (Ti) melted hole on the ice
| +pkaq-2 vv +niQ1 vn
aupkaq- (i) to melt through leaving a
hole (of ice) | +pkaq-2 vv
auralliq summer skin of caribou or
any other fur-bearing land animal
» “uqummatiksraqtut
auralliñik” (Matumeak 2009)
[they acquired bedding of summer
caribou skins] | +raq vn +llIQ nn §
upinġallIQ
auraq (Nu) summer | +raq vn §
upinġaaq
 auri- (Nu) (i) to spend the summer |
+raq vn =I-3 nv
aurivigiññaq place only inhabited
during the summertime | +vIk1 vn
-iññaq nn
aurivik summer place | +vIk1 vn
auruq fermented fish | +ruq vn
autchii- (i) to allow meat to age, cure;
(t) to allow it =meat to age, cure |
+[t]sIq- vv -I-6 vv
autchiivik place or container in which
food cures or ferments | +[t]sIq- vv
-I-6 vv +vIk1 vn
autchirriq- (t) to apply a soap
poultice on it =boil, pus-filled
abscess on skin | +[t]sIq- vv
±aq1 vn ‘=Iq-1 nv § iñua, ayuaq
auyuilaq something that does not
melt or rot; year-round glacier |
-yuilaq vn
augaŋa- (i) to be leaning at a sharp angle |
±ŋa- vv
augaŋaruaq ice thrust up at an angle |
±ŋa- vv +t/ruaq vn
auġniq or auġnaaq draft of cold air
entering house through a crack
under a door or through an open
window; cold breeze of fresh air <
auq-
auġniq- (i) for cold air, as mist, to enter
house through an open crack in a
door, window, etc. < auq-
auk(-)1 [aruk] blood; (i) to bleed; (Ti) to
have a nosebleed
arri- (i) to collect blood (donations);
(i) to collect animal blood for dog
food broth; (i) to make broth from
blood | ‘=I-1 nv
arriq- (i) to receive a blood
transfusion; (t) to give her/him/it a
blood transfusion @ arriqsi- »
arriqsittaqput unnuaq we
98
allowed her/him to be given a
blood transfusion last night |
=rrIq-2 nv || =rrIq-2 nv +sI-3 vv §
auliqsuq-
arriqi- (i) to bleed from the mouth |
=rIqi-1 nv
arriqsinniq blood bruise (an
ecchymosis); animal skin with
blood stains | ‘=rrIq-2 nv mtit-1 vv
+niQ1 vn
arriqsit- (i) to bruise; (t) to give
her/him a bruise; (t) to kill an
animal in such a way that it is
soaked through with blood |
=rrIq-2 nv mtit-1 vv
arriuq- to mix blood with water to
make broth (for her/him/it) |
=rriuq-1 nv
augavik blood vessel | +[ġ]aq nv
-vIk3 nn § taqak
augiaq(-) clotted blood; (i) to have
blood clots, e.g., of meat | +iaq2 vn
augiqsaq animal carcass, often seal,
with blood removed | :Iq-2 nv
+t/raq vn
auguaq- (i) to get blood on oneself;
(t) to get her/him/it bloody |
perhaps +ġuaq- nv
auguaqtaq- or auguqtaq- (i) to
become covered in blood; (t) to
get blood on her/him/it | perhaps
+ġuaq- nv +t/raq-1 vn
augulaaq(-) something with blood
on it; (i) to have blood on its
surface » augulaamik
aitchuġaluaqtaani he gave me
one with blood stains on it,
but....| -ulaaq(-) nn,nv
aukkun blood vessel | ‘=un1 vn §
augavik, taqak
¤auksinġaq (Ti) sealskin dyed with
red alder | +sIq-2 vv -nġaq vn §
ivisaaq(-)
¤auksinġi- (Ti) to dye sealskin red
with alder | +sIq-2 vv -nġaq vn
‘=I-1 nv § ivisaaq(-)
 auktaq mole, birthmark (Congenital
dermal melanocytosis/Dermal
melanocytosis) | +t/raq vn
auktit- (i) to have a nosebleed; (t) to
give her/him a nosebleed | mtit-1 vv
aunaaq- or aunaaqsruq- (i) to bleed,
to menstruate | -naaq-vv or
-naaq-vv mqsruq-2vv
auksaaqi- or auksaaqtiqi- or
auvsaaqtiqi- (i) for one to move
around to stimulate blood flow »
“auksaaqtiqiraqtut uvlupak,
kiavalukhutiŋ, iniriŋ taamna
apuyyaġviksiŋ kaivalukługu”
(Nageak 1975: 19) [they would
stimulate their blood flow all day
circling their snowhouse to stay
warm] | ‘-k-2 vv +saq-2vv .-q-1vv
-qi- vv or ‘-k-2 vv +saq-2vv .-q-1vv
2
mtiq- vv -qi- vv
aukviiññaq completely covered in
blood |
auk2 (Ti) (excl.) I’m tired! » “auk! arii!
iñiqtuqtuŋa” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [I’m tired! it hurts! I am
weary] § hauk
auksruaq Red Phalarope (Phalaropus
fulicarius)
aula- (i) to move about, show movement,
be in motion
aulaaq (Ti) someone who travels
secretly, e.g., a fugitive or
criminal, someone looking for an
enemy | ±aq1 vn § qimmaq,
immiññauraq
aulaat (Ti) war party, a hostile group
which ambushes a village | ±aq1
vn -t nn
aulalait- (i) to be paralyzed, immobile
| -lait- vv
aulaniq moving lead ice (Kisautaq:
649) | +niQ1 vn
99
aularruġik- (i) to be nimble, agile,
dexterous | -la- rv -rruġIk- vv
Aulasuilaq or Uvluġiasugruk (from
Pete Sovalik of Barrow, Alaska)
North Star, or Polaris in
constellation Ursa Minor »
“uvlukkaluami naakka
unnuakkaluami kiavaluktuam
qitqani aulasuitchuq taamna
uvluġiaq” (Aiken 2009) [during
the day as well as during the night
this star does not move from the
center of revolution] | -suilaq- vn
or +lu(q) rn +iaq1 nn
-sugruk(-) nn
aulat- (t) to be in charge of it; to make
it move, to move her/him/it
around @ aulatchi- » niqit
aulatkisigitin pamallugu
uiksrautin isumaktun you be in
charge of the food providing your
future husband with food as you
wish | +t-1 vv || +sI-3 vv
aulatauraq or aulataq (Ti) flag »
”igluan qaaŋanun
aulatauraliġuumaruat iñuk
tuqumman iŋilġaan”
(Kinneeveauk, 2008) [long ago
when a person died they used to
put a small flag on top of his
house] | +t/raq vn :uraq nn §
takuyaq
aulaya- (i) to be loose, easily moved,
not firm | +ya- vv
aulayaiq- (i) to become still,
motionless; (i) to be sturdy,
secure; (t) to cause it to become
sturdy, secure | +ya-1 vv :Iq-2 vv
aulayaiqsima- (i) to be steadfast,
emotionally strong during times of
crisis; (t) to hold it steady, keep it
from moving » aulayaiqsimaruq
siġġaġnaqtuamun ilikami he
remains strong while going
through a difficult time | +ya-1 vv
:Iq-2 vv +sima-2 vv
aulayait- (i) to be immobile, taut,
rigid, secure » piqtat
aulayaitkutai the supports for the
house wall planks | +ya- vv :It-1 vv
aulayyak- (i) to begin to move; to
become free; (t) to budge, move,
free her/him/it | +yyak- vv
aulayyauti- (t) to begin childbirth |
+yyak- vv :uti- vv
aulayyiq- (i) to become loose; (t) to
make it loose | +yyak- vv =Iq-1 vv
aullaaq- (i) to go out camping,
hunting, trapping, to stay away
from village | ‘-q-1 vv -aq-1 vv
aullaġnii- to begin (it) | ‘-q-1 vv
+nii- vv § sakkiq-, isaguti-
aullai- to have (her/him/it =dogs,
snowmobile, gun, prisoner, etc.)
go off, get out of one’s control; (t)
to accidently fire it =a gun; (t) to
have them =dogs run away; (t) to
lose control of it »
nukatpiaġruum aullaigai
qimmiñi the boy let his dogs get
away from him » aŋun aullairuq
suppunmiñik the man accidently
let his gun go off | ‘-q-1 vv -I-5 vv
aullaq- (i) to leave, go away, depart;
(i) to start (of engine) | ‘-q-1 vv
aullaqi- (i) to begin, start; (t) to begin
to work on it | -qi- vv
aullaqisaaq(-) beginning; the start;
introduction of a paper; to begin
(it) | -qi- vv -saaq(-) nn, vn
aullaqsruq- (Nu) (i) to go out picking
berries, greens | ‘-q-1 vv
2 had left home | ‘-Q vn :u-2 nv
mqsruq- vv § asiaġiaq-
aullaqtit- (t) to release it =animal; (t)
to start it, turn it =a machine on
@ aullaqtitchi- | ‘-q-1 vv mtit-1 vv
|| +sI-3 vv
aullaqtitaun rope starter for outboard
motor or snowmachine; starter, as
on a car or boat engine | ‘-q-1 vv
1 1
mtit- vv :un vn
aullaqtitchi- (Ti) (i) to release the
100
spirits of the charms associated
with Aullaqtitchirut ‘-q-1 vv
1
mtit- vv +tchI- vv
Aullaqtitchirut (Ti) “the last day of
‘the sitting’ was aula titcigut
(calling day and killing day).
…singers successively called out
the name of each umelik in that
qalegi”… and the killing of the
pogoks and the qologogoloqs
followed the calling of the
names.”(Rainey: 252) » “tatqiq
imigluktinman
aullaqtitchisuurut” (S.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [they usually
do the releasing (of the charms)
when the moon is full] | ‘-q-1 vv
1
mtit- vv +tchI- vv -t vn §
uiŋuraq(-)
Aullaqtuġvik month of January »
“IV. [1853] Dec 30, Au-lak’-to-
win, departing (to hunt the
reindeer.” (Simpson: 261)
aullarri [aullarrI] chair; leader,
headman, chief, master | ‘ti- vv
mt/ri vn
aullasiat uqaluit grammar | ‘ti vn
+Iq nn :at (poss. 3p-s)
aullasiq instinct, unconscious habit |
perhaps ‘n1 vn ~Iq nn
aullati- (t) to lead her/him @
aullarri- | ‘ti- vv || ~rI-5 vv
aullau- (i) to leave home or any place
without intention of returning »
aullauŋamaruaq iġñiŋa his son
aullaurrau- (i) to be taken away |
‘-q-1 vv :uti- vv +raq1 rn :u-2 nv
aullauti- (t) to leave with her/him/it;
(t) to take him/her out hunting,
camping, on a trip @ aullaurri- |
‘-q-1 vv :uti- vv || ~rI-5 vv
aullayaaq trail, path » napaaqtut
iluatigun aullayaaqaqtuq there
is a path through the trees |
‘- q-1 vv +yaaq2 vn

*aula (root) incompleteness, not whole
aulailaq whole, complete or entire
thing, not broken or cut up in
pieces | :ilaq(-) § suġailaq
aulait- (i) to be whole, uncut | :It-1 nv
aulasaq- (i) to jig for fish; (t) to let it
=fish go free accidently by jigging
the fishing stick » aulasaġaa
niksiksaksrakkaluani iqaluk he
lost the fish which he could have
caught by loosening his line while
jigging | msaq-3 vv § perhaps aula-
aulasaun stick used to “jig” the
fishing line; jigging stick »
aulasaun savakkaa he is
manipulating the fishing pole |
3
msaq- vv :un vn
1 aunaaq- or aunaaqsruq- to bleed
auma- (i) to be thawed < au-
auma(-) ember, live coal; red gemstone;
(i) to smolder (of coal or wood) |
perhaps +ma rn
aumali- (i) to become red-hot (of
wood, coal, etc.) | -lI-2 nv
aumaliq (Ti) charred wood | -liQ vn
aumaraq1 charred wood, charcoal |
+raq vn
aumaqun moss insulation (of sod
house) | +qun vn
2
aumaraq something not frozen, thawed
< au-
aumayyaaq(-) something partially frozen
< au-
aumisuktit type of backpack (Kisautaq:
649)
aummisit (Ti) bedding; (Nu) caribou-skin
blanket | -mmI-6 vv ‘ti1 vn -t nn §
uqummatit
101
aummisi- (Nu) (i) to put on a blanket,
cover oneself with a blanket; (t) to
cover her/him/it with a blanket |
-mmI-6 vv ‘-ti(-)1 vn, nv
aummitchi- or aummisili- (Nu) to
make a blanket (for her/him/it) |
-mmI-6 vv ‘n1 vn ‘=I- nv or
perhaps -mmI-6 vv ‘n1 -lI-1 nv
aummitchiuq- (Ti) (i) to fix, arrange
bedding | -mmI-6 vv ‘n1 vn
‘=iuq-2 nv
auna (dem. adv. via.) via over there,
across, e.g., a river, a street, or a
body of water (extended and
visible); via northside of Tikiġaq <
°ag (dem. stem)
< auk(-)
auniq rotten area of something < au-
auniq- to melt, become unsafe (of ice); to
become rotten (of object) < au-
aunniq rotten ice < au-
aunniuq- to get to know and become
comfortable with (her/him) |
perhaps‘=iuq-2 nv
auŋa (dem. adv. term.) to over there,
across, e.g., a river, a street, or a
body of water; to the other states
in the continental United States, to
Europe (extended and visible <
°ag (dem. stem)
auŋa- to be rotten < au-
auŋanmun towards over there, across,
e.g., a river, a street, or a body of
water (extended and visible) < °ag
(dem. stem)
auŋaq- (i) to go to the other side, go
across a body of water; to go to
the other states in the continental
United States or to Europe < °ag
(dem. stem)
auŋaraq something rotten < au-
auŋatchiq to the other side < °ag (dem.
stem)
aupkaġniq melted hole on ice < au-
aupkaq- to melt through, leaving a hole
(of ice) < au-
auq- (i) to stalk an animal on ice by
crawling
auġniq or auġnaaq draft of cold air
entering house through a crack
under a door or window; cold
breeze of fresh air » “tavra ini
iglumi uunaqsivaiñman naagga
auġnaaqaġuliqamik
salumaruamik
paġġutchiġuugaat paam
saniġaanun” (Kaveolook 1975a:
12) [then when a room in the
house gets too hot or when they
want cool fresh air they place a
cleaned whale scapula to the side
of the entry to serve as a
windbreak] | +niQ1 vn or
+naaq(-)2 vn
auġniq- (i) for cold air, as mist, to
enter house through an open crack
in a door, window, etc.| +nIq-2 vv
auralliq summer skin of caribou or any
other fur-bearing land animal
< au-
auraq summer < au-
auri- (Nu) (i) to spend the summer < au-
102
aurivigiññaq place only inhabited during
the summertime < au-
aurivik summer place < au-
auruq fermented fish < au-
aurviq black creeping bug, about one
inch long, a hairy caterpillar »
aurviit muayugnapiallaktut
caterpillars are really creepy |
+vIQ n
autaaq- to divide (it) into shares; to deal
(them =playing cards)
autaaġniq division and distribution of
shares (usually meat from a catch
of a whale or other animals
amongst hunting partners);
division (in mathematics) |
+niQ1 vn
autaaġun dividend | +un1 vn
autaaġusiaq share received during a
distribution; by extension a
dividend check received (from a
corporation) | :usiaq vn § niŋiq(-)
autaaġutiqaqtuaq shareholder |
:un1 vn -qaq- nv +t/ruaq nn
autchii- (i) to allow meat to age, cure; (t)
to allow it =meat to age, cure <
au-
autchiivik place, container in which food
cures or ferments < au-
autchirriq- (t) to put a soap poultice on it
=boil, pus-filled abscess on skin <
au-
¤autkaq- to walk while swinging the
arms § avałłaaq-, ivalik-, ivałłuaq-
auyuilaq something that does not melt or
rot; year-round glacier < au-
auvsaaqtiqi- or auksaaqtiqi- or
auksaaqi- (i) for one to move
around to stimulate blood flow <
auk(-)1
°av1 (dem. stem) over there (extended and
visible) § °Ik- (dem. stem), °ag
(dem. stem)
amna2 [dual apkuak, pl. apkua] that
one over there (extended and
visible) | +na (dem. abs. pron. sg.
mkr.)
aptuma2 or avsruma2 or avruma2
[dual apkuak, pl. apkua] that one
over there (extended and visible) |
+tuma (dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
aptumani2 or avsrumani2 or
avrumani2 [dual apkugnagni, pl.
apkunani] located with that one
over there (extended and visible) |
+tum (dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
+anI (dem. loc.)
aptumaŋŋa2 or avsrumaŋŋa2 or
avrumaŋŋa2 [dual apkugnaŋŋa,
pl. apkunaŋŋa] from that one over
there (extended and visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.)
aptumatun2 or avsrumatun2 or
avrumatun2 [dual apkugnaktun,
pl. apkunatitun] similar to that one
over there (extended and visible) |
+tum (dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
+atun (dem. sim.)
aptumiŋa2 or avsrumiŋa2 or
avrumiŋa2 [dual apkugniŋa, pl.
apkuniŋa] that one over there
(extended and visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +iŋa
(dem. mod.)
aptumuŋa2 or avsrumuŋa2 or
avrumuŋa2 [dual apkugnuŋa, pl.
apkunuŋa] to that one over there
(extended and visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +uŋa
(dem. term.)
103
aptumuuna2 or avsrumuuna2 or
avrumuuna2 [dual apkugnuuna,
pl. apkunuuna] via that way over
there; with that one over there
(extended and visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +uuna
(dem. via.)
avani located over there (extended
and visible); “westward, or along
the coast towards Icy Cape or
Point Hope” (Simpson: 261) | +anI
(dem. loc.)
avaniit- (i) to be located over there
(extended and visible) | +anI (dem.
loc.) it- “to be”
avaniqpani located further over there
(extended and visible) | +anI (dem.
loc.) +qpa nn +anI (dem. loc.)
avaŋŋa from over there (extended
and visible) | +aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
avaŋŋamiñ from that direction over
there (extended and visible); (Ti)
from Kotzebue, Alaska
(perspective of Point Hope,
Alaska) | +aŋŋa (dem. abl.) ÷miñ
(abl.)
avaŋŋaq- (i) to come from over there
(extended and visible) | +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.) +q-3 dv
avva over there (extended and
visible) | ‘a (dem. adv. mkr.)
avva avani located to the west § see
Appendix 3
avuŋa to over there (extended and
visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.)
avuŋanmun towards over there
(extended and visible) | +uŋa
(dem. term.) +nmun (term.)
avuŋaq- (i) to go over there (extended
and visible); (t) to put or place it
over there (extended and visible)
avuŋaġiñ go away| +uŋa (dem.
term.) +q-3 dv
avuŋaqpaaġruk (to) way over there
(extended and visible) | +uŋa
(dem. term.) –qpaaġruk(-) nn
 avuuna via, through over there
(extended and visible) | +uuna
(dem. via.)
avuunnaaq- (i) to travel via, through
over there (extended and visible) |
+uuna (dem. via.) ‘.aq-3 dv
*av2 (root) interval or distance between
one’s feet
¤avlaak distance between one’s feet
when spread out
avlaak- (i) to spread one’s legs; (t) to
spread one’s legs over her/him/it |
+laak- rv
avluq- (i) to take a step; (t) to step
over her/him/it |+luq-2 rv
avluġaatchiaq(-) broad-jump; (i) to
do the broad-jump |+luq-2 rv
+aq-1 vv -atchiaq-3 vn
avluġaq- (i) to take steps repeatedly,
to walk |+luq-2 rv +aq-1 vv
°ava (stem) periphery, vicinity
avala- (i) to move one’s arms and legs
around | -la- rv
avallaq- to be further and further out,
until it is out of sight » “avallaġaa
siku; avasiksiruaq ayuuq-
siiññaqtuaq” [the ice is drifting
out to sea; it is drifting out of
sight; it is getting further and
further out] (Aiken 2009) | -la- rv
‘-k-2 vv
avalliq one farthest to the side |
+llIQ nn
avalluaġniq wake of a boat; ripple
created by a rock dropped in water
| +t-3 rv -luaq-1 vv +niQ1 vn
avalu(-) edge; rim; border; ring
around the sun or moon; wind
shelter for tent; cribbing of
entrance door, wood frame; (i) to
be bordered, fenced in (this refers
only to the moment of completion
of border or fence); (t) to fence
her/him/it in, to put a border
104
around it; (t) for a ring to form
around it =sun | +lu(q) rn § see
Appendix 22
avaluġun halo, ring around sun or
moon which occurs during severe
cold weather; parhelion or mock
sun dog | +lu(q) nn -ġun nn
avaluksrat lumber for framing |
+lu(q) rn +ksraq(-) nn -t nn
avałłaaq- (i) to walk, swinging the
arms; (t) to swing them =arms as
one walks | perhaps +laak- vv
avałłuaġniq wake, track of water
created by a boat »
“umiaqtuqtuni qailli ġuqtiġman
tamanna taavuŋa
avałłuaġniqaġuuruq umiaq”
[when one is boating and the seas
suddenly become rough, a wake
develops along the length of the
boat] (Aiken 2009) | perhaps
-łuk1 nn -aq2 nn +niQ1 vn
avałłuaŋa-to be parallel to »
“akłunaaliqługu umiaq
ukamaqługu nuna
avałłuaŋauraaġuugaa” [as the
boat is being towed by rope it
traverses parallel to the land]
(Aiken 2009) | perhaps -łuk1 nn
-aq2 nn ±ŋa- vv
avałłuaq- (i) to walk with arms
swinging | perhaps -łuk1 nn
‘-aq-4 vv
avałuaq (Nu) wave formed on each
side of bow of ship as it moves
through the water | perhaps
-łuk1 nn -aq1 nn
avan or avati appendage, extremity;
border; surrounding area | -ti4 rn
avanmuk- (i) to part from one
another and go in different
directions; (t) to take them in
different directions | +t-2 rv ÷mun
(term.) -k-3 vv
avanmulik double-bladed axe, knife |
+t-2 rv ÷mun (term.) -lik nn
avanmun reciprocal, reciprocity; to
each other | +t-2 rv ÷mun (term.)
avarraq fluke of whale; single ray of
fish’s caudal tail » “aŋuutiŋitkii
tamarra; avarraliqisuummiut
aġviġum aqikkaagnik;
aŋuutiqaqtut iluqaġmik” [they
are their rudders; they also refer to
the flukes of the whale as the
rudders; they all have rudders]
(Aiken 2009) | +rraQ vn
avarraullaktuaq large ice floe which
breaks off from shore-fast ice and
begins to move in a circular
motion (Kisautaq: 649) | perhaps
‘-aq-2 nv :u-2 vv -llak-1 vv
+t/ruaq vn
avarriqi- (i) to divide up the whale
flukes and distribute them as gifts
in a whaling ceremony | +rraQ vn
‘=Iqi-1 nv
Avarriqirut (Ti) second day of
whaling festival (Nalukataq) when
the whale flukes are divided and
distributed as gifts usually
accompanied by large servings of
fermented whale meat »
Uŋasiksikaat
avarriqiqqaaġuurut aasii
naatchimmata avarriqivlutik
Qagmaqtuut the members of the
Uŋasiksikaat (the whaling
association Uŋasiksikaat)
celebrate the second day of the
whaling festival first, then after
they are finished the members of
the Qagmaqtuut (the whaling
association Qagmaqtuut) begin
their celebration (Kineeveauk
2008) | +rraQ vn ‘=Iqi-1 nv +vIk1
vn § Qakirut, QagruġvIk
avasik- (i) to be far away from where
one is, barely visible »
“avasiksigaa siku
uŋasiksiuraaġman; siñaaniñ
imavagmagu, siku
105
tautugnaiġutimman” [the ice is
far away barely visible when it
distances itself from the shore;
when the water level rises, when
the ice is barely visible] (Aiken
2009) | ~sIk-1 rv
avasit- to be in the distance away
from the point of reference, barely
visible » avasitkaa siku the pack
ice is out | +sit-vv
avat- (t) to surround her/him/it; (t) to
besiege it @ avatchi- » iniqpak
avanŋagaat aŋuyaktiŋisa the
city was besieged by his army |
+t-2 rv || +sI-3 vv
avataayyuniq a whale that has
died and sunk to the ocean
bottom; after three to four days,
the bloated carcass rises to the
surface and may be harvested
(rotten meat, but good blubber
and maktak) | perhaps -uniQ n
avataligauraq or avatalik (Ti) Snow
Bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis) §
amaułłigaaluk
avataŋa- (i) to wait for a bowhead
whale to surface after striking
with a whaling harpoon and
attaching a buoy to it | ±ŋa- vv
avataŋia- (Ti) (i) to be all around,
surrounding something | perhaps
-ŋia- vv
avataq or avataqpak sealskin poke, a
container; sealskin float; float,
buoy | +t-3 rv +t/raq vn §
kanasiġaq
Avataqpaksriuġvik [lit. “time for
making the sealskin floats used in
the whale hunt”] (Ti) month of
February (Rainey: 257)
 avataqsiaq- (Ti) (i) to sing a whaling
charm song while waiting for a
whale to surface | perhaps
+[t]sIq- vv -aq-1 vv
avataqsiun (Ti) a whaling
harpooner’s song meant to hold
the harpoon fast in the whale
[“avituksiun” a song to hold a
harpoon fast in a whale” (Rainey:
248)] | +[t]sIq- vv :un1 vn §
avataqpak
avatiġun (Ti) or avasiġun ring
around the sun » “siqiñiq tainna
aqvaluqtaamik
avasiġusiġñivlugu pisuugaat”
[they say that the sun gets a
circular ring around it] (Aiken
2009) | -ti4 rn -ġun nn § kiavġun
avati bottom section or trim (of
parka) » “avatiġutaa tamarra
akuŋa atigim” [the trim on the
bottom of the parka is the skirt of
the parka] (Aiken 2009) | -ti4 rn
-k2 nn § siñi
*ava (root) yelling
avaala- (i) to scream | -ala- rv
avaalaayuuq one who is always
making irritating noises | -ala- rv
+ayuuq vn
avaalatchi- (t) to cause her/him to
yell, holler, scream »
avaalatchiŋaiġuŋ stop making
him scream | +tchI- vv
avaallaqłuk- (i) to yell out or shout
out | -la- rv +qłuk(-) nn, vv
avaallaqłuktaq- (i) to yell out
repeatedly » aŋun
avaallaqłuktaqtuq
ikayuqtiqaġukhuni the man is
crying out for help | -la- rv
+qłuk(-) nn, vv +t/raq-1 vv
avaaq- (i) to knock oneself unconscious;
(t) to knock her/him/it
unconscious
106
avaaġnik- (i) to cause someone to
lose consciousness | +nik-2 vv
avaaġrak- (i) to fall, hitting the back
of one’s head and becoming
partially unconscious; (t) to make
her/him/it partially unconscious
by hitting her/him/it on the head |
+rak- vv
avaatchi tree fungus burned as mosquito
repellent
avaatchiqiq (Nu) bracket fungus
(Ganoderma applanatum)
*avaq (root) reappearance
avaġniq time it takes to go from point
of disappearance to point of
re-emergence; reappearance of a
person who has been absent for a
while | +niQ1 rn
avaġniq- (i) to reappear after an
absence, re-emerge | +nIq-2 vv
*avI (root) resonance
aviluaqpatit- (i) to make a loud clang
(of metal) (Hugo 2009)
aviluġaq- (i) to make a clanging or
metallic sound; ¤(Nu) (i) to ring,
(of a bell); (t) to let it =bell ring »
“ukkusigauraqpatitaqtuaq
nipattuaq” [it’s the sound of
something making a clanging or
metallic sound] (Aiken 2009)
|+luq-2 rv -aq-1 vv
aviluq- (i) to be resonant |+luq-2 rv
aviluqtit- (t) to cause it to resonate
|+luq-2 rv mtit-1 vv
aviluqtaq- (i) to resonate repeatedly;
(i) to ring (of bell, caused by other
than pulling on bell rope) |
+t/raq-1 vv
aviluqtitaq- (t) to cause it to resonate
repeatedly @ aviluqtitai- | +luq-2
rv mtitaq- vv || :I-4vv
aviluqtaun rattle, bell |+luq-2 rv
+t/raq-1 vv :un1 vn
 avilutit- (i) to hit or land on
something resonant making a loud
resounding noise; (t) to cause it to
make a loud resounding noise »
sunakiaq avilutitpa I wonder
what made a resounding noise
|+luq-2 rv mtit-1 vv
aviu- (i) to utter a long, loud cry, to
shout, to raise a cheer (as when
sighting a ship, airplane); (i) to
ring (of ears); (t) to cheer her/him
for scoring a goal during a football
or soccer game; (t) to holler to
her/him (for example, to annouce
dangerous ice conditions to
hunters on ice) » aviuvlugiyguuq
qaugagnik kataktitchiŋaruq it is
said that she has brought down
some ducks by shrieking at them |
-u-2 rv § qasak-, qasala-
aviuliq- (i) to cry out long and loud;
to whistle (to her/him/it) |
-u-2 rv +lIq-3 vv
aviumik- (i) to call out, yell,
repeatedly | -u-2 rv +mIk- vv
aviuraġaġvik the goal, as in soccer |
-u-2 rv +raġaq- vv +vIk1 vn
aviuri- (Ti) (i) yell a loud “hi-hii”
(when someone on the team wins
for the team; when game is
caught, usually a man calling his
wife down to ice when a bearded
seal has been caught; or when an
airplane or a ship is seen or
heard) | -u-2 rv perhaps +rI-2 §
paaq-
aviuqtaq- (i) to emit a long, piercing
sound (of bearded seal feeding at
bottom of ocean) » “They
[bearded seal] make noise when
they are feeding on the bottom [ of
the ocean] and they call it
aviuqtaqtuaq.” (Bodfish: 42) |
-u-2 rv +q-2 vv +t/raq-1 vv
+t/ruaq vn
107
aviuvik a goal, as in soccer | -u-2 rv
+vIk1 vn § qasak-, qasala-
avik- (i) to divide in half or split in two;
(t) to divide it in half, in two
pieces
avgun border, boundary on map;
chapter | :un1 vn
avguġvik or avguivik cutting board |
:uq-2 vv +vIk1 vn or :uq-2 vv :I-4 vv
+vIk1 vn
avguq- (t) to slice or cut it up @
avgui- | :uq-2 vv || :I-4 v v
avguun implement used to cut things
up, like frozen meat | :uq-2 vv
:un1 vn
aviksi- to cut a piece off (for
her/him/it) | +sI-2 vv
aviktaq a piece that has been cut from
something | +t/raq vn
aviŋaaq- or avigaaq- (i) to be
undecided, unable to choose »
“nallianmun pisausiiqtuaq
avigaaŋaruq” [the one that is not
able to decide is the one torn
between choices] (Aiken 2009) |
±ŋaaq- vv
avvaku(-) leftover, remainder; to
leave half behind as a remainder
(for her/him/it) | avvakugaa uiñi
maktagmik maktaktuquvluguli
she left half of the maktak so her
husband could have some maktak
| ‘-Q vn -ku(-) nv
avvannak- (i) to receive half of
something | ‘-Q vn +nnak- nv
avvaq half of something | ‘-Q vn
aviluqtuq or aviluqtaq Surf Scoter
(Melanitta perspicillata) §
ailuqtuq, tuunġaaġruk, aviluqtuq
aviŋŋaq or (Ti) (PB) aviñŋaq [aviŋŋaQ]
or aviñŋauraq lemming (Lemmus
trimucronatus ( =L. sibiricus));
northern red-backed vole
 (Clethrionomys rutilus); northern
vole (Microtus oeconomus) and
(Microtus miurus)
aviŋŋaqpak rat | +qpak(-) nn
aviŋŋaurayuuq (Nu) an insect with a
long snout; snout beetle
(Coleoptera: curulionidae)
avit- (i) to split one’s pants; to get a
divorce; (t) to separate themd, who
are fighting; to divorce her/him
avilait- (i) to be inseparable (of
themd); (t) to be with her/him/it all
of the time | -lait- vv
avilaitqan friend | -lait- vv ±qan1 vn
+[g]i- nv
avilaitqatigi- (t) to be her/his/its
friend » avilaitqatiginiaġniraa
aġnam the woman said that she
would be his friend | -lait- vv
±qan1 vn
avinnaaq yearling bear, old enough to
be separated from its mother;
opening in crotch of a child’s
training pants | +naaq vn
avitit- (t) to grant themd a divorce |
1
mtit- vv
avlaak- (i) to spread ones legs; (t) to
spread one’s legs over or around
her/him/it < °av2
avluġaatchiaq(-) broad-jump; (i) to do
the broad-jump < °av2
avluġaq- (i) to take steps repeatedly <
°av2
avluq- (i) to take a step; (t) to step over
her/him/it < °av2
avrait- (Ti) (i) to be vacant, have no
furniture (of room) | :It-1 rv
108
avraq small tumor; large pimple; wartlike
growth; birthmark; something that
snow has covered | perhaps ~raq
vn § auktaq, unŋuq
avraqtuq- (i) to develop a tumor or
growth | +tuq-3 nv
avrat (Ti) bedding § tuttaat, uqummatit
avriaq- (i) to be in the way, an obstacle;
(t) to be in her/his way »
aŋutaiyaam aapiyani avriaġaa
savagniluktuaq the little boy is in
the way of his older brother who
was trying to work
avrialutaq(-) obstacle, hindrance; to
be a hindrance to her/him/it |
+lutaq(-) vn
avsak- (i) to make noise falling »
sunakiaq kataktuaq avsaktuq
tunnami whatever fell made noise
when it landed | perhaps
+sak- rv,vv
avsaluk- (i) to be noisy, to make a
racket » iñuum avsalukłuni
itiqtitkaa aġnaq someone is
noisy and woke the woman up |
-luk- vv
avsaluktaq- (i) to make a racket, a
loud noise repeatedly | -luk- vv
+t/raq-1 vv
avsatit- to make sudden, loud noise |
-tit-2 vv
avsruma or avruma or aptuma [dual
apkuak, pl. apkua] that one over
there (not visible) < °am
avsrumani or avrumani or aptumani
[dual apkuŋnaŋni, pl. apkunani]
located with that one over there
(not visible) < °am
avsrumaŋŋa or avrumaŋŋa or
 aptumaŋŋa [dual apkuŋnaŋŋa, pl.
apkunaŋŋa] from that one over
there (not visible) < °am
avsrumatun or avrumatun or
aptumatun [dual apkuŋnaktun,
pl. apkunatitun] like that one over
there (not visible) < °am
avsrumiŋa or avrumiŋa or aptumiŋa
[dual apkuŋniŋa, pl. apkuniŋa]
with that one over there (not
visible) < °am
avsrumuŋa or avrumuŋa or aptumuŋa
[dual apkuŋnuŋa, pl. apkunuŋa] to
that one over there (not visible)
< °am
avsrumuuna or avrumuuna or
aptumuuna [dual apkuŋnuuna,
pl. apkunuuna] via that one; with
that one over there (not visible)
< °am
avu(-) sugar; an ingredient (i) to add
sugar to something one is eating
or drinking (t) to add sugar to it; to
add an ingredient to it » nauŋ
imña avu where is the sugar ;
ikka qiqiruaqaġvium qaaŋani
there it is on top of the freezer
avulik anything containing sugar; gas
mixed with oil | -lik nn
avusuk- (i) to crave a change of diet
(of a pregnant woman) |
+[s]uk-3 vv
avuqaġvik sugar bowl » avuqaġvik
kataiñagu, navikpiaqtuq don’t
drop the sugar bowl; it might
break | -qaq- nv +vIk1 vn
avuuġun ingredient, spice »
avuuġutiliŋaviuŋ suulian have
you added spices to the soup you
are making | -uq-2 vv :un1 vn
109
avuuq- (t) to season, add spices, or
any other ingredients to it »
aġnam avuuġaa igaani
supayaanik the woman is putting
everything into her cooking;
avuuqługu ilisaġnaiġaa she
added so many other ingredients
to whatever she is making that it is
unrecognizable | -uq2 vv
avuŋa (dem. adv. term.) to over there
(extended and visible)
< °av1
avuŋanmun towards over there (extended
and visible) < °av1 (dem. stem)
avuŋaq- (i) to go over there (extended
and visible); (t) to put or place it
over there (extended and visible)
< °av1
avuŋaqpaaġruk way over there
(extended and visible)
< °av1
avutqak- (t) to criticize or scold
her/him/it constructively @
avutqai- » aŋun avutqairuq
miqłiqtumiñik the man is giving
his children constructive criticism
|| :I-4 vv
avuuna (dem. adv. via.) via, through, by
way of over there (extended and
visible) < °av1 (dem. stem)
avuunnaaq- via, through, by way of over
there (extended and visible)
< °av1
avva (dem. adv) over there (extended and
visible) < °av1
avva avani located to the west < °av1
avvaku(-) half of something left as
remainder; to leave half behind as
a remainder (for her/him/it)
< avik-
avvannak- (i) to receive half of
something | ‘-Q vn +nnak- nv
< avik-
avvaq half of something | ‘-Q vn < avik-
avvasaaq (Ti) distant relative or friend |
perhaps -saaq nn § avilaitqan,
sulliññauraq
avyuq(-) cloud of dust, smoke, mist,
steam; hot humid weather (after a
rain storm) (i) to smoke, steam; (i)
be dusty (of air) | +yuq n § apyuq-
avyuala- (i) to swirl and rise (of
smoke, dust, steam) | -ala-vv
avyuġruaq ice fog » paŋmapak
Utqiaġvik avyuġruaġuusiŋaruq
qamutaukkaqsiŋavluni
nowadays ice fog occurs in
Barrow because the number of
vehicles has increased | +yuq n
+ġruaq nn
¤ayaagit- (i) to be undecided, to desire
something but being unable to
obtain it; (i) to draw back from
accomplishing an action; (i) to fail
to accomplish something by
neglecting to do part of it »
attaqsiyyaqtuaq ayaagiłłuni
apiqsriŋilla ktuq the one who
came to ask to use something did
not ask because he could not
decide to do it
*ayaaq (root) crisscrossing
ayaaġun crosspiece on bed of sled;
(Nu) cross beam; (Nu) kayak cross
beam (behind hatch of kayak) |
+un1 vn § iglaat
110
ayaaqsaaġun (Nu) cross-rib in deck
of kayak | +saaq(-) vv :un1 vn §
masik, iglaaq, see Appendix 17
ayaaqtinniq ice trapped in a narrow
part of a flowing river or lead in
sea ice | mtit-1 rv +niQ1 vn
¤ayaayak older sister | -yak nn§ aatauraq,
aakatchiaq, aakiaq
ayagaq first neck vertebra of caribou; toy
made with first neck vertebra of
caribou
ayagaaq(-) game played with a toy
made from neck bone of caribou
where the bone is attached with a
string to a short stick (the object of
the game is to swing the stick up,
attempting to catch the vertebra
on the point of the stick through
the foramen); (i) to play the game
of ayagaaq; to play with an
ayagaq » “natchium taliġuata
sauniŋa putuuraqaqtuaq
qiruuramik naluatchaqługu
putuuraŋa; akłunauramik
pituummiruaq sauniq
qiruŋmik; atausiaġlugu
pikpauŋ unuŋaqsaqtuam
natchiġñiaqtuq” [(the object of
the game is) to attempt to catch a
seal foreflipper bone through its
foramen with a small stick; the
bone is attached to the stick by a
string; when a person catches the
bone in the first attempt it
signifies that he will catch a seal]
(Aiken 2009) | -aq2 nn -q-2 nv §
kakisuġaaq(-)
ayaġaaq(-) string used when telling
stories; (i) to play a game with a
seal bone on a string; to tell string
stories » “sauniġuraq
taliġuaniittuaq natchiġum
kiasiata piani naisuuraq
 putuqaqtuq; nuvvuaġiksivlugu
qiruk putuuraŋagun
akkuaqsaqługu” [a short bone
located in the foreflipper close to
the shoulder blade has a hole in it;
making a fine point on the stick
one tries to catch it through the
hole] (Aiken 2009) § ayaqhaaq(-)
ayak (Ti) or ayaaluk or atchaaluk
paternal aunt § atchak, asuġaq
¤ayaġruksaaq (Ti) maternal aunt |
+ruksaaq n
ayak(-)1 a pole used to prop up an object;
wall post; tent pole; the shaft of a
spear or harpoon; old-style,
long-handled spear; “big whaling
harpoon” (Nelson: 65); vertical
support post (of sleeping
platform);(i) to be propped up
with a pole (refers only to the
moment of completion); (t) to prop
it =a leaning object up to keep it
from falling down @ ayaksi- »
ayagmiñik panagaa nanuq he
speared the polar bear with his
spear | +sI-3 vv § naniġirriq-
ayagaun piece of wood used to pull
up the fishing line »
“iqalugaġniaqtuaq
ayagautituġuuruq; ayagaqługu
akiligaanik niksigñik
iqalliqisummiut” (Aiken 209)
[one who is fishing for tomcod
has a stick to pull up the fishing
line; they also pull the line up with
a fishing pole with a gaff on it] |
:un1 vn
ayagutaq post; upright house post
supporting roof; (Nu) stick to prop
up open trap » iglum ayagutaŋa
uvaaŋasiruq the post of the house
is leaning out of place | +utaq1 vn
ayagutchiq- (i) to be propped up
(refers only to the moment of
111
completion); (t) to prop it up |
+utaq1 vn ‘=Iq-1 nv
ayaksi- (i) to put one’s hands on one’s
hips » ayaksilġataqłuni saatkaa
akill iñi he faced his opponent
with his hands on his hips |
perhaps +sI-3 vv
ayaksraq blubber strip set on a post
(above oil lamp so oil drips into
lamp feeding the flame) »
ayaksraq nuŋuaqsiruq the
blubber used to keep the lamp
burning is running out | perhaps
related to ayak by extension
+ksraq(-) nn § iñġausiq
ayaksriqpik a stick inserted in the
sod house wall for holding
blubber above stone lamp |
+ksraq(-) nn ‘=Iq-1 nv =qpIk vn §
perhaps related to ayak by
extension § see Appendix 22
ayaktuq-1 to proprel (it = boat) by
poling | +tuq-3 nv
ayaktuq-2 (t) to bend it to whatever
shape is desired
ayaktuun a long pole or staff used for
poling (hand maneuvering) a boat
| +tuq-3 nv :un1 vn
ayapiq- (i) to prop oneself up with
one’s hands; (t) to lean on
her/him/it for support with one’s
hands » ayapiqłuni
makillagaluaqtuq he can stand
up only by propping himself up
with his hands | +piq- vv
ayappak- (i) to support oneself with
one’s hand; (t) to place one’s hand
on her/him/it and support oneself |
+ppak- vv
ayappaqhaaq- (i) to fall and land on
one’s hands (to break the fall) |
+ppak- vv -qhaaq- vv
ayappiqtuk handrail; hand support on
wall in the entryway of a
traditional sod house | ‘=Iq-1 vv
+t/ruq1 vn
¤ayapqumiaq- or ayappaksimaaq-
(i) to help oneself along by
holding onto something moving,
as a sled » ataataga
ayapqumiaqłuni
uniaqhauramiñik pisuaġuuruq
my grandfather can walk outside
by holding on to a small basket
sled | -pqumiaq- vv
ayapqun something to lean on to
support one’s hands | +piq-vv
:un1vn
ayapqusillak- (t) to tell a supporting
story for the first story (so it can
be easy to remember) § “When
the story was over, it was always
said, ‘You can’t leave it standing
on one leg’” (Spencer: 384) |
+piq-vv :un1vn ‘=Iq-1nv -llak-1vv
ayapqutaq supporting story to a
legend » “aasii samma
piyumiñaġuma
ilavsaaġniaġiga;
ayapqutaqaqtuksrauniaġaluaq
tuaq uvva tape una naisiqhuni
piuq” (Nageak 1975: 99) [so
then if I can I will add a bit to it
(the legend); it should have a
supporting story here in this tape
but this tape is a bit short] |
+piq-vv
ayapqutillak or ayapqutiligaak (Nu)
two legends told with supporting
stories (it is believed in this way
that they will not be forgotten) |
-piq- vv :un1 vn -lik nn ‘-k2 nn
ayaqhaaq(-) string game; (i) to play a
string game, e.g., “cat’s cradle”;
(t) to tell it =story using string
figures » ayaqhaaqtuaq aġnaq
qiñiqtuannaraaġaat they are
enjoying watching the woman
play the string game |
+qhaaq(-) nn
ayak-2 (i) to begin moving ahead, proceed
112
ayaqhaaġnailaq something that
prevents you from playing string
games | +qhaaq(-) nn +naq(-) vn
:ilaq(-) nn § Aagruuk
ayaqhaakkiiq a spirit that plays string
games with its own intestines,
drawing them out of its mouth (it
is said that if a young person
plays string games to the extent
that they ignore their chores, the
ayaqhaakkiq will appear; this
story is told to discourage such
indulgent play)| +qhaaq(-) nn
perhaps -kkI- nv :Iq vn
ayaqhaaġun or ayaqhaun or
ayaġaaġun string used in telling
stories and making string figures |
+qhaaq(-) n :un1 vn
ayauppiaq or ayauppak walking
stick, crutch, cane, rod; (Ti)
vertical pole to support fish net,
one at each end » ayauppiaŋa
qairruŋ give me his cane |
-uq-2 vv - ppiaq vn or -ppak vv
ayauppiaġaq- (i) to move along with
the aid of a cane, crutch | -uq-2 vv
-ppiaq vn +aq-4 na
ayauppiq or ayauppiaq (Ti) walking
stick; vertical pole to support fish
net, one at each end | :uq-2 nv -
ppak- vv =IQ3 nn
ayyak vertical support posts of a
sleeping platform (in traditional
sod house) | ‘-k2 nn § see
Appendix 22
ayyauq- to push off (it =boat) from
the shore with a pole | ‘-k-2 nv
:uq-2 vv
ahead, start toward destination,
depart; (i) to push off in a boat; (t)
 to push, launch it = boat to sea »
ayaktut avva il avut look over
there, our relatives are proceeding
ahead § aullaq-
ayaa- (i) to proceed ahead together |
-a-1 vv
ayaksaaq- (i) to proceed into water;
(i) to take off in a boat; (i) to walk
into the water | +saaq-1 vv
ayaliŋniq (Ti) a performance where
each person in the boat or
walking with it along the beach
as they left Tikiġaq for the
summer “picked up a pebble
from the beach, touched his
forehead, each cheek, and his
stomach with it, then passed it
back to someone behind. Each
person …repeated this
performance; the last person to
receive it threw it back towards
the village. This was ayalingnik,
‘throwing behind them’ all
sickness and evil.” (Rainey: 265)
| -lik- vv +niQ1 vn
ayyaqi- (t) to chase it =animal in a
boat | ‘-qi- vv
ayaqqaaq- (Nu) the first one to begin
to play cards or dance to see if
others will follow | ±qqaaq-1 vv
ayak-3 (t) to reject it @ ayaksi- »
ayakkaa niqi naġġugivlugu he
rejected the food because he
didn’t like it || +sI-3 vv
ayaktuq-3 (t) to keep her/him/it away,
at a distance; (t) to not accept,
reject it | +tuq-2 vv
ayalik(-) traditional mid-winter
celebration where a new year is
shouted in with “hii-hii!
(Kisautaq: 64); (i) to yell
boisterously during a celebration
(used in plural only) » ayaliktut
nalukattat the people are
113
cheering during the whaling
festivities » uvluqtusimman
sunapayaaq
salummaanigmarruŋ
annuġaatchiaqłutiŋ
aniiqsuaġuurut, qitiktuaqłutiŋ.
Tavra-gguuq ayaliktut,
“hii-hiilavlutik isaaġiqłutik
iglunun when the daylight time
increases after they have cleaned
up everything, donning new
clothes, everyone spends time
outside playing games; it is said
that they yell loudly “hii-hii!” as
they weave in and out of houses
(1983 NSBHLC Calendar) |
-lik- vv
ayalu- (i) to collapse due to stress (of a
structure) » uniaŋi ayalurut his
sled collapsed (due to being
overloaded)
¤ayatqik (Nu) type of dog salmon which
is poisonous to certain species;
silver salmon; red salmon in
Colville that turn back to ocean
after swimming upstream
ayau- (i) to become blind » aġnaq
naŋitpaŋaqqaaqłuni ayauŋaruq
the woman became blind after
having been seriously ill
ayauppiak [ayauppiraq] sun dogs
(parhelia)
ayauppirriq- (t) to have sun dogs
form around sun » ayauppirriġaa
siqiñiq the sun has formed sun
dogs | ‘=Iq-1 nv
ayiupaq ice chipped off by ocean waves
(Harcharek: 12)
ayu- (i) to go on ahead, get a head start;
(i) to die » uqallaktuq aiñivlugu
 aġnaq ayuniaŋitpalugnivlugu he
said he came to fetch the woman
saying that he (another man)
probably would not die
ayuri- to have (her/him/it) get away
from one » ayuriruq he lost
something | +rI-3 vv
ayuuq- to make headway, progress
(on it); (i) to go far (of something
thrown) » ayuuqtuq savaamiñi
he is progressing in his work »
ayuuqtuulamaraa atikłiani
piisilluŋa she made good progress
on the parka while I was gone;
ayuuqłunuk
tammaaġaluaqtuguk by going
too far ahead, we got lost for a
while | .-q-1 vv or -uq-2 vv
ayuuqqi- (i) to be overdue; (i) to be
long past (of agreed upon time);
(t) to fail to do it at the appointed
time thereby having increasing
difficulty in finding the
opportunity to do it »
ayuuqqivluŋa tautugiallaiqsaġa
qaiŋaruaq ilisimagaluallaan
I had not gone over to see her
although I knew she had come,
because I found it hard to face her
| -uq-2 vv -qqI- vv
ayuaq(-) [ayuraq] boil, sore; to develop a
boil
ayuam iñua core of a boil » ayuam
iñua iluqaan piiqsuksrauruq the
entire core of the boil needs to
come out § iñuk
ayurriqi- to work on a (her/his) boil |
‘=Iqi-1 nv
ayuksraq piece of ice which does not
freeze to shore-fast ice and goes
out with ocean current
(Harcharek:12)
114
ayuksraq- (i) for water to flow over the
top of ice » “kuuk ayuksraqtuq;
imaq supiruq sikum qaaŋagun”
(Matumeak 2009) [the river flows
over the top of the ice; the water
flows on top of the ice]
ayuktaq(-) ball; (i) to play football »
ayuktaq aksraliktuq the ball
rolled » ayuktaqtut silami they
are playing ball outside |
+taq(-) nn § ayyutaaq-,
iluaqsuġaaq-, anauraġauraq-
ayuksiaq- (Nu) (i) to go play soccer »
“Aasii tavra ayuksiaġmata,
Maguula nivliqpaktuq, ‘Pagga
igniġum
qulautkaatigut.’…Then when
they went to play soccer,
Maguula gave a loud shout: ‘Up
there a big fire has passed over
us!’” (Elijah Kakinya as reported
by Bergsland 1987: 319, 326) |
‘=iaq- vv
ayupqaq (Ti) box, carton § kiguunniq
ayuq- to be in desperate need of (it); (t) to
be unable to obtain it by reaching
for it; (t) to be unable to reach,
keep up with her/him/it; (t) to be
unable to buy it for lack of money
» miqłiqtuuram ayuġaa
ayuktani qakinŋaruaq the child
is unable to get his ball which has
been placed on top of something |
perhaps +q-1 vv § ayu-
ayuġnaiq- (i) to become plentiful,
easy to catch (of game); to
become easier to obtain, get; (t) to
make it easier to reach, bring it
closer | +naq(-) vv, vn :Iq-2 vv
ayuġnaq- (i) to be scarce, hard to
catch (esp., of game animal);
difficult to obtain, get | +naq(-) vv
 ayuġri- (Ti) (t) to be unable to reach,
buy, catch up to it | +ġrI- nv, rv, vv
ayuqsraaŋit- to be able to obtain, get,
procure (it) without hardship »
“tavra niġrutinik
ayuqsraaŋitchuq, sumun
aŋuniaqsaqami taġiumullu
nunanmullu” (Nageak 1975:7)
[so he was able to get game
wherever he hunted in the ocean
or on land] | -qsraaq-vv ±ŋIt- vv
ayuqsrit- (t) to be unable to reach,
buy, or obtain it » ayuqsritkaa he
can’t reach it, can’t buy it, can’t
obtain it | +qsrI- vv +t-2 vv
*ayuq (root) behavioral pattern, habit
ayuġit- (i) to form a habit, a
behavioral pattern; (i) to habituate
oneself to doing something one
enjoys, e.g., visiting someone,
eating something | +[ġ]it- rv
ayuġiili- (i) to form a habit of doing
certain socially unacceptable acts;
(i) to develop a bad habit; (i) to
become carried away, become
excessive; (t) to cause, influence
her/him to acquire socially
unacceptable habits | +[ġ]it- rv
:Iq-2 vv -lI-2 vv
ayuġak- (i) to develop a habit; (i) to
become accustomed to something
» “iñukkiuvva sumik paqinnami
tavruŋallatusuuruq sumik
paqinnami” [so when a person
discovers an activity he enjoys, he
invariably enjoys returning to that
activity] (Aiken 2009) | +ġak- rv
ayuġaksaq- or ayuqqaksaq- (t) to
influence her/him/it to habituate to
something or become familiar
with someone » ayuġaksaġaa
inmiñun he is letting her get used
to him | +ġak- vv msaq-3 vv or
+[ġ]it- rv ~’ksaq- vv
115
ayuġisaq- (t) to tame an animal »
ayuġisaqsaġaa tiŋmiaġruk nu-
katpiaġruum the boy is trying to
tame the bird | +[ġ]it- rv msaq-3 vv
ayuqiqsuq- (t) to give her/him moral
instruction (between teaching and
scolding) » aŋutaiyaaq
ayuqiqsuġaa aŋaŋata the young
boy is being given moral
instruction by his uncle |
+Iqsuq- vv § alġaqsruq-
ayuqiqsuun good teaching, lesson
» ayuqiqsuutiŋi tamarra
aŋayuqaapta, ilisatiŋ
aŋayuqaamiŋniñ those are the
good teachings of our parents,
which they learned from their
parents | +Iqsuq- vv :un1 vn
ayuvsaq- (i) to obtain food for one’s
family from others » “talvaasii
qaunnaqtuaqsivlutik,
niqinilgillu
 tik suli
ayuvsaaġmiñik” (Kiligvuk: 1)
[then they began to eat the
caribou fat, now that they had
something to eat which he had
obtained from others for his
family] § piatchiaq-
ayyai (excl.) that was close! almost!
ayyai- (i) to reject something
ayyaqi- (t) to round up, chase it =animal
in a boat < ayak-2
ayaqqaaq- (Nu) the first one to begin
playing cards or dancing to see if
others will follow < ayak-2
ayyutaaq- (i) to play ice hockey (similar
Iñupiaq game); golf »
“ayyutaaġnaqtuq tainnaptuaq;
ayyutaaġnaqtuq annaniglu
ayuktauraitchuni” [one could
 play hockey for days; one even
played hockey with frozen
droppings when one had no ball]
(Aiken 2009)
CH
chach or chatchii (excl.) very good!
chi jee (right turn command to dogs)
H of caribou meat | +piaq(-)1 vv
haaŋ or hii or haw or ha haw (left turn
command to dogs)
haiy? what? huh? eh?
hauk(-) (excl.) oh, I am so tired!; (Ti) to
be depressed and tired
I
i (excl.) oops!; oh oh!
iaqi (excl.) don’t! § ñiaq, aŋŋuu(ŋ), tavra
iga(-) kitchen; (t) to cook it =food »
igluata igaŋa mikiŋuluktuq the
cooking area of her house is very
small » tuttu taigña igasaġiñ you
should cook that caribou which is
over there » igatqugaa
microwave-kun she wants it
cooked in the microwave §
kukiu-, igniqauq-, argiq-,
silakkuaq-, see Appendix 22
igaaksraq meat prepared for cooking
» igaaksraqaġvik puggutaq
platter for meat prepared for
cooking | ±aq1 vn +ksraq(-) nn
igaapiaq boiled meat | ±aq1 vn
-piaq(-)1 nn, nv
116
igaaq [igaraq] boiled food, cooked
food, food which is being cooked
» igaamik ugruŋmik aitchuġaa
nukaaluni she gave her younger
sibling some cooked bearded seal
meat | ±aq1 vn
igamaaqłuk partly dried meat cooked
and stored in seal oil | +maaq- nn
+qłuk(-) nn, vv
igapiaq- to cook it =meat by boiling
» tuttuviñiq igapiaġlugu
qitiġusiuġaqsiruq she is going to
prepare lunch by boiling a piece
igaraq- (Ti) to cook (it =blubber) to
make oil » igaraqtuq uġrumik
(Kuugmiut;Kotzebue) she is
cooking blubber to make oil |
1
mt/raq- vv § pivsiraaq
igari cook, chef | mt/ri vn
igarriq- (i) to put meat in a pot over a
fire to cook; (t) to put meat to
cook in it =boiling water | ±aq1 vn
‘=Iq-1 nv
igauġun or iggan or iggavik cooking
container » igauġun imiġmik
imaqaġniqsuaq tautukkaa she
saw the cooking pot which was
obviously full of water | :uq-2 vv
:un1 vn or ‘ti1 vn or ‘+vIk1 vn
Igauqtut(-) or ¤Igautaġvik (Ti) third
and last day of whaling festival
(Nalukataq) where specific parts
of a whale which have been saved
for the occasion are cooked ; (i) to
celebrate the Igautaġvik | perhaps
-utaq- vv +vIk1 vn § Qakirut,
QagruġvIk, Avarriqirut
igauq- or igautaq- to cook
continuously or for a long time »
qalgimigni nalukataġuurut
igauŋaiġmata nalukatautinik
atuuraaqłutik they hold the
whaling blanket toss at their
ceremonial houses after the
cooking is done, singing
 traditional blanket tossing songs
(Kineeveauk, 2008) | :uq2-vv or -
utaq- vv
igauttat tripod for suspending a
cooking pot » “utkusium
niviŋŋaviŋi” [it’s what is used to
hang the pot] (Aiken 2009) |
+ttaq(-) vn
igavaun earthen cooking pot (Kobuk
style) | -vak- vv +un1 vn § ukkusik
iggavik place for a cooking fire;
cooking container; kitchen »
iggavikun argiġaa tuttu she is
roasting caribou over the fire at
the cooking place | ‘+vIk1 vn
iggaviksraq foundation pit (for
kitchen of sod house) | ‘+vIk1 vn
-ksraq(-) nn § see Appendix 22
igaliq skylight, window; seal net placed
horizontally under a seal’s
breathing hole; (Nu) four (at
cards) | -liQ nn § pigaaqsiun,
kuvraq § see Appendix 22
igalaaq skylight; four (at cards); seal
net » igalaaliuġuuŋarut ugruit
iŋaluaŋiññiñ they used to make
skylights from bearded seal
intestines; “igalaaliuġuurut
aŋiqpaŋitchuanik nannunun
isiġumiñaiqługit” (Kaveolook
1975: 4) [they made the skylights
small enough to prevent the polar
bears from entering] | -laaq nn
igalaaksraq outer membrane of the
intestine of walrus, bearded seal
used for making skylight | -laaq nn
-ksraq(-) nn, nv
igalaq- (Ti) “ A method of seal
hunting known as igalaq
(skylight) was also practiced
during the spring, when
breathing holes were large
enough for seals to emerge on the
ice. A square net, made of sinew
or rawhide thongs, was set
117
horizontally some distance below
one of the seal holes, with the
four corners attached to lines that
passed up through four small
holes excavated about the
opening.” (Rainey: 264)
igalauraq glass window; four (at
cards); lens of eye; (Nu) eardrum |
-liQ nn :uraq nn
igammiaq- (i) to carry something in one’s
arms; (t) to carry her/him/it using
one’s arms § tigumiaq-, niġumiaq-
iggaġriq [iggaġrIq] or (Nu) iyyaġriq
[iyyaġrIq] black bear (Ursus
americanus)
iggiaġiiliq- (i) to get a sore throat < ii-2
iggiaġiit- (i) to have a sore throat < ii-2
iggiaġiksaq- (i) to clear one’s throat
< ii-2
iggianŋu- (i) to have an acute sore throat
< ii-2
iggiaq throat, gullet, esophagus; (Nu)
narrow entry (neck) of fish trap
< ii-2
iggiakuaqtaq pharyngeal consonant
< ii-2
¤iggiaqasiraaq- (Ti) (i) to be hoarse,
barely able to talk < ii-2
iggiaqasiraq- (i) to make a noise from the
throat < ii-2
¤iggiilġiraaq- (Ti) (i) to make a hoarse
sound, of someone losing her/his
voice < ii-2
iggiiluktaq- (i) to sound hoarse < ii-2

iggiiq- or iggiagiq- (i) to become hoarse,
to lose one’s voice < ii-2
iggiit- (i) to be hoarse, barely able to talk
< ii-2
igguun tube for transferring liquids,
siphon; drinking straw; sryinge <
iguk-
igiłhaq grapnel, grappling hook at end of
line, commonly used for retrieving
seals | +łhaq nn § igit-, manaq,
sapaŋiak
igiłhaqtuun line for seal retrieving
hook | +łhaq nn +tuq-3 nv +un1 vn
igimaq iron rod for harpoon shaft;
“‘Loose Shaft’ of Seal Spear (i’-
gi-mú).” (Murdoch as reported
by Ray 1885: 72) | perhaps
+maq rn
igirraq Sabine’s Gull (Xema sabini)
igit-1 to render its oil (of blubber); (i) to
turn to grease by frying (of fat or
blubber); (t) to render it =fat or
blubber into oil; (t) to desalinate
sea ice through a process of slow
melting » misiġarriaġa uvva
igitkaniŋaruq the blubber I’d set
out for seal oil has turned to oil
already » igitchiaġaa siku she is
letting the sea ice drip (leaving the
salt behind through evaporation)
iginniq rendered oil, grease produced
by rendering fat or blubber |
+nniQ vn
igit-2 (t) to discard it; (t) to abandon
her/him/it; (t) to cast her/him out
of the home @ igitchi- || +sI-3 vv
igitchivik trash can » igitchivium
imaŋi naavitchaqtukki
118
iqqaivigmun you go dump the
contents of the trash can into the
dumpster| +sI-3 vv +vIk1 vn
igitqataq- (i) to continue throwing it
away, to continue discarding it |
+qataq- vv
iksi-1 (i) to take things to the dump; to
throw things away; (Ti) to toss,
throw gifts to the crowd at the
whaling festival while being
tossed in the blanket toss, as the
first captain to catch a whale; a
woman tosses gifts at the blanket
toss to celebrate having a baby
boy that year | =sI-3 vv §
paatchuk-, ivayaq-
iksi-2 (t) to throw away her/his things;
to abandon, cast her/him/it out »
Aalaagum iksigaa Siġmiaq
suġauttaŋiñik aalaak threw
Siġmiaq's belongings away |
:I-7 vv
iksiqi- (i) to rummage for things at the
dump; (i) to work at the dumpsite |
:aq4 vn ‘=Iqi- nv
iksivik or iktaqaġvik dump;
dumpster » iksivigmuktuat akku
they went to the dump a while ago
» iktanun aatkaniktaŋi suaqłuit
he already took the trash to the
dump | +sI-3 vv +vIk1 vn or :aq4 vn
-t nn :aq4 vn -qaq- vv +vIk1 vn
iktaq something thrown away; trash,
discarded item; outcast person »
iktamik atiginnaŋaruŋa
iksiaqama I acquired a thrown-
away parka when I went to the
dump | :aq4 vn
iglaq- (i) to laugh » iglaġnak akkupak
don’t laugh now
iglaġuksaaq- (t) to try to make
her/him laugh @ iglaġuksaaqłiq-
» iglaġuksaaġaluaġiga
ipiqtusuktuq suli although I tried
to make him laugh, he is still
 feeling sad | +[s]uk-1 vv +saaq-2 vv
|| ±kłIq- vv :I-4 vv
iglaġuŋnaġasugi- to think or believe
that someone is laughable,
hilarious | +[s]ugnaq- vv
+asugi- vv
iglaġuŋnaq- (i) to be laughable, cause
laughter | +[s]ugnaq- vv
iglaġusuk- (i) to grin; (i) to be unable
to keep from smiling »
iglaġusullaġmi sagluniluktuaq
ilisimanapaluktuq one could
really tell he was trying to lie
because he couldn’t keep himself
from smiling | +[s]uk-1 vv
+suk-2 vv
iglaġutchak- (i) to become amused
and start laughing; (t) to make
her/him laugh » iglaġutchakłuni
maġauraqtuani akiitchuq the
player lost because he burst out
laughing at a game where
participants shout “maq” and
attempt to remain sober-faced
while one participant tries to make
the other participants laugh |
+[s]uk-2 vv +tchak- vv
iglaŋa- or iglaŋaaq- to smile (at
her/him) | ±ŋa- vv ±ŋaaq(-) vv
iglaŋailla iq- (i) to be unable to stop
laughing | ±ŋaillaiq- vv
iglaqhaqtaq- (i) to laugh loudly in
succession | +łhaq- vv t/raq-1 vv
iglaqhauraq- (i) to giggle »
iglaqhauraqtuam
maliksuktitkaatigut the person
who was giggling had us giggling
too | perhaps +łhaq- vv -uraq- vv
iglaqhuaq- (i) to explode with
laughter, burst out laughing »
iglaqhuaqtuam
qukiqqayaġaaŋa the person who
burst out laughing almost
deafened me | -qhuaq- vv
iglautigi- (t) to laugh at, about
her/him/it @ iglautikłiq- »
119
iglautigitquŋitkaa
qanusiġaġaluaqpan he asked that
she not be laughed at no matter
what she does | :uti1 vn +[g]i- nv ||
+kłIq- vv
*iglik (root) loveable, endearing, cute,
cuddly
igligi- (t) to express or show affection
or endearment for her/him/it; (Ti)
(t) to flirt with her/him/it »
tautuqqaaqapku uyuġuga
igligipalukkiga when I first saw
my niece she was so cute I wanted
to show my affection for her |
+[g]i- rv
iglignaq- (i) to be loveable, cute,
cuddly » iglignapaluktuq
aatauraqpiñ paniuraŋa your
older sister’s little daughter is very
cute | +[g]i- rv +naq(-) vv
igliksraq- (i) to find someone or
something so loveable that one
feels like hugging it | +qsraq- rv
igliksraq a good place to set a seal net |
-ksraq(-) nn
igliq- or iglau- (i) to be travelling; (i) to
be running, idling (of a
machine/engine); (t) to travel it =
distance » iglauruaq qagma
qamun the car is idling out there |
-u-2 vv
iglaaliñaaŋit- (i) to not receive
travelers, guests on a regular basis
» “iglaaliġniqpuguk imani; iii,
iglaaliñaaŋitchuguk;
iglaaliqqammiñaaŋitchuguk;
tavra iglaalilgitchuguk”
(Nageak 1975: 50) [finally we
have visitors; we do not regularly
receive visitors; we have not
recently received visitors; so now
we have received visitors] |
-lIq-1 nv -naaq- vv ±ŋIt- vv
iglaaq [iglaraq] traveler; newly
arrived guest; stranger »
iglaaniktilaaŋannik
tusaapqaqami iglaaliaqtuq as
soon as he heard they had visitors,
he went over to see them | ±aq1 vn
iglaaliq- (i) to get visitors | -lIq-1 nv
iglait- or iglarrit- (i) to have visitors
come unexpectedly | ‘=It-2 nv or
±aq1 vn ‘=It-2 nv
iglauqan traveling companion |
-u-2 vv ±qan1 vn
iglauruaq established program |
+t/ruaq vn
iglauyaaq path or route | -u-2 vv
+yaaq2 vn
igliġaq or (Ti) igliġiaq1 krill
(Euphasia spp. ), small shrimp |
+aq1 vn § naulayuuraq
igliġaun motorized vehicle, e.g., car,
truck, snowmobile | +aq-1 vv
:un1 vn § qamun
igliġiaq2 route | +iaq1 vn
igliġniq- (Ti) (i) to travel with ocean
current (of ice) | +nIq-2 vv §
saġvaqsiiraaq-
igliġutiksraŋa savaam budget |
+un1 vn -ksraq(-) vn -ŋa nn
igliġvik a trail; road | +vIk1 nn
Igliiliġvik (Nu) the month of March
(so named because it is the time of
year when ptarmigan travel) |
:Iq-2 vv -lIq-1 vv +vIk1 vn §
Paniqsiqsiivik
igliqtit- (t) to maintain, keep it
operational » igliqtitkaa-suli
aapami nappaaŋa he is still
maintaining the establishment his
father built | mtit-1 vv
igliqtuaqpasaŋit- (i) to not travel a
great distance » “aisaqhutik
igliqtuaqpasaŋitchut, uiñiġ-
manna, uisanigniġai, uiññiġai”
(Nageak 1975: 17) [on the way
home, they had not traveled for
very long, when they saw that the
120
water had risen; it had already
taken them; it had taken them] |
+tuaq- vv +pasaŋIt- vv
iglisiq or iglisit (Ti) bench in qalgi (men’s
house) along wall; sleeping
platform planks placed along the
back wall of a sod house; platform
on which snow is placed to melt
and drip into a water container »
iglisini nalaruaq ilisaġiŋitchaġa
I did not recognize the one lying
on the sleeping platform | perhaps
-siq nn § igliQ, pallitchat
iglu(-) house, dwelling, building; (t) to
build a structure over it
iglualuk old house | -aluk nn
igluġruaq old sod house | +ġruaq nn
igluliuti- (t) to have it =house for
one’s house » iñuum iglua
igluliutigaa the person’s house
became his house | -liuti- nv
igluluaġruk site (usually a mound of
tundra) of an ancient house |
+luk nn +aġruk nn
igluqatigiit household; family unit |
±qati vn +[g]iit vn
igluqpak frame house; large building
| +qpak(-) nn, vv
Igluqpaurat Browerville, a suburb of
Barrow, Alaska » Saalialuum
igluqpaŋa atchiutigiŋagaat
Igluqpauranun Utqialgviŋñi old
man Charlie’s big house is what
Browerville is named after in
Barrow | +qpak(-) nn :uraq nn
-t nn
iglusiyumalaaqtuaq prospective
home buyer | +sI-2 nv
+[y]umalaaq- vv +t/ruaq vn -t nn
iglusugrualuk a huge, old house |
-sugruk(-) nn -aluk nn
iglutchiaq1 new house | +tchiaq(-) nn,
nv
¤iglutchiaq2 (Ti) storage area in
 entrance tunnel of sod house |
+tchiaq nn
iglutiq- (i) to move into a house after
living in another type of dwelling
such as a tent; (t) to move
her/him/it into a house »
iglutiqtuami unnugman I moved
into the house yesterday |
+tiq-1 nv
iglutuq- (i) to live in a house |
+tuq-3 nv
igluuralik fabric, paper or any other
kind of material with a checkered
pattern » igluuraligmik
kalikumik tauqsiqsuaq
talukiyaaksramiñik she bought
some checkered material to make
into curtains | :uraq nn -lik nn
iglaaq crosspiece (of floor, sled, boat);
rear cross beam (of kayak); keel
brace (of an umiak) »
aulayaitkutaat igl aat support
ridge for rear cross beams (of
kayak)§ apuġun, ataaġun,
ayaaġun, (Ti)¤nanmit, see
Appendices 16 & 17
iglak (Nu) a pus-filled growth located on
the side of cheek or elsewhere
iglaŋmiutchiq- (Nu) (i) to develop a
growth | ÷miutaq nn ‘=Iq-1 nv
igliq [igliQ] sleeping platform, bench
along the entire back wall of a sod
house § akin, see Appendix 22
igliġit rafters | :It nn § iglisiq
igliq- [iglIq] (i) to move aside and avoid
something coming at one; (i) to
get out of the way; (t) to avoid
being hit by it by moving aside »
iġñauraŋa iglipqauraqtuq
qamun tikiñŋaiñŋaan her little
son barely got out of the way
before the car came; iġñauraŋan
121
iglipqauraġaa qamun her little
son barely got out of the way of
the car | perhaps ‘=Iq-1 § iglu(-)
igliaġaq- (i) to repeatedly move aside
to avoid a moving object coming
at one; to repeadedly get out of the
way » “igliaġaqtuat; ulugiattuat;
ulugiaġaqtuat; pitchailiraqtuat”
(Matumeak 2009) [those who
repeatedly get out of the way to
avoid a moving object; those that
are sidestepping to avoid an
object; those that keep side-
stepping an object to avoid being
hit; those who are trying not to be
the target] | -aġaq- vv
igliqsit- (t) to prevent her/him/it from
being hit by moving her/him/it
aside | mtit-1 vv
iglit [iglIt] ptarmigan without hair under
claws (Kisautaq: 649) § aqargiq
iglu(-) the other, the mate, as in a pair of
mittens or boots; (i) to be provided
with a companion or a partner; (t)
to provide her/him/it with a
partner, companion, or a
complement » iglua mattuma
kamŋum nauŋ where is the mate
of this boot § aippaq
igluaq- (i) to miss the mark, going to
one side of it; (t) to pass right by
it, missing it; (t) to land to one
side of it; (t) to omit her/him/it |
+aq-4 nv
iglugiik(-) paired items; a pair; (i) to
be a pair | +[g]iik(-) nv, nn
iglukisaaġun or (Ti) iglukusaaġun
something with which one can
juggle | +kisaaq(-) nv, nn :un1 vn
iglugiit (Ti) paired competitors, two
teammates paired in a competition
» “igl ugiit avva qairut;
ilaaluġiit” (S. Tuzroyluke 2009)
[here come the paired
 competitors; the partners] |
+[g]iik/t nn § illuġiit
iglukisaaq(-) or (Ti) iglukusaaq(-) a
juggling game; (i) to juggle, keep
two or more objects in the air at
the same time, catching and
tossing the objecs with the hands
in quick succession » atuutinik
iglukisaaġutinik ilisimaviñ do
you know any juggling songs |
+kisaaq(-) nv, nn
igluktun with both hands | -k2 nn
+tun (sim.)
igluktuulik double-edged knife,
double-bladed axe » igluktuulgit
sunun atuġuuŋavatigik what did
they use the double-edged knives
for | -k2 nn +tuq-3 nv :un1 vn
-lik nn
igluktuuq- to do something (to it)
using both hands » igluktuuqtuq
he is using both hands | -k2 nn
+tuuq- vv
iglunnak- (Nu) (i) to recruit a partner,
a companion or a helper; (i) to
obtain half of something,
especially of a catch made by
more than one hunter | -nnak- nv §
avvannak-, niŋiq-
igluŋŋuq- (i) to be one half of a
whole or of a set; to be a half-
moon » tatqiq igluŋŋuqtuq
there’s a half-moon;
“sunapayaaq avvaŋŋuġman
igluŋŋuġnisuummigaat; argait
igluksrat aasii iluġaagnik
iglugiik” [they refer to anything
that has become half of what it
used to be as being half of a
whole; one hand is a half set and
both of them are a pair] (Aiken
2009) | ±ŋŋuq-2 nv § quppaŋŋuq-
iglupiaġaq- (i) to use a pistol; (t) to
shoot at her/him/it with a pistol |
+piaq(-)2 nn -aq-10 nv
122
iglupiaġaun or iglupiaġauraq pistol |
+piaq(-)2 nn +aq-10 vv :un1 vn or
+piaq(-)2 nn perhaps +aq7 vv
:uraq vn
iglupiaq one hand (anatomical); one
of a pair of anything |
+piaq(-)2 nn, nv
iglupiaqtalik one that has one of a
pair, e.g., a one-antler caribou,
one-armed man; single sod house
(Nunamiut style sod houses were
sometimes paired, sharing one
entrance) | +piaq(-)2 nn, nv
+taq vn -lik nn § akilliġii
Iglupiaqtalik [lit. “one with a pair”]
perhaps a combination of
constellations Orion, Auriga, and
Gemini; “The turf house
(iglupeaqtalik) is a combination of
the constellations Orion, Auriga,
and Gemini.” (Ingstgad: 209)
iglupiaqtaqłik (Nu) rectangular sod
house with entrance along one
side (Ingstad:158
“iglupiaqtaqlik”) | -piaq(-)2 nn
+t/raq vn perhaps +lik nn §
akilliġii, sivunmuktaq
iglupiaqtaq- to run or operate (it)
with only one of a pair of
necessary parts, e.g., with one of
two cylinders because of fouled
spark plugs » iglupiaqtaqtuq
tiŋŋun the airplane is operating
on one engine | +piaq(-)2 nn
+[t]aq-2 vv § iglupiaqtaliq-
iglusuk rival | +suk2 nn, vn
igluvaq- (i) to move aside; (t) to move
him/her/it out of the way of
something dangerous |
+vaq- vv, rv
iglut bundle of five (often of ducks) |
-t nn § iglu (based on five fingers
of the other hand)
iglutuq- to bear, endure (her/him/it) @
iglutui- » il aŋitqigaaqtuaq
ikpaksraapak aġnaq
iglutuilguruq the woman who
repeatedly lost relatives these past
few days endures grief well |
+tuq-3 nv || :I-4 vv
igniġnaq stretch of smooth ice parallel to
shore located between the
offshore pressure ice ridges and
beach » igniġnakun aivluta
sukattugut by traveling on the
smooth ocean ice between
pressure ridges and beach, we
made good time getting home |
perhaps +naq1 vn
igniġilaq [lit.“one without a fire”] sailing
vessel < iki-2
igniġilaq atausilik one-masted sailing
vessel < iki-2
igniġun percussion cap; primer < iki-2
2
igniġuq- (i) to become fire < iki-
igniġuula- or iŋniġuula- (i) to throw out
sparks < iki-2
igniġuuqpatit- or iŋniġuuqpatit- (i) to
strike (of lightning); to spark once
< iki-2
igniġuuqpatitaq- (i) to strike more than
once (of lightning) < iki-2
igniġvik stove < iki-2
igniksraq or igniġutiksraq primer
(explosive material e.g.,
gunpowder); kindling < iki-2
123
igniksraqaġvik or igniġutiksraqaġvik
(Nu) primer, gunpowder horn
(made of sheep’s horn) < iki-2
igniksriqsiññaq tool used for scraping
skins during the tanning process
(Kisautaq: 649) | +siññaq vn
igniligauraq inboard motor boat < iki-2
ignilik motor propelled vessel, motor-
driven ship < iki-2
igniñ or iŋniñ flint, stone used to create a
spark and ignite fire; fire starter <
iki-2
igniq fire < iki-2
igniqauġvik place to have an outdoor fire
< iki-2
igniqauq- or inŋiqauq- (i) to build a fire
outside; a campfire < iki-2
igniqauqpatit- to spark once < iki-2
igniqauqtuq Steller’s Eider (Somateria
stelleri)
igniqpalliaq- to strike, of lightning < iki-2
igniqpalliaġaq- (i) to strike repeatedly, of
lightning; (i) to make a fire flare
up (to attract attention) < iki-2
igniqpatit- (i) to make a spark < iki-2
igniqsuq- or iŋniqsuq- (i) to build a fire
in a stove; (t) to build a fire in it
=stove or fireplace; (t) to build a
fire in a stove in it =dwelling <
iki-2
igniqsuun bow drill < iki-2
igniqutaiyaq- (i) to have a broken engine
< iki-2
igniqutit outboard motor; car engine;
power plant < iki-2
igniqutitaq- (i) to use an outboard motor
< iki-2
igniquurraaq- (i) to break (of engine); (t)
to break it’s engine < iki-2
ignisailaq Boreal Chickadee (Poecile
hudsonicus) | perhaps -laq nn
ignisik a pair of iron pieces used to spark
and start a fire (Kisautaq: 649)
< iki-2
ignisiq or iŋnisiq flint, firestone < iki-2
igniuqti engineer on train < iki-2
igña [dual ikkuak, pl. ikkua] (dem. abs.
pron.) the one over there
(restricted and visible) < °Ik1
igñik(-) sharp point; (t) to sharpen it
igñiun pencil sharpener | :un1 vn
igruiqqaq (Ti) lump (as in flour) |
-qqaq nn
igruiqqaiyaun (Ti) flour sifter |
-qqaq nn :Iyaq- nv :un1 vn
igruk testicle; beaver scent gland
igruiq- (t) to castrate it/him | :Iq-2 nv
igruma [dual ikkuak , pl. ikkua] that one
over there (restricted and visible)
< °Ik1
igrumani [dual ikkugnagni, pl. ikkunani]
located with t hat one over there
(restricted and visible)
< °Ik1
124
igrumaŋŋa [dual ikkugnaŋŋa, pl.
ikkunaŋŋa] from that one over
there (restricted and visible)
< °Ik1
igrumatun [dual ikkugnaktun, pl.
ikkunatitun] like that one over
there (restricted and visible)
< °Ik1
igrumiŋa [dual ikkugniŋa, pl. ikkuniŋa]
that one over there (restricted and
visible) < °Ik1
igrumuŋa [dual ikkugnuŋa, pl. ikkunuŋa]
to that one over there (restricted
and visible) < °Ik1
igrumuuna [dual ikkugnuuna, pl.
ikkunuuna] via that one; in the
company of that one over there
(restricted and visible) < °Ik1
igruŋnaq rose hip | +naq1 nn § igruk
igruq- to stiffen with rigor mortis (of a
corpse); to clot, congeal,
coagulate » igruaniŋamaruaq
timaa paqinnaptigu unnuatqik
his body had already become stiff
by the time we found him the
night before last
*igu (root) looseness; an unraveling
igumit- (i) to become unraveled,
untangled, loosened; (i) to become
frayed; (t) to untie, untangle, take
it apart @ igumitchi- » asiġma
marra isua igumittuq the edge of
my sleeve is fraying » siqiñġuraq
igumitqaaqługu iviqtillaiġaa
after taking the clock apart, he
can’t put it back together again |
+mit- vv || +sI-3 vv § aŋivit-,
aŋivraq-
 iguptaq frayed edge, frayed edge of
rope | +vit- vv ±aq1 vn
iguvit- (i) to become uncoiled,
unwound; (t) to uncoil, unwind it
@ iguvsi- | +vit- vv || +sI-3 vv §
igumit-, aŋivit-
iguvsiñ screwdriver | +vit- vv =sI-3 vv
‘ti1 vn
iguk- to suck (it); (i) to suck air or liquid
inward with pursed lips »
aġnaiyaaq igunmun
uviñŋiuqsraġuumaruaq I found
out the girl whistles inward
igguun siphon; drinking straw;
syringe; by extension “baleen
jaws” of the whale » “Ii,
tuŋimnun… pigaluaqtuq
igliqsigiga. (Ii.) Aasii Charlie
Ned una[,] iguunmiñik
siqumillagruaqługu
paunatchisugruagun imaq…
kurraġuaqsaġataaqsiruq
immamun.” (Bodfish: 239) [yes,
it came towards me but I step
aside (and it missed me); then
Charlie Ned (not able to escape
the whale’s path and), because it
had broken the ice some distance
towards shore from the water with
its baleen jaws, began to plunge
slowly into the water] | ‘-k-2 vv
:un1 vn
iguksi- (i) to take a sip through a
straw; to suck once on something
» iguksipkaġnagu killiqaqtuq
qaqłumigun don’t let him take a
sip, he has a sore on his lip |
+sI-3 vv § imiQ(-), uuk-
igusiġaq- (i) to hiccup | -siġaq- vv §
iisuġaq-, tipsulliq-
igutchaq bumblebee » iiqinii,
igutchaum niviuġaatigut yikes,
there’s a bumblebee circling us |
+tchaq n
125
igutchatchiaq warble fly
(Oedemagena tarandi) (Rausch,
2009 personal communication)
igutchaqpak kapputilik scorpion |
+tchaq n +qpak(-) nn
iguun proboscis; mosquito stinger;
drinking straw » kiktuġiam
iguutaa hii paugnimni hey, look
at this stinger on my mosquito bite
| :un1 vn
iguunnaq vacuum cleaner | -unnaq vn
igurvik temporal bone; temple of head |
perhaps +vIk1 nn § see
Appendices 20 & 21
igvik (Ti) pocket § aiñiq
igviġruq- (Ti) (i) to reach into one’s
pocket; (t) to reach into her/his
pocket | -ġruq- vv § aiñiqsruq-,
kau-
igviksimaaq- (Ti) (i) to put one’s
hands (into it =pocket(s)) |
+simaaq- nv § kaumaaq-
igviksiuq- (Ti) to pick (her/his)
pocket | +siuq- nv
igviksiuqti (Ti) a pickpocket |
+siuq- nv mt/ri vn
iġaaq (Ti) legendary wild baby, with a
mouth that extends from ear to ear
§ makkaqpaligauraq, aaġaayiq,
iiġaaq
iġġi [iġġI] or iġġiq mountain » iġġiñun
imnaiqsiuġiaŋarut they have
gone sheep hunting in the
mountains
iġġiilġuq [lit. “an area with no
mountains”] a flatland in the
mountains | :It-1 nv -lġuq vn
iġġiqsiuq- (i) to walk, travel through
mountains | +siuq- nv
iġġiuraq (Nu) small mountain |
:uraq nn
*iġI1 (root) uvular sound
iġiala- (i) to yell, shout, holler »
uumaa iġialaŋaiġiñ hey you, quit
yelling | -ala- rv
iġñaq or iġiña or iġña voice | +na(q)
rn
iġñaġik- (i) to have a good singing
voice | +[g]Ik- nv
iġi- (i) to have one’s hair fall out, to lose
one’s hair
iġisaaq or iġitchaaq plucked bird »
aapaga qaugaktullaturuq
iġitchaanik my father loves to eat
plucked ducks | msaq-3 vv ±aq1 vn
or +tchaq- vv ‘-aq1 vn
iġisaqsiġiaq- or iġitchaqsiġiaq- (i) to
be easy to pluck (of fowl) |
+siġiaq- vv
iġisaqsiġiit- or iġitchaqsiġiit- (i) to
be difficult to pluck (of fowl) |
+siġiaq- vv :It-1 vv
iġisaq- or iġitchaq- to pluck (it =a
dead bird); to remove (it) fur from
a spring skin » una qaugak
iġisaqtuuraġuŋ anilutin
tupiġmiñ go outside the tent and
pluck this duck’s feathers |
3
msaq- vv or +tchaq- vv
iġitchakut feathers plucked from a
bird; fur removed from a skin »
makkua iġitchakut tilaikkit
siamitpaŋaiñŋaisa sweep up
these feathers before they get all
over the place | +tchaq- vv -kut vn
*iġi2 (root) moisture
iġivit- to become wrinkled, of skin
which has been immersed in water
» qallugauraqiqama argatka
iġivitchuurut when I wash
dishes, my hands always get
wrinkled | +vit- vv
iġġuġvik sink, washbasin | ‘-q-1 rv
+vIk1 vn
126
iġġuq- (i) to be rinsed, washed; (t) to
rinse, wash it @ iġġuqsi- »
taaptuma utkusialuum ilua
iġġuqtuqqaaġlugu atuqsaġiñ
rinse out the inside of that old pot
first, then use it | ‘-q-1 rv || +sI-3 vv
iġġuqsivik washtub, basin for rinsing
things | +sI-3 vv +vIk1 vn
iġġuutit mop | ‘-q-1 rv -uti1 vn -t nn §
tilautit
iġimniq low, swampy land |
+mniQ rn
iġlik- (i) to be selfish, stingy
iġligi- (t) to be selfish, stingy with
her/him/it @ iġliksri- | +[g]i- vv
~srI- vv
iġlitu- (i) to be stingy, selfish by
nature » piuraaqatigisulaitkiga
iġlituvluni I don’t like to play
with him because he is so selfish |
-tu- vv
iġmak- (i) to bring one’s legs up against
one’s body; (i) to make a fist; (t)
to bring them (legs) up against
one’s body; to close it =hand
tightly
iġnigluq crushed, thin, young ice found in
ice cracks (Harcharek: 12)
*iġnu (root) bulk
iġnukłi- (t) to fold it, making it less
bulky » iġnukłigaa he folded
it and made it occupy less
space | -kłI- vv
iġnutu- (i) to be bulky, take too much
space | +tu- rv
iġñiq [iġñiQ] son » mikiniŋaniñ taikka
iġñini aŋuniaġniġmik
ilisautiŋagaa he has taught his
son how to hunt ever since he was
a little boy
iġñaaluk a dear son » “qunŋutaun”
(Matumeak 2009) [a term of
endearment] | -aluk n § iġñiQ
iġñaaq core of wood, shoot of plant,
heart of tree » iġñaaniktut marra
nautchiatka my plants are getting
some new shoots | -aq2 nn
iġñi- (i) to give birth to a child »
aatauraġa unnuaq iġñimaruaq
aŋutaiyaamik I found out that my
older sister gave birth to a boy last
night | ‘=I-1 nv § iva-
iġñiaq child, offspring | ‘=I-1 nv
±aq1 vn
iġñiayaaq(-) premature baby or
infant; (i) to miscarry during a
pregnancy » iġñiayaaġaqtuq
qitunġaqaġukpaŋitkumilu-asu
as much as she longs for children,
she always miscarries | ‘=I1 nv
±aq1 vn -yaaq-1 vv § piayaaq
iġñiġiik son and a parent | +[g]iik/t nn
iġñiila- to say iġñiiŋ “son” repeatedly
(to him) | ila- nv
iġñiñiġluk- to die at childbirth (of the
mother) » iġñiñiġluutaa taavva
tiguaŋagaat her offspring, whose
birth was the cause of her death, is
now adopted | ‘=I-1 nv -niġluk- vv
iġñiksraq step-son | -ksraq(-) nn
iġñiliuq- (Nu) to impregnate a woman
with a male child (of a man)|
-liuq- nv
iġñipkairi or (Ti) iġnirualiqiri
midwife » iġñipkairi aggiuŋ
qilamik go get the midwife, hurry
| ‘=I-1 nv +pkaq-1 vv :I-4 vv
mt/ri vn
iġñiruaqtuqtuq (Ti) a charm which
“work with things of a woman at
childbirth ” or during
menustration (Rainey: 272) |
‘=I-1 nv +t/ruaq vn +tuq-3 nv
+t/ruq5 vn
127
iġñisuk- (i) to be in labor, be about to
give birth | ‘=I-1 nv +suk-2 vv §
quŋuaqtuqtuq
iġñisuliq- (i) (Ti) to begin labor (of a
woman giving birth) | ‘=I-1 nv
+suk-2 vv -lIq-3 vv
Iġñivik [lit. “time when caribou give
birth”] month of June » aŋŋutit
iġñivianni manniksiuġiaġuu-
ruagut we used to go gathering
eggs in June | ‘=I-1 nv +vIk1 vn
iġñivik maternity ward; calving
ground | ‘=I-1 nv +vIk1 vn
iġñiqsruq- to hurry (her/him/it) |
2
mqsruq- rv § qilamiqsruq-
iġriñ suspender
iġrisik pair of suspenders » iġrisigni
atuġulaiłługik
kiviqiŋasaġataġuuruq because
he doesn’t like to wear his
suspenders, he wears his pants
low all the time | -k2 nn
iġviaq leather | -viaq2 rn
iġviaksraq animal skin to be tanned |
-viaq2 rn +ksraq(-) nn
iġvialigaak slippers or moccasins
with soft, tanned leather soles »
iġvialigaagnik atuqtuni uyaġait
aqisaġnaitchut one does not kick
rocks when wearing soft, tanned,
leather-soled boots | -viaq2 rn
+ligaaq nn -k2 nn
iġvirriqi- (i) to work with leather |
-viaq2 rn =rriqi- vn
ii1 (excl.) yes
iikiaq yes, I think so | +kiaq (encl.)
iivaluk yes, I guess so | +valuk nn
ii2 (excl. uttered with closed mouth) aah
ii-1 [igi] (t) to swallow it @ iisi- »
qaniġmiñun iriqtiqsaqługu
 maapuuraq iiliġaa trying to hide
the marble in his mouth, he
inadvertently swallowed it ||
+sI-3 vv
iggiaġiiliq- (i) to get a sore throat »
iggiaġiiliqsuami
atuġiaqqaaqłuŋa I got a sore
throat after attending the
singspiration session | ‘aq7 vn
+[g]iit- nv -lIq-3 vv
iggiaġiit- (i) to have a sore throat |
‘aq7 vn +[g]iit- nv
iggiaġiksaq- (i) to clear one’s throat
| +[g]ik- nv msaq-3 nv
iggiakuaqtaq pharyngeal consonant |
-kuaq- nv +t/raq vn
iggianŋu- (i) to have an incessant sore
throat » iggianŋuvluŋa-uvva
iisisuitchuŋaunnii because I have
an unrelenting sore throat, I
cannot swallow | ‘aq7 vn -nŋu-1 nv
iggiaq throat, gullet, esophagus; (Nu)
narrow entry (neck) of fish trap »
taluyaq iggiaqaġmiuq the fish
trap also has a “throat” | ‘aq7 vn
¤iggiaqasiraaq- (Ti) (i) to be hoarse,
barely able to talk | ‘aq7 vn
+qasiraaq- vv
iggiaqasiraq- (i) to make a noise
from the throat | +qasiraq- nv
¤iggiilġiraaq- (i) to make a hoarse
sound, of someone losing her/his
voice | ‘aq7 vn =It-1nv
iggiiłuktaq- or iggiiluktaq- (i) to
sound hoarse » atuġnialaruq
iggiiłuktaġaluaŋŋaġmi he is
trying to sing although he sounds
hoarse | ‘aq7 vn =Iq-2 nv -luk- vv
+t/raq-1 vv
iggiiq- (i) to become hoarse, get
laryngitis; lose one’s voice »
aġnaq iggiiqsuq atuqpaiłłuni the
woman got hoarse from singing
too much | ‘aq7 vn =Iq-2 nv
iggiit- (i) to be hoarse, barely able to
talk; (i) to lose one’s voice |
128
‘aq7 vn =It-1 nv
iiġruaq- (t) to finally swallow it,
although it looked doubtful for a
while | +ġruaq-1 vv
iiraġaq pill or liquid medicine »
iñuunniaqtim aŋutaiyaaq
kapigaluaġnagu iiraġaksraŋiñik
aitchuġaa the doctor gave the boy
some medicine to swallow instead
of giving him a shot | -raġaq vn
iisaġniq Adam’s apple | +saq-2 vv
+niQ1 vn
iisaq-1 (i) to swallow out of hunger or
strong emotion » iisaqtuq
niġiruaq qiñiqługu aġnaq he
swallowed from hunger watching
the woman eating | +saq-2 vv
iisuġaq- (Ti) (i) to have the hiccups »
iisuġaŋaillaiqsuq qanuġliqaa
nutqaqtinnilukkaluaġaa he can’t
stop hiccoughing although she has
tried everything to stop him |
+suġaq- vv § igusiġaq-
ii-2 (i) to starve; to become hungry
iipagaq- [lit. “to swallow in
anticipation of eating”] (i) for
one’s mouth to water | +pak-2 vv
+aq-1 vv
iipak- to crave it =food which is in
sight but unobtainable or not
offered » maktaksrautiŋi
niġiqqauraqtuat
iipakkaluaġitka I am craving the
muktuk which the muktuk-eating
contestants are to eat, but... |
+pak- vv
iisaq-2 (i) to covet a person eating but
is unable to join in | msaq-3 vv
ii4 (excl.) of fear or alarm, said in a
throaty breathy voice § iitittii,
iiqinii, iirigii
iiq (excl.) it’s going to get you and it’s
scary!
 iiqinii (excl.) I’m scared!; I don’t
want to; it was scary » iiqinii,
isiġuŋitchuŋa I’m frightened; I
don’t want to enter § iirigii
iitittii (excl.) cry of surprise when
burned or hurt, or when one
narrowly escapes an accident »
iitittii, kataiqqayapalukkiga
qallun yikes, I almost dropped the
cup; “quviqłutik
uqallaktiġuurut tainna” [one
makes that cry when surprised]
(Aiken 2009)
ii5 (excl.) moan, groan expressing
sadness, sickness
iila- (i) to moan »
naŋinŋitkaluaqami
iilaalaqpaguuruq even when he
is not very sick he moans a lot |
-la- vv
iiq- or iiqhiiq- (i) to moan, to groan |
2
+q nv or reduplication of iiq-
iiqhiiluk(-) one who moans and
groans constantly (i) to moan and
groan | +q2 nv -luk(-)2 vn, vv
iiqtuaq- (i) to moan and groan
constantly from pain »
iiqtualiŋarugguuq amma aġnaq
they say that she is moaning and
groaning constantly from pain |
+q2 nv +tuaq- vv
iigaq- (i) to lean on something; (t) to set it
on a slant, at an angle
iigaqsimaaq- (i) to be leaning on
something » taigña nukatpiaq
iglum katchianun
iigaqsimaapayuktuaq
paałłakaapaluktuq quayaqiłłuni
that young man over there who
was leaning on the wall sure fell
hard when he slipped |
+simaaq- vv
129
iigu(-) or uigu(-) an extension; additon;
attachment; appendix; suffix (e.g.,
ending or enclitic); (i) to now be
lengthened; (t) to lengthen, extend
it; (t) to add a suffix to it =word »
kasimaniksraqput iiguniaġikput
atausimik ikarramik we will
extend our meeting time an hour §
ila(-), ilalaaq-
iiguaq or uiguaq new ice attached to
shore ice (an addition to the
previous edge) » “taġiumi
uitqigman, tavra tamattuma
uiguaŋa” (Matumeak 2009)
[when the water level rises again
in the ocean, it’s the attachment or
additon made by that process] |
-aq1 vv
iiguiññaq- (i) to continue without
stopping to the next segment |
:iññaq- vv
iiguniq an extension | +niQ1 vn
iigusima- (t) to aim a rifle at
her/him/it | +sima-2 vv
iiguti- to aim, sight (at it) with a gun
or bow | -ti- vv
iiguuq- (t) to continue to lengthen,
extend it | -uq-2 vv
iiguuqti consecutive interpreter |
-uq-2 vv mt/ri vn
iiguuqtiliq- (t) to procure an
interpreter for her/him | -uq-2 vv
1
mt/ri vn -liq- nv
iiġaaq (Nu) wild baby (ferocious
legendary creature with a sharp-
toothed mouth which extends from
ear to ear) § makkaqpaligauraq
iik- (i) to sleep with head resting on the
ice and the rest of the body in the
water (of a walrus)
iitiilik large open sore; canker
°Ik1 (dem. stem) over there (restricted and
visible) § °av1 (dem. stem) °ag
(dem. stem)
igña [dual ikkuak, pl. ikkua] the one
there (restricted and visible) | +na
(dem. abs. pron. sg. mkr.)
ikani located there (restricted and
visible) | +anI (dem. loc.)
ikaniit- (i) to be located there
(restricted and visible) | +anI
(dem. loc.) it- “to be”
ikaniqpani located further over there |
(restricted and visible) | +anI
(dem. loc.) +qpa nn +anI (dem.
loc.)
ikaŋŋa from there (restricted and
visible) | +aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
ikaŋŋamiñ from that spot there
(restricted and visible) | +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.) +miñ (abl.)
ikaŋŋaq- (i) to come from there
(restricted and visible) »
ikaŋŋaqtuakkiaq I think he came
from over there | +aŋŋa (dem.
abl.) +q-3 dv
ikaŋŋauti- (t) to bring her/him/it
from there | +aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
+q-3 dv -uti- vv
ikka over there (restricted and visible,
at eye level) | ‘a (dem adv. mkr.)
ikkaikka (excl.) there! over there!
(restricted and visible, at eye
level) | reduplication of ikka
iktuma or iksruma or igruma or
irruma [dual ikkuak, pl. ikkua]
that one there (restricted and
visible) | +tuma (dem. rel. pron.
sg. mkr.)
iktumani or iksrumani or igrumani
or irrumani [dual ikkugnagni, pl.
ikkunani] located with that one
there (restricted and visible) |
+tuma (dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
+anI (dem. loc.)
iktumaŋŋa or iksrumaŋŋa or
igrumaŋŋa or irrumaŋŋa [dual
130
ikkugnaŋŋa, pl. ikkunaŋŋa] from
that one over there (restricted and
visible) | +tuma (dem. rel. pron.
sg. mkr.) +aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
iktumatun or iksrumatun or
igrumatun or irrumatun [dual
ikkugnaktun, pl. ikkunatitun]
similar to that one over there
(restricted and visible) | +tuma
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +atun
(dem.sim.)
iktumiŋa or iksrumiŋa or igrumiŋa
or irrumiŋa [dual ikkugniŋa, pl.
ikkuniŋa] that one over there
(restricted and visible) | +tuma
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +iŋa
(dem. mod.)
iktumuŋa or iksrumuŋa or
igrumuŋa or irrumuŋa [dual
ikkugnuŋa, pl. ikkunuŋa] to that
one over there (restricted and
visible) | +tuma (dem. rel. pron.
sg. mkr.) +uŋa (dem. term.)
iktumuuna or iksrumuuna or
igrumuuna or irrumuuna [dual
ikkugnuuna, pl. ikkunuuna] via
that one over there; with that one
over there (restricted and visible) |
+tuma (dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
+uuna (dem. via.)
ikuŋa to over there (restricted and
visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.)
ikuŋanmun towards over there
(restricted and visible) | +uŋa
(dem. term.) +nmun (term.)
ikuŋaq- (i) to go over there (restricted
and visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.)
+q-3 dv
ikuŋauti- (t) to take her/him/it to over
there (restricted and visible) |
+uŋa (dem. term.) +q-3 dv -uti- vv
ikuuna via, through there (restricted
and visible) | uuna (dem.via.)
ikuunnaaq- (i) to go via, through
there (restricted and visible) |
+uuna (dem. via.) ‘.aq-3 dv

*ik2 messy; disorderly; dirty § ikak-2
ikkii (excl.) icky!; oh, how dirty |
+kii2 (encl.)
ikkiiq- (i) to be dirty, grimy | +kii2
(encl.) +q-2 nv
iksaluk(-) or iksaluu- one who is
disorganized and messy; (i) to be
messy, disorganized, leave things
around; (i) to put things anywhere,
not in their correct places » tavra
tammaisuurutin
iksalukpaiłłutin the reason
you lose things is because you put
things anywhere, not where they
should be | perhaps +sak- rv
+luk(-)2 vn :u-1 nv
iksaluŋaaq- (i) to be messy,
disorganized (of a person) |
perhaps +sak- +luk(-)2 vn
±ŋaaq(-) nv
°ikag (stem) westward | -ak nn < °Ik1
Ikagnaġliit (Ti) those situated to the
west side in Point Hope, Alaska
ikagnamiñ saġvaq ocean current
from the northeast § see Appendix
14
ikagnaq(-) or ikaŋnaq northeast
wind; north wind (Jenness 1928:
32); to be windy from the
northeast; (Nu) wind that crosses
over from the headwaters of a
river in a pass; (Ti) west; west
wind | +naq2 vn § see Appendix 15
ikagniq- (i) for the wind to be
blowing from the northeast |
+nIq-2 nv
ikaŋnaaq (Ti) southwest wind § see
Appendix 15
ikaŋnaq (Ti) west; west wind
+naq2 vn
ikaŋnanmun (Ti) towards the west, to
the west | +naq2 vn -nmun (term.)
ikak-1 to cross over (it), e.g., water
131
ikaaġun something used for going
across, e.g., a boat; a bridge |
+aq-1 vv +un1 vn
ikaaq- to cross over (it) » aakan
ikaaŋava has your mother gone
across | +aq-1 vv
ikaaqsaaġun crosspiece on bed of
sled; sleeping platform plank |
+aq-1 vv -saaq-1 vv +un1 vn §
igilaaq, see Appendix 22
ikaanmun- toward the other side |
+aq-1 vv -nmun (term.)
ikaayunaq- (i) to be easy to cross |
-yunaq- vv
ikaktaq- (i) to go across back and
forth; (t) to cross over it = e.g.,
river, body of water repeatedly |
+t/raq-1 vv
ikaktaun something used regularly to
go across, e.g., a boat, a raft |
+t/raq-1 vv :uti1 vn
ikaktiq- (i) to cross over a body of
water carrying one’s belongings;
(t) to cross it =body of water
repeatedly carrying her/his
belongings | mtiq-2 vv
ikarrakit- (i) to be narrow » kuugum
ikarrakiññiŋagun
ikaaġutiyyaġai he led them to go
and cross the river at its narrowest
point | -rraq vn -kIt- nv
ikarraq ford, place to cross over
water; one hour; width of material
» “Ikarraġa tikiñŋaitchuķ-suli.
My time has not yet come.”
(Iñupiat New Testament: John
2:4) | +rraQ vn
ikarraqtu- (i) to be wide | -rraQ vn
+tu- nv § niġutu-
ikaun or ikautit or ikaaġun bridge »
ikautit kuugum supiruam
kataktillagruaġai the rushing
river brought down the bridge |
:un1 vn, +aq-1 vv :un1 vn
ikauti- or ikaaġuti- (t) to take
her/him/it across » tavrauna
 naqitaġutivlugu
atqautisaġaġigaat aasii
iqsrukługu ikautivlugu tying
him down they would descend
with him, then they would carry
him across on their shoulders |
:uti- vv, +aq-1 vv +uti- vv
ikak-2 (i) to be dirty; (i) to be messy, not
orderly | perhaps ak-1 vv, rv §
*ik-2
ikakłuk(-) a dirty, unkempt, untidy
person (i) to be dirty, unkempt (of
person) | +łuk-2 vv
ikakłuŋa- (i) to have the nature of
being dirty, unkempt (of a person)
| +łuk-2 ±ŋa- vv
ikaŋa- (i) to be untidy, messy |
±ŋa- rv
ikakłiqi- (i) to become dirty (of a
person); (t) to make it dirty, messy
» nukatpiaġruk ikakłiqiruq
piuraaqłuni aqiyami the boy is
getting dirty playing in the mud |
+lIqi- vv
ikkak- or ikkaktit- (i) to become
dirty, grimy (of a thing); (t) to
make it become dirty and messy »
araasu-manna inauraq
ikkayaruq my goodness, this
room gets messy quickly | ‘-k-2 rv
or ‘-k-2 rv +tit-2 vv or mtit-1 v
ikamġaq (Ti) small sled for carrying
seals, etc.; ”Sleds (ikum-
nguq),which were no more than 2
or 3 feet long and 3 or 4 inches
high, were occasionally used on
smooth ice.” (Rainey: 254) »
“sisamanik natchiġnik
usiaqallaruq” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [it can carry four seals]
ikauraak(-) hyoid bone (at base of
tongue); unfriendly gesture made
with index and little fingers
132
extended from fist; (t) to make an
unfriendly gesture made with
index and little fingers extended
from fist (at her/him) »
tunupqauraġman uumiñaġak
nukatpiaġruk ikauraakkaa as
soon as the mean boy turned
around she gave him the extended
fingers gesture § tupquraak
ikaurak- (t) to choke her/him/it by
squeezing her/his/its throat, e.g.,
wolf or dog attacking caribou by
the throat @ ikaurai- |
ikayuq- to help, assist, support
(her/him/it) » aŋun ikayuqtuq
aitchuqtuimmata niqinik the
man helped when they were
passing out food » ikayuġai
aġnat he is helping the women »
ikayuqtuq he is helping
ikayuġiaq- to go and help (her/him/it)
| +iaq-1 vv
ikayui- (i) to help, assist, benefit
someone » taamna aŋaayyuliqsi
ikayuipaluktuq iñugnik
uqalluataqłuni Savaiñmata the
preacher helped a lot of people by
giving a good sermon last Sunday
| :I-4 vv
ikayuliktuq- to take the time to help
(her/him/it) » ikayuliktuġuŋ
ayaŋaiñŋaqpit take time to help
him before you leave | -liktuq- vv
ikayuqti assistant, helper; intercessor |
mt/ri vn
ikayuusiaq assistance; intercession |
:usiaq vn
iki-1 or iku- (i) to position or place
oneself into a container; (i) to
board a conveyance; (t) to place or
put her/him/it into a container or
conveyance @ ikusi- »
umialikput ikuruq umiamiñun
itqanaiŋammagaaqsaqługu our
 captain got into his boat to see if it
was ready || +sI-3 vv
ikkutilik stockholder (in a
corporation) | ‘-ti1 vn -lik nn
ikkusiq- (i) to pay, buy one’s fare; (t)
to pay her/his/its fare »
ikkusiqsuq aullaġukłuni
tiŋŋutikun he bought a ticket to
get on the plane | ‘ti1 vn ~Iq-1 nv
ikkun fare; ticket; stock (in
corporation) » tiŋŋutikun ikkun
akisuruq an plane ticket is
expensive | ‘-ti1 vn
iksraq bank account; stock, shares in
a company, corporation »
iksrallaa kaŋŋumi naakka
manniqirini each share in the
corporation or each account in the
bank | ~qsraq vn
iksruq- (i) to embark, to get into a
vehicle or boat (of many persons);
(t) to load them into a vehicle,
boat, or container; for a boat to be
swamped (of water) » qaillium
umiaq iksruġaa the wave is
swamping the boat | mqsruq-2 vv
ikuliq- (i) to splash into boat (of water
in rough waters) | -liq-3 vv
ikupkaġniapiaq- (i) trying hard to
place onboard; (t) trying hard to
place her/him/it onboard |
+pkaġniapiaq- vv
ikuvġaq pad, mat; lower mattress
(lower of two caribou skins, hair
facing up) » ikuvġaġiiłłuŋa
siñigluataŋitchuŋa I didn’t sleep
well because of an uncomfortable
mat | ¤+v +[ġ]aq vn § qarraaq
ikuvġaliq- or ikuvġiq- (i) to place a
mattress or mat under oneself; (t)
to place a mattress or mat under
her/him/it » ukialliñik
ikuvġaliqłuta aullaqtuagut we
left using winter caribou skins as
mats (on the sled, boat or any
other means of transportation) |
133
+[ġ]aq vn -lIq-1 nv or +[ġ]aq vn
‘=Iq-1 nv
iki-2 (i) to burn
igniġilaq [lit. “one without a fire”]
sailboat | ~niQ1 vn :ilaq nn
igniġilaq atausilik one-masted sail-
boat (also malġulik, piŋasulik,
etc) | ~niQ1 vn :ilaq nn
igniġun percussion cap; primer |
~niQ1 vn +[ġ]uq-1 nv ‘ti1 vn
igniġuq- (i) to ignite, to catch fire |
+[ġ]uq-1 nv
igniġuula- or iŋniġuula- (i) to throw
off sparks » maġġakuaġman,
agluŋik igniġuulapaluktuk when
he traveled over sand, his sled
runners sparked a lot;
“akmaamik iŋniqsruqamik,
igniġuulatchisuugaat” (Hugo
2009) [when they light a fire with
flint, they usually make sparks] |
~niQ1 vn +[ġ]uq-1 nv .-q-1 vv
-la- vv
igniġuuqpatit- or iŋniġuuqpatit- (i)
to strike (of lightning); to spark
once » igniġuuqpatinman
tupapaluktuŋa I was very
startled when the lightning struck |
~niQ1 vn +[ġ]uq-1 nv .-q-1 vv
+patit- vv § qaummiatitaq-
igniġuuqpatitaq- (i) to strike more
than once (of lightning) | ~niQ1 vn
+[ġ]uq-1 nv .-q-1 +patit- vv
+aq-1 vv § qaummiatitaq-
igniġvik stove » taigruamik
igniġviliullaviŋa can you make a
stove for me from an oil drum |
~niQ1 vn ‘=Iq-1 nv +vIk1 vn
igniksraq or igniġutiksraq primer
(explosive material e.g.,
gunpowder); kindling »
“igniksraqaġuurut
palliksranik” (Hugo 2009) [dried
cottongrass is used for kindling];
“paġnasisuuŋŋaisa; karrutaŋata
 itiġruŋani ittuaq” (Matumeak
2009) [this was when they used to
prepare their own shotgun shells;
it’s located on the shell cartridge
of the firing pin of the gun] |
~niQ1 vn +[ġ]uq-1 nv ‘ti1 vn
-ksraq(-)1 nn § kukuutiksrat
igniksraqaġvik or
igniġutiksraqaġvik (Nu) primer,
gunpowder horn (made of sheep’s
horn) | ~niQ1 vn +[ġ]uq-1 nv
‘ti1 vn -ksraq(-)1 nn -qaq- nv
+vIk1 vn
igniligauraq inboard motor boat »
aŋuniaġiaqsaŋiñmiut
igniligauraġiiłłutiŋ they are not
going hunting because their motor
boat is not working | ~niQ1 vn
-lik nn +ġaq1 nn :uraq nn
ignilik motor propelled vessel, motor-
driven ship | ~niQ1 vn -lik nn
igniñ or iŋniñ flint, stone used to
create a spark and ignite fire; fire
starter | ~niQ1 vn ‘=I-1 vv ‘ti vn
igniq fire | ~niQ1 vn
igniqauġvik place to have an outdoor
fire | ~niQ1 vn -qauq- nv +vIk1 vn
igniqauq- or inŋiqauq- (i) to build a
fire outside; a campfire | ~niQ1 vn
+qauq- nv
igniqauqpatit- (i) to spark once |
~niQ1 vn +qauq- nv +patit- nv
igniqpalliaġaq- or inŋiqpalliaġaq-
(i) to strike repeatedly (of
lightning); (i) to make a fire flare
up (to attract attention) |
+qpak(-) vv,nn,vn -llIq-2 nv
±aq-1 vv ±aq-1 vv §
qaummaliaġaq-
igniqpalliaq- to strike (of lightning) |
+qpak(-) vv,nn,vn -llIq-2 nv
±aq-1 vv
igniqpatit- (i) to make a spark »
igniqpatitahugruaqsiruq
[eta:ns#22b] | ~niQ1 vn +patit- nv
134
igniqsuq- or iŋniqsuq- (i) to build a
fire in a stove; (t) to build a fire in
it =stove or fireplace; (t) to build
a fire in a stove in it =dwelling »
igniqsuġiaqtuuraġuŋ iglu go
quickly and build a fire in the
stove in the house | ~niQ1 vn
‘=Iq-1 nv +tuq-2 vv
igniqsuun bow drill, fire drill |
~niQ1 vn ‘=Iq-1 nv +tuq-2 vv
+un1 vn § kiŋmiaq
igniqutaiyaq- (i) to have a broken
engine | -Iyaq- nv, vv
igniqutit outboard motor; engine;
power plant | ~niQ1 vn +qun1 vn
-t nn
igniqutitaq- (i) to use an outboard
motor | ~niQ1 vn +qun1 nn
+[t]aq-2 nv
igniquurraaq- (i) to break (of
engine); (t) to break it’s engine »
igniquurraaqłunuk
sapuġauruaguk wed were
stranded because of a broken
engine | -urraaq- nv
ignisik a pair of iron pieces used to
spark and start a fire (Kisautaq:
649) | ~niQ1 vn ‘=I-1 vv ‘ti vn
-k2 nn
ignisiq or iŋnisiq flint, firestone |
-siq nn
igniuqti engineer on train | ‘=iuq-1 nv
mt/ri vn
ikiniq burnt area | +niQ1 vn
ikipkaivik incinerator, trash burner;
place for burning trash |
-pkaq-1 vv :I-4 vv +vIk1 vn
ikipkaq- (t) to burn, incinerate it |
-pkaq-1 vv
ikirrutigraq (Ti) rubbing alcohol |
+t-1 vv +ruti vn +ksraq nn
ikirrutiksraq fire starter | +t-1 vv
+ruti vn +ksraq nn
ikit-1 (i) to be now ignited (of fire,
cigarette, cigar or pipe); (i) to be
turned on (of light); (t) to ignite,
 turn it =stove, cigarette lighter,
light on @ ikitchi- » ikinŋa;
ikutitka imma sumavikkiaq
light my cigarette; I don’t know
what I did with my matches | +t-1
vv || +sI-3 vv
ikisuŋnit- or ikisugnit- (i) to emit
an burning odor | +suŋnIt- vv
ikkuqutit heather used as tinder for
starting fires (Cassiope tetragona)
| ‘-quti vn -t nn
ikkutiksraq or (Ti) ikkutigraq fire
starter, e.g., shaving(s), bits of
paper, gas used to ignite a fire,
lighter fluid, rubbing alcohol »
ikkutiksramik nanukkaa tunua
she rubbed his back with rubbing
alcohol | ‘n1 vn -ksraq(-) nn
ikuala- (i) to blaze, roar, burn brightly
(of fire) | -ala- vv or ‘-ala- vv
ikuallak- (i) to burst into flames; (i)
to flare up (of fire); (Nu) (i) to
burn brightly, blaze (of fire) ;(by
extension) to lose one’s temper »
ikuallayaruq amna taavamna
that guy loses his temper easily |
-ala- vv ‘-k-2 vv
ikuallaaġik- (i) to burn well, easily
combustible | -ala- vv ‘-k-2 vv
perhaps -aq1 vn +[g]Ik- nv
ikuappak- (t) to raise it =lamp flame |
perhaps -aq-3 vv +ppak- rv
ikuma- (i) to be lit or turned on (of a
light) | +ma-1 vv
ikumman heating fuel, stove oil; unit
of energy | +ma-1 vv ‘n1 vn
ikummatit sources of energy |
+ma-1 vv ‘n1 vn -t nn
ikun match | +n vn
iki [ikI] open wound
ikiġuraq (Nu) a small bullet hole |
÷uraq rn
ikilik(-) one with a wound; wounded
or dead animal; ikilik- (t) to
135
wound her/him/it | -lik nn;
perhaps-lik- vv
ikillak- (i) to catch a wounded
animal; to find a wounded or dead
animal | -lik nn ‘-k-1 nv
ikillaktaġi- (t) to find it =wounded or
dead animal and claim it | -lik nn
‘-k-1 nv +t/raq vn +[g]i-1 nv
ikillau- (i) to be wounded | perhaps
-llaq rn, nn :u-1 nv
ikillii- to wound (it) | -lik nn -I-7 vv
ikisia- (i) to make noise or move
about after being wounded » tuttu
ikisiaruaq supputivsaaqługu
tuqutkaa he shot the wounded
caribou which was thrashing
about with another shot | +sia- nv
ikiaq- (t) to build an extra wide base for
the sod house » “ikiaqługu
killiŋagun; ilaanni isiġuuruq
imaq” [they put an extra wide
base to it along its borders;
sometimes the water comes in]
(Aiken 2009) § see Appendix 22
ikiaq(-) woman’s slip; (i) to put on a
woman’s slip; (t) to put a
woman’s slip on her/him/it
ikiaq- (i) to split into layers (said as the
split has just been completed); (t)
to split it into layers; (t) to divide,
split it into its natural layers, e.g.,
walrus skins which can be split
into inner and outer layers; (t) to
split it =log, wood@ ikiaqsi- |
+sI-3 vv
ikiaġruġaq- (Ti) (i) to shudder from
fright | mqsruq-2 vv +aq-1 vv
ikiaġuk- (Nu) (i) to shiver from the
cold | -uk(-)2 vv
¤ikiaqsalaa- or ikiaqsalaaq- (Ti) (i)
to have a chill go through one’s
body, as when startled | +salak- vv
-a-2 vv or +salak- vv -aq-1 vv
ikiaqsaq- (Ti) (i) to have a chill run
through one’s body when startled |
perhaps msaq-3 vv
ikiaqsunŋu- (i) to shiver, have chills
» “ikiaqsunŋuruq
sauniñŋuliġniaġami
uunnautinigniaġami
nuvaksiniaġami” (C. Tuzroyluke
2009) [one has the chills when
one is about to have bone ache,
when one is about to develop a
fever, or when one is about to
catch a cold] | +sunŋu- vv §
qiunŋuliq-
ikiaqtala- (i) to experience a tingling
sensation, often from anticipation;
(i) to shiver from the cold, have
chills » ikiaqtalauraliġamaunnii
aullaġumalaaqpaiłłuŋa I was
tingling from excitement because
I was so looking forward to my
trip | +t/raq-1 vv -la- vv
ikiaqtalaaq- (i) to experience a
prolonged tingling sensation; (i) to
experience the “creeps”; (i) to feel
unsettled » “ikiaqtalaaġnisuurut
marra qiunŋagamik naakka
quviatchakłutiglu pigamik
allayuaqtiqamik” (Aiken 2009)
[they say they are experiencing a
prolonged tingling sensation when
they have chills or when they
experience unexplainable joy] |
+t/raq-1 vv -la- vv -q-1 vv
ikiaqtaq- (i) to shiver due to a fever;
¤(Ti) (i) to shiver from the cold
» “ikiaqtaġuuruq qiunŋuvluni
unnautiniktuni” (Aiken 2009)
[one shivers when one is chilled
due to a fever] | +t/raq-1 vv §
uulila-
ikiaqtaq plank, planking | +t/raq vn
ikiaqtit- (i) to fall or be placed in
between two things; (t) to cause it
to fall or be placed in between two
things; to insert something into it,
136
such as a wedge into a piece of
wood » uluuraġa paqillaiqsaġa
ikiaqtinŋamaruaq katchimun
my ulu, which I’ve not been able
to find, had slipped into the area
between the walls | mtit-1 vv
ikkirraq a split layer of something |
-rraQ vn
¤ikigiik- to be side by side »
“ikigiiksitaaqhutik pilailaat,
aapiyaqtik tavra tainna
maliqqukługu” (Nageak 1975:
14) [they did not go side by side,
they always followed their elder
brother] | +[g]iik(-) nv § perhaps
nikigiik-
¤ikigrauraq (Ti) cube of yeast |
-ksraq(-) nn :uraq nn
ikiġaaq(-) tent door made of two flaps; (i)
designed so as to easily open
repeatedly (of tent flaps) | perhaps
+aaq(-) vn, vv
ikiġġat or (Ti) ikiġġait raised
cache/storage area to safeguard
gear and goods from animals;
drying rack for fish or meat; (Ti)
posts where boat frame is placed
so that a bearded sealskin may be
lashed to frame as a cover | -t nn §
tatigI, umiivik
ikiipkuq radius, the shorter and thicker
of the two bones in the human
forearm, the one on the thumb
side § see Appendix 21
¤ikIk1 [ikIk] block of wood § ikkiq

¤ikik2 [pl. ikigIt] spinal disc, cartilage §
natatquq
ikinġuaq sole of fur socks
ikiq [ikiQ] sound, strait (topographical);
passage of water between bodies
of land; width § ikaaq-
ikiġuraq a narrow strait (Jenness
1928: 32) | ÷uraq rn
ikikit- (i) to be narrow (e.g., of a
river, doorway); (i) for there to be
a short distance between two
points | -kIt- nv
ikikłi- or (Ti) ikigli- (i) to become
narrow; to close up, come together
(e.g., of ocean ice) | -kłI- nv
ikiqtu- (i) to be wide, broad; (i) to be
a long distance across between
two points e.g., of a river between
its banks » ikiqturuq tamanna
kuuk itimmivluni that river is
wide and also very deep | +tu- rv
ikirriq(-) barrier island that the waves
have split in two so that there is a
passageway through; (i) to create
two islands out of one island »
tamanna tapqaq kipivlugu tavra
ikirriqsuamik taisuugaat
tamauna anisaaġnaqsivlugu
when a sandbar is split in two,
creating a passageway through, it
is call an “ikirriq” | -rraq vn
'=Iq-1nv § ikak-
ikiq- (t) to tie the flaps of a tent to one
side so as to make an opening
ikiqsimaaq- (i) to be tied to one side
(of tent flap) » ikiqsimaaqtuq
paaŋa tupqum the tent flap is
tied to one side of the tent |
+simaaq- vv
ikit-2 or ikikit- (i) to be few
137
ikivġiq- (i) to be propped up; (t) to prop it
up
ikkat- (i) to be shallow (e.g., a body of
water) » ikkattuq taamna
narvaq that lake is shallow § iti-
ikkalġit- (i) to become stuck in
shallow water (of a conveyance or
a person in a conveyance) »
ikkalġitchuagut we got stuck in
shallow water | ±ġuq vn ‘=It-2 nv
ikkalġiuq- (i) to travel through
shallow water, sometimes
grounding the boat | ±ġuq vn
‘=It-2 nv ‘=iuq-2 nv
ikkalġuq submerged sandbar; shallow
water | ±ġuq vn § naġrugaq
ikkauraq or (PB) itkauraq five-gallon
kerosene can
ikkii (excl.) oh, how dirty!; how filthy! <
*ik-2
ikkiiq- (i) to be dirty, grimy < *ik-2
ikkiq [ikkIk] [pl. ikkiġIt] red spruce tree;
hard wood which grows on the
side of a spruce tree; hardwood
(Jenness 1928: 44); driftwood that
has a reddish color which can
bend without breaking (Matumeak
2009) § niaquptalik
ikkik [ikkIk] gums of mouth (Jenness
1928: 32)
ikkun fare, payment for travel; stock (in
corporation) < iki-1
ikłiġvik1 or ¤igliġvik (Ti) tool bag, tool
box; a bag; sewing kit (Molly Itta
2009) » “suġautaqaġviuraq;
puukatauraq; agmaġaat
qaaŋagun; natchiġmik naakka
tuttumik” (Hugo 2009) [it’s a
 container to keep things in; a
small bag with an opening on
top; it’s usually made out of seal
or caribou];
“savalġutiqaġviuraq” (Aiken
2009) [a small tool bag] |
+vIk1 rv § ikpiaġruk, suummaq
¤ikłiġvik2 [dual ikłiġvak, pl. ikłiġvigIt]
Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca) |
-vik2 nn
ikłik- (i) to desire, covet something
ikłigi- (t) to desire, covet it |
+[g]i-1 vv
ikłignaq- (i) to be tempting, desirable
| +naq(-) vv
ikłigusaaq- (t) to tempt her/him @
ikłigusaaqłiq- | perhaps :u-2 vv
±saaq-2 vv @ +kłIq-1 vv :I-4 vv
ikłigusaaġun or ikłigusaun or
ikłigutchaun a temptation |
perhaps :u-2 vv ±saaq-2 vv -u1vn
+t3 nn
ikłigusuk- (i) to be tempted to do
something | perhaps :u-2 vv
-suk-2 vv
ikłigutchai- (t) to cause her/him to
become tempted » Nayuk
ikłigutchaigaa she tempted
Nayuk | perhaps :u-2 vv -tchak- vv
-I-6 vv
ikłigutchak- (i) to become tempted »
ikłigutchayaruq he is easily
tempted | perhaps :u-2 vv
+tchak- vv
ikłiktau- (i) to be tempted »
ikłiktausuuruq taamna aġnaq
that woman is always coveting
something | +t/raq vn :u-1 nv
ikpak bib of coveralls that covers the
chest; top front of pants
ikpaksraq yesterday; recent past »
ikpaksraq tikitchuaq aapaga my
138
father arrived yesterday §
unnuŋman
ikpaksraaġu or ikpaksraaġun in a
few days | -aq2 nn m[g]u(n) nn
ikpaksraapak during the last few
days; (Nu) a few days ago (a span
of one to two weeks) »
ikpaksraapak tautukasaktaġa I
have seen her several times these
past few days | -aq2 nn -pak1 nn
ikpaksraaq several days ago »
ikpaksraaq qaiŋaruami I came
several days ago | -aq2 nn
ikpaksraaqisuuraġu in a few days |
-aq2 nn -qisuuraq nn +[g]u(n)
ikpaksraaqisuuraq a few days ago |
-aq2 nn -qisuuraq nn
ikpaksraasugruk some time ago (a
span of a month or so) »
ikpaksraasugruk
kasimayyaŋaruagut Kalaałłit
Nunaannun we attended a
meeting in Greenland a month or
so ago | -aq2 nn +sugruk1 nn
ikpaksratqik day before yesterday |
+tqIk3 nn
ikpiaġruk small sack to hold belongings;
sewing kit; woman’s handbag;
“Bag (i-pi-á-ru). Made of a bear’s
stomach.” (Murdoch as reported
by Ray1885: 70); jellyfish |
-ġruk nn § ikłiġvIk, suummaq,
tuummaq, tilaammaayuun,
silammaayuun
*ikpik (root) source of discomfort
ikpigi- (t) to feel discomfort from it
=slightly painful place on body;
feel discomfort from ill-fitting
clothing | +[g]i-1 rv
ikpik [ikpIk] bluff; steep bank of river;
cliff § imnaq
ikpiilġuq a low area along a bluff or a
steep bank | +It-1 nv ±ġuq vn
 ikpiktitaq- to undercut a bank (of
water) » immam ikpiktitaqtuam
nuŋutkaa Ukkuqsiq the water
which keeps undercutting the
bank is washing away the
Ukkuqsiq area| mtitaq(-) vv
ikpiq- [ikpIq] to surface ahead and to the
right (of it =a whaling boat), of
whale » “ikpiġaatigut aġviġum;
tavra aġviq puiruq ikpiqłuta
qaaŋiqłuta taliqpiptigun”
(Matumeak 2009) [it surfaced
ahead and to the right of us; that
is, the whale surfaced ahead and
to the right of us]
iksaluk(-) or iksaluu- one who is
disorganized and messy; (i) to be
messy, disorganized, leave things
around; (i) to put things anywhere,
not in their correct places < °ik2
iksaluŋaaq- (i) to be messy, disorganized
(of a person) < °ik2
iksaq- (i) to release an arrow or to fire a
gun; (i) to be inclined to hit, strike
a blow, start a fight, or start
shooting easily without restraint;
(t) to start a fight with her/him »
taigña iksayavluni
piyuktitchuuruq the reason that
one over there gets beaten up is
because he reacts without
restraint; “suna mapqaġman
iksaqtuq tavra suppun”
(Matumeak 2009) [when
something is released with a bang,
it means a gun has been fired]
iksaqtitaun trigger rod of darting gun
| mtit-1 vv ‘n1 vn
iksauti- (i) to start fighting back; (t) to
release it =stone from a sling; (t)
to throw it = a stone, a spear, a
harpoon | :uti- vv
139
iksi- (i) to throw things away, throw out,
discard things; to take things to
the dump; (t) to throw her/his
things away < igit-2
iksiqi- (i) to rummage for things in the
dump < igit-2
iksivik or iktaqaġvik dump; dumpster
< igit-2
iksiaksraq snow to be melted for
drinking water | ±aq1 vn
+ksraq(-) nn § auksiaq(-)
iksiva- (i) to be sitting » iksivaruq aġnaq
uniat qaaŋanni the woman is
sitting on the top of the sled §
aquppI-
iksivaq- (i) to sit down | +aq-1 vv §
aquvit-, aquppI-
iksivautaq chair | +utaq1 vn §
aquppiutaq
iksrik- (i) to bend over with one’s
buttocks in the air; (t) to bend over
with one’s buttocks raised towards
her/him/it in jest; (t) to “moon”
her/him/it § iksiva-, iksuġaq
iksriktaayuuq Spotted Sandpiper
(Actitis macularia); Yellow
Wagtail (Motacilla flava) |
+tayuk(-) vn, vv -.q4 vn
iksrumaa (excl.) hey! you over there!
(restricted and visible)
< °Ik1 (dem. stem)
iksruma [dual ikkuak , pl. ikkua] that one
over there (restricted and visible)
< °Ik1 (dem. stem)
iksrumani [dual ikkugnagni, pl.
ikkunani] located with that one
over there (restricted and visible)
< °Ik1 (dem. stem)

iksrumaŋŋa [dual ikkugnaŋŋa, pl.
ikkunaŋŋa] from that one over
there (restricted and visible)
< °Ik1 (dem. stem)
iksrumatun [dual ikkugnaktun, pl.
ikkunatitun] like that one over
there (restricted and visible)
< °Ik1 (dem. stem)
iksrumiŋa [dual ikkugniŋa, pl. ikkuniŋa]
that one over there (restricted and
visible) <°Ik1 (dem. stem)
iksrumuŋa [dual ikkugnuŋa, pl.
ikkunuŋa] to that one over there
(restricted and visible)
< °Ik1 (dem. stem)
iksrumuuna [dual ikkugnuuna, pl.
ikkunuuna] via that one there;
with that one over there (restricted
and visible) < °Ik1 (dem. stem)
iksruq- (i) to embark, to get into a vehicle
or boat (of many persons); (t) to
load them into a vehicle, boat, or
container; for a boat to be
swamped (of water) < iki-1
iksuġiq [iksuġIq] [pl. iksuqqIt] or
iksuġaq [pl. iksuqqat] seat in an
umiak | +[ġ]aq vn § kiglu, iksiva-
iktaqaġvik dump; dumpster < igit-2
iktaq something thrown away, discarded
item; outcast < igit-2
iktuma [dual ikkuak , pl. ikkua] that one
over there (restricted and visible)
< °Ik1 (dem. stem)
140
iktumani [dual ikkugnagni, pl. ikkunani]
located with that one over there
(restricted and visible)
< °Ik1 (dem. stem)
iktumaŋŋa [dual ikkugnaŋŋa, pl.
ikkunaŋŋa] from that one over
there (restricted and visible)
< °Ik1 (dem. stem)
iktumatun [dual ikkugnaktun, pl.
ikkunatitun] like that one over
there (restricted and visible)
< °Ik1 (dem. stem)
iktumiŋa [dual ikkugniŋa, pl. ikkuniŋa]
that one over there (restricted and
visible) < °Ik1 (dem. stem)
iktumuŋa [dual ikkugnuŋa, pl. ikkunuŋa]
to that one over there (restricted
and visible) < °Ik1 (dem. stem)
iktumuuna [dual ikkugnuuna, pl.
ikkunuuna] via that one there;
with that one over there (restricted
and visible) < °Ik1 (dem. stem)
iku- (i) to get in a conveyance or
container; (t) to put her/him/it in a
conveyance or container < iki-1
ikuala- (i) to blaze, roar, burn brightly (of
fire) < iki-2
ikuallak- (i) to burst into flames; (i) to
flare up (of fire); (Nu) (i) to burn
brightly, blaze (of fire) ;(by
extension) to lose one’s temper <
iki-2
ikuallaaġik- (i) to burn well, easily
combustible < iki-2
ikuappak- (t) to raise it (lamp flame) <
iki-2
ikuġaaġniq ice adhering to ice that has
been added to shore ice
(Harcharek: 12) | perhaps
+aaq(-) vn +niQ1 vn
ikuġaaq(-) depression in sea ice full of
water; for sea ice to become full
of depressions full of water |
perhaps +aaq(-) vn § iki-1
ikuk- to scrape fat off (it) animal skin
ikuaq or ikuktaq scraped skin |
±aq1 vn
ikui- (i) to do first step in tanning
caribou hide | perhaps :I-4 vv
ikuun scraper for animal skin
(traditionally a chipped flint or a
ground stone blade that was
mounted in a handle of driftwood
or ivory, nowadays a piece,
usually four inches of shotgun
barrel or shotgun shell casing, is
used for the blade); wood plane |
:un1 vn < satkuun, saluksiñ
ikuyunaq- (i) to be easy to scrape »
ikuyunaqsimava is it easy to
scrape | -yunaq- vv
ikuliq- (i) to splash into boat (of water in
rough waters) < iki-1
ikuma- (i) to be burning, on (of a light) <
iki-2
ikumman heating fuel, stove oil < iki-2
ikummatit energy; source of energy <
iki-2
ikun match < iki-2
141
ikuŋa (dem. adv. term.) to over there
(restricted and visible)
< °Ik1 (dem. stem)
ikuŋanmun towards over there
(restricted and visible)
< °Ik1 (dem. stem)
ikuŋaq- (i) to go there (restricted and
visible); (t) to put it over there
(restricted and visible)
< °Ik1 (dem. stem)
ikupkaġniapiaq- (i) trying hard to placed
onboard; (t) trying hard to place
her/him/it onboard < iki-1
ikusik(-) [ikusIk] elbow; (t) to elbow
her/him/it » ikusiŋik
maksiŋamaruak kigragruaqtun
his elbows were dirty and crusted,
very rough to the touch
ikusigmik- to elbow (her/him/it)
repeatedly and quickly | +mik-1 nv
ikusiksimaaq- (i) to lean on one’s
elbows; (t) to have one’s elbows
on it | +simaaq- nv
ikusimigaq- (Nu) (i) to hobble on
elbows (of human or dog) |
-mIk1 nv,vv +raq-2 nv
ikutchiaq- (i) to hurt one’s elbow |
‘-aq-2 nv
ikutaq(-) boot trim made of thin strips of
dyed sealskin woven through
holes punched in sun-bleached
sealskin; to make sealskin boot
trim » ikutaqługit qupaguugait
nalukataunnat they decorate
summer whaling festival boots
with strips of colored sealskin
woven in
ikuuna through, via over there (restricted
and visible) < °Ik1 (dem. stem)

ikuunnaaq- (i) to go by way of there
(restricted and visible)
< °Ik1 (dem. stem)
ikuvġaliq- or ikuvġiq- (i) to place a
mattress or mat under oneself; (t)
to place a mattress or mat under
her/him/it < iki-1
ikuvġaq pad, mat; lower mattress (lower
of two caribou skins, hair facing
up) < iki-1
iksivautaq small, three-legged stool
(Kisautaq: 650) § nikuvġautat
ikvapak (adv) the last few days »
“anuqłilgitchuq ikvapak”
(Matumeak 2009) [it’s been windy
the last few days] § ikpaksrapak
ilaa1 (abs. pron.) she/he or herself/himself
< °ili
ilaa2 (excl.) used to express that
something or someone is similar
to or acts like another being or
thing, e.g., talks just like, feels just
like, looks just like, acts just like
it’s almost just like that! » ilaa
makua nusapiatin these look just
like your own hair
ilaaguaŋaruaq manik special account
< °ili
ilaagun (via pron.) via her/him; with
her/him; by herself/himself/itself
< °ili
ilaagullaa individually; herself/himself/
itself < °ili
ilaaluq (Ti) partner, schoolmate § ilaaluq
142
ilaannigun (Ti) some other time, in a few
days, months; at some time §
ilaannigun under ila
ilaaq- (i) to scoop out ice chunks from a
hole; (t) to scoop out ice chunks
from it =hole @ ilaaqsi- |
+sI-3 vv § ilak-
ilaaġun or ilaun or ilaaqtuun an ice
scoop made of a horn frame
and baleen netting, used to
remove ice chunks from a fishing
hole or any hole in the ice | -un1 vn
or +tuq-1 vv-un1 vn § mitiŋiun
ilaġġisigi- (Ti) (t) to not heed her/his
advice, warning § ilaġġisigi-
ilaġviit abdominal viscera, guts »
“ilaġviŋi samma imaiññiqsut,”
uqallaktuq saptallaġmiuŋ
paniurani “her guts are empty,”
she said as she felt and examined
her little daughter’s abdomen |
perhaps +vIk2 vn -t nn
ilak- (t) to shove her/him/it aside with a
sweeping motion @ ilaksi- »
ilakkaa aġnaq iñailuqutauruaq
she shoved aside the woman who
was taking up most of the space ||
+sI-3 vv
ilagaq- (t) to shove it aside; (Nu) (t) to
brush them away | +aq-1 vv
ilakługi- (t) to swipe, shove, throw it/
them around and leave it/them in
disorder » ilakługigai suġauttat
iglumiittuat ivaqłiqłuni
sumiktaimma he is shoving
things around in the house looking
for something | +łuk1 nn +[g]i-1 nv
ilaŋa- (i) to desire, request something
from one’s namesake (e.g., a
share of an animal) » aññaġa
tautukapku ilaŋaruaŋa
 niġliġnik aatchimagaaŋa when I
last saw my namesake cousin, I
expressed a desire for geese; now
I find that she brought me some
geese
ilaunnii (Nu) if possible » ilaunnii
qaiñiaqtuŋa I will come if
possible § ilaanni, ilaiññaq unnii
ilġusiq (Ti) habit, custom < it-
°ili (stem) 3rd person self or 2nd person
ilaa (pron.) [dual » iliŋik or(Ti) iligik,
pl. iliŋit or ilai] she/he or her/him
as a singled out person » ilaa
aikłiġli let him go and get it
himself (instead of making you or
someone else do it) | :a (abs. poss.
3s-s)
ilaaguaŋaruaq manik special fund
account | +guaq- nv (suffix related
to the via) ±ŋa- vv +t/ruaq vn
ilaaguaq- (i) to be singled out; (t) to
single her/him/it out; (i) to set
her/him/it aside; (i) to exclude
her/him/it from a group; (Ti) (t) to
deliver it =package; (t) to go
along with what she/he says or
suggests » aggisuutiniaqtani
ilaaguaġai he is setting aside the
things he will take home | :a (abs.
poss. 3s-s) +guaq- nv
ilaagullaa [pl. iliŋisigullaa] by
herself/himself/itself as a unit;
individually | :a (abs. poss. 3s-s)
+gun (via) -llaa nn
ilaagun [dual iliŋikkun, pl. iliŋisigun]
via that one; with her or him; by
herself, himself, or itself »
taamna ilaagun avuŋa illiuŋ put
that one over there by itself »
ilaagun aiñiaġnisaġigma tell him
that I will go home with him | :a
(abs. poss. 3s) +gun (via)
143
ilaani [dual iliŋignI, pl. iliŋiññI] (loc.
located with her/him; in her/his
opinion » ilaaniitchupaaqtuŋa
malguŋni uvluŋni I am planning
to stay with her for two days | :a
(abs. poss. 3s-s) ÷nI (loc.)
ilaanik [dual iliŋigñik, pl. iliŋiññik]
her/him; by herself/himself/itself
(not reflexive) » aapaŋata ilaanik
pitquraa, naatquraa her father
told her to do it by herself, to
finish it | :a (abs. poss. 3s-s) ÷nik
(mod.)
ilaaniñ [dual iliŋigniñ, pl. iliŋiññiñ]
from her/him » ilaaniñ ilitchaġa I
learned it from him | :a (abs. poss.
3s-s) ÷niñ (abl.)
ilaanun [dual iliŋigñun, pl. iliŋiññun]
to her/him/it » tamanna suppun
ilaanun qairruŋ give that gun to
her » tamanna suppun ilaanun
pipkaġnagu don’t let her take the
gun | :a (abs. poss. 3s-s) ÷nun
(term.)
ilaata or ilaan [dual iliŋiksa, pl.
iliŋisa or ilaisa] her, herself, he,
himself » pisukkumiuŋ ilaata
ailiuŋ if he wants it let him come
and get it himself » ilaata piraa
he did it himself | :ata (rel. poss.
3s-s)
ilaatun [dual iliŋiktun, pl. iliŋisitun]
like her/him/it; in her/his/its own
way of doing things » ilaatun
pipkaġamni quviasuktuaq when
I allowed her to do it in her own
way, she was happy | :a (abs.
poss.) ÷tun (sim.)
iligni or iliŋni[dual ilivsigñi or
iliptigni, pl. ilivsiññi] located with
you; in your opinion » iligni
inniaġniruaq she said she was
planning to stay with you | -k (2nd
person mkr. for pron.) ÷nI (loc.)
ilignik or iliŋnik [dual ilivsigñik or
iliptignik, pl. ilivsiññik] you; by
 yourself » ilignik
ikayuqtiqaġuktuaq he wanted
you for his helper » ilignik
piñiatagnagu don’t try to do it by
yourself | -k (2nd person mkr. for
pron.) ÷nik (mod.)
iligniñ [dual ilivsigniñ or iliptigniñ,
pl. ilivsiññiñ] from you, from
your; in comparison to you »
iligniñ aŋiłhaaqpalliqsuq he is
probably bigger than you | -k (2nd
person mkr. for pron.) ÷niñ (abl.)
ilignun [dual ilivsigñun or iliptignun,
pl. ilivsiññun] to you; as
secondary subject by you »
ilignun ikayuġniruaq she said
she was helped by you | -k (2nd
person mkr. for pron.) ÷nun
(term.)
ilikkun [dual ilivsikkun or iliptikkun,
pl. ilivsigun] via, with you »
ilikkun qaiñasugiravut we
thought they came with you | -k
(2nd person mkr. for pron.)
-kun (via)
iliktun [dual ilivsiksun or iliptiktun,
pl. ilivsisun] like you; as you
(are); in your own way » iliktun
auktaqaqsimaruaq tayaġ-
niġmigun he has a mole on his
wrist like you do | -k (2nd person
sg. mkr. for pron.) ÷tun (sim.)
ilimi or inmi [dual ilimik or inmik,
pl. ilimiŋ or inmiŋ] own self | +mI
(rel. poss. refl. 3s-s)
ilimigun or inmigun [dual ilimikkun
or inmikkun, pl. ilimiktigun or
inmiktigun] via, with
herself/himself; by
herself/himself/itself » ilimigun
ittuq it is by itself | -mI (rel. poss.
refl. 3s-s) +gun (via)
ilimiñi or inmiñi [dual ilimigni or
inmigni, pl. ilimiŋni or inmiŋni]
located with herself/himself; in
her/his opinion » ilimiñi
144
itqugaluaqtaatigut she asked us
to stay with her, alright; inmiñi
nakuuniraa she said it was
satisfactory in her opinion | -mI
(rel. poss. refl. 3s-s) ÷nI (loc.)
ilimiñik or inmiñik [dual ilimignik
or inmignik, pl. ilimiŋnik or
inmiŋnik] by herself/himself,
through her/his own efforts; of
one’s own volition | +mI (rel.
poss. refl. 3s-s) ÷nik (mod.), +mI
(refl. poss. 3s-s)
ilimiñiñ or inmiñiñ [dual ilimigniñ
or inmigniñ, pl. ilimiŋniñ or
inmiŋniñ] from herself/himself; in
comparision to herself/himself »
ilimiñiñ aŋiłhaaġniraa he said it
was bigger than he is | -mI (rel.
poss. refl. 3s- s) ÷niñ (abl.)
ilimiñun or inmiñun [dual ilimignun
or inmignun; pl. ilimiŋnun or
inmiŋnun] to herself/himself; as
secondary subject » ilimiñun
naatquniraa she said she was
told to finish it » inmiñun
pisiksimaruaq unnuaq he shot
himself last night | -mI (rel. poss.
refl. 3s-s) ÷nun (term.)
ilimisun or inmisun [dual ilimiktun
or inmiktun, pl. ilimiktitun or
inmiktitun] by herself/himself; in
her/his own way; of itself »
ilimisun ikuallaktuaq
uunaqsivaiłłuni it burst into
flames by itself because it had
gotten too hot; ilimisun
pitqugaluaqtaatigut she wanted
us to do it like she had done it
alright | -mI or ~mI (rel. poss. refl.
3s-s,d-p) +tun (sim.)
ilimnun for/to oneself | +nmun (term.
poss. 1s)
iliŋisigullaa by themselves as a set »
iliŋisigullaa iliuqqaġniaġitka I
will place them separately by
 themselves as a set |:ŋI :a (abs.
poss. 3s-3s) +tigun (via) -llaa nn
ilviñ or iliviñ (sometimes pronounced
ilvich/ilvit or ilivich/ilivit) [dual
iliptik or ilivsik, pl. ilivsi] (used
when emphasis is needed) you,
your » ilviñ qanutun ukiuqaqpit
how old are you » ilviñ pisaġiñ
you do it | -vit (2s)
inmikkuaq- to be by itself »
inmikkuaqtuaq manik
naupaluksimaruq the special
account increased dramatically
| -kuaq- nv
ilik- (t) to become scorched, singed (of
food, hair, fabric, etc.)
iligraaq(-) browned, roasted flour; (i)
to be roasted, browned (of flour);
(Ti) to brown (it) »
iligraaqtitqaaqługu palauvak
imiliqsuni aluuttaġaaq
palauvaaġiguuruq if one browns
the flour before adding water, the
gravy has a good consistency |
-rak(-) vn, vv | ±aq1 vn
iligrak(-) sunburn; a burn; scaly skin
from sun or windburn; pimple; (t)
to get sunburned (of skin); to
become scaly (of skin from
exposure to sun or wind) »
upinġaksrami uviñiga
iligraktuġuuruq in the spring my
skin gets dry and blotchy | +rak(-)
vn, vv § amiġluk(-)
iligrauraq pimple | +rak(-) vn, vv
:uraq nn
iliktit- (i) to be scorched; (i) get one’s
clothes scorched; (t) to scorch it |
1
mtit- vv
iliktitaq- (t) to scorch it repeatedly »
iliktitaqługu maqullakkaa she
ruined it by repeatedly scorching
it | mtitaq- vv
145
iliktitchi- (i) to accidently burn or
scorch something by placing it too
close to fire |mtit-1 vv +[t]sI- vv
illiaq [illiraq] [dual illirrak] uterus
illiq- [illIq] (i) to hide and be in safety
from opponents; (t) to make a
place for someone » illiġaa aŋun
isiqtuaq aġġiruanun he made
room for the man who came to the
Eskimo dance » nukatpiaġruk
iqsivluni illiqsuq upkuam
tunuanun the boy was scared and
hid behind the door | perhaps
-lIq-1 nv
illiqsaaq- (t) to move things aside to
make room for her/him/it |
-saaq-1 vv
illiuti- (i) to replace someone after
she/he has already been
designated | :uti- vv
illu- (i) to find a hiding place; (i) to settle
into an unreachable place »
qimmiq illuruq aŋutim ivaqtaŋa
the dog that the man is searching
for found a secure hiding place;
qaugak illuruq the bird settled in
its nest; “suna qanusiq niġrun
illuruaq tikiññaitchuamun
pisuuruq” [any kind of animal
when he hides finds a place where
he cannot be reached] (Aiken
2009)
illuk- (i) to suffer snowblindness,
photokeratitis » aŋun illukłuni
tammaġniqsuq the man got lost,
it seems, because he had been
struck with snowblindness
illugniq snowblindness, photokeratitis
» illugniq ilaanni nalautchuuruq
irgaqtuŋitchuni snowblindness
sometimes happens when one
doesn’t wear sunglasses |
 +niQ1 vn, rn
illuiyaun medicine for snowblindness
| :Iyaq- vv :un1 vn
illuksiutik snow goggles with narrow
slits | +siun vn -k2 nn
¤illuliaġaġiik great-grandparent and
great-grandchild | +[g]iik/t nn
illulik something diamond-shaped;
diamond (suit in cards)
illut- (t) to hit it =animal using a sling,
slingshot » illutkaa tiŋmiaq
tiŋisaqtuaq he hit the bird using a
slingshot as it was about to fly
away
illutchaq- (i) to hurl a rock using a
sling; (t) to hurl a rock from a
sling at her/him/it | +tchaq- vv
illuuk (Ti) sling (for hunting) |
perhaps -k2 vn
illuun a stone or other object used as
ammunition for a sling | :un1 vn
illuutik throwing sling » illuutil-lu
qilamitautillu tamarra
qaugagniaġutigisuuraŋit
qaŋasaaq slings and bolas were
used when duck hunting long ago
| :un1 vn -k2 nn
iluaq- or iłuaq- (i) to be fitting, proper; (i)
to be correct, right; (i) to feel fine
iluaġi- or iłuaġi- (t) to consider, find
it to be all right, acceptable; to be
a good fit » iłuaġiŋitchaat they
did not consider it to be proper »
iłuaġigiga [lit.“I fit it”] it fits me
| +[g]i-1 vv
iluaġniq well-being | +niQ1 vn
iluakammaaġiit- (i) to feel sickly »
“iluakammaaġiitchuq
naŋirrutinikłuni” [he is feeling
sickly because he has caught a
sickness] (Aiken 2009) | perhaps
-kaq- vv +mmaaġIk- nv :It-1 vv
146
iluamik or iłuamik properly, rightly,
correctly | ÷mik (mod.)
iluammaġiit- or iłuammaġiit- (i) to
feel unwell | -mmaġiit- vv
iluaqammaaġik- (i) to feel well |
perhaps -mmaaġIk-nv
iluaqammaaġiit- (i) to feel sickly »
“iluaqammaaġiiññisuugaat
naŋinman iñuk
naŋinŋuraaġman” [they say a
person feels sickly when he is not
well when he is feeling sick]
(Aiken 2009) | perhaps
-mmaaġIk- nv :It-1 nv
iluaqsaq- or iłuaqsaq- (i) to improve
one’s behavior, demeanor,
appearance; (t) to fix, straighten,
adjust it @ iluaqsai- or iłuaqsai-
» iluaqsaġai maqpiġaatin she is
putting your papers in order »
iluaqsairuq piuraanik
naviŋaruanik he is fixing the
broken toys » iluaqsaqtuq
inmiñun uqaqami
aŋayuqaamiñun he adjusted his
words presenting himself in
favorable terms to his parents |
3 4
msaq- vv @ :I- vv
iluaqsi- or iłuaqsi- (i) to become
well; (i) to become fixed; (i) to be
adjusted; (t) to fix, adjust it; (t) to
heal her/him/it » iluaqsiruq
naŋittuaq the sick person became
well » iluaqsigaa qamutin he
fixed your car | +sI-1 vv
iluaqsruq- or iłuaqsruq- or (Ti)
iluaġruq- (i) to be in the process
of being fixed; (t) to correct
her/him/it; (t) to straighten it out;
(t) to amend, fix, redo, correct,
adjust it @ iluaqsrui- or
iłuaqsrui- | mqsruq-2 vv or -ġruq-
vv || :I-4 vv
iluaqsruun amendment (e.g., to a
motion, agreement) | mqsruq-2 vv
:un1 vn
iluigi- or iłuigi- (t) to feel that it does
not fit right; to feel that she/he/it
does not belong or is inappropriate
» uuktuaġaluaqtaa, iłuigivlugu
mattaqtaa she tried it on but took
it off because it did not feel right |
=It-1 vv -[g]i- vv
iluilaqtuq- or iłuilaqtuq- (i) to feel
remorse, guilt » iluilaqtuqtuq
aŋun killukuaqtaqqaaqłuni the
man felt guilty after making
mistakes | =Ilaq(-) nn +tuq-3 nv
iluilliq- or iluilliq- or (Ti) iłuilliq- (i)
to become sick, unwell, troubled,
grieved; (i) to begin to
malfunction; (t) to cause it to not
look right, or function properly »
aġnam iluaqsruġmani
sagluruam kiiñaŋa iłuilliqsuq
when the woman corrected
him, the liar’s face looked
troubled | =It-1 vv -lIq-3 vv
iluilli qpiiññaq- (i) to continue to get
sick but not worse than before »
“iluaqsigaluaġaġigaat
tainnatqigaqtuq
piaġiilisiññaŋitkaluaqtuq” [he
would be nursed back to health,
but he would revert back to the
way he was but not worse than
before] (Aiken 2009) | =It-1 vv
-lIq-3 vv +piiññaq- vv
iluilli qsiiññaq- (i) to get sicker and
sicker; to become more or more
dysfunctional; to become more
and more disorderly; to continue
to get worse | =It-1 vv -lIq-3 vv
+siiññaq- vv
iluilli uġun or iłuilliuġun affliction,
agony, discomfort, trouble, misery
| =It-1 vv -lIq-3 vv :uq-2 vv :un1 vn
iluilliuq- or iłuilliuq- or (Ti) iluilliuq-
(i) to be troubled; (i) to be
miserable, wretched, distressed;
(i) to be unwell, afflicted; (i) to be
grieved, sorrowful; (i) to be in
147
trouble » sagluqqaaqłuŋa
iluilli uqtuŋa after telling a lie, I
felt troubled | =It-1 vv -lIq-3 vv
:uq-2 vv
iluilliuqtitauruaq one afflicted |
=It-1 vv -lIq-3 vv :uq-2 vv
1
mtitaq- vn :u- nv +t/ruaq vn
iluirrun impediment, hindrance,
encumbrance | =It-1 vv -rruti vn
iluirrutiqpak calamity, disaster,
tragedy, catastrophe | =It-1 vv -
rruti vn +qpak(-) nn, vv
iluit- or iłuit- (i) to not fit, to look
wrong, to be sick | =It-1 vv
°iluġaq or iluqaq (stem) entirety, totality,
whole § °tamaq
iluġani or iluqani completely,
entirely, all of it | perhaps
-ni (3s poss.)
iluġaan (pron.) or iluqaan or
iluġnaan (pron. used as obj only)
[dual iluqaagnik, pl. iluqaisa] all
of it, the whole thing » “iluġnaan
qaitchuŋa” (Molly Itta 2009) [I
give myself totally] | -an (3s),
-agnik (3d); -isa (3p)
¤iluġnaq (Ti) whole thing, entire thing
» iluġnauvluŋa qaitchuŋa I give
all of me | perhaps +naq1 nn
iluqaġma (pron.) [dual iluqamnuk,
pl. iluqapta] all of me | +ma (1s);
-mnuk (1d); -pta (1p)
iluqaġmi (pron. as subj only) [dual
iluqaġmik, pl. iluqaġmik/ŋ] all of
her/him/it | +mI (3sR); +mik
(3dR); -mik/ŋ (3pR)
iluqanuk (pron. dual) [pl. iluqata]
both of us | -nuk (1d)
iluqaqpiñ (pron.) [dual iluqavsik or
iluqaptik or iluqasik, pl. iluqavsI
or iluqasI] all of yourself | -pIñ/t
(2s); -vsik (2d); -vsI (2p) | -sik
(2d); -sI (2p)
 iluqatik (pron.) both of themd [pl.
iluqatik or iluqatiŋ] | -tik (3dR);
-tik/ŋ (3pR)
iluqatiqqayaq almost all |
±qqayaq nn
ilviñ or ilvit [ilvIt] (sometimes
pronounced ilivich) [dual iliptik
or ilivsik, pl. ilivsI] (abs. or rel.
pron. 2nd person) (used when
emphasis is needed) you < °ili
ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or
name; companion, friend, partner;
part of a whole; a member; (i) to
get a co-participant, co-member;
(i) to be enlarged, receive a new
addition (e.g., of a house, a family,
or an institution); (t) to add on to
it; (t) to come and be a
co-participant with her/him »
ilamiñik una ilisimapayuktuq
this one knows who his relatives
are (by his actions he shows he
cares)
ilaalliq- (i) to acquire, get a partner,
friend; (t) to take her/his side; to
be a partner to her/him, to join
her/him » ilaalliġaa nukaaluata
his younger sibling took his side,
e.g., in a competition | +luq nn
‘=Iq-1nv
ilaalugruaq child | +luq nn +ġruaq nn
ilaalliqsuq- (t) to take sides, support
her/him | +l»uq nn ‘=Iq-1nv
+tuq-2 vv
ilaaluq partner | +luq nn
¤ilannaaġuq “…iilyonaaruq (a term
of familiar address, used only with
reference to a close friend)”
(Spencer: 403)
ilaanni sometimes, once in a while »
ilaanni qairaġuiñ you should
visit once in a while | :at (poss.
abs. 3p-3s) ÷nI (loc.) < ila(-)
148
ilaannigu or (Ti) ilaanigun at some
future time, at a later date; “wait
until later” » ilaannigulu
tautuutiniaġmiugut we’ll see
each other sometime later »
ilaannigu aiy later, okay (query) |
:at (poss. abs. 3p-s) ÷nI (loc.)
+[g]un nn
ilaaq(-) patch; addition to a house; (t)
to patch it; (t) to build an addition
on it =house » iglumi ilaaŋa
iglualuaniñ aŋiłhaaqtuq the
addition to his house is bigger
than the original house » igluni
amma il aaqsimaraa he is
building an addition to his house |
-aq(-)8 vn
ilaaqtuun patching tool | -aq(-)8 vn
+tuq-2 vv :un1 vn
ilaaqtuutiligaak or ilaaqtuutillak
woman’s black and white long
boots » “kammak takkiik
qatiqtaaniglu maŋaqtaaniglu
timiligaak” [long boots with
black and white body uppers]
(Aiken 2009) | -aq(-)8 vn +tuq-2 vv
:un1 vn -ligaaq(-) vn -k2 nn or
+aq(-)8 vn +tuq-2 vv +un1 vn
+lik nv ‘-k2 nn § sivuġaligaak
ilaaqviiññaq an item full of patched
holes | +viiññaq vv
ilagi- (t) to include, to have her/him/it
as a member or a relative »
ilaginiaġikput taamna
aŋutaiyaaq we will include that
boy | +[g]i-1 vv
ilagiigñiq relationship » qanuq
ilagiigñiŋak nalugiga I do not
know how they are related |
+[g]IIk(-) nn, vv +niQ1 vn
ilagiik(-) (i) to be related; two related
persons or items | +[g]iik(-) nn, vv
ilagiit extended family; clan |
+[g]iik nn -t nn
ilagik- (i) to be or have a good friend,
companion, partner, relative |
+[g]Ik- nv
ilaiġaġniq subtraction | :Iq-2nv
+aq-1vv +niQ1 vn
ilaiq- (i) to become an orphan; to lose
a relative, friend or partner; (t) to
take, remove part of it @ ilaiqsi- |
:Iq-2 nv || +sI-3 vv
ilait- (i) to be an orphan; (i) to not
have a relative; (i) to have a part
missing | :It-1 nv
ilaku(-) remainder, leftover; (i) to
leave a remainder of something;
(i) to have a remainder (of fabric
or food); (t) to not use it all, to
leave a remainder of it; to leave a
remainder of something for
her/him/it » aapiyan nullautak-
sraŋanik ilakuraqput we left
some of the supper for your older
brother » atikłikama ilakutka
katiłługit aitqatchiruami I made
mittens by gathering my leftover
material from making a parka |
-ku(-) nn, nv
ilakutaq piece left remaining e.g., as
a sliver or any foreign matter in a
flesh wound; remainder, leftover |
+kutaq vn
ilalaaq- (t) to increase, enlarge it by
adding to it | -laaq-1 vv
ilalġun encouragement | -lġun vn
ilalġusiq- (i) to have a relapse; (i) to
feel, experience pain, especially
from overdoing something, e.g.,
work, eating, staying out in cold
weather; to increase (of pain or
sickness) as when one works too
soon after illness, or eats too
much after illness; (i) to aggravate
an illness » ilalgusiġñialgitchuq
savaksatqigñaġiaqpaiłłuni she’ll
get worse again if she starts
working too soon | -lġun vn
:Iq2- nv
149
ilali- to shake hands (with her/him); to
wave (at her/him) in greeting »
Iñupiarguuq ilaliruanik
tautuqqaaqamiŋ
ivsulanisuuraŋit it is said that
when the Iñupiat first saw people
waving they described it as “they
are flapping in the wind” | -lI-1 nv
§ nuluġaq-
ilaliuq- to claim (her/him) as one’s
relative | -liuq- nv
ilaliuraq- (Ti) (t) to wave to her/him |
:uraq- vv
ilaliuti- (i) to join, become a member
of an organization; to become a
part of something; (t) to make
her/him/it a part of something »
allaugaluaŋŋaan ilaliutigiga
atikłuliamnun although it is (a)
different (print, fabric) I added the
material to the snowshirt I am
making | -lI-1 nv :uti- vv
¤ilalliñ (Ti) flag | ‘n § aulataq,
takuyaq
¤ilaluktaġiliuti- (t) to merge, unite,
become a member, adhere to it »
ilaluktaġiliutikkaŋa iñuum
avraq the person is merged with
the tumor § avraqtuq-
ilałhuyuk- (i) to act silly, funny by
overacting | perhaps -łhuyuk(-) rv
ilamat- (i) to try to give a misleading
impression; (t) to try to mislead a
person | +mat- rv
ilamaaŋ (direct address) my
friend(s), relative(s), loved one(s)
» ilamaaŋ, qanutun
qiglukkaluaqtugut ilailgitchugut
my friends, as much as we regret
losing one of our own, we have
lost another relative | +maaq(-) nn
-ŋ nn
ilamaaq dear relative, loved one |
+maaq(-) nn, nv
ilamaaqtuq- to call (her/him) one’s
dear relative, friend, or loved one
 » ilamaaqtuqłuta uqaqtuq
iglaaq the stranger talked, calling
us his “relatives” | +maaq(-) nn
-q- nv +tuq2 vv
ilamaatqik- to be friendly, kind »
taamna ilamaatqiksuq
iñupayaamun that one, he is
friendly to everyone | +maaq(-) nn
-tqIk-2 vv
ilammaaġik- or il ammiġik- (i) to be
especially friendly, kind |
+mmaaq(-) nn +[g]Ik- nv
ilammiuq- (i) to get to know
someone; (t) to get to know
her/him » ilammiuqtuk theyd are
enjoying each other’s company
and making friends | +mmI-5 vv
:uq-2 vv
ilammiutqik- (i) to be friendly, kind
while becoming acquainted |
+mmI-5 vv :uq-2 vv -tqIk-2 vv
ilannak- (i) to gain a member; (i) to
find out that someone is your
relative | -nnak- nv
ilannaq or ilauraaq a good friend,
buddy » ilannapiaŋa taikka
aapakpit that one there is your
father’s best friend | +nnaq vn
ilaŋa mininnagu (excl.) “give it all
you’ve got!” »
“illiqsaaqtuqamigik
kiiqsruaqsigik, ‘ilaŋa minnagu
pisallagniaġitchik’-iqługik;
taimma tainnaġmatik tugliata
avluqtilgitkaa” (Nageak 1975:
38) [quickly creating some space
for them, he began to encourage
them “give it all you’ve got, try
it” telling them; immediately
responding to the
encouragement, the second oldest
crossed over as well]
ilaŋiłaaq one not belonging to a
group » “…unipkaaġniaqtuŋa
unipkaapiamik
ilaŋiłaaptiŋnik…” (Elijah
150
Kakinya as reported by
Bergsland 1987: 18) […I will
tell a story, a real legend, not
about our people…] | ±ŋiłaaq or
+ŋilaaq nn
ilaŋiq- (i) to lose a loved one through
death; (t) to take away, remove a
part, or member of it (including
family) » ilaŋiqsuat amma
takullaŋniaġitka I am going over
to see the family who lost a loved
one » taġium aasi ilaŋiġaatigut
the ocean has taken another of our
loved ones | +ŋIq- nv
ilaŋŋaq- (i) to be decreased; (t) to
reduce, decrease it » kavamapta
akiññaktaaksrautiga
ilaŋŋapalulgiññiġaat our
government sure took a lot out of
my paycheck again | -ŋŋaq- nv
ilappaguti- (i) to become sure of
oneself among strangers; (i) to
become well acquainted and feel
at ease with people; (t) to become
sure of oneself around her/him; (t)
to become well acquainted and
feel at ease with her/him; (i) to
become “part of the group” »
taagani ilappagutillakłuni
aitqiŋaitchuaq he never returned
home having found “a home”
down there; “taapkunaŋŋa
iñugñiñ aullallaigami,
unillaiġai” (Matumeak 2009)
[one becomes part of a group of
people when he or she no longer
leaves; one cannot leave them
behind] | +ppaguti- vv
ilaqan spouse | ±qan nn § tuvaaqan,
aŋunnuniq, aġnauniq
ilaqapqaŋa- (i) to enjoy visiting
friends or relatives, usually after a
long separation »
ilaqapqaŋavaiłłuŋa aillaiqsuŋa I
am enjoying the visit with my
 relatives so much that I find it
hard to leave to return home |
-qaq- nv -pqaŋa- vv
ilaqisuuraq small part | -qisuuraq nn
ilaraġaġniq addition (in mathematics)
» ilaraġaġniġmik ilisaġniaqtugut
uvlupak today we are going to
study addition | -t/raġaq- vv
+niQ1 vn
ilaraġaq- (t) to continue adding to it
/ ilaraġaqługu silvillakkaa she
filled it up, adding to it again and
again | -t/raġaq- vv
ilari1 your relative(s) » taikka ilari,
aapavsi aŋaalua he, over there, is
one of your relatives, your father’s
uncle | +rI (poss. abs. 2p-s)
ilasuġnaq- (i) to be easy to add
something to | +suġnaq- vv
ilat nanmiñiq extended family » ilaŋi
nanmiñiq Utqiaġvigmiittut her
extended family is in Barrow
ilau-1 (i) to be included, be a member;
(t) to include her/him/it »
“ilaumaruq amma niŋiqtuani”
(Kinneeveauk 2008) [he was
included with those who received
shares] | :u-1 nv
ilau-2 (i) to have many relatives or
friends | :u-3 nv
ilauniq tenure of membership »
ilauniġa sivikiñŋaruq the tenure
of my membership was not long |
:u-1 nv +niQ1 vn
ilauq- (i) to include untruths when
relating one’s version of an event;
(i) to do things to aggravate the
situation; (i) to add ingredients to
what one is making; (Ti) (i) to
grimace, make a funny face; (t) to
continue adding things to it, one
after another; (Ti) to grimace,
make a funny face at her/him | -
uq-2 nv
ilauqpallaaq- (Ti) (t) to not treat a
sick person right, not care for
151
her/him right; (t) to add too many
things to it | -uq-2 vv +pallaaq- vv
ilauraaliuq- (i) to to reestablish a
friendship | +uraaq nn -liuq- nv
ilauraaq a dear friend, relative |
+uraaq nn § avilaitqan, ilannaq
ilaviñiq a piece, part, portion »
alġaaniqsaŋaruŋauvva satkum
ilaviñiŋanik I have found a fossil,
a piece of some old tool |
-viñiQ nn
illarruq- (t) to make it =a condition
worse | ‘-rruq- vv
illati- (i) to join, become a member;
(t) to include her/him/it | ‘ti- vv
illatit- (i) to do more than necessary;
(i) to become careless and
negligent; (i) to become apathetic
and let things go » illatittuq he
has become careless and negligent
| ‘-tit-2 vv
illiqsuq- (i) to choose a partner in a
game; (i) to recruit supporters for
oneself; (t) to take sides, support
her/his views, opinions »
illiqsuġaa avilaitqatini he is
supporting his friend | ‘=Iq-1 nv
+tuq-2 vv
ilagiññaq (alternative name for) the
number 400 (used to simplify and
regularize the place-value system
for numbers 400 and above) §
iñuiññakipiaq, see Appendix 11
ilaiññaq (expression used when the
situation looks hopeless, but one
does something about it anyway
knowing that the action might not
work to remedy the situation) may
be to no avail; regardless »
ilaiññaq unnii
ullakkaluaġlakpuk let’sd go see
him anyway
ilaiññaq unnii (excl.) regardless of
the outcome whether it be failure
 or success! » “ilainnaq unnii
uuktuaqsaġniq” [it’s to make an
effort whether you succeed or fail]
(Aiken 2009) § tainnaunnii
*ilak (root) distraction, confusion;
discord; not aligned, dissonance,
disharmony
ilaġġi- (i) to purposefully continue
after being told not to »
ilaġġivluni suaqusaalgitchuq
nukatpiaġruuraq the young boy
is purposefully not doing what is
asked of him and in the process
trying to get scolded | -ġġI- rv
ilaġġisigi- (t) to tease, mock
her/him/it; (t) to persist in doing
something to her/him/it even
though she/he/it is displeased; (t)
to continue pestering, disturbing
her/him/it » aapiyaŋata
ilaġġisigivlugu qivrigaa her
brother teased her so much she
left in a huff | -ġġi- rv ‘-ti1 vn
+[g]i-1 nv
ilaiqsaq- (i) to have an eerie, “creepy”
feeling; (i) to feel unsettled »
taaqtuami pisuaqłuni
ilaiqsaqtuq walking in the dark,
he felt a creepy feeling;
“tupinŋatchaktuaq ilaiqsaqtuq
allayuaqtiqłuni sumik” [the one
who was startled got a creepy
feeling because he noticed
something strange] (Aiken 2009) |
:Iq-2 rv msaq-3 vv
ilaksia- (t) to bother her/him/it »
ilaksianialgitkait tamaani
tutquġlugit pikki they’ll bother
the stuff out here, why don’t you
put it away | +sia- rv,nv
¤ilaksiq- (i) to be bothered | +sIq-2 vv
§ nuyugaq
ilaksiuq- (Nu) (t) to disturb, distract,
confuse her/him » ilaksiuġaaŋa
he is disturbing me | perhaps
152
+siuq- rv § alapisaaq-
ilatchiŋaiq- (i) to cease being
helpless, passive » nukatpiam
ilatchiŋaiġami palapalukkai
when the young man ceased being
passive, he retaliated thoroughly |
±ŋaiq- vv
ilatchiq- or ilatchiaq- (i) to not fight
back, not protest, not defend
oneself; (i) to do nothing, be
passive, leave things as they are;
to lack initiative; (t) to not do
anything about her/him/it; (t) to
not help her/him; (i) to let it be; (i)
leave her/him/it alone; (t) to let
her/him/it do as she/he/it pleases »
“sutchailiruq; manimmiraqtuq”
(Matumeak 2009) [he tries not to
react; he is not protesting];
“ilatchiqsuq susuŋitchuq”
(Molly Itta 2009) [she is doing
nothing; she does not want to do
anything] aaquaġnivluni
ilatchiqsuq she doesn’t do
anything anymore because she
thinks she is old | +[t]sIq- vv
ilatchiŋit- (i) to be industrious, “be a
go-getter”; (i) to have initiative; (i)
to defend oneself; (t) to not let
her/him/it continue to malign
others; (t) to contradict,
reprimand, chastise her/him/it
whenever necessary »
ilatchiŋitchuq taamna iñuk;
savvaqturuq; suna naatiġuugaa
isagutigamiuŋ that person is
industrious; she works hard; she
completes whatever task she
begins quickly
ilatchiŋa- or (Ti) ilatchiu- (i) to be
permissive; (i) to be lazy, not
work as one should, put work off,
be neglectful » ilatchiŋavaiłłuni
qitunġaŋi naglignaqsirut she is
so neglectful her children look
pitiful | +[t]sIq- vv ±ŋa- vv

ilak-2 or ilakpak- (t) to shove her/him/it
aside » “talvagguuq kaukkani
aippaŋaŋnik ilivakkaluaġaa
titiġuglugu aġviġmun; aippaŋan
taavruma kaugaġmiñik
ilakpakkaa killukuaġnivlugu”
(David Frankson as reported by
Pulu, Sampson, Newlin: 89) [then,
it is told, that the other of the two
tried to position his whaling
butchering lance on the whale to
make a mark; but his partner kept
shoving it away with his whale
butchering lance saying he was
making a mistake]
ilaŋaniñ plenty, in abundance » ilaŋaniñ
niqiqaqtut niqinaqiruat
Quyammata ikpaksraaq there
was plenty of food at the
Thanksgiving feast a few days ago
| perhaps ÷niñ (abl.)
ilari2 jellyfish § nuvayulġiq
ilasi- (i) to want to continue to do an
activity one enjoys doing »
aġnaiyaat puuvraqtuat ilasirut
the girls want to continue to swim
| +sI- vv
ilguq- or iluguq- or irguq- (t) to be
frostbitten on the face »
uumauvva aġnaiyaam iqsraŋa
ilguġaa; argaŋnik
auktuuqtuuraġuŋ this little girl’s
cheek is becoming frostbitten,
warm it quickly with your hand §
iluguq-, qiqitit-
ilguġniq or iluguġniq or irguġniq
frostbite on cheek » aġnaiyaam
ilguġnini nuvagmiñik nanukkaa
aakamiñiñ ilisausiani itqaqługu
the little girl rubbed her frostbitten
cheek with her mucus
153
remembering what her mother had
told her to do (when she got
frostbitten)| +niQ1 vn
ilġavik internal organs, innards (of seals)
(S. Tuzroyluke 2009) | perhaps
-vIk2 nn
ilġiŋa- or ilġiŋaaq- (Nu) (i) to be twisted,
not straight (usu. of person with
twisted back) » “siatqiŋitchuaq”
(Hugo 2009) [one who is not
straight] | ±ŋa- vv or ±ŋaaq(-) vv
ili-1 [ilI] (i) to be at a certain point (along
a journey or a process); (i) to
become apparent; (t) to place, set
it; (t) to put it in a store for sale @
ilisi- or iliri- » Nuiqsanun
ilikapta Qaaktuġviksaqłuta
qimmivut pilaipaluktut when we
reached Nuiqsat on our way to
Qaaktuġvik (Barter Island), our
dogs were exhausted; aakamisun
avva iliruq she is becoming more
and more like her mother; illiuŋ
ikuŋa taamna niuqqiuġun set
that teakettle down over there ||
+sI3 or +rI5
iliqpik or iliqpiuraq storage alcove
or space (usually in entrance
tunnel of sod house) | +qpIk vn
:uraq nn § qakpiuraq § see
Appendix 22
ilisaaksraq a lesson to be studied »
ilisaurrim miŋuaqtuat
ilisaaksrautaat piiguqsimagaa
aimaaġvimiñun the teacher
forgot the lesson for the students
at home | msaq-3 vv ±aq1 vn
+ksraq(-) nn
ilisaaq a lesson already studied »
aŋutaiyaam ilisani
piigupiallakługu ,
killukuaqtaqtuuluvlugu
naatiġaa savaani the boy
 completely forgot what he had
studied and finished his task all
wrong | msaq-3 vv ±aq1 vn
ilisaġi- (t) to recognize her/him/it @
ilisaqsri- » tautukaŋaitpaiłługu
ilisaġiŋitchaġa aññaġa
iñuguqtuaq California-mi I
hadn’t seen my cousin who grew
up on California in such a long
time, I didn’t recognize her |
3 1
msaq- vn +[g]i- nv || ~srI- vv
ilisaġnaiq- (Ti) (i) to play a game
where contestants attempt to guess
the identity of a disguised person
(during Uiŋuraq); (i) to become
unrecognizable; (t) to make
her/him/it unrecognizable |
3
msaq- vv +naiq- vv
ilisaġnaq- (i) to be recognizable »
ilisaġnaqtuq taigña aġnaq
makitaruaq umiam saniġaani
that woman standing over there by
the side of the boat is recognizable
| msaq-3 vv +naq(-) vv
ilisaksraq lesson to be learned |
+saq-3 vv -ksraq(-) vn
ilisakunat- (t) to think that one
recognizes her/him/it »
ilisakunatkaluaġaa
allaunasugimmivlugu-lu he
thinks he knows the person, but
thinks it might be someone else |
3
msaq- vn +kunat- nv
ilisaŋa- to be educated; to have
studied | msaq-3 vv ±ŋa- vv
ilisaq- to study or practice (it) »
taimuŋaagaksrani ilisaġai she is
trying to memorize her lines |
2
+saq- vv
ilisaq or ilitchaq something learned
» ilitchan atuġuŋ sing the one
you’ve learned | +saq vn or
-tchaq nn
ilisaqquti- (i) to recognize each other
» Aalaaglu Aaŋalu
154
ilisaqqutiruk Aalaak and
Aaŋa recognize each other |
+saq vn +[g]i-1 nv ‘ti- vv
ilisaqtuaq student | msaq-3 vv
+tuaq2 vn (part 3s)
ilisaunnaq an instrument used in
learning how to do a particular
activity | msaq-3 vn :unnaq vn
ilisaurri(-) teacher; (i) to teach »
ilisaurrikun qanniqsuq
aŋaayyuliqsi maqpiġaanik the
preacher ordered some books
through the teacher | msaq-3 vv
:uti- vv +rI vn
ilisaurrun illustration, example,
lesson, parable | msaq-3 vv :uti- vv
+run1 vn
ilisausiaq a particular lesson learned
from another person » ilisausiaġa
ilaaniñ piigulaitkiga I never
forget the particular lesson I
learned from her | msaq-3 vn
:usiaq vn
ilisauti- (t) to teach her/him/it @
ilisaurri- » ililgaat ilisautigai
sayuġniġmik she is teaching the
children the movements of the
dance | msaq-3 vv :uti- vv || ~rI-5 vv
ilisima- to know (her/him/it) »
nunamik samma taamna
ilisimaqpaktuq that one knows a
lot about the land | +sima-2 vv
ilisimapkaq- (t) to proclaim,
advertise, announce it | +sima-2 vv
+pkaq-1 vv
ilisimari a witness » kuttaqtuat
ilisimariqaġmagaisa
ilisimasuktut they want to know
if there are any witnesses to the
accident | +sima-2 vv mt/ri vn
ilisimman knowledge » utuqqanaat
ilisimmataat nuipanapiallaktuq
the knowledge of elders is very
important | +sima-2 vv :un1 vn
ilit- [ilIt] (i) to learn; (t) to learn of
her/his ways, habits; (t) to learn it
@ ilitchi- | +’t vv || +sI-3 vv
ilitagraq (Ti) a lesson to be learned |
+t/raq vn -ksraq(-) nn
ilitchitchiġiit- (i) to be a slow learner |
+t-1 vv +sI-3 vv +[t]siġiaq- vv
=It-1 vv
ilitchitquraq disciple, follower |
+t-1 vv +sI-3 vv -[t]qu- vv
+t/raq vn
ilitchuġi- to become aware, cognizant
of (her/him/it); (t) to become
acquainted with her/him/it »
ilitchuġikamiŋ aññaġiik
avillaiqsuk when the cousins got
to know each other they became
inseparable » “ilitchuġiniqłaktuk
taaġmikii nannum
tikisaniaqsiliġniġik kaaktuam”
(Ekowana:13) [they suddenly
become aware that in the dark a
hungry polar bear was almost
upon themd] | +t-1 vv perhaps
+tuq2 vn +[g]i-1 nv § kisuiq-,
sukuiġi-
ilitchuġiniqłak- or (Nu)
ilitchuqqiġluk- to suddenly
become aware (of her/him/it) »
“Tavra taavruma aġnam
ilitchuqqiġluqamiuŋ,
qimaktualuksaġaluaġaa…
When the poor woman became
aware of her, she fled
immediately, but she…” (Elijah
Kakinya as reported by Bergsland
1987: 306) | -niqłak- vv or
perhaps‘-ġluk(-) vv
ilitchuqqun source of recognition;
sign; knowledge » tavra
iññuqłuum qiluġuŋa
ilitchuqqutigivlugu aġnaq
qimaktuq recognizing the evil
man by his scar, the woman fled |
+t-1 vv perhaps +tuq2 vn +[g]i-1 nv
‘ti1 vn
155
ilitchuqqutiŋi timim sensory nerves
of the body | +t-1 vv +tuq2 vn
‘qun vn -t nn :ŋI nn
illiqpik storage rack (constructed of
whale ribs built in the
subterranean entrance of a
traditional sod house) | ‘qpIk vn §
iliqpik, see Appendix 22
illivik place to put things; storage
space; chest of drawers | ‘+vIk1 vn
illiviurat shelves; little storage spaces,
compartments | ‘+vIk1 vn
:uraq nn -t nn
ili-2 [ilI] (i) to become, to come to
resemble, look like; (t) to make
her/him/it become, look like
something else (this verb stem is
used with a noun in the similaris
case) / utuqqalikami aakamisun
iliruq now that she’s elderly, she
looks like her mother »
piyukpaiłługu suuŋilatun iligaa
she tampered with it so much she
made it look like nothing § it-
ilimik- (i) to gesture to do likewise »
“tamuaqsiruq; taimmali
nukaaluni ilimikługu;
“tainnali”; manumiñun-tauq
niġiaqsiruq” (Nageak 1975: 54)
[he began to chew; then he
gestured to his younger brother
to do likewise; “do like this”; so
he also began to eat into his
chest] | +mIk- vv
ilimmaq- (i) to metamorphose, to
undergo metamorphosis, to
transform oneself (of shaman); to
make a voyage through the air or
the ocean (of shaman) »
ilimmaqłuni taimma aŋatkuq
tiŋiruq the shaman then turned
into a bird and flew away |
-mmaq- vv
*ili3 (root) ¤tenderness
 iliaġruk or iliappak or iliappałuk or
iliappałuuraq poor person;
orphan » iliaġruŋnik
nagliksrauturuq she is
compassionate toward orphans |
-aġruk rn or -ppak2 vn or
-ppak2 vn -łuk(-) nn or -ppak2 vn
or -ppak2 vn -łuk(-) nn :uraq nn
iliaġrunŋu- (i) to yearn to see a dear
relative or friend » auŋa
miŋuaqtuġiaqama
iliaġrunŋulipaluktuŋa when I
went away to school, I really
longed to see my relatives |
-aġruk rn -nŋu- nv
iliaqsri- [iliaqsrI] (i) to experience the
“creeps”; (i) to feel unsettled
*iliġa (root) gratitude, happiness
iliġasugvigi- (t) to be grateful to
her/him/it | +suk-2 vv +vIk1 vn
+[g]i-1 nv
iliġasuk- (i) to be very happy, joyful;
to be very grateful »
iliġasupaluktut iñuit
aġvaktuanik tusaakamiŋ the
people were ecstatic when they
heard that a whale had been
caught; “iliġasuitchuq asuuna,
quyyataitchuq asuuna” (Molly
Itta 2009) [oh, you are so
ungrateful; oh, you have no
gratitude] | +suk-2 rv
iliġasuun sweet joy, extreme
happiness » ”suli tavra quyyan
tamatqiksuaġlugu iliġasuun”
(Harold Itta 1982: 1 Track 2)
[then there is the joy when
complete is called sweet joy] |
+suk-2 rv :un1 vn
iliġatchak- (i) to become grateful |
-tchak- rv
ililgaaq child; (Ti) jack (suit in cards) §
miqłiqtuq
156
ililgaaġiit family (emphasis on
children) | +[g]iik nn -t nn §
qitunġaġiit, aŋayuqaaġiit
ililgaaġruutit baby teeth | -ġruk nn
-uti2 nn -t nn § kigutiqqaat
ililgarriqi- (i) to take care of children
» niviaqsiaq ililgarriqiruq
aŋayuqaaŋit aŋuniaŋapkaqługit
the young woman is taking care of
the children while their parents are
out hunting | =rrIqi- nv
ililgauraġiik (Nu) a mother and a
recently born child | =uraq nn
+[g]iik nn
ililgauraq baby | =uraq nn
*ilima (root) suspicion, apprehension
ilimagi- (t) to suspect her/him |
+[g]i-1 rv
ilimakkiuti- (t) to begin to suspect
her/him | +[g]i- rv ‘uti- vv
ilimanaq- (i) to be suspect, to arouse
suspicion or distrust, to be
untrustworthy » ilimanaġnigaat
samma taavamna they say that
that person is not to be trusted |
+naq-1 rv
ilimasuk- (i) to be apprehensive,
suspicious, cautious »
ilimasukłuni naipiqtuqtitkaa
because she was suspicious of
him, she had him watched |
+suk-2 rv
ilimasuun apprehension; distrust;
suspicion | +suk-2 rv +un1 vn
ilimatchak- (i) to become
apprehensive, suspicious, cautious
| -tchak- rv § tupinŋatchak-
ilimatchai- (t) to make her/him
become apprehensive, suspicious,
cautious | -tchak- rv -I-6 vv
*iliq1 (root) portion
iliġnaaluk or iliġniq (Nu) cast-off bit
of caribou skin | +niQ1 rn
+aluk nn
iliġniku(-) leftover material, remnant;
to have leftover scraps of material,
remnants (of it); to have leftover
scraps of material, remnants (for
her/him/it) » iliġnikuraġa
kalikuutiga atikłuliuqama when
I made a parka cover, I had a
piece leftover from my material |
+niQ1 rn +ku(-) nn
iliġniq leftover material, remnant »
iliġniġutitka katiłługit
atikłunillaktuŋa by gathering my
fabric remnants, I made a
snowshirt | +niQ1 rn
iliktaaq portion already cut to a
pattern (Molly Itta 2009) | -ktiq- rv
±aq-4 vn
iliktiq- to cut material according to a
pattern » kamiksrautikkiñ
iliktiġaik she is cutting out a pair
of boots for you | -ktiq- rv
iliktiġun or (Ti) iliktiun a pattern (as
in sewing) » iliktiġutiliuqtuq
maqpiġaamiñ she is making a
pattern out of paper | -ktiq- rv
:uti1 vn
iliqsraq or (Ti) iliġraq strip of split
sinew to be used to make thread »
iliqsramik pilġaqtuuraqtuaŋa
ivaluksramik I quickly braided
some split sinew for thread |
perhaps =sraq3 rn
iliqsri- or (Ti) iliġri- to split sinew to
make thread »
iliqsrianipqauraqami
kammiñagutiruq as soon as she
finished splitting the sinew for
thread, she started on the boots;
“iliġriruq amiutigranik sisuat
ivaluŋiññik pilġauraaġlugit” (C.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [she is making
thread from beluga sinew by
braiding it] | =sraq3 rn ‘=I-1 nv
¤iliqtaq part cut off as portion |
+t/raq vn
157
*iliq2 (root) movement
iliqit- (i) to make a movement »
“tavra nukatpiaġruum
qallikamiuŋ
miluqsallakkaluaġaġigaa
uqpigñik naviksillaavluni
milullaavlugulu,
iliqitchailiuraġniaqtuq…When
the young boy came close to him,
he [the boy] began to throw at
him [Maguula] willow sticks he
had broken, and he hit him, too,
but Maguula tried not to move.”
(Elijah Kakinya as reported by
Bergsland 1987: 317-318, 324) |
‘=It-2 rv
iliqsraq- or (Ti) iliġraq- (i) to squirm,
wiggle; (i) to writhe; (i) move
about; (i) to tremble; (i) to quake
(of land) » naŋitpaiłłuni
iliqsraqtuq she is so sick she is
writhing » nuna iliqsraqtuq there
is an earthquake; “iliġraqtuq;
aularuq” (C. Tuzroyluke 2009)
[he is moving around; he is
showing movement];
“naniġiaqtaugami tiġiganniaq
tavra aulagami iliqsraqtuq”
(Matumeak 2009) [when a fox is
caught in a trap and it is moving,
it is writhing] | +qsraq- rv § aula-
iliqpik or iliqpiuraq storage alcove or
area (usually in entrance tunnel of
sod house) < ili-1
ilisaaksraq a lesson < ili-1
ilisaġi- (t) to recognize her/him/it @
ilisaqsri- < ili-1
ilisaġnaiq- (Ti) (i) to play a game where
contestants attempt to guess the
identity of a disguised person
(during Uiŋuraq); (i) to become
 unrecognizable; (t) to make
her/him/it unrecognizable
< ili-1
ilisaġnaq- (i) to be recognizable < ili-1
ilisaksraq lesson to be learned < ili-1
ilisakunat- (t) to think that one
recognizes her/him/it, having seen
her/him/it somewhere before
< ili-1
ilisaŋa- to be educated; to have studied
< ili-1
ilisaq- to study or practice (it) < ili-1
ilisaq or ilitchaq something learned
< ili-1
ilisaqquti- (i) to recognize each other
< ilI-1
ilisaqtuaq student < ilI-1
ilisaunnaq an instrument used in learning
how to do a particular thing < ilI-1
ilisaurri(-) teacher; (i) to teach < ilI-1
ilisaurrun illustration, example, lesson,
parable < ilI-1
ilisausiaq a particular lesson learned from
another person < ilI-1
ilisauti- (t) to teach her/him/it @
ilisaurri- < ili-1
*ilisI (root) spirit, energy § ilitqusiq
ilisiilak sorcerer, one who casts spells
(considered stronger than a
shaman) » ilisiilak una
suaŋałhaaqtuq aŋatkumiñ the
sorcerer is stronger than a shaman
| +ilak rn
158
ilisiitchuq “sickness-bringing power”
believed to be possessed by old
women (Spencer: 309) | :It-1 nv
+t/uq 3s Indicative
ilisiiyaq- (t) to cut a hole in her/his
clothing to cause her/his death (of
shaman) (the intended victim must
discover and repair hole before
putting on pierced garment to
avoid death); (t) to hex or curse
her/him » aŋatkum ilisiiyaqługu
aŋun atigaagun tuqutkaa the
shaman cut a hole in the man’s
parka and caused him to die |
:Iyaq- nv
ilisima- to know (her/him/it) < ili-1
ilisimapkaq- (t) to proclaim, advertise,
announce it < ili-1
ilisimari a witness < ili-1
ilisimman knowledge < ili-1
ilit- [ilIt] (i) to learn; (t) to learn of her/his
ways, habits; to learn it @ ilitchi-
< ili-1
ilitagraq (Ti) a lesson to be learned < ili-1
ilitchitchiġiit- (i) to be a slow learner <
ili-1
ilitchitquraq learner, disciple, follower <
ili-1
ilitchuġi- to become aware, cognizant of
(her/him/it); (t) to become
acquainted with her/him < ili-1
ilitchuġiniqłak- or (Nu) ilitchuqqiġluk-
to suddenly become aware (of
her/him/it) < ili-1
ilitchuqqun cause of recognition; sign;
knowledge < ili-1
ilitchuqqutiŋi timim sensory nerves of
the body < ili-1
ilitqun spirit, essence (of a being) |
perhaps +t-3 nv -quti vn § °ilisI
Ilitqusiġiksuaq Holy Spirit, Holy
Ghost | perhaps +t-3 nv -quti vn
:Iq nn +[g]Ik- nv +t/ruaq vn
ilitqusiq or ilitqutchiq spirit, soul;
ghost; person’s being; one’s
character » ilitqutchiñik tamarra
qaŋapak aŋatkuvut ilisimaŋarut
our shamans have known about
spirits for a long, long time |
+t-3 nv -quti vn :Iq nn
ilitqusiqłuk evil spirit, demon |
+t-3 nv -quti vn :Iq nn
+qłuk(-) nn, vv
¤ilivliq grandchild § illuq, ilullik, ilulik,
tutik, tutaaluk, tutitchiaq, tutiġaaq,
iñġutaq
illaatqusiq [illaatqisIq] porcupine
(Erethizon dorsatum) »
“illaatqusimigli Anaġim
taiguġuugaa” [Anaġi called it
illaatqusiq] (Aiken 2009) §
iluqutaq, qiŋaġluk
illak- (i) to become tangled up, mixed up;
(t) to tangle it up » qupaksrat
illaktinmata paniga
qimmaksaliyaiñŋuġman
iluaqsruipkaġuugiga when the
decorative parka trims get tangled
up, I let my daughter, who has
more patience than I do, do the
untangling
illagauraq ice which has begun to
melt and although solid is spongy
and dangerous | +gaq2 vn :uraq nn
159
illagniq a tangle, a snarl » illaŋniq
sappiłługu kipiraŋa when she
couldn’t fix the snarl, she cut it off
| +niQ1 vn
illaiqsuq- (i) to comb one’s hair; (t) to
comb her/his/its hair »
illaiqsuqamiuŋ paniñi
alapisaaġuugaa ilamiñik
taiguivluni when she combs her
daughter’s hair, she keeps her
mind occupied by saying all their
relatives’ names | :Iq-2 vv
+tuq-2 vv
illaigutit comb, hairbrush »
tuugaanik illaigutialugnik
alġaaniqsaqtuaŋa I found an old,
fossilized ivory comb | :Iq-2 vv
:un1 vn -t nn
illaiyaq- to untangle it | -Iyaq- vv
illaq- (t) to hook it; (t) to set a net under
the ice by feeding it though small
holes which lead to a large hole
through which the net is pulled
out and anchored »
“kuvraqtuġapta illaqługu aasii
nuqiłługu illaqtuunmik”
(Matumeak 2009) [when we are
fish netting, placing it under the
ice and pulling it with a pole with
a hook]
illaqtuun long pole with hook to set a
net under ice; handle of net hook »
“15 feet samma ilait takisuurut;
illaqtuunmik illallaavlugu
taikuŋa tikiñman” (Aiken 2009)
[some are 15 feet long; using a
pole with a hook it (the net) is
hooked as it reaches it (the next
hole)] | +tuq-2 nv :uti1 vn
illarruq- (t) to make it =a condition
worse < ila(-)
illati- (i) to join, become a member; (t) to
include her/him/it < ila(-)
illatit- (i) to do more than necessary; (i) to
become careless and negligent; (i)
to become apathetic and let things
go < ila(-)
illivik place to put things; storage space;
chest of drawers < ili-1
illiviurat shelves; little storage spaces,
compartments < ili-1
illiqpik storage rack (constructed of
whale ribs built in the
subterranean entrance of a
traditional sod house) < ili-1
illiqsuq- (i) to choose a partner in a game;
to recruit supporters for oneself;
(t) to take sides, support her/his
views, opinions < ila(-)
illuq or illualuk cross-cousin; joking
partner » illuġiik ikkuak
avitchuilaak those two
cross-cousins are inseparable »
imma illualuni-lu pisuaqłutiŋ
aŋuniaġiaŋaruk he and his
cross-cousin have gone hunting on
foot | +aluk nn § ilaaluq, aññaq
illuayaaq (Ti) paternal cousin | -ayaaq
illuġi- (t) to joke with, to tease, be a
partner to her/him | +[g]i- nv
illuġiit paired competitors, two
teammates paired in a competition
» “ilaaluġiiksut malġuuvlutik”
[they are partners two by two]
(Aiken 2009) | +[g]iik/t nn §
iglugiit
160
illuġruq- (Ti) (i) to joke »
”mitaaġutigaa” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [he is joking with her] |
-ġruq- vv
ilu(-)1 frost (in/on house); (t) to form frost
on it » “imnaiyaat amiŋit
ilusuitchut; ‘mouton’ mitquŋit
kipiŋaruat ilusuurut”
(Matumeak 2009) [sheepskins of
juvenile sheep do not form frost
(on them); mouton skins which
have been sheared form frost (on
them)]
ilu(-)2 interior, inside; abdominal cavity;
(t) to surround her/him/it
iluaq-1 (i) to go right in, right through
a hole, e.g., a basketball through
the hoop; (t) to throw and cause
an object to go into or through it
(basketball hoop or any
container); to go right into or
through it (hole) » ayuktaq
iluaġaa he made a basket (in
basketball) | -aq-4 nv
iluaq-2 (i) to have diarrhea | perhaps
-aq-2 nv § anaqtaq-
iluaqsuġaq (Ti) goalpost (in Iñupiaq
football) | +suq-1vv +aq(-) vn
ilugiit- to have pain, discomfort in
one’s belly, e.g., stomach ache |
+[g]iit- nv
iluġri- to become concave | +ġrI- nv
iluġun interior part; internal organ »
“tuttut qaunnaŋiññik
iluġutiŋiññik, itchauraŋit
nakuaŋigguuq tamarra” [it is
said that the fat of the internal
organs, the mesentery apron, the
fat found around the intestines of
the caribou, is the part that
everyone loves to eat] (Aiken
2009) | -ġun nn
iluli- (i) to create a cavity; to build an
interior (for it) | +lI-1 nv
¤iluliaġaq great-grandchild | -lI-1 nv
±aq1 vn +gaq2 nn
¤iluliaġaġiik great-grandparent and
great-grandchild | -lI-1 nv ±aq1 vn
+gaq2 nn +[g]iik/t nn
iluliaq inlet, cove, small bay |
-liaq nn
iluligauraq bowl; wooden bowl |
-lik nn -gaq2 nn :uraq nn
iluliġaaq great-grandchild »
“iluliġaanik taiguġuugait
tutaaluutik iñuit” [some people
call their grandchildren iluliġaat]
(Aiken 2009) | -ligaaq(-) nn, nv
ilulik container; something with an
inner part; great-grandchild |
-lik nn § iñġutaq, tutik
iluliñiq muscle above knee on inside
of thigh | +liñiQ vn
ilulliq inner one, innermost one; inner
sod layer (of insulation of sod
house) | +llIQ nn
ilulliġruaq (Ti) great-great-
grandparent or great-great-grand
child
ilumiuq something inside » “qamani
iluaniittuat” [those that are
inside] (Aiken 2009) | ÷miu(q) nn
ilumiutaq(-) fetus; something inside
oneself; something dear to
oneself; something one cannot
forget; (t) to keep it (one’s
opinion, feelings) inside one, leave
it unsaid » taamna iñuk
ilumiutaġigiga that person is dear
to me; “anitchuiññamiuŋ
isumani tavra ilumiutaġigaa
uqallausiġisuiññamiuŋ” [when
one cannot let his thoughts out,
then he keeps it inside when he
cannot talk about it] (Aiken 2009) |
+miutaq nn
ilummilik [dual ilummillak, pl.
ilummilgIt] a trade bead with a
bluish inner stripe | +mmIQ nn
-lik nn
161
ilummiq fetus (of human, caribou,
etc); one inside another; great-
great-grandchild; great-great
grandparent | +mmIQ nn § ivlauq
ilumnun emotionally dear to me »
una tutaaluuraġa ilumnun ittuq
that one is a favorite of mine |
+mnun (poss. term.)
ilumun truly, really, truthfully »
imma tuvaaqatini ilumun
uqaġmagaan kaŋiqsiuġiaqtuaq
he has gone to get information in
order to find out if his spouse was
telling the truth | +mun (term.)
ilumuuq- (i) to be faithful, true, loyal,
reliable | perhaps +muu- rv
+q-1 vv
ilunmugiitkutaq keel runner on
umiak (one placed on each side of
main keel to prevent the skin from
ballooning in) | -nmuk- vv
+iitkutaq vn § see Appendix 16
ilunŋu- (i) to feel compassion; (i)
to have abdominal pains »
ilunŋuruq qaqquaqtuqpaiłłuni
he has a stomache because he ate
too many nuts | +nŋu-1 nv § naligi-
ilunŋugi- (t) to feel sorry for, to “hurt
inside” for, to feel compassion for
her/him » ilunŋugisuugaa
uqaqsiġiilani, iġñini she always
hurts inside because of her
disobedient son | +nŋu-1nv
+[g]i- vv
ilunŋuq- (i) to have the wind knocked
out of one; (t) to knock the wind
out of her/him/it | +nŋuq- nv
ilunŋusuun compassion | +nŋu-1 nv
-suk-2 vv -un1 vn
ilunŋutchai- (t) to affect her/him
emotionally » aapaaluni
ilunŋutchaigaa aġnaiyaam
qiavailluni the little girl gave her
grandfather a deep down feeling
of sympathy by crying so pitifully
| +nŋu-1 nv -tchak- vv -I-6 vv
ilunŋutchak- (i) to be deeply affected
emotionally; (t) to move her/him
emotionally » ilunŋutchaktuq
naalaġnivlugu uqaqtuaq he was
moved emotionally while
listening to the speaker | +nŋu-1 nv
-tchak- vv § anuaqsruit-,
tupquraanŋuliq-
iluŋa- (i) to have a hollow core,
depression, hole | ±ŋa- vv
iluŋiq- (Nu) (t) to get between
her/him/it and something else; (t)
to best her/him in target-shooting,
coming closer to bull’s eye »
“iluŋiġautisuurut pisiktaaġamik
akimaniuraqhutik” (Hugo 2009)
[they try to best each other when
they are shooting trying to win] |
-ŋIq- nv
iluŋiqsruq- (i) to desire deeply and
sincerely /pigisupiaqługu
pimman when one really desires
to have it | -ŋIq- nv mqsruq-2 vv §
iŋiqsruq-
ilupaaq(-) lining; insulation; inner
clothing made of fur; inner part of
anything; inner parka; (t) to
insulate it » quppiġaaġma
ilupaaŋa saatpailluni
qiiyanaqtuq the lining of my coat
is so thin it’s not warm | +paaq nn
ilupaaġiik(-) two things which are
one inside the other; two whales
which surface side-by-side; (i) to
be one inside the other; (t) to have
them one inside the other |
+paaq nn +[g]iik nn
iluparriqi- to wash underwear |
=rriqi nv
ilupiġuq- (i) to put on long
underwear, longjohns, a union
suit; (t) to put long underwear on
her/him | -piġuq(-) nn, nv
ilupiqquk or ilupiġuk pair of
longjohns, a union suit, coveralls
» ilupiġuilaaġnaitchuq innasimi
162
irrimi one should not go without
long-johns in biting cold weather
like this | -piġuq(-) nn ‘-k2 or -k2
nn § ataraak or ulipquaq
ilupquaq (Ti) undershirt | +pquaq nn
iluqsraq or iluġraq depression in
ground, ditch, furrow, dent |
+qsraq vn
iluqsri- or iluġri- (Ti) (i) to develop a
depression, concavity; (t) to make
a depression in it » taiyakiñ
iluqsriruk your tires are sinking
in | +qsrI- or +ġrI- nv
iluqsriraġauraq- or iluġriraġauraq-
(i) to play, running back and forth
across pliable thin ice, makings
depressions without going through
the ice | +qsrI- nv -t/raġaq- vv
:uraq- nn
ilutuniq (Ti) dimple; concave hole in
ground (like a well) | +tu- nv
+niQ vn
ilutuuġuraq bowl | +tuuq nn
+uraq(-) nn, vv
iluviq(-) grave; buried corpse; (t) to
bury her/him/it @ iluviqsi- »
iluvġit tutitchailiuraġnaqtut one
should be careful not to step on
graves » qaŋasaaq iluviqsikamiŋ
satkuŋillu taputisuuniġait long
ago when they buried someone
they used to also bury the person’s
hunting outfit and equipment with
him | +viQ(-) nn, nv || +sI-3 vv
iluviqsiri undertaker | +sI-3 vv
mt/ri vn
iluviqtaq something buried in a grave
| +viQ(-) nn, nv +t/raq vn
iluvvivik cemetery, graveyard |
+viQ(-) nv +vIk1 vn
¤iluŋiqsruq- (i) to hurry § iġñiqsruq-,
qilamiqsruq-
¤iluqutaq (Ti) porcupine § illatqutaq,
illaaqutchiq, qiŋaġluk
 °Im (dem. stem) in the aformentioned past
Ilutak (Ti) area toward the bend in the
point southwest of Point Hope,
Alaska [Tikiġaq]
ilutanmun (Ti) towards the southwest
| -nmun (term.)
iłhuaġniq boreal smelt (Osmerus dentex)
» Ulġuniŋaruq niksiksuġiaqłuni
iłhuaġniñik she has gone to
Wainwright to fish for smelts
through the ice | +niQ2 n
iłuaq- or iluaq- (i) to be fitting; (i) to be
correct, proper, right; (i) to feel
fine § iluaq-
iłualluk- (Nu) (i) to be for the best »
“tavra Uulahuulamun
taavuŋaġupta iłualluŋniqsuq.
…It is better for us to go over
there to Uulahuula.” (Elijah
Kakinya as reported by
Bergsland 1987: 382, 390) |
-lluk-2 vv
iłuit- or iluit- (i) to be incorrect, not
proper, not right; (i) to not fit; (i)
to be sick § iluit-
iłuigi- (t) to find it disconcerting; (t) to
be uncomfortable wearing it »
iłuigipiallakkig taamna I find
that one very disturbing | +[g]i-
vv
iłuilliuġniq misery, suffering |
-lliuq- vv +niQ1 vn
iłuirrutiqpak calamity, disaster,
tragedy, catastrophe
iłuilliqpiiññaq- (i) to become sick
repeatedly; to get out of order
repeatedy; (i) to become
dysfunctional | +piiññaq(-) nn, vv
§ iluit-
iłuuqiñiq blackfish (Dallia pectoralis) |
+niQ2 n
163
§ imuŋaaq(-)
imani (excl.) at last!, finally!, about
time! » imani qaivuq;
utaqqiñŋuliġmiraqput finally
she came; we were tired of
waiting for her; imani
ullaksimagaa aakani its about
time he went to visit his mother |
+anI (dem. loc.)
imma it is known that a previously
mentioned one » imma
kukiluktuk iġġiñi those two are
wandering in the mountains | ‘a
(dem. adv. mkr.)
immaami (excl.) maybe that is the
situation » with him when he left |
‘a (dem. adv. mkr.) +amI (encl.)
immaasu (Ti) said when trying to
remember something in the past »
immaasu kiñakiaġimña I can’t
remember who it was | ‘a (dem.
adv. mkr.) °asu
immahii oh, the previously
mentioned one | -hii
imma ilaanni (excl.) maybe so | ‘a
(dem. adv. mkr.) | ila “part of or
member of something” -at2 nn :nI3
(loc.)
immakiaq (excl.) I think...; I
wonder... » immakiaq
utaqqiñŋuliqłuni airuaq I think
she got tired of waiting and went
home » immakiaq ipkuak
sumukpak I wonder where those
two went | ‘a (dem. adv. mkr.)
+kiaq (encl.)
immakii (excl.) maybe; probably so |
‘a (dem. adv. mkr.) +kii2 (encl.)
immaliqaa (excl.) oh, I almost forgot
… | ‘a (dem. adv. mkr.) +liqaa
(encl.)
immamiimña [dual immamiipkuak,
pl. immamiipkua] (used when
making an inquiry about a person
or object previously mentioned) »
 immamiipkuak suvak I wonder
what those two previously
mentioned are doing | ‘a (dem.
adv. mkr.) +amI (enc) | °Im (dem.
stem) +na (dem. abs. pron. sg.
mkr.)
imma qanuq (excl.) maybe so;
probably | ‘a (dem. adv. mkr.)
qanuq “how”
imña [dual ipkuak, pl. ipkua] (abs.
dem. pron.) that of the past;
the one mentioned or seen
previously » imña tikitchuaq
uqausiġigaat they are talking
about the one who arrived | +na
(dem. abs. pron. sg. mkr.)
imuŋa or taimuŋa into the distant
future; forever, to the end of time |
+uŋa (dem. term.)
iptuma or ivsruma or ivruma [dual
ipkuak, pl. ipkua] that one in the
past, the one previously
mentioned | +tuma (dem. rel.
pron. sg. mkr.)
iptumani or ivsrumani or ivrumani
[dual ipkugnagni, pl. ipkunani]
located with that one in the past;
the one previously mentioned |
+tuma (dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
+anI (loc. dem)
iptumaŋŋa or ivsrumaŋŋa or
ivrumaŋŋa [dual ipkugnaŋŋa, pl.
ipkunaŋŋa] from that one in the
past; from the one previously
mentioned | +tuma (dem. rel.
pron. sg. mkr.) +aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
iptumatun or ivsrumatun or
ivrumatun [dual ipkugnaktun, pl.
ipkunatitun] similar to that one in
the past; similar to the one
previously mentioned | +tuma
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +atun
(sim. dem.)
iptumiŋa or ivsrumiŋa or ivrumiŋa
[dual ipkugniŋa, pl. ipkuniŋa] that
one in the past; the one previously
164
mentioned | +tuma (dem. rel.
pron. sg. mkr.) +iŋa (mod. dem.)
iptumuŋa or ivsrumuŋa or
ivrumuŋa [dual ipkugnuŋa, pl.
ipkunuŋa] to that one in the past;
to the one previously mentioned |
+tuma (dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
+uŋa (dem. term.)
iptumuuna or ivsrumuuna or
ivrumuuna [dual ipkugnuuna, pl.
ipkunuuna] via, through that one
in the past; with the one
previously mentioned | +tuma
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +uuna
(via. dem.)
°ima (stem) content » imaŋi avataqpaum
tivraġipaluktut the contents of
the sealskin poke are so delicioius
imagraq (Ti) sourdough batter; pipe
tobacco | -ksraq1 nn § imaksraq
imaiku(-) emptied container; (i) to
leave an empty container; (t) to
leave an empty container for
her/him » imaikumiñik
puuksritchaŋani she gave me her
emptied container to use »
utkusigmik ikka imaikuruq,
atuġuŋ she has left a pot empty;
use it » puuksramnik
imaikumaraani she left an empty
container for me to use | :Iq-2 nv
+ku(-) vn
imaiq-1 (i) to become empty; (t) to
empty it, remove its contents; for
the sea ice to close up so that there
is no ocean lead | :Iq-2 nv
imait- (i) to be empty »
paliutimmiraani qattaq
imaitchuq I am so thirsty, and the
water barrel is empty | :It-1 nv
imakit- (i) to be almost empty (of
container) | -kIt- nv
imakikłi- (i) to decrease in volume of
contents (of container); (t) to
make its contents less | -kIt- nv
 -kłI- vv
imaksraq yeast
imalik something with content |
-lik vn
imaukkaq- or immaukkaq (i) to
have sufficient amount, e.g., of
contents; (Ti) to be full »
ilisimagiga taamna kigiunniq
imaukkaqtuaq I know that box
has a lot of things in it | :ukkaq- nv
immii- (t) to pack it | ‘=I-7 nv
immiq-1 (t) to fill it @ immiqsi- »
immiqsiruaguk
tuyuutiksraptinnik
aakatkunnun we filled a
recording tape to send to mother
and them | ‘=Iq-1 nv || +sI-3 vv
immiqsuaksraq written application |
‘=Iq-1 nv +tuq-2 vv ±aksraq(-) vn
immiqsuq- (t) to be in the process of
filling it (e.g., a container), or
filling it in (e.g., an application
form) @ immiqsui- | ‘=Iq-1 nv
+tuq-2 vv || :I-4 vv
immiqsuun a ladle | ‘=Iq-1 nv
+tuq-2 vv :un1 vn
immivaałłak- (i) to overflow; (t) to
make it overflow, to fill it too
much | +vaałłak- vv
imaniq clam » imanġit misiġaamun
kiñitkai she immersed the clams
in the seal oil | +niQ2 n §
ipiksaunnaq
imaŋiq- (i) to be silent; to become quiet
after talking, arguing, etc. »
qanaaġnialagaluaqami
kiisaimmaa imaŋiqpuq he
persisted in trying to argue, but
finally he became quiet | +ŋIq- nv
imaq(-) [imaQ] liquid, fluid; non- potable
water; lake; sea, ocean; lagoon; (t)
to moisten it =animal hide to
165
ready it for scraping @ imaqsi- ||
+sI3 § taġiuq
imaaq- (i) to fall in water »
puuvrallasillaktuq
imaaġaluamii he has ended up
knowing how to swim because of
his constantly falling in the water |
-aq-4 vv
imaġauraq puddle of water »
imaġaurami ipiġaġuviñ
qulaakkuġniaqtutin
itiruamukkuviñ if you wade in
the puddle, the water will go
above your boots when you get in
the deep water | +[ġ]aq nn
:uraq nn
imaġiak(-) liquid or fluid in body
organs, joints, etc.; (i) to be wet
(of game meat at site of bullet
hole); to be oozing (of a sore) »
killiñi imaġiaktuaq
salummaqtuġaa
aunaaqtitaallaan he cleaned his
sore, which was oozing, until it
bled | +iak(-) nn, nv
imaġluk- (i) to be rough, choppy (of
body of water) »
“imaġlugnisuugaat
qailliaqsruġman” [they say the
water is choppy when there are
waves in it] (Aiken 2009) |
+luk-1 nv
imaġuaq- (i) to get water on oneself;
(t) to get water on her/him/it |
-ġuaq2 vv
Imaġruk name of a lagoon behind the
village of Wainwright, Alaska »
“Imaġrugmik Ulġuniġmiut
kiluanni taiguġuugaat tainna
paaqaqtuaq taġiumun” they call
the lagoon situated behind the
village of Wainwright, Alaska
“Imaġruk”] (Aiken 2009) |
+ruk nn
imaġuq- to melt into water (of snow
or ice); for a body of water to be
 formed from spring melting |
+[ġ]uq-1 nv
imaiġñiq dry lake; dry river bed | :Iq-2
nv +niQ1 vn
imailaqtuun roaster | :Ilaq nn -q-2 nv
+tuq-2 vv :un1 vn
imaiq-2 (i) to ebb (of tide); to become
empty, to dry up (of lake, river);
(t) to remove water from it |
:Iq-2 nv
imaitkutak waterproof sealskin socks
worn inside waterproof skin boots
| :It-1 nv +kutaq vn -k2 nn
imaiyaun a towel » imaiyaun ata
please hand me the towel |
:Iyaq- nv :un1 vn
imakłi- to decrease (of water level or
any liquid level); to ebb (of tide) |
-kłI- nv
imaksraq water to cook with |
-ksraq(-) nn
imaqaaqtuq (Ti) damp, swampy area
| perhaps -qaq- nv -aq-1 vv +tuq
(indic 3s as part)
Imaqłin sea men; Big Diomede
Island, Alaska » “…they also
apply other names to us,
apparently of their own invention;
one is E-ma’kh-lin, sea men (this
is the name of the largest of the
Diiomede Islands)…” (Simpson:
271)
imaqpaluk- (i) to slosh around (of
water or liquid) » niuqqaq-
paiłłuŋa narraaġa imaqpaluk-
asaktuq I’ve drunk so much
liquid that my stomach makes
sloshing sounds | +p/valuk- nv
imaqpaluktaq- (i) to make a sloshing
noise (of water or any liquid) |
+p/valuk- nv +t/raq-1 vv
imaqpiaq wide expanse of open
water starting at the edge of shore-
fast ice | perhaps +piaq(-)2 nn
imaqsiñ piece of caribou skin soaked
in water and used to dampen a
166
skin being tanned or to build up
ice on sled runners | +sI- vv ‘n1 vn
imaqsuk pond, pool of water; mud
puddle | suk2 nn
imaqtaq dampened skin for tanning |
+t/raq vn
imaqtiq- (t) to sprinkle water on,
dampen, wet it @ imaqtiġii- »
aŋutaata imaqtiġaa qilautini
imiksisaqługu her husband
dampened his drum to make it
more resonant | +tiq-1 nv §
matchaktiq-
imau- (i) to be wet | :u-1 nv
imauraq (Ti) water puddle; hole in
sea ice through which whales
breathe | :uraq nn, vv
imavak- to be visibly free of ice (of
ocean) » “imavaktuq tavra
tasamuŋanmun
qiñiġnaigutimman siku; sarri
qiñiġnaiġman imavagnisuugaat
taġiuq upinġaksrami
ataaqtuġamiŋ aġviqsiuġamiŋ”
[only water is visible when the ice
is no longer visible as far as one
can see out; when the floating ice
pack is no longer visible, they say
the ocean has no ice visible during
spring while whaling out on the
edge of the ice] (Aiken 2009) |
-vak- nv
immak(-) pus; infection; (i) to
develop an infection; (i) for pus to
accumulate (of sore); (i) to get
water in one’s boots; (i) to
become saturated with water (of
object); (i) to take in water (of
boat) » aŋutaiyaam killiŋa
immaktuq the boy’s sore has
developed pus | ‘-k-2 nv
immaktinniq non-frozen river water
on top of ocean ice at river mouth;
puddle formed on ice or snow by
melting water » immaktinniq
naŋaġnilukkaluaqługu
 quayaqiłłuni imaaqtuq he tried
to skirt the puddle formed on the
ice but slipped and fell in | ‘-k-2 nv
-tit-2 vv +nniQ vn
immaktit- (i) for puddles to form
from melting snow; (i) to swell
(of river); (i) to become infected
(of wound) » Utqiaġvik
immaktitchuuruq
upinġaksratuaġman there are
puddles all over Barrow every
spring | ‘-k-2 nv -tit-2 vv
immiññauraq or (Ti) immiñauraq
or immiñiq a person, once lost on
ice or tundra, who becomes
antisocial in consequence of his
long period of solitude; someone
who has landed after drifting away
on an icefloe; a prowler, “hiding
person” (unknown person
sometimes seen from afar, who is
blamed for otherwise
unexplainable circumstances);
fugitive | ‘=It-2 nv +naq1 vn
:uraq nn § iñuqun, aulaaq,
qimmaq, aulaaq
immiq-2 (t) for a channel of water to
open in a field or floe of ice |
‘=Iq-1 nv
immiqi- (i) to play in the water »
immiqitquŋitkaasik uvlupak she
doesn’t want you to play in the
water today | ‘=Iqi-1 nv
immisaq something soaked in water |
‘=It-2 nv ±aq1 vn
immiqsuqataq- (t) to apply water to
it; (t) to water it well periodically |
‘=Iq-1 nv +tuq-2 vv +ataq-3 vv
immit-2 to be saturated, to be soaked
through; (t) to soak it too long; (i)
to come upon water, e.g., of a
traveler | ‘=It-2 nv
immitchii- (t) to immerse it in water
to soak | ‘=It-2 nv +[t]sIq- vv
-I-6 vv
immivlik watery substance |
167
‘=It-2 nv -vlik vn § muġałłiQ
imigluktit- (Ti) (i) to be full (of moon) |
perhaps +tit-2 vv
imik- (i) to resound, reverberate well; (i)
be stereophonic; (i) to have a rich,
hollow sound (of a drum)
imiak- (i) to transmit sound well; (i)
be resonant (as of an empty barrel
ot hollow space). | -ak- vv
imiakpatit- (i) to transmit sound well;
(i) have good resonance »
“makua qilautit imiakpatittut
avaŋŋasaaġruk Qayaiqsiġviŋmi
anuġaiñman tusaġnaġuurut
Kalimiñ siaksruiñman sila”
[these drums transmit sound well
so that on a clear, still day they
can be heard from a long distance
(like) from Icy Cape to Point Lay]
(Aiken 2009) | -ak- vv +patit- vv
imigluk- (i) to make a distant roaring,
thundering noise (e.g., of airplane,
or caribou herd) noise; (i) to ring
(of ears) » tuttut imigluktut
iñugiakpaiłłutiŋ the caribou herd
is thundering because of its vast
number | +luk- vv
imigluksi- (i) to get louder and louder
(Aiken 2009) | +luk- vv +sI-1 vv
imigluktaaq(-) noise-maker made of
of bone or wood and braided
sinew; “bullroarer”; (i) to make
the roaring sound of a noise-
maker » tutaaluni
imigluktaamik piuraaliuġaa he
made his grandchild a toy noise-
maker | +luk- vv +t/raaq1 vn
imigluktaun toy noise-maker; “wolf-
scarer” (used by hunters to scare
wolves away by twirling it above
one’s head) »
imigluktautiliuqtuq suqqamiñ
he made a wolf-scare from baleen
| +luk- vv +t/raq-1 vv :un1 vn
 imiksi- to become better sounding (of
a drum) » imaqtianigmauŋ
qilautiŋa imiksiruq after he
dampened his drum it sounded
better | +sI-1 vv
imikpatit- (i) to have a rich, hollow
sound | +patit- vv
imiŋniq mound of earth or ice that
makes an echoing sound when
stamped on | +niQ2 vn
imiq(-) [imiQ] drinking water; a
beverage; an alcoholic drink;
potable liquid, broth; amniotic
fluid; to drink (it) » imiq taamna
imiġiitchuq that water is not fit to
drink § niuqqaq(-)
imġiq- (i) to no longer have water |
:Iq-2 nv
imġiqsi- (i) to break (of amniotic
fluid) » siŋaiyauruaq
iglaullaġmiŋ imġiqsiruq the
pregnant woman’s water broke
while they were still traveling |
:Iq-2 nv +sI-1 vv
imġit- (i) to lack water | :It-1 nv
imġugauraq a small water container;
water cup | :un1 vn +gaq4 nn
:uraq nn
imġun baleen cup; a supply of water;
drinking glass; water pitcher |
+un1 vn
imġusiaġruk wooden barrel; a keg »
imġusiaġruit samma
misiġarrivigiksut wooden kegs
are very good for rendering
blubber for seal oil | -ġun vn :Iq nn
+aġruk nn
imġusiq or imġusiuraq or imiun
sheep horn dipper; wooden
drinking cup | :un1 vn :Iq nn
imiġaaq(-) soft drink, soda pop; (i) to
drink a cold beverage, e.g., water,
juice, or soda pop »
uunniqigaluaqami kasimaruani
imiġaaqtuq niglaumaaqtuamik
168
he got so hot during the meeting,
he had a cool soft drink | +aaq(-)
nn, nv § niuqqaq-
imiġaq broth » tuttum nutaam
imiġaŋa aarigaa the broth from
fresh caribou is so good| +[ġ]aq vn
imiġik- (i) to have good water |
+[g]Ik- nv
imiġiksaaq fresh water »
imiqtaqtuami imiġiksaamik I
fetched some fresh water |
+[g]Ik- nv +taaq vn
imiġvik bar; a place to drink |
+vIk1 vn
imiksrit- (t) to give her/him/it a
drink | -ksrIt- nv
imillak- (i) to drink continuously »
imillaktut unnuaqpak they
drank all night | -llak-2 vv
imilluataq(-) good water, potable
water; (i) to drink responsibly |
-lluataq(-) vv, nn
iminŋu- (i) to have a hangover »
iminŋukami
tataminnisuugaluaqtuq
piiguyaruq when he has a
hangover, he swears he’ll quit, but
he forgets easily | -nŋu- vv
imiŋa- (i) to be drunk, intoxicated |
±ŋa- vv
imiŋaraq a drunk, an inebriate »
arraa, imiŋaramik tautukkapta
qimaapaluktugut boy, did we
ever run when we saw a drunk
person | ±ŋaraq vn
imiqaġvik water container with
cover; bag made of seal flippers in
which drinking water was carried
» imiqaġvik salummaqqaaġlugu
sikuliqsuisaqtutin clean the water
container first, then fill it with ice |
-qaq- nv +vIk1 vn
imiqaqtit- (t) to keep her/him/it
supplied with water | -qaq- vv
1
mtit- vv
Imiqpak lake between Birnik and
the Naval Arctic Research
Laboratory in Barrow, Alaska
Imiqpaniqłuk Honey Bucket lagoon
north of Barrow, Alaska
imiqsi-1 (i) to take a sip » aġnaiyaaq
imiqsiruq aakami niuqqaŋaniñ
the girl took a sip from her
mother’s hot drink | +sI-3 vv §
iguk-, uuk-
imiqsi- (i) to buy liquor | +sI-2 nv
imiqsillaa- (i) to drink in intervals;
to take alternating sips (dual or
plural) | +sI-3 vv -llaa- vv
imiqtaq- to haul, obtain, or buy a
supply of water (for her/him) »
imiqtaġiñ kuugmun (yous) go
and get some water from the river
| +taq-4 nv
imiqtaqtuġiaq trail used to fetch
fresh water | +taq-4 nv +tuq-2 vv
+iaq1 vn
imiqtaqtuun water pail; water truck |
+taq-4 nv +tuq-2 vv :un1 vn
imiqtit- (t) to give her/him/it water
to drink; (t) to allow her/him to
drink an alcoholic beverage |
1
mtit- vv
imiqtitchi- (Ti) (i) to perform ritual of
emptying fresh water into sea (of
whaler’s wife after the whaling
crew’s taking of whale); to give
fresh water to the animals before
skinning | mtit-1 vv +sI-3 vv
imiqtuaq- (i) to drink continuously,
nonstop » imiqtuaġnak uvlupak
don't drink continuously today |
+tuaq- vv
imiyuit- (i) to be abusive when
drinking, to be out of control
when drunk | -yuit- vv
imiyuk(-) (i) to drink as a habit; one
who drinks habitually »
imiyuktuq taamna oh, that one
drinks | -yuk(-) vv, vn
169
immaqłuk- (i) to be stupidly drunk |
‘-qłuk(-) nn, vv
immi- (i) to make water by melting
ice or snow; (i) to make
homebrew | ‘=I-1 nv
immiaq homebrew | ‘=I-1 nv
+aq1 vn
immit-1 to give her/him/it a drink |
‘=It-2 nv
immiugauraq small dipper, utensil |
‘=Iq-1 nv :un1 vn +gaq4 nn
:uraq nn
immiun or imiun (Ti) a ceremonial
vessel used to give a drink of
water to a harvested animal;
whaling captain’s wife’s “little
wooden pot” (imyun), from
which she gave dead whales a
drink (Rainey: 249 | ‘=I-1 nv
:un1 vn
immiuq- (i) to make water by melting
ice or snow; (i) to brew beer »
iqaqsriyumauŋa immiuqsaq-
tutin make some water so I can
wash clothes | ‘=iuq- nv
imit- (t) to give her/him work to do,
especially something a person
specializes in, e.g., carving,
sewing a pair of boots @ imitchi-
» kammiuquvluŋa aatauraġa
imitkiga I gave my older sister
the task of making a pair of boots
for me | +sI-3 vv
imma referring to one previously
mentioned < °Im (dem. stem)
immaami (excl.) maybe that is the
situation < °Im (dem. stem)
immaasu (Ti) said when trying to
remember something past
< °Im (dem. stem)
imma ilaanni (excl.) maybe so
 < °Im (dem. stem)
immak(-) pus, infection; (i) to develop an
infection; (i) to accumulate liquid
(e.g., pus in a wound); to get water
in one’s boots; to take in water (of
boat) < imaQ1(-)
immakiaq (excl.) I think...; I wonder...
< °Im (dem. stem)
immakii maybe < °Im (dem. stem)
immaktinniq non-frozen river water on
top of ocean ice at river mouth;
puddle formed on ice or snow by
melting water < imaQ1(-)
immaktit- to form puddles all over its
surface (of melting snow) <
imaQ1(-)
imma liqaa (excl.) oh, I almost forgot …
< °Im (dem. stem)
immami imña (excl.) (inquiry into what a
person might be up to since that
person is absent) so what in the
world < °Im (dem. stem)
imma qanuq (excl.) maybe so; probably
< °Im (dem. stem)
immii- (t) to pack it < °ima
immiññauraq or (Ti) immiñauraq or
immiñiq a person, once lost on
ice or tundra, who becomes
antisocial in consequence of his
long period of solitude; someone
who has landed after drifting away
on an icefloe; a prowler, “hiding
person” (unknown person
sometimes seen from afar, who is
blamed for otherwise
170
unexplainable circumstances);
fugitive < imaQ1(-)
immiq-1 (t) for a channel of water to open
in a field or floe of ice < imaq1(-)
immiq-2 (t) to fill it @ immiqsi- < °ima
immiqi- (i) to play in water < imaq1(-)
immiqsuaksraq written application <
°ima
immiqsuq- (t) to put things in it until full
or completed < °ima
immiqsuqataq- (t) to apply water to it; to
water it well periodically <
imaq1(-)
immiqsuun a ladle < °ima
immisaq something soaked in water <
imaq1(-)
immit-2 to be saturated, to be soaked
through; (t) to soak it too long; (i)
to come upon water, e.g., of a
traveler < imaq1(-)
immitchii- (t) to put something in water
to soak < imaq1(-)
immivaałłak- (i) to overflow; (t) to make
it overflow < °ima
immivlik watery substance < imaq1(-)
immuk milk § miluk
immuli- to milk an animal | -lI-1 nv
immulivik domestic cow; dairy |
-lI-1 nv +vIk1 vn
imnaq1 [imnaQ] high, steep cliff »
imnaq mayuġniluktuqługu
akpakaqtuq he reached the top
 by persisting in trying to climb the
cliff § ipnaq
imnaaġuq cliff which extends for
several miles, e.g., from Barrow to
Wainwright, Alaska » imnaaġuq
maliġivlugu Ulġuniġmun
tikillaktuq he eventually ended
up in Wainwright following the
cliffs between Barrow and
Wainwright | -aq2 nn ±ġuq nn
imnaġruit canyon » imnaġruit
kamasugnapaluktut
tautuqqaaqaptigik the canyon
was so awe-inspiring when we
first saw it | -ġruk nn :It nn
imnailiqiri shepherd » aqqaluga
imnailiqirauŋŋuaqtuaq
qiñiqtuaqtitchimmata my
younger brother played the part of
the shepherd when they presented
the play | +Iq nn -liqi- nv mt/ri vn
imnaiq dall sheep, mountain sheep
(Ovis dalli) » Qaaktuġvigmiuniñ
imnaiñik tuyuusiaqaġuuruŋa I
usually receive a package of sheep
meat from people at Barter Island |
+Iq nn § aŋutisugruk, kulavak
imnaiyaaq lamb | +Iq nn -Iyaaq nn §
ivutaq
imnaqtuq- (Ti) (i) to hunt on the
cliffs » imnaqtuqhutik,
qilaptaqługit pisuugait using the
bola they capture them on the
cliffs | +tuq-3 nv
imnaim alua yellowish substance
(found at the base of a bluff) »
“imuvlugik saŋŋiłługik
qaqłuuk” (Matumeak 2009)
[(this substance) causes the lips to
contract and tighten] § (for about
one minute, muscles tighten
around the mouth when one takes
a taste of this substance with the
finger; found at the Tuapaktusuk
Bluff; also found where there is
soft coal) (Matumeak 2009)
171
imnit- (i) to reach a steep cliff; (i) to
be blocked in one’s ascent,
making it impossible to climb any
higher (i.e. not because of
fatigue); (i) to be unable to climb
higher (on it) » imniłłutiŋ utiqtut
tupiġmignun they couldn’t climb
higher so they returned to their
tent | ‘=It-2 nv
imnaq2 lower side section of parka
¤imnalik woman’s dress parka with
hanging sides » atikłigaa paniñi
imnaligmik she made her
daughter a fancy dress parka |
-lik nn
imña [dual ipkuak, pl. ipkua] that one in
the past, the previously mentioned
one < °Im (dem. stem)
imñasaaq long ago; that one of long ago
< °Im (dem. stem)
imŋaluk- (i) to hum; (i) to mumble; (i) to
whimper; (i) to whine; (i) to growl
softly » aaññaŋaa aġnaiyaaq
piuraaġuraaqtuaq
imŋaluuraqłuni how cute, the
little girl is playing leisurely while
humming quietly » imŋalukługu
ilisaġaġigaa atuun iliññialarani
she kept repeatedly humming the
tune she was trying to learn |
-luk- vv
imu- (i) to become stooped with age; (i)
to crouch down; (t) to fold it; (t) to
roll it up; (t) to wind it = string,
yarn, etc. into a ball @ imuri- or
imusi- » ataataga
imuŋasillaksimakami I see that
my great-uncle has now become
bent with age || +rI-5 vv, +sI-3 vv
immuaq coiled rope (for the sealskin
float); bolt of fabric; » “Aġviq
 uvva satkuŋagikput,
aullaġniaŋitchukkii isumakama.
…naulikkaġaa, immuaŋi eight
fathoms-guruat nuŋummiut…”
(Bodfish: 239) [we had struck the
whale and it would not go
anywhere in my thinking; …I had
harpooned it, the rolled rope of the
float which was eight fathoms had
all gone out…] | ‘-aq1 vn
immuqurraaq- (i) to wrap something
around oneself; (t) to wrap
something around her/him/it »
ililgauraq uutiqtinman uligmik
immuqurraaqtiqługu
naŋirvigmuutigaa when the child
got burned, she wrapped a blanket
around him and took him to the
hospital | ‘-quti- vn +raaq- nv
immurraaq- (t) to wrap, cover
her/him/it with something | :uti- vv
~raaq3 nv
immurraq something trapped in a
cave-in » immurram iñuum
sauniŋiññik paqisimaruat
alġaaniqsaaliqirit the
archaeologists found the bones of
a person trapped in a cave-in |
=uti- vv ~raq vn
immuqurraaq- (i) to wrap oneself
with something | ~raaq- vv
immuquti- (t) to include (it) in the
wrapping of something else »
immuqutimaraa she had
including it when she wrapped
something else | ‘quti- vv
immuvik spool; fishing reel |
+vIk1 vn
immurvik folding sewing kit,
household bag | ‘ti- vv +vIk1 vn
imulak- (i) to sit with one’s knees
pulled up to one’s chest /
kaŋiġallugmukłuni
imulaktuq going to the corner,
she sat down and pulled her knees
to her chest | +lak1- vv
172
imuliq- (i) to faint, collapse suddenly;
to fall to the ground, collapse, as
when one faints »
pisuaġuraaqtuagguuq uvva
imuliqtuq they say he was just
walking along when he suddenly
collapsed | -liq-2 vv
imullak- (i) to be bent with age »
utuqqalivaiłłuni imullaktuq
aŋaalukput our uncle has grown
so old, his back is now bent with
age| -llak-1 vv
imuŋaaq- (i) to have a bent back (as
a physical deformity); (i) be
stooped | ±ŋaaq(-) vn, vv
imuraq hand rolled cigarette »
imuranik sigaaqaqtuq;
allanigguuq piitchuq he has hand
rolled cigarettes; he says he has no
other kind | +t/raq vn
imurat maqpiġaat scroll
imurauraq ready-rolled cigarette |
+t/raq vn :uraq nn
imuri-1 to roll (her/him) a cigarette |
nukaaluga imuriruq
sigaaksramiñik my younger
brother rolled a cigarette for
himself | +rI-5 vv
imuri-2 (t) for it to roll up on him/her
even though he/she did not want it
to | ~rI-4 vv
imu person who is “it” in a game of
hide-and-seek
imuniq young ice which has been
crushed by moving ice
(Harcharek: 12)
imuŋa or taimuŋa (dem. adv. term.) into
the distant future < °Im (dem.
stem)
imuŋaaq(-) (Ti) a debt; to buy (it) on
credit § akiġruun, akiilaq(-)
< imuŋa
ina- (i) to stop to play while migrating (of
whales); (i) for persons to stay
somewhere and enjoy themselves
» tautuqqaaqama aġviġnik
inaruanik kamasupaluŋaruŋa
when I first saw whales stop to
play while migrating I was awed
inat- (t) to purposely distract
her/him/it in order to keep
her/him/it from doing something
else » aakaŋa anisaġman
nukatpiaġruk inatkaa atchaŋata
the boy’s aunt distracted him
when his mother started to go out
(so he would not cry) | +t-1 vv
inġiq- (i) to not be as before < it-
ini place; room; (by extension) one’s
presence » nukatpialukput asu-
amna inituruq our youngest
sibling sure leaves a big empty
space when he’s not around
inaiq- (i) to run out of space; (t) to
take her/his/its space, place |
:Iq-2 nv
inait- (i) to have no room, no space |
:It-1 nv
inaŋiq- (t) to preempt, take her/his/its
place @ inaŋiqsi- »
sivunmuuliqtuqhuni inaŋiġaa
aġnaq aullaqsaqtuaq tiŋŋutikun
he stubbornly insisted on going,
and took the woman’s place in the
plane | +ŋIq- nv || +sI-3 vv
inaŋiun pronoun; one that takes the
place of another | +ŋIq- nv :un1 vn
inaukkaq- (i) to have lots of room,
space | -ukkaq- nv
inauraq room in a house | :uraq nn
iniġruat ruins of old camp, village,
house ruins | +ġruk nn :It nn
iniksraiġuti- (i) to no longer have
any space, to have no room left;
to no longer have any place to
173
stay | -ksraq(-) nn, nv :Iq-2 nv -
uti- vv
iniksraiq- (i) to run out room, space
| -ksraq(-) nn :Iq-2 nv
iniksraqsiuq- to search, look for
room, space, a place (for
her/him/it) | -ksraq(-) nn
+siuq- nv
iniksriuq- to prepare a room, space,
a place (for her/him/it) |
-ksraq(-) nn ‘=iuq-1
inillaaniŋaruat events that havc
already happened; history |
+llak-1 nv -anik- vv ±ŋa- vv
+t/ruaq nn -t nn
inillai- (i) to build on a vacant spot; (i)
to establish something | +llak-1 nv
perhaps -I-6 vv
inillaisuk- (i) to make a motion, move
(in parliamentary procedure); to
establish something | +llak-3 nv
-I-6 vv +[s]uk-1 vv § tappIq-,
inillak-
inillak- or (Ti) inillallak- (i) to find a
place to stay; (i) to settle, situate
oneself somewhere; (i) to become
full (of moon); (i) to be resolved
(of motion in parliamentary
procedure); (Ti)(i) to be
completed, done; (i) for food to be
done, cooked; (t) to find a place
for her/him/it to stay; (t) to situate,
place her/him/it somewhere; (t) to
appoint her/him; (Ti) (t) to prepare
things for whaling; (t) to
complete, finish accomplish it »
inillagataġupta uvaptinnun
siñiktaġiaqsaqtutin when we
finally are settled in our own
place, come and spend the night
with us | +llak-1 nv or +llak-1 nv
-lak-vv
inillaktuq- (t) to arrange, position, set
them up | +llak-1 nv +tuq-2 vv
inillaŋa- (i) to be settled, situated; to
be certified in a position, as of a
 political office; (t) to situate
her/him/it; to certify her/him/it |
+llak-1 nv ±ŋa- vv
inillaun resolution | +llak-1 nv :un1 vn
iniqaġliq place where there used to be
houses; an abandoned village |
+qaq- nv +liQ vn
iniqpak city, town; big place »
iniqpagmuqqaaqami
tammaŋaruq when she first went
to a big city, she got lost |
+qpak(-) nn
init village, town | -t nn § nunaaqqIq
initu- (i) to be spacious, have lots of
room | +tu- nv
initusi- (i) to become spacious (of
place); (t) to make it (place)
spacious | +tu- nv +sI-1 vv
inituyaaqi- (i) to enjoy spacious
surroundings, lots of space |
+tu- nv
initqauran short roof planks below
skylight; “short beams below
window, ĭn-ĭt-kau-rûn” (Ray
1885: 52)]
inmagaaġniq roll call (a parliamentary
procedure) < it-
inmagaaq- (t) to determine whether
she/he/it is present, to conduct a
roll call < it-
inmiguaqtaq manik special account of
money < °ili
inmikkuaq- to be by itself < °ili
inmiñiq- (i) to report that someone is also
present < it-
inna or iminna or imanna (adv) like this
< it-
innaaqłuk everyday shoes; non-dressy
174
shoes » “kamaaqłuk
atisiññaaguruak kammak”
(Matumeak 2009)[everyday shoes
ready to put on]
innainniġman or iminnainniġman
whereas; since it is thus < it-
innaittuaq one like this; one in this
condition < it-
innaq- or (Nu) itnaq- to say or do this (to
her/him/it) < it-
innasiq or iminnasiq or iminnaasiq this
kind, one that resembles this < it-
innatun or iminnaatun or imannaatun
(excl.) this much < it-
iniq- (Ti) to finish, be done with it § iñiq-
¤inniillak- (i) to be silenced (esp., of a
liar when silenced by someone
setting her/him straight); (i) to be
unable to answer back | -llak-1 vv
innuq saliva in long strands (as from the
mouth of a sick person or dog)
innuli- (i) to foam at the mouth |
-lI-3 nv
innuliqi- (i) to have saliva in long
strands (of sick person or dog) |
-liqi- nv
inŋit- or inġit- (i) to not be present; to not
be < it-
inuġru- (i) to yearn for someone or
something » inuġruliqhuni-
imma aiŋaruq he went home
because he was yearning to be
there | -ġru- vv
inuq- (i) to fail to reach one’s destination;
(i) to undershoot, fall short; (i) to
 be insufficient; (t) to fail to reach
it =goal, destination; (t) to
undershoot it =target; (t) to fall
short of it =runway in landing an
airplane; (i) to not be enough§
iñuq-
inuaqsi- (i) to be nearing death before
one’s time to die »
“iñuuviksrautaa tikitkaluaġ-
nagu inuaqsiruq” [he is dying
well before his time] (Aiken 2009)
| -aqsI- vv § tuquaqsi-
inugraliq- (Ti) to become needy |
+qsraq- vv -lIq-3 vv
inuġraq- (Ti) (i) to be needy |
+ġraq- vv
inuŋaiq- to have more than ample
provisions, e.g., for a trip, for the
winter; (i) to become sufficient |
±ŋaiq- vv
inuġiliq- (t) to long for her/him/it |
+[g]i- vv +lIq-3 vv § utaqqiñŋuliq-
inuŋa- (i) to be insufficient, not
enough, incomplete, be missing a
member » taaptumani qiñiġaami
inuŋarugut in that picture we are
missing someone | ±ŋa- vv
inuŋalliuq- (i) to be short of
something, to not have enough |
±ŋa- vv -lliuq- vv § naamailliuq-
inuŋanaaq- (t) to make or measure an
insufficient amount of it | ±ŋa- vv
+naaq- vv
inuqtuq- (i) to run short of food,
money or supplies; to not quite
reach one’s destination and or
complete a task » inuqtuliqapta
kaaksiuraġaliqsugut when we
ran short of food, we were in a
constant state of hunger;
naŋirvigmun iġñiyyaqsaqtuaq
inuqtuqhuni ilami igluanni
iġñimaruaq she was on her way
to the hospital to have her baby
but could not get there on time so
175
she had her baby at her relative’s
house | +tuq-2 vv
iñani (Nu) located over there »
“…taapkua nukatpiaġruich
uqallautigaat aakariŋ,
iñaniguuq tigmiaġruk, tavra
maliklugich qitunġani.”
(Elijah Kakinya as reported by
Bergsland 1987: 305)
[...those boys tell their mother
that the little bird is over there, so
she followed her children]
| :anI (poss. loc.)
iñaluaq (Ti) umbilical cord § iŋaluaqtaq
iñattuaq(-) (Ti) toy; (i) to play
§ piuraaq(-)
*iñaviq (root) a hindrance
iñaviġi- (t) to hinder, slow her/him
down | +[g]i- rv
iñaviqqutaq(-) hindrance; to hinder
(her/him), to delay or slow
(her/him) down » iñaviqqutaq
asuuna you’re nothing but a
hindrance; iñaviqqutaġaa aakani
naatchiñilupayuktuaq
savaamiñik he is slowing down
his mother who is trying to finish
her work; iñaviqqutauruq
qamun navikłuni
aullaqsaġmiugullu the car
delayed our departure by breaking
down | ‘-utaq(-)1 vn §
piñailutaq(-), uimailutaq(-)
iñaviqqutchiq- (i) to hinder one’s
own progress, slow oneself down;
(t) to hinder, slow her/him/it down
| ‘~utaq1 vn ‘=Iq-1 nv
iñġaq- (i) to leak (of liquid from a
container) » iñġaġuusimman
avataqpak igittaġa when the
 sealskin poke developed a leak, I
threw it out
iñġaun pan to catch drippings, e.g.,
under seal oil lamp | :un1 vn §
kutchiqpik
iñġausiq strip of blubber suspended
above lamp which melts and drips
into lamp providing a source of
replenishing fuel | :un1 vn ~Iq-3 nv
§ ayaksraq
iñġausiñiq burnt seal oil which leaks
from lamp | :un1 vn ~I1- nv
+niQ1 vn
iñġutaq grandchild § tutik, tutaaluk,
tutitchiaq
iñi- [iñI] (t) to hang it up to dry @ iñiri-
or iñisi- » atigin iñilugu
paniqsiaġuŋ hang your parka up
to dry || +rI-5 vv, +sI-3 vv
iñipkaġaa silam or iŋipkaġaa silam
[lit. “the weather is causing it to
hang suspended”] to be distorted
seeming to float or hang suspened
(of horizon due to air distortion) »
iġġit avva tautugnaqsiŋamarut
silam iñipkaqługit the mountains
are now visible because the air
distortion has “lifted” them |
+pkaq-2vv +k/gaa (indic 3s-3s)
iñiaġvik clothesline | +aq-1 vv
+vIk1 vn
iñiaq or iñiraq something hung up to
dry | ±aq1 vn +t/raq vn
iñirraq mirage on the horizon by
which something appears raised |
-rraq vn
iñiuqqaq- (t) to hang them (meat,
clothes) out to dry @ iñiuqqai- |
-uq-2 vv ‘-aq-1 vv
iññiaq-1 to stretch it =animal hide on
a frame for drying @ iññiaqsi- »
iññiaġaa nalualiuqsaqługu she
stretched out the sealskin on a
176
frame to put it outside to bleach |
‘-aq-1 vv || +sI-3 vv
iññiaqtaq skin stretched on a frame to
dry | ‘-aq-1 vv +t/raq vn § pauktaq
iññisaq or iññisat rack for drying
fish, meat, or clothes; (Ti)
clothesline » iññisalikama
qutchiñaapayugniġiga when I
made the meat rack, it’s a good
thing I made it high enough |
‘-saq5 vn
iññitchat rack » iññitchat
aniuqaġviit snow melting rack
(usually situated on east wall of
sod house); iññitchat paniqsiiviit
drying rack (usually situated on
east wall of sod house) | ‘-saq5 vn
-t nn § pallitchat, pallisat § see
Appendix 22
iññiutaq a wooden or metal frame to
stretch animal skins for drying |
‘utaq(-)2 vn
iñiq- (i) to be completed; (i) to finish, be
done; (t) to finish working on it;
(t) to tell her/him to stop; (t) to
rebuke him/her, making her/him
stop @ iñiqsi- » iñiġaa savaani
he finished his own work;
“kasakkami
iñiqsiŋaiññiqsiuqługu
aglilaaġaa” (Nageak 1975: 87)
[while he was beating the drum
he found the unfinished areas and
made it larger]; “iñiqsiruq;
naatchiruq” (Aiken 2009) [he
completed something; he
finished something] || +sI-3 vv §
naat-
iñiġlugu all the time, constantly |
+lugu (contemp I 3s-3s)
iñiqi- (i) to finish one’s development,
to mature » “…taamna
ikayuqtiqaqłuni taavsrumiŋa
nakatpialugmik
iñiqiŋaitchuamik aglaan
 nukatpiaġruuruamik suli”
(Ekowana: 13) […that one had a
helper, a male youth not yet fully
matured but still a boy] | -qi- vv
iñiqtiq- or (Ti) iniqtiq- (t) to rebuke
or stop her/him from overdoing
something, such as working or
talking; (t) to warn her/him @
iñiqtiġi- or iñiqtiqłii- » iñiqtiġuŋ
tell him to stop! | mtiq-2 vv || :I-4 vv
Iñiqtuiqsiq- to be Sunday; (i) to rest
(original meaning) »
Iñiqtuiqsiqsugut it is Sunday |
+tuq-2 vv :Iq-2 vv +[t]sIq- vv §
Savaiññiq
iñiqtuq- (i) to be tired, exhausted »
iñiqtuqtuq he is tired (after
finishing his chores)| +tuq-2 vv
iñiqsruq- (t) to ask her/him for something
» “qasiliruq” (Aiken 2009) [he is
asking for something] § qasili-
iñña (Nu) (dem. pron.) that one over
there, across, restricted, visible §
igña
iññaaluk grandson | +luk3 n § iġñiQ
iññaq (Nu) appearance, demeanor,
condition
iññaġiik- (i) for two things to be good
together | +[g]iik- nv
iññaġiit- (i) to not have a good
appearance, to look bad »
“iññaġiipaluktuq;
savagluataŋailaq
qiññaġiitchuq” (Hugo 2009) [it
really looks bad; the one that is
made badly does not look good |
+[g]iit- nv
iññaġik- or iññaaġik- (i) to have a
good appearance, be in good
condition; to look nice, pleasing;
to look neat, to be well-made »
iññaaġiksipiaqługik
177
kamitchiagni qupagniqsaŋik she
really trimmed her new boots and
made them look nice | +[g]Ik- nv |
qiññaġIk-
iññaaġiñaaq- (t) to make it
something of good quality which
is attractive » iññaaġiñaaġaa
iñuŋŋuuraliani the doll she made
looked attractive | +[g]Ik- nv
-naaq- vv
iññaq- (i) to go to bed, to lie down on
one’s side § naanaaq, nallaq,
tuttaaq-
iñŋik(-) [iñŋIk] or iŋŋik(-) [iŋŋIk] sharp
point; (i) to sharpen a pencil; to
sharpen something to a point; (t)
to sharpen it =pencil; to sharpen
it to a point § ikŋiq
iñugiak- (i) to be numerous, many » iñuk
uvva iñugiaktuq there sure are
many people! iñugiaktuakun
nalautaksrauruq taamna that
one is a multi-disciplinary
program (of a degree program at
an educational institution) §
amirġaq- < iñuk(-)
iñugiakipayaat a less numerous set
of items | -kIt- vv -payaaq(-) vv, vn
-t nn
iñugiakit- (i) to be few in number |
-kIt- vv
iñugiakisuurat very few | -kIt- vv
iñugiaksi- (i) to become numerous;
to multiply | +sI-1 vv
iñuġru- (i) to wish for fresh meat »
“‘nutaaqtuġuliġaluaqtuŋa
niqimik’, tavra iñuġruruq”
(Matumeak 2009) [“I sure would
like to have some frest meat,”
that is what one says when one
wishes for fresh meat]
iñuk(-) human, person; owner; core of
boil; resident spirit; embryo of an
egg; (t) to surprise her/him/it »
sila iñuqaqtuq there are people
outside; “iñukkaa upaluigaa
suliqiuraqtuaq tigligniuraqtuaq
suruaq” (Matumeak 2009 [she
caught him, the one who was
doing something, trying to steal or
do something by surprise]; iñuum
sauniŋi human skeleton | -k-4 nv §
aaġlum iñua, see Appendix 21
iññi- (i) to be pregnant; (t) to make
her pregnant | ‘=I-1 nv
iññiaq- or iññiaqattaaq- (i) to visit
someone, people »
iññiaqattaaqtuaq imma aaqagu
aiñiaqtuq she has gone visiting;
she will be home later | ‘=iaq-2 nv
-qattaaq- vv
iññiññaq- (i) to reach a community of
people » “uniaġaqtuni
iññiññaqtuq uvluqtumman
taamna” (Kiligvuk: 1) [that
place can be reached in a long
day by dogteam] | ‘=It-2 nv
+naq(-) vv
iññiŋiat- (i) to be wary of people »
iññiŋiatuvluni
avilaitqatiniyuitchuq she is so
wary of people that she never
develops a friendship | ‘=Iq-1 nv
-ŋiat- vv
iññiq- (i) to be willed to someone (of
something as in a legal
document); (i) to have company,
have a companion; (i) to become
occupied (of a house); (i) to
become populated, inhabited; (t)
to will it to someone; (t) to occupy
it (house) » iññianiŋamaruq
iglutchiaq I see that the new
house already has tenants |
‘=Iq-1 nv
iññiqi- (i) to visit from house to house
» iññiqqiqtuvluni aaquluk
178
aimmisuilaaq that little old lady
is out visiting so much she is
hardly home | ‘=Iqi-1 nv
iññiqima-1 (i) to have signs of human
presence | ‘=Iqi-1 nv +ma-1 vv
iññiqima-2 (i) to be evident that one is
out visiting | ‘=Iqi-1 nv +ma-2 vv
iññiqimaniq (usu. in pl. iññiqimanġit)
sign of human presence or activity
| ‘=Iqi-1 nv +ma-1 vv +niQ1 vn
iññiqsima- (t) to keep her/him
company | ‘=Iq-1 nv +sima-2 vv
iññiqsuq- (t) to keep her/him
company, to provide her/him
companionship; (t) to will them =
possessions to specific individuals
» tutaaluŋata
iññiqsupayuguugaa
aaquaksraluk her grandchild
gives the old lady companionship;
iññiqsuġai suġauttani he is
willing his possessions to specific
individuals | ‘=Iq-1 nv +tuq-2 vv
iññiqun (Ti) prowler, mysterious
person | ‘=It-2 nv -quti vn §
immiññauraq
iññit- (i) to come upon a person or
persons; (i) to have many visitors;
(i) to reach a place where there are
people (of a traveler); (t) to re-
populate it (old village,
abandoned place) » iglillaġmi
aŋun tavra iññitchuq as the man
traveled he came upon some
people; “…iñuŋnik
aqpatauruanik, atqunaq
iññiraġniqsuk.” (Elijah Kakinya
as reported by Bergsland 1987:
372) […the two brought with
them many runners. (messengers
who run from one community to
another delivering invitations or
messages into their community)] |
‘=It-2 nv
iññiuq- (i) to have visitors at one’s
house frequently; (i) to be visited
by prowlers | ‘=It-2 nv :uq-2 vv
iññuġluk- (Ti) or iñugluk- (i) to be a
bad person | ‘-ġluk(-) nn,nv
iññuk- (i) to form an embryo (usu. of
an egg) » aŋutaiyaaq
mannigiaqami iññuŋaruamik
mannigñiqsuaq when the boy
went egg hunting he found an egg
which already had an embryo in it
| ‘-k-2 nv
iññuktaaġi- (i) to gain, get her/him as
a whaling crew member »
“Tuqutchiliġuumman aġviġnik.
Iññuktaaġikapku, …” (Bodfish:
238) [it was because he killed
whales quickly; I recruited him as
a member of my whaling crew…]
| ‘-k-2 nv +t/raaq1 vn
iññuqłuit mob | ‘-qłuk(-) nn :It nn
iññuqłuk bad, troublesome person »
“uqaqsiġiilaq uqautitchiġiilaq”
(Hugo 2009) [one who is
disobedient, one not easily
counseled] | ‘-qłuk(-) nn
iñua embryo, as in an egg; resident
spirit or being; core of a boil »
“ayuaqtuni ilua
puviaŋaaqsivluni taamna”
(Aiken 2009) [it is that which
swells inside a boil] | :a (poss.
3s-s) § autchirriq-
iñua iglum tenant | iñua iglum
tautuŋaitkiga qavsiñi uvluni I
haven’t seen the tenant for several
days
iñuaġiit- (i) to be very sick | -aq2 nn
+[g]Ik- nv :It-1 vv § naŋit-
iñuaġik- (i) to be better after an
illness | -aq2 nn +[g]Ik- nv
iñuaġrugi- (t) to treat her/him badly
@ iñuaġrukłiq- | -aġruk nn
+[g]i-1 nv || +kłIq-1 vv
iñuaġruk orphan; degraded person;
denigrated person | -aġruk nn
179
iñuaġun murder; murder weapon |
-aq-2 nv :un1 vn
iñuaq- (i) to commit murder; (t) to
murder, kill her/him @ iñuaqsi- |
-aq-2 nv || +sI-3 vv § iñuktaġi-,
iñuaqtaġi-
iñuaqłuk a person who does not
conform to the norm; a person
who mistreats others and is
therefore shunned » uqautigaa
iñuaqługitquŋiłługik
aŋayuqaaŋik he told her not to
mistreat her parents | -aqłuk nn
iñuaqtaġi- (t) to murder, kill her/him |
-aq-2 nv +t/raq vn +[g]i- nv
iñuaqtaq murder victim | -aq-2 nv
+t/raq vn
iñuaqti murderer | -aq-2 nv mt/ri vn
iñuaqtuqti serial murderer | -aq-2 nv
+tuq-2 vv mt/ri vn
iñugaq or iñugauraq or (Ti)
iñugaŋŋuaq digit (finger or toe);
one toe; metatarsal bone »
isigagni arriligamigik
maqpiġaamun iñugauraliqługik
pilgiññiġaik I see that when he
drew his footprint on the paper he
even drew his toes | +gaq2 nn or
:uraq nn § see Appendix 21
iñugaqutlik (Nu) dwarf, mythical
little person | perhaps -[g]ak nn
-qun +łik nn § iñuqułłigauraq
iñuggun breath of life | ‘n1 vn
iñuggusiq way of life; essense of life
| ‘n1 vn ~Iq nn
iñugiilaq disagreeable, bad, or ugly
person | +[g]Ik- nv :ilaq vn
iñugiiluktaq- or iñugiiłuktaq- (i)
to be uncooperative; (i) to throw a
temper tantrum; (t) to be
uncooperative with her/him »
iñugiiluktaqtuam
sukailutaqtaatigut the one who
was being uncooperative slowed
us down | +[g]Ik- nv :It-1 vv
-luk- vv +t/raq-1 vv
iñugiirrun cause for someone to be
bad-tempered | iñugiirrutigigaa
uunnautiqauraqłuni-uvva he is
irritable because he has a slight
fever | +[g]Ik- nv :It-1 vv +ruti vn
iñugiit- (i) to be bad-tempered; (i) to
be in a bad temper, be cranky »
iñugiitchuq aasiuvva panikpuk
maliquŋiññaptigu uvlupak our
daughter is in a bad temper
because we told her not to follow
us today | +[g]Ik- nv :It-1 vv
iñugik- (i) to be a good person; (i) to
be nice, to have a good
disposition; (i) to be amicable; (i)
to be gracious » iñugiksiruq uvva
uunnautaiqami she has regained
her good nature now that her fever
is gone | +[g]Ik- nv
iñugluaġi- (t) to reject, dislike
her/him | +luaq-1 nv +[g]i- rv
iñugluaq- (i) to reject someone as
owner, employee, employer,
guest, host, family member; (i) to
be prejudiced | +luaq3 nn
iñugluaqtait- (i) to be accepting of
people | +luaq-2 nv mt/ri vn
:It-1 nv
iñugluaqtau- (i) to avoid people, to
not like people | +luaq-2 nv
+t/raq vn :u-1 nv
iñugriŋa- (i) to act like a person, to
act human | +rI-1 nv ±ŋa- vv
iñugruk- (i) to make noise (of a
group of people) | +rruk- nv
iñuguġvik hometown; place where
one was raised as a child |
+uq-1 nv +vIk1 vn
iñuguq- (i) to become an adult, grow
up; (i) to “come back to life,”
regain health (of a sick person); (t)
to raise, nurture her/him/it »
nukatpialuk aanamiñi
iñugullaktuq the young man
grew up with his grandmother |
+uq-1 nv
180
iñuguqsautigi- (t) to grow up having
it in one’s diet » iñuguqsautigi-
ŋagiga tuttu I grew up eating
caribou meat | +uq-1 nv msaq-3 vv
-uti4 vn +[g]i- nv § qaurrisaq-
iñuguqtit- (t) to nurture, raise
her/him/it | +uq-1 nv mtit-1 vv
iñuguqtitaq a child raised by
someone other than her/his
parents (not adopted) | +uq-1 nv
1
mtit- vv ±aq vn
1
iñuguun item used or eaten during
childhood | +uq-1 nv -un1
iñuġaaġruk or iñuġaaġruit a crowd
of people | -ġaaġruk/It nn §
iñusalak or iñusalait
Iñuilaaġmiut (Ti) nomadic people
living between Barrow and
Herschel Island | :Ilaaq nn
÷miu nn -t nn
iñuilaaq or iñuiłaaq or iñuilaq
empty, uninhabited, or deserted
place | :ilaq, ilaaq(-) nn
iñuillaġuti- (i) to go visiting, but find
no one at home; (i) to come upon
a place, but find the place deserted
» isiqattaaġiaqtuaq
iñuillaġutimmiuq the visitor
found no one at home | :ilaq- vv
perhaps ‘-uti- vv
iñuilliqi- (i) to make oneself at home
at another’s house (usually the
home of a close friend or relative)
while they are gone | :It-1 nv
+lIqi vv
iñuiññaġutailaq the numeral nineteen
» iñuiññaġutailat number
nineteen; iñuiññaġutailat iñuit
twenty people | -ññaq2 nn -ġun nn
:ilaq nn
iñuiññakipiaq numeral four hundred
» iñuiññakipiamik tigusiruq she
picked the number four hundred |
-ññaq2 nn -kipiaq nn
iñuiññakipiat number four hundred |
-ññaq2 nn -kipiaq nn -t nn
iñuiññat number twenty » iñuiññat
iñuit twenty people; iñuiññaq
tigugiga I picked up the number
twenty | -ññaq2 nn -t nn
iñuiññat qulit number thirty |
-ññaq2 nn -t nn
iñuiq- (i) to become vacant, become
void of people | :Iq-2 nv
iñuit- (i) to be vacant, be void of
people; (i) to not have an owner;
(i) to not have a crew | :It-1 nv
iñuit people | :It nn
Iñuit Inuit, people of the Arctic;
Eskimos | :It nn
iñukikłi- (i) to become fewer in
number (of people) | -kikłI- nv
iñukit- (i) to have few people, be
sparsely populated; ¤to be few in
number (not just people) »
nunaaqqiq taamna iñukitchuq
this village has very few people |
-kIt- nv
iñukisuurat a few, a small number |
-kIt- nv -kisuuraq vn § iñugiak-
iñukkuk- (t) to nurture her/him/it into
maturity » | +uq-1 nv ‘-k-2 vv
Iñukkuksaivik [lit. “time for raising
the young”] month of July |
+uq-1 nv ‘-k-3 vv msaq-3 vv -I-6 vv
+vIk1 vn
iñukkuksaq- (t) to nurture, raise,
bring her/him/it up @
iñukkuksai- » ataataŋata
uqallautisuugaa taamna
iġñauraŋa niġiqatigilugu
iñukkuksaquvlugu her
grandfather would tell her to
regularly eat with her little son |
+uq-1 nv ‘-k-2 vv msaq-3 vv || -I-6 vv
¤iñukkutigi- (Ti) (t) to boss her/him
around | +uq-1 nv ‘-k-3 vv :un1 vn
+[g]i- nv § taluqsralliaġi-
iñukpak large person | +qpak(-) nn §
qatqit-
iñukpalliq- (i) to show up, appear,
make one’s presence known »
181
qaiñiaŋiññasugiraġa
iñukpalliġmiuq I thought he
would not come, but he showed
up | +p/vallIq- nv
iñukpaluiq- (i) to be free of the noise
that people make; (t) to
depopulate it (house, area), for
people to leave it so there’s no
more noise of people »
iñukpaluitchuq imña it is
deserted | +p/valuk- vv, nv :Iq-2nv
iñukpaluk- to have people present
making normal “people” noise,
e.g., laughing, talking |
+p/valuk- vv, nv
iñukpaŋŋuq- to grow into an adult |
-ŋŋuq-2 nv
iñukpasuk or iñukpak giant, large
person | +qpak(-) nn -suk nn
iñuksiuq- (i) to go out and visit
people in their homes | +siuq- nv
iñuksuk guidepost made of piled
rocks, rock cairn; pile of rocks or
willow construction made to
resemble humans and are
strategically placed to help direct
caribou into a corral during
herding; scarecrow »
“iñuksulisuurut
apqutilluatakuaquvlugit” (Hugo
2009) [they erect rock cairn
guidespost so that they will use
the good path] | -suk nn
iñuksraŋŋuq- (i) to improve in health
after being seriously or critically
ill | -ksraq(-) nn -ŋŋuq-2 nv
iñuksruit- (i) to be peaceful, quiet,
silent, with nobody around »
tigluktuġaluaqtuŋa qavsiñi,
iñuksruitchuq I knocked several
times, but there was nobody
around | perhaps +qsruq-1 nv
:It-1 nv
iñuksruk- (i) to make one’s presence
known by making noise |
+sruk- nv § iñukpaluk-
iñuksrula- or iñuksruula- (i) to
make noise as one moves »
qanitchani iñuksrularuamik
tusaaruq aġnaiyaaq the girl
heard someone making noise in
the entryway | +qsruq-1 nv -la- vv
iñuksraun egg yolk | -ksraun nn
iñuktaġi- (t) to murder her/him |
perhaps -k-1 nv +t/raq vn
+[g]i- nv § tuqut-
iñuktalik murderer; body of water or
another specific place where a
person has died | perhaps -k-1 nv
+t/raq vn -lik nn
iñuktaq murder victim | -k-1 nv
+t/raq vn
iñulik an inhabited place | -lik nn
iñulimauraq (Nu) everyone, every
person » “Suŋich iluqaisa
iñulimauram tamaani
ittualimauram
suillapiaqlugich…Whatever
everyone here had had was
altogether gone;..” (Elijah
Kakinya as reported by
Bergsland 1987: 382, 390) |
-limauraq nn
iñullaa each person; individually »
iñullaa aitchuusiaqaqtuq each
person received a gift | -llaa nn
iñułłuuraq dear little son » qunnun a
term of endearment | perhaps
+łuk nn :uraq nn
iñuniqłuk giant; huge person |
-niqłuk nn § iñukpasuk,
iñunniġluk
iñunnaġi- (t) to like her/him | perhaps
-nnaq nn +[g]i- nv § nakuaġi-
iñunnak- (i) to rally support, to
bring people together, to draw
followers | -nnak- nv
iñunnaraaq- to enjoy being with a
person | -nnaraaq- nv § iñunnaġi-,
nakuaġi-
182
iñuŋniq- (i) to be friendly, cheerful,
and courteous; (i) to be sociable |
+nIq-2 nv
iñuŋnuk- (i) to visit people | +nuk- nv
iñuŋŋuaq mannequin, puppet,
human-like doll » iñuŋŋuamik
iñugunaaqłuni
uqautisaġaluaġniġaa he almost
started to talk to a mannequin,
mistaking it for a person |
+ŋŋuaq(-) nn
iñuŋŋuuraq doll | +ŋŋuaq(-) nn
=uraq nn
iñuŋŋurri- to make a doll (for
her/him); (t) to make it into a doll
» sanavluni iñuŋŋurrigaa paniñi
he whittled a doll for his daughter
| +ŋŋuaq(-) nn =uraq nn =I-1 nv
iñuŋuluuraq little person, dwarf,
midget, elf » iñuŋuluuramik
iñukpagmik tautukpaalluktuŋa
this is the first time I have ever
seen an adult midget | ±ŋuluk nn
:uraq nn
iñupałłuk evil, bad person, brute |
-pałłuk(-) vv, nn § iññuqłuk
iñupayaaq or iñupayaat everyone;
all people, the human race »
iñupayaat aiyugaaġiakkit
uvaptinnun niġiyaqtuqulugit go
invite everyone to come and eat at
our house | +payaaq nn -t nn
Iñupiaq Inupiaq, north Alaskan
Eskimo person; north Alaskan
Eskimo language | +piaq(-)1 nn
Iñupiaqsi- (t) to translate it =word
into Iñupiaq | -piaq(-)1 nn -q-2 nv
+sI-3 vv
Iñupiaqsiñ an Iñupiaq word; one’s
Iñupiaq name | -piaq(-)1 nn
-q-2 nn +sI-3 vv ‘-n vn
Iñupiaqsiñiq Iñupiaq name |
-piaq(-)1 nn -q-2 nv +sI-3 vv
+niQ1 vn § Taniksiñiq
Iñupiaqtaq an Iñupiaq-made item;
Iñupiaq food | +piaq(-)1 nn
 +qtaq nn
Iñupiatun like an Inupiaq; in the
Inupiaq language | Iñupiatun
aglakkai uqaluni he wrote his
words in Iñupiaq | +tun (sim.)
Iñupiuraallaniq ability to speak
Inupiaq | -piaq(-)1 nn =uraaq- nv
-lla- vv +niQ1 vn
Iñupiuraaq- (i) to speak in Inupiaq;
(t) to say it in Iñupiaq |
-piaq(-)1 nn =uraaq- nv
iñuqaġnailaq (Ti) serial murderer;
others, chief or leader who kills
(murders) newcomers » taamna
nunaaqqiq qaukłiqaġniqsuq
iñuqaġnailamik that village has a
leader who murders newcomers |
-qaq- nv +naq-1 vv :ilaq(-) vn
iñuqaq- (i) to have visitors; (i) to
have an owner, be someone’s
possession | -qaq-nv
iñuqhiuraq short, strong man |
+qhiuraq - nn
iñuqułłigauraq or iñuqułłik or (Ti)
iñuqullik or (Ti) iñuqulligauraq
mythical small person; dwarf »
iñuqułłigauranik iqsisaaġaġigaa
anitquŋiłługu she would scare
him with stories of little people
because she did not want him
going out | -qun vn +łik nn
-gauraq or -qun vn +łik nn
iñuqun spirit; prowler (unknown
person seen from afar and blamed
for unexplainable happenings);
bogeyman | -qun nn § mittayyak
iñusalait multitude, crowd | -salait nn
iñuu- (i) to be alive; (i) to live, reside |
:u-1 nv
iñuulġun (Nu) useful item »
“…niviŋŋaqlugich
iñuulġugaurapayaat…and hung
up all sorts of useful things,…”
(Elijah Kakinya as reported by
Bergsland 1987: 318, 325) |
:u-1 vv +lgu- vv +n vn
183
iñuuli- (t) to assist, deliver assistance
to her/him/it in time of distress,
or in a matter of life or death |
:u-1 nv -lI- 4 vv
iñuuliġruaqtuŋa (indicative
sentence) “I am lucky to be alive”
(Ti) (said by someone who has
escaped danger, lived through a
disease, e.g., someone who makes
it back to shore after being
carried away on an ice floe) |
:u-1 nv -lI- 4 vv +ġruaq-1 vv
iñuuliqtuuraq- (i) to live for a short
while » iñuuliqtuuraġaluaqami
Utqiaġvigñi aullalgitchuaq she
lived for a short while in Barrow,
but then she left again | :u-1 nv
-liqtuuraq- vv
iñuuniaġvik environment, nature;
land where one lives and subsists |
:u-1 nv +niaq-2 vv +vIk1 vn
iñuuniaġvium irrusia environment |
:u-1 nv +niaq-2 vv +vIk1 vn
:um ( mkr.) § irrusiq
iñuuniaġvium irrusiata
allaŋŋuġniaġniksraŋagun
maqpiġarriaq environmental
impact statement § irrusiq,
allaŋŋuq-, maqpiġaaq
iñuuniaq- (i) to make a living »
piatchiaqtuqłuni iñuuniaġaqtuq
he exists by going to others for
food | :u-1 nv +niaq-2 vv
iñuuniaqan person one lives with;
spouse; person who lives in one’s
village | :u-1 nv +niaq-2 vv ±qan vn
iñuuniqtutilaaq duration of life |
:u-1 nv +niQ1 vn +tu- nv
mtilaaq(-) vn
iñuuniusiq (Nu) way of life | :u-1 nv
+niun vn ~Iq nn
iñuunniaqan hunting partner who
helps provide for others | :u-1 nv
+t-1 vv +niaq-2 vv ±qan vn
iñuunniaq- (t) to minister to
her/him/it medically | :u-1 nv
 +t-1 vv +niaq-2 vv
iñuunniaqti doctor, physician | :u-1 nv
+t-1 vv +niaq-2 vv mt/ri vn
iñuuniun or iñuuniaġun item
indispensable in one’s livelihood;
provision, tool, weapon; item one
uses in everyday life » suġautat
anniqsuutit items that are helpful
and indispensable (Matumerak
2009) | :u-1 nv +niun vn
iñuupqaułłik- or iñuupqauraq- (i) to
barely survive | :u-1 nv -pqaułłIk-
vv or -pqauraq(-) vv
iñuuqan one born on the same day or
around the same time; one of the
same age, a contemporary;
someone who lives with one as
spouse | :u-1 nv ±qan vn
iñuuqatigi- (t) to live with her/him |
:u-1 nv ±qan vn +[g]i- nv
iñuuqatikavsak almost a
contemporary; one close to one’s
age » “aakaa-kiuvva
quliaqtuaġuugaa aŋayuqaaŋisa-
luunnii imma
iñuuqatikavsaŋisa-luunnii
ilagisuŋnaġaat iñuk
ugiaqtauruaq” (Ekowana: 15)
[my mother used to tell the story
of the man who was mauled might
have a contemporary of her
parents] | :u-1 nv ±qan vn
±kavsak(-) nn, vv
iñuuraq or iñuuraqpak idol; an
image of a god (in Bible) |
:uraq nn +qpak(-) nn
iñuuraqtaqtuaq one visible once in
a while in the distance »
“isagunŋaugallaaksraaġivlutik
suasigguuq papkuak
iñuuraqtaqtuak” (Nageak
1975: 36) [not too long after they
started, it became evident that
further up there is something
visible intermittently] | :u-1 nv
-raq-1 vv +t/raq-1 vv +t/ruaq vn
184
iñuuraqpaktuq- (i) to worship an
idol | :uraq nn +qpak(-) nn
+tuq-3 nv
iñuuraqpaliqiniq idolatry | :uraq nn
+qpak(-) nn
iñuusaġataġniq immortality | :u-1 nv
+saġataq- vv +niQ1 vn
iñuusiq way of life; habit; disposition;
soul » iñuusiŋa allaŋŋuŋaruq
qiñiqtuuraaŋaqqaaqłuni his way
of life changed after he saw a
vision | :u-1 nv -sIq vn
iñuut- (t) to keep her/him alive |
:u-1 nv +t-1 vv
iñuutchak- (Ti) (i) to come to life »
“niġrun tuqulluataŋitchuni
iñuutchagnisuugaat”
(Kinneeveauk, 2008) [they say
that an animal not properly killed
always come to life] | :u-1 nv
+tchak- vv
Iñuvialuit Iñupiat of Mackenzie
River Delta, N.W.T., Canada
iñuq- (Ti) (i) to die before one’s time; (i)
to run out of material or time to
work on something § inuq-
iñuqqiaguti- (t) to be in dire need of
it » “iñuqqiagutigamiuŋ
anniqsuutigigaa” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [when he was in dire need
of it, it was very helpful to him]
iñutaq(-) hawk trap, a wooden post,
forked on top with two snares, for
hawks, larger one for owls; (i) to
be caught in a hawk/owl trap; (t)
to catch it in a hawk/owl trap §
iŋutaq
iŋaġiq or (Ti) iŋaġiuraq Black Guillemot
(Cepphus grylle) | :uraq nn
iŋaluk sea mammal intestine; cleaned,
dried and stretched intestine of a
bearded seal (usually made into
 raingear or used as window pane)
» igalaaqaqtugut iŋalugmik we
have a window made from the
lining of bearded seal intestines;
iŋalugnik igalaaqaġuurut ugruit
iŋaluŋiññik quammaqtuanik
qanuq; aiviġniglu
piliuġnisuugait they had bearded
seal intestines for window covers
probably since they were
translucent; and they also made
them from walrus [seal
intestines](Aiken 2009)
iŋaluaq or iŋaluat small intestines of
human and terrestrial mammals »
natchiit iŋaluaŋiññik
niġillaktuni aarigaa when one
eats seal intestines, it is sure a treat
| -aq2 nn -t nn
iŋaluaqtaq umbilical cord | -aq2 nn
-qtaq nn
iŋaluatchiat ptarmigan intestines |
-aq2 nn -tchiaq nn -t nn
iŋalugaaluk edible seaweed
(Porphyra laciniata) |
iŋalugaaluit misiġaaqtuutigiksut
seaweed is well complemented by
seal oil | -aaluk nn
iŋattaq- (i) to overdo, to do too much; (t)
to vigorously deflate or put
her/him down » iŋattaqłuni
niġikami aŋun siquiññaqtuq the
man ate so much that he instantly
fell asleep
iŋattaqtiqpait- (i) to go to excess,
exaggerate; (t) to overdo it »
uqallagaallaksaqami
iŋattaqtiqpaitchuuruq when he
gets up to say a few words he
always gets carried away |
perhaps mt/liq-3 vv +p/vait- vv
iŋi groin, middle front part of pelvic bone;
loins; center of whale belly,
185
underside around the anus § see
Appendix 21
iŋiaq- (t) to do something before she/he
does; (t) to forestall, intercept
her/him » iŋiaqługu aġnaq
aiyugaaqsiruq iglaamik he
invited the newcomer before the
woman had a chance to invite
her/him § suvulik-
iŋiġaq- to be in pursuit (of it =usu. a
whale) » aġviġmun iŋiġaqtuqtut
or aġviq iŋiġaqtuġaat they are
chasing a whale; “iŋiġaġnaqtuq
aġviq maligaqługu aŋuaqługu
puiviksraŋa maligaqługu
tikitpalliqsuni” [one pursues a
whale following it rowing after it]
(Aiken 2009) § piuqtuq-
iŋilġaan a long time ago
iŋilġaaġnisaq ancient artifact;
fossilized item | -nisaq nn §
aippaaġnisaq, alġaaġnisaq
iŋilġaqpaaġruk a long time ago |
-qpaaġruk(-)
iŋilġaq (Ti) or iŋiłhaq seal-retrieving
hook » “natchiqsiuqtuni
iŋiłhaqtuġnaqtuq” (Matumeak
2009) [when one is seal hunting
one uses the seal retrieving hook]
§ manaq, manaqtuun, igiłhaq
iŋiq- (t) to ask something of, beg her/him
for something
iŋiqsruq- to ask, beg (her/him) for
something; to petition (her/him)
for something »
Ulġuniutiksramiñik
aapiyamiñiñ iŋiqsruqtuq she
asked her older brother for some
money to take a trip to
Wainwright | mqsruq-2 vv
iŋiqsruun petition | mqsruq-2 vv
 :un1 vn § paaqłaun
iŋiqsruuti- (t) to pray for, intercede
for her/him/it | mqsruq-2 vv
-uti- vv
iŋiula- to beg (her/him) | :uq-2 vv
-la- vv
iŋit- (i) to sit down, be seated; (t) to sit
her/him down | +t-2 vv § iksiva-
iŋitqaq Pelagic Cormorant
(Phalacrocorax pelagicus)
iŋiulik(-) wave or swell on ocean; (i) to
have swells or waves (of ocean)
iŋiulikpak breaker, breaking wave |
+qpak(-) nn
iŋiulinŋu- to be seasick | -nŋu- vv
iŋiulinŋuq- (i) to tire of the rocking
motion of waves | -nŋu- vv +q-1 vv
iŋiullaaq(-) (Ti) small wave; (i) to
have small waves (of sea) |
‘-aq2 nn
iŋiulliuq- (i) to rock, pitch in the
waves (of boat or people in a
boat) » umiaq iŋiulliuqtuaq
qiñiqługu iŋiulinŋulilgitchuq she
got motion seasick from just
watching the boat pitching |
‘=iuq-2nv
iŋiuq- to spy on, watch (her/him/it) from
a hiding place »
“Iŋiuqsaġumaatchiġik qanuq
pisuutilaaŋaŋnik taapkuak
uiñilu taamnalu niviaqsiaq,
uigitchuaq aġnaq.” (Ahvakana:
6) [she decided to spy on her
husband and the young woman,
the one without a husband to see
what they did]
iŋiuqłiq- (i) to spy, lie in wait for
someone | +kłIq- vv
iŋmak- (Ti) (t) to claim, possess
her/him/it » “suli iñuk
186
iluiliġman tuqurug-
ruamamman, tuqumman
iŋmaktaġaagguuq ilaan; aasiiñ
ilaliiutivlugu tavruŋa
Itivyaanun” (David Frankson as
reported by Pulu, Sampson,
Newlin: 95) [also when a person
is ill, and he is destined to die,
and he dies; then it is he
(Pamiuġyuksaaq), it is said,
who claims him, and makes him
a member of the Itivyaat] §
Itivyaat, Pamiuġyuksaaq
iŋmiq- [iŋmIq] to complete a trip in one
day; (t) to reach it = a place in
one day » iŋmiqsuq Fairbanks-
miñ London-mun he made the
trip from Fairbanks to London in
one day | perhaps -mmIq- vv
iŋniġuuq- or iŋniġuuqpatit- (i) to strike
(of lightning) < iki-2
iŋniqauq- (i) to keep a fire burning, to
tend a fire < iki-2
iŋniqpalliaġaq- (Ti) (i) for there to be
lightning < iki-2
iŋniqsuq- (i) to make a fire < iki-2
iŋnisiq flint, firestone < iki-2
iŋŋik(-) [iŋŋIk] (Nu) point e.g., of needle
or pencil < iñŋik(-)
iŋŋiun (Nu) device to sharpen a point,
pencil sharpener < iñŋIk(-)
iŋut- (t) to stir it @ iŋutchi- || +sI-3 vv §
aŋalat-, akut-
iŋulit- (t) to stir it @ iŋulitchi- |
-lIt- vv || +sI-3 vv
iŋutaq owl trap; pole for hanging owl
trap in tree § iñutaq
iŋutuq young, female bowhead whale
(choice eating); young whale »
“iŋutuq uvvauna…aġnasalluq
nutaġaq aġviq… atautchimik
ukiuniktuaq naaggaqaa
akimiaq tatqiñik naaggaqaa
akimiaq piŋasunik tatqiñik”
(David Frankson as reported by
Pulu, Sampson, Newlin: 68) [an
iŋutuq is…a young female
whale…one year old to fifteen
months or eighteen months old] |
+tuq2 n
iŋutualuk old female bowhead whale
» “aasiiñ tavra agliŋaruaq
aġnasalluq aġviq atiqaġaat
iŋutualuŋmik” (David Frankson
as reported by Pulu, Sampson,
Newlin: 68) [and then the mature
female whale is called an
iŋutualuk] | +tuq2 n -aluk nn
iŋutuayaaq or iŋutugrauraq (Ti)
newborn female bowhead whale |
+tuq2 n :uraq nn
iŋutupiaq or iŋutuuraq small round
female bowhead whale with an
extremely short peduncle
(Harcharek: 26) | -piaq(-)1 nn
iŋutuurapiaq a young bowhead
whale which resembles a grey
whale, approximately twenty feet
in length (Harcharek: 26) |
:uraq nn -piaq nn
iŋutuvak large female whale with of
lot of blubber on back; (Ti) fat
mature female whale with curved
nose | +tuq2 n -vak nn
ipak grain in wood; fiber in meat; ring in
tree
ipi- (i) to suffocate; (i) to drown; (i) to be
hot and sweaty from lack of fresh,
187
cool air » tilaktuami-uvva
ipiruŋa I’m scrubbing the floor
and I’m sweating, sweltering;
puuvraqtuaq qilurivluni ipiruq
the swimmer developed a cramp
and drowned
ipisia- (i) to fight for breath (as in
water, smoke, or from asthma),
have difficulty breathing »
ipisiavluŋa itiqtuaŋa, ulimnik
matuŋamaruami I woke up
fighting for breath; I found I had
covered my head with my blanket
| +sia- vv § aniqsaaġuillaiq-
ipit- (t) to suffocate, drown her/him/it;
(t) to cause her/him to have
difficulty catching her/his breath
by making her/him laugh to
excess @ ipitchi- » mitaaqtuat
aggaktiłłutiŋ ipittaatigut the
comedians got really wild and had
us all in stitches (out of breath
from laughing) | +t-1 vv
ipputigi- (t) to laugh very hard about
her/him/it » aġnaiyaam
kiiñaġiiluktitaqqaaqługu
nukaaluni ipputigiraġigaa the
girl would cause her younger
sibling to make faces, then would
laugh real hard | ‘t-1 vn +[g]i-1 nv
ipraaġuq- (Nu) (i) to be out of breath
| perhaps ~raaq- vv +[ġ]uq-1 nv
ipraġun (Nu) or ivraġun dog muzzle
| perhaps ~raq- vv +un1 vn
ipratchiaġuq- (Nu) to be out of
breath | perhaps ~raq- vv
-tchiaq- vv +uq-1 vv
ivri- or ivriññik- to cause others to be
out of breath from laughing so
hard; (Ti) (t) to bother someone |
~ri-3 vv +nnik- vv
ivruattuq- or (Ti) ivruaqtuq- (i) to
gasp, be unable to catch one’s
breath when swimming, walking
into the wind, or coming into
contact with something cold »
 ipiġaqami imaq ipiŋuluktuq wow, her tongue is
sitqumiñuaglaaġman sharp
ivruatturraqsiruq as she was ipiksaq- (t) to sharpen it @ ipiksai- |
3
wading, she started gasping as the msaq- vv
water reached her knee | perhaps ipiksaun sharpener; sharpening stone
~ruq- vv -aq-1 vv +tuq-3 rv » uyaġagmik ipiksausiqłuni
ivyanŋu- (i) to be short of breath; (i) ipiksaġaa-luunnii she probably
to feel faint; (i) to struggle to sharpened it by using a stone as a
breathe | ~yak- vv -nŋu- vv sharpener | msaq-3 vv :uti1 vn
ivyanŋuq- (i) to have a hard time ipiksaunnaq clam shell | msaq-3 vv
breathing (because something is
:unnaq vn § imaniQ
covering one’s face, or because of
ipkilaq dull object | :ilaq(-) vn
asthma); (i) to be out of breath
ipkiq- or ipkili- (i) to become dull; (t)
| ~yak- vv -nŋu- vv +q-1 vv
to cause it =cutting device to
ivyanŋunaq- (i) to be stifling, stuffy
become dull » ipkiġaa anauttaq
(of a room or house) | ~yak- vv
atuqpaiłługu he made the axe
-nŋu- vv +naq(-) vv
dull from constant use | :Iq-2 vv or
ivyanŋuqtuliq- (i) to begin to
:It-1 vv -lI-2 vv
experience a lack of air; (i) to
ipkit- (i) to be dull, e.g., of a knife »
begin to suffocate » tainnagguuq
ipkitchuq taamna savik,
aniqsaaġuliġmiuġlu
atuġnagu that knife is dull; don’t
ivyanŋuqtuliġmiuġlu nanuq
use it | :It-1 vv
aaġluqtuq then it is told, just as
he needed to breathe, just as he
ipiq [ipIq](Nu) small, thin root; chain or
was beginning to suffocate, the
rope » “ippit qimmit pituutaŋit”
polar bear lifted its head | ~yak- vv
[chains are used to tie dogs to
-nŋu- vv +q-1 vv +tuq-3 vv -lIq-3 vv
their stakes] (Aiken 2009)
ipiak fallopian tubes » ipiak
ipiġaq-2 or ipaġaq- (i) to wade »
qiñiqsiŋik ovaries | -aq2 nn
kamitchiakiñ ipiġautiginagik
-k2 nn
don’t go wading in your new
ipialik waterproof hip boot with
boots
straps on top to be tied to the belt |
-aq2 nn -lik nn
ipiġaq-3 or (Ti) ipaġaq- (t) to give up on
ipiaq(-) mitten string, drawstring, e.g.,
it; (t) to stop working on it, cast it
for tall boots; string attached to
aside » ipiġaġruiññaqługu
knife, etc.; (t) to draw and tie the
savaani aullaqtuq he just stopped
drawstrings at the top of (her/his)
what he was doing and left
boots; (t) to pull a line on which
one has hooked a seal or a fish »
ipiġauttaq axe | perhaps +[ġ]aq nn
natchiq ipiaġaa he is pulling the
:uttaq vn § anauttaq
seal in with the line attached (to
the spear); pisilluataŋaiñman
ipik- (i) to be sharp (of an implement or of
tuqulluataŋaiñman, ilaanni
one’s mind); (i) to be sharp-
natchiit uumalaaġuurut, aasii
tongued » araa qaniŋa
tavra ipiaġaa when it has not
been shot properly, when it has

188
 not been killed properly;
sometimes seals stay alive a while
therefore one throws a line to it,
hooks it, and draws it in;
“taamna natchiq tavra
naulikkumiugguuq tasamma
ipiaġisigaa” (Nageak 1975:12)
[so if he is able to spear the seal
then he should then be able to
pull it in]; “aapamik tavra
uqaluagun ipiammiaqsigaat”
(Nageak 1975:15) [following
their father’s word, they begin to
hold on to the line];
“ipiaġisigaa; tavra,
tigummiraġisigaa nauligmiñik
tasamma aularuq” (Matumeak
2009) [he should be able to pull
it in on the rope; that is, he will
hold on to the one that is moving
about down there with his spear]
| -aq2 nn; +aq-1 vv § pattiġraq-,
manaq(-)
ipiġaq-1 (t) to whip her/him/it once »
qimmiq ugiallaruaq ipiġaqługu
qimaktitkaa he whipped the
snarling dog once and caused it to
run away | +[t]aq-2 nn
ipiġaq4 wick | +[ġ]aq nn
ipiġaqtuġniq welt from a whipping |
+[t]aq-2 nv +tuq-2 vv +niQ1 vn
ipiġaqtuq- (t) to whip, spank
her/him/it repeatedly; (t) to
chastise her/him (usually by
spanking or beating); ¤(t) to use
an axe on it » ipiġaqtuġai
qimmiñi ugiaqtuat he whipped
his dogs that were fighting |
+[t]aq-2 nv +tuq-2 vv
ipiġaqtuun long taproot of plant;
whip, spanking tool | +[t]aq-2 nv
+tuq-2 vv :un1 vn
ipiġauttauraq hatchet | +[t]aq-2 nv
:uttaq vn :uraq nn
189
ipiqqiq- (i) to now have a wick (of a
lamp); (t) to put a wick in it
=lamp » qulliq ipiqqiġaa
kalikuviñiġmik she put a wick
made of a piece of cloth in the
lamp | +[ġ]aq nn ‘=Iq-1 nv
ipiun (Ti) fishing line, mitten string,
knife string; pot handle, pail
handle » ”niksium aulasautaa”
(S. Tuzroyluke 2009) [it is what
enables the hook to move about] |
:un1 vn § anu, ipu
ipiusiq- or ipiutchiq- (i) to now have
a tow rope attached; (t) to attach a
line to it | :un1 vn ~Iq-1 nv @
ipiutchiqsi- | ‘=Iq-1 nv || +sI-3 vv
ipiusiun line used to tow a whale
during a hunt | :uti1 vn ~Iq-1 nv
:un1 vn
ipiutaq fishing line made from baleen
or twine fashioned of braided
sinew; string for sling, mittens,
snare, etc. | -utaq vn
ipiq2 [ipiQ] dirt (not on ground)
ipiqviiññaq one who is very dirty |
+viiññaq nn
ippak- to get (it) dirty | ‘-k-2 nv
ipqiq- (i) to become clean; (t) to
remove dirt from her/him/it |
:Iq-2 nv
ipqit- (i) to be clean | :It-1 nv
ipqu- (i) to be dirty | :u-1 nv
*ipiqtu (root) sadness, depression,
despondence
ipiqtunaq- (i) to cause sadness, to be
depressing; to be greivous
| +naq(-) vv
ipiqtusaaq- (t) to try to make her/him
sad | ±saaq-2 vv
ipiqtusuk- (i) to be very sad,
despondent, depressed | +suk-2 rv
ipiqtusuutiqpak woe, deep sorrow,
grief, misery, | +suk-2 rv :un1 vn
+qpak(-) nn
 ipiqtutchak- (i) to become sad,
despondent, depressed, unhappy,
joyless | -tchak- vv
Ipiutaak an ancient townsite of the
Ipiutak culture (“Coastal Ipiutak
settlements were relatively large.
At Point Hope more than 600
houses were uniformly spread
along the beach ridges.”
Anderson: 89) § Itivyaat
ipnaq (Nu) cliff
ipnaiq (Nu) mountain sheep, dall
sheep (Ovis dalli) § imnaiq
ipnaitchiaq (Nu) summer sheepskin
with short hair § imnaiq
ippaq- (i) to eat everything on one’s
plate; to lick something clean; (t)
to eat everything on it =plate; to
lick it clean
ippiq [ippIq] pink plume (a plant with
large, long, sweet leaves)
(Polygoum viviparum); bistort
(Polygonum bistorta); (Ti) edible
green leaf » ippit ilaŋisa
qalatiłługi imiġaqtuġuummiut;
ippiġniaġuurut upinġaami some
drink the juice of the edible green
leaf after boiling it; they gather
edible green leaves during the
summer
ippiġniaq- (Ti) to gather edible green
leaves | +niaq(-) nv
ipputigi- (t) to laugh very hard about
her/him/it < ipi-
ipraaġuq- (Nu) (i) to be out of breath <
ipi-
ipraġun (Nu) dog muzzle < ipi-
190
ipratchiaġuq- (Nu) to be out of breath <
ipi-
ipsaq (Nu) juice of meat or fruit § ivsaq
ipsiq- (Nu) (t) to moisten it | ‘=Iq-1 vv
§ ivsaq
ipsiññiq crack along the first shore ice
in fall » “qaimŋum tamarruma
sikum siñaa quppaqaġuuruq;
ipsiññiġmik aasii atiqaġlugu;
uilvigilaitkaa; aulalaitchuq
inna” (David Frankson as
reported by Pulu, Sampson,
Newlin: 95) [the edge of the
smooth ice parallel to shore
always has cracks; it is called an
ipsiññiq; it does not cause the
shore ice to break away; it does
not move] | ‘=It-2 nv +niQ1 vn
iptuġiq- (i) to stutter, stammer | -uġIq- vv
§ kapkat-
iptuma [dual ipkuak, pl. ipkua] that one
in the past, the aforementioned
past < °Im (dem. stem)
iptumani [dual ipkugnagni, pl. ipkunani]
located with that one in the past,
the aforementioned past
< °Im (dem. stem)
iptumaŋŋa [dual ipkugnaŋŋa, pl.
ipkunaŋŋa] from that one in the
past, the aforementioned past
< °Im (dem. stem)
iptumatun [dual ipkugnaktun, pl.
ipkunatitun] like that one in the
past, the aforementioned past
< °Im (dem. stem)
iptumiŋa [dual ipkugniŋa, pl. ipkuniŋa]
that one in the past, the
aforementioned past < °Im (dem.
stem)

iptumuŋa [dual ipkugnuŋa, pl. ipkunuŋa]
to that one in the past, the
aforementioned past < °Im (dem.
stem)
iptumuuna [dual ipkugnuuna, pl.
ipkunuuna] via, through that one
in the past, the aforementioned
past < °Im (dem. stem)
ipu(-) a long handle; (t) to attach a handle
to it » ipiġauttani iputchiaġaa he
put a new handle on his axe
ipugaġnaq suppun lever-action rifle |
-k-4 +aq-1 vv +naq(-) vn
ipugaq- to push or propel (it = usu. a
boat or raft) with a long pole; to
turn, push a boat with an oar (not
row); (i) to use ski poles to gain
speed when skiing| -k-4 nv
+aq-1 vv
ipugaun or ipugautaq lever,
something to pry with; lever (of
lever-action rifle) | -k-4 nv
+aq-1 vv :un1 vn § ivrutaq
ipuk- (t) to lift it with a lever; (t) to
cock the lever of it (rifle) »
ipukługu qauġaa siku he split
loose the ice by using a lever |
-k-4 nv
ipun long oar | -n vn
ipurvik oarlock | +t-2 nv +vIk1 vn
ipusiġvik hole to place oarlock | -n vn
~Iq-1 nv +vIk1 vn
ipusiq- (i) to now have oars (of a
boat); (t) to put oars on it =boat
@ ipusiqsi- | -n vn ~Iq-1 nv ||
+sI-3 vv
iput- to row (it) | +t-2 nv
ipuktaaq- (i) to ride up and down on
a seesaw » ipuktaaqtuaq
iglaqhaurapaluktuq
quiññalauraqhuni the one on the
seesaw was really giggling
because her body would tingle
191
(from the seesaw motion) | -k-4 vv
+taaq- vv
ipuktaun or ipuktaaġun seesaw
board, a seesaw | -k-4 vv +taaq- vv
=un1 vn
*ipu (root) closed mouth
ipummiq- (i) to close one’s mouth
and hold it closed; (i) to hold the
mouth closed » aġnaq
uqallatchailivluni
ipummiŋaniataktuq the woman
tried to keep her lips pressed
together to keep from saying
something | -mmIq- v § pummiq-,
upummiq-
ipuqhuq- or ipuġuq- or ipuqhumiq-
or ipuġumiq- (i) to dive (of a
seal, bird) » natchiq tupaqłuni
ipuqhuqtuq taġiumun the seal
got startled and dove into the
ocean | +qhuq- rv -miq- vv
iqagaun snow shovel § pualġiñ, piksrun
iqaġi- or (Ti) iqaqi- (i) to wash one’s
hands and/or face; (t) to wash
her/his hands and/or face; (t) to
wash it =fabric, utensil; (t) to
wash it/them =face, hands, etc.. »
iqaġiliqtuuraġniaġiga
qaliġuuraġa I will quickly wash
my dress
iqaqqivigruaq washtub | ‘+vIk1 vn
+ġruaq nn
iqaqqivik washbasin | ‘+vIk1 vn
iqaqqun soap | ‘n1 vn
iqaqsraksrat dirty clothes to be
washed, dirty laundry | +qsraq vn
-ksraq(-)1 nn -t nn
iqaqsrat clothes which have been
washed, clean laundry »
kiguunniġmukpigit iqaqsrat did
you put the clean clothes in the
box | +qsraq vn -t nn
 iqaqsri- (i) to do the laundry, wash
clothes; (t) to do her/his laundry »
iqaqsriruq annuġaamiñik
iqiasukkaluaŋŋaġmi she did her
laundry even though she was lazy
| +qsraq vn ‘=I-1 nv
iqaqsrisi- (t) to do her/his laundry »
uvlupak iqaqsrisivlugu
annuġaaŋiñik allanik
savaŋillaktuq she did his laundry
all day long so that she didn’t get
to do her other work | +qsraq vn
‘=I-1 nv ‘ti- vv
iqaqsrivik washing machine,
laundromat, laundry | +qsraq vn
‘=I-1 nv +vIk1 vn
iqaluk(-) or (Nu) qaluk(-) fish; (i) to
catch a fish » aŋun iqaluktuq
kuugmiñ sulukpaugamik the
man caught a grayling from the
river | +t-2 nv
iqalliaq- (i) to go out fishing |
‘-iaq- nv
iqalliqi- (i) to fish » ilatka iqalliqirut
imma sumi taimma my friends
are out fishing, but I’m not sure
where | ‘=Iqi-1 nv
iqaluaqpak or (Nu) qaluaqpak lake
trout (Salvelinus namaycush) |
-luk5 n -aq2 nn +qpak(-) nn
iqalugaq tomcod (Gadus ogac);
codfish | +gaq2 nn
iqalugauraq small fish | +gaq2 nn
:uraq nn
iqalugniaq- (i) to be out fishing »
aapaga iqalugniaqtuq kuugmi
akkupak my father is out fishing
in the river right now | +niaq-2 vv
§ iqalliqi-
iqalugruaq or (Nu) qalugruaq chum
salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) |
+ġruaq nn § taġyaqpak
iqalukpak king salmon (Oncorhyncus
tshawytscha) | +kpak(-) nn
192
iqalukpik arctic char (Salvelinus
alpinus) | -pIk nn § aŋayuqaksraq
iqaluksiuq- (i) to go out fishing |
+siuq- nv
iqaluliqi- (i) to gut fish | -liqi- nv
iqaluŋniaqti fisherman, commercial
fisherman | +niaq-2 vv mt/ri vn
iqaluŋniutit or (Nu) qaluŋniutit
fishing gear; (Nu) fish trap |
+niun nn -t nn
iqalusaaq(-) [iqalusaraq] least cisco,
small, dark whitefish (Coregonus
sardinella); (i) to catch a least
cisco | -saaq(-) nn § aanaakłiq
iqalusarriqi- (i) to fish for least cisco,
| -saaq(-) nn ‘=qi- nv
iqaq- (i) to be rigid, not limber; (i) to be
stiff (of person, tool, etc); (t) to
become stiff (of body part) »
iqaqtuq taigña aġnaq
aŋayukami that woman is stiff
when she Eskimo dances »
ikusiga iqaġaa my elbow got stiff
§ tiggaq-
iqait- (i) to be supple, limber; (i) to be
industrious, hard-working | :It-1 vv
iqaqłak or iqaqłik pair of waterproof,
knee-high sealskin boots »
iqaqłakkiñ ulinniaġikka
aaqagupayaaġu I will turned
your waterproof, knee-high boots
inside out a little later on | +łik vn
-k2 nn § qaqłik
iqaqłi- to make waterproof sealskin
knee-high boots (for her/him); (t)
to make waterproof sealskin knee-
high boots out of it =animal hide
» aġnaq aptaruq iqaqłivlugu
iġñiñi the woman is busy making
a pair of waterproof sealskin knee-
high boots for her son | -qłaq vn -k
‘=I-1 nv
iqaqtait- (Ti) (i) to be naked §
annuġailaq

iqhiiluktaq- or iġiiluk- (Nu) (i) to wiggle,
wiggle, squirm, twist » “Tavra
maniq imaigutimmani,
qupilġuq, nimiġiaqpaich
aullaqtut, iġiiluktuaqhutiŋ,
taġium tuŋaanun nunamiñ.”
(Elijah Kakinya as reported by
Bergsland 1987:14) [then as the
tussock began to lose its water,
worms and big snakes left,
wriggling towards the ocean from
the land] | -luk- vv +t/raq-1 vv
iqi- (i) to contract, tighten up, e.g., of
worm, fist, etc. » ii, uvva
uumamaruq-suli qupilġuq,
iqiruq ooh, the worm is still alive;
it just contracted
iqimmaaq- or (Nu) iqimmiaq- to
embrace (her/him) warmly; (t) to
wrap (it) » aññaġiik
iqimmaaqtuk tautuutikamik the
cousins embraced each other
when they saw each other |
+mmaaq- vv
iqimmak- (Ti) or iqimmi- (i) to hug,
embrace (each other); (t) to hug.,
embrace her/him/it » iqimmaktuk
they2 are hugging » igimmiruq he
is holding something tightly to his
body » iqimmigaa he hugged her
| -mmak- vv or +mmI-5 vv
iqiraġaayuk fly eggs | +raġaaq(-) vv,
vn -yuk(-) vv, vn
iqirġaq- or iqiraġaq- (i) to contract,
shrink, by drawing together (esp.,
of a worm) » iqiraġaqtuq
qupilġuq aksiukkapku the worm
contracted when I touched it |
-t/raġaq- vv
iqisimaaq- to carry (her/him/it)
pressed to the body with one’s
arms; (i) to fold arms across chest
| +simaaq- vv
193
iqit(-) a fist; (i) to contract (e.g., of
worm, fist);(i) to embrace each
other; (t) to embrace her/him/it @
iqitchi- » iqittuk paaġutikamik
tautuutiŋaitpaiłłutik they
embraced each other when they
met because they hadn’t seen each
other in a long time | +t-1 vv
|| +sI-3 vv
iqittaaq- (i) to put one arm around
each other’s shoulders; (t) to put
one’s arm around her/his
shoulders @ iqittaaqsi- » aġnam
paniñi qiaruaq iqittaaqługu
arakkaa the woman put her arm
around her daughter, who was
crying, and comforted her | +t-1 vv
+taaq- vv
iqmak- (Nu) (i) to be folded over; (t)
to fold it over @ iqmai- |
~mak- vv
*iqIk (root) laziness; lack of initiative;
lethargy; boring; uninspiring;
lack of eagerness, unwillingness
iqiagi- (t) to be unwilling to do it; (t)
to be unwilling to take care of
her/him/it » iglum
salummaqsaġniksraŋa iqiagigaa
she is lazy when it’s time to clean
the house | -ak- rv +[g]i- rv
iqiakkiuti- (t) to become unwilling,
not enthusiastic, not eager to do it
» iqiakkiutigaa savaani
allaŋŋulaitpaiłłuni he is not
enthusiastic about his work
because his work routine never
changes | -ak- rv +[g]i-1 rv
‘uti- vv
iqianaq- (i) to be boring, uninspiring
(of task, assignment) | ±aq-4 rv
+naq-1 vv
iqianġutu- (i) to be lazy, especially
when one is tired or not quite fully
awake | ±aq-4 rv -nġu vv +tu- vv
 iqianniuq- (i) to wake up sleepy »
iqianniuġaluaqami apunmik
kiiñani nanuktuġaa because she
still felt sleepy after awakening,
she rubbed her face vigorously
with snow | ±aq-4 rv +naq1 vn
‘=iuq-2 nv
iqiasaaq- (t) to try to make her/him
lose her/his initiative; (t) to try to
dissuade her/him | ±saaq-2 vv
iqiasuaq a lazy person | -suk-2 rv
perhaps ±aq1 vn
iqiasuk- (i) to not feel like working or
doing something productive, be
lazy » iqiasugnaqtuq ilaanni it’s
all right to be lazy once in a while
| -suk-2 rv
iqiasuu- (i) to be slothful, lazy |
-suk-2 vv –u-2 vv
iqiatchak- (i) to become unwilling to
work or be productive; (i) to
become lazy; (i) to begin to wane
(of moon) | ±aq-4 rv -tchak- vv
iqigi- (t) to know that she/he has no
initiative » iqigigaa taamna iñuk,
ilisimallautaqługu he feels that
person has no initiative because he
knew him too well | +[g]i- vv
iqignaq- or iqiŋnaq- (i) to lack
initiative » iqignaqłuni taamna
iñuk pilaiġutisuugiga I get so
tired of that person because he has
no initiative | +naq-1 vv
iqignait- or iqiŋnait- (i) to have
initiative | +naq-1 vv :It-1 vv
iqiiq- (i) to become fully awake, to
awaken; (i) to become energetic |
:Iq-2 rv § itiq-
iqiiqsaq- (t) to awaken her/him/it |
:Iq-2 rv msaq-3 vv
iqiit- (i) to be active, industrious,
energetic | :It-1 rv
iqiq or (Nu) iqi corner (of mouth, of door)
» “iqigguuq iñuum kiliġuuruk
saglutukami” (Hugo 2009)
194
[they say when a person is a liar,
the corners of his mouth develop
sores]
iqiġun tattoo at corner of mouth
(whaling captains had one for
each whale caught) | -ġun nn
iqiġutchiq- or iqiġusiq- (i) to finally
do something uncharacteristic; (i)
to do something outstanding
[lit.”to get a tattoo at the corner
of the mouth, e.g., whaler’s
tattoo”]; (t) to finally do it =an
activity which one usually balks at
doing | -un1 nn :Iq-1 nv
iqirġalik square, cube | +t-1 vv
+ġaq1 vn -lik nn
iqirġaq corner | +t-1 vv +ġaq1 vn §
kaŋiġalluk, tiġitquq
iqiruġaq window shutter » iqiruġaq
naviktuaq the window shutter
broke| +ruġaq vn
iqimiuttak cheek pocket of squirrel
where it stores food | +miutaq vn
‘-k2 nn
iqimiutchiq- (i) to have food in cheek
pocket (of squirrel) | +miutaq vn
‘=Iq-2 nv
iqsraaq- (i) to slap oneself on the
cheek or have an injured cheek; (t)
to slap her/him on the cheek @
iqsraaqsi- | +qsraq vn ‘-aq-2 nv ||
+sI-3 vv
iqsraġutilik Canada goose (Branta
canadensis) | -ġun nn -lik nn
iqsralik crested auklet (Aethia
cristatella) | -lik nn
iqsraq cheek | :qsraq vn § uluak
iqirgagiaq Sabine’s Gull (Xema sabini) |
+iaq3 n § qargagiaq
iqitquq or iqitquuraq or iqitquluuraq
little finger » iqitquuramiñiñ
isagutivluni kisitchiŋulugaqtuq
starting with her little finger, she
would count | +quq n, quq n :uraq
 nn or +quq n +luk nn :uraq nn §
itiqquuraq
iqitqiluuraġmik- (Ti) to do the
finger-pull with the pinkie finger |
+quq n +luk nn :uraq nn
+mIk-1 nv
iqłu colon, large intestine, rectum | +łu nn
iqłak(-)1 hook used to fish or “snag”
burbot through ice; (i) to catch a
burbot
iqłaaq- to crack, split (of wood,
fingernail); (t) to crack, split it
=wood | -aq-2 nv
iqłak-2 (i) to wrinkle one’s nose; to bare
one’s teeth in anger (at her/him/it)
iqłaŋa- to make a funny face (at
her/him) | ±ŋa- vv
iqłapqutaq scattered cumulus clouds
spread over open ocean |
+qutaq nn § iqłak-1, ugruurat
iqłiq- (i) to be frayed, be separated at
edges (of threads, rope, etc)
iqłit tangled hair, sinew, etc.; small
pieces of lip at the roots of baleen |
+t3 nn
¤iqpa- (i) to be open, e.g., of door § iqi-
iqpaq- (i) to open (of door); (t) to
open it =door | ~paq- vv
iqpiq- (i) to be open (of door, tent
flap, lid, book); (t) to open it
=door, tent flap, lid, book |
~pIq- vv § makpIq-, agmaq-
iqqaq- (t) to discard them = items not
wanted or needed » suaqłuit
ikiŋaruat iglumiñ iqqaġai he
threw away the things in the house
that were burned @ iqqai-
iqqaivik dumpster | :I-4 vv +vIk1 vn
195
iqqałuk- (i) to be sloppy, careless
with things, not putting them
away properly » iqqałukłuni araa
ikkaktitchuugaa inaurani he is
so sloppy he makes his room very
messy | -łuk-2 vv
iqquk(-) buttock; to thrust one’s buttocks
out (at him/her/it) in jest; hearts
(suit in cards) » nukatpiaġruum
iqqugni manitchailigaik
kapisaġmanni the boy tried to
keep from showing his rear end
when they were going to give him
a shot § tumiŋŋuaq, kapuun,
argalaq
iqqiŋa- (i) to have a protruding
buttock » taamna iñuk nutim
qaŋa iqqiŋaruq that person has
always had a protruding buttock |
‘=Iq-1 nv ±ŋa- vv
iqqiq- (i) to protrude the buttocks; (t)
to protrude hip or buttock to catch
a large object one is carrying or
support, e.g., boat/ miqłiqtuq
iqqiġataqłuni uŋŋayyaktuq the
child protruded her buttocks when
she tried to attract attention by
reverting to childish behavior |
‘=Iq-1 nv
iqquaq- (t) to slap her/him on the
buttocks once | ‘-aq-2 nv
iqquaqtaq- (t) to spank her/him »
iqquaqtaġaa nukatpiaġruk
uqaqsiġiitkaluaġman he spanked
the boy for disobeying | ‘-aq-2 nv
+t/raq-1 vv
iqquiqiluk- (i) to shake one’s
buttocks (especially when playing)
» aġnaiyaaq iqaluuŋŋuaqami
iqquiqiluktaqtuq the girl when
she pretended to be a fish, shook
her buttocks real fast | -IqI-2 nv
-luk- vv
iqquksimaaq- (i) to stand holding
one’s butt out; (t) to hold it secure
 with one’s butt against it |
+simaaq- nv
iqquktaq- or (Ti) iqqumiktaq- to
shake, wiggle one’s buttocks (at
her/him) » iqquktaqłuni isiġman
iglapaluktugut when he came in
swinging his hips back and forth;
we sure laughed | mt/raq-1 nv
iqquli- (t) to skin it =a fur-bearing
animal by cutting around the hind
legs » nukatpiam siksriktaani
iqqulivlugu amiiġaa the young
man skinned the ground squirrel
he got by cutting around the hind
legs | -lI-1 nv
iqqulik (Nu) hearts at cards | -lik nn
iqsi- [iqsI] (i) to be afraid, fearful
iqsigi- (t) to be afraid of, fear
her/him/it | +[g]i- vv
iqsikkiuti- (t) to become afraid of
her/him/it | +[g]i- vv ‘-uti- vv
iqsiñaq- (i) to be dangerous,
frightening, fearsome | +naq-1 vv
iqsiñait- (i) to not be dangerous,
frightening, fearsome | +naq-1 vv
:It-1 vv
iqsiññiuq- (i) to be terrified, afraid |
+nniuq- vv
iqsisaaq- (t) to scare, frighten
her/him/it @ iqsisaaqłii- »
iqsisaaġuuvlugu mikiŋŋaan
iqsitusipkaŋagaa he caused her
to be frightened easily because he
used to try to scare her all the time
when she was little | +saaq-2 vv ||
+kłIq- vv :I-4 vv
iqsisi fear, alarm | ‘ti1 vn
iqsisu- (i) be easily frightened, easily
terrrified | +tu- vv
iqsitchai- (t) to scare, frighten
her/him/it » qimmim
iqsitchaigaa miqłiqtuq the dog
scared the child | -tchak- vv -I-6 vv
iqsitchak- (i) to become frightened,
afraid, dismayed » iqsitchakłuni
196
utiqsimammiuq taaġmi
aisaqqaaqłuni she became
frightened and came back after
trying to go home in the dark;
iqsitchapaluktugut
makiviñaġman we were sure
frightened when he stood up
suddenly | -tchak- vv
iqsittuala- (i) to experience extreme
fear, terror, dismay »
iqsittualarut they are
experiencing extreme fear;
iqsittualatchigaa he is causing
her to feel extremely fearful |
+ttuala- vv
iqsraaq- (i) to slap oneself on the cheek
or have an injured cheek; (t) to
slap her/him on the cheek @
iqsraaqsi- < iqiq-
iqsraġutilik Canada Goose (Branta
canadensis) < iqiq-
iqsralik Crested Auklet (Aethia
cristatella) < iqiq-
iqsraq cheek < iqiq-
iqsruk- to carry (her/him/it) on one’s
shoulder » iqsrukługu
aluaqsaani aggisuutigaa taġium
siñaaniñ he brought the sack of
coal from the beach by carrying it
on his shoulder
iqsriq- (i) to set something to carry on
one’s shoulder; (t) to set
something to be carried on her/his
shoulder | ‘=Iq-1 nv
iqsruktuq- to carry (them) over one’s
shoulders making several trips »
iqsruktuqługit tuttut
umiamiŋnun agraġait they are
carrying all of the caribou
carcasses on their shoulders to
 their boat with repeated trips |
+tuq-2 vv
iqsu dandruff
iqsuk- (i) to wrinkle one’s nose (at
her/him) » aġnaiyaaq
qaliġuuramik naġġuvluni
iqsuktuq the girl wrinkled her
nose, showing her dislike for the
dress
iqsuktaq- to wrinkle one’s nose (at
her/him/it) » iqsuktaġmiñak you
shouldn't wrinkle your nose like
that | +t/aq-1 vv
iqsuktayuk(-) one who wrinkles
her/his nose frequently; to
wrinkle one’s nose (at her/him/it)
frequently | +tayuk(-) vv, vn
iqsuŋa- (i) to have one’s nose
wrinkle for a while | ±ŋa- vv
iqsuq(-) break, cracking of scraped skin
to be wetted for further tanning;
(i) to be ready for tanning (of
caribou skin); (i) to break, to
crack; (t) to prepare a skin by
cracking and tanning it @
iqsuqsi- || +sI-3 vv
iqsuliŋa- (i) to be bumpy and rough
(of dried hide) | +lI-2 nv ±ŋa- vv
iqu- (i) to become distorted on one side,
askew » atikłuiñ iquruq
nuqitaaġuŋ your snowshirt has
become askew, pull a little on it
iquisit- (i) to be crooked, not aligned
» “iquisinŋaruatun ittuq,
uniuqtinŋaruq” (Matumeak
2009) [it looks crooked, it doesn’t
fit] | perhaps -I-6 vv
+sit-nv
iquŋa- (i) to be askew, aslant,
crooked » aguummaliani
iquŋanaaqsimarani igittaa the
197
baleen basket that he had made
lopsided he threw away | ±ŋa- vv
iquraq- to make a face in contempt
(at her/him); to wiggle »
iquraqtuq uqallaqummanni
kasimaruani he made a face in
contempt when they asked him to
say something during the meeting
| +raq- vv
iquq(-) tar remaining in smoking pipe; (i)
to wipe oneself after defecating;
(t) to wipe her/him after she/he
has defecated | -q-2 nv
iquqtuġaaq- (i) to remove by
scraping with a knife the hardened
tar remaining in a pipe bowl, and
then leisurely consuming it as if it
was chewing tobacco »
“iquqtuġaaqtuq
uqummiaġivlugu uilaaġivlugu
paipaum iluaniittuaq
siqquqsiruaq savigmik
kiliuqtuuraġuugaat” (S.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [he is leisurely
consuming in his mouth as
chewing tobacco that which had
hardened inside the pipe which
they gently scrape out with a
knife] | +tuq-3 nv +aaq(-) vv
iquutiksraq toilet paper | -q-2 nv
:un1 vn +ksraq(-) nn
*iraq1 (root) width
irakit- (i) to be narrow » atikłuk
amitchuq; kaliku irakitchuq a
snowshirt is slender; cloth is
narrow | -kIt- rv
iraqtu- (i) to be wide, broad » kuuk
iraqturuq; kamikłuuk siliktuk a
river is broad; pants are wide |
+tu- rv
iraqtuq- (Ti) (i) to become wide »
iraqtuġniġaa unna uiñiq the
open water has gotten wider it
seems | +tu- nv ‘-q-1 vv
 iraqtusi- (i) to become wide, widen;
(t) to make it wider | +tu- rv
+sI- vv
*iraq2 (root) small segment
iraġukitchuaq small pellet, birdshot,
e.g., in shotgun shell | ±ġuq n -kIt-
nv +t/ruaq vn
iraġuqturuaq large pellet, e.g., in
shotgun shell | ±ġuq n +tu- nv
+t/ruaq vn
iraqsri- or (Ti) iraġri- to cut ( it
=meat or tobacco) into tiny pieces
| +qsraq rn =I-1 nv
iraqsraq pipe tobacco; crumb of
food; (Ti) ground meat |
+qsraq rn
iraqsraun tobacco pouch; (Nu) can of
pipe tobacco » iraqsrausiuqtaa
iġviamik she made him a tobacco
pouch out of leather | +qsraq rn
:un2 nn
iratqi(-) to cut meat or maktak into
small pieces; to prepare meat to
eat not by cooking, but by cutting
it into bite-size cubes | -tqI- nv
irgasiq- (i) to surreptitiously eat food
which has been stored in a cache;
(t) to eat it =food stored in a
cache stealthily
irgasii- (i) to eat or nibble away at
people’s food supply (usu.
of animals); (t) to eat stealthily, to
nibble away from her/his cache o
food | -I-7 vv
iri [dual irrak] eye
iraġuq- or iraġuaq- (i) to hit or injure
one’s eye; (t) to hit or injure
her/his/its eye »
tikkuaqsaqpaiłłuni
saniġamiñiittuaq iraġuġaa
abruptly moving to point at
something, he poked the eye of
198
the person next to him | +ġuq-2 nv
-aq-2 vv
irailaq one without an eye or eyes |
:ilaq(-) nn
iraqumak lens of eye; iris of eye |
+qumak nn
irgaak or irgak a pair of eyeglasses;
goggles; (Ti) wooden snow
goggles » “illuksisuŋiłłutik
irgak” (S. Tuzroyluke 2009)
[glasses for when one does not
want to become snowblind] |
+[g]ak nn -k2 nn
irgaaq(-) monocle; to put eyeglasses
on (her/him/it) | +[g]aaq nn
irgaak sullisik (Nu) eyeglasses for
working, reading, or sewing i.e.
not snow goggles § suli-
irigiit- (i) to have bad eyesight |
+[g]Ik- nv :It- 1 vv
irigik- (i) to have good eyesight |
+[g]Ik- nv
iriġruaġaq- (i) to look through
binoculars, field glasses for a
while; (t) to look at her/him/it
through binoculars, field glasses
for a while | +ġruaq nn +aq-4 nv
iriġruak pair of binoculars, field
glasses | +ġruaq nn -k2 nn
iriġruaq(-) telescope, spyglass; to
look through a telescope, spyglass
on (her/him/it) | +ġruaq nn §
qiñŋuaqtuun
iriġutilik dog with circles around eyes
| -ġun nn -lik nn
irikisuuraq one with small eyes |
-kisuuraq nn
irikit- (i) to have small eyes |
-kIt- nv
 iriliqiri eye doctor, ophthalmologist,
optometrist | -liqi- vv mt/ri vn
iriluk(-) one with bad eyesight; (i) to
have bad eyes; to have trouble
with one’s eyes »
sanatummiruaq iriluksiŋavluni
miqullaillaktuq she was such a
clever seamtress, and now her
eyes are bad and she can’t sew
any more | +luk(-)1 nn, vv
irimik- or iyimik- (t) to indicate,
point with the eyes at her/him/it »
qiviaqtiġmani qiñiaqsiliġait
iyimiksiġmani niqinun,
niqiksrautimignun, qiviaġai
when he looked at him quickly,
he began to look at them, when
he indicated with his eyes the
food, to the food set before them,
he looked at them | +mIk- mv
iriŋmigaq- to wink (at her/him) |
-k-4 nv +mIk-1 vv +aq-1 vv
iriqpaqaq- (i) to have big eyes |
+qpak(-) vv, nn -qaq- nv
irisiñiq eye cavity, eye socket |
+siñik nn § see Appendix 20
iritu- (i) to have large eyes »
irituvaitchuq his eyes are too big
| +tu- nv
irrit- (i) to get something in one’s
eye; (t) to cause her/him/it to get
something in the eye » paniñi
irriñman alukługu uyaġauraq
piiġaa when her little daughter got
something in her eye, she licked
out the little piece of pebble (with
her tongue) | ‘=It-2 nv
irriutaq foreign object, irritant in the
eye | ‘=It-2 nv :utaq vn
iriġi [iriġI] (Nu) or iraiyayuuq Northern
Shrike (Lanius excubitor)
iriq- (i) to hide oneself; (t) to hide
her/him/it @ iriqsi- »
iqsitchakłuni iriqtuq iglum
199
tunuanun he got scared and hid
behind the house || +sI-3 vv
iriġaq (Ti) “hiding person,” prowler »
iriġaġġuuq amma paqikaat it is
reported that they have found the
prowler | +[ġ]aq vn § iñuqun
iriġaqtuq- (i) to hide repeatedly; to
be a fugitive | +aq-1 vv
+tuq-2 vv
iriġaqtuuti- (t) to hide from
her/him/it with cunning,
sneakiness » “upinġaksrami
unuŋaġuvsi pisukataaġlusi
nalupkaġlusi iriġaqtuutilusi
nannum tikiññiaġaasi” (Nageak
1976: 2) [during spring if you go
out on the ice walking, a polar
bear will hide from you and
come upon you without you
knowing about it] | +aq-1 vv
+tuq-2 vv :uti- vv
iriġauraq(-) game of “hide and seek”;
(i) to play hide and seek »
iriġauraqtuat aġiuŋamaruat
aqulliq paqillaiqamirruŋ the
hide-and-go-seekers quit playing
when they couldn’t find the last
one |+aq-1 vv :uraq- vv
iriqsima- (i) to be hiding | +sima- vv
iriqtaq hidden object, concealed
object | +t/raq vn
irit- (i) to fall from a height (not fall over)
iritqi- (Ti) to cut it =meat into small
pieces » “qiruŋmik qattaliaq
taqurranik, qitiqquutagranik
niqipianik, iritqiŋaatchianik
imalik naaggaqaa uġrunik
naaggaqaa maktaŋnik” (David
Frankson as reported by Pulu,
Sampson, Newlin: 74) [the
wooden barrel full of meat
brought for lunches, meat cut
into small pieces or blubber or
maktak] § iratqi-

irri severe, cold weather
Irraasugruk [lit. “extremely cold
weather”] month of February »
“V. 1854, Jan. 28, Ir’-ra shu’-ga-
run sha-ke-nat’-si-a, great cold
(and) new sun.” (Simpson: 261) |
‘-aq2 nn -sugruk nn §
Siqiññaatchiaq
irraiq- to become moderate in
temperature after having been
cold (of weather) »
irraiġataġman ililgaat
nasaiġutisuurut when the biting
cold finally leaves, the children go
about with their hoods down |
:Iq-2 nv
irrailaqpak (Nu) period of warm
weather | -Ilaq nn +qpak(-) nn
irrailuġaaq- to experience respite
from cold weather | :Iq-2 nv
~luq-3 vv +aaq(-) vv
irrait- (i) to be mild, to be temperate
(of weather) | :It-1 nv
irriġruaq extremely cold weather |
+ġruaq nn
irriliq- (i) to be extremely cold (of
weather) » irriliġuuruq
Utqiaġvik ukiumi the weather is
usually extremely cold at Barrow
during winter | +lIq-1 nv
irriŋŋuq- to become extremely cold
(of weather) | -ŋŋuq- nv
irriqutit diamond dust (a ground-
level cloud composed of tiny ice
crystals) (indicating that a cold
spell is imminent) (Arnold Brower
Sr. as reported in Sturm: 41) |
+qun nn -t nn
irrisiun outdoor thermometer |
+siun nn
irrii- (i) to cache, bury a piece of meat
underground » “niqit
qiqumaruamun ilivlugi” [taking
the meat and puting it into the
200
frozen (ground)] (Aiken 2009) §
argaġniq-
irruaq- (t) to mimic, imitate, or
impersonate her/him/it @
irruaqłiq- » irruaqłiqsuni
samma tainnailiñaqtuq if one
mimics someone, one becomes
that way || +kłIq- vv
irrusiġiit- (i) to have a bad disposition;
to be unfriendly, be unpleasant
< it-
irrusiġik- (i) to have a good disposition;
to be friendly, pleasant < it-
irrusiq personality, disposition, character,
behavior, psyche, nature < it-
irruti- (t) to treat her/him/it properly,
right < it-
irukkaq- or irupkaq- (i) to fall from a
high place; to break off and fall
(of glacial ice or river bank); (t) to
drop it from a high place
irukkaqtaq- or irupkaqtaq- (i) to
tumble down | mt/raq-1 vv
irruma [dual ikkuak , pl. ikkua] that one
over there (restricted and visible)
< °Ik1 (dem. stem)
irrumani [dual ikkugnagni, pl. ikkunani]
located with that one over there
(restricted and visible)
< °Ik1(dem. stem)
irrumaŋŋa [dual ikkugnaŋŋa, pl.
ikkunaŋŋa] from that one over
there (restricted and visible)
< °Ik1 (dem. stem)
irrumatun [dual ikkugnaktun, pl.
ikkunatitun] like that one over
there (restricted and visible)
< °Ik1 (dem. stem)
irrumiŋa [dual ikkugniŋa, pl. ikkuniŋa]
that one over there (restricted and
visible) < °Ik1 (dem. stem)
irrumuŋa [dual ikkugnuŋa, pl. ikkunuŋa]
to that one over there (restricted
and visible) < °Ik1 (dem. stem)
irrumuuna [dual ikkugnuuna, pl.
ikkunuuna] via that one there;
with that one over there (restricted
and visible) < °Ik1 (dem. stem)
irrusiq behavior; appearance, form < it-
*iruq (root) disapproval
iruġi- (t) to express disapproval of
her/him when she/he acts wrongly
in public; (t) to be embarrassed by
her/his obnoxious behavior; (t) to
imitate her/him mockingly @
iruqłiq- » saŋutchiaqsimman
iruġisuugaa when she starts
talking bad to someone, he feels
embarrassed for her (because of
her behavior); iruġimmiñagu
taavamna iñuk don’t imitate that
person mockingly | +[g]i- rv ||
+kłIq- vv
iruġnaq- (i) to act so that others are
embarrassed by or disapprove of
or dislike one’s behavior; (i) to
elicit disapproval from others |
+naq(-) vv
irvik place to be; usual place » irvianiñ
piisimava is it gone from its place
< it-
isa(-) moulting duck (incapable of flight);
(i) to moult
201
isaamaniq narrow piece of ice that
juts out from the main piece of ice
(Harcharek: 12) | -ma- vv -niQ1 vn
isaaq- (i) to raise, extend, stretch out
one’s arm or arms; (i)to stretch out
wings; (t) to raise, extend it
=arm, wing » tautuktinnialaruq
isaaqłuni he is trying to be
noticed by raising his hand |
+k-4 nv -aq-1 vv
isaaqtala- (i) to wave one’s arm(s),
wings; (t) to wave at her/him/it |
+k-4 nv -aq-1 vv +t/raq-1 vv -la- vv
isagniġum avvaŋa yard, half a
fathom (distance from neck to
outstretched fingertip) | +k-4 nv
+niQ1 vn :um (rel. mkr.) § avvaq
isagniq fathom (unit measure of six
feet), a distance from fingertip to
fingertip of person with
outstretched arms » isagniqtun
inniqsuq tautukkapku umiaq
kiviŋaruaq taġiumi when I saw
it, the sunken ship was about a
fathom down in the ocean |
+k-4 nv +niQ1 vn § naaġniq
isagvigi- (t) to fight her/him/it |
+k-4 nv +vIk1 vn +[g]i- nv
isaġulik angel; something with wings
| ±ġuq n -lik nn
isaġuq wing » qaugaum isaġuŋanik
tilaġġisiqaġuuruŋa I always use
a duck’s wing as a broom |
±ġuq nn
isaġutaq or isaġun projection,
appendage, protuberance; limb;
yoke, a carrying frame which fits
over one’s shoulders » “qiruk
akigaunnaq isaġutaq;
imiqtaqtuqtuat tavra
isaġutaqaġuurut” [a yoke is a
wooden frame to carry something;
people who haul water usually
have a yoke] (Aiken 2009) |
+ġutaq nn
 isaġutauralgit lumbar vertebra |
+ġutaq nn :uraq nn -lik nn :It nn §
see Appendix 21
isairaġaq- (i) to reach in and grab
something repeatedly » “tamarra
algagruat taapkua niqimig-
guuq tasamaŋŋa
katayasiŋaruamik
isairaġaqtut” (David Frankson
as reported by Pulu, Sampson,
Newlin: 74) [the ice picks would
reach inside and grab meat which
is ready to fall from inside (the
whale)] | :I-4 vv +raġaq- vv
isak- (t) to reach and get it; (i) to
obtain it = a C.O.D. package at
the post office @ isaksi- » qallun
isaksaqługu qakpiuraniñ
kataktittaġa I accidently let the
cup drop as I reached for it from
the cupboard | +k-4 nv || +sI-3 vv
isaqqi- (i) to develop wings » “uvva
uqallakasaktuq, uvvagguuq
qaŋaunnii isaqqiŋaitchuq”
(Harold Itta 1982) [he kept
saying that it has been a
long time since he developed
wings] | ±ġuq nn ‘=I-1 nv
isaqqila- (i) to flap wings (of a bird);
to dip the wings (of an airplane);
to dip an airplane’s wings (at
her/him) » isaqqilaruq pialaaq
tiŋiniatakłuni the young bird
flapped its wings trying to take off
| ±ġuq rn ‘=Iq-1 nv -la- vv
isaqqilauraq- (Ti) (i) to play a game
where one hops on hands with feet
twisted around arms; (i) to flap the
wings feebly (of sick bird); (i) to
flap the arms like wings | ±ġuq rn
‘=Iq-1 nv -la- vv :uraq- vv
isaqquaq- to injure (her/his/its) wing |
‘-aq-2 nv
Isavik or Itchavik [lit.“moulting
time”] month of July | +vIk1 vn
202
isaa- (i) to enter en masse; to come in all
at once, together; (t) to enter it in
large numbers < isiq-1
isaaġaq- (i) to go from house to house; (t)
to go in and out of them=houses <
isiq-1
isaguti- to start, begin doing something
(to her/him/it); to call to order (in
parliamentary procedure) »
isagutisa! call to order! §
aullaġnii-, sakkiq-
isagunŋa- (i) to continue to do
something » qitiktuat
isagunŋamaruat suli
uvlaatchaurami takugapkit the
game participants were still going
strong when I checked on them
early this morning | ±ŋa- vv
isagutinaqsigaatigut [lit.“it is time
for us to begin”] “this meeting is
called to order” (in parliamentary
procedure) | +naqsI-vv
+k/gaatigut (indic 3s-1p))
isaġuaq stomach lining § isi, isiguraq
isatigit or (Nu) isatkit [sg. isatik]
cartilage (connecting ribs to
breastbone); limbs; (Nu) upper
ribs alongside sternum, short ribs |
-n2 rn :It nn § natatquq, see
Appendix 21
Isatquak lagoon between Barrow and
Browerville, Alaska » “tasiq
Akunġagniittuaq Utqiaġviillu
Igluqpaurallu” [it’s the lagoon
between Barrow and Browerville]
(Aiken 2009)
isauġiq- to enter and exit (it =usu. a
house) repeatedly < isiq-
isavgaq baby walrus » “Aivġum
piayaaŋa isavgamik taisuugaat.
…The young of the walrus are
called ‘isavgak.’” (Ahmaogak &
Webster 1981: 14-15) | +gaq2 n
isi [isI] drum skin
isiaġuraq or isiaq membrane as
between eggshell and egg white »
“isiaŋa mannigum saunaaŋata
iluaniittuaq” [it’s the membrane
of the egg which is inside the
eggshell] (Aiken 2009) | :uraq nn §
isaġuaq
¤isiguraq (Ti) membrane as between
shell and egg white | perhaps
:uraq nn
isik- or isiaq- (t) to stretch a skin over
it =drum » “isiaġaa qilaun” [he
stretched a skin over the drum
frame] (Aiken 2009) | +k-4 nv
isiksraq skin for drum |
+ksraq(-) nn, nv
*isi (root) elongation, extension of
dimension
isimŋaaq- (i) to be long (of a ridge)
(stretched out, not sloping) »
ilaŋiññi nunaurat, qimiġaat
isimŋaaqtut in some countries,
the ridges are long | ±ŋaaq- vv
isiptaq or (Nu) isivsaq or isivitaq
stretched skin that has been cut
down the belly; anything stretched
out and displayed (like polar bear
rug) | +vit- vv :aq4 vn
isiqsruq- or isisiq- (i) to stretch one’s
limbs | +qsruq-1vv or +sIq-2 rv
isivit- (i) to be extended fully,
flattened out; (i) to stand up
straight from a stooped position;
isik [pl. itkit] leg skin of caribou » isiŋit
(i) to stretch out from a fetal
position; (i) to be laid out (like wet
clothing); (i) to unwind (of
thread); (t) to extend, stretch it out
fully; (t) to lay it all out @ isivsi-,
203
(Nu) isipsi-, isivitchi- | +vit- vv ||
+sI-3 vv
isivitchuktuaq part of trap which is
closed and springs open when
released; trap spring | +vit- vv
perhaps +suk-2 vv +t/ruaq vn
¤isivraagauraq(-) (Nu) trap spring;
(i) to be wound (of spring) |
-gauraq nn
isivruġaq metal spring, mattress
spring; pointed rods of baleen,
approximately six inches in length
(the baleen rods are doubled up,
wrapped in meat or fat and
frozen; when swallowed by a wolf
or bear they straighten out, thus
piercing the stomach and causing
death); “The old lengths were: for
wolves, from the beginning of the
wrist to the tip of the middle
finger; for foxes, from the
hindermost depression in the palm
of the hand to the tip of the middle
finger.” (Ingstad: 191 “isiwjuaq”)
| +vit- vv =ruġaq vn
isivsala- (i) to be stretched out »
isivsalavluni siñigniqsuq she saw
that he was sleeping all stretched
out | -vsak- vv -la- vv
isivsalaq- or isivsalaaq- (i) to lie
stretched out | -vsak- vv -laq- vv
isivvaġik- (i) to be standing erect,
straight | +vit- vv ‘-Q vn
+[g]Ik- nv
isivvaġiksi- (i) to get, become very
erect, straight | +vit- vv ‘-Q vn
+[g]Ik- nv +sI-1 vv
alitchailivlugit ikugnaqtut one
should try not to tear the skin
when scraping the caribou skin
isigaiyaq- to have cold feet | -iyaq- nv
isigagluk- (i) to have foul smelling
feet | +gak2 nn +[g]luk- nv
isigagmik- (t) to push it with the sole
of the foot; (t) to move it by use of
the feet » isigagmikługu siku
qauġaa he loosened the ice by
pushing it with the sole of his foot
| +gak2 nn +mIk-1 nv
isigagniq one foot in measurement |
+niQ2 nn
isigagniuraq one inch in
measurement | +niQ2 nn
-niuraq nn
isigak or isigait foot (appendage) |
+[g]ak nn § see Appendix 21
isigakikłi- to become too small (of
footwear) | -kikłI- nv
isigakit- (i) to have small feet; (i) to
be too small (of footwear) |
-kIt- nv
isigaktu- (i) to have big feet; (i) to be
too big (of footwear) | +tu- nv
isigauraġniamiñun (noun needs
possessive ending and the
terminalis case) (limited)
extending or reaching to one’s feet
» qakimna aŋun
annuġaaqaġniqsuaq
mitqusuŋaiññanik
niaquuramiñiñ
isigauraġniamiñun aglaan the
man who is next door had fur
clothing from his head to his feet |
+[g]ak nn :uraq nn +niaq4 nn
isigaurraaq- or isikkaurraaq- (i) to
hurt one’s foot; (i) to break one’s
foot; (t) to hurt her/his foot, to
break her/his foot »
isigaurraaqtuq tunnami
nunamun iglum qaaŋaniñ he
broke his foot when he landed on
the ground from the top of the
roof; isigaurraaġniaqtutin;
nautkiaġaġmiñak you shouldn't
jump down; you might injure
your feet | +urraaq- nv
204
‘- urraaq- nv
isikkaaŋa- (i) to have an injured foot;
(t) to injure her/his/its foot |
‘-aq-2 nv ±ŋa- vv
isikkaaq- to hurt (her/his/its) foot |
‘-aq-2 nv
isikki- to remove animal leg skin
(usually caribou) by cutting
around the hoof | +[g]ak nn
‘=I-2 nv
isiktuuq a long, winter boot made
from caribou leg skins »
isiktuugni upinġaksrami
atuqługik maqunŋagaik he wore
his caribou leg skin boots in the
spring and ruined them;
“nunasiuġutigisuugait, nunami
kamŋit” (S. Tuzroyluke 2009)
[these are worn when traveling
inland, these are inland boots] |
+tuuq nn
isiktuut (Ti) knee-high, caribou fur
boots | +tuuq nn -t nn
isilġiq- [isilġIq] (i) to know right from
wrong; (t) to correct her/his
misunderstanding § isivġiq-
isilġiqsruq- (t) to give sound advice,
guidance to her/him; (t) correct
her/his misunderstanding; (t) to
warn her/him of the
consequences of bad behavior @
isilġiqsrui- | mqsruq-2 rv || :I-4 vv
isiŋnaq jade » “isiŋnanik savilianik
aġviuġutiqaġnisuugaluaġmigai
ch, aglaan iñugialluktut
ulugraviñiġniglu aŋmaaniglu”
(David Frankson as reported by
Pulu, Sampson, Newlin: 74) [it is
said that they also had whaling
implements with jade blades, but
the slate and chert ones were
more numerous]
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; (t)
to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside @ isiqsi-
» iglualuk iqsigaluaŋŋaġmi
isiġaa she entered the old house
even though she was afraid ||
+sI-3 vv
isaa- (i) to enter in large numbers; to
come in all at once, together; (t) to
enter it in large numbers »
upkuaq agmapqauraġmagu,
aġġiliaqtuat isaarut as soon as
she opened the door, the crowd
who came in to watch the Eskimo
dance, came in all at once | -a-1 vv
isaaġaq- (i) to go from house to
house; (t) to go in and out of them
=houses | -a-1 vv +[ġ]aq- vv
isauġiq- to enter and exit (it =house)
repeatedly » ililgaat isauġiqsuat
natiqput ikkaktipasuuġaġigaat
children going in and out of the
house would quickly make the
floor dirty again | -uġIq- vv §
aniuġiq-
isiġiaq mouth of river; (Nu) entry,
door; entry to entryway of sod
house | +iaq1 vn § see Appendix 22
isiġmiu- (i) to be indoors, inside; (i) to
stay in a cave during hibernation
(of bears) » nukatpiaġruk
isiġmiullaktuq uvlupak sila
qiiyanaqpaiłłuni the boy stayed
inside all day because the weather
was so cold | +miu- vv
isiġmiuraaq- (i) to stay indoors for a
while; (t) to visit and stay with
her/him for a while »
isiġmiuraapayugmiuq
anisuumaqqaaqłuni he is staying
indoors nicely after demanding to
go out | +miu- vv ~raaq- vv
isiġvik parka ruff » isiġviñi nuutkaa
panigmi atigitchiaŋanun she
moved (attached) her own ruff to
her daughter’s new parka |
205
+vIk1 vn
isiġvikpagaaq(-) woman’s parka
hood face ruff of wolf sewn
around wolverine fur on bleached
sealskin; (i) to wear a parka with
an isiġvikpagaaq »
isiġvikpagaaq napatquruni,
turvigiksuksrauruq if you want
your “sunburst” ruff to stand up
well, you need a good hard leather
backing | +qpak(-) nn +[g]aaq- nv
isiġumaaq- (i) intend to enter (of
she/he); (t) intends to enter it |
+kumaaq-1 vv
isikallaŋit- (i) to not come in right
away; (t) to not bring it in right
away | ±kallaŋIt- vv
isiniqłak- to enter violently (to
her/his/its dwelling); (t) to bring it
into the house abruptly with force
» isiniqłaktuam
tupaktipalukkaatigut the one
who came in so violently sure
startled us | -niqłak- vv
isipqaułłik- (i) to narrowly make
one’s way inside, enter; (t) to
narrowly set it inside »
isipqaułłiksuaq apiġigaa
summagaan he asked the one
who was desperate to get in what
was going on | -pqaułłIk- vv
isiqattaaq- (i) to go to another’s
home and visit socially; (t) to go
to her/his home and visit her/him
socially » isiqattaaġuupayukłuni
uqallasuitkaluaqtuq at least he
comes in and visits, although he
doesn’t say anything | -qattaaq- vv
isiqsaaġniq mouth of a river
(entrance of ocean into land) |
+saaq-1 vv +niQ1 vn
isiqsaaq- (i) to enter a river or bay;
(Nu) to travel in an upstream
direction on ice or on land (not on
water) | +saaq-1 vv
isiqsaġnaq ocean current flowing
toward land | +saq-2 vv +naq2 vn
isiqsaġniq- to flow upriver as in the
case of a tidally influenced river
» “kuuk ulinman tavra
isiqsaġniġuqtuq; aasii
anisaġniqsuq ulinŋaiġman”
(Matumeak 2009) [when the river
is high because of high ocean tide
it flows upriver; and it flows
downriver when it is no longer
high] | +saq-2 vv +nIq-2 vv
isiqsaq- (i) to begin, commence
entering | +saq-2 vv
isiqsiri (Ti) police officer | +sI-6 vv
mt/ri vn § tiguri
isiqsivik jail, prison | +sI-3 vv +vIk1 vn
§ tigutaaġvik
isiqtaq prisoner, inmate | +t/raq vn
isiqtau- (i) to be in jail | +t/raq vn
:u-1 nv
isiqtit- (t) to imprison, jail her/him |
1
mtit- vv
isiqtitaq- (t) to force her/him to enter |
mtitaq- vv
isiqtuq- (i) to come in through crack,
door, or window (of snow, wind,
smoke or water); (t) to come in
through crack, door, or window of
her/his house (of snow, wind,
smoke or water) » avyum marra
isiqtuġaatigut smoke is coming
into our house; isiqtuġai avyum
smoke is coming into their house |
+tuq-2 vv
isirruġik- (i) to be a frequent visitor;
(t) to visit her/him frequently at
her/his home; to go to it =church,
museum, library frequently »
isirruġiŋŋuqłuni amaułuŋata
pillatugaa because she visits
often, her great-grandparent
favors her | -rruġIk- vv
isiuti- or itquti- (t) to bring
her/him/it inside @ isiurri- or
itqurri- » quaġumaugut
206
una isiuttuuŋ take this in so we
can eat some frozen meat;
aŋutim itqutigai qiruit the
man is bringing the wood in |
-uti- vv :uti- vv || ~rI-5 vv
~rI-5 vv
itqun admission charge | :un1 vn
isiq(-) smoke; haze, mist, or cloud which
forms over open water; (i) to be
smoky; (i) to form mist, to form a
cloud over open water »
isiqsuŋniliqsimaruat
quuqłiġutiqaqłuni puyuuġviŋat
their house had begun to smell of
smoke because the damper was
closed (on the stovepipe) § puyuq
isiġiak- (i) to be hazy, smoky because
of fire in the distance (of sky) |
+iak- nv
isiġluk- (i) to make smoke (of stove
not working properly) | +luk(-)1 nv
§ itchiala-
isiqsi- to become filled with smoke |
+si-1 nv
isiqsiaq dried, smoked meat or fish;
smoked tanned leather » iġviaq
isiqsiaq naiññaraaġuugiga I love
the smell of smoked tanned
leather | +sI-1 nv ±aq1 vn
Isiqsiliġvik [lit. “time when mist
forms”] month of March » “VI.
[1854] Feb. 27, E-sek-si-la’-wing.
(Simpson: 261) | +si-1 nv -lIq-1 vv
+vIk1 vn
isiqsuŋnit- or isiġnit- (i) to smell
smoky | +sugnIt- nv or +nIt-2 nv
itchiala- (i) to smoke, burn, smoulder
(of stove or heater backfiring and
smoking because of a closed draft)
» itchialaruaq siuġruk anitkaa
he took the smoking Coleman
stove out | ‘=Iq-1 nv -ala- vv §
isiġluk-
isivanniq seal carcass buried in sand to
cure
isivanniqsii- (i) to bury, cache a seal
carcass so that it can ferment into
a delicacy; (t) to bury it =seal
carcass so that it can ferment into
a delicacy | +nnIQ nn +[t]sii- vv
isivġiq- [isivġIq] (i) to come out in the
open (of evidence); (t) to judge
her/him; (t) to sentence, condemn
her/him; (t) to look over, examine
it =evidence, e.g., before making a
choice
isivġii- (i) to judge many, to try out
many, to take the best before
others have their choice; (t) to
judge or examine her/his property
| -I-7 vv
isivġiqsi judge | mt/ri vn
isivġiqsivik courtroom | +sI-3 vv
+vIk1 vn
isivġiun judgment | :un1 vn
isivit- (i) to be extended fully, flattened
out; (i) stand up straight from a
stooped position; (i) to stretch out
from a fetal position; (i) to be laid
out (like wet clothing); (i) to
unwind (of thread); (t) to extend,
stretch it out fully; to lay it all out
< °isi2
isivitchuktuaq part of trap which is
closed and springs open when
released; trap spring < °isi2
isivruġaq metal spring, mattress spring;
pointed rods of baleen,
approximately six inches in length
(hunting implement) < °isi2
isivruk- or isivruuraq- to whisper (to
her/him) | :uraq- vv
isivsala- (i) to be stretched out < °isi2
207
isivsalaq- or isivsalaaq- (i) to lie
stretched out < °isi2
isivvaġik- (i) to be standing erect, straight
< °isi2
isivvaġiksi- (i) to get, become very erect,
straight < °isi2
°isu (stem) end, e.g., of a word, book,
long stick » “‘arraa uumaa, uvva
qimuagruum isuginiaġaatin,’
arguaŋaaġman iñuk,
kamatchaiñman,
kamasulaiñman” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [“for goodness sakes, you
might end up being the end of a
snow hill” is said when a person is
reckless, does not heed words of
warning, and does not obey]
(meaning is that one might end up
in a burial mound);
isua its end, conclusion | :a nn
isugluk end of a bone, loaf of bread,
etc; (Ti) end of loaf of bread, etc. |
+[g]luk(-) n § aqulliq
isuġaq individual dog harness trace |
+[ġ]aq vn § qitiġaaġun
isuit- (i) to be eternal, endless; (i) not
have an ending | :It-1 nv
isukłiq farthest extension of
something | -k1 nn +llIQ nn
isukłit- (i) to come to the end of
something; (i) for the end of
something to be reached; (i) by
extension, to die; (t) to come to the
end of it | -kłIt- vv
isuutaq vertical line attaching net to
ice hole; any line used for
drawstring | -utaq nn, vn
Isuk Cape Halkett, Alaska
Isuŋmiut residents of Cape Halkett,
Alaska | +miut nn
isuma(-) mind; thought; idea; (i) to think
» qanukkiaq una isumaqaqtuaq
iglaġugnaqsivluni uqallaguuva I
wonder what kind of a mind he
has that he can always make
anything he says sound funny
isumaaġun sorrow, misfortune |
-aq-2 vv :un1 vn
isumaaliq- (i) to become worried |
-lIq-3 vv
isumaaq- or isumaaluk- (i) to be
worried and sad, to mourn, be full
of remorse; (i) to think something
over, think of one’s plans »
savaagiqami
isumaaluutigirraqsigai akiilani
when he lost his job, he started to
worry about his bills | -aq-2 vv
-luk- vv
isumaalugi- (t) to worry about
her/him/it | -aq-2 vv -luk- vv
+[g]i- vv
isumaaluun or isumaaluutaq source
or cause of worry | -aq-2 vv
-luk- vv :un1 vn or -aq-2 vv -luk- vv
:utaq vn
isumagi- (t) to think about her/him/it |
+[g]i- nv
isumaiq- (i) to go crazy, lose one’s
mind | :Iq-2 nv § kinnaġuq-
isumakkusiaq opinion that one
receives about self from others »
“ķanuķ Jesus ilaa
ķuliaķtuaŋaruq, God-im
uķaķtaa ķutchiksuakun
isumakkusigitchuķ ilaan
nunamiñi” for Jesus himself
testified that a prophet has no
honor in his own country (God-im
Uķaluŋi: John 4.44) | +[g]i- nv
+siaq vn
isumalaaq- (i) to think over carefully,
to ponder | -laaq-1 vv
isumalaaġutigi- (t) to think it over
carefully, to contemplate it |
-laaq-1 vv :uti1 vn +[g]i- nv
208
isumalitqik- (i) to change one’s mind;
to repent » isumalitqignasik
don’t change your minds| -lIq-1 nv
-tqIk- vv
isumalluaġiit- (i) to be foolish,
unwise; (i) to be immoral, evil,
wicked | +lluaġiit- nv
isumanikit- (i) to be quick-tempered;
to habitually act without thinking
» isumanikitchuq;
qanaaqsaġnagu he has a quick
temper; don’t try to argue with
him | +niQ1 vn -kIt- nv
isumanŋu- (i) to hold a grudge; (i) to
feel bad | -nŋu- nv
isumanŋutchak- (i) to become
resentful; (i) to feel aggrieved |
-nŋutchak- nv
isumanŋutchauti- (t) to argue
heatedly with her/him; to hold a
grudge against her/him »
isumanŋutchautivlugu
uqautitqiŋaitkaa since she
started holding a grudge against
her, she has not spoken to her |
-nŋu- nv -tchak- vv :uti- vv
isumattun wisdom; knowledge »
utuqqanaat isumattutaat
piqpagnaqtuq the wisdom of the
elders is priceless | +tu- nv
‘ti1 vn, rn
isumatu- (i) to be wise, prudent,
circumspect | +tu- nv
isumatupiaŋit- (i) to be foolish, not
very smart | +tu- nv -piaq(-)1 vv
±ŋIt- vv
isummaaŋŋit- (i) to be troubled, to
worry; (t) to trouble, not please, or
cause her/him to worry |
‘-aq-2 nv -ŋŋIt- vv
isummaaq- (t) to please her/him; to
treat her/him kindly, well; to do
her/his will; to do something
he/she likes »
isummaaŋitkaaŋaasu
aullautikamiuŋ umiaġa he sure
 didn’t please me when he took off
with my boat; “nalaułługu
isumaŋa tavra isummaaġaa”
(Matumeak 2009) [he pleased her
by doing what she wanted] |
‘-aq-2 vv
isummaaqłiqsuq- (i) to treat people
well | ‘-aq-2 vv perhaps -lIq-1 nv
+tuq-2 vv
isumman thought, opinion, feeling |
‘t vn
isummataagun mentally |
isummataagun piyuguugaa he
abuses her mentally | ‘t vn :a4 nn
m[g]u(n) nn
isummatigi- (t) to think over, ponder
it | ‘-ti1 vn +[g]i- nv
isummiq- (i) to decide; to conceive,
to form and hold an idea; (i) to
devise a plan | ‘=Iq-1 nv
isummiqsuq- (t) to plant an idea into
her/his mind | ‘=Iq-1 nv +tuq-2 vv
isuŋŋaq [isuŋŋaQ] or isuŋŋatchiaq
Long-tailed Jaeger (Stercorarius
longicaudus) » isuŋŋait
mannilisuurut malġuugnik
jaegers always lay two eggs | -
tchiaq nn
isuŋŋaġluaq (Ti) jaeger | +luaq nn
isuŋŋaġluk or isuŋŋaaluk Pomarine
Jaeger (Stercorarius pomarinus) |
+luk n
isuq- (i) to be turbid, murky, or muddy (of
water) » imiqtaġvikput
isuqsiŋamaruq the place where
we get our water has become
turbid
isuaġayak murky, muddy water |
-aq-3 vv -aq-1 vv -yak vn
isuġluk(-) (Ti) (i) to be dark and
murky as before a storm (of sky or
sea); to be murky, of water »
“silagiiliniaġman,
isuġluksisuuruq tigummatun
209
saŋŋitchuuruq imaġlu silalu
atautchikun” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [when the weather is to
become bad, it becomes dark and
murky like it has taken a strong
hold of the sea and of the air
together] | +luk(-)1 nv
isuit- to be clear, not muddy (of
water) | :It-1 nv
isuqsi- to become unclear, turbid (of
water) | +sI-1 vv
isvaq recently, a few days ago; “the third
day from the present either way,
with all preceding or following
days for a short period” (Murdoch
1890: 43) § ikpaksraq, ikpaksraaq
it- (i) to exist, to be; (i) to be present;(i) to
stay » nukatpiaq aapamisun
ittuq the young man is like his
father
ilġusiq (Ti) habit, custom | -lġun vn
~Iq nn § pilġusiq, utuqqaqtuun
inġiq- (i) to not be as before, to have
changed » “tainna siñiktillugik,
imanigguuq pamna
ataataruuraq, pamna
siñiktuatun inġiqpuq” (Nageak
1975: 62) [so while they were
asleep, finally up there the little
old man, up there he seems to be
no longer sleeping] | +nġIq- vv
inmagaaġniq roll call (a
parliamentary procedure) |
+mmagaaq- vv +niQ1 vn
inmagaaq- (t) to determine whether
she/he/it is present, to conduct a
roll call | +mmagaaq- vv
inmiñiq- (i) to report that someone is
also present, is here » Aaŋa
inmiñiqsuq Aaŋa is also here
| +mmI-1 vv +nIq-1 vv
inna or iminna or imanna (adv) like
this, in this manner | +na (sg. dem.
pron.) § tainna
innainniġman or iminnainniġman
whereas; since it is thus | +na (sg.
dem. pron.) it- +nIq-1 vv +mman
(conseq 3s)
innaittuaq one like this; one in this
condition » innaittuami silami
igliġniaŋitchuq he would not
travel in this kind of weather | inna
it-
innaq- to say or do this
(to her/him/it) | +na (sg. dem.
pron.) -q-2 nv
innasiġaq- to keep doing this |
-siġaq- vv
innasiq or iminnasiq or iminnaasiq
this kind, one like this | +na (sg.
dem. pron.) +siq n
innatun or iminnaatun or
imannaatun (excl.) this much »
iminnaatun iluqaisa atisilugit
aitchullaayumagitin give each
one of them an equal amount of
this amount | +tun (sim.)
inŋit- or inġit- (i) to be absent; to
not be » “samma taamna
quliaqtuakkaġa
utuqqautaktuaqpagluni
inġitpalliqsuq” (Ekowana:15)
[the story I have told is probably
not very old] | ±ŋIt- vv or
+niQ1 vn :It-1 nv
irrusiġiit- (i) to have a bad
disposition; (i) to be unfriendly,
be unpleasant | +ruti vn
~Iq nn +[g]Ik- nv :It-1 vv
irrusiġik- (i) to have a good
disposition; to be friendly,
be pleasant | +ruti vn ~Iq nn
+[g]Ik- nv
irrusiq personality, disposition,
character, behavior, psyche, nature
| +ruti vn ~Iq nn
irruti- (t) to treat her/him/it properly,
right | +ruti- vv
210
irvik place to be; usual place »
irvianiñ piisimava is it gone from
its place | +vIk1 vn
itaaqsi- (i) to begin to steadily be,
exist » “Taaġmi iglauruk,
uvlumilu tainna igliqtuk,
taaġmi iglaugaluaqqaalgiłłu  tik
uvluġmagu igliqłutik
suagguuuġamna nunatun
sivuġaaŋni itaaqsivluni.”
(Ahvakana: 14) [they traveled in
the dark, they traveled during the
day; while traveling once again
in the dark, when daylight broke,
to their surprise, in the distance
there appeared to be land coming
into clearer focus] | +aq-1 vv
-aqsI- vv
itqatau- (i) to be present as part of a
group | ±qan/ti vn :u-1 nv
itqatigi- (t) to be with her/him
|±qatigi- vv
ittuaq- (i) to sit quietly, to be idle, be
still | +tuaq- vv
itaa- (i) to wake up en masse < itiq-
itcha(-) or itchaq skin or canvas tent
covering; (t) to cover it =tent
frame with a tarpaulin, canvas, or
skins; “…wooden frame of the
skylight” (Spencer: 397)
itchat caribou skin tent cover made of
six pieces of skin | +t3 nn
itchaksrat the number six »
itchaksrat qimmiñi qaitchai
avilaitqatimiñun he gave six of
his dogs to his friend +ksraq(-) nn
+t3 nn § see Appendix 11
itchaksralik canvas tent (12 foot by
14 foot) with six panels |
+ksraq(-) nn -lik nn
itchaksraut- (i) to be divided into
sixths; (t) to divide it into sixths |
-ut-2 vv
Itchaksriġñiq Saturday |
 +ksraq(-) nn ‘=Iq-1 nv +niQ1 vn
Itchaksriq- (i) to be Saturday (with
pl. subj) » Itchaksriqpata
takuniaġniraġa utiġuma I told
her I would go see her on
Saturday upon my return »
Itchaksriqsugut it is Saturday |
+ksraq(-) nn ‘=Iq-1 nv
itchalik skin-covered tent (including
cover and frame) | -lik nn
itchauq- (Nu) (t) to cover it = tent
frame with skins; (t) to cover it =
tent with a tarpaulin | -uq-2 vv
itchaataaq- (i) to go to bed (used with
children) » itchaataaġiñ, aiy let’s
put you to bed, okay?
itchauraq mesentery, tissue found around
animal intestines (especially in
ruminants) § nigvik
itchiala- (i) to smoke, burn, smoulder (of
stove or heater backfiring and
smoking due to a closed draft)
< isiq(-)2
itchuaq- (i) to peek, look in or out; (t) to
peek at her/him, to look in on
her/him » siqutqiŋaruq amma
nukaaluiñ itchuaġuŋ check on
your younger sibling who is
taking a nap
itchuaġiaq rear sight on gun |
+iaq1 vn § nakataq
itchuq- or itchuqtaaq- (i) to go outside in
early morning right after
awakening » itiqami
itchuqtaaġiaġuuruq
silagiitkaluaŋŋaan whenever he
wakes up, he goes outside to fully
wake up no matter if the weather
is bad | +taaq- vv
itigaq- (i) to fail to penetrate target (of
211
iti- (i) to be deep » itiruaqsiuqługu
kuukkun ikaaqtut they are
crossing the river keeping to the
deeper areas § ¤aŋiluġnaq, qaglu
itauri- (i) to make rings (of object
falling into water) | -u-2 vv -rI-2 vv
§ taqhammuq-
itiniq depth | +niQ1 vn
itiqquuraq the place where a stone
has sunk swiftly into water |
-qqi- vv :u-2 vv +t/raq vn
itiqquuri- or itauri- or (Nu) itaqurri-
(i) to sink immediately without
splashing » uyaġak itiqquuriruq
taġiumun the stone sank without
making a splash into the ocean |
-qqi- vv -u-2 vv +raq vn ‘=I-1 vv
itiqsraq or (Ti) itiġraq dimple; low
spot in ground; (Ti) low spot in
floor of ice cellar for storing
special meat; ditch; hole in the
ground » itiqsramun mauvluni
siŋiġñiġurraaqtuq he stepped
into a low spot in the ground and
hurt his ankle | +qsraq vn
itiqsri- to dig a ditch, hole (in it) |
+qsraq vn ‘=I-1 nv
ititilaaq(-) (t) to measure its depth;
(Ti) to test ( it =depth of water);
depth measurement »
“niksigmignik naakka
manaqtuunmik kivitchivlutik
ititilaaġuugaat naakka
sugnamiñ saġvaqaġmagaan”
(Kinneeveauk, 2008) [they test the
depth of the water or the direction
of the water current by sinking
their fish lines or the line of the
seal retriever] | mtilaaq- vv
ititilaaġun device made from a rope
with a rock at the end to measure
depth of water, sounding line |
mtilaaq- vv :un vn
1
bullet or arrow); (i) to fail to do
 what one sets out to do; (t) to fail
to penetrate it =target (of arrow,
bullet); (t) to fail to accomplish it
= what one sets out to do @
itigai- » itigaġaa airani
paniurani she failed to get her
daughter when she went to get her
» tuttu qaġrum itigaġaa the
bullet failed to penetrate the
caribou | -gaq- vv || :I-4 vv
itigaġi- (t) to have it =task as one’s
failure and make no further
attempts to do it | -gaq- vv
+[g]i- vv
itigaurraq- (i) to fail to do something
or fail to get what one wants
because of not being allowed »
tautugiakasakkaluaqtaqpiñ
itigaurraqtakasagmiruami I
went over to see you several times
but was not allowed to see you |
-gaq- v -urraq- vv
itiġiaq(-) weasel, ermine (Mustela
erminea); (i) to catch a weasel |
+t-2 nv
itiġiaqpak mink | +qpak nn
¤itik- to suffer an attack of diarrhea
itigiaq- (i) to experience an attack of
diarrhea | +iaq-3 nv
itikpaługiaq- (i) to spurt very soft
stool | +qpak(-) vv -łuk1 nn
+iaq-3 vv
itiksi- (Ti) (i) to have diarrhea |
perhaps +sI-3 vv
itiksrak- (i) to burst out | =srak- vv
itiksraluaq- (i) to spurt |
+ksraluaq- nv
itiktaq- (i) to have diarrhea »
itiktaliġman uilamik
palauvaaqtuqtitkaa when he
developed diarrhea, she had him
eat a mixture of uncooked flour
and water | -t/raq-1 vv
212
itisiaq(-) (Nu) diarrhea; (i) to have an
attack of diarrhea | +siaq(-)2 nn
itiq- (i) to wake up § makit-
itaa- (i) to wake up en masse | -a-1 vv
itiġiaq- or itiġnaġiaq- (i) to wake up
early | +iaq-3 vv or +naġiaq- vv §
iqiiġñaġiaq-
itillak- or itiġataq- (i) to finally wake
up | -llak-1 vv or -ataq- vv
itilluataŋit- (i) to wake up not feeling
well | -llutaq- vv ±ŋIt- vv
itiŋit- (i) to die in one’s sleep »
itiŋisimaruaq I learned that he
did not wake up | ±ŋIt- vv
itiqsaq- (t) to wake her/him up @
itiqsai- | +saq-3 vv || :I-4 vv
itivli- (i) to perform certain motor acts
while asleep, e.g., to sleepwalk,
somnambulate, talk in one’s sleep
| -vlI- vv
itiya- (i) to wake easily | -ya- vv
itquma- (i) to be awake | :uma- vv
itqutaq breakfast | :utaq vn
itqutchiq- (i) to eat breakfast »
quanik itqutchiġuuruagut
miŋuaqtuġvigmi mikiŋŋapta we
used to have frozen meat for
breakfast at school when we were
young | :utaq vn ‘=Iq-1 nv
itqutchiuq- to cook breakfast (for
her/him/it) | :utaq vn ‘=iuq-1 nv
itiq anus; southern, inland end of lake; sea
anemone
itiġlak small pouch-like section in
back of woman’s parka and
snowshirt hood » amaunnat
itiġlaqaġuurut the parkas used
for packing babies have a
pouch-like section on the back of
the hood | +lak nn
itiġruġaq part of bowhead whale’s
tail between the flukes and the
ventral flanks | +ruk nn -ġaq nn §
see Appendix 19
 itiġruk small groove on end of arrow,
notch where bowstring fits; shell
cartridge of firearm | +ruk nn
itiġrukpak or itiqsrukpak used or
spent shotgun shell »
itiġrukpaŋmik sikuliġaa
ikuutini she used a spent shotgun
shell as a point for her skin
scraper | +ruk nn +qpak(-) nn
itiġuq sour urine; ammonia | ±ġuq nn
itiġuqsuŋnit- (i) to smell of soured
urine | ±ġuq nn +sunŋIt- nv
¤itiġvalugun (Nu) short piece of
wood placed lengthwise in kayak
on which one sits (above qukhak)
| +lugun nn
itiqsiun (Ti) enema | +siun nn §
anaqtitaun
itiqsiutit- (Ti) (t) to give her/him an
enema | perhaps +siun nn +t-2 nv
itiqqitchiaq urinal bucket (used to
collect urine from males to create
ammonia) | ‘=It-2 nv +(t)Iq- vv
+tchI- vv ±aq1 vn § see Appendix
22
itiqquuraq little finger; string figure |
+quq nn :uraq1 nn § iqitquuraq
itiqsiñiq vulnerable spot on mammals
(especially whales, between head
and body where mammal can be
killed with a direct harpoon
strike) » itiqsiñġa nalaułługu
tuqutiġaa aġviq he shot the
whale right on its vulnerable spot
and killed it quickly | +siñiQ1 vn
itivit- (i) to portage; (i) to fly over land
instead of following the water
along the coast (of ducks as they
migrate); (i) to take a shortcut; (t)
to fly over, go over, cross over
(instead of going around), and
come down the other side of it
=e.g., hill » qaukkiaqtuat
213
inuqługit qaugait itivittaqtut
Piġnikun the ducks would fly
over Piġniq without reaching the
waiting hunters | +vit- vv
itimniq shallow part of river with
sandy riverbank; (Nu) rapids,
shallow part of river with swift
water | +mniQ1 vn
itipqataq- or itivitqataq- (Nu) (i) to
travel over, pass over land
repeatedly | =qataq- vv
itiptiġvik (Ti) a portage | mtiq-2 vv
+vIk1 vn
itiptiq- (Ti) (i) to portage; to cross the
portage » ”ilaannii
umiaqtuqqaaġutik nunamun
tikitkamik, itiptiġuurut allamun
immamun tatchimun”
(Kinneeveauk, 2008) [sometimes
after boating when they reach
land, they cross the portage to
another body of water or lagoon] |
2
mtiq- vv
itivliq portage, place to cross »
itivlimun tikiññami, qayyani
tigumiaqługu ikaaqtuq when he
reached the portage, he carried
his kayak across | =liQ vn
itivyaaq portage (more common
usage) » itivyaakun umiaqtiŋ
ikaaġutigaat they transported
their boat across the portage |
=yaaq2 vn
Itivyaat or Itivyai (Ti) spirits of the
ancient people of Ipiutaak and the
deceased (living underground in a
site two or three miles east of
Point Hope, Alaska; they hunt
whales; only one shaman has
visited them; it is believed that the
spirits of these ancient people are
still present; usually thought to be
people of short stature); “The
itiviyai were ‘underground
people,’ believed to live about 5
miles east of Tigara at the edge
of the lagoon along the north
shore of the Point Hope bar,
where there is a mound
resembling a ruined igloo.”
(Rainey: 257)] » “nunam ataani
samani iñuich iñuuniaqtuat;
Itivyaanik atiqagaich;
umialgalguuq
Pamiuġyuksaamik atiqaqtuq;
Tikiġaġmi iñuich uqaqtuat
naalaġnisuugai; susaġnagai
ataramik; iñuk iluilliġman
tasamaŋŋa qiññuaqtuġmarruŋ
susaġnaġivlugich
iluaqsipkallagai; suli iñuk
iluilliġman tuqurugraumman,
iŋmaktaġaagguuq ilaan; aasii
ilaliutivlugu tavruŋa
Itivyaanun” (David Frankson as
reported by Pulu, Sampson, and
Newlin: 95)] [there are people
who live underground; they are
called Itivyaat; their chief is
named Pamiuġyuksaaq; he can
hear the people of Tikiġaq
speaking; when a person
becomes sick and they ask for
healing from the underground he
hears them and makes them well;
furthermore, when a person
becomes sick and he is destined
to die, he claims the person
himself; and he becomes a
member of the Itivyaat];
“iñukulluurat Ipiutaagni
itchuuruat; taamagguuq
itivyaat aġvalgitchut
qanniguġman,
qanialaaġuġmagu” (C.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [little people
who lived at Ipiutaak; it is said
that the Itivyaat have caught a
whale again when it begins to
snow, when it begins to snow
lightly; “Itivyaaliaŋaruq
atausiq aŋatkuq” (C.
214
Tuzroyluke 2009) [only one
shaman has visited the Itivyaat] |
=yaaq2 vn -t nn § uivvaqsaat,
iŋmak-
itkauraq or ikkauraq five-gallon can
itkiq or ikkiq [itkIq] gum of mouth
itluksaun or itlusaun (Nu) round stone
used as ammunition for a sling §
illut-
itluutik (Nu) sling with two strings §
illut-, illuun
itnaq- (Nu) (i) to say, do thus; (t) to say or
do thus to her/him/it < it-
itpaksraq day before yesterday; recent
past | ikpaksraq
itpaksraġu in the near future
*itqa (root) to be prepared
itqanaiq- (i) to be now ready; (t) to
have made it ready @ itqanaiqsi-
» itqanaiqsuq tiŋŋun
tikiñŋaiñŋaan he was ready
before the plane arrived |
+naq-1 rv :Iq-2 vv || +sI-3 vv
itqanait- (i) to be ready, prepared »
itqanaitchut ikka niqit
niġisiññaagurut the food is
already prepared over there, ready
to be eaten | +naq-1 rv :It-1 vv
itqanaiyaq- (i) to get ready (in the
process); (t) to make her/him/it
ready @ itqanaiyai- »
itqanaiyaivluni aullaqsaqtuanik
aptallaktuq uvlupak he was busy
all day long getting things ready
for the people who were leaving |
+naq-1 rv :Iyaq vv || :I-4 vv §
sannaġi-
itqaq- [Itqaq] to recall, call to mind,
remember (her/him/it) | perhaps
-qaq- nv < perhaps it-
itqaa- to remember (her/him/it) in
(her/his/its) entirety » itqaagaat
they are remembering it one right
after the other; itqaaruq he is
remembering it all now | -a-1 vv
itqaniqłak- to remember (her/him/it)
suddenly | -niqłak- vv
itqaumman or itqaun or itqaqtaun
memory, ability to remember |
-u-2 vv +ma-1 vv ‘-n vn or ‘-n vn
or +t/raq-1 vv :un1 vn
itqauma- or itqagi- to keep in mind,
remember (her/him/it) | :u-2 vv
-ma-1 vv
itqaqtit- (t) to remind, to cause
her/him to remember; to cause
her/him/it to be remembered |
1
mtit- vv § uliqtitchi-
itqatau- (i) to be present as part of a
group < it-
itqatigi- (t) to stay by, be with her/him; (t)
to live with her/him < it-
itqiq [itqIq] louse egg
Itqiliaġruit Upper Kobuk River
people | -liQ nn -aq2 nn, rn
-aġruk nn :It nn
itqiliaġruk or ¤(Nu) itqiliġruaq
woolly lousewort (Pedicularis
lanata) | -liQ nn -aq2 nn -aġruk nn
or -liQ nn +ġruaq nn
itqiliaġruun Kobuk song | -liQ nn
-aq2 nn -aġruk nn :un/ti nn
Itqiliq American Indian | -liQ
itqiliun Indian song | -liQ nn :un/ti nn
itqirvik sled bag | +vIk1 vn
¤itquk (Nu) buttock § iqquk(-)
itquq- (i) to sit on eggs in nest
215
itquŋa- (i) to be nesting, sitting on
eggs | ±ŋa- vv
itraiq- (Nu) for a slight (warm) wind to
start to blow < irri
itrait- (Nu) (i) for there to be a little
(warm) wind < irri
ittuaq- (i) to sit quietly, to be idle, be still
< it-
ittuk- (i) to make a continual roaring
sound, as a fire, primus stove,
engine, etc.
ittugluk(-) kerosene lamp which
makes a roaring sound; primus
stove; (i) to make a repeated noise
| +luk- vv
ittutit- (i) to make a loud noise (of
engine) » ittutittuq qamun the
car engine is making a loud noise
| ‘-tit-2 vv
ituk lump of congealed milk found in
stomach of caribou calf »
“nuġġaum, tuqumman,
aqiaġuaniittuaq tamarra ituk
niġiñaqtuq” (Matumeak 2009)
[when a juvenile caribou dies
there is the congealed milk in its
stomach which can be eaten]
itummak (P.B.) or utummak palm of
hand » itummagni
pauvliġmagnik, sumik
niġiurraqsisuuruq when her
palms itch, she starts expecting
something | -mmak n
iva- (i) to bear a litter, to whelp; (i) lay
eggs and sit on them; (Ti) to feed
and care for young (of animals
and birds); (t) to care for them
=young § iġñi-
 ivaaq whelp, young of an animal |
±aq1 vn
ivlauq animal fetus
ivalik- or ivałłuaq- (i) to walk swinging
one’s arms » ivałłuaqtuq aŋun
pisuaqtuaq sukasaqpaiłłuni the
man’s arms were swinging as he
was walking fast | perhaps
-lik- vv +łłuaq- rv < perhaps
ivaq-2
ivalu(-) thread; sinew; dental floss; (t) to
thread it » ivalu piaqqaaqługu
atuqtuni
nuŋuqsruyaipayaaqtuq when
the thread is waxed before it is
used, it doesn’t wear away as
much
ivaluġluk (Ti) whale sinew »
”siġluaŋaiñŋaisa ivaluġluit
piiyaġuugait, atulaitkait; aglaan
sisuam ivaluŋit piqpagigait” (C.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [the sinews of
the whales are removed before
placing them (the meat) in the ice
cellar, they are not used; but the
sinew of the beluga whale is
valued highly] | +qłuk(-) nn,vv
ivaluksraq(-) commerical thread; to
get thread (for her/him/it) |
+ksraq(-) nn, nv
ivaluliñiq large back muscle; strip of
meat taken out from the back
muscle | +liñiQ rn, vn
ivalupiaq sinew (i.e. not thread or
dental floss) » ivalupiaq
kiktuġaqsiġiiñŋuqtuq the sinew
is better because it is not as apt to
break | -piaq(-)1 nn
ivaluuraaq one of two sinews in the
neck| :uraaq nn -k2 nn §
kiglasuiññaq
ivaluvik long sinew on back of
caribou’s leg | +vIk2 nn
216
ivaq-1 (t) to search for her/him/it @
ivaqłiq- || +kłIq-1 vv
ivaġiatchi- to miss (her/him) who has
left | +iatchI- vv
ivvaġlua- to overlook it =object that
one is looking for » ivvaġluagaa
quliakasakkaluaġiga sumi-
itilaaŋanik she kept failing to see
the object although I kept telling
her where it was;
paqitchukpaiłłu  gu, ivvaġluaraa
in his eagerness to find it, he
failed to find it | ‘-ġluk vv -a-2 vv
ivvaġluk- (t) to not find it; (t) to
search and not find it maybe
because one did not search
thoroughly | ‘-ġluk- vv
ivaqłia- (i) to be searching intently
everywhere, to seek » ivaqłiaruq
piqatiksramiñik she is searching
everywhere for a partner |
+kłIq-1 vv -a-2 vv
ivaq-2 (t) to stretch it =animal skin on
frame to dry @ ivaqsi- || +sI-3 vv §
iññiaq-, aak-
ivaġutik [sg. ivaġun] hide stretcher
for terrestrial animal skin | +un1 vn
-k2 nn § iññiutaq
ivaqtaq skin stretched on a wooden
frame | +t/raq vn § aaktaq
ivayaq- to get more than one should
(from her/him); to cheat
(her/him); (t) to take away a
necessary part from it = engine,
any whole with parts; (Ti) (i) to
ask or take from a whaling captain
and his wife gifts after he catches
his first whale (a tradition); (Ti)
(t) to ask him = whaling captain
for gifts; (t) to ask for gifts during
the whaling festival from a couple
who has their first son @ ivayai- ||
:I-4 vv
 ivayaqtuq- to defraud (her/him); to
rob (her/him) @ ivayaqtui- »
ivayaqtuivluni
tauqsiġñiaġviŋmiñ aŋupkaqtuq
he was embezzling from the store
and got caught | +tuq-2 vv || :I-4 vv
iviaŋŋiq woman’s breast | +ŋŋIQ n §
miluk
iviġaaq (Nu) sinew along front of caribou
leg, used for play by rolling it on a
stick § iviq-, sivuġaġluqun,
sivuġaġlugun
iviġak- (i) to be pleased; (t) to please
her/him @ iviġai- »
iviġaŋitkaluaġaaŋa-asu
tunimmauŋ umiani he sure
didn’t please me at all when he
sold his boat | +ġak- rv || :I-4 vv
iviġagi- (t) to approve of, be pleased
with her/him/it » iviġagigaa
savaktini iñugigman he approves
of his worker because he is
considerate | +[g]i- vv
iviġanaq- (i) to be pleasing,
satisfactory | +naq(-) rv
iviġaŋit- (t) to displease, annoy
her/him | ±ŋait- vv
iviġauma- (i) to be content, satisfied,
be pleased; (i) to be in agreement
during a meeting | -uma- rv
iviġaumagi- (t) to be content,
satisfied, pleased with, approve of
her/him/it; (t) to be in favor, to
agree, be in agreement with it,
e.g., a motion during a meeting |
-uma- rv +[g]i- vv
iviġaumagiłhaaq- (t) to be partial to,
biased towards her/him/it |
-uma- rv +[g]i- vv -łhaaq- vv, vn
iviġaumagipiaq- to be pleased
sincerely (with her/him/it) |
-uma- rv +[g]i- vv -piaq(-)1 vv
217
iviġaumait- (i) to be displeased; (i) to
be opposed; (i) to not be in favor
of something (such as a motion
during a meeting) | -uma- rv
:It-1 vv
iviġaun cause for contentment,
satisfaction | :un1 vv
ivik or ivigaaq blade of grass; grass;
sedge (Carex) » ivignik
pukuqqaaqłuni, utkusik
palaŋŋaktaaġaa after picking
some grass, she wipe some of the
mess off of the pot | +gaq3 nn
-aq2 nn
ivgit blades of grass | :It nn
ivigirrat fresh green grass | perhaps
:Iq nn -rraq vn -t nn
ivigruaq blade of dead grass; tall
grass » ivigruanik pukukłuni
kukuutiniktuq he picked some
dead grass and found some
kindling | +ġruaq nn :It nn
ivvi- (i) to grow (of grass); (t) for
grass to grow on it =earth |
‘=I-1 nv
ivvimaniġruuraq (Nu) something
overgrown with grass | ‘=I-1 nv
+ma-1 vv +niQ1 vn +ruk nn
:uraq nn
ivviñiq (Nu) something overgrown
with grass | ‘=I-1 nv +niQ1 vn
ivik- (i) to wipe one’s hands and mouth;
(t) to wipe her/his hands and
mouth » ivikkaluaġnani argagni
aluksiññaġik instead of wiping
her fingers, she just licked them
clean
ivgun towel, napkin, rag » atikłuni
ivgutigivlugu ippallakkaa she
kept using her snowshirt as a
wiping cloth and eventually ended
up with it dirty | :un1 vn
iviluq or uviluq seashell, mollusk »
ivilunik pukullaturuk aakaga
aatauraġalu my mother and my
older sister likes to pick up
seashells
iviq- to fit (it) » upkualiaŋa
ivilluataqtuq the door he made
fits perfectly »
qaliġuuratchiaksrautini iviġaa
her new dress fits
iviqtit- (i) to retun to the same
condition as before; (t) to make it
return to the same condition or
position as before »
salummaġaluaqtuni-unnii
inauraq iviqtitchuktuq no matter
how much we clean the room, it
always goes back to being messy |
+tit-2 vv
iviqtitaġaat jigsaw puzzle | +tit-2 vv
-t/raġaaq(-) vn -t nn
ivisaaq(-) ochre, red stone used to stain
wood or hide (usually a wolverine
hide); (Ti) sealskin dyed with red
alder; (Ti) to dye sealskin red with
alder
Ivisaaq place where ochre is found
ivluq- (i) to bow one’s legs
ivluŋa- (i) to be bow-legged »
ivluŋavluni mikiłhaaġuraaqtuq
he is slightly shorter since he is
bow-legged | ±ŋa- vv
ivluuk bowlegs | perhaps ‘-k2 nn
ivraġun muzzle; (Nu) dog muzzle < ipi-
ivri- or ivriññik- to cause others to be out
of breath from laughing so hard;
(Ti) (t) to bother someone < ipi-
ivruattuq- or (Ti) ivruaqtuq- (i) to gasp,
be unable to catch one’s breath
when swimming, walking into the
218
wind or coming in contact with
something cold < ipi-
ivruma or ivsruma [dual ipkuak, pl.
ipkua] that one in the past, that
one previously < °Im (dem. stem)
ivrumani or ivsrumani [dual
ipkugnagni, pl. ipkunani] located
with that one in the past, located
with the one previously mentioned
< °Im (dem. stem)
ivrumaŋŋa or ivsrumaŋŋa [dual
ipkugnaŋŋa, pl. ipkunaŋŋa] from
that one in the past, from that one
previously mentioned < °Im
(dem. stem)
ivrumatun or ivsrumatun [dual
ipkugnaktun, pl. ipkunatitun] like
that one in the past, like that one
previously mentioned < °Im (dem.
stem)
ivrumiŋa or ivsrumiŋa [dual ipkugniŋa,
pl. ipkuniŋa] that one in the past,
that one preveiously mentioned
< °Im (dem. stem)
ivrumuŋa or ivsrumuŋa [dual
ipkugnuŋa, pl. ipkunuŋa] to that
one in the past, to that one
previously mentioned < °Im (dem.
stem)
ivrumuuna or ivsrumuŋa [dual
ipkugnuuna, pl. ipkunuuna] via,
through that one in the past, via,
through that one previously
mentioned < °Im (dem. stem)
ivruq(-) sod or moss (Rhytidium
rugosum) (used for siding and
roof of traditional Iñupiaq house,
also for topping of underground
 ice cellar, and grave); (i) to now
have sod on it; (t) to put sod on,
around it =house, grave | +ruq rn
§ see Appendix 22
ivruqsi- (Nu) (i) to cut sod | +ruq rn
+sI-3 nv
ivruqsi- (i) to place thick pieces of
sod on house wall | +ruq rn
+sI-3 vv
Ivruqsii [lit. “sod pick,” a
constellation so named because
the shape of the star grouping is
said to resemble a tool used to dig
sod or moss] constellation
Cassiopeia; “Cassiopeia i’bro-si”
(Ray 1885: 56); “Cassiopea Ibrsk-
si-sin ‘the house builder’”
(Simpson, cited in Bockstoce
1988: 351)
ivruqsiñ sod pick, long stick with a
bone end for cutting sod | +ruq rn
+sI-3 vv ‘n vn
ivrulik sod house | +ruq rn -lik nn §
see Appendix 22
ivrutaq(-) lever, something to pry with; to
use a lever § ipugautaq, ipugaun
ivsa or ivsaq juice of fruit, meat, or
vegetables; saliva, bodily fluid;
sap of tree; dew » aarigaa,
mikigam ivsaŋa tivraġipaluktuq
wow, the juice of the fermented
whale meat and muktuk is really
delicious § ipsaq, quġliaq,
¤utratchiaq, imaq
ivsaiġutipkaq- (i) to become ice-
bound (of a boat); (t) to cause it to
become dry, dehydrated,
evaporated | :Iq2 nv +uti- vv
+pkaq-1vv
ivsaiġuti- (t) for ship to be icebound |
:Iq-2 nv :uti2- vv
ivsaiq- to be now deplete of liquid; (t)
for a body of water to be now
depleted | :Iq-2 nv
219
ivsak- (i) to become saturated with
moisture; (t) to become saturated
» nuna ivsaktuq or nuna
ivsakkaa the ground became
moist | ‘-k2 nv
ivsaliq- for dew to be on the ground |
-lIq-3 nv
ivsiq- to provide (it) with liquid, to
moisten it » ivsiġilaqłuŋa
imiġulipaluktuŋa because of
eating without any liquid, I really
became thirsty | :Iq-1 vv
ivsuk- (i) to shake, e.g., in the wind; (Ti)
to brush snow off oneself; (t) to
shake it out to remove dust, snow,
etc.; (Ti) to brush snow off it =
one’s clothing @ ivsuksi- »
tanŋit tautuqqaaqamisigik
ilaliruat ivsugnisuuŋagait when
they (the Iñupiat) first saw white
men shaking hands, they
described them as flapping ||
+sI-3 vv
ivsuktaq- (i) to flap repeatedly in the
wind; (t) to shake it out repeatedly
to remove dust, sand, snow, etc. »
iluqaisa aniłługIt uqummatitik
ivsuktaġai she took all the
bedding outdoors and shook it out
| +t/raq-1 vv
ivsula- (i) to flap rapidly in the wind |
-la- vv
ivsuluk- (i) to flap | -luk- vv
ivsulik- (i) to be wet from rain (of ground,
plants) | -lik- vv
ivsuligaq- (i) to get wet walking
through plants, bushes wet with
rain | -lik- vv +aq-1 vv
ivu- to form pressure ridges (of ice)
ivuaqpaluk- or ivuvaaluk- (i) to
make the sound of pressure ridges
forming (of ice) »
ivuaqpaluktuamik
 tusaapqaqamiŋ, aiñmun
qimaktut as soon as they heard
the sound of ice pressure ridges
forming, they fled toward home |
+aq-1 vv +p/valuk- vv | +vaaq- vv
-luk- vv
ivulaqi- to form ice pressure ridges at
a rapid rate » “Aasiuvva,
isiġmiupasaŋitchugut,
nasiqsruqtillugu, … ulitpaiłłuni
ivulaqivluni, tamanna
tuvaġruiññaq unnii…
ivuniqpalillagaruaġluaġniqsuq.”
(Bodfish: 238) [and we did not
stay in very long while he was
checking out the situation from a
vantage point…the ocean had
swelled so much pressure ridges
were forming all over, even the
lead ice… was beginning to form
large pressure ridges] | -la- vv
-qi- vv
ivuniġauraq small ice pressure ridge |
+niQ1 vn :uraq nn
ivuniq ice pressure ridge | +niQ1 vn
ivuniqpaaluk or ivuniqpait large ice
pile, pressure ridge | +niQ1 vn
+paaluk nn or +niQ1 vn
+qpak(-) nn :It nn
ivugaq Pintail Duck (Anas acuta);
mallard (Anas platyrhychos) |
+gaq3 n
ivuktaq- (Nu) (i) to flap in the wind;
to hear a flapping noise in the ear
(indicating that a wind is coming)
| perhaps ‘-k-1 rv +t/raq-1 vv
ivutuq lamb § imnaiyaaq
ivvaq- or ivvaqtuq- (i) to take a bath; (t)
to bathe her/him/it | perhaps
+tuq-3 vv
ivvaġvik bathtub; shower | +vIk1 nv
220
ivvi- (i) to grow (of grass); (t) for grass to
grow on it =earth < ivik
ivvimaniġruuraq (Nu) something
overgrown with grass < ivik
ivviñiq (Nu) something overgrown with
grass < ivik
ivyanŋu- (i) to be short of breath; (i) to
feel faint; (i) to struggle to breathe
< ipi-
ivyanŋunaq- (i) to be stuffy (of a room)
< ipi-
ivyanŋuq- (i) to have a hard time
breathing (because something is
covering one’s face, or because of
asthma); (i) be out of breath < ipi-
ivyanŋuqtuliq- (i) to begin to experience
lack of air; to begin to suffocate <
ipi-
K
ka (Nu) (excl.) go ahead! go on!
(pronounced kya)
**ka1(deep root) descending § °kan,
kaniQ(-), kanġaq-, katak-
**ka2 (deep root) impact, contact §
karuk-, kasak-, kasuk-, kasuq-,
kati-, katit-, kauk-
kaak- (i) to be hungry
kaaliq- (i) to become hungry |
-lIq-3 vv
kaagnaq famine | +naq(-) vn
kaaksiu- (i) to suffer from hunger; be
starving| +siu- vv
kaaŋniuq- (Ti) (i) to experience
hunger | +nniuq- vv
 kakkaaq- (i) to never have enough to
eat; (i) to starve to death; (Ti) (i) to
be starving » “uilaiññivlugu
uqautivlugu….
kakkaaliġniaġnivlugich
niqailliuliġnivlugich” (David
Frankson as reportrd by Pulu,
Sampson, Newlin: 95 [she told
him that there has been no open
lead of water…that they will
begin to starve as they are getting
short on food] | +kaaq- vv
kargu(-) starvation; (i) to be starving
» kargum tuqutqayaġaatigut
taquagiłłuta we nearly starved to
death because we did not bring
food along | =rgu- vv
kaapi (Ti, PB) coffee § kaavi
kaaraq [ENG “car”] (Ti) car
kaasi or aasi (excl.) that’s enough! don’t!;
stop it! (said to a child)
kaat- (i) to be now split into two layers;
(t) to cut, slice it =walrus hide
into two layers to be used for boat
cover; (Ti) (t) to slice it =layer of
blubber from whale skin, leaving
the maktak; (i) to slice blocks of
snow for snow shelter @ kaatchi-
» “kaatchiruat tavra
uqsruiyairuat
siġluamuŋaiñŋaisa maktait” (C.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [the ones who
do the slicing remove a layer of
blubber before the maktak is
placed in the ice cellar] || +sI-3 vv
kaamniq carpenter | +mniQ1 vn
kaataq (Ti) maktak which has its
thick blubber sliced off; block of
hard snow for building a snow
house | ±aq1 vn
kaatchi- (i) to cut a skin into pieces
(for parka ruffs and trim) »
221
kaatchiruq amaġum amianik
isiġviksranik she is cutting the
wolf skin into several parka ruffs |
+sI-3 vv
kaattiq- (i) to cut blocks of
hard-packed snow for a house »
kaattiġait aputit he is cutting
blocks of snow | mtiq-2 vv
kaattaq(-) [ENG “card”] (Nu) playing
card; (i) to play cards § piannaq(-)
kaavi (“v” is pronounced “f”) or (Ti, PB)
kaapi [ENG “coffee”] coffee
kaaviliuġun coffee pot | -liuq- nv
+un1 vn
kaimit- (t) to launch it =boat into water;
(t) to shove it in < kiamit
kaimġuaġvik sled handlebar <
kiamit-
kaimġuaq- (i) to push a sled while
holding on to the handlebar; to
pole a kayak against the current
by pushing sticks or poles into the
river bottom; (t) to push it =sled
or load on sled while holding on
to the handlebar; to pole it
=kayak against the current by
pushing sticks or poles into river
bottom < kiamit
kaimġuun one of a pair of poles used
to propel a kayak against the
current < kiamit
kaimŋuġaq- (i) to push a heavy sled
while holding on to the handlebar
< kiamit
kaivluaq- to push ( it =sled) along
while holding on to its handholds
from behind < kiamit
kaivlui- (i) to stuff things into a sack;
(t) to stuff it =sack with things, to
plug it =hole < kiamit
kaivluk- to push (it = usu. a heavy
sled) by the hand holds < kiamit
 kaivluun or kaivluutaq one of sled
handle bar posts < kiamit
kaipik- (t) to fit it together, making edges
overlap; (t) to go or pass it =a 12
hour time period; (i) to sleep or go
without sleep for more than 12
hours § kiapik-
kaipiksi- (i) to cross one’s arms |
+sI-1 vv
kaipiksimaaq- (i) to have the arms
crossed § kiapiksi-
kaipiktit- (i) to work, travel or do
something longer than one had
planned; (i) to be fitted on to
something, connected to
something; (i) to spend more time
on something than expected §
kiapiktit-
kaippaq joint, articulation (especially
of pieces of wood) § kiappaQ
kaipqaq- (i) to continue on without
an expected stop; (i) to go beyond
what one intended to do §
kiapqaq-
*kaiv (root) circular motion § *kiav
¤kaipsaluaġun (Nu) a ring encircling
something, e.g., ring of willows
around outside of tent §
kiapsaluaġun
¤kaipsalugaq(-) (Nu) willow ring for
a game through which players
attempt to throw a spear; (i) to
play a game in which one tries to
throw a spear through a ring made
of willows § kiapsalugaq(-)
¤kaipsaluqtaq (Nu) something round
§ kiapsaluqtaq
¤kaipsaluqtuaq (Nu) circle §
kiapsaluqtuaq
kaivaaġni- (i) to sit in a circle
formation § kiavaaġnI
kaivaaŋa or kaivyaaŋa- (i) to be
dizzy, disoriented § kiavaaŋa
222
kaivaġun ring, e.g., around sun, brim
of hat /siqiñiq kiavaġisiqsuq the
sun has a ring around it | §
kiavaġun
kaivaġutiqaq- (i) for the sun to have
a ring around it; (t) to have a circle
around it § kiavaġutiqaq-
kaivallagniq one hour § kiavallagniq
¤kaivallagun (Nu) circle §
kiavallagun
kaivallak- or kaivaluisaaq- (i) to go
around in a circle once; (t) to
move in a circle around it once §
kiavallak-
¤kaivalugaaq- (Nu) to go partway
around (it) § kiavalugaaq-
kaivaluk- to go around (her/him/it) in
circles; (i) to move in a circle §
kiavaluk-
kaivit- (i) to circle around; (i) to spin;
(i) “to celebrate the coming of the
new year with competition
games” (Kisautaq: 650) § kiavit-
kaivinniq time of celebration
traditionally observed after sewing
season (Kisautaq: 650) | +niQ1 vn
kaivraaq(-) whirlpool, eddy; (i) to
spin, to turn around § kiavraaq-
kaivraġun halo around sun §
kiavraġun
¤kaivrak or (Nu) kaivraun
grindstone § kiavrak
¤kaivrik- (Nu) (i) to break apart (as
earth in a quake) § kiavrik-
Kaivirvik month of December; “III.
[1853] Nov 30, Kai-wig’-win,
rejoicing. (Simpson: 261) | +vit vv
+vIk1 vn
kaivsaaq(-) or (Ti) kaivsaq(-) toy top,
spinning top; to play with a top
§ kiavsaaq
kakak- to carry (it) on one’s shoulders or
back of neck » kakakkaa
puukataq ikaaqsaqamiuŋ kuuk
ipiġaqłuni he carried the sack
 across on his shoulders as he
waded across the river
kakaaq- to carry (her/him) sitting on
one's shoulders with her/his legs
around one’s neck » tutaaluni
kakaaġuugaa atigaa naktiłługu
qaumiñun when he carries his
grandchild on his shoulders, he
fits his grandchild’s parka on his
forehead | -aq-1 vv
kakaaqsiq- (i) to be carried sitting on
another’s shoulders » aġnaiyaaq
kakaaqsillaturuq aapamiñi the
girl likes to be carried sitting on
her father’s shoulders | -aq-1 vv
+[t]sIq- vv
kakakti beast of burden (donkey,
mule, etc.) | mt/ri vn § nanmakti
kakavyak- (i) to become dizzy from
breathing noxious fumes; (i) to
become asphyxiated | -vyak- vv
kaki- [kakI] (i) to prick oneself; (t) to
tattoo her/him/it; (t) to prick
her/him/it » kakiruq mitqunmik
miqullaġmi she pricked herself
with a needle while sewing
kakiak(-) (Ti) roasting spit; (t) to put
it =meat on a spit for roasting;
(Nu) two-pronged fish spear,
leister (dual) @ kakiaksi- »
“algiġmata kakivlugu niqipiaq
naakka aqaluit” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [when they are roasting
outside, they impale the meat or
the fish] | -ak nn || +sI-3 vv
kakiaq prong of fish spear »
kakirrak tammaqsimaraik he
lost the two hooks or prongs (for
the fish spear) | ±aq1 vn
kakilaġnaq or kakilasak tiny fish;
“kakilisak, “stickleback
223
(Gasterosteus aculeatus)”
(Schultz-Lorentzen: 109) |
-lasak vn
kakillaġnaq thorn | -llaq- vv
+naq1 vn
kakillauri- (i) to feel “pins and
needles” in one’s limbs »
sitquŋavaiłłuni niuŋik
kakillauriruk he was kneeling so
long his legs got “pins and
needles” | -llaq- vv :u-2 vv -rI-2 vv
kakiñiq tattoo anywhere on body |
+niQ1 vn § avalliik, iqiġun
kakiplugun (Nu) cramp, stitch in
side, abdomen | ¤-p- +lugun nn
kakiplugusiq- (Nu) (i) to get a cramp,
stitch in one’s side, abdomen |
¤-p- +lugun nn ~Iq-1 nv
kakisuġaaq(-) game played with a
toy made from neck bone of
caribou where the bone is attached
with a string to a short stick (the
object of the game is to swing the
stick up, attempting to catch the
vertebra on the point of the stick
through the foramen); (i) to play
the game of kakisuġaaq |
+suġaaq- vv § ayaġaaq(-)
kakiuraq fork | +uraq vn
kakiutchiq- (t) to make a stitch on it
=toe of boot sole in order to mark
it and serve as a guide; (Ti) to
attach it =sole to body uppers of
boot | +un1 vn ‘=Iq-1 nv
kakivyugaun or kakivyuutaq small,
sharp pain, “stitch” in side when
running | -vyu- vv -gaq- vv :un1 vn,
-vyu- vv +utaq1 vn
kakivyuun sudden sharp pain on
one’s side; (Ti) sudden sharp pain
anywhere | -vyu- vv :un1 vn §
kakiplugun
kakivyuutchiq- (i) to develop a sharp
pain on one’s side | -vyu- vv
:un1 vn ‘=Iq-1 nv § kakiplugusIq
 kakkigauraq small safety pin,
straight pin | ‘-n vn +gaq4 nn
:uraq nn
kakkiñ or kakkisi safety pin; staple;
(Ti) pin | ‘-n vn
kakkirvik or kakkivik pincushion |
‘=It-2 nv +vIk1 vn
kakitlugun (Nu) good fatty meat found
inside caribou eye socket; string
of beads worn under the nose |
¤+t-2 +lugun nn
¤kakkiaq bolt of fabric
kakkik(-) [kakkIk] nasal mucus; (i) to
blow, wipe one’s nose; (t) to wipe
her/his nose » nuvakpaiłłuni
kakkiñŋulillaktuq he had such a
bad cold that he got tired of
blowing his nose
kakkiiyaun handkerchief | :Iyaq- nv
:un1 vn
kakkili- (i) to have a runny nose, have
snot on the upper lip | -lI-1 nv
kakkiliqta- or kakkiliqtaq- (i) to
sob, making a sniffling sound |
-liq-3 nv -qta- vv
kakkiviaq or kakkivik philtrum,
midline groove in the upper lip
that runs from the top of the lip
to the nose; entire area under nose
| -viaq2 rn or -vIk2 nn § see
Appendix 20
kakkiuraq (Ti) seal oil lamp made of
bottom of tin can | :uraq nn §
naniq, tuniqtaq, qulliq1
kala(-) [ENG “color”] a color; to color
(it)
kalauraaq(-) coloring picture (i) to
color leisurely | -uraaq- vv
kalaligaaq dog harness with collar »
“qimmitguuq saŋŋiłhaaġuurut
224
kalaligaanik atuqamik” (Hugo
2009) [it is said that dogs are
stronger when they wear collared
harnesses] | -ligaaq(-) nn,nv §
anupiaq
kalalliaq king (suit in cards)
kali something being dragged, towed
Kali Point Lay, Alaska
kaligaq- to drag (it) accidentally |
+t-2 nv -gaq- vv
kalikłuk piece of driftwood »
kalikługnik pukuktuq
sanaaksramiñik he gathered
some pieces of driftwood to use
for whittling | -kłuk(-) nn, nv
kalikłuk-1 (i) to have asthma, to have
a hard time breathing, to wheeze |
-kłuk vv
kalikłuk-2 or kaliukłuk- or
kalikhaaq- or kaliukhaaq- to
drag (it) carelessly, roughly,
accidentally; to rub against (it)
and cause (it) to fall while going
past carelessly » kalikuġruaq
kalikłuktuġaa uniamiñun he
dragged the canvas roughly to his
sled » kaliukłukługu qallutini
kuvigaa she carelessly caught and
dragged her cup as she passed by
and spilled it » kalikhaaġuuruq
kamimiñik siŋiyuiłłuni he is
always dragging his boots because
he does not tie his boot strings |
+kłuk vv or +t-3 nv :uk-2 vv
+kłuk vv or -khaaq- vv or +t-3 nv
:uk-2 vv -khaaq- vv
kaliksraq- to drag (it) along (not
purposely) » kaliksraŋaiġuŋ
atigin stop dragging your parka |
-k-4 nv +qsraq- vv
kaliksiq- (i) to be dragged, towed »
usiaqsiqsuaq aqumi katakhuni
kaliksiqsuularuq the one who
was riding in the back fell and was
 dragged for a while | -k-4 nv
+t[s]Iq- vv
kalimniq (Ti) chain | +mniQ nn §
pituk(-)
kalimŋaŋit- (i) to be not tied down, to
be free » “sumik patchisaitchuq;
qaisuliġumi qaiñiaqtuq”
(Matumeak 2009) [she is not tied
down; she will come when she
wants to] | ¤+m-vv ±ŋa- vv
±ŋIt- vv
kalit- to drag, tow (her/him/it) »
natchiqsaani kaliłługu
aggisuutigaa he dragged home
the seal he caught | +t-2 nv
kaluutaq tow rope | -utaq vv
kaliku [ENG “calico”] calico, fabric
kalikuġruaq heavy dark canvas,
tarpaulin | +ġruaq nn
kalikuuraaq scrap of cloth |
+uraaq nn -t nn
kaliviqtaq- (i) to jump rope | +t/raq-1 vv
kaliviqtaun jump rope | +t/raq-1 vv
+un1 vn
kalivit- (i) to become stuck, to remain in a
place, stranded; to become
jammed; (t) to cause it to become
stuck, jammed »
isiqattaatuaġama
kalivitchuuruŋa every time I
come to visit I get stuck (cannot
make myself leave) | +vit- vv
¤kalipqit- (i) to be badly stuck, be
hard to free | =qqIt- vv
kalivsi- (i) to have a shell stuck in the
chamber (of gun); (t) to cause a
shell to get stuck in it =gun’s
chamber » kalivsigaa supputini
he got a shell stuck in the barrel of
his rifle | :I-7 vv
kalivri- (t) to get it stuck | =rI-3 vv
225
kalluk(-) thunder, thunderstorm,
thunderclap; (i) to thunder (of
weather)
kalluala(-) rolling thunder; (i) to roll
(of thunder) | -ala- vv
kalukaq(-) or kałukaq(-) four-sided
hanging box drum; (i) to beat on a
box drum during an Eskimo
dance; to perform the dance in
which a box drum is used »
kalukaqtuat
naqikłiuralgupaluktut wow,
those box drum dancers can really
get down low when dancing §
aniuraaqtuat, maġlaktuutiruat,
qirgiq-, qiqigluktuqtuaq,
uluġiaqtuak
kałukaun box drum dance | -un1 vn §
atuqpaun
kałukaunnaq or (Nu) kałukautnaq
box drum dance song | :unnaq vn
kaluq- (t)to take her/him/it along
kałuk- (i) to ram heads (of sheep)
kałuutik horns (of sheep) | :un1 -k2 nn
*kama (root) awe, respect
kamagi- (t) to obey, honor her/him/it;
(t) to be overwhelmed, awed by
her/him/it; (t) to be amazed,
impressed by her/him, especially
by an action she/he has performed
@ kamaksri- » kamagigaa
tuyuusiani he was amazed by his
letter and in consequence, did
according to what the letter told
him to » kamagigaa aakani he
obeyed his mother » aaquluk
taiguallasiruaq
kamagipaluŋagiga I was really
impressed by the old lady who
learned how to read | +[g]i- rv ||
~srI- vv
kamait- (Ti) (i) to be bold and brave,
not scared of anyone; not
impressed at all; not frightened of
new people | :It-1 rv § iññiŋiat-
kamakkun obedience | ‘n1 vn
kamakkutait- (i) to be disobedient |
‘n1 vn :It-1 nv
kamaksriñiq obedience | ~srI-1 vv
+niQ1 vn
kamalatchi- (Ti) (t) to boss her/him
around | perhaps -lak- vv +tchI- vv
kamanaġniaŋiññiq humility |
+naq(-) rv, vn +niaq(-) vv
±ŋIt- vv +niQ1 vn
kamanaġniqsraq top authority, head
boss; sovereign | +naq(-) rv, vn
+niqsraq vn
kamanaiññiqsraq one with the least
authority; least important person |
+naq(-) rv, vn :It-1 vv +niqsraq vn
kamanaq(-) bossy person;
authoritative person; (i) to have
greater authority than others; (i) to
be awesome, great; (i) to be
worthy of respect, honor; (i) to be
bossy; (i) to be strong, large (of
animal) » kamanaqtuq samma
taamna aġnaq that woman is
bossy | +naq(-) rv, vn
kamanaqsiliq honor, authority |
+sI-1 vv -liQ vn
kamanaqsirau- (i) to be exalted,
praised, raised in status |
+naq(-) rv, vn +sI-1 vv :u-2 vv
kamanaun glory; authority |
+naq(-) rv, vn +un1 vn
kamanni- or kamanniraaq- (i) to act
important; (i) to show off and be
boastful | +nnI- vv or +nnI- vv
-raaq- vv
kamanniuq- (i) to marvel, be amazed
| +naq1 rn ‘=iuq-2 vv
kamasaaġun pride | -saaq-1 rv
+un1 vn
226
kamasaaŋit- (i) to be humble, meek,
not boastful | -saaq-1 rv ±ŋIt- vv
+t/ruaq vn
kamasaaq- (i) to boast, brag, to show
off » kamasaaqsaqłuni
aqsraatchiaqtuani
aquvsalaapaluktuq when he tried
to show off at the high kick
competition, he fell hard on his
butt | -saaq-1 rv
kamasausiqi- (i) to perform miracles;
(i) do magic | perhaps msaq-3 vv
:un1 vn ~Iqi-1 nv
kamasuala- (i) to be in amazement |
-suk-2 rv -ala-vv
kamasuk- (i) to obey; (i) to be
amazed, impressed »
kamasuktuŋa-asu iluqaan
taimuŋaaqtuqapku I was
amazed that I recited all of it by
heart | -suk-2 rv
kamasulait- or kamatchait- (i) to not
listen, not obey | -suk-2 rv :It-1 vv
or -tchak- rv :It-1 vv
kamasuun surprise, astonishment,
amazement | -suk-2 rv :un1 vn
kamasuutigi- (t) to be amazed,
impressed, astonished by
her/him/it » kasmasuutigigaa
aŋivaiłłuni he was impressed
because it was so big | -suk-2 rv
:un1 vn +[g]i- nv
kamatchai- (t) to impress, amaze
her/him | -tchak- rv -I- vv
kamatchak- (i) to be amazed,
impressed by one own
accomplishment; (i) to take pride
in another’s ability »
kamatchaktuq
naatchiliqtuġman amiquamiñik
she was impressed by the woman
who finished her sewing in no
time at all | -tchak- rv
kamattau- (i) to be shy, frightened of
new people | +t-2 vv +t/raq vn
:u-1 nv
kamik(-) [dual kammak, pl. kamŋit] boot, remove her/his pants and boots |
mukluk; Iñupiaq-made fur boot; =illaq- nv
dog booty; shoe; (i) to put one’s kammi- to make boots (for her/him);
boots on; (t) to put boots on (t) to make it =animal hide into
her/him/it » kammak boots » aakaa kammigaaŋa my
qiññaġipaluktuk his boots look mother is making boots for me |
so beautiful ‘=I-1 nv
kammiaq handmade boot | ‘=I-1 nv
±aq1 vn
kammiuq- (i) to continue making
boots; (t) to make boots for
her/him (usually more than one
pair); to make it =animal hide
into several pairs of boots »
kammiuqłuni maniññauraġuu-
ruq she makes a little money by
making and selling boots |
kamaaluk (Ti) children’s fur breeches
‘=iuq-1 nv
with hole for diaper | -aluk nn
kamŋiq- (i) to remove one’s boots; (t)
-k2 nn
to remove her/his boots | :Iq-2 nv
kamaaqłuk non-dressy shoe,
kamŋit- (i) to not be wearing boots;
everyday shoe | -aqłuk nn
to have no boots » kamŋiłłuŋa
kamalaurak a pair of short, fancy
iqalliaqasiŋitkitka I did not
boots | -laq nn :uraq nn -k2 nn
follow them fishing because I did
kamigruak a pair of long, waist-high
not have boots | :It-1 nv
boots | +ġruaq nn -k2 nn
kamŋiyaq- to take (her/his/its) boots
kamikłuiq- to remove pants (of
off | :Iyaq- nv
her/him/it | +łuk1 nn :Iq- nv
kamikłuk- to put pants on (her/him) |
°kan (dem. stem) down there, on or near
+łuk1 nn perhaps -k-1 nv
the ocean, downriver, or by the
kamikłuuk a pair of pants, trousers |
door (restricted and visible) § °un
+łuk nn -k2 nn
(dem. stem), °sam (dem. stem),
kamiktuq- (i) to get dressed after
°sakip (dem. stem)
getting out of bed; (i) to wear
kanani located down there, on or near
boots » kamiktuġiñ put your
the ocean, downriver, or by the
clothes on, get dressed | +tuq-3 nv
door (restricted and visible) | +anI
kamillaaq- (i) to go barefoot; (i) be
(dem. loc.)
naked below the waist »
kananiit- (i) to be located down there,
kamillaalauraq quqtamik
on or near the ocean, downriver,
kuvisipasuulgitchuq he quickly
or by the door (restricted and
went out barefoot to empty the
visible) | +anI (dem. loc.) it- “to
honey bucket | =illaq- nv -aq-1 vv
be”
kamillaq- (i) to become barefoot; (i)
kanaŋŋa from down there, on or near
to take one’s pants and boots off,
the ocean, downriver, or by the
to undress below the waist; (t) to
door (restricted and visible) |
make her/him barefoot; (t) to
+aŋŋa (dem. abl.)

227
kanaŋŋamiñ from that direction
down there, on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible) | +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.) ÷miñ (abl.)
kanaŋŋaq- (i) to come from down
there, on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible) | +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.) +q-3 dv
kanaŋŋauti- (t) to bring, transport
her/him/it from down there, on or
near the ocean, downriver, or by
the door (restricted and visible) |
+aŋŋa (dem. abl.) +q-3 dcv :uti- vv
kanna1 [dual katkuak, pl. katkua] that
one down there, on or near the
ocean, downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible) | +na (dem.
abs. pron. sg. mkr.)
kanna2 down there, on or near the
ocean, downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible) |
‘a (dem. adv. mkr.)
kanuŋa to down there, on or near the
ocean, downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible) | +uŋa
(dem. term.)
kanuŋanmun towards down there, on
or near the ocean, downriver, or
by the door (restricted and visible)
| +uŋa (dem. term.) nmun (term.)
kanuŋaq- (i) to go or (t) to place it
down there, on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible) | +uŋa
(dem. term.) +q-3 dv
kanuuna via, through down there, on
or near the ocean, downriver, or
by the door (restricted and visible)
| uuna (dem. via.)
kanuunnaaq- (i) to go via, through
down there, on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible) | +uuna
(dem. via) ‘.aq-3 dv
228
kattuma or katsruma or karruma
[dual katkuak, pl. katkua] that one
down there, on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible) | +tuma
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
kattumani or katsrumani or
karrumani [dual katkugnagni, pl.
katkunani] located with that one
down there, on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +anI
(dem. loc.)
kattumaŋŋa or katsrumaŋŋa or
karrumaŋŋa [dual katkugnaŋŋa,
pl. katkunaŋŋa] from that one
down there, on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible) | +tum
(dem.rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.)
kattumatun or katsrumatun or
karrumatun [dual katkugnaktun,
pl. katkunatitun] similar to that
one down there, on or near the
ocean, downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +atun
(dem sim.)
kattumiŋa or katsrumiŋa or
karrumiŋa [dual katkugniŋa, pl.
katkuniŋa] that one down there,
on or near the ocean, downriver,
or by the door (restricted and
visible) | +tum (dem. rel. pron. sg.
mkr.) +iŋa (dem. mod.)
kattumuŋa or katsrumuŋa or
karrumuŋa [dual katkugnuŋa, pl.
katkunuŋa] to that one down
there, on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +uŋa
(dem. term.)
 kattumuuna or katsrumuuna or
karrumuuna [dual katkugnuuna,
pl. katkunuuna] via that one down
there, on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door; with
that one down there, on or near
the ocean, downriver, or by the
door (restricted and visible) |
+tum (dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
+uuna (dem. via.)
°kanag (root ) northwards | -ak nn < °kan
(dem. stem)
kanagnaq or kanaŋnaq north wind
(Jenness 1928: 48); northwest;
northwest wind; wind from
downriver; wind from ocean |
+naq2 vn § see Appendix 15
kanaŋŋaiññaq saġvaq current from
the north § see Appendix 14
kanaŋniq- (i) to be blowing from the
north (of wind) | +nIq-2 nv
kanaka person from the South Seas
(Nelson: 93)
kanak length of human leg from crotch to
heel, inner leg; inseam
kanaak (Nu) tibia, shinbone,
shankbone, lower leg § piagniq
kanaakkiu- (i) to dance in the white
man’s style » tiggapaluktuq
kanna kanaakkiuruaq that
dancer is certainly stiff | -ak- nv
-kkI- vv u-2 vv § aŋŋuaq-, aŋayu-,
uyuk-, uamit-
kanaakkiuvik dance hall | +vIk1 vn
kanagaq or (Nu) kanagaaq tibia,
shinbone, shankbone, lower leg |
+gaq2 n § see Appendix 21
kanagaqsimaaq- (i) to sit on floor
with knees raised and feet flat on
floor » kanagaqsimaaqłuni
siqullagniqsuq he had fallen
asleep while sitting on the floor
229
with knees raised and feet flat on
the floor | +gaq2 n +simaaq- nv
kanakisuuraq one with short legs |
-kisuuraq nn
kanakit- (i) to have short legs (of
people) » kanakitkaluaqtuq
iñuŋuluk uqilaruq although he
has short legs, the little man can
sure run | -kIt- nv
kanaktu- (i) to have long legs (of
people); to be too long (of pants) »
kanaktunaaġutiniqsaġa
kamikłulikapku I found that
when I made him a pair of pants I
made the legs too long | +tu- nv
kanasiġaq or kayasiġaq (Ti) small
(sealskin) float for use with
whaling harpoon; one of two
smaller floats attached side by
side on the harpoon line ahead of
the large float (Rainey: 257) | -siq
rn +[ġ]aq rn § avataqpak
kanayuq sculpin, “fourhorn slimy”
(Myoxocephalus quadricornis
Cottus cognatus)
kanayuġaałik [pl. kanayuġaałigIt]
(Nu) small freshwater fish |
+[g]aaq nn -łik nn
kanayuuraq Robin (Turdus migratorius)
» kanayuuraniñ tikitqaaġuurut
amaułłigaaluurat the snow
bunting always arrive before the
robins
kanġaq- (i) to leak (of a sack, container
filled with flour, sand, something
which flows but not liquid); (t) to
leak, have something solid, such
as flour, flow onto it » aluaqsaun
ikka aluamik kanġaqtuq the
burlap sack is leaking coal |
+[ġ]aq- vv § **ka2, kaniq(-)
 kanġai- (i) to sprinkle, strew, sow
something » kaaviġruanik
kanġaiqqaaqłutik natiq tilaigaat
after sprinkling coffee grounds on
the floor they swept it | +[ġ]aq- vv
:I-4 vv
kanġala- (i) to drop little crumbs of
bread, crackers, food, etc.; to
crumble bread, crackers; to shed
fur/hair (of animal); (t) to drop
little crumbs of bread, crackers,
food, etc. on/in it » kanġalagaa
suugutini qaqqulauranik he
dropped little pieces of crackers in
his soup | +[ġ]aq- vv :ala- vv §
naavsiktaq-
kanġala or kanġalaq shedding
animal, especially caribou |
+[ġ]aq- vv -laq vn
kanġalluq crumb » punniġum
kanġalluŋit katinŋuraqługit,
suumiñun ikugai gathering up
the bread crumbs, she put them in
her soup | +[ġ]aq- vv ±lluQ vn
kanġaluk- (i) to drop bits of food; (i)
to shed hair (esp., of caribou) |
+[ġ]aq- vv -luk- vv
kanġaqsruq- (t) to scatter it; to sow
seeds on it =soil @ kanġaqsrui- |
+[ġ]aq- vv mqsruq-2 vv :I-4 vv
kaniq(-) [kaniQ] frost; (i) to be covered
with light frost; (t) to have light
frost cover it =ground, house or
any object » igalaurami kaniq
qiñiġaaliuraaqtuq the frost on
the window formed a picture »
kaniġmi pisuaqtuam tumiŋi
malikługit paqitkaa by following
the footsteps on the light frost, he
found the person | +niQ1 vn §
**ka2, kanġaq-
kanalluq crumb | ±lluQ vn
kanġilaq or (Nu) kanġutailaq or
(Nu) kaniġruaŋailaq smooth ice
230
free of frost on surface | :Ilaq vn or
:utaq vn :Ilaq vn or +ġruaq nn, nv
±ŋa- vv :ilaq(-) vn
kanġuraq (Nu) light or spotty frost |
:uraq nn
kaniġaaġruk(-) (Nu) frost, rime; to
form a layer of frost | ±aq1 vn
aġruk nn
kaniġruaq(-) heavy frost; (i) to form
a thick layer of frost » isiqtuq
irrimiñ kiiñaŋalu isiġvialu
kaniġruaq he came in from the
biting cold, his face and parka ruff
(covered with) frost | +ġruaq nn
kaniqtaq ice formed by frost; fragile,
refrozen ice (Harcharek: 13)
kanŋaluk (Ti) crumb of food |
perhaps +[ġ]aq vn -luk nn
kanuqqait crumbs, sawdust, powder,
detritus » kanuqqait
naatchiguviñ tilaisaġitin
qaugaum isaġuanik sweep up the
crumbs with the duck’s wing
when you are done | perhaps
+[ġ]aq vn nn ‘-It nn
kanivaun diaphragm (anatomy)
kanna (dem. pron.) that down there
(restricted and visible); (dem adv)
down there < °kan (dem. stem)
kannaak two forks of something; open
points of gunwale at either end of
umiak (top of niutaq =bent part of
umiaq frame at bow and stern) |
‘-k2 nn < **ka2 § see Appendic 16
*kanŋu (root) feeling of shame,
embarrassment; feeling of shyness
kanŋugi- (t) to be ashamed of
her/him/it » kanŋugivlugik
savaġluktaqqaaqługik
kammiagni atuŋillakkaik after
doing a bad job on sewing her
new boots, she was so ashamed of
 them that she never wore them |
+[g]i- rv
kanŋuit- (i) to be forward, bold,
audacious » kanŋuitchuq
taamna aġnaq suyumaalliqami
that woman is bold once she
makes up her mind to do
something (she does it) | :It-1 vv
kanŋunaq- (i) to be shameful,
embarrassing, disgraceful |
+naq-1 vv
kanŋusaaq- (t) to try to make her/him
feel ashamed, embarrassed; (Ti) to
tease her/him | +saaq2 rv
kanŋusuk- (i) to be shy; (i) to feel
ashamed, embarrassed »
kanŋusuuturuq araa
uqautiniluguugaluaġiga I have
tried talking to her, but she is too
shy | -suk-2 vv
kanŋutchai- (t) to shame, embarrass
her/him | -tchak- vv -I-6 vv
kanŋutchak- (i) to become
embarrassed, ashamed »
kanŋutchayaruq she becomes
embarrassed easily | -tchak- vv
kanŋuq- or (Ti) kanŋu- or (Nu) katŋuq-
(i) to assemble, gather in a group
(especially for summer trading at
Kotzebue) § kasima- < **ka2
kanŋuqpait large gathering of people
| +qpak(-) nn, vv :It nn
kanŋut or (Nu) katŋut herd,
assemblage, flock, group, of birds,
animals or humans; by extension a
corporation; (Ti) participants at
the Kotzebue trade fair | -t nn
kanŋuu- (i) to incorporate; (i) to be
an association, organization,
institution or a coporation | :u-2 nv
kanŋuuma- (i) to continue to meet,
have a lengthy meeting | :u-2 vv
+ma-1 vv
231
kanŋuummaq- (i) to congregate,
assemble; (i) to have a lengthy
meeting; (i) to have a trade fair |
:u-2 vv -mmaq- vv
kanŋuuraq subsidiary (of a
corporation) | :uraq nn
kanŋuuruat organization, business,
company, association, corporation
| :u-2 vv +t/ruaq vn -t nn
Kanŋuummavik (Nu) old meeting
house site by river in Anaktuvuk
Pass, Alaska » “katitpagviat
iñuit itqilillu” (Hugo 2009) [a
huge meeting place for Iñupiat
including the Indians] | :u-2 vv
+ma vv +vIk1 vn
kanŋuyak or (Nu) kanŋuyaq or (Ti)
kannuyaq copper
kanuk- (Ti) (i) to have an angry or mean
countenance, face § iglaŋaaŋIt-
kanuallak- (Ti) (i) to get angry |
-allak- vv
kanuuti- (Ti) (t) to be angry with
her/him | :+uti- vv
kannuktit- (Nu) (i) to become flushed
as with fever | ‘k2 vv +tit2 vv
kannuqłuk- (Nu) (i) to be flushed as
with fever | ‘-qłuk(-) nn, vv
¤kanuŋalik(-) (Nu) a card game; (i) to
play “kanuŋalik”
kanuŋŋiq [kanuŋŋIQ] type of willow
(Salix arbusculoides); egg yolk §
uqpivik, akutuak, mitquapk
¤kaŋiġaqsimaaq-1 (Ti) (i) to sit in chair
with feet on floor, legs forward |
+[ġ]aq(-)2 nn, vv +simaaq- vv |
aquppiuraaq-
kaŋiġmik- (i) to arm-wrestle with
interlocked elbows | +mIk-1 nv, vv
§ kaŋIq
 kaŋiġaq(-) hunting blind, hiding place
¤kaŋiġnaq (Ti) northwest | +naq1 nn where hunter waits for animal to
§ Kaŋianiġmiut pass by, then gives chase; corral
(for caribou); (t) to corral
kaŋiq [kaŋIq] root, source, origin; them=caribou, reindeer) |
headwater, source of a river; (Nu) +[ġ]aq nn +q-2 nv
head of a bay; foot of mountain; kaŋiġaq sisamalik (Nu) an enclosure
place where peninsula joins for catching caribou with “four
mainland; (Nu) tributary river; circular fences, one inside the
bone or ivory barb on toggle other…from the enclosure two
harpoon line § isukłit- snow walls run forward and two
¤Kaŋianiġmiut (Nu) people from lines of cairns run farther out into
beyond the Killiq River; people the country” (Ingstaq: 61
at/of the source of river | :a4 nn “kangiraq”)
+ni3 nc +miu2 nn -t nn
kaŋiġaaq- (i) to be cornered by
hunter (of game); (i) to become
cornered when walking (of
person) | +[ġ]aq nn -aq-4 nv
kaŋiġaaqtit- (t) to corner it =an
animal | +[ġ]aq nn -aq-4 nv
1
mtit- vv
kaŋiġaġmiu hunter (in hiding or
kaŋiġaqtuġvik place where caribou
waiting at caribou corral) |
are corralled » “Alaqtaq tatpika
+[ġ]aq nn +miu nn
kaŋiġaqtuġviat” [Half Moon
kaŋiġaġmiu- (Nu) (i) to form a
Three is the place where corralling
“human corral,” taking positions
was done] (Aiken 2009) |
surrounding a herd of caribou (of
+[ġ]aq nn +tuq3 nv +vIk1 vn
hunters) | +[ġ]aq nn +q-2 nv
kaŋiġaqtuq- (i) to corral caribou,
+miu- vv
reindeer; (t) to corral them=a herd
kaŋiġalluk corner, right angle |
of animals | +[ġ]aq nn +tuq-3 nv
+[ġ]aq nn -lluk n § tiġitqiñ,
kaŋiġaqsimaaq-2 (i) to lie in wait for
iqirġaq
animals | +[ġ]aq- nv +simaaq vv
kaŋiġallulik square | +[ġ]aq nn
kaŋiliaq or kaŋiliñaaq (Ti) molar |
-lluk n -lik nn
-liaq nn or liñaaq nn
kaŋiġallulik itchaksranik hexagon,
kaŋilipqaq molar | -lipqaq nn § see
something shaped like a hexagon
Appendix 20
kaŋiġallulik piŋasunik triangle,
kaŋilliq innermost one of a group;
something shaped like a triangle
rearmost one; origin; descendant |
kaŋiġallulik takiłhuaŋaaq rectangle,
-llIQ nn
something shaped like a rectangle
kaŋillit- (i) to arrive, reach one’s
kaŋiġallulik tallimat piŋasunik
destination: (i) to reach the limit,
octagon, something shaped like an
e.g., eat as much as one can »
octagon
Nuvuġamun kaŋillitchut
kaŋiġalluum ayaŋa corner post (of
pisuaqtuaqtuat the people taking
sod house or any dwelling)

232
 a walk arrived (and reached a
limit) at the point | +llIQ nn
‘=It-2 nv
kaŋimuk- (i) to go to the headwaters;
to run back down the arms (of
liquid)(on person) | +muk- nv
kaŋiŋiq- (t) to cut them = animals off
and block their escape, in hunting
| +ŋIq- nv
kaŋiqłuaq- (i) to surface in an inlet in
a lead, along ice (esp. of a whale);
(t) to surface in an inlet in a lead,
along ice, in their=hunters’
presence » aġviġum
kaŋiqłuaġaatigut a whale
surfaced before us in an inlet |
+luk1 nn aq8 nv
kaŋiqłuk bay, inlet; indentation in sea
ice where whales often surface to
breathe | -qłuk(-) nn
kaŋiqqiuq- (i) to build a caribou
corral | +[ġ]aq nn ‘=iuq-1 nv
kaŋiqsi- to understand (her/him/it) »
uqaluk kaŋiqsilluataqtuni
atullasipasuuġnaqtuq once you
understand the word well, you
quickly learn to use it | +sI-3 vv
kaŋiqsiñaq- (i) to be intelligible,
understandable, comprehensible |
+sI3 vv +naq(-) vv
kaŋiqsipkai- (i) to explain something
so others understand, to expound |
+sI3 vv +pkaq-1 vv +I-5 vv
kaŋiqsisailaq a stupid person, one
who lacks reason or intelligence |
‘-saq5 vn :ilaq nn
kaŋiqsiuq- to investigate, study, ask
questions, inquire about
(her/him/it) » kaŋiqsiuġiaqtuq
qanuq pipiaġmagaisa he went to
investigate to find out what really
happened; kaŋiqsiuġun
naatparruŋ uqausiġiniaġikput
we will discuss it after they
complete the study | +siuq- nv
kaŋiqsiuvsaaġniq discussion |
233
+siuq- nv -vsaaq(-) vv, nn
+niQ1 vn
kaŋiqsiuvsaaq- to hold a discussion,
discuss (her/him/it) | +siuq- nv
-vsaaq(-) vv, nn
kaŋiun (Ti) base of plant, taproot »
“nautchiigamik kaŋiutaa
alliurugrauruq” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [when one is planting, the
roots need to be on the bottom] |
:un2 nn § naggun
kaŋivaqtaaq- (i) to roll up one’s
sleeves, (t) to roll up her/his
sleeves for her/him »
kaŋivaqtaaqłuni,
ikayunagutigai pilaktuat rolling
up her sleeves, she began helping
the ones who were flensing |
+vaq- vv +taaq- vv
kaŋŋiñiq or kaŋŋiññauraq (Ti) inlet
along the shore, bight; small bay
along the edge of ice which is a
good spot for whaling, since
whales breathe in such places |
‘=It-2 nv +niQ1 vn § kaŋiqłuk
kaŋŋit- (i) to be pulled taut; (i) to
reach one’s destination, goal, or
limit; (i) to come to an end of an
investigation or research; (i) to
come to the end of one’s lifespan;
(t) to pull it taut; (t) to wind it
tight; (t) to find its cause; to end it
=an investigation or research; (t)
to arrive at the root, source of it;
(t) to realize, achieve its purpose »
kuuk kaŋŋitkaa he reached the
river source | ‘=It-2 nv
kaŋŋiuq- (i) to research one’s
genealogy; (i) to search for the
source; (t) to search for its =issue,
problem basis | ‘=iuq-2 nv
kaŋuq Snow Goose (Chen hyperborea)
kapi- (i) to stab oneself once, to give
oneself a shot; (t) to stab, pierce
 her/him/it once; (t) to give a shot,
an injection to her/him/it »
miqłiqtut kaviqsitquŋiłługit
kapigai he gave the children shots
to prevent measles » kappuuŋ
una stab it
kapiniq vaccination shot; knife
wound » kapiniġa anniġñaqtuq
my vaccination shot is hurting |
+niQ vn
kappun or kappugauraq
hypodermic needle; lancet, small
knife for bloodletting; bodkin;
“Deer Spear (kă’p-un)… Spear
about 6 feet long, with metal or
stone head for stabbing deer from
the kaiak.” (Murdoch as reported
by Ray 1885: 71) | ‘n1 vn or ‘n1 vn
+gaq2 n :uraq nn
kappuq- or kavluq- (i) repeatedly
give oneself shots; (t) to
repeatedly stab, pierce, prick
her/him/it; (t) to repeatedly give
her/him/it shots or injections |
‘-q-1 vv or ~luq-3 vv
kappusiq- (Nu) (t) to spear her/him/it
| ‘n1 vn ~Iq-1 nv
kapputi- (t) to stick it into something,
e.g., a needle or pin in pincushion,
fabric, etc.; (i) to stab each other
| ‘ti- vv
kapuq- (Nu) (t) to spear her/him/it
repeatedly | -uq2 vv § kappuq-
kapuqti harpooner | mt/ri vn
kapuqqaun (Nu) awl (to make holes);
fish spear for salmon (used in
Kobuk)| -uq2 vv ‘-aq-1 :un1 vn
kapusiun shaft of harpoon; large
whaling harpoon | ~un1 vn -Iq-1 nv
:un1 vn
kaputtaq- (Ti) to patch ( it =umiak) »
“umiaq aligman,
kaputtaġuugaat aŋutit”
(Kinneeveauk 2008) [when the
umiak tears, the men patch it up];
“kaputtaġuugait miġruŋaruat
234
kiluaġmata” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [they patch the ones with
seams that have come apart] | -uq2
vv +ttaq(-) vv
kaputtaun (Ti) awl, used to make
holes in umiak cover so patches
can be sewn on | -uq2 vv
-ttaq(-) vv :un1 vn
kapuun (Nu) long caribou spear with
stone point; spade (suit in cards) |
-uq2 vv :un1 vn § tumiŋŋuaq,
argalaq, iqquk
kavluq- or (Nu) kapluq- (t) to
inoculate, give her/him/it
injections regularly; to spear, stab,
pierce her/him/it repeatedly @
kavlui- | ~luq-3 vv || :I-4 vv
kavraq1 speared caribou (which runs
away unobserved) | ~raq vn
kapiksi- [kapiksI] (i) to cross one’s arms
once
kapit- (i) to be tight-fitting; (t) to fit an
outer piece over an inner piece,
e.g., snowshirt over parka »
atikłulikami,
kapinaaqpaiññiġaa when she
made a snowshirt, she made it too
narrow (to fit over the parka)
kapigli- (Ti) (i) to close (of an
opening); (i) to come together
(esp., of ice) | -glI- vv § quu-
kapiglin (Ti) damper for stovepipe
(pulled in and out of the side of
the pipe to regulate the flow of
air) | -gli- vv ‘n1 vn § quuqłiġun
kapiglisiq- (Ti) (i) to have the damper
closed (of stove); (t) to close it
=stovepipe damper |- gli- vv
‘n1 vn -Iq-1 nv
kapitaaġiik(-) (i) to be one inside the
other; a set of two parkas, inner
and outer; a set of one inside the
other » atigiŋa saatpałłuni
kapitaaġiigñik atikługuuruq
 because her parka is so thin, she
wears two snowshirts over it |
2
mt/raaq vn +[g]iik- nv §
tapiqtaaġiik
kapitaġuq or kapitaġauraq (Ti) shirt
| -pquaq nn § qalipquaq,
qaliġuuraq
kapitak (Ti) outer fur parka | ±ak2 vn
kapkaq- (i) to make a noise with one’s
teeth » kigutiŋŋuani aŋigivlugit
kapkaġuuruq uqaġami because
his false teeth are too big, his teeth
make a rapping noise when he
talks
kapkaluk- (i) to have one’s teeth
chatter (because of cold or fever) |
-luk- vv
kapkat- (Ti) (i) to stutter
| perhaps +t-2 vv § iptuġiq-
*kappia (root) feeling of fright, danger
kappiagi- (t) to worry about her/him,
to feel that you do not want
her/him=your companion,
relative, etc. to leave | +[g]i- vv
kappiala- (i) to be frightened and call
out in fright » umiamun
ikuqqaaqłuni, aġnaq
kappialaruq naŋiatchakami
after getting into the boat, the
woman started squealing from
fright | -ala- vv
kappiaŋa- (i) to desire someone’s
company, not wanting to be alone;
(i) to express a need of assistance
in time of trouble or danger » iglu
ikimamman kappiaŋaruam
itiqtittaatigut someone who was
calling for help when the house
was on fire woke us up | ±ŋa- vv
kappiasuk- (i) to feel oneself in
imminent danger; to feel
extremely vulnerable | -suk-2 vv
kappiatuq- (i) to shout from fright;
(i) to be in an emergency »
235
kappiatuqtuq una,
nallugaŋaiqsiuŋ quit tossing him,
he is shouting from fright |
+tuq-3 nv
kargu(-) starvation (i) to be starving <
kaak-
karrait large herd of caribou »
nullaŋapkaqłuta karrait
apqusaaġaatigut the big herd of
caribou passed through our
camping spot | :It nn § kanŋut
karruma [dual katkuak, pl. katkua] that
one down there, on or near the
ocean, downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible)
< °kan (dem. stem)
karrumani [dual katkugnagni, pl.
katkunani] located with that one
down there, on or near the ocean,
downriver or by the door
(restricted and visible) < °kan
(dem. stem)
karrumaŋŋa [dual katkugnaŋŋa, pl.
katkunaŋŋa] from that one down
there, on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible) < °kan
(dem. stem)
karrumatun [dual katkugnaktun, pl.
katkunatitun] like that one down
there, on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible) < °kan
(dem. stem)
karrumiŋa [dual katkugniŋa, pl.
katkuniŋa] that one down there,
on or near the ocean, downriver,
or by the door (restricted and
visible) < °kan (dem. stem)

karrumuŋa [dual katkugnuŋa, pl.
katkunuŋa] to that one down
there, on or near ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible) < °kan
(dem. stem)
karrumuuna [dual katkugnuuna, pl.
katkunuuna] via that one down
there, on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door; with
that one down there, on or near
the ocean, downriver, or by the
door (restricted and visible) <
°kan (dem. stem)
karuk- (i) to hammer; (t) to hit her/him/it
on the head » “kiisaimmagguuq
taimma
tikirruiññaġruiññaġaluaġmani,
qilaunmiñik karukkaik”
(Nageak 1975: 92) [finally as they
closed in on him, he struck them
with his drum] | perhaps +rruk- rv
§ **ka2
karri- (Nu) (i) to hammer a stone to
shape or smooth it, e.g., for knife
blade, point; (i) to use a “hammer
stone” to flake a knife blade; (t) to
pound it; to cut it =meat, blubber
up | ‘=I1 vv
karriaq (Nu) cut piece of frozen meat
or blubber | ‘=I1 vv ±aq1 vn
karriñ (Nu) flint used to ignite a fire |
‘=I1 vv ‘n1 vn § igniñ
Karruaġviat or Taġġaqtuġviat (Nu)
month of November » “ipnait
nagrumignik karruaġuurut
taaptumani tatqimi” (Hugo
2009) [the sheep always butt each
other with their horns during that
month] | ‘-aq-1 vv -vIk1 vn :at1 nn
§ Taġġaqtuġviat
karruaq- (Nu) to break ( it =frozen
ground and gravel) up looking for
236
roots in winter » “karruaqługit
uyaġait, masunniaġuurugut
niqaiññapta” (Hugo 2009) [by
breaking the ground and gravel
up, we would look for roots when
we were short on food] | ‘-aq-1 vv
karrutaq or karruutaq or (Nu)
katruutaq stone hammer; firing
pin of gun; one who faces
opposition boldly; a fearless
person; an insistent person |
‘-utaq vn § kautaq, kautauraq
karumit- (i) to be crushed; (t) to
crush it @ karumitchi- | -mit- vv
|| +sI-3 vv § arvik-, parvik-,
siqumit-, tuksruk-
kasak- (i) to make a noise by striking
something; (i) to beat a drum; (t)
to beat it (e.g., a drum) » aġġirit
kasaktuat quvianapaluktut it
makes me feel good to hear the
Iñupiaq drummers | +sak- rv §
**ka2
kasaun stick used for beating on a
drum » aŋayuqaksraq
kasausiuqtuq sanauraaqługu the
old man made a drum stick
whittling leisurely | +sak- rv
:un1 vn
kasaŋnauraq (Nu) “Iñupiaq banjo,”
single-stringed instrument beaten
with small hammer; one-stringed
instrument about sixteen inches
long and held against the left side
(Ingstad: 242 “kasagnaujaq”) |
+sak- rv +naq(-) vn :uraq nn
kasima- (i) to hold a meeting »
kasimarut aŋayuqaavut
miŋuaqtuġvigmi our parents are
having a meeting at the school;
qaukłiłhiñat kasimarut they are
in an executive session |
+sima-1 vv § **ka2
 kasimanġit minutes (of meeting),
record of meeting proceedings |
+sima-1 vv +niQ1 vn :It nn
kasimaniq meeting | +sima-1 vv
+niQ1 vn
kasimman purpose of meeting |
‘n vn
kasimmati- (t) to hold a meeting with
her/him or about her/him »
kasimmatigaat uqaqsiġiilaq they
are holding a meeting with the
troublemaker | +sima-1 vv ‘ti- vv
kasimmatigi- (t) to hold a meeting
about her/him/it » kasimmatigi-
gaat pitquratchauraq they are
having a meeting about the new
regulation | +sima-1 vv ‘n1 vn
+[g]i- nv
kasimmatiksrat meeting agenda |
+sima-1 vv ‘n1 vn +ksraq(-) nn
-t nn
kasimmavik meeting place or time »
iglukput kasimmavigisuugikput
we use our house as our meeting
place | +sima-1 vv ‘-vIk1 vn
kasiq [kasIq] [dual katchIk] (Nu) wall
katchi interior wall of house
kasuk- (i) to ram, crash into each other
with their horns (of mountain
sheep) § tuluq-, kałuk < **ka2
kasuq- (i) to become joined (of objects);
(i) to close (of gap, e.g., of ice); (i)
to meet on the way somewhere, of
more than one person; (t) to meet
her/him, make her/his
acquaintance; (t) to “run” into
her/him » ayaksaqama
kasuqtaġa; aisaġniqsuaq I ran
into him on my way to (a
meeting); he was on his way home
| -suq-2 rv < **ka2
kasui- (i) to meet by chance while
traveling » kasuiruq iñugnik
237
naluramiñik iglaullaġmi he met
some people that he did not
recognize on his travels | -suq-2 rv
+I-3 vv
kasuqtit- (t) to cause them to
connect, to meet | mtit-1 vv
kasuummi- (i) to be joined
permanently (e.g., of things
welded together); (i) to be
touching each other, connected to
each other | -u-2 vv +mmI-5 vv
kasuuti- (i) to meet, to keep a
rendezvous | -suq-2 rv :uti- vv
¤katchuutit- (Ti) (i) to become
married | ‘-tit-2 vv § katit-, katitit-
katak(-) entrance hole in floor of sod
house (leading to subterranean
tunnel or passageway); (i) to fall
off » nukatpiaġruk kataktuq
iglum qaaŋaniñ the boy fell from
the top of the house § **ka1, see
Appendix 22, katai-
katagaq- (i) to fall, drop one by one;
(t) to drop them one by one »
katagaqtut qiruit
kikiaktuqtatka the pieces of
wood I nailed up are falling one
by one @ katagai- | -gaq- v ||
:I-4 vv
katai- to drop (her/him/it) | -I-7 vv
kataligaaq sod house with
subterreanean entranceway |
-ligaaq(-) nn
katapiksuaq- (i) to fall even further |
-pksuaq- vv
kataksautnaq or kataksiun (Nu)
pitfall trap for large terrestrial
mammals | +saq-2 vv :unnaq vn or
+siun vn § qargisaq(-)
kataksiutit- (Nu) (i) to be caught in a
pitfall trap; (t) to catch it in a
pitfall trap | +siun vn +t-2 nv
kataktaq- (i) to fall down the stairs |
+t/raq-1 vv
 kataktit- (t) to cause her/him/it to fall
| mtit-1 vv
kataktitchi- (i) to cause something
to fall | mtit-1 vv +sI-3 vv
kataun parachute | :un1 vn
kattagaaq(- )(i) to play “pick-up
sticks” or jacks; jackstone »
kattagaaŋaiqsiqtut ayuktauraq
tammaġman they stopped
playing jackstones shortly after
the ball got lost | perhaps -’Q vn
-aaq(-) vv, nv, vn
kattagaat pick-up sticks; game of
jacks, jackstones » ataataŋat
sanauraaqtuq
kattagaaksraŋiññik their
great-uncle leisurely whittled
some jackstones for them | ‘-Q vn
-aaq(-) vv, nv, vn -t nn
kattaġruk- (Ti) to drop gifts through
the rooftop vent at New Year’s |
‘-Q vn (voiced)+qsruq-1 nv
kattaqi- (t) to drop on her/him/it |
‘-qi- vv
kattaqsruq- (t) to drop something
for/on them from the air, e.g.,
message, food, bomb | ‘-Q vn
2
mqsruq- nv
katchi wall § kasiq
katchiġruaq old, crumbling wall |
+ġruaq nn
katchili- to construct, build a wall
(for it) | -lI-1 nv
katchuq- (i) to be pacified, appeased,
satisfied; (i) to settle for
something other than what one
originally wanted; (t) to pacify,
appease, satisfy her/him; to satisfy
her/him with something other than
what she/he wanted » katchuqtuq
aġnaiyaaq nuŋuraaksriññamni
the girl was pacified when I gave
her some candy
238
katchuŋait- (i) to be persistent; to be
insistent; to not be satisfied yet |
±ŋait- vv
kati- (i) to bump one’s head; (i) to bump
heads; (t) to bump one’s head on
her/his/its head < **ka2
katit- (i) to gather, congregate, assemble;
(i) to marry, wed; (i) to merge; (t)
to gather them together; (t) to
harvest it = crop @ katitchi- »
siqumniuravut katiłługit
atausimik imiġaaksraqtugut we
pooled our small change and
bought one can of soda pop || +sI-4
vv § **ka2
katiġruġniq (Ti) snowdrift |
2 1
mqsruq- vv +niQ vn § qimuagruk
katima- (Ti) (i) to have, hold a
meeting | -ma-1 vv § kasima-
katinġaatchiak newly married couple
| -nġaq- vv -aq1 vn tchiaq1 nn
-k2 nn
katiqsrat pile, assemblage, collection
» kalikuviñiġnik katiqsranik
qaliġuaksriuqtuq she made a
quilt from the collection of cloth
scraps | +qsraq vn -t nn
katiqsri- (i) to gather things together,
to collect things | -qsrI- vv
katiqsruq- to gather, assemble (them)
in a group, herd, pack | mqsruq-2 vv
katirrusiqi- (i) to have a wedding; to
celebrate a wedding | +ruti vn
~iqi-1 nv
katitiq- (Nu) (i) to become married |
perhaps mtit-2 vv
katitit- (i) to become married; (t) to
marry them, i.e. to join them in
wedlock | mtit-2 vv
katnaak (Nu) forked thing, forked
place (with two forks) § kayyaaq
kayyaaġiik two roads or rivers which
share an intersection | +[g]iik/t nn
 kayyaak or katyaak (Nu) place
where a river branches into two,
two branches of river § =yaaq2 vn
-k2 nn
kayyaaq or (Nu) katyaaq junction,
intersection, fork in a road, branch
of a river
¤Kayyaaqpaak place name
kattuma or katsruma [dual katkuak , pl.
katkua] that one down there, on or
near the ocean, downriver, or by
the door (restricted and visible)
< °kan (dem. stem)
kattumani or katsrumani [dual
katkugnagni, pl. katkunani]
located with that one down there,
on or near the ocean, downriver,
or by the door (restricted and
visible) < °kan (dem. stem)
kattumaŋŋa or katsrumaŋŋa [dual
katkugnaŋŋa, pl. katkunaŋŋa]
from that one down there, on or
near the ocean, downriver, or by
the door (restricted and visible)
< °kan (dem. stem)
kattumatun or katsrumatun [dual
katkugnaktun, pl. katkunatitun]
similar to that one down there, on
or near the ocean, downriver, or
by the door (restricted and visible)
< °kan (dem. stem)
kattumiŋa or katsrumiŋa [dual
katkugniŋa, pl. katkuniŋa] that one
down there, on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible) < °kan
(dem. stem)
kattumuŋa or katsrumuŋa [dual
katkugnuŋa, pl. katkunuŋa] to that
one down there, on or near the
239
ocean, downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible)
< °kan (dem. stem)
kattumuuna or katsrumuuna [dual
katkugnuuna, pl. katkunuuna] via
that one down there, on or near
the ocean, downriver, or by the
door; with that one down there, on
or near the ocean, downriver, or
by the door (restricted and visible)
< °kan (dem. stem)
kau- (i) to reach into a container or
hollow place; (t) to put one’s hand
into it
kaumaaq- (Ti) to put one’s hand into
one’s pocket; (t) to put one’s hand
into it =pocket » kaumaaqtuŋa
igvimnun I put my hands in my
pockets » kaumaaġikka igvikka
I put my hands in my pockets |
+maaq1 vv § aiñiqsimaaq-
kaugaq1 (Nu) fur sock » kaukkak
qaitkik give me the socks §
aliqsik
kaugaq2(-) (Nu), (Ti) long-handled whale
flensing knife with long blade,
originally of slate or jade; to
flense (it =whale) with a large
flensing knife » “saviillu,
kaukkallu, tuggautallu ittut
tamarra Naluaġmiut
aġviuġusiiññik qaġanaqtuanik”
(David Frankson as reported by
Pulu: 74) [knives, flensing
knives with long handles and
long blades, and large flensing
knives, the White man’s tools for
butchering the whale made the
task easier]
kauk walrus skin often with blubber and
a little bit of meat remaining, a
delicacy
kauk- to hammer (it = nail) | perhaps
-uk- vv § karuk- < **ka2
kaugaq2 something pounded into
liquid (Hugo 2009) | ±aq1 vn §
aaqqan
kaugaqsivik cutting board
(traditionally a whale scapula) |
±aq1 vn +sI-2 nv +vIk1 vn §
uukłivik, § see Appendix 22
kaugun (Ti) hammer | +un1 vn
kauksiq- (i) to have one’s heart beat
fast and hard » siñigniallaġmi
paniak itiaqsiruq
kauksiqpakłuni while sleeping,
theird daughter began to wake up
with her heart beating fast |
+sIq-2 vv
kautaq(-) hammer; to hammer (it) |
-taq(-) vn, vv, nv § qaqsruqtuq
kauviñaq- (t) to strike her/him/it with
a hammer or heavy object
violently; (Nu) (i) to hammer
something once | -viñaq vv
kauksik [kauksIk] (Nu) fat, meaty part on
back of sheep’s head | +sik nn
kaukau (excl.) “food” (trade jargon from
a Polynesian language used by
one white man, who lived with
Arctic John Etalook’s band for a
while, to indicate that it is time to
eat (the white man thought he was
talking Iñupiaq; source unknown)
kavanaq [ENG “governor”] governor
kaviq- [kavIq] (i) to be red
kavialliuti- (i) to appear reddish (of
sun); (t) to appear pinkish (of
clouds) | -aq-3 vv -lIq-3 vv ‘uti- vv
kaviaq- (i) to be pink, reddish in color
240
| -aq-3 vv
kaviaqtaaq or kavialaaq pink;
something pink | -aq-3 vv +taaq vn
or -aq-3 vv -laaq(-)
kaviġluksi- (i) to blush | -luk- vv
+sI-1 vv
kaviġruaq- (i) to be very red, bright
red | +ġruaq3 vv
kaviġuraq- (i) to be slightly red,
reddish | :uraq- vv
kavikavsak- (i) to be reddish |
±kavsak(-) nn, vv
kaviqhak something red, usually
large and bulky | -qhak vn
kaviqsaaq red; something red »
kaviqsaagnik kamikłuqaqtuq
she has red pants | +taaq vn
kaviqsi(-) to turn red, redden; to have
measles » kaviqsigaa nuna the
land is turning reddish »
kaviqsiruq nuna the land is
turning reddish; kaviqsiruq
iñuum kiiñaŋa qinnaliqpaiłłuni
the person’s face turned red
because he was so angry | +sI-1 vv
kaviqsuaq saksaŋiq gray-crowned
rosy finch (Leucosticte tephrocotis
irvingi) | +tuaq (part 3s)
kaviuk! kaviuk! kaviuk! (excl.. said
or called out while making little
circles with the index finger in the
air or while pointing at someone
trying to make her/him blush)
(considered bad manners)
kavviaġik- (i) to be bright red |
-aq2 nn +[g]Ik- nv
kavviaq red fox (Vulpes fulva) |
-aq2 nn § kayuqtuq
kavviġik- (i) to be very red, bright red
| ‘-Q vn +[g]Ik- nv
kavisiq [kavisIq] fish scale »
kavisiiyaisulaitchuq iqalugnik
taigña aġnaq that woman over
there does not enjoy scraping the
scales off of fish
 kavisiiyaq- (i) to remove scales off
the fish @ kavisiiyai | -Iyaq- nv ||
:I-4 vv
kavisilik one with scales, eg. fish |
-lik nn
kaviuq- (i) to covet, desire, long for
someone or something strongly;
(t) to covet, desire it »
kaviuġaluaqtuŋa kalikut
tautukkapkit maniiñmivluŋa-lu
I really wanted the fabric when I
saw it but I had no money
kaviuġi- (t) to covet, desire, long for
her/him/it | qiglugnaġaluaqtuq-
asu kaviuġiraġa
tunianiksimammarruŋ I really
felt a great loss when I found out
they had already sold the thing I
desired so strongly | -[g]i- vv
kaviuġnaq- (i) to be desirable,
coveted, glamorous »
kaviuġnaqsipiaqługik
savaŋagaik kammak she has
made the boots so beautifully one
really covets them | +naq-1 vv
kaviuġuksaaq- (t) to tempt, lure,
entice her/him | ±[s]uksaaq- vv
kaviuġuksaun temptation, lure,
enticement | ±[s]uksaaq- vv
=un1 vn
kaviuġutchak- (i) to become
covetous, tempted | ±[s]uk- vv
-tchak- vv § ikłigutchak-
kaviuqqun covetousness, greed |
-[g]i- vv ‘n1 vn
kaviuqtau- (i) to be coveted » aġnaq
kaviuqtausuuruq aññaminiñ
suġautamigun that woman is
coveted by her cousin because of
what she possesses | +taq-4 vn
:u-1 nv
kavlaq [kavkaQ] black bearberry
(Arctostaphylos alpinus)
241
kavlaq- (i) to be wide-eyed, to have large
eyes
kavlaqsi- (i) to become wide-eyed »
aġnaiyaaq irikitkaluaqtuq
kavlaqsilguruq kamatchakami
the girl, although she has small
eyes, can really become
wide-eyed when she is awed |
+sI-1 vv
kavlatit- (i) for one’s eyes to get
wide, big; become wide-eyed |
-tit-2 vv
kavlu(-) (Nu) concave, rounded cover or
cap; percussion cap of gun; (t) to
cover, cap it with a rounded cover
§ matu
kavluq- or (Nu) kapluq- (t) to inoculate,
give her/him/it injections
regularly; to spear, stab, pierce
her/him/it repeatedly @ kavlui-
< kapi-
kavluqpak shotgun shell (Kisautaq: 650)
§ qaġruq
kavraq1 speared caribou (which runs
away unobserved) < kapi-
kavraq2 crown of head, top of skull § see
Appendix 20
kavraġmik- to carry (it) on top of
one’s head | +mIk- vv
kavrauraq or kavriŋuraq peak of
hood on woman’s parka, crown of
head | :uraq nn
kavri- (t) to tonsure, shave the crown
of the head | ‘=I1 nv § qiuġaq-
kavriñiq tonsure | ‘=I1 nv +niQ1 vn
kavriŋaruaq a tonsured person | ‘=I1
nv ±ŋa- vv +t/ruaq vn
kavya- (i) to be apprehensive, to fear a
loss » anisaġaluaqtuami,
panigma kavyaruam
 qilutaaktitkaaŋa I was on my
way out, but my daughter who is
afraid of being left is preventing
me from going
kavyatchak- (i) to start to worry,
from fear of loss; (i) to want to
follow a person who is leaving
because of fear of being left alone
or of being left behind | -tchak- vv
kavyattuala- (i) to be afraid to the
point of hysteria, be hysterical; (i)
to panic / kavyattualaruq he is
hysterically disturbed;
kavyattualatchigai he caused
them to become hysterically
fearful |+ttuala- vv
kayuaġun tusk-shaped design on either
side of parka shoulders | -ġun nn §
manusiññak
kayuaġutiligaaq fancy parka with
tusk-shaped design on the parka
shoulder | -ligaaq(-) nn
*kayu (root) enthusiasm
kayumigi- (t) to relish, have a taste
for it =food » kayumigigaa
tuttum niqaa
iñukkuksautigivlugu he enjoys
caribou meat because he was
raised on it | +mik- rv
-[g]i- vv
kayumik- (i) to be fast, swift, speedy;
(i) to be appetizing, palatable (of
food) » qimmitka kayumiguurut
aiñmuksauraqapta my dogteam
goes fast when we are traveling
homeward | -mik- rv
kayumiksi- (i) to speed up, become
fast | +sI-1 vv § sukasI-
kayummak- (i) to speed up,
accelerate; (i) to become
energized | -mik- rv’-k-2 vv
kayummatit- (i) to do something at a
steady speed without hesitation »
maktaktuġuliŋavaiłłuŋa
242
kayummatipaluktuŋa I had
developed such a yearning for
muktuk that when I finally had
some, I really went at it | -mik rv
‘-k-2 -tit-2 vv
kayummiraq- (i) to enjoy a pleasing
meal, especially with others |
-mmI-6 vv +t/raq-1 vv
kayumŋiq- (i) to slow down after
going fast; (i) to ebb (of
enthusiasm); (i) to grow weak, be
unable to work well; (i) to be
eager to go, but be held back; (i)
to strain at chain or harness (of
dog); (t) to urge her/him to go »
qimmiq kayumŋiqsuq
aullaqtuat maligukkaluaqługit
the dog strained at its chain
wanting to go along with the ones
that were leaving | -mik- rv
:Iq-2 vv, rv
kayumŋit- (i) to be weak, lacking
strength | -mik rv :It1 vv
kayuŋŋiq- (i) to be eager to go,
“champing at the bit” (of dogs); (i)
to pull at harness (of dogs pulling
sled) | +ŋŋIq- rv
kayuŋŋiuqsruurat fast, red
organisms found in water e.g.,
from Imiqpak near Piġniq |
-ŋŋIq- rv :uq2 vv mqsruq2 vv
:uraq nn -t nn
¤kayuq (Nu) outside of upper arm above
the point of the elbow
kayuqtuq red fox (Vulpes vulpes)
Kayuqtuġlu Tiġiganniaġlu [lit. “red
fox and white fox”] (so named
from the fact that the planet Mars
tends to shift colors between white
and red; Iñupiaq tradition holds
that this shift in color is because a
red fox and a white fox are
fighting over a den) planet Mars
kayyaak or (Nu) katyaak place where a
river branches into two, two
branches of river, fork in a road <
katit-
kayyaaq or (Nu) katyaaq intersection,
fork, crossroads, junction of two
rivers; branch of a river < katit-
°kI1 (stem) of interrogative pronouns
kia [dual kitkuk, pl. kitkut] (rel)
whoses, whos » kia aiñiaqpasik
whos is coming to get youd » kia
manna tavsiŋa whose belt is this |
:a4 nn
kialiqaa (rel) anyone, whoever »
kialiqaa atuġumiñaġaa anyone
may use it | :a4 nn +liqaa (encl.)
kimulliqaa to whomever | -mun
(term.) +liqaa (encl.)
kimun [dual kitkugnun, pl.
kitkunnun] to who | -mun (term.)
kiña [dual kitkuk, pl. kitkut] (abs.
interrog. pron.) whos » kiña
atuqqaaġniaqpa whos will sing
first | +na (dem. abs. pron. sg.
mkr.)
kiñapayaaq anyone | +na (dem. abs.
pron. sg. mkr.) -payaaq nn
kisu [dual kisuk, pl. kisut, rel. sg.
kisum] (abs. interrog. pron.)
which one » kisu
tauqsiġñiaqpiuŋ which one will
you buy | +su (stem “what”)
kisuiq- (t) to understand, perceive it;
(t) to recognize her/him/it | +su
(stem “what”) :Iq-2 nv § ilitchuġi-,
sukuiqi-
kisulimaaq anyone | -limaaq nn
ki2 [kI] (excl.) come on!; on with it!; do
it!; go ahead! » ki, aullaqisa come
on, let’s go
kiami (excl.) (said when convinced)
okay, fine | ami
243
kiamiki (excl.) (said when one is now
convinced) okay then; okay, okay |
ami ki (reduplication of stem)
kiata (Nu) or kiita or (Ti) kiataŋ
(excl.) let’s give it a try!; let’s go!;
okay then!; (Ti) go ahead! try it!;
(Nu) go ahead! go on! | +ata
(encl.)
kihaa (excl.) come on! let’s go!
enough of this nonsense!
kiiqsruq- (t) to encourage her/him to
proceed, continue | mqsruq-2 nv
kiq (excl.) give it all you’ve got!!; try
your best!; try harder!
¤kialuuraq candle
kiamit- or kaimit (t) to push it = off into
water; (t) to shove it in; (Nu) to
throw it =spear @ kiamitchi- »
kiamitchaġivsigut umiamun
ikuanikkupta push us off after
we’ve boarded the boat | +mit- vv
|| +sI-3 vv
kiamġuaġvik or kaimġuaġvik sled
handlebar | =ġuaq- vv +vIk1 vn
kiamġuaq- or kaimġuaq- (i) to push
a sled while holding on to the
handlebar; to pole a kayak against
the current by pushing sticks or
poles into the river bottom; (t) to
push it =sled or load on sled
while holding on to the handlebar;
to pole it =kayak against the
current by pushing sticks or poles
into river bottom » kiamġuaqłuni
unuŋaqtuq kisimi aŋun the man
is going hunting alone on the ice
pushing a sled | =ġuaq- vv
kiamġuun or kaimġuun one of a pair
of poles used to pole a kayak »
tamanna kiamġuun qairruŋ
give me that kayak pole |
=ġuaq- vv =un1 vn
kiamŋuġaq- or kaimŋuġaq- (i) to
push a heavy sled while holding
 on to the handlebar | perhaps
+ġuq-2 vv +aq-1 vv
kiapsiqsuġvik (Nu) barrel of gun |
+mit- vv :aq4 vn :Iq-1 nv +tuq-2 vv
+vIk1 vn
kiavluaq- or kaivluaq- to push (it =a
sled) along while holding on to its
handholds from behind »
qimmiŋi pilaiŋavlutiŋ
kiavluaqłuni tikiññiataktuq
because his dogs are tired, he is
struggling to reach (his
destination) by pushing the sled |
=luaq-1 vv
kiavlui- or kaivlui- (i) to stuff things
into a sack; (t) to stuff it =sack
with things, to plug it =hole »
kiavluiruq paniqtanik
avataqpagmun she is putting
dried meat into a seal poke |
=luk- vv -I-1 vv
kiavluk- or kaivluk- to push (it =
usu. a heavy sled) by the hand
holds » sikutaqtuaq kiavlukłuni
aiñmuktuq the one who was out
getting ice started home pushing
the heavy sled by the hand holds |
=luk- vv
kiavluun or kaivluun sled handle bar
| =luk- vv :un1 vn § see Appendix
18
kiavluutaq or kaivluutaq stanchion,
one of sled handle bar uprights |
=luk- vv -utaq vn § see Appendix
18
kian or kiati torso, upper front part of
body; blouse » qaliġuuram
kiataa ipquruq the upper front
part of the dress is dirty
kiapiġuq(-) vest; to put a vest on
(her/him/it) | -piġuq(-) nn, nv
kiasik shoulder blade, scapula »
tuttum kiasiŋanik
samuunnaaqtuŋa I am roasting a
244
caribou shoulder blade cut | -sIk n
§ see Appendix 21
kiativiñiq strip of fur from shoulders
down to front legs of wolverine;
upper back part from shoulders to
midsection of any animal skin |
-viñiQ nn
kiapik- (t) to fit it together, making edges
overlap; (t) to go for or pass it =a
12 hour time period, especially to
sleep or go without sleep for more
than l2 hours » kiapikkaa he is
fitting it together making the
edges overlap; siñiktuaq
kiapillalgitkaa a 12-hour period
has passed for the one that is
sleeping
kiapiksi- (i) to cross one’s arms |
-pik- vv +sI-1 vv
kiapiksimaaq- (i) to have one’s arms
crossed across one’s chest » aŋun
uqaqtuaq kamanaġukpaiłłuni
kiapiksimaaqtuq the man
speaking, wanting to show
authority, has his arms crossed |
-pik- vv +simaaq- vv
kiapiktit- (i) to work, travel, or do
something longer than one had
planned; (i) to be fitted on,
connected to something; (i) to
spend more time on something
than expected » tavraasi
aġiullaiqłutiŋ kasimaruat
kiapiktittut again those meetings
had difficulty ending and met
longer than they had planned |
+tit-2 vv
kiappaq joint, articulation (especially
of pieces of wood) | ‘-Q vn
kiapqaq- (i) continue on without
stopping; (i) go beyond what one
intended to do » nutqaġaluaqatik
taima kiapqaqtut they have kept
on going without stopping »
siqutqiksuuraqsaqtuami
 kiapqaġniqsuŋa I was only going
a take a quick nap, but realized I
had slept straight through the
night | =qaq-3 vv, rv
kiapku solid “pancake” ice (Kisautaq:
650); flat piece of sea ice drifting
out from shore into deeper seas
*kiav or *kaiv (root) circular motion
kiapsaluaġun or ¤kaipsaluaġun (Nu)
a ring encircling something, e.g.,
ring of willows placed around
outside of tent | ‘saq(-) vn, rv
-luk- vv :aq-1 vv +un1 vn § avalu
kiapsalugaq(-) or ¤kaipsalugaq(-)
(Nu) willow ring for game
through which players try to throw
a spear; (i) to play a game in
which one tries to throw a spear
through a ring of willows |
‘saq(-) vn, rv -luk- vv +aq1 vn
¤kiapsaluqtaq or ¤kaipsaluqtaq
(Nu) something round |
‘saq(-) vn, rv +luq-2 vv
+t/raq(-) nn § aqvaluqtaaq
¤kiapsaluqtuaq or ¤kaipsaluqtuaq
(Nu) circle | ‘saq(-) vn, rv
+luq-2 vv +t/ruaq vn §
aqvaluqtaaq
kiavaaġni- or kaivaaġni- (i) to sit in
a circle formation »
kaivaaġnilġataqłutiŋ
quliaqtuaġniqsuat iqsiñałagnik
sitting in a circle formation, they
were telling scary stories |
+vaaq- vv -nnI- vv
kiavaaŋa or kiavyaaŋa- or kaivaaŋa
or kaivyaaŋa- (i) to be dizzy, feel
faint, unsteady »
kiavaluktuqqaaqłuŋa
kiavaaŋavluŋa sanipaktuqtuŋa
after twirling around quickly, I
staggered dizzily | +vaaq- vv
±ŋa- vv or +yaaq +ŋa
245
kiavaġun or kaivaġun ring, e.g.,
around sun; brim of hat | +vaq- vv
:un1 vn
kiavaġutiqaq- or kaivaġutiqaq- (i)
for the sun to have a ring around
it; (t) to have a circle around it »
siqiñiq kiavaġutiqaqtuq the sun
has a ring around it | +vaq- vv
:un1 vn -qaq- nv
kiavallagniq or kaivallagniq one
hour | +vaq- vv +llak-1 vv
+niQ1 vn § ikarraq
kiavallagun or kaivallagun circle;
one rotation | +vaq- vv +llak-1 vv
+un1 vn
kiavallak- or kiavaluisaaq- or
kaivallak- or kaivaluisaaq- (i) to
go around in a circle once; (t) to
move in a circle around it once »
tiŋŋutitaqtim
kiavaluisaaqqaaqługu
nunaaqqiuraq |
mitchaaġiaġuuruq the pilot
always circles the village once
before he lands | +vaq- vv
+llak-1 vv or +vaq- vv -luk- vv
-I-3 vv -saaq-1 vv
kiavalugaaq- or ¤kaivalugaaq- (Nu)
to go partway around (it) |
+vaq- vv -luk- vv +aaq(-) vv
kiavaluisaaq- to go all around
around (her/him/it) »
kiavaluisaaqtaqput narvaq we
went around the lake | +vaq- vv -
luk- vv -I-5 vv -saaq-5 vv
kiavaluk- or kaivaluk- to go around
(her/him/it) in circles; (i) to move
in a circle » unnuaq tiŋŋun
kiavalupaluktuq,
mitchaallaiqłuni last night the
plane circled for quite a while,
unable to land | +vaq- vv -luk- vv
kiavit- or kaivit- (i) to circle around,
to spin » tiŋmiaqpak kiavittuq
niviuqłuni tuttutamnik the eagle
 is circling over the caribou I killed
| +vit- vv
kiavraaq(-) whirlpool, eddy; (i) to
spin, to turn around » qamun
sialiġivluni kiavraaqtuularuq
the car slid and spun around and
around quickly | +vit- vv
+rak(-) vv +aq1 vv
kiavraġun or kaivraġun halo around
sun | +vit- vv +rak(-) vn -ġun nn
kiavrak or ¤kaivrak or (Nu)
kaivraun or (Nu) kaivraun
grindstone | +vit- vv +rak vn or
+rak- vv :un1 vn
kiavranŋu- (i) to be dizzy | +rak- vv
-nŋu-vv
¤kiavrik- or ¤(Nu) kaivrik- (i) to
break up, as earth in a quake |
=vrik- vv
kiavsaaq(-) or kaivsaaq(-) or
kaivraaq(-) or kiavsaq(-) or
kaivsaq(-) (Ti) toy top, spinning
top; to play with a top | +vit- vv
-vsak- vv ±aq1 vn
kiavyaaŋa- (i) to be dizzy | -yaaq-1 vv
±ŋa- vv § kiavaaŋa
kiavsak- (i) to spin | -vsak- vv
°kig (dem. stem) area outside (restricted
and visible) § °qav (dem. stem),
°qag (dem. stem)
kiani located out there (restricted and
visible) | +anI (dem. loc.)
kianiit- (i) to be located out there
(restricted and visible) | +anI
(dem. loc.) it- “to be”
kiaŋŋa from out there (restricted and
visible) | +aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
kiaŋŋamiñ from that direction out
there (restricted and visible) |
+aŋŋa (dem. abl.) +miñ (abl.)
kiaŋŋaq- (i) to come from out there
(restricted and visible) | +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.) +q-3 dv
246
kiaŋŋauti- (t) to bring her/him/it
from out there (restricted and
visible) | +aŋŋa (dem. abl.) +q-3 dv
-uti- vv
kigga out there (restricted and visible)
| ‘a (dem. adv. mkr.)
kigña [dual kikkuak, pl. kikkua] that
one out there (restricted and
visible) | +na (dem. abs. pron. sg.
mkr.)
kiktuma or kiksruma or kigruma
[dual kikkuak , pl. kikkua] that
one out there (restricted and
visible) | +tuma (dem. rel. pron.
sg. mkr.)
kiktumani or kiksrumani or
kigrumani [dual kikkugnagni, pl.
kikkunani] located with that one
out there (restricted and visible) |
+tuma (dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
+anI (dem. loc.)
kiktumaŋŋa or kiksrumaŋŋa [dual
kikkugnaŋŋa, pl. kikkunaŋŋa]
from that one out there (restricted
and visible) | +tuma (dem. rel.
pron. sg. mkr.) +aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
kiktumatun or kiksrumatun [dual
kikkugnaktun, pl. kikkunatitun]
similar to that one out there
(restricted and visible) | +tuma
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +atun
(sim. dem.)
kiktumiŋa or kiksrumiŋa [dual
kikkugniŋa, pl. kikkuniŋa] that
one out there (restricted and
visible) | +tuma (dem. rel. pron.
sg. mkr.) +iŋa (dem. mod.)
kiktumuŋa or kiksrumuŋa [dual
kikkugnuŋa, pl. kikkunuŋa] to that
one out there (restricted and
visible) | +tuma (dem. rel. pron.
sg. mkr.) +uŋa (dem. term.)
kiktumuuna or kiksrumuuna [dual
kikkugnuuna, pl. kikkunuuna] via
that one out there; with that one
out there (restricted and visible) |
 +tuma (dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
+uuna (dem. via.)
kiuna via, through out there
(restricted and visible) | uuna (via.
dem.)
kiunaaq- (i) to go via, through out
there (restricted and visible) |
+uuna (dem. via.) ‘.q-4 dv
kiuŋa to out there (restricted and
visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.)
kiuŋanmun towards out there
(restricted and visible) | +uŋa
(dem. term.) nmun (term.)
kuiŋaq- (i) to go out there (restricted
and visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.)
+q-3 dv
kiggun an answer, a reply < kiu-
kigguqłak- to answer nastily < kiu-
kiggusiaq a reply, an answer received
< kiu-
kiggutait- (i) to lack a reply, a response,
an answer < kiu-
kigiunniq(-) [kigiunniQ] or kiguunniq(-)
or (Nu) kigiutniq(-) trunk, box;
coffin; (t) to box it; (t) to put it =
corpse in a coffin § kii-
kigiunnauraq or kiguunnauraq
small box | :uraq nn
kigiunniġruaq or kiguunniġruaq
large box | +ġruaq nn
kiglasuiññaq [kiglasuiññaQ] neck
muscles of caribou (good to eat)
kiglu bow deck; ¤bow or stern seat of
umiaq | +lu(q) n § (Ti) qirgi, see
Appendix 16
kigrak- or (Nu) kigirak- or kiglak- (i) to
be rough (of surface); (i) to be
coarse (of cloth, salt or sand); (i)
247
to be scratchy to the touch (of
skin); (i) to scratch the throat (of
food); (i) (Nu) to be dull (of blade)
» kalikuksraqtaaġa
kigrapaluktuq the cloth that I
bought is so coarse | +rak(-) vv, vn
¤kigraktaq- (Ti) (i) to be moving in the
distance barely visible so that one
only catches a glimpse of it |
+t/raq-1 vv
kiguġuya(-) (Nu) or (Ti) kiguġuyait
aurora borealis; (Nu) (i) to shine
(of aurora borealis) | -ya(q) rn §
kiuġuya
kiguġuyaq- or kiguġuyaliq- (Ti) (i)
for there to be an aurora borealis |
-ya(q) rn -q-2 nv -lIq-1 nv
kii- [kIgI] (i) to clench one’s teeth; (i) to
bite oneself; (t) to bite her/him/it »
kiggiuŋ! bite it! § °kii
kigak- or kigaluk- (i) to nibble on
food » kigalukpaillam
kaayuitchuq niġiñaqsimman he
is never hungry at mealtime
because he nibbles on snacks (all
day) | -ak- vv or -ak- vv -luk- vv
kigaġniq indentation, groove, notch |
+aq-1 vv +niQ1 vn
kiggiñ clothespin | ‘n1 vn
kiggiq something which has been
gnawed | ‘-Q vn
kiggisi- (Nu) (i) to bite each other
repeatedly (of animals) »
kiggisiŋaiqsaġluqqaaqtuk,
avluqsaalukkaluaqtuq as soon
as they stopped biting each other,
he leapt but …. | ‘-ti2 vv
kiggisik vise | ‘-ti2 vv ‘n1 vn -k2 nn
kigiaq (Nu) beaver (Castor
canadensis) | -aq2 vn § pałuqtaq
kigiaq(-) (Nu) chisel; to chisel (it) |
-aq(-) vn
kigiaqtuq- (Nu) to use a chisel on (it)
| -aq(-) vn +tuq-3 nv
kigiq- to tear (her/him/it) apart with
one’s teeth » qimmipta
kammaka kigiqługik
maqunniqsak our dog mangled
my boots beyond repair by
chewing on them | +q-1 vv
kiglak(-) (Nu) flint blade, point; flint
knife; (Nu) (i) to be dull, rough (of
blade) | perhaps -lak- vv § kigrak-
kigli- (Nu) to smooth, sharpen, hone
(it =stone blade) | +lI1- vv §
ipiksaq-
kigliñ a sharpener for traditional hide
scraper made of brass or yearling
caribou antler; a hone, a
whetstone; "a kind of sharpener
made from a piece of deer horn,
with a small round piece of ivory
overlapping and bound to its
upper surface" (Driggs: 94);
“Flint-Flaker (kĭ’g-lix)… Short rod
of metal, bone, or stone, set in
ivory handle for chipping flints.”
(Murdoch as reported by Ray:
75) | +lI1- vv -n1 vn
kigmaq- or kiŋmaq- to bite
(her/him/it) repeatedly »
kigmaqtuq ivaluksramik
saakłisaqługu she is biting the
sinew to make it pliable enough to
make thread | -maq- vv
kigmautik or kiŋmautik pliers »
kigmautignik piiqsiġaa kigutaa
he quickly pulled out her tooth
with pliers | -maq- vv :un1 vn
+k2 nn
kigmialiq- or kiŋmialiq- or
kigmirriq- or kiŋmirriq- (i) to
now have something in the mouth;
(t) to bridle it =animal; to put
something in her/his/its mouth |
+miraq(-) vv, vn -lIq-1 nv or
+miaq(-) vn ‘=Iq-1 nv
248
kigmiaq or kiŋmiaq or kigmiġaq or
kiŋmiġaq Eskimo drill; bow drill |
+miaq(-) vv, vn or perhaps
+mmIq- vv +[ġ]aq vn § niuqtuun
kigmiaq(-) or kiŋmiaq [kigmiraq] to
hold, carry (it) with one’s teeth;
something carried with the teeth,
e.g., animal’s young, bridle »
kigmiani iimaraa it seems, it
swallowed whatever it was
carrying with its teeth |
+miaq(-) vv, vn
kigmiġun or kiŋmiġun connecting
strip between body and sole of
boots, made of caribou or seal
leather | +miaq(-) vv, vn -ġun nn §
killiġuaq or (Ti) killiġauraq
kigmiġutiksraq or kuŋmiġutiksraq
animal hide to be made into strips;
connecting strip between body of
boot and sole of boot |
+miaq(-) vv, vn -ġun/ti nn
+ksraq(-) nn
kigun tooth | :un1 vn § see Appendix
20
kigusi- (i) to teethe, to grow teeth »
kigusivluni miqłiqtuuraq
iñugiiluktaqtuq because he is
teething, the young child is having
bouts of fussiness | :un1 vn ~I-1 nv
kigusiqi- (i) to have a toothache; (i) to
have one’s teeth worked on; (t) to
work on her/his/its teeth »
kigusiqivluŋa uvva
niġisuvyuaġmiuŋa because I
have a toothache, I don’t feel
much like eating | :un1 vn ~Iqi-1 nv
kigusiqiri dentist | :un1 vn ~Iqi- nv
mt/ri vn
kigusiqqutit dentist’s tools | :un1 vn
~Iqi-1 nv | ‘ti1 vn
kigusiqun toothpaste | :un1 vn
~Iqi- nv ’n vn
kigutailaq [lit. “one without teeth”]
one-year-old lamb; anything or
 anyone without teeth | :un1 vn
:ilaq(-) nn
kigutaiq- (i) to lose a tooth; (t) to pull
her/his/its tooth out »
kigmautikka kigutaiqłutik
piaksatitaliqsuk my pliers are
slipping constantly now because
the jaws have worn away | :un1 vn
:Iq-2 nv, vv
kigutigiksaq- (i) to brush one’s teeth;
(t) to brush her/his/its teeth @
kigutigiksai- | :un1 vn +[g]ik- nv
+saq3- vv || :I-4 vv
kigutigiksautit toothbrush | :un1 vn
+[g]ik- nv msaq-3 vv :un1 vn -t nn
kigutinŋu- (i) to have a toothache »
kigutinŋuvluni
niġiruanuŋillaktuq he did not
attend the feast because he had a
toothache | :un1 vn -nŋu- nv
kigutiŋŋuaq false tooth, denture | :un1
vn ±ŋŋuaq(-) vv, nn
kigutiŋŋuat false teeth, dentures |
:un1 vn ±ŋŋuaq(-) vv, nn -t nn
kigutit tunuaguaqtaq alveolar
consonant | :un1 vn -t nn | tunu :a
(poss. 3s-s) nnposs -guaq- nposs.v
+t/raq vn
kigutraq- (Nu) (i) to have good, sharp
teeth | :un1 vn ~raq nv
kiguttak- (i) to teethe, cut teeth »
kiguttaktuulapaluktuq
paipiuraġa my baby got his teeth
in a hurry | :un1 vn ‘-k-2 nv, vv
kiimmi- (i) to have jaws tightly
closed; (t) to hold it between one’s
clenched teeth | +mmI-5 vv
kiiñiq a bite (dog bite, etc...) |
+niQ1 vn
kiiññik- (i) to bite someone or
something/ qimmiq kiiññiktuaq
miqłiqtumik the dog bit a child |
+nnik- vv
kiipkaġun connecting strip between
body and sole of boots, made of
249
caribou or seal leather | +pkaq-1 vv
+un1 vn § killiġuaq, kiŋmiġun
kiipkaq- (i) to get one’s fingers or
other body part caught in a door,
or anything closing » upkuamun
kiipkaqtittuaŋa my fingers got
caught in the door | +pkaq-1 vv
kiiraaq crimped sole »
aglipayaaġuviñ kiiraligaagnik
kammiñiaġikpiñ when you’re a
little bigger, I’ll make you a pair
of crimped sole boots | +t/raq-1 vv
±aq1 vn
kiiraq- to crimp ( it =boot sole) »
aanaga kiiraġuuruaq
kigutimiñik my grandmother
used to crimp soles with her teeth |
+t/raq-1 vv
kiiraq crease, corrugation | +t/raq vn
kiiraunnak crimping pliers, crimping
tool » kiiraunnagni
tammaimaraik iktuma aġnam
that woman over there lost her
crimping tools | +t/raq-1 vv :unnaq
vn ‘-k2 nn
kiirauraq(-) small and even crimping
on boot soles; scallop; clam; (i) to
crimp it with small, even crimps »
kiirauraqaġuuruk kammak
aakaa the crimping on my
mother’s boots are always nicely
done (small and even) | +t/raq vn
:uraq nn
kiirayunaq- (i) to be easy to crimp »
kiirayunaqtuq manna ugrik
amiq this hide is easy to crimp |
-yunaq- vv
kiisi- (i) to take a bite | +sI-3 vv
kiŋmiġaq mouthpiece of Eskimo fire
drill | +mmIQ vv +[ġ]aq vn
kiŋŋiq or (Nu) kikŋiq gap in a row of
teeth, where a tooth is missing »
kigutiŋi kiŋŋiqaqłutik
uviñŋiuqsrauraġuuruq
uqaqami he whistles softly when
 he talks because of the gap in his
teeth | +ŋŋIQ vn
*kii (root) facial part § kii-
kiiñaaq male seal in rut (so called
because they develop a black area
on face) § tiggak
kiiñaġiili- (i) to grimace, wince,
contort one’s face » kiiñaġiiliruq
naġġutchakłuni niqimik she
grimaced to show dislike or
rejection of the food | +naq1 vn
+[g]Ik- nv :It-1 vv -lI-2 nv
kiiñaġiiliuq- (Nu) to make an angry
face at (her/him) | +naq1 vn
+[g]Ik- nv :It-1 vv -lI-2 nv +uq-2 vv
kiiñaġiit- (i) to have a funny look on
one’s face (as when caught
stealing, trying to look well when
sick, etc.) » aniiqsuaġukpaiłłuni
nakuuqsiŋanigaluaqtuq
kiiñaġiitchuq-suli because she
wants to play out so much, she
says that she is well, but her face
still looks funny (not well) |
+naq1 vn +[g]Ik- nv :It-1 vv
kiiñaġniq- (i) to be bold,
straightforward, unreserved,
forthright; (i) to show no respect
for authority » kiiñaġniqsuq
taavamna that person has no
respect for authority | +naq1 vn
+nIq-2 nv § uluġiasuuralait-,
qiñuit-
kiiñaġuq(-) mask; (i) to put a mask
on; (i) to hurt oneself on the face;
(t) to put a mask on her/him/it; (t)
to hurt her/him on the face »
utkusigauraq miluqsaqługu
piuraaqatini kiiñaġuqtaa he hit
his playmate on the face when he
tried to hit the can when throwing
something; aakaa kiiñaġuq
tunimaraa uvlaaq my mother
sold the mask this morning |
+naq1 vn ±ġuq n
250
kiiñailisaq (Ti) knife sheath |
+naq1 vn -ilisaq nn § yaġalġaq
kiiñait- (i) to be blunt, dull (of knife,
axe, etc.) » saviga manna
kiiñaisimaruq ipiksaġupku I see
that my knife has become dull
(has no cutting edge) so I think
I’ll sharpen it | +naq1 vn :It-1 nv
kiiñaksaun (Ti) sharpening stone |
+naq1 vn -k-4 nv +saq vv :un1 vn §
kigliñ, ipiksaun
kiiñaq or (Ti) kigiñaq face; blade of
axe » anauttam kiiñaŋa
ipiksipalukkiga I made the axe’s
cutting edge very sharp; “tainna
iñuum kigiñaŋanik
kigiñaqaġaluaqtuq taamna
umialgat, siutituvluni niġrun
aasiiñ pamiuqpaqaġuni
iñuktun uqallavluni” (David
Frankson as reported by Pulu,
Sampson, Newlin: 94) [their
leader has a face of a human but it
is an animal with large ears and a
long tail and can talk like a
human] | +naq1 vn § tuquġaq
kiiñaqqi- (i) to make a mask |
+naq1 vn ±ġuq nn ‘=I1 nv
kiiñaqqiñ a sealskin poke plug
usually made of ivory, bone, or
wood (old plugs had a carved
face) | +naq1 vn ±ġuq nn ‘=I1 nv
‘n vn
kiiñaqqivik wooden mold for making
Nunamiut-style skin mask |
+naq1 vn ±ġuq nn ‘=I1 nv +vIk1 vn
kiiñaqsi- (Nu) (i) to show one’s face;
(t) to see her/his face »
kiiñaqsigikpiñ I see your face |
+naq1 vn +sI2 nv
Kiiñaqvak John River, a river which
begins at the summit at
Anaktuvuk Pass and flows into
the Koyukuk River
kiiñauraq (Nu) postage stamp |
+naq1 vn :uraq nn § maniuraq
 kiiññaksaun sharpening stone |
+naq1 vn ‘-k-2 nv msaq-3 vv :un1 vn
kii3 (excl.) see what happens when you do
that!; I told you so! » kii,
anniġñiaġnigaluaġikpiñ
mayuaġaġuviñ see there, I told
you that you would get hurt if you
climb all over
kiiki (excl.) keep it up!; you asked for
it, you do not deserve any pity or
sympathy!
kiigyuk goose (Kisautaq: 650) § niġliq
kiika or kiikaa or kiikavsaaq or kiikalu
(excl.) I want more!; more!;
(interrog.) do you want more? »
kiika, atuvsaaġiñ, aarigaa more!
sing again, it’s beautiful; kiika do
you want more; naumi,
taimaaqtuŋa no, I have had
enough, so I am stopping | +lu
(encl.)
kiikaluuŋa- to want more (from
her/him/it) » kiikaluuŋagaa
aġnaq she is asking for more from
the woman; quiññakkama-uvva
kiikaluuŋasipiksuaqtuŋa I want
more and more (food) since I have
gained weight | +lu (encl.) -.q-1 vv
±ŋa- vv
kiikii or ki, ki (excl.) encouraging
someone to keep performing
kiiŋuqqaglugun (Nu) sinew on hind leg
of caribou | +lugun nn § kiŋuġaq-
or kiŋuqqaq-
kiiqsiuq- (i) to be in great pain »
unnugman uvva uutiqtinŋaruaq
kiiqsiuqpaktuq this one who
burned himself yesterday is now
in lots of pain | +siuq- vv
kiiqsiuġun pain | +siuq- vv :un1 vn
251
kiiqsruq- to urge someone to complete a
task § ki2
kiiraaq a crimped sole < kii-1
kiiraq- to crimp (it =boot sole) < kii-1
kiiraq crease, corrugation < kii-1
kiiraunnak crimping pliers, crimping
tool < kii-1
kiirauraq(-) small and even crimping on
boot soles; scallop; clam; (i) to
crimp it with small, even crimps <
kii-1
kiirayunaq- (i) to be easy to crimp < kii-1
kiiriq Canada Jay, Camp Robber
(Perisoreus canadensis)
kiisaimma or kiisaimmaa or
kiisaimmaalu (adv.) finally, at
last » aġnam nukatpiaġruumlu
utaqqigaluaqamitku aŋun
taġiun siñaani, kiisaimma aivuk
the woman and the boy waited for
a while on the beach, then finally
left for home (when he did not
show up) § ki, kiita
kiisi- (i) to take a bite < kii-1
kiita (excl.) let’s go! < ki2
kikarat willow stumps | +raq vn -t nn
kiki- (t) to make a notch in it =wood; (t)
to break off a piece from it =wood
» iqirġauraiqsiġaa, kikivlugu
kautamiñik he (accidently) broke
off a corner, hitting it with his
hammer
 kigmaliktat a pattern on parka or
boot made of alternate light and
dark pieces of trim | +ma vn
-liktaq nn -t nn
kikiniq place where a piece of wood
is broken off | +niQ1 nv
kikkaq notch, gap, broken section (as
in wood) | ‘-Q vn
kikłuq- (i) for wood to have broken
sections and notches »
kikłuqpaiłłuni atuŋitkaa
taamna pilaigut he did not use
that piece of plywood because it
had too many notches and broken
sections | perhaps ~luq-3 vv
kiksraq path cut through brush or
trees | =sraq3 vn
kikiak(-) [kikirak] [dual kikirrak, pl.
kikiagIt] nail; (t) to nail it down |
perhaps +iak(-) nn, vv
kikiaktuq- to hammer nails into
something; (t) to nail it down »
kikiaqtuqługu unitkaa she
nailed it down, then left it |
+tuq-2 vv
kikiaktuurraq something nailed on,
fastened with a nail | +iak(-) nn, vv
+tuq-2 vv :uti- vv ~raq vn
kikiaktuuti- (i) to be nailed down
now; (t) to nail it down; to crucify,
nail to a cross | +iak(-) nn, vv
+tuq-2 vv :uti- vv
kikiiyaq- (i) to now have nails pulled
out; (t) to pull nails out from it @
kikiiyai- » kikiiyaġai qiruit he is
pulling the nails out of the wood |
=Iyaq- nv || :I-4 vv
kikiik- (i) to bend back
kikituk (Ti) carved image of weasel-like
animal believed to cause bad luck,
even death; “an animal
effigy…which can kill a person
at close range…” (Rainey: 277) »
252
aŋatkum satkua the shaman’s
weapon; “navraaq kikitumik
taiguġniqsaŋat” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [they called an ancient
carving a kikituk] § ilisiiyaq-
kikŋu- (Nu) (i) to capsize (of boat); to
turn over (of sled) § kiñŋu-
kiktuġaq- (i) to snap, break under tension
(of rope, wire, thread, tape, etc.);
(t) to snap, break it under tension
kiktuġiaq mosquito | +iaq3 n § kii-
kiktuġiaqsiun mosquito repellent |
+iaq3 n +siun nn
kiktuġiiñŋutaq mosquito net |
+iaq3 n =It-1 nv -ŋutaq vn
kiktuqsralik ant | +ksraq(-)1 rn -lik nn §
kii-
kilak-1 (Nu) (i) to drip once § kutit-
kilaaq-1 (Nu) to drip repeatedly on
(her/him/it) | :uq-2 vv
kilak-2 (i) to become perforated; to
develop a hole; (t) to pierce,
perforate, make a hole in it »
qattaq anauvlugu kilakkaa he
made a hole in the water drum
when he hit it
kilaaq-2 (i) to multiply in number (of
holes); (t) to punch holes in it,
perforate it repeatedly @ kilaaqsi-
» kilaaqtuq umiaq auvluni the
boat is full of holes since it is
rotten » puggutaq kilaaġaa
pisaaġiuraaqłuni she purposely
punched holes in the pot |
+aaq(-) vv || +sI-3 vv
killaiyaq- to sew, patch (it); (t) to
mend its hole(s) @ killaiyai- »
anŋiqpagni killaiyaġaik he is
patching his rubber boots | ‘-Q vn
:Iyaq- nv || :I-4 vv
 killaq hole, perforation; fontanelle,
soft spot on baby’s head; (Ti) ace
(suit in cards) (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) » killaŋa umiaq savakkaa
he is repairing the hole in the boat
| ‘-Q vn
kilik- (t) to inform, tell, warn her/him @
kilgi- or kiliksi- || :I-5 +sI-3 vv
kiliktuq- (t) to warn, inform her/him
@ kiliktui- »
kasimayyaqtuksranik imma
kiliktuiruq he is informing the
people who are to meet | +tuq-2 vv
|| :I-4 vv
kiliktuun or kilgun warning;
message, notice, announcement.
memorandum » kilgun
niviŋŋaqpiuŋ did you hang the
notice up | +tuq-2 vv :un1 vn
kilit- (i) to cut animal skins into strips; (t)
to cut it into strips @ kilitchi- »
amaqqum amia kilitkaa aakaa
tupiġmi my mother is cutting the
wolf skin into strips in the tent ||
+sI-3 vv
kilitaq strip of animal skin made into
rope | ±aq1 vn § kittaq
killalik White-winged Scoter (Melanitta
fusca) § killaq
killi or killiq1 [killI(Q)] limit (of time or
space); due date; border, line,
edge of land which has been
cleared; source of river; area next
to wall or floor; stopping point,
goal, destination, limit; crucial
reason » iglum killiŋa
sikumaruq the edge of the floor
of the house is iced up § qaaŋiuti
killi- or killigi- (Nu) (i) to reach a
certain point, limit or goal; (t) to
reach it =certain point, limit or
253
goal » killiqaqpisi do you have a
limit | +[g]i- nv
Killiġmiu person from Killiq River
area | +miu nn
killiġun snow shelter made of snow
blocks covered with tarpaulin;
(Nu) sod insulation skirting house
at ground level | -ġun nn
killiġusiq- (t) to skirt it =house »
ivrumik killiġusiġaat they skirt it
with sod | -ġun nn ‘=Iq-2 nv
killiluk- to be hazy, obscure, not
clear, indistinct (of horizon) »
“taktuġayaqtuq anuġim
analałługu; tavra
nakuuniaŋitchuq” (Matumeak
2009) [the horizon is somewhat
foggy because it is being
manipulated by the wind; so it
will not be good weather]; killiŋa
silam nalunaqsimman when the
horizon of the sky is hazy |
+luk(-)1 nv
killiq2 [usu. dual killiik] (Nu) heel
print in earth; snow where person
drives heel in for support, e.g.,
when pulling on a rope § killi
killiŋiqsinniq open water along the
beach in front of shorefast ice;
water on edge of frozen lake or
river where thawing has begun »
upinġaksraġman killiŋiqsin-
nikun ipiġannaraaġuuruq in the
spring she enjoys wading in the
open water formed along the shore
| +ŋIq- nv mtit-1 vv +nniQ vn
killiŋiqsit- to begin to thaw around
the shore in spring (of lake, river) |
+ŋIq- nv +sit- vv
killiġuaq or (Ti) killiġauraq connecting
strip between body and sole of
boots, made of caribou or seal
leather | +ġuaq1 nn § kiŋmiġun
killuq [killuQ] wrong one
 killuaq- (Nu) (i) to err, make a
mistake; (i) to betray someone; (t)
to make a mistake on it; (t) to
betray her/him » killuaġaaŋa he
betrayed me, did me wrong |
‘-aq-2 nv
killuġi- (t) to oppose her/him/it |
+[g]i nv
killukuaġun mistake | -kuaq- nv
:un1 vn
killukuaġutipkaq- (t) to cause
her/him/it to be led astray,
wronged; (i) to cause oneself to
be led astray, wronged | -kuaq- nv
+uti- vv +pkaq-1 vv
killukuaŋa- (i) to be wrong; to be
perverse, contrary, obstinate |
-kuaq- nv ±ŋa- vv
killukuaq- to make a mistake, err (in
it); (i) to be wrong » taiñiluktani
killukuaġaluamii iliallkkaa after
making several mistakes in
pronunciation, he finally learned it
| -kuaq- nv
killukuaqtaq- to continue to make
mistakes (on it) | -kuaq- nv
+t/raq-1 vv
killukun wrong way, path |
+ku(n)2 nn
killunmun wrong direction; wrong
way » killunmun
isagutigaluaqtuaq he began
going in the wrong direction, (but
he no longer is) | ÷mun (term.)
killuqsraun bitterness | +qsraq- nv
-un1 vn
kilu1 part of house or tent opposite door;
south (with one’s geographical
position being Barrow, Alaska) »
tupqum kiluuraŋani savaktut
they are working immediate back
area of the tent
kiluagnamiñ atchaġnauraaqtuaq
saġvaq current flowing from the
southwest § see Appendix 14
254
kiluagnaq south wind (with one’s
geographical position being
Barrow, Alaska); to be windy
from the south (with one’s
geographical position being
Barrow, Alaska); “a wind from
the land” (Jenness 1928: 53) |
-ak- nv +naq2 vn § see Appendix
15
kiluagnayaaq southwest;
southwesterly wind (with one’s
geographical position being
Barrow, Alaska) | -ak- nv
+naq2 vn -q-2 nv -yaaq2 vn
kiluagniq(-) (i) to blow (of south
wind) (with one’s geographical
position being Barrow, Alaska);
(Nu) ¤east wind | +ak- nv
+niQ1 vn
kiluani located behind it | :a (poss.
3s-3s) nn -nI (loc.)
kiluanun to behind or beyond it | :a
(poss. 3s-3s) nn -nI (term.)
kiluliñaaq area located south (with
one’s geographical position being
Barrow, Alaska) | +liñaaq nn § see
Appendix 12
kiluliñiq south, southward (with one’s
geographical position being
Barrow, Alaska) »
kiluliñġaniittuq Utqiaġviit it is to
the south of Barrow | +liñiq nn
kilulliq direction toward inland; one
farthest toward the back or away
from the ocean | +llIQ nn
kilumi located opposite the door | ÷mI
(loc.)
kilunmun toward inland » aisaqami,
kilunmun igliġniqsuat paaġai as
he was heading home, he met
travelers going inland |
+nmun (term.)
kilutqut- to pass by (her/him/it) on
the inland side »
kilutqusiññaġuugaatigut
isiġaluaġnani she just passes our
 house on the inland side without
even coming in; kilutquttaat
Utqiaġvik they went by above,
landward of Barrow | -tqut- nv
kiluvaq- (i) to travel inland; (i) to
move away from the door and
further into the room »
makitaruat upkuam saniġaani
kiluvaqtiłługit allat isiqtitkai by
having the people standing by the
door move up to the far side of the
room, he let others in | +vaq- vv
kiluvaqpatigun via further inland |
+vaq- vv +qpak(-) vv, nn +tigun
kiluvaqtaaq- (i) to move up, to come
further into the house toward the
wall opposite the door; (t) to move
her/him/it further into the house;
to move it =usu. a boat away
from the sea, bring ashore » iñuk
kiluvaqtaaqtuq qiiyavluni the
person moved away from the door
further into the room because he
was cold | +vaq- vv +taaq- vv
kiluvaqtiġi- (i) to make repeated trips
to bring things up from the shore;
(i) to take something away from
the sea, bring on shore | +vaq- vv
+tiġi- vv
kiluvasik- (i) to be well inside a
house; (i) to be far inland »
tupqat samma kiluvasiksuq
taġium siñaaniñ their tent is quite
a way inland (from the ocean’s
shore) | +vaq- vv +sIk-1 rv
kiluvauti- (t) to take her/him/it
towards the land away from the
shore; (i) to take her/him/it into
the room away from the door |
+vaq- vv -uti- vv
kilu2 seam, stitch
killuk double seam | ‘-k2 nn
kiluaġniq rip in the seam | -aq-2 nv
:niQ1 vn
255
kiluaq- (i) to rip, become undone (of
seam); (t) to rip its seam @
kiluaqsi- » miquani
kiluglugivlugu kiluaġaa she
ripped her sewing at the seam
because she felt it was unevenly
stitched | -aq-2 nv || +sI-3 vv
kilugik- (i) to sew well with even
stitches, to be sewn well »
miquqami araa samma
kilugiksuq when she sews, she
does so with very even, small
stitches | +[g]Ik- nv
kilugluk- (i) to sew uneven or big
stitches; (i) to be sewn with
uneven or big stitches »
naġġugigaluaŋŋaan
kiluglunaaqtani pitqiŋiñmigaa
although she was not satisfied
with the quality of her sewing, she
did not rip it up (and do it again) |
+luk-1 vv
kiluissaq- (i) to be now locked; (t) to
lock it =door | perhaps :It-2 nv
perhaps msaq-3 vv
kiluissaun lock | perhaps :It-2 nv
3 1
msaq- vv :un vn § agmaun,
pitchiġiiyaun
kiluitchaq lock | perhaps :It-2 nv
:It-1 nv ‘saq(-) vn, rv
kiluiyaq- (i) to come apart at the
seams; (t) to rip a seam @
kiluiyai- » kiluiyaqqaaqługu
atigini sipaaġaa after ripping her
parka at the seam, she added a
side section to enlarge it |
:Iyaq- nv || :I-4 vv
kilukit- (i) to be finely sewn, has
small precise stitches | -kIt- nv
kiluusaq(-) (Nu) lock; (i) to be now
locked; (t) to lock it | +ut2 nv
3
msaq- vv
kiluusaun lock | +ut2 nv msaq-3 vv
kiluutchaq(-) key and padlock; (t) to
lock it | +ut1 nv m saq-3 vv §
aŋmaun, pitchiġiiyaun
 kiluutchauti- (t) to lock her/him/it in
or out | +ut1 nv msaq-3 vv +uti- vv
kiluunaġun slough
kiligvak mammoth, mastodon »
kiligvaum tuugaaŋi aŋiqpaktut
the tusks of a mastodon are very
big | +vak nn
kilik- (t) to scrape it off of something; (t)
to scrape it =fat from something,
e.g., intestine; (t) to scrape it
=inner layer off of skin @ kiliksi-
» kiliksivluni ugruum amianik
uvluq naallakkaa she scraped the
bearded sealskin all day long ||
+sI-3 vv
kiligaq- to scrape (it, e.g., baleen) to
desired size; (i) to scrape fat off a
skin » kiligaqtuq suqqanik
umiaqpauraliuġukłuni he
scraped some baleen to make a
miniature boat with; kiligaġai
suqqautini he is scraping his
baleen to various sizes | +aq-1 vv
kiligautiksrat (Nu) wide, front ribs of
caribou | +aq-1 vv -uti1 vn
+ksraq(-) nn
kiligvik piece of log used as a prop in
scraping skins draped over the log
| +vIk1 vn § sakivsiñ
kiliuġruk- (i) to skin or scrape
oneself; (i) to abrade oneself
without bleeding; (t) to skin or
scrape it =one’s body part
without breaking the skin »
utummagni kiliuġruksimaraik
paasakaaqami she found out that
she scraped the palms of her
hands when she fell face forward |
:uq-2 vv +rruk- vv
kiliuq- to scrape (it) repeatedly @
kiliuqsi- » kammagmi aluŋik
uluuramik kiliuqługik
salummaġaik she cleaned the
256
soles of her boots by scraping
them with an ulu | :uq-2 vv ||
+sI-3 vv
kiliutaq- (t) to scrape fat off of it =an
animal skin, to clean (it) by
scraping (it) @ kiliutai- »
kiliutaġaa natchiq uluuramik
niviŋŋaqqaaqługu she hung up
the sealskin and scraped it clean
with an ulu | -utaq- vv || :I-4 vv
kiliñiq charred, stained portion of pipe
(between the two pieces of wood)
» “kipinniq akunġagnun
qirruk” (Matumeak 2009) [the
stained portion between the two
pieces of wood]
kiliq- [kilIq] (i) to cut oneself
accidentally; (t) to cut her/him/it
accidentally
killiaq- (i) to cut and wound oneself
repeatedly; (t) to cut and wound
her/him/it repeatedly | ‘aq-1 vv
killiaqtuq- (Nu) (i) to cut and wound
oneself; (t) to cut and wound
her/him | ‘aq-1 vv +tuq-3 vv
killiġruaq bad wound; impetigo
sores; leprosy » killiġruani
salummaġaa auktilġataqługu he
cleansed his bad sore until it bled |
+ġruaq nn
killiġruaqtuq- (i) to have leprosy |
+ġruaq nn +tuq-3 nv
killiq cut on skin; sore | ‘-Q vn
killiqsuq- (i) to have sores |
+tuq-3 nv
kilit- to split (it =skin) lengthwise with an
ulu or a knife » aġnak kilitkaatk
ammiq the two women are
splitting the skin
*kim (root) unpleasantness
kimnaq- (i) to have a bitter or an
unpleasant taste »
 kimnaqsillagniqsuq tiiliaġa
suaŋanaaqpaiññiqługu the tea I
made has a bitter taste because I
made it too strong » kimnaqsigaa
tiiliaġa the tea I made has become
bitter | +naq-1 rv § qakkiññaqsi-
kimni- (i) to become dizzy, light-
headed from tobacco smoke; (i) to
have difficulty breathing »
sigaallasiñiatakami kimnivluni
tatamittuaq when he was trying
to learn to smoke, he learned his
lesson because he became dizzy;
“aniqsaallaiqsuq” (Matumeak
2009) [he is having difficulty
breathing] | +nnI- rv
¤kimagluk (Ti) an edible green
kimaktuq- (t) to scrape it off »
“kimaktuġaa mamiŋa ammim,
mamiŋa mapturuaq
piiyaġamiuŋ” (Aiken 2009) [she
is scraping the dried membrane
off of a skin, the part that had
been thick when she removed it
(the membrame off the skin)]
kimaktuun handle of skin scraper |
+tuq2 vv :-un1 vn § mamiiyaq-
kimaliq or kimaliuraq small sewing ulu|
-liQ n :uraq nn
kimi(-) [kimI] (Ti) (i) to request, desire
one’s personal song or ancestor’s
song to dance to by lifting one leg;
“Each family came up through the
entrance hole as a group and
danced together before joining the
crowd packed against the rear wall
of the qalegi. If a man’s ancestor
had composed a song, he would
leap up through the entrance hole
in advance of his family, an act
called kimiroaq (asking for
something, as a child asks for
257
more food), and symbolizing a
request for the singers and
drummers to play his song.”
(Rainey: 246); “a man would lift
one leg up signaling the drummers
that he wants his ancestral song to
dance to” (Kinneeveauk 2008);
host (of the Messenger Feast,
Kivgiq)
kimik people who send messengers to
the Messenger Feast, Kivgiq
(Kisautaq: 650)
kimiñaaq act performed by man
requesting that his family’s song
be sung as he and his family enter
the qargi | +naaq vn
kimiñaq- (Ti) (i) to desire, request
things habitually, especially
something other than what is
available » “piqaġuqpaiłłuni
pavriñaqtuq” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [because he is so persistent
in wanting something not readily
available, he is a nuisance] |
+naq-1 vv
kimmun (Ti) personal, namesake, or
ancestral song sung at the
messenger feast to which a person
dances | ‘n vn
kimmigñaq1 lowbush cranberry; lingon
berry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) »
kimmigñanik upinġaksraq
pukuktuat pakikługu aniu they
picked some cranberries by
digging in the snow in the spring
kimmik(-) [kimmIk] heel; (i) to kick,
push with the heel; (t) to hit it with
one’s heel; (t) to tap one’s heel to
it or on it; (t) to hold it with one’s
heel; (i) to hit, push, tap, hold it
with the heel
kimmiaq- (i) to bounce one’s heel up
and down repeatedly (of male
Iñupiaq dancer); (t) to hit it
 repeatedly with one’s heel » siku
kimmiaqługu qauġaa she
loosened the piece of ice by
repeatedly kicking it with her heel
| -aq-1 vv
kimmigñaq2 or kimmigñauraq
small pouch-like section in nape
area of woman’s parka and
snowshirt hood »
kimmigñauralillaiqługu
atikłiani qimmaksaliqsuq she
got frustrated because she could
not make the small pouch-like
section in the nape of her parka
hood | +naq1 nn :uraq nn
kimmitquun (Ti) heel tendon,
Achilles tendon »
ivalulhiñaq; ivalukii tavruŋa
ittuq entirely sinew; because the
sinew is all attached there
| -tquq nn -un2 nn
kimmitquq top muscle of heel; heel
skin; heel bone » arraa
kimmitquŋa-una
maksiŋapaluktuq wow, how
thick with dirt the back of his
ankle has become | -tquq nn § see
Appendix 21
kimmitquilaq (Nu) Sanderling (Calidris
alba)
kinatak- or kiŋatak- (i) to resist going
somewhere when someone wants
you to; to go unwillingly; (i) to
apply brakes, slow down; (t) to
slow it, apply brake to it »
kinataktuq maliguŋiłłuni she
resisted because she didn’t want to
go along
kinatagun or kiŋatagun or
kinattaun or kinataun or
kiŋataun sled brake, brake, foot
brake for sled; hindrance »
paniuramnik kinatautiqaqłuŋa
kiŋuġautchiruaŋa I was late
258
because my little daughter was
hindering me | :un1 vn
kinatchit- (i) to come to a stop in
terrain through which travel is
difficult (as a sled in sand); to get
bogged down; to have difficultly
swallowing food »
kinatchiññami uniani
uqikłilaaġnilukkai when his sled
became bogged down, he tried to
lighten his load | ‘=It-2 nv
kiniq- (i) to be viscous (of a liquid); (i) to
not slide easily (as a sled with
sticky runner base) »
tiiġruaqtuqłuŋa-uvva qaniġa
kiniqsimmiuq my mouth feels
thick from drinking strong tea
kinatchit- (i) to be stuck »
“kinatchiłłuni qaullaiqsuaq,
aulayyallaiqsuaq” (Aiken 2009)
[it became mired in something
and was unable to pry itself loose,
was not able to move] | ‘=It-2 vv
kiniġniq bone in caribou’s upper leg
attached to hip containing thick
marrow; humerus, upper arm
bone; marrow in hind leg of
caribou | +niQ1 vn § anauttaq,
piagniq
kiniqsilaaġun thickening for food,
e.g., flour | +sI-1 vv +laaq-1 vv
:un1 vn
kiniqsilaaq- (t) to make it a thicker
consistency | +sI-1 vv -laaq-1 vv
kiniqtat dried meat kept in seal oil »
imġusiaġrugmun kiniqtaliuqtuq
she is putting some dried meat in a
keg of seal oil | +t/raq vn -t nn §
kiñit-
kinnaq [kinnaQ] crazy person, a fool;
(excl.) you fool! » kinnaq,
usiuvva niuggaapiaqtuq that
 fool, I thought he really broke his
leg
kinnaaluk very crazy person; very
annoying person | -aluk nn
kinnaġuq- (i) to go mad, crazy |
+[ġ]uq-1 nv
kinnaksai- (t) to confuse her/him |
‘-k-2 nv msaq-3 vv -I-6 vv
kinnaksaq- (i) to misunderstand, be
confused » kinnaksaqłuŋa killuk
kamikłuuk kiluiyaġniġikka I
ripped the wrong pair of pants by
mistake | ‘-k-2 nv msaq-3 vv
kinnalaaq (Nu) fool | -laaq nn
kinnaŋa- (i) to be crazy, mentally ill |
±ŋa- vv
kinnaŋaaq- (i) to behave like a fool;
to be senile; be mentally ill, crazy
» kinnaŋaaqsiŋasugnaqtuq
qanuq una naluva sunik
uqaqtilaamiñik I think he has
become senile, he does not know
what he is talking about |
±ŋaaq(-) nv
kinnaŋakavsak- (i) to be slightly
crazy | ±kavsak(-) nn, vv
kinnau- (i) to be a fool, foolish » |
:u-1 nv
kinnaum nigaŋa or kinnaq
niggiqsuq [lit. “crazy fool’s
snare”] or [lit. “crazy fool has set
a snare”] (Nu) rainbow §
tulimmaq
kinni- (t) to cause her/him/it to go
crazy or to become obsessed »
taaŋŋam kinnigaa he is obsessed
by liquor, or liquor obsesses him |
‘=I-7 nv
kinniqi- (i) to act crazy | =Iqi- nv
kiña whos, whoms < °kI1
kiñaliqaa anyone, whoever < °kI1
kiñami (interrog.) who then; which
person, I wonder < °kI1
259
kiñapayaaq anyone < °kI1
kiñi- [kiñI] (i) to squat down, sit down on
honey bucket or toilet; (t) to sit
her/him down on honey bucket or
toilet; (t) to hold her/him=child on
a toilet or pot to urinate or
defecate » kiññiuŋ nukaaluiñ!
hold your little brother so he can
go to the toilet
kiñiġñiq humerus, upper arm bone of a
human or a forelimb in other
animals § see Appendix 21
kiñiġvik- to carry something in the front
of one’s snowshirt or apron by
raising the hem and forming a sort
of pouch » kiñiġvikługit
pagmagrait aggisuutigai she
took home the capelin by carrying
them in a pouch formed by pulling
up the front of her snowshirt |
+vik- vv
kiñiq(-) moist eczema; lochia; discharge
of water from skin (a disease of
dogs); (i) to become dehydrated
(of dog due to disease); to filter
through fabric or paper (of a
liquid)
kiñalluq or (Ti) kiññaġluk residue at
bottom of liquid, dregs »
kiñalluiyaġaa kiñitchiqługu he
removed the residue (from the
water ) by letting it settle |
±lluQ vn or ‘-Q vn +luk nn
¤kiñatchi- (i) to produce dregs,
shavings, or shreds § kiputtaq
kiñiqtit- to seep or filter through sea
ice (of fresh melt water)
/ kiñiqtittuam anayanaqsigaa
siku the seepage of fresh melt
water is making the sea ice
surface dangerous
 kiñitchiq-1 (i) to be left to settle (of
water); (i) to let salt settle out of
ice to make fresh water; (t) to
leave it =water to settle @
kiñitchii- » immiuqtuq
kiñitchiqługu imaq qattaurami
she made some potable water by
letting the water settle in a large
pot; to let it =water settle so that
dirt falls to the bottom | +[t]sIq- vv
|| :I-4 vv § (Ti) kit-
kiñit- (i) to immerse oneself in water; (t)
to dip, soak or immerse her/him/it
» kiñitchuq immamun sila
uunaqpaiłłuni he immersed
himself in water to cool off
because of the hot weather |
+t-1 vv
kiñitchiaq something left to soak |
+[t]sIq- vv ±aq1 vn
kiñitchiq-2 or kiñitchiaq- (i) to soak;
(t) to leave her/him/it to soak; |
+[t]sIq- vv
kiññiq ten-legged mythical polar bear §
qupquġiaq
kiñŋu- (i) to capsize, roll over (of a
vehicle or boat) » kiñŋuruagut
we rolled over
kiñŋuraġaaq- or (Ti) kinŋuraġaq-
(i) to roll over and over in a
kayak, do the “Eskimo roll” in a
kayak » qayaqtuqtuaq
kiñŋuraġaaqtuq the kayaker
demonstrated his ability to roll
over and up again | +raġaaq(-)
vn,vv or -t/raġaq- vv
kiñŋut- (t) to cause it to capsize, roll
over | +t-1 vv
kiŋiaq- (i) to turn one’s head to look, look
back; (t) to turn one’s head to look
at, look back at her/him/it »
kiŋiaqtuq ququularuamik
260
tusaavluni she looked back
hearing someone calling § qiviaq-
kiŋiaŋa- (i) to long for the past or a
past event » “taamapkunuŋa
apqusaaŋaramiñun
kiŋiaŋaruq” [he is longing for
those that he encountered a while
back] (Aiken 2009) | ±ŋa- vv
kiŋik- (PB) (i) to be high in elevation,
e.g., mountain or an ice pressure
ridge » ivunġit kiŋipaluksimarut
I was really amazed at the height
of the ice pressure ridges
kiŋmaq- to bite (her/him/it) repeatedly <
kii-1
kiŋmautik pliers § kigmiġun under kii-1
kiŋmialiq- or kiŋmirriq- (i) to now have
something in the mouth; (t) to
bridle it =animal; to put
something in her/his/its mouth <
kii-1
kiŋmiaq(-) Eskimo firedrill, bow drill;
something carried with the teeth,
e.g., animal with young in teeth;
to carry (her/him/it) with the teeth
< kii-1
kiŋmiġun connecting strip between body
and sole of boots, made of caribou
or seal leather § kigmiġun under
kii-; killiġuaq or (Ti) killiġauraq
kiŋmiġutiksraq animal skin to be made
into strips; connecting strip
between body of boot and sole of
boot < kii-1
kiŋu(-) rear part of any item; rear
sealskin poke in a boat (Kisautaq:
650); (Ti) three-quarter inch
manila rope used with whaling
 harpoon; large float fastened at
end of harpoon line; (i) to be late;
(i) to be over (of an activity); (i) to
be gone, have moved on (of
animals); (t) to be late for
her/him/it » “piŋasunik
avataqpaqaġuurut taipkua
kapisiññaqługu pisuuruat;
malġugnik qitqagun tukaqtiŋat
tainna avataqpaqaqsimraat,
aasii piŋayuat aquaniiłługu
tamattuma akłunaam
tukaqtim” (Aiken 2009) [those
who used only harpoons had three
floats; two in the middle of the
rope, and the third at the end of
the rope holding the floats] §
avataqpak, kanasiġaq, kayasiġaq,
kiŋu, tukaqti
kiŋuani area behind it; time after;
after her/him/it (in time); behind
her/him/it » kiŋuani tikitchuagut
we arrived after he did | :a (poss.
abs. 3s-s) ÷nI (loc.)
kiŋuagun later, afterwards »
taaptuma kiŋuagun
piñiaqtugut we will perform
after that one | :a (poss. abs. 3s-s)
+gun1 nn
kiŋuġaaġiit succeeding generations |
+[ġ]aq rn -aq2 vn +[g]iik/t nn
kiŋuġaani before her/his/its time;
located behind, in back |
+[ġ]aq rv :a (poss. abs. 3s-s) ÷nI
(loc.) § tunu
kiŋuġaġlugun hind leg sinew |
+[ġ]aq nn +lugun nn
kiŋuġaq- (t) to miss her/him/it by
having come too late; (t) to miss
it =moving target by shooting
behind it » aŋani
tautugiaqsauraqtani kiŋuġaġaa
she missed seeing her uncle whom
she had rushed to see because she
came too late | +[ġ]aq- vv
kiŋuġaq or kiŋuqqaq back of boot,
261
calf of leg | +[ġ]aq nn or
+[ġ]aq- rv ‘-Q vn
kiŋuġaqłiġiik- (i) to be in line, one
behind the other »
kiŋuġaqłiġiiksiłłutiŋ taliqsut
they performed the bench dance
(sit-down motion dance) in a line
behind each other | +[ġ]aq vn
+llIQ nn +[g]iik- nv
kiŋuġautchi- or kiŋuġauti- (i) to be
late; to miss something, being too
late » kiŋuġautchivluŋa
nuŋuġutipkaġniqsuaŋa because
I was too late, there was nothing
left for me | +[ġ]aq- vv -ut-1 vv
+sI-3 vv
kiŋullak- (i) to die to the last one (of
a group) | -llak-1 vv
kiŋuġaġliq or kiŋulliq1 [dual
kiŋulliññaak] hind leg; (Ti)
backsides of boots » “tuttum
kiŋulliññaak kiñiqtuak” (S.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [the hind legs of
the caribou (the marrow in them)
is thick and does not come out
freely] | +[ġ]aq vn +llIQ nn or
+llIQ nn
kiŋulliq2 one in the back, one
previous; hindmost one | +llIQ nn
kiŋulvatigun (Ti) later on | +vak nn
-tigun (via) § kiŋuvatigun
kiŋumuk- (i) to wane (of moon); to
have liquid run back down one’s
arms e.g., as when washing one’s
face | ÷mun (term.) -k3- nv
kiŋumun to the rear | ÷mun (term.)
kiŋunġuu- (i) to mourn »
kiŋunġuuruat ikayuġiaġai she
went to help the people who were
mourning | -nġu- rv :u-2 vv §
kiŋuvġu-
kiŋuniq or kiŋuniiq descendant; (Nu)
ancestor » kiŋuniivut
nunaqaquvlugilli uvlupak
savaktugut we are working today
 because we want our descendants
to also have land | :niQ1 vn
kiŋunmun backwards; back again,
returning | +nmun (term.)
kiŋuŋiq- (Nu) (t) to prevent her/him/it
from returning home, block
her/his/its way home, e.g., prevent
an animal from returning to its
burrow, hole | ±ŋIq- nv
kiŋuppiaq- (i) to move, step
backward once »
kiŋuppiaqsaqłuni mauruq
aqayamun he stuck his foot in the
mud when he tried to move
backward | +ppiaq- vv
kiŋuppiaqtuq- (i) to go in reverse,
move backwards »
kiŋuppiaqtuqtuq argunmun
igliġuŋiłłuni he is walking
backwards because he does not
want to walk into the wind |
+ppiaq- vv +tuq-2 vv
kiŋuppiŋa- (i) to be born feet first |
+ppI- vv ±ŋa- vv
kiŋuppiŋaraq a breech birth |
+ppI- vv ±ŋa- vv +raq vn
kiŋuqqaglugun (Nu) sinew on hind
leg of caribou | +[ġ]aq- vv ‘-Q vn
+lugun nn
kiŋuvaannak- (i) to inherit »
aakaalumniñ
kiŋuvaannaŋaruŋa atigiŋanik I
have inherited my grandmother’s
parka | +vaq- vv ±aq1 vn -nnak- nv
kiŋuvaannaktaaksraun birthright;
potential inheritance | +vaq- vv
±aq1 vn -nnak- nv +t/raaq1 vn
-ksraun nn
kiŋuvaaq descendant | +vaq- vv
±aq1 vn
kiŋuvaat inheritance; knowledge
passed down from ancestors »
aŋayuqaapta
kiŋuvaaksriñŋagaatigut
uqalumignik our parents have left
us their wisdom in words |
262
+vaq- vv ±aq1 vn -t nn
kiŋuvaq- (i) to move toward the rear;
(t) to arrive too late to see
her/him/it | +vaq- vv
kiŋuvatigun later on | +vaq- vv
-tigun (via) § kiŋulvatigun
kiŋuvġu- (Ti) to mourn (for
her/him/it) » “Tavra ilaŋich
nalluķsraŋarut nunam
avyuanik niaķumiŋñun,
ķiallaġmiŋ kiŋuvġullaġmiglu
nipaalavlutiŋ, … They threw
dust on their heads, they cried and
mourned…” (Iñupiat New
Testament: Rev. 18:19) | §
kiŋunġuu-
*kipa (root) source of one’s hilarity,
teasing
kipaaġun hilarity | :uq-2 vv:un1 vn
kipaaq- (i) to joke, be hilarious; (i) to
cause laughter by one’s hilarious
behavior » kipaaqtuat
aaqsallaiqsittaatigut those
clowns made us laugh so hard we
couldn’t stop laughing | :uq-2 vv
kipagi- (t) to mock, tease, make fun
of her/him; /t) to hold contempt
for her/him; (t) to scorn her/him/it
@ kipakłiq- »
kipakłiqulaitkaatigut
aŋayuqaapta our parents teach us
not to mock or tease | +[g]i- rn ||
~kłIq- vv
kipaun derision; object of ridicule |
:uti1 vn
kipautigi- (t) to mock, tease
her/him/it | :uti1 vn +[g]i- nv
kipak (Ti) dirt, food on the face § ipiq
kippii- (Ti) (i) to get dirt, food on
one’s face | ‘=Iq-1 vv perhaps
:I-4 vv
kipaluk(-) errand boy; handyman; to
serve, run errands, be a handyman
 (for her/him/it) »
kipaluupayuguuruq
aakaalugmiñun he runs errands
for his grandmother » aañaŋaa
kipalullasianiksimakami how
cute, he is already able to run
errands § kivgaq
kipaluatchiaq (Nu) servant |
-atchiaq nn § kivgaq
kipi- (i) to be severed, cut; (i) to stop
flowing (of stream); (i) to stop
coming (of people or animals); (t)
to sever, cut it; (t) to disconnect
her/his telephone, electricity,
television; (t) to crosscut, cut
against its grain @ kipisi- » allai,
silakkuaqtuanik
naalaktuannaraaqtuagut
kipigaat tamaunaġruiññaq oh
no, we were enjoying listening to
a radio program when they cut it
off in the middle || +sI-3 vv
kippaku piece which has been cut off
and saved| ‘-Q vn -ku(-) nn
kippaq cut-off piece | ‘-Q vn
kipputi- (i) to be cut off; to be cut
loose, e.g., dog which chews
through rope | :uti- vv
kipuq- or kipluq- (Nu) (t) to cut,
sever it repeatedly, into several
pieces | +q-2 vv ~luq5 vv § kivluq-
kivliq- (t) to cut it in two | -liq-2 vv
kivluivik harvest time; place to cut
things | +luq-3 vv :I-4 vv +vIk1 vn
kivluq- (t) to cut it into lengths, e.g.,
rope, log @ kivlui- » akłunaaq
kivluqqaaqługu piñiliuqtuq after
cutting lengths from the rope he
made himself a pair of insoles |
~luq-3 vv || :I-4 vv
kivluun cross-cut saw | +luq-3 vv
:un1 vn
kivraq- (i) to cut one’s hair; (t) to cut
her/his/its hair @ kivrai- »
kivrayuruq samma taigña
263
aġnaq; apiqsruġiaġuŋ
aniŋaiñŋaan that woman over
there is good at cutting hair; go
ask her before she leaves |
~raq- vv || :I-4 vv
kivraq something that has been cut |
~raq vn
kivraqti barber | ~raq- vv mt/ri vn
kivrautik hair clippers, something to
cut hair with; haircutting scissors |
~raq- vv :un1 vn -k2 nn
kivri- to cut, sever something of
hers/his » kivrigait TV-ŋannik
akiliilaiñmata they disconnected
their television because they do
not pay their bills | ~rI-4 vv
kivriññaq sickle | ~rI-4 vv +nnaq vn
kivluaq knee-high, hairless, sealskin
waterproof boot with bearded
sealskin sole | -luk- vv ±aq1 vn §
qaqłIk
kivluatchiak short, ankle-length
boots; slippers; (Ti) knee-high
caribou fur boots in black and
white patterning with wolverine
tassles (C. Tuzroyluke 2009) »
“kivluatchiak naisuurak
kammak siŋiġñimun aglaan
ittuak, natchiñiñ mitquiqsaniñ
naakka tuttuniñ” (Aiken 2009)
[they are short ankle-length boots
made from hairless seal or tuttu
skins] | -luk- vv ±aq1 vn -tchiaq nn
§ aquptitaak
*kipiq (root) desire for an optimun
outcome
kipiġi- (i) to be anxious to do
something; to persist | +[g]i- rv
kipiġniuġun desire; interest; dream |
+naq1 vn ‘=iuq-2 nv :un1 vn
kipiġniuq- (i) to dream, long for with
zeal: (i) to have a strong desire for
something » atigitchiaġuum
uvva ammiñik kipiġniuqtuŋa I
am anxiously trying to find some
 furs because of my desire for a
new parka | +naq1 rn ‘=iuq-2 nv
kipinŋusuk- (i) to speak one’s mind
without realizing it might hurt
others’ feelings; (i) to yearn to do
something but be unable to, so one
worries and frets about it |
-nŋu- vv +suk-2 vv
kipiqqutaq an expectation, an
anticipation; a desire | -utaq vn
kipiqqutaġi- (t) to be anxious to have
it done or get it over with »
kipiqqutaġigaa savaani
naallaiqługu she is anxious to get
her work done because it is taking
so long | +[g]i- rv ‘utaq vn +[g]i-
nv
kipiqqutiġi- (t) to desire her/him/it |
:un1 vn +[g]i- nv
kipiqsruq- (i) to keep on trying, to
persist; (t) to urge, tell her/him/it
to keep on trying, persisting »
qimmiq kipiqsruqtuq
killunmun the dog keeps trying to
pull in the wrong direction (not
with the rest of the team) |
2
mqsruq- vv
kipit- (i) to become stained, dyed; (i) to
be brewed (of tea); (t) to stain, to
dye it; (t) to influence her/him/it
so that her/his/its behavior
resembles one’s own @ kipitchi-
» tainna-uvva uqaġuuruam
kipitkaaŋa the person who talks
like that now has me talking like
he does || +sI-3 vv
kipinniq stain | +niQ1 vn
kipitchiaq dyed skin, especially dyed
red with alder | +[t]sIq- vv ±aq1 vn
kipitchiun dye | +[t]sIq- vv :un1 vn
kipkaq- or kipkaluk- to eat (it) down to
the bone; to eat the meat off it
=bone | -luk- vv
264
kipkaqsiġiilat vertebrae above the
lumbar vertebra | +siġiaq- vv =ilaq
vn -t nn
kipuqłak- (t) to argue with her/him/it,
expressing disagreement »
“uqalugmiñik paaqłakkaa”
(Matumeak 2009) [she argued
with him expressing her
disagreement]
¤kiput- (t) to cause them to exchange
places; to get someone to initiate
you
kiputi- (t) to include her/him/it »
“taputigaa-kiuvva” (Aiken 2009)
[the fact is that she is including
him] § taputi-
kiputtaq- (t) to bend the teeth of a saw »
“piġittauraqługit kigutiŋit
uluaqtuutim;
kiñatchiłhaaġuuruq uluaqtuun
kiputtaŋaiñman” (Aiken 2009)
[(accomplished by) bending the
teeth of a saw; a saw creates more
shavings when its teeth have not
been bent]
kiputtaun saw tooth bender »
“kiputtaunmik uvva uluaqtuutit
saquuġauraqługi kigutiŋit
pisuugait” (Aiken 2009) [the teeth
of the saw are bent slightly with
the saw tooth bender] | :un1 vn
*kipuyu (root) obtuse, slow to
comprehend
kipuyuŋa- (i) to not understand, to be
unable to distinguish between
things | ±ŋa- vv
kipuyuŋaiŋait- (t) to not yet
understand it fully or to still be
unable to distinguish it from
others; to not have learned it fully
» taamna atuun
 kipuyuŋaiŋaitkiga-suli I still
have not completely learned that
song | ±ŋa- vv :Iq-2 vv ±ŋait- vv
kipuyuŋaiq- (t) to come to
understand; (t) to distinguish
between them »
kipuyuŋaiġataŋagikka malġik
niviaqsiaŋŋuġataġmagnik I
finally was able to tell the twins
apart after they became young
ladies | ±ŋa- vv :Iq-2 v
kirgavik or kilgavik (Ti) Goshawk
(Accipiter gentilis); Peregrine
Falcon (Falco peregrinus) |
-vIk3 nn
kilgaviurat (Ti) altocumulus clouds
(little, feather shaped clouds that
are wavy and curly) § nuviya
kirgavialaaq- (i) for there to be both
altocumulus and cirrus clouds »
“kirgavium amiŋatun
mitquŋitun qiññaqaġman
nuviyat” (Matumeak 2009)
[clouds which resemble the shape
of feathers of a peregrine falcon] §
kilgaviurat | -alaaq- nv, nn
kirgaviatchauraq (Nu) Merlin (Falco
columbarius); gnat, “no-see-um”,
small biting flies | -tchauraq(-) nn
kirgavigruaq (Nu) Peregrine Falcon
(Falco peregrinus) | +ġruaq nn §
aatqarruaq
kiriuraq [ENG ”kitten”] (Ti) cat
kirrak- (i) to be lukewarm (of liquid)
kirratchiaq- (i) to be sunny weather |
-tchiaq- vv
kirratchiaqtit- (t) to shine brightly |
-tchiaq- vv -tit-2 vv
kirriq- (Ti) (i) to have a fever |
‘=Iq-1 nv
kiruq(-) (Ti) to be taboo; (i) to be unable
to frequent something taboo; (i) to
265
shun a sick person; (i) to be very
dangerous, or taboo (of property)
kiruġi- (Ti) (t) to shun, avoid, e.g.,
something taboo, a sick person |
+[g]i- vv § agliġi-
kiruġnaq- (i) to be taboo, something
which must be avoided | +naq-1 vv
kiruqtait- (Ti) (i) to not need to
avoid, shun things, not be bound
by taboo | +t/raq vn :It-1 nv
kiruqtau- (Ti) (i) to be observant or
respectful of taboo, avoiding what
is to be avoided | +t/raq vn :u-1 nv
§ agliqtau- agliġIk-
kisaq(-) [pl. kitchat] anchor; boat anchor;
net anchor (usually a gunny sack
full of sand); (i) to anchor, to cast
or drop anchor; (t) to cast or drop
its anchor, to anchor it »
kisaqtuŋa I’ve dropped the
anchor » umiaq kisaġiga I
anchored the boat
kisaiq- (t) to weigh, take up its anchor
@ kisaiqsi- » kisaiqsiruŋa I
weigh anchor; kisaiġiga I take up
its anchor | ‘=Iq-2 nv || +sI-3 vv
kisi- [kisI] (i) to bow, lower the head §
siki-, kurraq-
°kisI (stem) aloneness § °kI1
kisian (pron.) [dual kisiigñik, pl.
kisiiññik or kisiisa] only
her/him/it; unless; only if » kisian
ilisimagiga taamna I know only
that one; “tuunik tamatkuniŋa
pisiksiñiglu satkuqaqłutik
kisiiññik” (Ekowana:13) [seal
spears, bows and arrows were all
they used] | +an (3s)
kisima (pron.) [dual kisimnuk, pl.
kisipta] solely I, me » kisima
atuġumiñaġiga I can sing it by
myself | +ma (1s rel. poss. mkr.)
 ¤kisimalluaq (Nu) hill or mountain
standing alone | +ma (1s poss. rel.
mkr.) -lluaq nn
kisimatchiaq by myself | +ma (1s
poss. rel. mkr.) -tchiaq nn
kisimġaaq person with no relatives,
someone or something alone, by
itself | +mġaaq rn
kisimġiuq- (i) to be alone | ~mġuq- rv
‘=iuq-2 vv
kisimġuqtaaq- (i) to exclude others
from one’s activities; (t) to isolate
it » kisimġuqtaaġaa he is
isolating it and doing something to
it alone; kisimġuqtaaqtuq he is
isolating himself from the others;
kisimġuqtaaġataqłuni
niġisuuruq he always eats alone |
+mġuq- rv +taaq- vv
kisimi (pron. as subj only) [dual
kisimik, pl. kisimiŋ] solely
she/he/it » kisimi pillagaa he can
do it alone | +mI (3Rs)
kisiŋŋuq- (i) to be left alone; (i) to
become the only one left; (t) to
fail to include or take her/him/it
along; (t) to leave it, them as the
only one or ones remaining; (t) to
leave her/him/it all alone »
malġuuk kisiŋŋuġaik she left
only two | ±ŋŋuq- nv
kisiŋŋuqtaq one that is left alone,
behind | ±ŋŋuq- nv +t/raq vn
kisiviñ (pron.) [dual kisivsik, pl.
kisivsi] solely yous » kisivsik
qaivisik did youd come alone; |
+viñ (2s)
kisisaq1 grounded ice pile (which keeps
shore-fast ice from floating
away); grounded iceberg
(Kisautaq: 650) § kisaq
kisitchat grounded ice (Harcharek:
13) | ‘t nn
kisitchiq- for ice to become grounded
(Harcharek: 13) | +[t]sIq- vv
266
kisit- [kisIt] (t) to count them @ kisitchi-
|| +sI-3 vv
kisirrun or kisitchiñ [pl. kisitchisit]
numeral, number | +ruti vn or
+n vn § paqirrun
kisirrutit or kisitchisit numerals;
numbers | +ruti vn or +n vn +t nn
kisisaat items already counted;
mathematics » “kisitkaniŋaruat”
[those already counted] (Aiken
2009) | ±aq1 vn -t vn
kisisaq2 something included in the
count | ±aq1 vn
kisitchisaġvik number zero |
+saq-2 vv +vIk1 vn § suuŋilaq
kit- [kIt] (Ti) (i) to settle (of water) §
kiñit-
kitchiaq- (Ti) (i) to be left to settle (of
water); (t) to let it =water settle |
+[t]sIq- vv -aq-1 vv § kiñitchiq-
kitaaq [ENG “guitar”] guitar
kitaaġaq- (i) to play a guitar |
+[t]aq-2 nv
kitigaq(-) (Nu) string which holds drum
skin to frame; (t) to attach it
=drum skin to its frame with
string
kitigaġvik groove around outside of
drum frame where string is wound
to attach the drum skin | +vIk1 vn
§ iriġvik
kitik(-) pumice; white rock which is
pulverized and used in tanning; (t)
to rub white abrasive powder on
it =skin as part of tanning process
kitchi- to pulverize ( it =white rock)
for tanning powder | ‘=I-1 nv
kitchiñ tool used to pulverize white
rock; (Ti) piece of rock to be
pulverized to make powder used
in tanning | ‘=I-1 nv +n vn
kitiuraq [ENG “kitten”] domestic cat |
+uraq nn
kitkuk who [dual form of kia and kina] <
°kI1
kitkut who [plural form of kia and kina]
< °kI1
kittiq- (t) to slice it @ kittiġi- » kittiġaa
niqi autaagaksrani he sliced the
meat which he was to divide into
shares || :I-4 vv
kittaq strip of animal skin to be used
for rope; something sliced | ‘-Q vn
§ kilitaq
kiu- [kigu] to answer (her/him/it) @
kiusi- or kiuri- || +sI-3 vv +rI- vv
kiggun an answer, a reply | ‘n vn
kigguqłak- to answer nastily
| ‘-qłak- nv
kiggusiaq a reply, an answer
received | ‘siaq nn
kiggutait- (i) to lack a reply, a
response, an answer »
kiggutaitchugguuq she said she
does not have a response | ‘n vn
:It-1 nv
kiugiññaq- to merely answer
(her/him/it) |-giññaq- vv
kiuma- or (Ti) kiumŋa- to continue
to answer, talk back (to her/him/it)
» kiumasuugaa aapiyani she
talks back to her older brother |
+ma-1 vv or ±ŋa- vv
kiunasaaŋit- to not hesitate to answer
(her/him/it) | +nasaa- vv ±ŋIt- vv
kiuniqłak- to answer (her/him/it)
angrily | -niqłak- vv
kiuġuya or kiguġuya northern lights,
aurora borealis » kiuġuya
atuutiqqaaqługu ililgaat
qimaaraqtut the children would
267
run away after singing to the
northern lights < kiguġuya
“kiŋuyakkii” or “kiguġuyakkii”(the
title of the child’s song about the
northern lights) | +kii2 (encl.)
kiuŋa to out there (restricted and visible)
< °kig (dem. stem)
kiuŋanmun towards out there (restricted
and visible) < °kig (dem. stem)
kuiŋaq- (i) to go out there (restricted and
visible) < °kig (dem. stem)
kiuna via, through, by way of out there
(restricted and visible) < °kig
(dem. stem)
kiunaaq- (i) to go by way of, via,
through, out there (restricted and
visible) < °kig (dem. stem)
°kIv (dem. stem) in there, or up the coast
(restricted and visible) § °qav
(dem. stem)
kimña [dual kipkuak, pl. kipkua] that
one in there, or up the coast
(restricted and visible) | +na (dem.
abs. pron. sg. mkr.)
kiptuma or kivsruma or kivruma
[dual kipkuak, pl. kipkua] that one
in there, or up the coast (restricted
and visible) | +tuma (dem. rel.
pron. sg. mkr.)
kiptumani or kivsrumani or
kivrumani [dual kipkugnagni, pl.
kipkunani] located with that one
in there, or up the coast (restricted
and visible) | +tum (dem. rel.
pron. sg. mkr.) +anI (dem. loc.)
kiptumaŋŋa or kivsrumaŋŋa or
kivrumaŋŋa [dual kipkugnaŋŋa,
pl. kipkunaŋŋa] from that one in
there, or up the coast (restricted
and visible) | +tum (dem.rel. pron.
sg. mkr.) +aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
kiptumatun or kivsrumatun or
kivrumatun [dual kipkugnaktun,
pl. kipkunatitun] similar to that
one in there, or up the coast
(restricted and visible) | +tum
(dem.rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +atun
(dem. sim.)
kiptumiŋa or kivsrumiŋa or
kivrumiŋa [dual kipkugniŋa, pl.
kipkuniŋa] that one in there, or up
the coast (restricted and visible) |
+tum (dem.rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
+iŋa (dem. mod.)
kiptumuŋa or kivsrumuŋa or
kivrumuŋa [dual kipkugnuŋa, pl.
kipkunuŋa] to that one in there, or
up the coast (restricted and
visible) | +tum (dem.rel. pron. sg.
mkr.) +uŋa (dem. term.)
kiptumuuna or kivsrumuuna or
kivrumuuna [dual kipkugnuuna,
pl. kipkunuuna] via that one in
there, or up the coast; with that
one in there, or up the coast
(restricted and visible) | +tum
(dem. pron. rel.sg. mkr.) +uuna
(dem. via)
kivaknaq(-) (Nu) wind blowing
downstream; (i) to blow
downstream (of wind) | +a (dem.
adv. mkr.) -k-3 rv +naq2 vn
kivaliñaaq area located east § see
Appendix 12
kivaliñaat people from Barrow who
travel east to go to trading fairs
(Kisautaq: 659); departing souls
(personal communication with M.
Pederson per R. Okakok per F.
Ahvakana) | +a (dem. adv. mkr.)
+liñiQ n
kivaliñiq east side, eastward »
Nuiqsut kivaliñġaniittut
Utqiaġviit Nuiqsut is to the east
of Barrow | +a (dem. adv. mkr.)
+liñiQ n
268
kivalliq area to one’s right facing the
ocean; east; (Ti) inner room of
house; one that is furtherest in the
house or in the east | +a (dem. adv.
mkr.) +llIQ nn
kivalliurat (Ti) storage area in
entrance tunnel of sod house | +a
(dem. adv. mkr.) +llIQ nn :uraq nn
-t3 nn
kivani located up the coast (restricted
and visible) | +anI (dem. loc.)
kivaniit- (i) to be located up the coast
(restricted and visible) | +anI
(dem. loc.) it- “to be”
kivanmun towards the east, eastward
| +a (dem. adv. mkr.) nmun (term.)
kivaŋŋa from up the coast (restricted
and visible) | +aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
kivaŋŋamiñ from up the coast
(restricted and visible) | +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.) ÷miñ (abl.)
kivaŋŋaq- (i) to come from up the
coast (restricted and visible) |
+aŋŋa (dem. abl.) +q-3 dv
kivaŋŋauti- (t) to bring her/him/it
from up the coast (restricted and
visible) | +aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
+q-3 dv -uti- vv
kivaŋnaq(-) (Ti) strong northeast
wind; to blow (of northeast wind)
» “kivaŋnaġugman
anayanaqtuq; siku uitchuugaa”
(Kinneeveauk, 2008) [when the
northeast wind begins to blow, it
is dangerous; the ice rises] | -k-3 rv
+naq2 vn § ikagnaq
kivuŋa to up the coast (restricted and
visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.)
kivuŋanmun towards up the coast
(restricted and visible) | +uŋa
(dem. term.) -nmun (term.)
kivuŋaq- (i) to go up the coast
(restricted and visible) | +uŋa
(dem. term.) +q-3 dv
 kivuuna via the coast up there
(restricted and visible) | uuna
(dem. via.)
kivuunnaaq- (i) to travel via the coast
up there (restricted and visible) |
+uuna (dem. via.) ‘.q-4 dv
kivva in there, or up the coast
(restricted and visible) | ‘a (dem.
adv. mkr.)
kivgaluk muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus)
kivgaq servant, messenger § kipaluk(-),
kI2
kivgaluk(-) person who runs errands;
to serve and wait on (her/him) |
-luk(-)2 vn § kipaluk(-)
kivgaluuraq(-) young helper at
whaling camp; (t) to run errands
or get something for her/him |
-luk(-)2 vn :uraq nn
¤kivgaqtuq- (Nu) to serve and wait
(on her/him) | +tuq-2 vv
kivgit those who invite others to a
messenger feast; host village |
‘=Iq-1 nv -t nn
Kivgiq(-) Messenger Feast; (i) to have
a Messenger Feast | ‘=Iq-1 nv
kivi- [kivI] (i) to sink
kiviġraq- (Ti) to test (it =depth of
water) by sinking something |
+ġraq- vv § kiviuqsraq-
kiviikłuŋa- (i) to wear baggy pants |
-q-1 vv -kłuk(-) vn ±ŋa- vv
kiviliq- (i) to “slip away”; to forget
something one tries to remember;
to forget; (i) to sink suddenly »
atqa taiqqayaqtaġa kiviliqtuq I
almost said her name, but it
slipped away | -liq-2 vv
kiviqi- (i) to have one’s pants fall
down; (i) to pull down one’s
pants; (t) to pull down her/his
pants | -qi- vv
269
kiviqiŋa- (i) to have pants pull down
to one’s ankles | -qi- vv ±ŋa- vv
kivit- [kivIt] (t) to sink it @ kivitchi-
» kivitkaa umiaŋat, iññuqług-
nun maliquŋiłłuni he sank their
boat, not wanting the bad people
to follow him | -t-1 vv || +sI-3 vv
kiviuqsraq- to test ( it =depth of
water) | :uq-2 vv +qsraq- vv § (Ti)
kiviġraq-
kivviñ or kivviqun sinker »
“kaŋiġallullaaŋiññi
natchiqsiutim kuvram
akłunaaqaqtuq kivvisiliŋnik”
(Kaveolook 1975c: 2) [at each
corner the seal net has rope with
sinkers on them] | ‘n vn or ‘-quti
kivigruk- (i) to do the “stick” ceremony
(of shaman); (i) to use a divining
stick to determine whether a sick
person will get well | +rruk- rv
kivik- (i) to lift oneself; (t) to lift
her/him/it @ kiviksi- || +sI-3 vv
kiviktit- to appear to float above the
horizon » iglut kiviktitkai the
houses appear raised | +tit-2 vv
kivvak- to lift (her/him/it) repeatedly
@ kivvai- | ‘-k-2 vv
kiviq- (Ti) (t) to stuff it
kivviġruaq the mesentry (tissue
around the caribou’s intestines)
stuffed with the contents of the
rumen (a delicacy) » tuttum
itchauraŋi kivviiraġigait
puuqługit nigukkaŋata
saniġaŋaniittuamik, tavra
taamna kivviġruaq the mesentry
apron of the caribou is stuffed,
wrapping the contents of the
rumen; that is what is called
kivviġruaq » +ġruaq nn
kivvii- to fill, stuff it » “kiviiruq
avataqpagnun; kiviigaa
 avataqpak” [he is stuffing items
into a sealskin poke; he is stuffing
the sealskin poke] (Aiken 2009);
kivviiruq paniqtanik
ugriñġaliamun she stuffed dried
meat in the seal oil poke | ‘=I-1 vv
kivviaq- (i) to stuff something; (t) to
stuff it | +aq-1 vv
kiviiraq (Nu) muzzle-loader rifle |
’=I-1 vv +t/raq vn
kivviq caribou stomach filled with fat,
then cooked, dried, and eaten |
‘-Q vn
kivliq- (t) to cut it in two < kipi-
kivluivik harvest time; place to cut things
< kipi-
kivluq- (t) to cut it into lengths, e.g., rope,
log @ kivlui- < kipi-
kivluun cross-cut saw < kipi-
kivraq- (i) to cut one’s hair; (t) to cut
her/his/its hair @ kivrai- < kipi-
kivraq something that has been cut <
kipi-
kivraqti barber < kipi-
kivrautik hair clippers, something to cut
hair with; haircutting scissors <
kipi-
kivri- to cut, sever something of hers/his
< kipi-
kivriññaq sickle < kipi-
kivluaq knee-high hairless, sealskin
waterproof boot with bearded
sealskin sole < kipi-
270
kivluatchiak short, ankle-length boots;
slippers; (Ti) knee-high caribou
fur boots in black and white
patterning with wolverine tassles
(C. Tuzroyluke 2009) < kipi-
kivviġiruaq (Nu) Arctic finger lichen, a
lichen with finger-like hollow
thallus (Dactylina arctica)
Kraisimaq- [ENG “Christmas”] (i) to
celebrate Christmas | -q1 nv
Kraisimaġvik Christmas | +vIk1 vn
**ku (root) downward movement or
orientation § kurraq-, kurruk-,
kusiq-, kutaaq-, kutit-, kuuk,
kuvi-, kusulugaq, kutchuq,
*kukłuk
kuiŋiq(-) [Chukchi ‘koyŋәn’] smoking
pipe; (i) to smoke a pipe »
amauługma irrusia kuiŋiġman
itqallaguugiga I sometimes
remember how my
great-grandmother looked and
acted when she smoked her pipe
kukik1 [kukIk] hoof; fingernail; stone
head of scraper; (Ti) tip of an
arrow » “suagguuq una
talvuuna qaġrum samna kukia
maŋuŋavluni” (Kiligvuk: 1) [to
his surprise he found impeded
there the tip of an arrow]
kukigmik- to claw at (her/him/it) with
fingernails; to pinch or hold
(her/him/it) with one’s fingernails
| +mIk- nv
kukigralik (Ti) flint arrowhead |
+ksraq(-) nn -lik nn
kukiilik hoof | -lik nn
kukimmala- to try to hold onto
(her/him/it) with one’s fingertips |
+mmala- nv
 kukkak- or kukkik- (i) to have
fingers nails, claws grow »
kikkiksuq his nails are growing |
‘-k-2 nv
kukik2 [kukIk] [ENG “cook”] cook
kukiu- to cook (it) » tuttu
quaġupayuktaġa kukiumagaa
she cooked the caribou meat
which I wanted to eat frozen |
:u-1 nv
kukiun (Ti) cooking pot | ‘n vn §
utkusIk
kukiusuġnaq- (i) to be easy to cook;
(i) to be easy to cook with (of
stove) » kukiusuġnaqtuq
igniġvitchauraqput our new
stove is easy to cook on |
+suġnaq- vv
kukiutnaq (Nu) cooking pot | ‘n vn
+naq(-) nn § utkusIk
kukiluk- (i) to go about from place to
place, to wander; to travel; (t) to
travel it, over it; (t) to wait on,
serve her/him » ataataluum
manna nuna iluqaan
kukiluŋasugnaġaa I think that
the old man has walked, traveled
all over this land » kukilukkaa
nuna she is traveling over the
land | -luk- nv § aġiyuk-, yugit-
kukilukti messenger; servant |
-luk- nv mt/ri vn
kukługaq chunk of ice placed over water
bucket to melt and drip, providing
drinking water | +aq2 nn § silliq,
kusulugaq
kukługiuri- to have sheets of rain
falling from clouds | perhaps
‘=iuq-2 nv -rI-2 vv
*kuksra (root) doubt, lack of confidence
kuksrait- (i) to be certain, sure,
confident | :It-1 nv § nalupqisuŋit-
271
kukragi- (Nu) (t) to be apprehensive
about it »
“kukragiqpagniaġaġigaa
utkusik qalattuaq” he was
constantly very apprehensive
about the boiling pot (Bersland
1987:318) | +[g]i- rv
kuksranaq- (i) to be doubtful
| +naq(-)vv
kuksrasuk- (i) to be unsure, lack
confidence; (i) to fail to do
something; (i) to do something
hesitantly | -suk-2 rv § nalupqisuk-
kukuk- (i) to build, light a fire; (t) to
build a fire in it =stove
| +uk- vv § ikit-
kukuun or kukuutiksrat kindling »
maqpiġaanik kukuusiqłuni,
igniqsuqtuq using paper for
kindling, she started a fire (in the
stove) | :un1 vn +ksraq(-)1 nn
-t nn
kukukłiq a stone (harder than most) |
+lliQ rn § kukurvak
kukurvak a blunt stone arrowhead used
for stunning birds | +vak nn
kukuvrak spotted stone used for head
of sealing club » “aŋuniaqtuam
karruutaa ugruŋniaġun
natchiġnunlu, naulaqqaaqługu
nuqinnamiuŋ; puimman
aaġuraqługu uyaġagmik
niaquagun akłunaaligaamik”
[it’s the hunter’s club for bearded
seals and regular seals after
spearing them and after pulling
them in; after they surface, he
clubs them on the head with the
stone attached to a rope] (Aiken
2009) | +lak nn
ku ku(u) [ENG “go”] (excl.) to start or
scare dogs
 kuuq- (i) to say “ku!” once; (t) to call
to it =a dog, etc. to go | +q-2
kuuqtuq- (i) to call “ku” repeatedly
to urge the dog team on; (t) to call
“ku” repeatedly to them =dogs on
dogteam to urge them on | -q-2 nv
+tuq-2 vv
kukuvyuġaq broth made of tomcod and
sea sculpin | +[ġ]aq nn
kulavak caribou cow | +vak nn
kulavagruatchauraq very old,
skinny caribou cow | +vak nn
+ġruaq nn -tchaq nn :uraq nn
kulavagruatchiaq old caribou cow,
ewe | +vak nn +ġruaq nn
+tchiaq nn
kulavauraq young caribou cow (two-
year-old) which has not conceived
| +vak nn :uraq nn
kumak louse (Pediculus humanus
capitis); maggot, larva of caribou
botfly; (Nu) smooth, white bug
found in tree trunks (eaten by
woodpeckers) § kumik-
kumaġuq insect which lives in ponds
| ±ġuq n
kumaiq- (i) to be rid of lice | :Iq-2 nv
kumaiqsuaq- (i) to look for lice in
one’s hair; (t) to look for lice in
her/his hair | :Iq-2 nv +suaq-2 vv
kumaiyaugaurat fine-tooth comb
(used when delousing) | :Iyaq- nv
:un1 vn :uraq nn -t nn
kumaksralliq (Nu) reindeer, caribou
covered with lice in spring |
+ksraq(-)1 nn -llIQ nn §
upinġaksralliq
kumauraq beans, rice | :uraq nn
-t nn § saviqquuraq, niliġnaq
kummak- (i) to be infested with lice,
full of lice; (t) she/he/it gets
infested with lice | ‘-k-2 nv,vv,rv
272
kumik- (i) to scratch an itch; (t) to scratch
her/him/it to relieve an itch §
kumak
kumigaq- to rake (it) | +aq-1 vv
kumigautit a rake; ice scratcher,
metal claw used to scratch sea ice
to attract seals | +aq-1 vv :un1 vn
-t nn
kumŋun or kumŋutit (Nu) any
clawlike device, e.g., ice scratcher
used by seal hunters; antler points
that have been carved with
serrations and used to scrape off
inner the layer of a skin | :un1 vn
*kummaa (root) need
kummaala- (i) to be frantically
looking for something; to be in
need of something desperately »
upaluŋaiyaŋitqaaqłuni
sunaqsimman kummaalasuuruq
after not preparing, he always
ends up turning the place upside
down looking for something |
-la- vv
kummaaluk- (i) to be in need of
something, but have difficulty
obtaining it | -luk- vv
kunik- [kunIk] to kiss (her/him/it); (i) to
smack into each other (of juggling
stones); (t) to bring it near to the
nose to sniff » iglukisaaqtuam
uyaġaŋik kunikłutik qivsaktuk
the juggler’s rocks smacked
together and flew off
kuniłukaq- (i) to fall flat on one’s
face » qimaktuqsaqpaiłłuni
kuniłukaqtuq in his rush to get
away, he fell flat on his face |
-łuk-3 vv -kaq- vv
kunipiq- to kiss (her/him/it)
repeatedly | -pIq- vv
kuniun tip of nose | :un1 vn
 kuniuġaq- to sniff (it) repeatedly (to
determine whether it is spoiled) |
:uq-2 vv +aq-1 vv
kuniuq- (t) to sniff at her/him/it (as
an animal does) » kuniuġaa niqi
tippakkasugivlugu she is sniffing
the meat to see if it has a strong
odor | :uq-2 vv
kupkaq- (Ti) (i) to be not fully baked (of
breadstuffs)
kupkaġnalaaq (Ti) flavorful, tender
meat | +naq(-) vv vn -laaq vn
kupkaġnaq- (Ti) (i) to be flavorful,
tender (of meat) | +naq(-) vv vn
kupkaluk- (i) to have something
sticky on oneself; (i) to have food
or any sticky substance stuck to it,
e.g., a cooking pot, clothes »
argatka kupkaluksirut
nuŋuraamiñ my hands have
gotten sticky from candy |
+luk- nv
kupkanaq- (i) to be sticky to the
touch | +naq(-) rv
kupki(-) piece of something stuck
between teeth; (i) to get something
stuck between teeth; (i) to pick
teeth » maktaktuqqaaqłuŋa
kupkitka piillaiġitka after eating
maktak, I can’t get the pieces out
from between my teeth | ‘=I-1 vv
kupkili- or kupkiiyaq- to pick one’s
teeth clean | ‘=I-1 vv -lI-1 nv or
:Iyaq- nv
kupkiliñ toothpick » kupkilisiga
ugruum umiŋa my toothpick is a
bearded seal’s whisker | ‘=I-1 vv
-lI-1 nv ‘n vn
kupkit- (i) to have food stuck
between one’s teeth | ‘=It-2 nv
kurauq (Ti) [ENG “cross”] cross,
crucifix § sanniġutaq, aŋarrauraq
273
¤kurrakuraq (Nu) Semi-palmated Plover
(Charadrius semipalmatus)
kurraq- (i) to lower one’s head lower
than one’s torso; (i) to bow; (Ti) to
lower one’s head | -rraq- rv < **ku
kurraŋa- (i) to be steep; (i) to have
one’s head lower than one’s torso |
±ŋa- vv
kurraqhaaq- or kurraqhuaq- (i) to
fall head over heels | ‘-qhaaq- or
-qhuaq- vv
kurraqsruq- (i) to lower one’s head
(as when looking for something) |
‘aq-1 rv mqsruq-2 vv
kurri- to make a river, a rivulet of
running water, as dripping water
creates a streamlet of water <
kuuk
kurruk- (i) to lower one’s head in
humility, sadness or shame |
+rruk- rv < **ku
kurugaq Pintail Duck (Anas acuta)
kurugaġnaq American Wigeon
(Anas americana)
kurukaałhusiq or kurukaaluġusiq
(Nu) Green-winged Teal (Anas
crecca)
kurvak or kutvak (Nu) large, flat
arrowhead made of antler with
four marks, indentations (for
shooting ptarmigan) § kukurvak
kusaq keel of kayak, main structural
piece of kayak attached
lengthwise along the centerline of
its bottom » “umiam kusaŋa
ataagun ittuaq” (Matumeak
2009) [the keel is what is situated
along the bottom of a boat] §
qukhak
 kusaaq keel of umiak § (Ti) kuyaaq,
see Appendix 16
kusiq- [kusIq] to drip (on her/him/it) »
qallutin uvva kusiqsuq;
nukiŋamaruq your cup is
dripping; it has a crack | +sIq-2 vv
< **ku
kusiġñiq drop of liquid | +niQ1 vn
kusiġaq- to drip (on it) | +aq-1 vv
¤kusiqaq place where melting snow
drips | -qaq vn
kusiqsuaq- (i) to drip continuously »
“uunnaŋata nannim
igittaġigaich aasii uqsruq
kusiqsuagaqsivluni
uqsruqaġvianun nannim
uqsruqaġvia immiqsimaaqługu”
(Kaveolook 1975a: 10) [the heat
of the lamp would render the fat
and the oil dripped continuously
into the oil container of the lamp,
keeping it filled] | +tuaq- vv
kutchiilisaq receptacle to catch
dripping liquid »
kusiqsimamman salumaruamik
kutchiilitchiqsauraqtaġa when I
saw that it was dripping clean
clear water, I quickly put a
receptacle under it | ‘-ilisaq vn
kutchiilitchiq- to place a receptacle to
catch a drip | ‘-ilisaq vn ‘=Iq-1 nv
kutchiqpik recptacle for catching the
drippings of a melting substance »
“aasii ataani nannim iñġaun
naagga kutchiqpik” (Kaveolook
1975a: 10) [and underneath the
lamp is the overflow oil catcher or
the container to drip into] § iñġaun
kutchitchiq- (Ti) (t) to place a
receptacle under a drip to catch it |
perhaps ‘=It-2 vv +[t]sIq- vv
kusulugaq or (Nu) kutulugaq icicle »
kusulugaq Utqiaġvigmiut
taisuugaat kukługaq,
274
Kuuvagmiut kusugaq the
Barrow people call “kusulugaq”
kukługaq, the Kobuk people call it
“kusugaq” | +sulugaq rn §
kukługaq, **ku
kusulukki- for icicles to form »
“iglum avataa
kusulukkisuuruq” (Aiken 2009)
[the eaves of a house forms
icicles] | ‘=I-1 nv
kutak- (i) to speak with a foreign accent;
(i) to speak a different dialect; (t)
to speak in a different dialect to
her/him » kutaktuat
tusaakamigit,
sumiñŋaqtilaaŋiññik
ilitchuġiliqtuq when he heard
them talking with an accent, he
instantly knew where they came
from
kutit- to drip (on her/him/it) » kutittuam
qiŋapkun nalautiġaaŋa the drop
caught me right on the nose |
-tit-2 rv < **ku
kutaaq- (i) to be dripping steadily; (t)
to drip on her/him/it steadily |
-aq-1 vv
kutchuq resin, spruce gum; chewing
gum | ‘-Q vn
kutchuġruaq sticky, yellow, ear wax
| ‘-Q vn +ġruaq nn
kutchuq- (i) to misfire (of gun); (i) to be
defeated, unsuccessful; (i) to not
pass; (i) to give up one’s plans »
aullaaqsaġaluaqtuagut
kutchuqtuagut ilakput
naŋiliġman we were going to go
camping, but we gave up our
plans when one of us got sick
kuttaq- to be injured in an accident §
piyaqquq-
kuuk1 [kurik] river; tributary | -uk rn <
**ku
kurgit or kuugit rivers | :It nn
kurrak two rivers | ‘-k2 nn
kurri- to make a river, a rivulet of
running water, as dripping water
makes a streamlet of water »
“Tavra aasii nimiġiat
kurrivlugu nuna iluqaan, aasii
saġvaqtitkaqsivlutiŋ taġium
niġrutai….And then the snakes
made rivers all over the land, and
the sea animals followed the
currents.” (Elijah Kakinya as
reported by Bergsland 1987:14,
15) | ‘=I-1 nv
kurriaq drainage ditch | ‘=I-1 nv
±aq1 vn
kurriñiq river or stream bed, place
through which water runs, channel
cut by running water | ‘=I-1 nv
+niQ1 vn
kuugaaġruk slough or channel on flat
tundra | +gaq2 nn -aġruk nn
kuugaatchiaq a stream linking lake
to river | +gaq2 nn -atchiaq nn
kuugaluk or kuugauraq or
kuuġuuraq stream, creek »
kuugauram siñaanun
pauŋŋaatiŋ unitchuuraŋit aasii
iñupayaam atullavlugik they
used to leave their hip boots by
the river so anyone who wanted to
could use them | +gaq2 nn
+luk nn or +gaq2 nn :uraq nn or
±ġuq nn :uraq nn
kuuġuq valley, furrow, ditch;
tributary river, brook, creek,
stream; anal opening of bowhead
whale | ±ġuq nn § see Appendix
19
kuuġuqłuk little creek | ±ġuq nn
-qłuk(-) nn
kuukłuk stream » “maqisuurut
maksraluuraqtuat ikkatuurat
amisuurat” (Matumeak 2009)
275
[they flow bubbly along, and they
are shallow and narrow]
kuukuaq- (i) to travel by way of
river | -kuaq- nv
Kuukpaaġruk Kuparuk River |
+qpak(-) vv, nn -aġruk nn
Kuukpik Colville River; (Nu) main
channel of a river (which has
branched) | +pIk nn
Kuuvak Kobuk River | -vak nn
Kuuvagmiut people of the Kobuk
Valley » Kuuvagmiuni
ilaqaqsimaruagut aakaalugma
ilaŋiññik I found out that we had
relatives among the Kobuk people
on my grandmother’s side |
-vak nn ÷miu nn -t nn
¤kuuk six (at cards)
kuukukiaq Common Snipe (Capella
gallinago) § saavġaq
kuuppiaq or kuukpiaq [RUSS “kofe”]
coffee
kuutchiq [kuutchIQ] pelvic bone (half of
pelvic girdle containing hip
socket)
kuutchiik pelvic bones | ‘-k2 nn
kuutchiñaaq pelvic bone; pelvic
girdle | -naaq3 nn § ukpan § see
Appendix 21
kuutchiñiq rump | -niQ2 nn
kuutchiññaaq- (i) to injure one’s
pelvic bone | -niQ2 nn ‘-aq-2 nv
kuvi- [kuvI] to spill (on her/him/it); (t) to
spill, pour it out @ kuviri-,
kuvisi- || ~rI-5 vv, +sI-3 vv §
kuviq- < **ku
kuviaq (Nu) bullet made by pouring
molten metal into mold | ±aq1 vn
kuviġaq- to spill (it) repeatedly »
silivitpaiłługu akigaqtaqtik
kuviġaġaak they filled the
 container that they are carrying
too full and are therefore spilling
it repeatedly | +ġaq-2 vv
kuviq- [kuvIq] (Ti) (t) to spill or pour
it out | +q-2 vv
kuviqpik or (Ti) kuviqsaġvik kitchen
slop pail or bucket | +qpIk vn §
naaptiġun
kuviri- (Nu) (i) to pour lead into mold
to make bullets | +rI-5 vv
kuvirrivik (Nu) mold for making
bullets | +rI-5 vv ‘+vIk1 vn
kuviuġvik funnel | :uq-2 vv +vIk1 vn
kuviuq- (i) to pour water on
something; (t) to water it = e.g.,
plants; (t) to pour water on it =
e.g., fire | :uq-2 vv
kuvviq liquid spilled (on something);
puddle of spilled liquid;
something poured out | ‘-Q vn
kuvlu thumb | +lu(q) rn § see Appendix
21
kuvluġuq dewclaw | +lu(q) rn
±ġuq nn
kuvraq(-) net, fishnet; spiderweb; (i) to
catch something with a net; (t) to
catch it in a net
kuvraksraq cotton twine (for
making nets) | -ksraq(-) nn
kuvraqsruq- to check the fish net |
+qsruq-1 nv
kuvraqtaq one caught in the net »
“unnuapak tainna
natchiliqivlutik
kuvraqtaiyaqsimmaisa
tamatkua natchiqsatik piruak”
(Ekowana: 13) [all night long
they dwelt with the seals,
removing them as they got
caught in the net] | +t/raq vn
kuvraqtuq- (i) to fish with a net »
kuvraqtuqłutik
aanaakłipalugniqsut they caught
276
a lot of whitefish by using a net |
+tuq-3 nv
kuvraurri- (i) to skip over the water
(of thrown flat piece of rock) |
+urrI- vv § saatuquyak
kuvri- to weave a net (for her/him/it);
(i) to skip a stone over water; (i) to
skip over the water along a line of
net floats, bouncing near each
float (of flat stone thrown in a
simple game of skill); (t) to skip it
=stone over water | ‘=I-1 nv
kuvriñ weaving shuttle (usually made
of bone or wood) | ‘=I-1 nv ‘-n vn
§ qilaun
kuvriq- (i) to set a fish net | =Iq-1 nv
kuvriraġaaq- (i) to skip stones on the
water (especially along a line of
net floats in a simple game of
skill) | ‘=I-1 nv -t/raġaq- vv
-aq-1 vv
kuvrisaun a weaving shuttle, a device
for weaving nets » “taamna
napititaġviat kuvrisaun;
akłunauraq imuŋavluni
nuvillaunmun” [it’s a shuttle for
weaving nets, with the string
wound around the spool] (Aiken
2009) | ‘=I-1 nv +saq-2 vv +un1 vn
¤kuvsit- (i) to refuse to share; (i) to be
overly thrifty, frugal
kuvsuk- to spoil on the outside (of meat) |
perhaps +suk-2 vv
kuyak(-) one of lumbar vertebrae; sides
of lower back where there are no
ribs; (Ti) lower back just above
buttocks; to have intercourse (with
her/him) § isat
kuyaaq (Ti) keel of umiak | -aq1 vn §
kusaaq
kuyapigaq vertebra | +[g]aq2 rn
kuyapigatchiat fish spine, bones |
+[g]aq2 rn +tchiaq nn -t nn
 kuyapigauraq(-) pulley; to use a
pulley (on it) | +[g]aq2 rn
:uraq nn
kuyapigaurat block and tackle »
“kuyapigauraiñŋaġmik
taimani imaġmiinŋaan
aġviuqpakkaat” (David
Frankson as reported by Pulu,
Sampson, Newlin: 74) [before
they had block and tackles long
ago, they butchered the whale in
the water] | +[g]aq2 rn :uraq nn
-t nn
kuyapiglugun sinew along the
backbone | +lugun nn
kuyapikkat backbone, spine,
vertebral column| +[g]aq2 rn
‘-t nn § see Appendix 21
kuyapikkiq- to provide a support for
(her/him/it) | +[g]aq2 rn ‘=Iq-1 nv
kuyapigaqturuq American Robin
(Turdus migratorious)
kuyyalaq or (Ti) kuuyalaq trump (at
cards) » kuyyalaŋata atautkai
his trump card took the entire pile
| -laq vn
L
laak [ENG “lard”] lard, shortening
Laavlaaq [ENG “laplander”] Saami,
(indigenous people of far northern
Norway, Sweden, Finland, and
Russia), Lapps
lautchik [from Lapp] reins for
reindeer
livalivaq (Nu) Semipalmated Sandpiper
(Calidris pusilla)
livalivauraq (Nu) Least Sandpiper
(Calidris minutilla) | :uraq nn §
navaluġauraq
277
livaluġauraq or lavluġauraq Least
Sandpiper (Calidris minutilla) |
:uraq nn
¤lugluktaak (Ti) wooden snow goggles §
yuqłuktaq
L
lałłak- (i) to bark ferociously and be
ready to fight (of dog) »
lałłaktuak ikkuak qimmik
pitugiakkik go and chain to their
posts the two dogs that are
barking ferociously about to fight
M
maak butt end of a feather or tusk,
feather stub on molting duck »
“maŋŋua suluum; isaġuanun
maŋuŋasuurut” [it’s the root of
the feather; they are rooted into
the wing] (Aiken 2009)
maani located here (extended and
visible) < °mar (dem. stem)
maaniit- (i) to be around here (visible,
extended) < °mar (dem. stem)
maaniitchaqtuq- (i) to come to be
located around here, here,
(visible, extended) < °mar (dem.
stem)
maanna (discourse mkr.) now then
maanna tavra (excl.) you think
you’re doing right, but it’s
wrong; that’s not a very smart
thing you’re doing | tavra (dem)
maannaasii (excl.) aw shucks! it’s
happening again! | aasii (conj)
 maannakiaq (excl.)(of pleasure and
approval when something is done
beautifully) now, that’s how it
should be done!, perfect!, you
did it just right! | +kiaq (encl.) §
chatchii
maannapayaaq (excl.) now, that’s
better!, much better! | perhaps
-payaaq(-) vv
maannapayaaq tavra (excl.) (of
slight annoyance when one has
no control over what has
happened and is content not to
get too agitated about it) oh,
darn!, oh, bother! oh, brother! |
perhaps -payaaq(-) tavra (dem.
adv)
magrikaqtaq- (Ti) (i) to play a game
where one jumps up from the
knees to a standing position and
kicks something < maksrik-
magu- (i) to howl, to bay (of dog or
wolf) » qimmit magusuurut
unnuaġman dogs always howl
at night
maguŋaaq- (Nu) (i) to be long and
turned up (of nose) » qiŋaŋa
maguŋaaqtuq he has a “ski-
jump nose” | ±ŋaaq(-) vv, vn
*maġ (root) canine vocal sound; howl
maala- (i) to howl with pain (of dog)
| -la- vv
maaq- (i) to yelp in pain (of an
animal) » qimmiq maaqtuq
miluqamni uyaġagmik the dog
yelped when I hit it with a stone |
-aq-1 vv
maġaala- (i) to yelp, howl; (i) to yell
out in pain » maġaalaruq
qimmiq naniqtinnami unianun
the dog howled in pain when the
sled traveled directly over it;
“iñuk maġaalasuuruq
278
anniġami” (Matumeak 2009) [a
person yells out in pain when he
is hurt] | maq-1 vv -ala- vv
maġaallak- (i) to begin to yelp in
pain » maġaallaktut qimmit the
dogs have began to yelp in pain |
-ala- vv '-k-2 vv
maġġukpak- (Ti) (i) to howl, bay
loudly (of dog or wolf) |
+qpak- vv § magu-
makhak- (i) to bark in anticipation
of leaving (with dogteam) (of
dog) | -khak- rv § qiluk-,
maqhak-
makhuk- or maqhuk- (i) to bark in
order to gain attention (of dog or
wolf); (Nu) (i) to howl, bay (of
dog or wolf) repeatedly | -khuk-
vv § qiluk-
maġałłak (Nu) soft white stone
pulverized and used in tanning §
kitik(-), maqałłak
maġamnasiq a black seal, with a skin
“deep black, patterned with small
whitish circlets” (Nelson: 19) »
“maŋaqtuamik mitquligaat”
[the ones with black fur] (Aiken
2009) § naġamnasiq
maġġaq [maġġaQ] gravel, sand § qavia,
tuapak, maġia, mau-
maġġaqsaq- (i) to go and get gravel
» uvlupagguuq
maġġaqsaġniaġaatigut they said
that they are going to deliver
some gravel for us today |
+saq- nv
maġġaraaq sandbar; fine sand |
-raaq(-) nn
maġġarauraq very fine sand |
-raaq(-) nn =uraq nn
maġġuti-1 (i) to go into a herd of
animals | ‘ti- vv

maġġuti-2 (t) to sink with her/him/it; (i)
to be unable to move in slush ice
(of boat) < mau-
maġia sand (generic) § qavia, tuapak,
maġġaq
maġiaq- (i) has been fed solid food; (i)
is being fed (of dog); (t) to feed
it =dog solid food @ maġiaqsi- ||
+sI-3 vv
maġiun an ingredient of dog food,
e.g., meat, fish; solid food for
dogs, dog food | :un1 vn
maġlak- to present a gift to (her/him)
before one dances so that
(she/he) may get up and dance as
well | maġlagmagu kimiñi iñuit
aviurut when he gave a present
to his host everyone cheered
maġlai- or maġlaktui- (i) to give
presents, gifts to others during an
Iñupiaq invitational dance |
:I-4 vv or +tuq-2 vv :I-4 vv
maġlaktuuti- (i) to give presents to
each other (of participants or
attendees at an Iñupiaq dance) »
tikiññamig-li maġlaktuutirut
qargimi when they arrived they
gave presents to each other in the
community house | +tuq-2 vv
:uti- vv
maġlaun gift given a
“qakummisaaq,” or an
invitational dance | +uti1vn
maġlausiaq gift received at
“qakummisaaq,” or an
invitational dance | :usiaq vn
makautak absent-minded person
makautaŋaaq- (i) to be absent-
minded, forgetful, do things
absent-mindedly; be obtuse »
aanaga makautaŋaaqtuq
279
aaquaqpaiłłuni my grandmother
is forgetful because she is getting
so old; “iluaŋiñman
suniaqtilaamiñik nalumman,
makautaŋaaġnisuugaat” (Aiken
2009) [when one is not well and
does not know what he is going
to do, they say he is dull-witted,
obtuse] | ±ŋaaq(-) nv
maki- (i) to come loose (of a patch); ¤to
die (definition credited to white
men when they first attempted to
speak Iñupiaq as a trade jargon)
» “anŋik tavra kiluaqtiġman
makinisuugaat” (Aiken
2009)[they say that when the
patch on the boot sole comes
loose, it is maki]
magluaq- (Ti) (i) to come off, come
loose (of a part of something) (t)
to take off, to break off an
attached part of it; to come apart,
come loose (of sewing in boots) |
+luaq-1 vv
makłuak- (i) to fly open, come ajar;
(t) to cause it to come ajar |
+łuk-3 vv -ak- vv
makłuaq- (i) to rip off; (t) to cause it
= e.g., patch to rip off, come
loose | +luaq-1 vv § magluaq-
makłukaq- (i) to stumble; (i) to hit a
bump while sliding | +łuk-3 vv -
kaq- vv
makłukaktaq- (i) to trip repeatedly;
to hit bumps while sliding »
sisuġaaqtuat makłukaktaqa-
miŋ qaŋattaqtiġaqtut when the
sledders hit a bump on their way
down, they would momentarily
go up in the air | +łuk-3 vv
+kaq- vv -ktaq- vv
makimaq- to not understand (it) and
perform accordingly; (t) to not
understand it =word and misuse
 it » makimapiaġiga taamna
uqaluk, tusaaŋaiññiġiga I am
completely ignorant of that word
as I have never heard it before
makit- (i) to stand up; (i) to get out of
bed; (i) to arise; (t) to set it
upright @ makitchi- »
ulġuŋaruaq igña aquppiutaq
makirruŋ stand that chair back
up which has fallen over || +sI-3
vv
magrikaq- (i) to leap repeatedly |
+srik- vv +aq-1 vv
makia- or maksraa- (i) to stand up
en masse | -a-1vv
makipqaq- (i) to barely stand or get
up | -pqaq- vv
makipqaqtaq- (i) to rarely stand up,
to rarely get up | -pqaqtaq- vv
makirruti- (t) to stand up, holding
her/him/it | +ruti- vv
makisiq (Ti) lower back, area above
buttocks | -sIq vn § tunu
makita- (i) to be standing | mta- vv §
qikata-
makitaraġaaġvik standing platform
behind handlebars of sled |
+raġaaq(-) vn +vIk1 vn § see
Appendix 18
makitchaŋa- (Ti) (i) to have a pain
makkaq(-) diaper; sanitary pad; (i) to
in the lower back | +tchaq- vv
±ŋa- vv
makitchaq- (Ti) (i) to begin to get
up, stand up; (i) to try to stand up
» tununi anniġaa
makitchaġami he got a pain in
his lower back by attempting to
stand up | +tchaq- vv
makitchaqtuq- (i) to go and stand
up; (t) to go and set it upright |
+saqtuq- vv
makitiq- (i) to get out of bed and put
clothes on; to be “up and around”
» makitiġataqtuq
nalagaluaqami uvlaapak she
280
finally got up and dressed after
being in bed all morning |
perhaps mtiq-2 vv
makkiqi-1 (t) for an animal to
suddenly stand up, as if to charge
her/him/it in defense | ‘=Iqi-1 vv
makłak- (i) to stand on end (of
animal’s hair, when its hackles
rise in anger); (i) to stand up
abruptly (of something which
normally would lie flat) | +lak- vv
maksrigvigi- (t) to attack her/him/it |
+srik- vv +vIk1 vn +[g]i- nv
maksrik- (i) to get up suddenly with
a start » maksriktuq
tusaavlugu tiŋŋun qulauttuaq
he got up with a start hearing the
plane overhead | =srik- vv
maksrukaq- (i) to make an attempt
to stand up, but fail to do so
2
mqsruq- vv -kaq-vv
maksrukaktaq- (i) to make attempts
to stand up, but fail to do so |
2
mqsruq- vv -kaq-vv -ktaq- vv
maksruksaaq willow stick with
snare affixed at one end (snare is
bent over a squirrel’s burrow or
along its trail); small game snare
| mqsruq-1 vv +saaq(-) vn
put on a diaper; (t) to put a diaper
on her/him/it
makkaksraq (Nu) moss used for
diaper | +ksraq(-) nn
makkaqpaligauraq [lit. “one with a
big diaper”] (Ti) wild baby |
+qpak nn -lik nn -gauraq nn §
iġaaq
makkaktuq- (i) to wear diapers |
+tuq-3 nv
makkaqtuun baby’s waterproof
diaper covers | +tuq-3 nv :un1 vn
makkaun (Ti) sanitary napkin |
:un 1 vn
makkiqi-2 (i) to wash diapers |
 =Iqi-1 nv
makpiq- or maqpiq-(i) to now be
opened (of tent flap, book); to
turn (of a page); (t) to open it
=book, tent flap, etc.; to turn it
=page of book » maqpiġaat
makpiqsut nalaułługu
paqitchuktaġa the book opened
right to the page I wanted to read
| +pIq- vv
makpiġaaġiit- or maqpiġaaġiit- (i)
to have a bad record, be a
lawbreaker | +pIq- vv +aaq(-) vn
+[g]iit- nv § aglagiit-
makpiġaaġik- or maqpiġaaġik- (i)
to have a good record, be law-
abiding | +pIq- vv +aaq(-) vn
+[g]Ik- nv
makpiġaaq(-) [maqpiġaraq] or
maqpiġaaq(-) piece of paper;
certification; (i) to leaf through a
book or magazine; (t) to open it
=book or magazine page by page
| +pIq- vv +aaq(-) vn
makpiġaaqaġvik or
maqpiġaaqaġvik library |
+pIq- vv +aaq(-) vn -qaq- nv
+vIk1 vn
makpiġaaqaq- or maqpiġaaqaq- (i)
to be certified; (i) to have one’s
credentials; (i) to have books,
papers | +pIq- vv +aaq(-) vn
-qaq- nv
makpiġaat or maqpiġaat book;
sheets of paper | +pIq- vv
+aaq(-) vn -t nn
maqpiġarriaq sivunniutikun
contract, agreement | ‘=I-1 nv
±aq1 vn
maqpiġarriqiri scribe, secretary,
clerk; librarian | ‘=I-1 nv ±aq1 vn
=Iqi-1 nv mt/ri vn
makkua or makua these around here
< *mar
281
makkuak or makuak thesed < *mar
¤maksaq comedian » “maksaq
asuuna” (Matumeak 2009) [you
are such a comedian] (said of one
who tells nonsense but everybody
enjoys listening to her/him)
maksi- [maksI] (i) to become calloused
(of skin, esp. of knees and
elbows) » arraa
kimmitquŋauna aŋutaiyaam
maksiŋapaluktuq wow, how
calloused the back of the boy’s
ankle has become | +sI-1 vv §
maunni(-)
maksraluk or maqsraluk a spring, a
fountain < maqi-
maksruksaq willow stick with snare at
end (bent over a squirrel’s
burrow) § makit-
maktak whale skin with blubber
attached
maktaaq beluga skin with blubber;
thin whale skin with blubber
from the lips of a bowhead whale
| -aq2 nn
makvak jack (suit in cards); scoundrel;
(name used to call) someone who
displeases one | -vak nn
malak (Ti) chest (anatomical) § satqaq
malaŋmigaq- (Ti) (i) to crawl on
one’s belly without touching
one’s chin to the floor, as part of
a game | -migaq- nv
malġi [malġI] Pacific Loon (Gavia
pacifica)
malġuk number two; a pair » malġuk
iññuk two persons
malġi(-) a twin; (i) to give birth to
twins | ‘=I-1 nv
malġik set of twins | ‘=I-1 nv -k2 nn
malġuiksraq something that can be
made into two items; the second
part of a pair | :Iq nn +ksraq nn
malġuiksrau- (i) to be as good as
the first part (of the second part
of a pair); (i) to number in two |
:Iq nn +ksraq nn :u-1 nv
malġuilik something with a double
seam | :Iq nv -lik nn
malġuiqsuaq- to do (it) twice |
-iqsuq- nv -aq-1 vv
malġuit two sets, two pairs; two
groups » “Ikiġġivlunilu
malġuiñik imailanik….He made
two pairs of empty drying racks.”
(Elijah Kakinya as reported by
Bergsland 1987: 315);
“Tikiġaġġuuq malġuiñik
Itivyaaqaqtuq” (David
Frankson as reported by Pulu,
Sampson, Newlin: 96) [it is said
that Tikiġaq has two sets of
Itivyaat (ancient people who live
underground near Point Hope,
Alaska)] | :Iq nn -t nn § Itivyaat
malġukipiaq numeral forty »
malġukipiat number forty |
-kipiaq nn
malġukipiaq qulit numeral fifty »
malġukipiat qulit number fifty |
-kipiaq nn
malġulik two-masted boat; two-
panel tent | -lik nn
malġutchiak twice; only two »
“Malġutchiagnigguuq
akisaġaa. …By killing just two,
he said, he had avenged her.”
(Elijah Kakinya as reported by
Bergsland 1987: 320) |
-tchiaq nn -k2 nn
malġuut- (t) to divide into halves |
282
-ut- nv
malik- to follow, accompany
(her/him/it) » aakaniimma
maliktaŋa Ulġuniġmun she
went with her mother to
Wainwright
maligaq- (t) to follow her/him/it |
+aq-1 vv
maligiik- (i) to be close in age (of
siblings) » nukaalugalu
maligiiksuguk my younger
sibling and I are close in age |
+[g]iik- vv
maliġi- (t) to follow her/him/it; to
follow her/his/its directions »
maliġigaa aapani
aŋiniaqtiqpak he is a great
hunter like his father; uqaluŋi
samma maliġigupkit
iłuakkuaġniaġiñ if you follow
his directions in sequence, you’ll
get it right | -[g]i- vv
maliġuagaksraq guideline,
stipulation or qualification in a
document; program, agenda »
maliġuagaksrat kasimaniptigni
uvva here’s the agenda for our
meeting | -ġuaq- vv ±aq1 vn
-ksraq nn
maliġuaq- (t) to continue to follow,
to accompany her/him; (t) to
follow or adhere to it;(t) to
follow it =a trail » matkua
tumit maliġuaġlugit
aŋusaġlakput qavvik let’s
follow these tracks and try to
catch the wolverine | -ġuaq- vv
maliġuaqti follower, disciple |
-ġuaq- vv mt/ri vn
malikataq- (t) to pursue, chase
her/him/it @ malikatai- |
-kataq- vv || :I-4 vv
malikpakaq- (t) to follow her/him/it
right after she/he/it has departed
» “aqukiuraŋagun aniruaq
 malikpakaġaa” [she followed
immediately the one who went
out] (Aiken 2009) | +pakaq- vv
maliksi- (i) to give birth shortly after
a previous birth (e.g., one year
later) | +sI-3 vv
maliksuguksaaq- (t) to entice, lure
her/him/it | +suk-2 vv +[s]uk-1 vv
±saaq-2 vv
maliksuk- (i) to be attracted or
persuaded to participate; (i) to
yearn, or have a desire to follow;
(i) to be enticed; (i) to conform »
unnuiqiruanun maliksukłuni
pigaasugrugniqsuaq eager to be
one of the “night owls,” he
stayed up most of the night |
+suk-2 vv
maliksuktitau- (i) to be convinced,
persuaded, tempted »
maliksuktitauruq
aullaaqsaqtuanun he was
persuaded by the ones going
camping to go as well | +suk-2 vv
1 1
mtit- vv +t/raq vn :u- nv
maliktaqutchiġaq- (i) to echo; (t) to
say something immediately after
she/he finishes talking |
+taq(-) vv +qun1 nn ~sIq-2 nv
+[t/r]aq-3 vv
maliktuaq- (t) to be constantly
following her/him/it | +tuaq- vv
maliktuq- (i) to sob, to gasp after
crying hard | +tuq-2 vv §
maniktuq-
maliqataq- to run after, chase
(her/him/it) | =qataq- vv
maliqquk- (t) to follow her/him/it
constantly, everywhere | -ġi- vv
‘-k-2 vv
maliqquuti- (i) to follow
everywhere » “tainna
unitkaluaġvigmi,
maliqquutimmiraqtuq”
(Nageak 1975: 8) [so although
being left way behind, he would
283
constantly follow them
everywhere] | -[g]i- vv ‘-k-2 vv
-uti- vv
maliqsruq- (t) to follow her/him/it
everywhere »
maliqsrusuŋaiññaġuuvaiłłu  ni
taapkunuŋa
tautullaiqapkuunnii she so
habitually follows them around
that I hardly see her anymore |
2
mqsruq- vv
malliq- (i) to follow, chase someone
or something | ‘=Iq-1 vv
mallit- (i) to be unable to keep up,
fall behind; (t) to be unable to
keep up with her/him/it »
tikitqaurraqtuani
mallitkaluaŋŋaġmi
qapitchailiruq although he fell
behind in the race, he tried not to
give up | ‘=It-2 vv
malliuti- (t) to chase, follow
her/him/it | ‘=Iq-1 vv -uti- vv
marguti- or malguti- (i) to become
a follower | :uti- vv
malik(-) a wave, swell on a large body
of water; (i) to develop swells (of
a large body of water) § qailliq(-)
malliq(-) [mallIQ] tidal wave; (i) to
be rough (of water); to rise (of
the sea) » malliqsuami
igliġniataktuagut
iŋiulliunŋupaluktugut we who
were trying to travel on rough sea
got very tired of the waves |
‘-Q nn
malliuq- (i) to pitch, go up and down
on the waves | '=iuq-2 nv §
qailliuq-
*maluk (root) strangeness, oddity
maluŋnaġi- (t) to find it strange, not
right, think there is something
wrong | +naq-1 rv +[g]i- vv §
allayuaġi-
 maluŋnaq- (i) to be shameful; (i) to
have a fault recognized by
others; (i) to be odd, not look
right, appear wrong | +naq-1 rv
*maluka (root) inferior
malukagi- (i) to be considered to be
of inferior quality; (t) to feel
ashamed of it, or to consider it to
be of inferior quality | +[g]i- rv
malukali- (i) to be rabid; to become
crazy; (i) to act dangerous and
crazy (of a drunk person) |
-lI-2 rv +pkaq- vv
malukalipkaq- (t) to bite and cause
her/him/it to become rabid or
crazy » tiġiganniam qimmiq
kiivlugu malukalipkaġaa the
fox bit the dog and caused it to
become rabid | -lI-2 rv
malukaliq rabid animal; madman |
-liQ nn
malukanaq- (i) to need to be fixed,
made better » “iłuitchuq samma
suna pigaluaqtuni
savammaġiksaaqtuksraumman
” it does not work properly
although one does everything to
it when it needs to be fixed
thoroughly (Matumeak 2009) |
+naq(-) vn, vv
małak- to follow her/him/it everywhere
with a purpose (e.g., on a dare or
vengeance) § malik-
mam (excl. of determination and resolve
to succeed) this time I’ll succeed!
I’ll do it!
mamaaq a white to light-gray gum-like
substance (found between the
baleen plates of a bowhead
whale) »
mamaaqtunnaraaġniqsuaq
aġvaktuanik takurikama he
284
was enjoying a piece of whale
gum when I went to check on the
crew that caught a whale
mamaq- (i) to taste good, to smell good
(of food)
mamaġi- (t) to like it =food |
+[g]i- vv
mamait- (i) to taste bad, to smell bad
(of food) | :It-1 vv
mamŋatchi- (i) to eat heartily |
=ŋatchI- vv
mamaun udder § maamak-
*mamia (root ) feeling of distress,
offense
mamiagi- (t) to have hurt feelings,
be offended by his/her criticism
or scolding; (i) to feel hurt,
distressed, offended by criticism
or scolding » mamiagigaa
aakani suaktuvaiłłu  ni he is
distressed by his mother because
she scolds forcefully and
constantly | +[g]i- rv
mamiasaaġun a taunt | +saaq-2 rv
:un1 vn
mamiasaaq- (t) to taunt, tease
her/him to add insult to injury »
mamiasaallaagaqsigaa
akiiliŋaqqaaqługu
aqpaliurraqamik he began to
tease him after beating him in a
footrace | +saaq-2 rv
mamiat- (i) to have one’s feelings
hurt by scolding or criticism and
become weepy; (i) to feel
distress; (Ti) (i) to mourn, grieve
» suayuġnaitchuq she’s so
sensitive to criticism that it is
hard to know how to scold her |
+t-2 rv
mamiatchak- (i) to become
distressed due to being criticized;
(i) to become intimidated »
 mamiatchagnak don't become
intimidated and start crying |
-tchak- vv
mamiiq-1 (i) to no longer be easily
offended | :Iq-2 rv
mamiit- (i) to not be easily offended,
be “thick-skinned” | =It-1 rv
mamiq membrane scraped from dried
animal skin used in olden days as
a bandage
mamiiq-2 (i) to no longer have
membrane (of skin); (t) to take
membrane off it =skin @
mamiiqsi- | :Iq-2 nv || +sI-3 vv
mamiiyaq- (t) to remove membrane
off it =skin | -Iyaq- nv
mamilik (Ti) dried, bleached
sealskin with hair removed »
mamillagnik maġlakkaa she
gave him a pair of caribou leg
skin boots with the fur inside as a
gift and invited him to dance
with her | -lik nn § naluaq
mamillak caribou leg skin boots
with fur inside | -lik nn ‘-k2 nn
mamiŋiq- (t) to remove the dried
membrane from a dried animal
skin @ mamiŋiqsi- | ±ŋIq- nv ||
+sI-3 vv
mamiŋiqsaq animal skin from
which dried membrane has been
scraped | ±ŋIq- nv +t/raq vn
mamit- (i) to heal (of a wound, sore,
injured body part); (i) to fuse,
come together » mamilġataqtuq
killiŋa his sore finally healed;
“Taima isiġami uqallautigik,
‘ki, mamititchik.’” (Ahvakana:
7) [then upon entering she said to
them, “okay, fuse together”] |
+t-2 nv
mamitaq(-) bandage; (i) to bandage
oneself; (t) to bandage her/him/it
| -taq(-) vn
285
mamittaq- (Nu) (i) to heal, close (of
wound); (i) to close, come
together (of two halves of
something) | -taq(-) vn, vv
mamŋuġaaq fur parka with skin
outside | perhaps -ŋŋuq-2 nv
+aaq(-) vn
mamŋuuk long fur pants with fur
inside; children’s underwear, fur
sleepers with fur inside | perhaps
=ŋuq nn ‘-k2 nn
mamuqquq an article of clothing or
footwear made with the skin
inside out (fur side in) (Kisautaq:
650) | perhaps +quq nn
mamuqquuk (dual) (Nu) one-piece
waist-high boots-pants | perhaps
+quq nn .-k2 nn
mavruuq- (i) to heal » “tavra
mamittuq” (Matumeak 2009)
[it’s healing] | :u-2 vv -uq-2 vv
managaaraq steep incline
manaq(-) a wooden, pear-shaped float
with four hooks and line (for
retrieving seals); jigging tackle
(for tomcod); (t) to retrieve it =
usu. a wounded seal in sea with
the hook and line » manaqtuġaa
natchiq tiŋmiallu ugruillu he
hooks and retrieves seals, birds,
and bearded seals; “sikumun
qakinnamiuŋ tavra manaġaa”
(S. Tuzroyluke 2009) [when he
places it on the ice, it is then he
has retrieved it with a sealing
hook] § igiłhaq, sapaŋiak
manaqtuq- (i) to use the hook and
line for retrieving seals |
 +tuq-3 nv
manaqtuun rope line for seal
retrieving hook | +tuq-3 nv
:un1 vn § igiłqhat
mani- [manI](i) to present oneself; (t) to
show, present, introduce, display
her/him/it @ maniri- or manisi-
» kapisaġmani manipayugmiuq
when they were ready to give
him an immunization, he
surprisingly bared and presented
himself || -rI-5 vv, +sI-3 vv
manilitchi- (i) to give an offering (at
church) | -lIt- vv +sI-3 vv
manilitchiñiq offering (at church) | -
lIt- vv +sI-3 vv +niQ1 vn
manimmi- (i) to persevere; (i) to
endure pain, sorrow, criticism; (i)
to tolerate something unpleasant;
(t) to endure, tolerate her/him/it »
manimmilguniuraġnaqtuq
suna pigaluaġman one should
always try to persevere no matter
what happens | +mmI-5 vv
manimmilgun patience; tolerance,
forbearance | +mmI-5 vv -lgu-1 vv
‘n vn
maniñaaq or maniñiq [maniñiQ]
mountainside; slope of mountain
» iġġim maniñġa
qiñiqtuallatugiga I enjoy
looking at the slope of the
mountain | +naaq(-)2 vn or
+niQ1 vn
manitchisaġi- (Nu) (t) to offer it for
sale, trade | +tchI- vv -saq5 vn
+[g]i- nv
maniuġun advertisement | -uq-2 vv
:un1 vn
maniyaqtuq- or manisaqtuq- (t) to
go and show it | +yaqtuq- vv
mannisaġi- (t) to offer for sale,
trade; to give or lend it; to get
behind her/him/it for protection,
286
putting her/him/it in a hazardous
position | ‘saq(-) vn, rv +[g]i- nv
mannisaq a display » mannisaġigaa
he has it on display in hopes of
selling it | ‘saq(-) vn
manik-1 [manIk] (i) to be smooth (e.g.,
of ice) § qaiq-
maniilaq surface that is rough or
uneven | -ilaq(-) vn
maniit- (i) to be rough, uneven (esp.,
of ice when there are ice piles) |
:It-1 vv
manik-2 (i) to sob once
maniktuq- (i) to be sobbing |
+tuq-2 vv § maliktuq-
manik(-)3 [manIk] [ENG “money”]
money; (i) to “strike it rich”; (i)
to be rich
manigaq- (i) to gamble, bet |
+aq-4 nv § saaptaq-
maniiq- (i) to spend all of one’s
money; (t) to deprive her/him/it
of money | :Iq-2 nv
maniit- (i) to have no money, be
broke | :It-1 nv
manik kaviqsuaq [lit. “money that
is red”] gold
manik qatiqtaaq [lit. “money that is
white”] silver
maniksuq- (i) to be extravagant,
spend a lot of money; (i) be
expensive » maniksuqtuq
taavamna aġnaq that woman is
extravagant with money |
+tuq-3 nv
maniksuun expense | +tuq-3 nv
:un1 vn
maniliqiri banker, accountant;
money exchanger | -liqi- nv
mt/ri vn
maniññak- (i) to earn money, wages
» iksivluŋa maniññaktuami I
 earned some money taking things
to the dump yard | -nnak- nv
maniññaktuq- (i) to receive
payments other than wages, e.g.,
welfare, pension, etc. »
maniññaktuġuuruq
kavamaptinniñ he gets a
monthly check from our
government | -nnak- nv +tuq-2 vv
maniuraq postage stamp; coin |
:uraq nn
maniq(-) [maniQ] tussock; moss
(Dicranum rugosum), used as
wick with stove lamps; “…the
moss, mû’nĭk, furnishes wicks
for the lamps.” (Murdoch as
reported by Powell 1892: 59);
clump of grass; (t) to bury,
enclose it with tussocks, clumps
of grass @ maniqsi- » manġit
pisuayunaipaluktut it was so
difficult to walk among the
tussocks || +sI-3 vv § piġuraq
maniġaq rounded hill, small dome |
+[ġ]aq nn
maniġruaq old or huge tussock,
hummock | +ġruaq nn
maniqtaq (Nu) food cached in
tussocks on tundra | +t/raq vn §
piġuraq
maniqtaqaġvik (Nu) food cache
made of piled-up tussocks |
+t/raq vn -qaq- nv +vIk1 vn
manna mannaa Iñupiaq game with two
teams standing opposite each
other, both teams with circular
home bases and a smaller
circular jail situated to the right
of the home base; the object of
the game is for all members of
one team to circle the opposing
team's home base and return to
their own home base without
getting tagged; a player is put in
287
jail if she or he is tagged by the
other team while in their “field”;
she/he can be taken out of jail
only if a member of her or his
team runs into the jail and tags
her or him; a player is considered
"safe" if she or he enters the
opposite team's home base before
being tagged; the team with the
least number of players “in jail”
at the conclusion of the game,
wins
manna mannaaq- (i) to play manna
mannaa | +q-2 nv
mannik [mannIk] egg
mannigiaq- (i) to go egg gathering |
+iaq-2 nv
manniliqun egg beater | -liqi- nv
+un1 vn
mannium sauniŋa eggshell |
:um nn
¤manniksak “an open place located by
traditional usage“ where a qargi
(whaling crew) held traditional
activities, including nalukataq
(Spencer: 350)
*manŋa (root) tension
manŋaiqsruq- (i) to tense up in
anticipation of being hit | :Iq-2 rv
2
mqsruq- vv
manŋait- to be tough (of meat) |
:It-1 rv
manŋatchai- (t) to cause her/him/it
to tense up » tupaksaaqamiŋa
manŋatchaipalukkaaŋa when
she startled me, my muscles
really tensed up | -tchak- rv
-I-6 vv
manŋiaq or matŋiaq (Ti) wrist guard
worn by archers (usually made of
bone); “‘Braces’ (mû’n-gid-
zĭñ)… Small curved oval disks of
 bone or horn, with holes for
strapping on the left forearm or
wrist to protect it from being hurt
by the string in shooting the
bow.” (Murdoch as reported by
Ray 1885: 74)
manŋiqtuqqiq [manŋiqtuqqIq] hard,
lumpy rust | +qqIq nn
manŋuk- to thaw to the point where it
can be cut (of frozen meat) »
iqaluit manŋuksiakkit
quaġumaugut leave the frozen
fish out to thaw a bit so we can
have some to eat
manŋuksiaq(-) frozen meat that has
been set out to thaw so that it can
be cut; (i) to be thawing so it can
be cut; (t) to let it thaw so it can
be cut | +[t]sIq- vv ±aq1 vn
manŋuksiq- (i) to be set out to thaw;
(t) to wait for it to defrost, thaw
out just right for eating |
+[t]sIq- vv
manu upper front of shirt or parka
manuġluk(-) or (Ti) manuġli(-)
frost from breath; (i) to become
frosted from breath (of parka
ruff) » “imituaŋa uisaugami
iñuum” [it’s the only source of
drinking water for one who is
carried adrift on ice] (Aiken
2009) | -ġluk- nv or -ġlI- nv
manuġmik- to carry (it) under one’s
chin | +q-2 nv +mIk- vv
manuġun bib, wide necklace; pin
(piece of jewelry) | -ġun nn
manuilisaq bib, piece of fur tied
around the mouth (for protection
against the freezing temperatures
when traveling) | -ilisaq nn
manuluk- (i) to have a wet shirt or
parka front due to dribbled saliva
| +luk(-)1 nv
288
manumiutaq something worn
around the neck, e.g., necktie |
+miutaq nn
manusiñik or manusiññak [lit.
“two in the chin or neck area”]
two white tusk-shaped designs
sewn on front of parka yoke |
+siñiq nn -k2 nn or | +siñiq vn
‘-k2 nn § kayuaġun
manusiñiligaaq a parka with two
white strips on parka yoke
designed to resembe tusks |
+siñik nn -ligaaq nn
manusuk- (i) to tuck one’s chin in
one’s parka and be idle |
+suk-2 nv
manutaq fish bait | -utaq nn
maŋaq- (i) to be dark, be black
maŋaqhaaluk black wolf »
maŋaqhaaluk tauqsiqsaŋa she
bought the black wolf| -qhak vn
-aluk nn
maŋaqhauraq young black wolf or
dog | -qhak vn :uraq nn
maŋaqtaaq something black; the
color black » maŋaqtaagnik
kamiqaqtuq he has black boots |
+taaq vn
maŋaqtuaq auk dark blood from the
stomach | +t/ruaq vn
maŋik- [maŋIk] to gnaw on (it); (Nu) (i)
to fall headfirst dead or wounded
(usu. of animal); (Nu) (i) to fall
on one’s face
maŋiaq- (i) to bite off pieces of food
without cutting them with a
knife; (t) to tear at it with one’s
teeth » maŋiaqługu
pivsituġnaqtuq one eats dried
fish by biting off pieces with
one’s teeth | -aq-1 vv
maŋikaq- (i) to fall on one’s face |
-kaq- vv
 maŋiksat ugruk (bearded seal) soles
for boots, crimped roughly then
smoothed out | +t/raq vn
maŋiksiq- (i) to fall headfirst, dead
or wounded (usu. of animal) |
+sIq-2 vv
maŋiksit- (Nu) (t) to cause it =usu.
an animal to fall headfirst dead
or wounded | mtit-1 vv
maŋiksraq- (t) to tear at it with the
teeth | +qsraq- vv
maŋiutit front teeth (for gnawing) |
:un1 vn -t nn
maŋuk- (i) to become nailed, pegged or
staked in; (t) to drive it in, e.g., a
nail, peg or stake @ maŋuksi- ||
+sI-3 vv
maŋŋuq foundation; root of plant,
long taproot of plant; word stem;
(Nu) small secondary root »
“ipiġaqtuutiksraqtaaġisuugaat
maŋŋua” [the long taproot of a
plant is used as a whip] (Aiken
2009) | ‘-Q vn § kaŋiun, naggun,
ipiġaqtuun
*map (root) popping noise
mapkuliktaaq (Ti) shoe with hard
sole | +kuq rn -q-1 nv
-lik- vv -t/raaq1 vn
mapkuluk- (i) to crackle | +kuq rn
-q-1 nv -luk- vv
mapkuq- (i) to gather one’s strength
and make an all-out effort; (i) to
make a crackling noise when
shaken, as a blanket-toss skin; (i)
to make a popping noise |
+kuq rn -q-2 nv
mapkuq bearded sealskins sewn
together and used for blanket toss
at Nalukataq »
nalukataŋaiqamiŋ mapkuq
atqaqługu aġġivigisuugaat
when they are through blanket
tossing, they take down the
289
mapkuq and use it for a dance
floor during the Eskimo dance |
+kuq rn
mapkuqtaaq hard bread made with
flour and water | +kuq rn -q-2 nv
+t/raaq1 vn
mapkuqtaq- (i) to make a popping
or cracking noise repeatedly; to
crack a whip » kutchuqtuqtuaq
igña mapkuqtalgupaluktuq that
person chewing gum sure pops it
a lot » mapkuqtaġiga argamnik
I snap my fingers at him |
+kuq rn -q-2 nv +t/raq-1 vv
mapkuqtaun whip | +kuq rn -q-2 nv
+t/raq-1 vv :un1 vn
mapkutit- (i) to pop, make a
popping noise (as of a person
popping his gum); (i) to slap
something hard, causing a
popping sound | +kuq rn -q-2 nv
-tit-2 vv
mapkutitaq- (i) to repeatedly crack
a whip, make loud cracking noise
| +kuq rn -q-2 nv -tit-2 +aq-1 vv
mapkuummi- (i) to be at one’s peak
of performance »
mapkuummiruqsuli kanna;
allat aqamaktit
nuqitchumiñaiġaat he is still at
a peak of his performance, and
no one can beat him at finger
pulling | +kuq rn -q-2 nv
+mmI-5 vv
mapqaq- or mapqatit- (i) to fire a
gun; (i) to make the sound of a
gunshot or explosion; (i) to make
a loud pop; (t) to fire it =gun |
-qaq-3 rv or -qaq-3 vv mtit-1 vv
mapkutitaaġruaq coltsfoot (with white
flowers) (Petasites frigidus)
[“eaten in salads, and used as a
treatment for arthritis”
(Johnson: 2)]
¤mapsaq-1 or mapsat- (Nu) (i) to fall,
creating a snowslide (of snow
cornice)
mapsaġruk snow cornice,
overhang » “aluktinniq apun
uukkaqsiññaaġuŋaruaq”
[it’s a snow cliff ready to fall off]
(Aiken 2009) | -ġruk nn
mapsaq-2 (t) to sing her/him a lullaby;
(t) to sing a baby to sleep @
mapsai- » “mapsaġuugaat
tavra atuutiuraaqługu
ililgauraq
siqupkaġniuraaġamirruŋ”
[they do this when they sing
slowly to try to put a little child
to sleep] (Aiken 2009) || :I-4 vv §
mavsaq-
mapsaun lullaby | :un1 vn
mapsataq or ¤mapsitaq (Ti) harpoon
head of bone, ivory
maptu- (i) to be thick, e.g., fabric, skin,
book | +tu- rv
maptukit- (i) to be thin and flat |
+tu- rv -kIt- vv
maptukłi- (i) to become thinner (of
skin, cloth); (t) to scrape it =skin
until it is thin | +tu- rv -kłI- vv
maptusilaaq- (t) to make it thicker |
+sI-1 vv -laaq-1 vv
maptutilaaq(-) (i) to measure the
thickness; thickness » sikum
maptutilaaŋa ilisimagiga I know
the thickness of the ice; naumi,
maptutilaaġlakpuk no, let's
measure how thick it is |
mtilaaq(-) vn, vv
maq game where players take turns
making silent gestures and funny
faces in order to make others
laugh; object of the game is not
to laugh or smile; the winner is
290
the one who doesn’t laugh or
smile at other’s antics for the
duration of the game; the
exclamation “maq” signals the
beginning of the game
maġauraq- (i) to play a game of
“maq” | +aq-1 vv :uraq- vv
maqałłak powdery white stone that is
pulverized and used in tanning |
-łłak n § kitik(-), maġałłak
maqamit- (t) to shoot and unexpectedly
hit it =game animal; to get
married although others don’t
expect it @ maqamitchi- |
-mit- rv || +sI-3 rv
maqhak- (Nu) (i) to whine (of dog)
often in anticipation of going <
*maġ
maqhuq- (Nu) (i) to give a short, crisp
bark (of dog) < *maġ
maqi- (i) to flow out, leak out, drain; (i)
to sweat; (i) to run (of nose) »
taigruaq putuvluni, uqsruq
maqiruq the oil drum has gotten
a hole in it, so the oil is leaking
out
maqiugaq- (i) to flow continuously
» iraa maqiugaqtuq his eye is
continually watering | -ugaq- vv
maqsraluk(-) or maksraluk(-) (i) to
make a babbling noise (of
running water); a fountain, a
spring of water » kuugauraq
maqsraluktuq the creek is
making a babbling noise;
“Imiġiksuaġlu
taġiuġnitchuaġlu
maķiyumiñaitchuk
atautchimiñ maksraluktuamiñ
imiġmiñ. No spring of water
pours out sweet and bitter water
 from the same opening!” (Iñupiat
New Testament: James 3:11) |
+srak- vv -luk- vv
maqsraluktuaq or maksraluktuaq
a spring, a fountain | +srak- vv -
luk- vv +t/ruaq vn -t nn
maqik- (i) to carry something on one’s
shoulders over a portage; (t) to
carry it =kayak on one’s
shoulders over a portage »
“qayaq nanmiutivlugu tainna
nanmaktuaqługu
itivitchaġamik kuugmun”
(Aiken 2009) [hoisting the kayak
on their backs they carry it on
their back as they cross the
portage to the river] § itivit-
maqpiġaaq piece of paper < makpiq-
maqpiġaat book; stack of papers <
makpiq-
maqpiġarriaq sivunniutikun contract,
agreement < makpiq-
maqpiġarriqiri scribe, secretary, clerk;
librarian < makpiq-
maqpik1 channel between lakes or
between lake and river | -pIk nn
maqpik2 frozen food storage alcove
(usually located on the left side
of a dwelling immediately before
the outer exit where blubber is
sliced into thin layers ready to be
pounded to provide oil for the
lamps) | perhaps +qpIk vn § see
Appendix 22
maqpiq- (t) to turn it =page of book,
turn it =tent flap up < makpiq-
291
maqu-1 (i) to become spoiled, marred,
corrupted; (i) to be destroyed; (i)
to deteriorate (of a human
relationship) § suksraunġIq-,
piluksi-
maquli- (i) to decay | -lI-2 vv
maqunialiq- (i) to become antisocial |
perhaps +niaq(-) vv -lIq-3 vv
maqurrun corruption; cause for
corruption | +t-1 vv +ruti vn
maqusuuruaq perishable,
corruptible | +[s]uu- vv
+t/ruaq vn
maqut- (i) to have been destroyed;
(t) to destroy, ruin, corrupt,
vandalize her/him/it; (i) to badly
influence her/him | +t-1 vv
maqutchiyyaq- (i) to go and
destroy, ruin, or corrupt
something or someone | +sI-3 vv
+yyaq- vv
maqu-2 (i) to defecate or urinate § qui-,
anaq(-)
maqquq bodily waste »
ilitchuġipayukłuni
maqqumiñik uvva
qaunagnaipayaaqtuq she has
become potty trained and now is
not such a bother to take care of |
‘-Q vn
maquyaqtuq- (i) to go somewhere
to urinate | +yaqtuq- vv
°mar (dem. stem) here (extended and
visible) § °ik (dem. stem), °uv
(dem. stem)
maani located here (extended and
visible) | +anI (dem. loc.)
maaniit- (i) to be located here
(extended and visible) | +anI
(dem. loc.) it- “to be”
maaniitchaqtuq- (i) to come to stay
around here (visible, extended) |
+anI (dem. loc.) it- “to be”
+saqtuq- vv
maaŋŋa from here (extended and
visible) | +aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
maaŋŋaaglaan hereinafter; from
now on | +aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
aglaan (conj.)
maaŋŋamiñ from this direction here
(extended and visible)| +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.) ÷miñ (abl.)
maaŋŋaq- (i) to come from here
(extended and visible) | +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.) +q-3 dv
makuqtiik (vocative) you two »
“Kiisaimma
…piyumikkiutivlugu katchiq
tamanna uqallakpuq, ‘katchiiŋ
makuqtiik avititchik’”
(Ahvakana: 7) [finally…she
decided to try the walls and said,
‘you two walls separate” | =qtiik
(vocative)
manna [dual makuak or matkuak,
pl. makua or matkua] this one
here (extended and visible) | +na
(dem. abs. pron. sg. mkr.)
marra here; here it is (extended and
visible) | ‘a (dem. adv. mkr.)
¤marra marraaq- (Nu) (i) to play
“marra marraa” (game similar to
manna mannaa Iñupiaq game
(with two teams positioned
opposite one another, both teams
with circular home bases and a
smaller circular jail situated to
the right of the home base; the
object of the game is for one
team to circle the opposing
team’s home base and return to
their own home base without
getting tagged; a player is put in
jail if he is tagged, and he can be
taken out only if a member of his
team runs into the jail and tags
him; a player is considered
“safe” if he enters the opposite
team’s home base before being
292
tagged; the team with the highest
score wins the game)
mattuma or marruma or
masrruma [(dual ma(t)kuak , pl.
ma(t)kua] this one here (extended
and visible) | +tuma (dem. rel.
pron. sg. mkr.)
mattumani or marrumani or
masrrumani [dual
ma(t)kugnagni, pl. ma(t)kunani]
located with this one here
(extended and visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +anI
(dem. loc.)
mattumaŋŋa or marrumaŋŋa or
masrrumaŋŋa [dual
ma(t)kugnaŋŋa, pl.
ma(t)kunaŋŋa] from this one here
(extended and visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.)
mattumatun or marrumatun or
masrrumatun [dual
ma(t)kugnaktun, pl.
ma(t)kunatitun] similar to this
one here (extended and visible) |
+tum (dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
+atun (dem. sim.)
mattumiŋa or marrumiŋa or
masrrumiŋa [dual
ma(t)kugniŋa, pl. ma(t)kuniŋa]
this one here (extended and
visible) | +tum (dem. rel. pron.
sg. mkr.) +iŋa (dem. mod.)
mattumuŋa or marrumuŋa or
masrrumuŋa [dual
ma(t)kugnuŋa, pl. ma(t)kunuŋa]
to this one here (extended and
visible) | +tum (dem. rel. pron.
sg. mkr.) +uŋa (dem. term.)
mattumuuna or marrumuuna or
masrrumuuna [dual
ma(t)kugnuuna, pl.
ma(t)kunuuna] via this one; with
this one here (extended and
 visible) | +tum (dem. rel. pron.
sg. mkr.) +uuna (dem. via.)
mauna via, through here (extended
and visible) | uuna (dem. via.)
maunnaaq- (i) to go via, through
here (extended and visible) |
+uuna (dem. via.) ‘.q-4 dv
maunnaaġiaq- (i) to come to go
through this area | ‘.q-4 dv
+iaq- vv
mauŋa to here (extended and
visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.)
mauŋanmun towards here (extended
and visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.)
nmun (term.)
mauŋaq- (i) to come here (extended
and visible); (t) to put/place it
here (extended and visible) |
+uŋa (dem. term.) +q-3 dv
marasiq [marasIq] [pl. maratchit] [ENG
“medicine”] medicine, pill
marguti- (i) to become a follower <
malik-
masak(-) or matchak(-) or misak(-)
wet ground; slush; swamp;
waterlogged snow; (i) to be
slushy (of snow); (i) to be wet (of
ground)
masallak(-) or masayyak damp
snow; to be damp of snow, e.g.,
good for snowballs | -llak-1 vv
matchaktiq- or misaktiq- (t) to
moisten it | +tiq-1 nv § imaqtiq-,
misak(-)
masamatit- (i) to make a sudden, loud
resounding noise; to hit
(her/him/it) or land (on
her/him/it) with a heavy and loud
impact; (t) to hit it with a
gunshot, slingshot, or an arrow
making a “slapping” noise; (t) to
slap her/him hard » | +tit-2 vv
293
*masaq (root) pleasure
masaġni- (i) to listen eagerly,
attentively, with pleasure; (i) to
sun oneself; (i) to be pleased; (i)
to be glad to talk to someone
ikkahii, masaġniruq look at her
over there, she is listening so
attentively | +nnI- rv § nakuaqsri-
masaqsri- (Nu) (i) to be pleased,
contented with a situation or
event, especially a story one is
listening to; (i) to sun oneself,
doze in the sun | +qsrI- vv §
nakuaqsri-
masiikak a stupid thoughtless person »
“iñuk suurimmaaġaluaġnani
pimmam masiikagmik
taiguġuumaraat” [when a
person does something without
much foresight or concern he
was called a masiikak] (Aiken
2009)
masik [masIk] gill of fish; front cross
beam on deck of kayak » | +sik n
§ see Appendix 17
masu edible taproot of Alpine
Sweetvetch (Hedysarum
alpinum); “eskimo potato” §
utqiq, aiġaq
masu aiġaq edible root, Parry’s
wallflower (Parrya nudicaulis)
masuliñ or masunniun or
masusiun tool used for digging
roots | -liñ nn or +niun vn or
+siun nn
masuqutaq Alpine Sweetvetch
(Hedysarum alpinum) |
+qutaq nn
masut- (i) to gather edible roots |
-t-2 nv
matchaaq [ENG “mush”] oatmeal
cooked cereal

matiqti waist; waistband (of pants)
matŋiaq (Nu) skin wrist guard worn by
archer § manŋiaq
mau- [maġu] (i) to sink into soft ground,
matŋiq- (Nu) (t) to get a patch of
frostbite, sunburn; to get a stain
(of metal or object) »
matŋiġaaŋa I got a sunburned
patch on my skin § uut-, qiqitiq-
matŋiġniq (Nu) patch of frostbite,
sunburn, stain on metal |
+niQ1 vn
matŋiqtuq- (Nu) (i) to be frostbitten,
sunburned; to have a dark spot,
blotch on one’s skin; to have a
stain (of metal) | +tuq-3 vv
mattaq- (i) to get out of harness (of
dog); (i) to remove one’s parka;
(t) to remove dog’s harness; (t) to
remove her/his parka; (t) to take
it =clothing off of oneself »
mattaġaik pualugni
uunniqigaluaqami he removed
his fur mittens since he was so
hot
mattaaq- (i) to not be wearing a
parka, jacket, or overcoat |
-aq-1 vv
matu(-) lid, cover; sod house skylight
shutter; (i) to be now covered; (t)
to cover it
mattutaq eye patch | ‘-utaq vn
mattutaqtuq- (i) to wear an eye
patch » mattutaqtuqtuq
irigiiłłu
 ni he is wearing a patch
over his sore eye | ‘-utaq vn
+tuq-3 nv
matuaq covering of hard snow to
conceal trap | ±aq1 vn § umigaq
matutaq(-) snipe net; (i) to be
caught in a snipe net (t) to catch
294
it =snipe, phalarope with a net |
-taq(-) vn
matutaqtuq- (i) to use a snipe net |
-taq(-) vn +tuq-3 nv
mud, or snow as one takes a step;
(t) to sink into it = soft ground,
mud, or snow as one takes a step
maġġuti- (t) to sink with her/him/it;
(i) to be unable to move in slush
ice (of boat) » marra-kii
maġġutiyaitkutigimagait
qanuq samuŋa it is evident that
they (objects) were used to
prevent sinking | ‘ti- vv
maulġaq- (Ti) or maułłak- (i) to
sink suddenly, unexpectedly, in
snow or mud | -lġaq- vv, -łłak- vv
¤maunaq entrance to prey trap |
+naq(-) vn
mauraġaq(-) small ice floe used as
stepping stone; (i) to cross open
water by jumping from one piece
of ice to the next; to sink as one
walks in mud, snow | -t/raġaq- vn
mauya or mauyaq terrain which
causes sinking, e.g., soft soil or
deep, soft snow | -ya(q) vn
mauyaġnaq- (i) to be soft, causing
one’s legs to sink in | -ya(q) vn
+naq- nv
mauyakkuk- (i) to be soft and deep,
easily sunk into (of snow)
mauyaliq- (i) to be deep, soft snow
into which one sinks | -ya(q) vn
-lIq-3 nv
mauyalliuq- (i) to sink in as one
walks in deep, soft snow or sand;
(i) to go through deep snow or
mud » mauyalliupaluktugut
pisuaġapta we encountered a lot
of deep, soft snow when we
walked | -ya(q) vn -lliuq- nv
mauyaqisaaq(-) deep, soft snow |
-ya(q) vn -qisaaq(-) nn
 mauyaqisaq- (i) to walk in deep,
soft snow or on soft ground,
sinking in now and again |
-ya(q) vn -qisaq- vv
mauyaqit- (i) to step down and sink
into soft dirt or snow | -ya(q) vn
‘=It-2 nv
mauyasiutik tagluk snowshoes for
use in soft, deep snow | -ya(q) vn
+siun nn -k2 nn
*mau (root) sea ice
mauq- (i) to be seal hunting on the
ice | +q-2 rv
mauqsruq- (i) to walk directly out
on the ice to hunt; (Nu) (i) to
hunt on the sea ice; (t) to hunt it
= usu., seal on the sea ice | +q-2
rv +qsruq-1 vv
mauqsruutik (Nu) seal-hunting
boots with bearded seal soles |
+q-2 rv +qsruq-1 vv :un1 vn -k2 nn
maut- (i) to walk out in the direction
of open water; (i) to go hunting
out on the sea ice | +t-2 rv
maunaaq1 blade or point at end of
shovel » “maunaaqaġnisuugait
tamatkua sauniġniglu sunik
siqquuraqtuanik pualġiñ;
pualġiñmik pisuugaat piksrun”
[they say that anything hard like
bone was used as the point of a
shovel; a shovel is called a
pualġiñ] (Aiken 2009) § piksrun
maunarriqsi- to attach a blade or
point on shovel | +rrIq-2 nv
-sI-5 vv
maunaaq2 hatch of entrance hole, or of
a kayak; “katak” of sod house §
see Appendix 17
maunna or maunni(-) calloused skin,
callus on heel; to get callused (of
body part) § maksi-
295
mavrayuuq moth | -ayuuq n
mavruuq- (i) to heal < mamiq
mavsa overhanging snowdrift, ready to
fall; snow cornice; overhang;
membrane attached to an
animal’s stomach
mavsaq(-) (Ti) or (Nu) mavsat-
deep, soft snow; (i) to fall into
deep, soft snow; (i) to fall down,
creating a snowslide (of snow
cornice) » tuttuvsaum mapsaq
nalaułługu aullallaiqsuq the
moose cannot move falling into
deep soft snow | -q-2 nv or
+t-2 nv
mavsati- (Nu) (t) to fall on her/him/it
(of snowslide), for her/him/it to
be caught in a snowslide | -ti- vv
mavsatit- (i) to fall (of snow
cornice); to make a thunderous
sound (of a falling object when it
lands) | -q-2 nv -tit-2 vv
mavsaq- (i) to sing a lullaby to a child §
mapsaq-
mavsiq- [mavsIq] (i) to convalesce, rest
and recuperate; (t) to let it heal »
aŋutim mavsiġaa killiñi the
man is letting his wound heal
mayuq- (i) to climb, ascend; (i) to move
to a higher position (of person),
e.g., to a better job; (t) to climb,
ascend it; (t) to set her/him/it on
or in a higher place » mayuqtuq
qilaguamun she climbed
upstairs
mayuaġaq- (Ti) or (B) mayuġaq- (i)
to climb steps, stairs, or ladder;
(i) to play, climbing us and
down; (t) to climb for an
extended period of time on them
 =stairs, ladder | -aġaq- vv or
+aq-1 vv
mayuaġaun elevator | -aġaq- vv
:uti1 vn, +t3 nn
mayuaġautit or mayuġauttat stairs,
steps, ladder | -aġaq- vv :uti1 vn,
+t3 nn § tuŋmiġautat, tutipqit
mayuala- (i) to rush in via a
subterrean entrance into a
sodhouse or up the stairs in a
modern building (of cold air); (i)
to rise, swirl in the air (e.g., of
smoke, steam) | -ala- vv
mayualik- (i) to tease a male dog (of
female dog in heat trying to
rouse the male dog to copulate) |
-lik- vv
mayuallak- (i) to rush in (of cold air
when door is open); to rise higher
(of moon) | -ala- vv ‘-k-2 vv
mayuaq- (Nu) to climb, ascend (it =
a mountain) | -aq-1 vv
mayuġautat or mayuġauttat ladder
| +aq-1 vv -utaq vn -t nn §
tunmiġautat
mayuŋŋaġik- (i) to have a good
incline of slope, be steep |
-ŋŋaġIk- vv
mayuqi- (i) to pull up one’s pants;
(t) to pull up her/his pants |
-qi- vv
mayuqtinniq ice on the beach »
“siku maġġam qaaŋanun
tulaktinmauŋ” (Matumeak
2009) [when the ice has been
swept ashore on top of the sand] |
+tinniq vv
mayuqtitaq(-) (t) to force her/him to
climb up; slush ice pushed onto
shore (Harcharek: 13) |
mtitaq(-) vv, vn
mayusaaq- (i) to climb up a slope in
one continuous motion, nonstop |
-saaq-1 vv
*mialuk (root) hunger
296
mialuksaq- or mialuksi- (i) to not
have enough to eat; (i) to crave
food » aakani aullaġman
mialuksiruq ever since his
mother left, he never seems to
have enough to eat; “niġisuktuq,
niġisuktuq niġiññaraaqhuni”
(Matumeak 2009) [he keeps
wanting to eat more from the
sheer pleasure of eating] | msaq-3
vv or +sI-1 vv § kaaksiu-
*migvi (root) stingy
migvigi- to be stingy | +[g]i- vv
migvisuk- to be unwilling to pay
price asked | -suk-2 vv
miġaliq(-) [miġaliQ] (Ti) slush ice;
slush and small chunks of new
sea ice which wash up on shore
in fall; to be covered by small
chunks of sea ice in fall (of
beach) » taġium siñaa
miġaliqtuq or taġium siñaa
miġaliġaa the beach is covered
with small chunks of sea ice;
“tamanna siku
siquminŋuraŋaruaq; kiniqtuq
igliġniaġaluaqtuni; ivugami
siquminniŋa tavra miġaliġmik
taiguġaat” (S. Tuzroyluke 2009)
[it’s ice that has broken into very
small pieces; it is not slick to
travel on; the broken ice that
results when the ice crashes
against itself is called miġliq] §
muġałłiq, qinu
miġayauraq infant, newborn (human or
animal) | :uraq nn §
miqłiqtuuraq, paipiuraq,
aniqqammiaq
miġiaq(-) or muġiaq(-) or miġġiq
vomit; to vomit (it); (t) to vomit
on her/him/it » “miġġiq tavra
 iñuum naakka niġrutim
migiaġaġniŋa” (Aiken 2009)
[miġġiq is the vomit of a person
or an animal]
miġiaġaq- to vomit repeatedly (on
her/him/it | +aq-1 vv
miġiayanŋu- or miġiaqsunŋu- (i) to
feel nauseous | -ya-1 vv -nŋu- vdv
miġiaqsaayuk Parasitic Jaeger
(Stercorarius parasiticus) |
+saaq-1 vv -yuk vn
miġruq- (Ti) to sew (it) | perhaps
-ġruq- vv < miquq-
miġruqtit (Ti) skin sewers |
mt/ri vn -t nn
miġruun (Ti) sewing machine |
:un1 vn § miquun
miquuti- (t) to sew it on; to sew for
her/him | -uti- vv
*miġvi (root) dislike
miġvigi- (Nu) (t) to dislike her/him |
+[g]i- rv
miġvisuk- (Nu) to dislike someone |
+suk-2 rv
miitchuk [RUSS “mewok”] burlap sack
| +suk2 nn § aluaqsaun
miki- (i) to be small
mikigi- (t) to find it (clothing) too
small » mikigigiga [lit. “I find it
too small”] it is too small for me
| +[g]i- vv
mikiliġaġmik- (Nu) (i) to do the
finger pull with the ring finger |
+[ġ]aq nn +mIk-1 nv
mikilġaq fourth finger, ring finger |
+[ġ]aq nn
mikinaaq- or miŋnaaq- (Nu)
miknaaq- (t) to make it too
small; (i) to be made small »
miŋnaapaluksimagiga nasaŋa
297
atigiliaġma I sure made the hood
of the parka I made small |
-naaq- vv
mikini- (i) to say that one is small;
(t) to say that she/he/it is small |
+nI-1 vv
mikiniġaq- (t) to say disparagingly
that he/she/it is small | +nI-1 vv
+[ġ]aq- vv
mikinini (word used or created by
the first white men who
attempted to speak Iñupiaq)
something small; “child” in trade
jargon » mikiruaq suli tavra
“mikinini”; tavra
uqapiaġasugigaat;
ilitchuġiuraqługu-kiima then
something small was “mikinini”;
they (the white men) thought
they were speaking Iñupiaq; they
were just getting the hang of it, I
guess | +nIq-2 vv +niQ1 vn §
mikiniñani
mikiniñani vv (negative
subordinative) despite her/his/its
smallness | -nI-2 vv +nanI (neg su
b 3s)
mikipiksuaq- (i) to be much smaller
|-piksuaq-
mikłi- (i) to become smaller; (t) to
decrease it in quantity or size |
~lI-2 vv
mikłiłaaq- (t) to make it smaller »
mikłiłaaqsimaraa atigiŋa she
made his parka smaller | +sI-1 vv
-laaq-1 vv
mikigaq(-) mixture of fermented whale
meat, whale tongue and maktak
to be fermented | +gaq2 n
mikigagraq (Ti) second share from a
harvested whale’s ventral flanks,
“uatit,” given to a new whaling
captain, “aġvanġaqtuaq” (used to
make “mikigaq”) | -ksraq1 nn
 mikigaun sealskin poke or other
container for fermenting whale
meat | :un1 vn
mikikki- (i) to make fermented
whale meat | ‘=I-1 nv
mikkiaq- to tear a piece out of it =meat
with the teeth »
“mikkiaġnisuugait
kigutimignik niġiruat
saviksuġaluaġatik” [they say
that those who eat with their
teeth mikkiaq, instead of using
knives to cut their meat] (Aiken
2009) § maŋik-
mikłiaq umbilical cord | +iaq3 n
miksraut- or (Ti) migraaq- (i) to make
a close estimate; (t) to be close in
an estimate of it @ miksrautchi-
» miksrauttuq akiŋanik
aquppiutam tuniuqqairuani he
estimated the value of the chair
accurately at the auction;
“samma migraaġapku tavra
new town site; samma
ilvigikapsakkaa; tamaanigguuq
samma Itivyaat ittut” (David
Frankson as reported by Pulu,
Sampson, Newlin: 94) [so I
estimate it to be around the new
town site; it is situated right
around there; it is said that is
where the Itivyaat are] || +sI-3 vv
milaasiq [ENG “molasses”] molasses
milik (Nu) or miligaq diaphragm
(anatomical) | +gaq2 nn §
kanivaun
milik(-) stopper, plug; (i) to be plugged;
(t) to plug it @ miliksi-
|| +sI-3 vv
298
millik or (Nu) mitlik long, curved
carving knife (primarily used
during the construction of the
inside of umiak frame); two-
handed carving tool »
“niviŋŋaġlugu ipiutchuġlugu
savignik, ipiksautinik,
millignik aŋusalluumman”
(Kiligvuk: 3) [they hang it up
stringing up knives, sharpeners,
long curved carving knives to it
(skin) when it is a male animal]
millit- (t) to become stained from being
wet for an extended time (of tent
or other material) »
“maŋaqtauraliqsuġman amiq
suna kalikulu
uġġuqiraġaġmani” (Aiken 2009)
[when a skin or even fabric
develops dark stains from getting
wet repeatedly] | ‘=It-2 vdv
miluk(-) nipple of breast; breast; (Ti)
milk (commercial or human); (i)
to nurse (of child); (t) to suck it
=breast, thumb, etc.; (t) to take a
puff on it =cigarette, cigar, or
pipe § mulu
milluaq- to suck (it) | ‘-aq-1 vv
milugiaq- (i) to go and suck |
-iaq-1 vv
milugiaq solitary wasp; (Ti) bumble
bee; sucker fish (Diptera:
Ceratopogonidae) » “tuttut
igutchakuluurat
iqisigipiaġataġait
siqiññaaġiksikulugman”
[caribou are extremely afraid of
the small bumblebees whenever
it becomes sunny outside] (Aiken
2009)| +iaq1 n
milugiatchiaq a biting insect, gnat,
tiny mosquito, “white-socks,”
“no-see-um” | +iaq1 n -tchiaq nn
 miluguiq- (i) to stop nursing having
had enough (of an infant) |
+[s]uiq-vv
milugvik lip of tobacco pipe |
+vIk1 vn
miluġutik or milugutik brassiere,
bra | -ġun nn -k2 nn
miluktit- (t) to nurse her/him/it with
breast or bottle @ miluktitchi- |
1 3
mtit- vv || +sI- vv
milukataq (Ti) leaf of coltsfoot (plant)
(Petasites frigidus)
miluyuuq caribou botfly (Oedemagena
tarandi)
milvik (Ti) or mirvik or mitchaaġvik
airstrip, landing strip, airport <
mit-
milik very soft snow
miliq1 [miliQ] [pl. milġit] (Nu) willow
ceiling on temporary shelter
which is then covered with sod
miliq2 indent or notch made in wood to
hold a pole in place
miluq- (t) to hit her/him/it with a thrown
object; (t) to shout hurtful words
at her/him @ miluqsi- | +sI-3 vv
milluuġun throwing board, atlatl |
:uq-2 vv +un1 vn § see Appendix
17b
milluun something thrown | :uq-2 vv
:un1 vn
milluuq- (i) to throw things; (i) to
pitch in a baseball game; (t) to
throw things at her/him/it @
milluuqłiq- | :uq-2 vv || -kłIq- vv
miluqhiuti- or miluġiuti- (i) to
fling, throw oneself into or onto
something; (t) to fling, throw
299
her/him/it carelessly | +[g]i- vv
:uti- vv
miluqsauti- (t) to throw it overhand |
3
msaq- vv :uti- vv
miluqtuq- (t) to throw hurtful words
at her/him/it » “miluqtuġaa
uqalugmiñik
nakuuŋitchuanik” (Matumeak
2009) [she hurled hateful words
at him] | +tuq-1 vv
miluqtuqti (Ti) or milluuqti-
pitcher in baseball | +tuq-2 vv
mt/ri vn
miluuġuti- (Nu) (i) to throw things
at each other; (i) to play the
“mitten game” where children
throw fur mitts turned inside out at
each other | :uq-2 vv +uti- vv
¤mimiq [mimiQ]or mumiq [dual
mimmak] hindquarter, haunch
minġuq- (i) to be very tired, weary; (i)
to tire
minġuiqsiaq- (i) to rest | :Iq-2 vv
+[t]sIq- vv -aq-1 vv §
pilaiŋaiqsiaq-
Minġuiqsiġñiq Sunday | :Iq-2 vv
+[t]sIq-vv +niQ1 vn § Savait-
Minġuiqsiŋaiġñiq Monday | :Iq-2 vv
+[t]sIq-vv ±ŋaiq- vv +niQ1 vn
minġuliuti- (t) to grow weary and
tired of her/him/it | -lIq-3 vv
:uti- vv
minġuqtuq- (i) to be tired | +tuq-3 vv
minit- (i) to be excluded, to be left out;
(t) to omit, to exclude her/him/it
when distributing something @
minitchi- || +sI-3 vv § nimit-
mittau- (i) to be omitted when
something is being distributed »
mittaumaruaq she was excluded
in the distribution | =t/raq vn
:u-1 nv
minŋiq- or (Nu) mitŋiq- (i) to jump up
and land on the same level as one
started; (t) to jump over
her/him/it § qirgiq-
minŋala- (i) to jump up and down
excitedly | =ala- vv
minŋiqhiallak- (i) to jump up once
gracefully | -qhiaq- vv -llak-1 vv
minŋiqtaq- (i) to jump up and down
repeatedly (on the same surface)
| +t/raq-1 vv
minŋuq or miñŋuq ground beetle
(Coleoptera: Carabidae) |
+ŋuq nn
miñaq- (t) to save, set it =something
which belongs to oneself aside
for someone else
miñaumigi- (t) to delay, procrastinate
accomplishing it =task »
“miñaumigigaa, pisallaiġaa
savaaksrautikkaluani allamun
iñugmun piñiaġnivlugu; tainna
iksruma piñiaġaa
savaaksrautikkaluaq; iñuk alla
miñaumigivlugu; taiksrumuŋa
piñiaġnivlugu” (Aiken
2009) [he is procrastinating
having difficulty starting on the
work that he is supposed to do
thinking that another person will
do it; he thinks that that other
person will do the work that’s
supposed to be done; he is
procrastinating on account of that
other person, thinking that the
other person will do it] perhaps
-u-2 vv -mik vv +[g]i- vv
miñik(-) mist, moisture, drizzle; splash
made by fish or thrown object; (i)
to be misty; to drizzle, rain
lightly; to be damp with mist (of
300
ground, snow) » miñiktuq or
miñikkaa it is misty
miñikłuk very light rain | +łuk1 nn §
quikłuk
miññi- (Nu) to be misty (of air or
ground) | =I-1 nv
miñukula- (i) to drizzle or for there
to be a light mist | perhaps
-uk(-)1 vv ula- vv
miñiqutipkaq- (i) to become icebound
(of a boat) | :uti-vv +pkaq-1vv
miñu long, slender willow leaves (which
wash up on shore, are picked,
dried and then used as cleaning
mops) (Kisautaq: 651)
miŋuk- (t) to color, mark, or smear
something on her/him/it using
one’s hands »
pisaaġiŋitkaluaŋŋaan
miŋukkaa igalauraq he
accidentally smeared the window
miŋŋuaq- (Ti) (t) to chip it =enamel
utensil; (i) to be chipped (of
enamel utensil) | ‘n vn -aq-2 nv
miŋŋulik enamel utensil | ‘n vn
-lik nn § nauyyaaq
miŋuaq- (t) to mark her/him/it @
miŋuaqsi- | -aq-4 vv || +sI-3 vv
miŋuaqtuġiaq- (i) to go to school;
(t) to go to mark it up | -aq-4 vv
+tuq-2 vv +iaq- vv
miŋuaqtuġvik school | -aq-4 vv
+tuq-2 vv +vIk1 vn § aglagvik
miŋuaqtuġvikaaq one’s former
school | -aq-4 vv +tuq-2 vv
+vIk1 vn -kaaq nn
miŋuaqtuq- (i) to attend school |
-aq-4 vv +tuq-2 vv
miŋuaqtuqti student, pupil in
elementary school| -aq-4 vv
+tuq-2 vv mt/ri vn
miŋuaqtuun pencil, pen | -aq-4 vv
+tuq-2 vv :un1 vn
 miŋugluk(-) spot, stain by marking; miqsruq- to sew (it) | perhaps
2
(i) to be stained or spotted; (t) to mqsruq- vv
stain it | +luk1 vn miqsruun needle | perhaps
miŋulġun paint | -lġun vn 2
mqsruq- vv :un vn
1

miŋulġutaulaaq(-) something with miquliktuq- to take the time to

paint on it; (i) to have paint on quickly sew (it) » utaqqillagiñ,
its surface » igña miquliktuġniaġiga wait a minute,
miŋulġutaulaaq qairruŋ give I will take a minute and sew it |
me that one there with the paint -liktuq- vv
splattered on it | -ulaaq(-) nn, nv miquqti seamtress » miquqti
miŋuliq- to paint (her/him/it) | iñuqallaturuq the seamstress
-liq-3 vv likes company | mt/ri vn
miŋuliun paintbrush | -liq-3 vv
miquun sewing machine | :un1 vn §
:un1 vn
miġruun
miŋuluk- (i) to rub medication,
miquutitaq- (i) to use a sewing
ointment on (her/him/it) | -luk- vv
machine; (t) to sew it on the
miŋuluun externally applied
sewing machine | :uti1 vn
medication (iodine, ointment,
+[t]aq-2 nv
etc.) | -luk-5 vv :un1 vv
miquyu- (i) sews well (of sewing
machine or person) | -yu- vv
mipkuq meat of any kind » “iqaluit,
paniqtat qanusit
misak(-) or masak(-) or matchak(-)
uqsrumiitkaluaqtuat,
wet ground; slush; swamp;
qanusilliqaa” [fish, dried meat
waterlogged snow; (i) to be
of any kind, even those in seal
slushy (of snow); (i) to be wet (of
oil, any kind] (Aiken 2009)
ground)
misałhak slushy top of young sea
¤mipquq thigh of bird | +quq § mumiQ
ice; water-soaked ground, swamp
| -łhak n
miqivsaq(-) accident; (i) to have an
misaŋuqsiaqaġvik place to let
accident § piyaqquq-
moisture drip or evaporate from
meat | perhaps -ŋŋuq-2 nv +sI-1 vv
miqłiqtuq child § ililgaaq
+aq1 vn +qaq- nv +vIk1 vn
miqłiqtuuraq infant, baby | :uraq nn
mitchak- (i) to become damp, wet »
§ miġayauraq, nalaquyauraq,
mitchaktuq qilamik it got
paipiuraq
dampe quickly | ‘-k-2 nv
miqłiqsiqiñiq raising, rearing of
children |
misapsaq (Nu) Tree Sparrow (Spizella
arborea)
miqu- (Ti) (i) to urinate § qui-, maqu-
misaq- (i) to lick the lips moistly and
miquq- to sew (it) » miqullaktuq
loudly
aakakput uvlupak kammak
misaivsaaq- (i) to swallow saliva
naannialavlugik our mother
loudly | -It-2 nv -vsaaq- vv
sewed all day trying to finish the
misapqatit- (i) to splash violently
boots
landing with a thud; (Nu) (t) to

301
 make her/him laugh
by saying something funny »
“aŋayuqaksrauravlu
akunġatigun
misapqatilgitchuk” (Nageak
1975: 90) [then between them
and the little old man, they (the
jaws of a giant polar bear)
splashed noisily and violently
once again]; “suna tavra
tikiłłakkami sumun, nunamun,
immamun, nutqallagruaqłuni,
suli supputillagruaġamiuŋ
suna, tikiałłagmatik niġrutit
quviqługu sivuġaaniñ tavra
misapqatitkaa” (Matumeak
2009) [it is what happens when
something impacts suddenly on
the ground or water, and also
when one shoots quickly with
sudden impact upon animals as
they come upon them quite
suddenly without warning] |
|perhaps -ma-1 vv -tit-2 vv,
-pqatit- vv
misiġaaq(-) [misiġaraq] seal oil,
rendered blubber for dipping
meat; (i) to use seal oil as a dip
for meat » misiġaallaturuŋa
quaġama I enjoy seal oil when I
eat frozen raw meat
misiġaaġvik oil bowl (for dipping)|
+vIk1 vn
misiġarriuq- (i) to make seal oil
from blubber | ‘=iuq-1 nv
misik- (i) to leap straight up; (i) to jump
down from a low height; (t) to
jump across her/him/it §
nautkiaq-
misigaq- to hop (over it) | +aq-1 vv
mitchiqi- (t) to pounce, jump on
her/him/it » “Ilaanni
tuttuligiñmata niġiñiaqtillugich
Avigguvium taapkuak
302
nukatpiak malġuk
mitchiqiniġik,…Once, while
they were eating after having
killed some caribou, Avigguvik
leaped over to those two young
men, …” (Simon Paneak as
reported by Bergsland 1987: 330
| ‘=Iqi-2 vv
*misik (root) expectation of a happening
misigi- (t) to expect her/him/it |
+[g]i- vv § niġiugi-
misiksri- (i) to watch over, to tend
something or someone | +srI- rv
§ qaunaksri-
misiksriri or misiksriruaq reindeer
herder | +srI- rv mt/ri vn
misiksruq- to wait and watch for
(her/him/it) | mqsruq-2 rv
misikaaġaq or misikaaqqauraq or
(Nu) misiqqaaqaq Black-capped
Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) |
+[ġ]aq nn
¤misiqqaaqauraq Yellow Wagtail
(Motacilla flava) § iksriktaayuuq
*misu (root) healthy look
misuiq- (i) to become pale in the
face » misuipaluktuq
tautukkamiuŋ
tauqsiġñiaġviŋmi she paled
when she saw in the store |
:Iq-2 rv
misuit- (i) to be pale in the face |
:It-1 rv
misuġuqtuun glass bottle
misuk- (i) to be dipped (into a liquid);
(t) to dip it (into a liquid) »
alakkaa, misuktuq akuŋa
immamun oh no, her skirt
dipped in the water
misuktaun fountain pen | +t/raq-1 vv
:un1 vn
 misuqupak piece of caribou skin
soaked in human urine (used as
emergency food for dogs) |
-qupak nn
misuq [pl. mitchut] sap; juice from
whale meat being cured; shoot of
plant § naunġaq
misuli- (i) to sprout (of plant) |
-lI-2 nv
misulik sleet, wet snow | -lik n §
niviluk, piqsiq(-)
mit- [mIt] (i) to land from flight (of bird,
airplane)» “Tarva miññami
nasaiġutigillaan; taamna
sivuqqani piiġutigillaan.”
(Ahvakana: 35) [then when he
landed from flight he
immediately took off his hood;
he took his face hood off right
away]
mitchaaġiaq- (i) to come in for a
landing, to go to land when
flying; (t) to go to land it
=airplane | +saaq-1 vv +iaq- vv
mitchaaġvik or milvik or mirvik
airfield, airport, landing strip |
+saaq-1 vv +vIk1 vn
mitchaaq- (i) to land from flight (of
bird or plane) » mitchaaqtuq
tiŋŋun the airplane landed |
+saaq-1 vv
mitchauraq duck decoy | +t/raq vn
:uraq nn
mitchiuq- (i) to lie in wait for ducks
| +[t]sIq- vv :uq-2 vv
*mita (root) depth level
mitailaq deep hole, abyss,
“bottomless pit” | :ilaq(-) rn
mitait- (i) to be very deep | :It-1 rv
mitaaq- (i) to joke, tell joking stories
mitaaġun joke | +un1 vn
303
mitautigi- (t) to mock her/him/it; to
make a fool of her/him @
mitautikłiq- | =un1 vn +[g]i- nv ||
+kłIq- vv
matchaktiq- or misaktiq- (i) to be in
the process of being moistened;
(t) to moisten it < misak(-)
mitchiqi- (t) to pounce, jump on
her/him/it < misik-
mitik (Nu) slush ice (in a fishing hole)
mitiŋiq- (i) to remove slush ice from
a fishing hole; (t) to remove slush
ice from it =a fishing hole |
-ŋIq- nv
mitiŋiun scoop for slush ice (made
of baleen woven into a net and
attached to a horn frame) »
“mitiŋiunlu ilaunlu atiruk” [the
scoop for slush ice and the scoop
to remove chunks of ice are the
same] (Aiken 2009) | -ŋIq- nv
:un1 vn § ilaun
*mitik (root) bounce
mitiglak(-) (Ti) (i) to flick one’s
thumb against another finger; to
bounce away; (t) to flick, fillip it;
Carrom Board; (i) to play
Carrom Board | +lak- rv
mitigligaun bone catapult used for
launching pebbles | perhaps
+liġaq vv :un1 vn
mitigrak- (i) to bounce off, fly off |
+rak- vv
mitiq [mitiQ] [pl. mitqIt] Eider Duck;
¤(Nu) female Eider Duck
(Somateria spectabilis)
mitaaluk large Eider Duck | -aluk nn
mitiġruat or mitiġiruat or mitiġruit
(Nu) duckskin parka | +ġruaq nn
 mitiġvik (Ti) a large black bird (said
to have a 10-foot wingspan, in
stories) | +vIk2 nn
mitilugruaq Emperor Goose (Chen
canagica); (Nu) female eider
duck | -luk nn +ġruaq nn
mitlik [pl. mitligIt] (Nu) carving knife
with long curved blade < millik
mitquapik (Nu) small willow which
grows close to the ground, dwarf
willow | -pIk nn
mitqun [mItqun] needle; (Nu) narrow
bone in hind leg of caribou »
qaugait sauniŋit
isaġuata kaŋiŋit
mitqutiqaġviuraġisuugait the
wing tip bones of ducks were
used to store needles
mitqusiq- (t) to provide a needle for
it = needle | ~Iq-1 nv
mitquq feather; fur; body hair | +quq n
mitqiaq animal which is shedding
fur | ‘=I-1 nv ±aq1 vn
mitqiliqi- or (Nu) mitqiqi- or (Nu)
mitquliqi- (i) to shed, lose hair
(of skin, parka, animal) | -lIqi- nv
mitquilaq (Nu) [lit. “hairless one”]
centipede | :ilaq nn
mitquiq- (i) to lose hair, to become
bald; (t) to remove hair from it
=animal skin @ mitquiqsi- |
:Iq-2 nv || +sI-3 vv
mitquŋŋualik fake fur fabric or
object | ±ŋŋuaq(-) nn -lik nn
mitqutailaq Arctic Tern (Sterna
paradisaea) § utchutchaakiq
mittau- (i) to be omitted when
something is being passed out,
distributed < minit-
304
mittayyak mythical, frightening animal;
bogeyman § iñuqułłik, iñuqun
mitu(-) (Nu) first chunks of sea ice
which form in the fall (clings to
nets); (t) to cling to it =usu. a net
(of new sea ice which forms in
the fall) » kuvraq mitugaa the
net has new sea ice clinging to it
muayuk- (i) to feel squeamish, repulsed
muayugi- (t) to feel repulsed by
her/him/it; to feel squeamish
about her/him/it | +[g]i- vv
muayutchak- (i) to feel disgust,
replusion, “get the creeps” |
-tchak- vv
*muġ (root) saturation
muġałłiq or (Ti) miġaliq or
muġaliq slush ice, waterlogged
snow (floating on ocean)
(foam-like in appearance), snow
and thin ice on water when
freeze-up begins, slushy ice
which forms on shore at the first
freeze » “qaiġiitchuaq siku
ilaŋa aqiłłuni muġałłiġmik
taiguġuugaat; unani ukkaġami
isiviłłaaġuuruq siamitchuuruq”
[rough ice parts of which is soft
is called muġałłiq; down on the
ocean when it falls over the edge,
it breaks apart, it spreads] (Aiken
2009) | perhaps -aq2 rn -liQ nn §
puġrak
muġrak slush ice | +rak(-) rn §
puġrak
muġrui- (t) for it =obj. to flee from
one =subj. under the snow or ice
» muġruigiga it went under the
ice or snow and escaped me |
+rruk- rv -I-7 vv
muġruk- (i) to sink into soft ground,
snow; (i) (by extension) to sink
into sin; (Ti) (i) to enter a sod
 house through an entry tunnel;
(Ti) (i) to pass through a tunnel,
hole in the snow; (t) to put it into
a covered hole, e.g., into a cellar
» “pallisakun isiqtuaq tavra
muġruktuq” (Kinneeveauk,
2008) [when a person enters the
passageway entry, it is said that
he “sank into soft snow”] | +rruk-
rv
mularilġi- (Nu) (t) to escape, slip away
from her/him/it » “Tavra
Pisiksuġlim uqpigñun
mularilġiñaġaa.” (Elijah
Kakinya as reported by
Bergsland 1987: 307) [then
Pisiksuġliq lost her as she escaped
from him into the willows] |
perhaps -lġi- vv
mulu-1 (i) to stay away longer than
expected, a long time
mulluqtu- (i) to be in the habit of
staying away a long time; (i) to
usually be gone longer than
intended | ‘-qtu- vv
muluu- (i) to stay a short while |
-u-2 vv
mulu2 nipple of breast; blade of paddle §
miluk(-)
muluk nipple for baby bottle | -k1 nn
mumiġnaq tree root; stump »
mumiġnaŋanik
savaksiġiaqtuamik
puggutaliuġaqtut they usually
make bowls of its (tree’s) stump
since it is easy to work with
mumikataq (Nu) brown moss or lichen
mumik- [mumIk] or [mumik] (i) to turn
over; (i) undergo a character
mumiq(-) [mumiQ] drumstick (of a
reversal; (t) to turn her/him/it
over; (t) to translate, interpret it
@ mumiksi- || +sI-3 vv
305
mumiġli- or mumiġri- (Ti) or
mumiqłiq- (i) to sleep late and
stay up late | -ġlI- vv
mumiiŋa- (i) to keep a nocturnal
routine | perhaps -Ik- vv ±ŋa- vv
mumiiŋasi- (i) to sleep during the
day and stay up at night |
perhaps -Ik- vv ±ŋa- vv +sI-1 vv
mumika- or mumkala- (i) to turn
back and forth from one’s back
to one’s stomach »
“mumikaruaq mumikalaruq
nallaqsimmaġmi
palluqsimmaġmi” [one who
turns repeatedly from one’s back
to one’s stomach] (Aiken 2009) |
-kaq- vv -la-vv
mumikałuak- (t) to suddenly turn
her/him/it over | -kaq- vv
-łuk-2 vv -ak- vv
mumiksaq- (t) to try, begin to
translate it | +saq-2 vv
mumiksaq translated text | +t/raq vn
mumiksi interpreter | mt/ri vn §
mumiksiri
mumiksiri interpreter, translator |
+sI-3 vv mt/ri vn § mumiksI
mumiqqaq process of changing
direction (of wind) | -qqaq vn
mumiun pancake turner, spatula |
:un vn
mumiurrat upside down sod houses
» “tusaasuuruŋa tainna” [that’s
what I have heard] (Aiken 2009) |
:uti- vv ~raq 1 vn -t nn § note:
might be houses that have been
overturned by an “ivu” or an
earthquake
(used to start fire)
bird); hindquarter; upper back
part of thigh (of human); (Nu) (i)
to dance in the Canadian Inuit
 style; (Ti) (i) to dance alone with
a drum (of man) »
“mumiqtuġġuuq tavra
aŋatkuaġnialagami” (S.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [it is said that
he dances alone with a drum
when he is conducting
shamanism] § mimiq-
mumaaqi- (Nu) (i) to do a Canadian
Inuit dance | -aq-1 vv -qi- vv
mumaaqun (Nu) Canadian Inuit
dance song | -aq-1 vv -quti vn
*munaq (root) caretaking
munaġi- (t) to take care of, watch
over, guard her/him/it @
munaqsri- | +ġi- rv || ~srI- vv
munaġiyaqtuq- (t) to go and take
care of, watch over her/him/it @
munaqsriyyaq- | +ġi- rv
+yaqtuq- vv || ~srI- vv +yyaq- vv
munaġnaq- (i) to cause others to be
cautious because of one’s
conduct | +naq-1 rv
munaqsrauraq nurse | mt/ri vn
:uraq nn
munaqsriri guardian, shepherd,
guard | ~srI- vv mt/ri vn
*muq (root) curve
muqpaaq(-) ball made from
cartilage of whale flipper; (i) to
play ball | -pak- vv ±aq1 vn §
aqsraaq-
muqpak- (i) to arch the body high
out of the water prior to diving
(of sea mammal) | -pak- vv §
piquaq
muqpauraq biscuit | :uraq nn
muqutipkaq icebound boat | perhaps
+pkaq-1 vv ‘-Q1 vn §
ivsaiġutipkaq, °muġ
N something, food or whatever
306
°na (stem) where § su
nakiñ (Ti) (Nu) (interrog.) from
where, whence § sumiñ
namulliqaa (adv) everywhere |
÷mun (term.) +liqaa (encl.)
namun (interrog.) where to |
÷mun (term.)
nani (Nu) (interrog.) where |
÷nI (loc.) § sumi
napmun (Nu) where to |
÷mun (term.) § sumun
nauŋ (interrog.) where |
-uŋ (3rd person sg. obj mkr.)
naukun (Nu) (interrog.) by which
way | -kun (via.)
nauŋmi (interrog.) where is it then |
÷mI (loc.)
*naa (root) dimension when stretched out
naaġniq measurement of breadth of
one’s arms outstretched; fathom |
perhaps +q-3 rv +niQ1 vn §
isagniq
naaġuq- (i) to be in one’s prime; to be
full (of moon) | -[ġ]uq-1 rv
naaġuyasi- (i) to wax, grow gradually
larger (of moon) | -[ġ]uq-1 rv
-yasI-vv
naalgiuq- (i) to lack something to
complete a project | -lgiuq- vv
naama- (i) to be enough, adequate,
sufficient, complete; (i) to have a
quorum for a meeting; (i) to be
perfect, flawless; (i) to be well-
supplied, have everything needed,
e.g., the right tools, equipment»
ki, taamna naamaruq, quyanaq
okay, that is enough, thanks |
+ma-1 rv
naamailliuq- (i) to be short of, not
have enough of something »
“inuŋalliuqtuq sumikkiimma
niqimik naakka savaunnamik”
(Aiken 2009) [he is lacking
equipment] | +ma-1 rv :It-1 vdv
 -lliuq- vv
naamait- (i) to be insufficient |
+ma-1 rv :It-1 vv § inuq-
naamammagaaq- (i) to conduct a roll
call to establish a quorum; (t) to
make a determination of
completeness, or sufficiency |
+mmagaaq- vv
¤naamaniqłiuq- (i) to be short of, not
have enough of something |
+ma-1 rv -niqłiuq- vv
naamasi- (i) to become sufficient; (t)
to cause it to be enough | +ma-1 rv
+sI-1 vv
naammagi- (t) to fit it; (t) be of the
same size as her/him »
qaliġuuraq naammagigaa she
fits the dress | +ma-1 rv ‘-k-2 vv
+[g]i- vdv
naammagiik- (i) to be of the same
size; (i) to be equal in ability |
+[g]iik- vv
naammak- (i) to be of the right
amount or size, to fit right; (i) to
be adequate, enough »
kamitchiaka naammaktuk my
new boots fit just right | +ma-1 rv
‘-k-2 vv
naammaksi- (i) to become just right,
to fit; (t) to adapt, change it so that
it fits | +ma-1 rv ‘-k-2 vv +sI-1 vv
naammiaq an equal in size »
“naammiaġiik takitilaaŋa
naakka aŋitilaaŋa” (Aiken 2009)
[they are equal in length and size]
| +mmIQ nn -aq2 nn
naammiaġiik- (i) to be of the same
size (of two or more persons or
objects) | +mmIQ nn
-aq2 nn +[g]iik(-) vn, vv
naammiaqatigi- (t) to be the same
size as her/him | +mmIaq rv
-qan vn +[g]i- nv
naamaniqłiuq- (i) to not have enough
of something | -niqłiuq- vv
307
naanaaku (expression attributed to
the first white men as they tried to
learn Iñupiaq) it will be done
eventually » “qakugu piñiaqtuq”
uqallautigimmikamirruŋ tavra
‘naanaaku’; ‘qakugu piñiaqtuq’
innaġmatun; maatnagu
naaggaqaa uvlaaġu,
naanaakuuqsiññaqługu aglaan”
(elicited from Etalook using
Spriggs List, 1905) [when they
meant “it will be done eventually”
they would say “naanaaku”; it
was the equivalent of saying “it
will be done eventually”; it may
be today or tomorrow, their only
expression was “naanaaku”]
naari- (i) to complete something
required » “naarimman
uvlumignik naatchimman,
…aŋun tavra aggisimmagu
iglumignun aapaŋa
isumaaluaqsiruq” (Nageak
1975: 4) [then when she had
completed their days…the father
began to worry when she brought
the baby boy home] | +ri-2 vv
naarruaq- (t) to complete it, despite
the odds that one would »
naarruaġaa atigiliani she
finished the parka she was making
although it was doubtful that she
would | +ġruaq-1 vv
naarrun that which completes
something; ending; final episode
of a book | +t-2 rv +run1 vn
naasaaq-1 (i) to be at final stage of
completion; (t) to complete an
activity with each one of them »
naasaaġai iñuit ilalivlugit he
shook every person’s hand
| +saaq-1 rv
naat-1 (i) to now be complete; (t) to
finish, complete it @ naatchi- »
naatchilġataġuma
quyapalugniaqtuŋa I will be
 overjoyed when I am finally
finished | +t-2 rv || +sI-3 vv
naatchiŋaitchuaq [lit. “one who has
not finished”] (Ti) a whaling
captain with less than five whales
to his credit » naatchiñisuugaat
tallimanik aġvaŋman umialik
they say a whaling captain has
completed his task when he has
gotten five whales | +t-2 rv +sI3 vv
±ŋa- vv :It-1 vv +t/ruaq vn
naatchiŋaruaq [lit. “one who has
finished”] (Ti) a whaling captain
having caught five or more whales
| +t-2 rv +sI-3 vv ±ŋa- vv +t/ruaq vn
naatiq- to finish, complete (it) quickly
| mt/liq-3 vv
naatiqtuq- (t) to finish, complete it
quickly with full concentration |
3 1
mt/liq vn +tuq- vv
naagga or naakka (excl.) no; or
naaggaaq- to say “no” (to her/him/it)
| -.q-2 nv
naaggaqaa or (as in, “this or that”) |
+qaa (encl.)
naaggaunnii and on second thought,
no; regardless; to no avail
naaġaayiq [naaġaayIq] frog, northern
wood frog (Rana sylvatica) §
aaġaayiq
naakłiññik- (i) to trip someone or
something < naat-2
naakłit- [naakłIt] (t) to trip her/him and
cause her/him to stumble and fall
< naat-2
naalak- (i) to listen with a purpose; (t) to
listen to it =her/his chest, heart
with a stethoscope; (t) to
auscultate her/him/it
naalaġni- to listen, heed, pay
attention to (her/him/it) »
308
naalaġnivluni sumiñ
nipatilaaŋanik ilitchuġigaa
aŋutaiyaam listening for it, the
boy found out where the noise
was coming from | -nnI- vv
naalaġniummi- to wait expectantly
for (it =news of her/him/it) »
naalaġniummiruat
tusaalluataŋitchut unnuaq the
ones who were waiting expectedly
for news, heard bad news last
night | -nnI- vv :u-2 vv +mmI-5 vv
naalaktuaġun or naalaun radio |
+tuaq- vv :un1 vn § silakkuaġun
naalaktuaq- to listen (to her/him/it) »
naalaktuaqtuuraġniaġiga kanna
aŋun uqaqtuaq I will take a few
minutes to listen to that man who
is speaking down there | +tuaq- vv
naallaġluummi- (i) to be
apprehensive, fearing to hear the
worst » naallaġluummiñaqtuq
ila naŋitpagman one feels
apprehensive when a close
relative is very sick;
naalaġniummiruk theyd are
listening for news intently |
‘-ġluk- vv -u-2 vv -mmI-6 vv
¤naalunŋiaġiik mother whale with
newborn § naaq(-)
naami (Ti, Nu) (interrog.) where § nani,
nauŋ, sumi
naanaaku (expression attributed to the
first white men learning Iñupiaq)
it will be done eventually < *naa
naanaaq- (i) to go to bed (usu. of a baby)
§ nallaq-, tuttaaq-, iññaq-
naanŋiq- [naanŋIq] (i) to hop on one
foot, once; (t) to hop over
her/him/it » naanŋiqsaqtani
 pusikaġvigigaa she fell on top of
the one she was hopping over
naanŋiraq- or naanŋiqtaq- (i) to hop
on one foot, repeatedly »
naanŋiraqłuni tikitkaa he
reached her hopping on one foot |
-raq- vv vv or +t/raq-1 vv
naanŋiraaq- (i) to play one-legged
high kick where the participants
jump and attempt to kick a ball
hanging on a string and land on
the same foot » naanŋiraaqtuat
aliasuŋitchut the ones playing
naanŋiraaq are having fun |
-raaq- vv
naaparuq large, pointed-bottom, lugless
pot (without handles) § “…a
simple, largely undecorated black,
pointed-bottom vessel often with
perforations at the lip for
suspension with cords. In size,
these ranged from 15 to as much
as 24 inches long, with a diameter
at the lips of 19 to 12 inches.”
(Spencer: 470)
naaq(-) [naraq] (Ti) abdomen; (i) to have
a full stomach, be full from eating
§ aqiattuq-, niqinŋu-
naaqsunŋu- (i) to feel overly full
after eating; (Ti) (i) to be full from
eating | -suk-2 vv -nŋu- vv §
aqiattuq-, niqinŋu-
naaqtu- or narraktu- (i) to have a
big belly | tu- nv or ‘-k-2 vv
+tu- nv
narraaġiit- (i) to have a stomachache,
bellyache or abdominal cramps |
‘-k-2 vv ±aq1 vn +[g]iit- nv
narraak abdomen; ventral portion (of
fish) » “aqiaġualu iŋaluaŋillu;
puvlakkamiŋ
narraaġiiññisuuruq iñuk”
(Aiken 2009) [the stomach and the
309
intestines; when they are bloated a
person says he has a stomachache]
| ‘-k-2 vv ±aq1 vn -k2 nn
narraaq- (i) to have stomach or
abdominal pains | ‘-aq-2 nv
narrak- (i) to become pregnant; (i) to
get a distended belly | ‘-k-2 vv
narranŋu- (i) to have a stomachache
| -nŋu- vv
narri- (i) to be pregnant | ‘=I-1 nv §
siŋaiyyI-, siŋaiyau-
narrisaaq(-) (i) to become pregnant,
conceive; (Nu) enlarged belly of
pregnant woman | ‘=I-1 nv
+saaq(-) vn
naari- (i) to complete something required
< *naa
naarrun that which completes
something; ending; final episode
of a book < *naa
naasaaq-1 (i) to be at final stage for
completion; (t) to complete an
activity with each one of them
< *naa
naat-1 (i) to now be complete; (t) to
finish, complete it < *naa
naat-2 (i) to be snagged, caught on
something < *nak
naakłiññik- (i) to trip someone or
something » aġnaiyaamik
naakłiññiktuaq he tripped a girl
| -kłIt- vv +nnik- vv
naakłit- (t) to trip her/him =one who
is progressing forward causing
her/him to stumble and fall
| -kłIt- vv
naasaaq-2 (i) to get caught on
something, get tangled | -saaq-1 vv
naataq Great Gray Owl (Strix nebulosa)
naataqpak Barred Owl (Strix varia)
| +qpak(-) nn
naatchiŋaitchuaq (Ti) a whaling captain
with less than five whales to his
credit < *naa
naatchiŋaruaq (Ti) a whaling captain
having caught five or more whales
< *naa
naatiq- to finish, complete (it) quickly
< *naa
naatiqtuq- (t) to finish, complete it
quickly with full concentration
< *naa
naavit- (i) to spill (of a non-liquid
substance, e.g., flour); (t) to
empty, pour, dump it =non-liquid
substance out @ naavitchi- or
naavsi- » naavsitquŋitchaatigut
mauŋa aakaa we were told not to
do any dumping around here by
my mother | +vit- rv +sI-3 vv or
=sI-3 vv
naaptiġun receptacle for trash or dry
dirt | +vit- rv :tiq-1 vv +un vn
naaptiġvik dumping place »
naaptiġviŋmuutisaġitin
uvlaakun you should take them to
the dump tomorrow | +vit- rv
1 1
:tiq- vv +vIk vn
naaptiq- (t) to empty, pour, dump it
=non-liquid substance out
repeatedly @ naaptiġi- | +vit- rv
1 4
:tiq- vv || :I- vv
naavrik- to spill it = contents here
and there by shaking the container
| =vrik- vv
naavriktaq- (t) to empty it by shaking
| =vrik- vv +t/raq-1 vv
nagguksaun fertilizer, something to
promote growth < nau-1
310
naggun cause for growth; interest
accumulated or stock; (Ti) base of
plant, taproot < nau-1
nagguvik nurturing place, place where
one grows up < nau-1
nagguviksraq bud; budding leaf < nau-1
*naglik (root) compassion, mercy,
sympathy, pity | -lik- rv < *nag
nagligi- (t) to pity, feel sorry for, have
compassion for her/him/it | -lik- rv
+[g]i rv § ilunŋu-
naglignaq- (i) to be pitiful, deserving
of compassion » aakaiqsuat
naglignapiallaktut the ones who
lost their mother need our
compassion very much | -lik- rv
+naq-1 rv
nagligutchak- (i) to feel compassion,
pity » nagligutchaktuq aŋun the
man felt compassionate | -lik- rv
-tchak- vv
naglikkiuti- (t) to begin to feel sorry
for her/him/it | -lik- rv +[g]i- rv
‘uti- vv
naglikkun or nagliksraun mercy,
compassion, pity, sympathy | -lik-
rv +[g]i- rv ‘n1 vn or +qsraq- rv
:un1 vn
naglikkutait- (i) to be cruel,
merciless, without compassion |
-lik- rv +[g]i- rv ‘n1 vn :It-1 nv
naglikkutiqaġniq capacity for
compassion, sympathy, empathy,
kind | -lik- rv +[g]i- rv ‘n1 vn
-qaq- nv +niQ1 vn
naglikkutiqaq- (i) to be merciful,
compassionate | -lik- rv +[g]i- rv
‘n1 vn -qaq- nv
nagliksaaġun suffering, adversity,
misfortune, tragedy, misery |
-lik- rv +saaq-1 vv +un1 vn
nagliksaaġvik hell | -lik- rv
 +saaq-1 vv +vIk1 vn
nagliksaaq- (i) to suffer »| -lik- rv
+saaq-1 vv
nagliksaaqtit- (t) to persecute,
oppress her/him/it @
nagliksaaqtitchi- | -lik- rv
+saaq-1 vv mtit-1 vv || +sI-3 vv
nagliksaaqtirrun persecution,
oppression, harassment |
-lik- rv +saaq-1 vv mtit-1 vv
+run1 vv
nagliksraq- (i) to be merciful,
compassionate | -lik- rv
+qsraq- rv
nagliktau- (i) to be merciful,
compassionate » “nagliktauruq
taamna iñuk allanun iñugnun”
(Aiken 2009) [that person is
compassionate towards other
people] | -lik- rv +t/raq vn :u-1 nv
nagliktuq- (t) to give aid to her/him/it
out of compassion @ nagliktui- |
-lik- rv +tuq-2 rv || :I-4 vv
nagliktuun blessing (promoting
mercy); mercy, compassion,
kindness | +tuq-2 rv
:un1 vn § quviasaaġusiaq,
anniqsuusiaq,
ataniġnaqutiksriusiaq
nagliktuutiqpak great compassion;
“grace” from God | +tuq-2 rv
:un1 vn +qpak nn
nagliktuutituq- (i) to be on welfare |
+tuq-2 rv :un1 vn +tuq-3 nv
naglikuvsuaq- to have sympathy, pity
for (her/him/it) »
naglikuvsuaqłuni mattaqugaa
ivvaqtuġukługu feeling sorry for
him, she asked him to remove his
clothing so she could bathe him | ¤
-kuvsuaq- rv
nagniq- [nagnIq] or naŋniq- (i) to
stretch or exert one’s muscles or
nerves to the utmost by doing
something that one has not done
311
in a long time; (i) to strain one’s
body by overworking; (t) to press
her/him/it onward to a destination;
(t) to push, coerce, force her/him;
(Ti) (t) to beat her/him up badly @
naŋniġlik- || perhaps -lik- vv §
sagniq-
nagniġutau- (i) to cause a person
hardship (of task) » “…, aasiisuli
savaaksraķ
piraksriutiginiakkaġa ilivsiññun
nagniġutauniaŋitchuķ. …,and
the load I will put on you is light.”
(Iñupiat New Testament:
Matt:11:30) | :un/ti1 vn :u-1 nv
naŋniqtuq- (i) to strain one’s body by
overworking | +tuq-3 vv
nagriaq one caused to suffer; one picked
on, harassed » “tavra
nukaaluktik taamna
pilguilluqtuaq nagriaġi-
raġigaat” (Nageak 1975: 8) [so
their younger brother, who was
not able to do as well as they
could, would be the one made to
suffer]; “nagliksaaqtittaġigaat
pilguilluqtillugu” (Aiken 2009)
[he would be made to suffer
because he was not very capable]
nagruk(-) antler; horn; (i) for two caribou
to fight with their antlers; (t) to
strike her/him/it with the antlers
nagri- (i) to grow antlers, horns |
=I-1 nv
nagrulik Pallid Horned Lark
(Eremophila alpestris arcticola) |
-lik nn
nagrugmik- (i) to fight with antlers
(of ruminants, e.g., caribou,
sheep) » nagrugmiksuk pagnak
bullsd are fighting with antlers |
+mIk-1 nv
 nagruuti- (i) to fight with antlers (of
ruminants,e.g., caribou, sheep) |
:uti- nv
nagruq- (t) to finish, kill it =wounded
animal » malikataqługu tuttu
nagruġaa he followed the
wounded caribou and killed it
nagrutaq suffering which hinders or
delays what one is doing »
“nagrutaġigaa samma suna
iluitchuaq timimiñi” (Aiken
2009) [whatever is not right with
his body is his hindrance]
nagrutchiq- (i) to be in pain, suffer;
(i) to be in sorrow | ‘=Iq-1 nv
naġamnasiq [naġamnasIq] black fur seal
» naġamnatchit amiŋit akisurut
black seal furs are expensive §
maġamnasiq
naġġu- (i) to dislike, not want, reject,
refuse something »
aitchuqsaġaluaqtaġa
naġġummiuq I started to give her
a gift but she did not like it and
rejected it
naġġugi- (t) to dislike, not want,
reject her/him/it | +[g]i- vv
naġġugipiallak- (t) to loathe, abhor,
detest her/him/it | +[g]i- vv
-piallak- vv
naġġunapiaġataq- (i) to be
abominable, horrid, abhorrent,
detestable | +naq(-) vv
+piaġataq(-) vv
naġġunapiaġataqtuaq abomination,
detestable entity | +naq(-) vv
+piaġataq(-) vv +t/ruaq vn
naġluq- (i) to be unable to be calmed; be
upset or angry but refuse or be
unable to say why »
“sivunmuunialaŋulugman
312
miqłiqtuq qiaqpakhuni” (Aiken
2009) [when a child is trying to
get his way by crying hard]
naġluŋŋatigi- (t) to have it as one’s
source of anger, dissenion »
“tittauraq unnii, mikiruuraq
unniiñ, inna sil iktigimman,
taipkua
naġluŋŋatigipiallakkaat
killukuaŋanivlugu,
titiġniaġamirruŋ” (David
Frankson as reported by Pulu,
Sampson, Newlin: 89) [even a
small mark, even a very small
one, when it had a certain
prescribed width was a source of
dissension, claiming that a
mistake is being made in the
marking] | ±ŋa- vv ‘ti1 vn
+[g]i- nv
naġrugaq (Nu) place in river where water
hits a rock or bank and suddenly
swerves § ikkalġuq
naġruk- (i) to run ahead, passing others
to take the lead; (t) to run in front
of her/him/it; pass by her/him/it;
to head her/him/it off | perhaps
+rruk- rv
nai- [nagI] to smell (her/him/it) @ naisi- ||
-sI-3 vv
naima- (t) to continue to smell an
odor » naimagiga I can smell it
(the odor everywhere) | +ma-1 vv
naggiñ smell, odor | ‘-n vn
naggisait- (i) to have no sense of
smell | ‘-n vn :It-1 nv
naggisiiq- (i) to lose one’s sense of
smell | ‘-n vn :Iq-2 nv
*naġI (root) smell, odor
naġiaq(-) [naġiraq] to detect, smell (it
=odor); bait used in trap | ±aq1 vn
 naġirriq- (t) to bait it =trap | ±aq1 vn
‘=Iq-1 nv
naġiuq- (i) to sniff around; (t) to sniff
her/him/it | :uq-2 vv
naġiutaq stick used as a trigger
attached to bait in trap | utaq1 vn
naġiutit bits of food scattered around
a trap | :un1 vn -t nn
¤naipit- (t) to observe, watch her/him/it
closely, spy on her/him/it
naipiqtuq- to observe, watch
(her/him/it) closely or critically |
+tuq-2 vv
naiq- (i) to bend one’s head to the side
¤naiññiq- (i) to roll one’s torso left to
right in dancing | +nIq-2 vn
naiŋa- (i) to have one’s head bent to
the side | ±ŋa- vv
nait- (i) to be short of length
naikłi- (i) to become shorter; (t) to
shorten it » uvlut naikłirut days
are becoming shorter; naikłiruq it
is becoming shorter | -kłI- vv
naikłilaaq- (i) to now be made
shorter; (t) to shorten it @
naikłilaaqsi- | -kłI- vv -laaq-1 vv ||
+sI-3 vv
naiñaaq- (i) to be made shorter than
was intended; (t) to make it
shorter than was intended or
wanted | -naaq- vv
naiññiq shorter one | +niQ1 vn
naisiq- (i) to be short | +sIq-2 vv
naitchuaq short hand of clock;
something short | +t/ruaq vn
naitkavsak- (i) to be a little bit too
short | ±kavsak(-) nn, vv
naivak- (Ti) (t) to show, display it for sale
| -vak- vv § ilI-
*nak (root) attachment § nakaq, nakiq,
naksI-
313
naksatit- (i) to suddenly, abruptly
become snagged, caught (of a
person or object in motion) »
naksatittuq sialġiruaq the
rapidly sliding object got snagged
violently | +saq-2 vv -tit-2 vv
naksima- (i) for something to be
hanging up on a hook or peg |
+sima-2 vv
naktit- (i) to become snagged, stuck;
(t) to hang it up on a hook or peg
| +tit-2 rv
naktuġiq clothes hook; small,
wooden peg set in wall for
hanging clothes; button, wooden
or metal catch or hook | perhaps
+t/ruq1 rv perhaps +Iq vn
nakaq or nakaaq or nakaun or
nakautaq stem of an edible plant,
stem, stalk of plant; (Nu) tall
marsh grass with white top § nau-,
aiġaq
nakaurat long-stemmed marsh grass
eaten by caribou | :uraq nn
-t nn § ¤pikniq
nakautaq red stem of the sorrel leaf |
-utaq nn § quŋulliq
nakasuk bladder § naki-
nakasugnaq muscle of leg | +naq1 nn
nakasuŋŋuaq flask, bottle with wide
bottom and narrow neck |
±ŋŋuaq nn
nakatchit- (i) to have a full bladder |
‘=It-2 nv
nakataq foresight on gun § itchuaġiaq
naki- [nakI] (i) to be unable to urinate
because of a urinary tract disorder
§ nakasuk
nakiñ (Ti) (Nu) (interrog.) from where,
whence < °na
nakiq- (i) to go direct, straight; (i) to
shoot far (of an arrow) § nali
nakiġiit- (i) to be obstinate
| +[g]iit- nv
nakiqsaq- (t) to adjust, straighten it
@ nakiqsai- | msaq-3 vv || :I-4 vv
nakiqsi- (i) to be finally satisfied; (i)
to become level and straight (of
line, surface) | +sI-1 vv
nakkaq- (i) to dive, plunge in; (i) to fall
headfirst or headlong § agluq-2
nakkaaġaq- (i) to dive repeatedly
| -aġaq- vv
nakkaaġaqti diver | -aġaq- vv mt/ri vn
nakkaqtaq- (i) to accidentally fall
headlong from a high place »
nakkaqtaqtuq iglum qaaŋaniñ
aqayamun he accidentally fell
headlong into the mud from the
roof of the house | +t/raq-1 vv
nakkaqtiq- (i) to dive suddenly
(e.g.,of water fowl) » natchiq
nakkaqtiqtuq pisiksaŋaiñŋaan
the seal dove before he could
shoot | mt/liq-3 vv
nakkaummi- (i) to remain
underwater, be submerged for
some time after diving »
nakkaummipaluktuq nukatpiaq
the young man stayed underwater
for a long time | -u-2 vv +mmI-5 vv
naksatit- (i) to suddenly, abruptly get
caught (of moving object) < *nak
naksi-1 [naksI] (Ti) to try to kill (it
=wounded animal); to strike (it
=wounded animal) again |
perhaps +sI-2 rv § naŋit-2
naksiġaq target for shooting practice |
+[ġ]aq vv
naksiġaq- (i) to fire at a target |
+[ġ]aq- vv
314
naksi-2 [naksI] (i) to surpass others in
one’s accomplishments; (i) to
accomplish what has not been
done before » “Isumasuuruŋa
tavra naksiñasugaluŋa,
imailaami aġvakama (Ii.)
taavrumiŋa.” (Bodfish: 240) [I
always think that I accomplished
something that others had not
done, when I caught that whale in
an area where there was no water]
naksiq(-) [naksIq] the goal (a peg
inserted in ground) in game of
qiputaq, a game similar to
horseshoes; (i) to reach and touch
goal (of wooden stick tossed
toward naksiq in a game of
qiputaq) | ‘-Q vn
naksima- (i) for something to be hanging
up on a hook or peg < *nak
naktit- (i) to get snagged, stuck; (t) to
hang it up on a hook or peg
< *nak
naktuġiq small wooden peg set in wall
for hanging clothes; button;
wooden or metal catch or hook
< *nak
naku- (i) to cross one’s eyes; to cross (of
eyes)
*naku (root) goodness, pleasure
nakkutigi- (t) to have her/him/it as a
source of enjoyment, pleasure,
pastime; (t) to tease her/him/it
playfully | ‘n1 vn +[g]i- nv
nakuaġi- (t) to like, love her/him/it |
+aq1 rn +[g]i- nv
nakuaq cherished item » “tuttut
qaunnaŋiññik, iluġutiŋiññik,
itchauraŋit nakuaŋigguuq
tamarra” (Aiken 2009) [the fat of
the caribou, its internal organs,
 the mesentery apron, the fat found
around the intestines of the
caribou is the nakuaq] | ±aq1 rn
nakuaqqiaguti- (t) to grow to like,
love her/him/it | +aq1 rv +[g]i- nv
‘-aq-1 vv :uti- vv
nakuaqqiuti- (t) to begin to love
her/him/it | +aq1 rv +[g]i-1 rv ‘uti-
vv
nakuaqqun love | ±aq1 rn +[g]i- nv
‘n1 vn
nakuaqquti- (i) to love each other »
nakuaqqutiruk theyd love each
other | ±aq1 rn +[g]i- nv ‘ti- vv
nakuaqsraq- (i) to feel attraction or
take pleasure in something or
someone; (i) to like something or
someone | ±aq1 rv +[g]i- nv
-qsraq vn
nakuaqsri- (i) to experience pleasure,
be loving | ±aq1 rv +[g]i- nv
-qsraq vn ‘=I-3 nv
nakuqsi- (Ti, Nu) (i) to get better,
improve; (t) to improve, fix,
repair, make it better | perhaps
+q-2 vv +sI-1 vv § nakuuqsi-
nakuraq fat (of caribou or moose);
anything delicious | +aq1 rn
nakut- (t) to entertain her/him/it; (t) to
keep her/him/it amused @
nakutchi- | -t-1 rv || +sI-3 vv
nakuu- (i) to be good, nice; (i) to be
in good health | -u-2 rv
nakuun goodness, virtue,
righteousness | -n2 vn
nakuuqsaq- (i) to improve, fix up
one’s appearance; (t) to improve,
fix it | -u-2 rv -q-1 vv msaq-3 vv
nakuuqsautit cosmetics | -u-2 rv
-q-2 vv m saq-3 vv :un1 vn -t nn
nakuuqsi- to improve (of weather);
(i) to become well after being ill;
to get better (of a wound, sore,
etc.); to improve one’s behavior |
-u-2 rv -q-2 vv +sI-1 vv
315
nakuuqsri- (i) to enjoy, take pleasure
in something, to relax, take it easy
| -u-2 rv -q-2 vv -qsrI- vv
nakuuqquti- (i) to treat each other
right | -u-2 rv -q-2 vv
nala- (i) to lie in a horizontal position on
one’s side or back
nalaqhik- (i) to lie horizontal
incessantly | -qhIk- vv
nalaquyauraq infant unable to sit
upright by itself | -quyak- vn
:uraq nn § miqłiqtuuraq,
miġayauraq
nalauraaq- (i) to rest lying down |
-uraaq- vv
nallaġnaġiaq- (i) to go to bed early
for the night | ‘-q-1 vv +naġiaq- vv
nallaq- (i) to lie down; to be admitted
to a hospital | ‘-q-1 vv
nallaqasiq- (t) to lie down with
her/him » nallaqasiġaa
nukaaluni qiaruaq she got in bed
with her younger sister who was
crying | ‘-q-1 vv -qati vn ~Iq-1 nv
nallauti- (t) to lie down on the bed
with her/him/it to induce to sleep
» nallautigaa miqłiqtuuraq
siqupkaqsaqługu she put the
child in bed and lay down with her
to put her to sleep | ‘-q-1 vv :uti- vv
°nali (stem) even, in line, straight
forward; (Ti) south side of Point
Hope, Alaska; price »
tauqsiġñiaġvium nalaani ittut
they are located in a direct line
with the store; nalaagun
miŋuaqtuġvium iliñiaqsimaraat
I found out that they are going to
place it right by the school;
nalimun pisuaqtuaġniaqtuguk
we will take a walk toward the
south side (of Point Hope); nalaa
taaptuma nalugiga I do not know
the price of that one; naliqaqtuq
 qulinik its price is ten dollars §
aki(-)
nalaiñ not very much; (excl.) do it
right, be careful, take it easy, don’t
mess it up | siksriqalaitchuq
nalaiñ (taunna) Kuukpaaġruk
there aren’t too many squirrels on
the Kuukpaaġruk River
nalaŋiq- (i) to be in line horizontally;
(t) to be lined up horizontally with
her/him/it | +ŋIq- nv
nalaugaŋaraq something that one has
encountered » “uvva
apqusaaġaqługu igliġnaŋaraq”
(Aiken 2009) [it is something one
has come upon once and again] |
-ugaq- vv ±ŋa- vv +t/raq vn
nalaunniq animal skin with fur just
right (not too thick, too stiff, etc.)
for making clothes | +ut-1 nv
+niQ1 vn
nalaunŋa- (i) to be right; (i) to be
right on target; to be just; to shoot
straight, be accurate (of gun); (i) to
be respectable; (i) to be righteous |
+ut-1 nv ±ŋa- vv
nalaunŋaruaq justice, equity,
fairness, respectability | +ut-1 nv
±ŋa- vv +t/ruaq vn
nalaunŋaruksraq criterion, standard
to be judged on | +ut-1 nv ±ŋa- vv
+t/ruksraq vn
nalaunŋasiñiq righteousness |
+ut-1 nv ±ŋa- vv +sI-1 vv +niQ1 vn
nalaunŋasipkaq- (t) to justify,
validate it | +ut-1 nv ±ŋa- vv
+sI-1 vv +pkaq-1 vv
nalaurrun prediction, prophecy
which has come to pass; destiny »
| +ut-1 nv :un1 vn
nalaut-1 (i) to be correct, guess
correctly; (i) have one’s prediction
fulfilled; (t) to guess it right; (t) in
accordance with, according to it =
prediction » nalaułługi uqaluŋi
316
inillaktuq it happened as she/he
predicted | +ut-1 nv
nalaut-2 (t) to go to her/his house to
accompany her/him | +ut-1 nv
nalautchaaq- (t) to travel directly to
her/him/it | +ut-1 nv +saaq- vv
nalautchakatit- (t) to come upon
her/him/it suddenly at an
opportune time; (t) to encounter,
meet her/him/it unexpectedly at an
opportune time »
nalautchakatiłługu
anisaqsimammiuġlu aŋuliġiga I
caught him right as he was leaving
| +ut-1 nv +tsaq-2 vv +katit- vv
nalautchaq- (i) to prophesy, predict,
guess, take a gamble | +ut-1 nv
+saq-2 vv
nalautchaqti predictor, soothsayer,
prophet | +ut-1 nv +saq-2 vv
mt/ri vn
nalautchaqtuaq lottery | +ut-1 nv
+saq-2 vv +t/ruaq vn -t nn
nalautchuġaaq- (i) to bet; (i) to play
solitaire | +ut-1 nv +suġaaq- vv
nalautirrun gunsight | +ut-1 nv
1 1
mtit- vv :un vn
1
nalautit- (i) to be fulfilled, to
happen, to come to pass (of a
prophecy); (i) to happen, to occur,
to take place (of an event) |
+ut-1 nv mtit-1 vv
nalautit-2 (t) to adjust it (e.g., to sight
a gun; to set a clock; to focus
binoculars) | +ut-1 nv mtit-1 vv
nalġuq- or nalġuqtiq- (i) to take a
shortcut; (t) to straighten it @
nalġui- » “saqulaqiiŋaruaq
nalġuġaa; nalġuġluni umiaqpak
igliqtuq; nutqaŋitchuq
Tikiġaġmun” (Kinneeveauk,
2008) [he straightened the one that
was bent; the ship is returning via
a short cut; it is not stopping at
Point Hope] | ~[ġ]uq- nv or
~[ġ]uq- nv mtiq-2 vv || +sI-3 vv
nalġuqsruq- (t) to instruct her/him/it
on how to do it correctly |
~[ġ]uq- nv mqsruq-2 vv
naligi- (t) to be equal to her/him/it in
ability » “ativlutik suraġaqtuak;
ativlugit naligiikłutik
savaktuak” (Aiken 2009) [they
perform with equal skills; they
work with equal abilities because
they are equal] | +[g]i- rv
naligiik(-) two beings/objects in line,
occupying the same position in a
progression or achievement; (i) to
be in line, up to the same level of
achievement or progression |
+[g]iik(-) rv
naligiŋit- (t) to not be equal to
her/him/it in ability | +[g]i- rv
±ŋIt- vv
naliġaaq one chosen, choice |
+[ġ]ak-2 rv ±aq1 vn
naliġak- (i) to make a choice,
weighing the possibilities; (i) to
call for question (in parliamentary
procedure); (t) to evaluate
her/him/it in comparison to others
| +[ġ]ak-2 rv
naliġaquri- (i) to call for question
during meeting | +[ġ]ak-2 rv
-[t]qu- vv -ri-5 vv
naliġunaq- (i) to be equally desirable
(of two beings/objects); (i) to be
not easily distinguished (of two
beings/objects) | -ġut- rv naq(-) rv
naliġut- (i) to be undecided or unable
to decide; (i) to have difficulty
deciding | ġut- rv
nalimmak- (i) to be equals; (i) to be
filled to the brim; (t) to be equal to
her/him/it | +mmak- vv
nalimuk- (i) to go straight, directly to
| ÷muk- rv
nalimun (noun case) area directly
ahead | ÷mun nnc
317
nalimuu- (i) to go forward by the
most direct route; (i) to go straight
| ÷muk- nv -u-2 vv
nalliak which one of thesed | ‘-Q rn
:ak (poss. 3d-s)
nalliat which one of these | ‘-Q rn
:at (poss. 3p-s)
nalliġiik two equals in every aspect |
‘-Q nn +[g]iik(-) nn, nv
nallipayaaŋak rn either of the two |
‘-Q nn -payaaq nn -ŋak (3d-3s)
nalliq which one » nalliq
pigisukpiuŋ which one do you
want to have | ‘-Q nn
nalliq-1 (t) to grow as big as
her/him/it; (t) to move or travel
beside her/him/it; (t) to catch up
with her/him/it | ‘=Iq-1 vv
nalliq-2 or nallit- (t) to set a price on
it | ‘=Iq-1 rv or ‘=It- 2 nv
nallisaq- to offer a bid (on it) |
3
msaq- vv
nallisaun something offered as a bid
on something else | ‘=It-2 vv
3 1
msaq- vv :un vn
nallit- (t) to offer to trade for
something; (i) to bid | ‘=It-2 nv
nalliuma- (i) to have equal abilities »
nalliumaruk taapkuak
nukatpiak those two young men
have equal abilities | ‘=Iq-1 rv
:u-2 vv +ma-1 vv
nalliummati- (i) to be equal (of two
or more persons); (i) to keep up
(of one person) | ‘=Iq-1 rv :u-2 vv
+ma-1 vv ‘ti- nv
nalliun final trade offer; accepted bid
| ‘=Iq-1 rv :un1 vn
nalliuti- (i) to now be equals; (i) to be
tied (as in a score of a game); (t)
to now have the same score as
hers/his | ‘=Iq-1 rv :uti- vv
nalikkak one side of the crotch
nalikkaak crotch (of human body or
of trousers) | -.k2 nn
 nalikkiqi- to clean or fondle the
crotch area | ‘=Iqi-1 nv
nallaġnaġiaq- (i) to go to bed early for
the night < nala-
nallaq- (i) to lie down; to be admitted to a
hospital < nala-
nallaqasiq- (t) to get in bed with
her/him< nala-
nallauti- (t) to put child in bed and lie
down with her/him < nala-
nalluaq- (i) to participate in tossing
someone on a mapkuq (blanket-
toss skin) during Nalukataq
(whaling festival); (t) to toss up
repeatedly; (t) to toss her/him on a
mapkuq during Nalukataq (of
many persons) < naluk-
nalluaqtit people who are holding the
mapkuq (bearded sealskin
blanket toss) and tossing the
jumper < naluk
nallugaq- (t) to throw, toss her/him/it
repeatedly @ nallugai- < naluk
nalluġruq- (Ti) (t) to give out, toss them
= treats out at a give-away, e.g.,
during the Nalukataq (whaling
festival) from behind the wind
shelters (a wall of wind breakers
forming a circle around the
Nalukataq grounds) to the people
who are sitting on the ground
watching the Nalukataq and
being served food < naluk-
nallui- (i) to give out, toss items out, e.g.,
during Nalukataq or during a
parade < naluk-
318
nalluk- (t) to toss it up and down
repeatedly < naluk-
nallukataq- (t) to toss her/him/it around;
(t) to throw her/him/it up and
down < naluk-
nalu- to not know, be ignorant of
(her/him/it); to be uninformed
(about her/him/it) » nalugaa
sumuktilaaŋanik she does not
know where he went
naluksriñŋa- (i) to be unconscious |
-ksraq(-)1 vn, nn ‘=It-2 nv ±ŋa- vv
naluksrit- (i) to become unconscious |
-ksraq(-)1 vn ‘=It-2 nv
naluksrivigruaq- (i) to lose
consciousness »
naluksrivigruaqtuq
piuraġniaqtilluni he lost
consciousness while they were
trying to help him | -ksraq(-)1 vn
‘=It-2 nv -vigruaq- vv
nalunaġniq mystery, conundrum |
+naq(-) vv, vn +niQ1 vn
nalunailutaq signpost, sign;
identification tag, marker »
nalunailutaŋa piisimaruaq its
signpost is gone, I found out |
+naq(-) vn :It-1 vv -lutaq vn
nalunaiñŋutaq or (Nu) nalunaigutaq
or (Nu) naluŋaiġutaq brand, sign,
marker to show possession; title |
+naq- vv :It-1 vv ±ŋutaq vn or
+naq(-) vv, vn :Iq-2 vv -utaq vn
nalunaiñŋutchiq- or (Nu)
nalunaigutchiq- or
naluŋaiġutchiq- (t) to mark,
brand it to show possession |
+naq(-) vv, vn :It-1 vv ±ŋutaq vn
‘=Iq-1 nv
nalunaiq- (i) to signify; (i) to become
clear, visible, distinct, audible; (t)
to reveal, make her/him/it known,
“bring out in the open,” prove; (i)
to appoint, single out her/him/it/;
 (t) to confirm it @ nalunaiqsi- »
nalunaiġaa nullaġviksraŋat
aullaaqtuat he marked off the
camp site for the campers |
+naq(-) vv :Iq-2 vv || -sI-3 vv
nalunaiqsruq- (t) to place
identification on it | mqsruq-2 vv
nalunait- (i) to be clear, visible,
distinct, audible » aakaa nipiŋa
nalunaitchuq; ilisaġiliġuugiga
my mother’s voice is distinctive; I
recognize it quickly | +naq(-) vn
:It-1 vv
nalunaq- (i) to be indistinct, barely
visible, be camouflaged; (i) to be
doubtful; (i) to be not noticeable |
+naq(-) vv, vn
nalunaqsi- (i) to become indistinct,
fade from view | +naq(-) vv, vn
+sI-1 vv
nalunautchi- (i) to do something
secretly | +naq(-) vv, vn
-ut-1 nv,vv +sI-3 vv
nalupqigi- (t) to be uncertain about
her/him/it » nalupqigigaa
tikiñŋatilaaŋanik he is uncertain
whether she has arrived or not |
*-pqi- vv +[g]i- vv
nalupqinaiq- (i) to become ratified;
(i) to become a certainty; (t) to
seal, certify it; to prove it | *-pqi-
vv +naq(-) vv, vn :Iq-2 vv
nalupqinait- (i) to be a certainty,
without any doubt (of a
happening); (i) to be reliable (of a
person); (i) to be sociable by
nature (of a person) | *-pqi- vv
+naq(-) vv, vn :It-1 vv
nalupqinaiyaq- (t) to remove from
her/him/it any uncertainty, doubt,
question | *-pqi- vv +naq(-) vv
:Iyaq-vv
nalupqinaiyaun affirmation,
ratification | *-pqi- vv +naq(-) vv
:Iyaq- vv :un1 vn
319
nalupqinaq- (i) to be unpredictable,
unreliable; (i) to be an uncertainty
| *-pqi- vv +naq(-) vv
nalupqisuk- (i) to be in doubt,
doubtful, uncertain »
nalupqisuktuq he is having
second thoughts | *-pqi- vv
+suk-2 rv § kuksrasuk-
nalupqisuŋit- (i) to be confident, sure
of oneself » nalupqisuŋitchuq
ilisaurriruaq Iñupiatun she has a
lot of confidence teaching Iñupiaq
| *-pqi- vv +suk-2 rv ±ŋIt- vv
nalupqisuun doubt; uncertainty |
*-pqi- vv +suk-2 rv :un1 vn
nalupqisuutait- (i) to be confident,
self-assured | *-pqi- vv +suk-2 rv
:un1 vn :It-1 nv
nalupqisuutairrun confidence, self-
assurance | *-pqi- vv +suk-2 rv
:un1 vn :It-1 nv -rrun vn
naluruaġi- (t) to take advantage of
her/him considering her/him to be
ignorant, naive or not intelligent »
naluruaġivluta uvva
ivayaqtuġniġaatigut because he
thought of us as naive and
unsuspecting, he robbed us
(thinking we would not find out) |
+t/ruaq vn +[g]i- nv
naluugaq- (i) to be uninformed, not
know | -ugaq- vv
naluaq [naluraq] sun-bleached seal or
bearded sealskin
Naluaġmiu White Person; [lit.
inhabitant of sun bleached
sealskin) | ÷miu nn
naluaġmiutaq white man’s item,
product | ÷miu nn +taq(-) nn
nalurri- (i) to prepare seal or bearded
sealskin for bleaching by the sun »
aakaga nalurrisuuruq
upinġaaġman my mother
processes seal or bearded
sealskins for sun bleaching in
 summer | ‘=I-1 nv § qaqsuq-;
puvitquq-
nalurriqi- (i) to work with sun-
bleached sealskins | ‘=Iqi-1 nv
naluk-1 (t) to throw it underhand; (t) to
toss it up; (i) to swim (of walrus) »
nalukkaa ayuktaq miqłiqtunun
he threw the ball to the children;
aivġich naluguurut siñiguurullu
niġisuurullu taġiumi. … The
walrus swim, sleep and eat in the
ocean.” (Ahmaogak &
Webster1981: 13-14)
nalluaq- (i) to participate in tossing
someone on a mapkuq (blanket-
toss skin) during Nalukataq
(whaling festival); (t) to toss up
repeatedly; (t) to toss her/him on a
mapkuq during Nalukataq (of
many persons) | ‘-aq-1 vv
nalluaqtit people who are holding the
blanket-toss and tossing the
jumper | ‘-aq-1 vv mt/ri vn -t nn
nallugaq- (t) to throw, toss her/him/it
up repeatedly @ nallugai- |
‘-k-2 vv +gaq-1 vv || :I-4 vv
nalluġruq- (Ti) (t) to give out, toss
them out at a give-away, e.g.,
during the Nalukataq from
behind the wind shelters (a wall of
wind breakers forming a circle
around the Nalukaq grounds) to
the people who are sitting on the
ground watching the Nalukataq
and being served food | ‘-k-2 vv
-ġruq- vv
nallui- (i) to give out, toss items out,
e.g., during Nalukataq or during
a parade | ‘-k-2 vv :I-4 vv
nalluk- (t) to toss it up and down
repeatedly | ‘-k-2 vv
nallukataq- (t) to toss her/him/it
around; (t) throw her/him/it up
and down | ‘-k-2 vv -kataq- vv
320
Nalukataq(-) whaling festival held
usually in June, after spring
whaling season ends (a communal
feast held outdoors in which
blanket-tossing is the main
entertainment with an eskimo
dance providing the grand finale);
(i) to celebrate Nalukataq (of
many people) | -kataq(-) vv, vn
nalukataq- (i) to be tossed up and
down on the mapkuq (bearded-
sealskin blanket-toss) during the
whaling festival | -kataq(-) vv, vn
nalukataqtuaq the jumper on the
mapkuq (bearded sealskin
blanket-toss) | -kataq- vv
+/t/ruaq vn
nalukataqtitchi- (i) to undertake or
sponsor the happening of the
whaling festival, by completing a
successful whaling season |
-kataq(-) vv mtit-1 vv +sI-3 vv
nalukataun a song sung during the
blanket-toss during Nalukataq |
-kataq(-) vv :un1 vn
nalukatauraq- (Ti) (i) to jump on a
jumping board (a board usually
six feet in length placed over a
large piece wood which suspends
the board above the ground) |
-kataq(-) vv :uraq- vv §
aatchukisaaq-
nalukatauraun (Ti) jumping board (a
board usually six feet in length
placed over a large piece wood
which suspends the board above
 the ground) | kataq(-) vv :uraq- vv
:un1 vn § aatchukisaun
nalukatautik dehaired sealskin
summer boots | -kataq(-) vv
:un1 vn -k2 nn § qaqłiik
nalukatchiaq- (i) to attend the
whaling festival | ‘=iaq-vv
nalukattat people who are attending
Nalukataq | -kataq(-) vn -t nn
naluk-2 (i) to swim (of sea mammal);(i) to
glide in chest-deep water
naluksaaq- (i) to plunge into water
(of sea mammal)| +saaq-1 vv
nalupqigi- (t) to be uncertain about
her/him/it < nalu-
nalupqinaiq- (i) to become ratified; to
become a certainty; (t) to seal,
certify it; to prove it < nalu-
nalupqinait- (i) to be a certainty, without
any doubt (of a happening); to be
reliable (of a person); to be
sociable by nature (of a person) <
nalu-
nalupqinaiyaq- (t) to remove from
her/him/it any uncertainty, doubt,
question < nalu
nalupqinaiyaun affirmation, ratification
< nalu-
nalupqinaq- (i) to be unpredictable,
unreliable; to be an uncertainty <
nalu-
nalupqisuk- (i) to be in doubt, to be
doubtful, uncertain < nalu-
nalupqisuŋit- (i) to be confident, sure of
oneself < nalu-
nalupqisuun doubt; uncertainty < nalu-
321
nalupqisuutait- to be confident, self-
assured < nalu-
nalupqisuutairrun confidence, self-
assurance < nalu-
naluruaġi- (t) to take advantage of
her/him considering her/him to be
ignorant, naive or not intelligent <
nalu-
naluugaq- (i) to be uninformed, not know
< nalu-
namulliqaa (adverb) everywhere < °na
namun (interrog.) where to < °na
nanġaq- (i) to praise oneself; (t) to praise,
glorify, extol, laud, honor
her/him/it @ nanġai- »
qaukłiŋata nanġaġaa
savalluataġnivlugu his boss
praised him for doing a good job ||
:I-4 vv
nanġaaq best choice | ±aq1 vn
nanġaun honor; praise | :un1 vn
nani [nanI] (Nu) (interrog.) where < °na
nanii (excl.) (used when something is
done well; especially, when done
with sufficient force to overpower
the opponent, or when one has a
good rebuttal)
naniq light, lamp § qulliq1 § see
Appendix 22
naniaq-1 or naniaqtuaq- (i) to warm
oneself by the fire to alleviate
pain; (t) to warm it by the fire »
naniaġaa qiluqqiññiñi he
warmed his strained muscle |
-aq-4 nv or -aq-4 nv +tuaq- vv §
pasik-
 naniġuaq kerosene lantern |
+ġuaq1 vn
naniġuun small, hand-carried lamp;
small stick to trim seal oil lamp |
+uq-1 nv :un1 vn
nanniaġik- (i) to be brightly lit |
‘=Iq-1 nv ±aq1 vn +[g]Ik- nv
nanniq- (i) to turn on a light; turn on
a light for oneself; (t) to light, turn
on a light for her/him; to install
electricity in it =house »
nanniqsuq isiqami iglumiñun he
turned on the light when he
entered his house | ‘=Iq-1 nv
nanniun or nanniutiksraq (Nu)
rendered oil for lamp | ‘=Iq-1 nv
:un1 vn or ‘=Iq-1 nv :un1 vn
+ksraq(-) nn
naniq- (i) to be caught in a trap; (t) to pin
her/him/it down with weight; (t) to
travel directly over her/him/it (of
moving conveyance); (t) to catch it
in one’s trap @ naniqsi- | +sI-3 vv
nanġutalik (Nu) leg-hold trap |
:un1 vn ~t/ralik nn § naniġiaq
nanġutaq (Nu) jaws of a leg-hold trap
| :un1 vn +taq(-) nn
naniġiaq [naniġiraq] leg-hold trap |
+iaq1 vn § nanġutalik
naniġiaqtalik an animal running
loose with foot caught in a trap |
+iaq1 vn +q-2 nv +t/ralik nn
naniġiaqtaq one caught in the leg-
hold trap | +iaq1 vn +q-2 nv
+taq(-) nn
naniġiaqtuq- (i) to trap animals; (t) to
set trap for it » naniġiaqtuqtuq
pisukkaanik he is trapping foxes;
naniġiaqtuġaa qavvik
akatchiruaq niqinik he has set
traps for the wolverine that has
been getting into the food cache |
+iaq1 vn +tuq-2 nv
naniġirriq- (i) to prepare and set a
leg-hold trap; (t) to set a leg-hold
322
trap for it =fur-bearing animal |
+iaq1 vn ‘=Iq-1 nv
naniġirriqsuq- (i) to prepare and set
traps in different places| +iaq1 vn
‘=rrIq-2 nv +tuq-2 vv
naniqtit- (i) to be caught in a trap; to
be pinned down by weight; (t) to
cause it to be caught in a trap; to
cause her/him/it to be pinned
down by weight » naniqtittuq
unianun he got pinned down by
the sled | mtit-1 vv
nanmak(-) something carried on the
back; to carry (it) on one’s back or
in a backpack; (i) to play a game
where one walks around carrying
others who are holding on |
nagmak(-)
nanmakti pack animal, beast of
burden (e.g., reindeer, dog,
donkey) | mt/ri vn § kakakti
Nanmatchiaq [lit. “like a
hunchback”] constellation
¤Draco
nanmau- (i) to go on a backpacking
trip | :u-2 nv
natmautaġiak (Nu) shoulder straps
for a pack | -utaq vn +iaq1 nn
-k2 nn
natmautaġiaq (Nu) area of arm just
below shoulder | -utaq vn
+iaq1 nn § uniq
nanmautalik or natmautalik (Nu)
gun with a shoulder strap;
traditional snare made of sinew |
-utaq vn -lik nn
natmautaq (Nu) shoulder strap for
carrying a gun or backpack;
backpack | -utaq vn
nanmaun or (Nu) natmagvik dog
pack; backpack | :un1 vn or
+vIk1 vn
nanmiuq- to prepare (it) to carry on
one’s back | ‘=iuq-1 nv
 nanmiuti- or (Nu) natmiuti- (t) to
place and carry it on one’s back or
in a backpack | ‘=Iq-1 nv :uti- vv
nanmik [nanmIk] (Nu) crosswise
wooden slat in umiak
¤nanmit (Ti) keel braces which hold boat
keel in place | -t nn
nanmiñiq [nanmiñiq] without any
question, doubt; definitely; peer;
one with whom one can be
completely free to express
oneself; one’s own e.g., blood
relatives, property or belongings
nanmiñiqtuq- (t) to speak or deal
strictly and directly with a blood
relative | +tuq-3 nv
nanniaġik- (i) to be brightly lit < naniq
nanuġun good luck charm (usually
a rock) § aanġuaq
nanuk- to rub something on (her/him/it) »
nanuktuq uqsruġunmik he is
applying oil on himself »
nanukkaa siŋiġñaurraaġniñi
nanuluunmik he is rubbing his
sprained ankle with liniment
nanuiqasiraq- or nanuiqasiraaq- (i)
to rub against, touch accidentally;
(t) to rub against it | -qasiraq- vv
-aq-1 vv § agiuqasiraaq-
nanuktaaġun jam, jelly | +taaq- rv
:un1 vn
nanuluk- to rub liniment on
(her/him/it) |-luk- vv
nanuluun liniment, soothing lotion |
-luk- vv :un1 vn
nanuun liniment, ointment | :un1 vn
nanuq [dual nannuk, pl. nannut] polar
bear (Ursus maritimus)
323
naniaq-2 (Ti) (i) to kill a polar bear »
“taimanili qauriñiaġama
aapaga… naniaġman
niviŋŋautchiġuurut” (Kiligvuk:
1) [back then when I became
aware of my surroundings my
father…when he killed a polar
bear they would hang up objects]
| perhaps ‘=iaq-2 nv
nanniaq- or nannuliaq- (i) to go
polar bear hunting | ‘=iaq-1 nv
Nannuġruit [lit. “large polar bears”]
constellation Pleiades » “the
Pleiades are nannorjuit polar
bears” (Jenness 1991: 529)
nannuk- (i) to kill a polar bear »
nannuktaami amia
tuniñiaŋiññiraa he said that he is
not going to sell the hide of the
polar bear he killed | ‘-k-1 nv
nanuġaq piece of polar bear skin |
+[ġ]aq vn, nn
naŋaq- to skirt around, avoid (her/him/it)
» naŋaġaa iqsigivlugu he is
skirting around her because he is
afraid of her
naŋaa- (Ti) to avoid (her/him/it) »
“naŋaqtalgitkaa avruma;
naŋaaraġaa; qimaaraġaa” (C.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [that one over
there is skirting around her; he is
avoiding her; he is fleeing from
her] | -a-2 vv
naŋiaq- (i) to be afraid of falling from a
high place, to have acrophobia;
(i) to be afraid of falling through
ice into deep water
naŋiaġnaq- (i) to be dangerous (of
ice or water) | +naq(-) vn
naŋiaqtu- (i) to have acrophobia |
-tu- vv
naŋiaqtuu- (i) to withdraw from a
whaling camp because of
dangerous ice conditions created
 by high winds or fast ocean
currents | +tuq-2 vv -u-2 vv
naŋiatchak- (i) to become fearful in
a boating, climbing,or flying
situation | -tchak- vv
naŋiit- (i) to be daring, brave when
doing something risky | =It-1 vv
naŋiq [naŋIq] waterproof pad placed
under baby or invalid »
“…iġñauraŋagguuq
naŋiqaqtuaq nannum
amianik.” (Ahvakana: 12)
[…her little son, it is told, had a
small mattress out of polar bear
skin]
naŋit-1 (i) to be sick § anniġñaq-, iñuaġiit-
naŋiliq- (i) to become sick | -lIq-3 vv
naŋinnaq- (i) to be wearisome,
stressfull on one’s self; (i) to be
harmful, bad for one’s well-being |
+naq(-) vv
naŋirrun disease, epidemic, sickness,
infirmity | +run1 vn
naŋirrutinnak- (i) to contract a
disease | +run1 vn -nnak- nv
naŋirrutiqpak pestilence, plague |
+run1 vn +qpak(-) vn, vv
naŋirvik hospital | +vIk1 vn
naŋit-2 (Ti) (t) to try to finish it off, kill it
=wounded animal, often a whale
@ naŋitchi- || +sI-3 vv § naksI-
naŋniq- (i) to stretch or exert one’s
muscles or nerves to the utmost
by doing something that one has
not done in a long time; (i) to
strain one’s body by overworking;
(t) to press her/him/it onward to a
destination; (t) to push, coerce,
force her/him; (Ti) (t) to beat
her/him up badly @ naŋniġlik- <
nagnIq-
324
naŋniqtuq- (i) to strain one’s body by
overworking < nagniq-
napa- (i) to be standing upright, e.g., a
house, pole, tree
*napaaq (stem) to be upright
continuously | +aq-1 vv
napaaqsiaq- (i) to travel to the tree
line | +aq-1 vv perhaps +siuq- nv
=iaq- vv
napaaqtuayaaq vine | +aq-1 vv
+tuq2 vn -ayaaq
napaaqtuġmiu person from Noatak,
Alaska | +aq-1 vv +tuq2 vn
+miu2 nn
¤napaat- (Ti) (t) to stand it up |
+aq-1 vv -t-1 vv
napaaqtuq tree, white spruce (Picea
glauca) | +aq-1 vv +tuq4 vn
napaaqtum aqargia Spruce Grouse
(Canachites canadensis) | +aq-1 vv
+tuq2 n -m (mkr.) | aqargiq
“ptarmigan” :a (poss. 3s-s)
napaaqtum qargia Sharp-tailed
Grouse (Pediocetes phasianellus)
napaatchak(-) dart game; (i) to play
darts, mumblety-peg
napaatchaq(-) (Ti) a dart; to play a
game using two sticks, the point
being to drop one into a hole cut
in the other; also, to play the
Iñupiaq version of darts where a
stick with a needle fitted in the
end must be dropped in such a
manner that it sticks straight up in
a board lying on the ground (like
darts) | +aq-1 vv -t-1 vv msaq-3 vv
napaayuq upright ice cake
(Harcharek: 14)
napaġiaq vertical support; post
holding something up; one of
many vertical pieces (stanchions)
which support side rails of sled;
something which stands upright |
+q-1 vv +iaq1 vn
napaksraq (Nu) mast | +ksraq vn
napaqsraq pole, post, mast, pillar |
+qsraq vn
napaqti mast » ”tamarra napaqsrat
tamatkua napaqtinik
taiguġuugai” (Aiken 2009) [they
called those posts, masts] | -qti vn
napaqutaq signpost; gravestone |
-qutaq vn
napaqutchiq- (t) to provide it with a
signpost or gravestone | -qutaq vn
‘=Iq-1 nv
napaquyuk (Nu) a circular tent with a
single pole in center driven into
the ground, and the edge of the
circular tent staked into the
ground pulling the sides of the tent
taut | -quyuk vn
naparaġaaq- (i) to turn somersaults;
(i) to do a handstand |
+raġaaq(-) vv
naparaq clay pottery | +raq vn §
qikuyyaq
naparaq- (i) to tumble over, turn a
somersault | -raq- vv
naparaqtaq- (i) to tumble more than
once | -raq- vv +t/raq-1 vv
naparuq (Ti) sled stanchion; wooden
boat “rib,” vertical frame support
inside boat | +ruq vn § tulimaaq
napat- (t) to stand it up; (t) to support
it upright » “makitapkaġaa”
(Aiken 2009) [he is keeping it
upright] | +t-1 vv
napaugaq- (i) to be standing upright,
still (of an object) | -ugaq- vv
napautaq one pole of a tripod used to
suspend pot above fire | -utaq vn
napauttat tripod used to suspend pot
above fire | -utaq vn -t nn
nappaqutaq log driven into ground to
support a structure vertically |
‘-q-1 vv –utaq1 vn
nappaqutat or nappaġutit
foundation pilings | ‘q-1 vv
-utaq vn or :un1 vn -t nn
325
nappaq- (t) to erect, build it
=structure; (t) to set it upright,
stand it up @ nappai- | ‘-q-1 vv ||
:I-4 vv
nappaqsuġaaġun (Ti) knife,
implement for playing
mumblety-peg | ‘-q-1 vv
+suġaaq- vv +un1 vn
nappaqsuġaaq- (Ti) (i) to play
mumblety-peg | ‘-q-1 vv
+suġaaq- vv
nappaqtaq circular tent with one
central pole | ‘-q-1 vv +t/raq vn §
qaluuġvik
napi- (i) to break in half; (t) to cut, break
it in half @ napisi- »
“Marraptauq avataani iglum
aġviġit napigiññaqługit tainna
nappaaqtat.” (Ahvakana: 18)
[also all around surrounding the
house are whales split in halves
all placed upright] || +sI-3 vv
napigiaġniq vertebra | +iaq-3 vv
+niQ1 vn
napiniq hump of a hunchbacked
person; place at which something
is broken | +niQ1 vn
napiŋa- (i) to be hunchbacked; (i) to
be broken in half | ±ŋa- vv
nappannak- (i) to earn half of
something one has helped to gain
possession of | ‘-nnak- nv
nappaq something which has been
cut in half, crosswise split; hump
of hunchback | ‘-Q vn § avvaq
napit- (i) to become snared, trapped; (i) to
become fastened; (t) to trap, snare
it » “ilaanni malġuŋnik
natchiigñik napinŋasuuruq
kuvraq” (Kaveolook 1975c: 6, 9)
[sometimes two seals are caught
in the net]
napitaq animal caught in trap or snare
| ±aq1 vn
napmun (Nu)(interrog.) where to < °na
napu cross-brace of sled
napuksraq that which will be made
into a cross-brace napaaqtunik
makua napuksraqtuġuurut;
urgiiliñik pilaitchut spruce trees
are used in making cross-braces
[for sleds]; birch trees are not used
| +ksraq(-) nn, nv
napulgit (Nu) old-style sled usually
about 10 feet long with bent
crosspieces (Ingstad: 139) | -lik nn
:It nn
naqit- (i) to be low, positioned close to
the ground; (t) to press her/him/it
down
naqikłi- (i) to set (of sun); (i) to
become lower; (i) to humble
oneself; (t) to lower, decrease its
height | -kłI- vv
naqikłilaaq- (i) to be made lower; (t)
to lower, decrease its height |
-kłI- vv -laaq-1 vv
naqikłilauraq- (i) to dance low to the
floor, ground; (t) to set her/him/it
very low | -kłI- vv -lauraq- vv
naqilġuq lower part of mountaintop
or hilltop | ±ġuq vn
naqimik- (t) to hold her/him/it down
by pressing on her/him/it |
-mIk-1 vv
naqitaġun rope on sled or boat used
to lash down, tie down items |
-ak- vv +q-2 nv +un1 vn
naqitak- (i) to be secured, tied down;
(t) to tie it down securely; (t) to be
a hindrance to her/him | -ak- vv
naqitaq bread dough | ±aq1 vn
naqitaqpik side rail on sled for tying
down load | -ak- vv -qpIk vn § see
Appendix 18
naqitaqsruq- (t) to tie it down
securely @ naqitaqsrui- | -ak- vv
2 4
mqsruq- vv || :I- vv
326
naqitchi- (i) to make bread dough; to
knead | +sI-3 vv
naqittaġnaq piano, organ |
+ttaq(-) vv, vn +naq(-) vn
naqittaġnaġaq- (i) play the piano or
organ | +ttaq(-) vv, vn +naq(-) vn
+[t]aq-2 nv
naqsik(-) pug nose; (i) to have a pug
nose; (i) to wrinkle one’s nose; (i)
to push one’s nose up, e.g., by
running into a taut rope; (t) to
wrinkle one’s nose at her/him/it »
“tuvaaqataa naqsiktuq, aglaan
quviasuktuq” (Matumeak 2009)
[his wife has a pug nose, but she is
happy] | perhaps ~sIk-1 vv §
iqsuk-
naqsiaq neck muffler used for pro-
tection against extreme cold,
usually made out of wolf’s tail
winter caribou hide | ±aq1 vn
naqsiŋa- (i) to be pug-nosed | ±ŋa- vv
naqsiŋayaaq- (i) to unknowingly run
head first into a taut line, rope and
have one’s nose pushed up |
±ŋa- vv -yaaq-1 vv
naqsraq(-) a ridge which divides
watersheds of rivers; a pass, a
valley or passage in the
mountains; low point of a hill; (i)
to travel via the lowest point; (t) to
travel via its lowest point |
~qsraq vn § naqit-
Naqsraġlugiaq a summit near
Anaktuuvak Pass, Alaska| +luk nn
+iaq1 nn
Naqsraq Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska
naqsriñiq a ridge-like area where two
parts meet or separate sharing an
intersection | =I-1 nv +niQ1 vn
naqtuq- (i) to shatter, break or crack,
fracture (of glass or ceramic); (t)
 to break it =glass or ceramic @
naqtui- || +I-4 vv
naqtuġaaq(-) (Ti) crack, as in ice,
glass or ceramic; (i) to crack,
shatter (of ice, glass or ceramic);
(t) to break, shatter it =glass or
ceramic into pieces »
naqtuġaapaluktuq igalauraq the
glass window shattered violently |
+aaq(-) vv § quppaq
naqtuqqat pieces of broken glass or
anything breakable | ±aq1 vn
-t nn
narraak abdomen; ventral portion (of
fish) < naaq(-)
narraaġiit- (i) to have a stomachache,
bellyache or abdominal cramps <
naaq(-)
narraaq- (i) to have stomach or
abdominal pains < naaq(-)
narrak- (i) to become pregnant; to get a
distended belly < naaq(-)
narraktu- (i) to have a big belly < naaq(-)
narranŋu- (i) to have a stomachache <
naaq(-)
narri- (Ti) (i) to be pregnant < naaq(-)
narrisaaq(-) (Nu) enlarged belly of
pregnant woman; (i) to become
pregnant, conceive < naaq(-)
narvaq pond, lake; eight (suit at cards)
narvaġauraq small lake | +[ġ]aq nn
:uraq nn
narvalik (Nu) eight (suit at cards) |
-lik nn
narvaqtuq- (Nu) to hunt (them
=caribou) from kayak in a lake »
tuttunun narvaqtuqtut they are
327
hunting caribou from a kayak in a
lake | +tuq-3 nv
nasaq(-) hood; (i) to put one’s hood up;
(t) to put her/his hood up
nasaallik- or nasaałłik- (i) to have
one’s snow shirt hood slide off the
parka hood | -ałłIk- vv
nasaġaq or nasaġauraq or (Ti)
nasaġaaq kerchief; hood-like
head cover; shawl | +[ġ]aq nn or
+[ġ]aq nn :uraq nn
nasaiŋaruaġruk Bonaparte’s Gull
(Larsus Philadelphia); Black
Headed Gull (Larus riducundus)
nasapak- (i) to keep one’s parka hood
on indoors or out, unnecessarily |
-pak- vv
nasaqpalik parka with large hood
(Canadian style) | +qpak(-) nn
-lik nn
nasaulligaq or nasaullik ptarmigan
with brown head feathers |
-ullIk nn +[ġ]aq nn or -ullIk nn §
aqargiq
nasautaaqłuk old worn out hat |
-aqłuk nn
nasautaq(-) hat, cap; (i) to put a hat
or cap on; (t) to put a hat or cap on
her/him/it | -utaq(-)1 nn
nasautchiqi- to play around with
(her/his/its) hat | ‘=Iqi-1 nv
natchi- or natchiuq- (i) to make a
hood; (t) to make a hood for
her/him/it; to make it into a hood |
‘=I-1 nv or ‘=iuq- nv
nasit- [nasIt] (i) to climb to a high
vantage point in order to have a
panoramic view; (i) to look for
game from a high vantage point »
nasiññami maniqqamun
tautukkaa igluak as he reached
the vantage point, he saw theird
house
 nasiqsriaġnaq- (Nu) (i) to be at a
high vantage point | mqsruq-2 vv
‘=iaq-1 vv +naq(-) vv
nasiqsruaq- (Nu) (i) to look out,
scout for game from a vantage
point | mqsruq-2 vv ±aq-1 vv
nasiqsriaq- or nasiqsruġiaq- (i) to
go and look for game from a
vantage point | mqsruq-2 vv ‘=iaq-
or +iaq-1 vv
nasiqsruġvik pile of stones or high
area used as lookout; tower |
2 1
mqsruq- vv +vIk vn
nasiqsruq- (i) to crane one’s neck; (i)
to look for game from a lookout |
2
mqsruq- vv
nasirvik or nasiqsruġvik lookout
place | +vIk1 vn
nasitchiaġaq- (Nu) (i) to use a high
vantage point | +sIk1 vv -aġaq-vv
natatquq soft bone; cartilage; egg white |
±ġuq rn,nn,vn
natatquaq cartilage, soft bones (of
young animals or children) |
±ġuq rn,nn,vn -aq2 nn
natatquġnaq hail, hailstone | ±ġuq
rn,nn,vn +naq(-) nn § sikuġlak
natatqulaat soft, immature bones of
children | ±ġuq rn,nn,vn ±laaq nn
-t nn
natchik- [natchIk] (i) to want to go with
someone; (i) to cry wanting to go
with someone (of child); (t) to not
want to be separated from
her/him/it; to cry wanting to go
with her/him/it § malik-
natchiq(-)1 [natchIQ] ringed seal (Pusa
hispida); (i) to catch a seal »
natchiqsuak theyd killed a seal;
natchiqsaani qaitchaŋa
atchagmiñun he gave the seal he
caught to his aunt | +t-2 nv
328
natchiaġruk seal pup; young seal |
-aġruk
natchiaġruuk or (Ti) natchiviak
ankle-length, sealskin breeches
with fur out » “kammaglu
quliksallu mitquŋit
silaliutivlugit tainna
taiguġuugai” (Aiken 2009) [boots
and pants are called thus when the
fur is outside] | -aġruk nn -k2 nn or
-viaq2 nn -k2 nn § qaġliaġruk
natchiayaaq infant seal | -ayaaq nn
natchiġruaq (Nu) sealskin parka |
+ġruaq nn
natchiġunaaq- (i) to spot, see a seal |
+[ġ]unaaq- nv
natchiñġaq(-) rendered blubber in
seal oil; seal blubber rubbed on
sinew to make it slide through eye
of needle and skins easier; a piece
of sealskin; to kill one’s first seal
(of young hunter) | ‘=iñġaq nn
natchiqsiun large mesh net for
trapping seals | +siun vn
natchiqsiuq- (i) to be seal hunting |
+siuq- nv
natchiqsuq- (i) to eat seal meat »
natchiqsullatuqpaktuŋa I love
seal meat | +tuq-3 nv
natchiviaq (Nu) dehaired sealskin
boot with bearded sealskin sole |
-viaq2 nn
natiq(-)1 [natiQ] floor; to construct a
floor (on it)
natiq(-)2 [natiQ] (Ti) soft skin sole
for fur sock or tuttulik (boots
with caribou skin soles, with the
fur inside); (t) to sew a soft skin
sole on it =sock or tuttulik @
natiqsi- || +sI-3 nv
nataaġnaq arctic flounder (Liopsetta
glacialis) | -aq-4 nv +naq1 vn ||
+sI-3 vv
nataaq(-) (t) to attach a bottom to it;
(Ti) soft skin sole (as on tuttulik) »
 “tamarra nataaġutiqaġnisuugait
umiat alliit tamarra qirugnik”
(Aiken 2009) [they say that the
bottom areas of boats have floor
planks made of wood] | perhaps
-aq-4 nv or ±aq1 vn
natchi- to prepare a flooring (for it) |
‘=I-1 nv
natchiq-2 (t) to install a flooring on it |
‘=Iq-1 nv
natchiñ (Nu) floor; bedrock » nunam
natchisaa the “land’s floor” or
bedrock | ‘=Iq-1 nv ‘-n rn, vn
natchisiq- (t) to lay temporary
flooring while camping »
“natchisiġaa aullaaġviñi
uqpigñik” (Aiken 2009) [he laid
temporary flooring of willows in
his camp house] | ‘=Iq-1 nv +n rn,
vn ~Iq-1 vv
natchisit or natqit wooden floor
planks; pieces of boards or
willows used for flooring (in
temporary dwelling or entryway) |
‘=Iq-1 nv -sIq vn -t nn § see
Appendix 22
¤natchitchiq- (t) to lay temporary
flooring while camping | ‘=Iq-1 nv
-n vn ~Iq-1 vv
natiġnaq large expanse of low land;
valley | +naq1 nn § qattaġniq
natiġvik(-) snow swiftly drifting
along the ground (usually blowing
not above the knee); (i) to blow,
drift low along the ground (of
snow or dust) | +vik- nv
natiqłiq the lowest object; (Nu)
something on the floor | +llIQ nn
natiqłit(-) snow blowing swiftly
along the ground (with drifts no
higher than the ankle); (i) to be at
the bottom (of it); to be as far
down as one can go | +llIQ nn
‘=It-2 nv
329
natqa base of something » iġġim
natqa the base of the mountain |
:a 3ps
natqik- [natqIk] (i) to recover from an
illness or injury so that one’s
condition is stable; (t) to correct,
rectify, set things right with
her/him/it
natqiksiaq- (i) to pause in order to
regain one’s composure or
strength; (t) to wait for her/him/it
to regain her/his/its composure or
strength | +[t]sIq- vv -aq-1 vv
natqiksiq- (i) to rest in order to
recover one’s composure or
strength » “tavra
pilaiŋaiqsiaqtuq;
aquppiuraallaktuni
nakuusiñaqtuq” (Aiken 2009)
[then one is resting regaining
one’s strength; when one sits for a
while one becomes strong again] |
+sIq-1 vv
natqiksruq- (t) to correct, discipline
her/him when she/he has erred @
natqiksrui- | mqsruq-2 vv || :I-4 vv
natqiksruun discipline; correction |
2
mqsruq- vv :un vn
1
natquq arrowhead or bullet tip | +quq nn
natqiq- (Nu) to chip it =flint using a
small hammer | +quq nn ‘=Iq-1 nv
natqiun or natqiutaq (Nu) small
hammer used to chip flint; “a
small hammer made preferably
from the base of the horn of a deer
when it enters into the bony
portion of the skull” (Driggs
1905: 94)] | +quq nn ‘=Iq-1 nv
:un1 vn
natqulik arrow with sharp bone head
» “isiŋnaniglu sauniġniglu
natquliuġuurut taipkua” (Aiken
2009) [people of long ago made
 arrowheads out of jade or bone] |
+quq nn -lik nn
¤natqulik (Ti) big bird (Dinah
Frankson recorded by Karen B) |
+quq nn -lik nn
natquun (Nu) long case, bag for
snowshoes | +quq nn :un2 nn
nau- [nagu] (i) to grow (of a plant or
wart); (i) to wax (of moon); (i) to
increase § nipi-
nagguksaun fertilizer; something to
promote maturity (e.g., words of
wisdom) | ‘-k-2 rv msaq-3 vv :un1 vn
naggun cause for growth; interest
accumulated or stock; (Ti) base of
plant, taproot | ‘n1 vn § maŋŋuq,
kaŋiun
nagguvik nurturing place; place
where one grows up | ‘-k-2 rv
+vIk1 vn
nagguviksraq bud; budding leaf |
‘-k-2 rv +vIk1 vn +ksraq(-) nn, nv
nauġala- or nauġallak- (i) to flare up
(of fire) | +[ġ]aq- vv -la- vv,
‘-k-2 vv
naulguti- (i) to indulge in something;
(i) to suddenly get very sick; (i) to
be seriously injured, mortally
wounded » “tavrauvvaa
naulgutisuuruq
quŋusiññaqtuni” (Nageak 1976:
4) [he becomes mortally wounded
when he is wounded in the neck] |
-lgu-2 nv ‘ti- vv
naullaġnaq small sea mollusk; new
growth | -llaq- vv +naq1 vn
*nau (root) forward, upward process
nauma- (i) to be the biggest, the best;
be the most important or the most
valuable one; to be better off,
stronger, richer, brighter, braver
than others | +ma-1 vv §
-łhamaaq- vv
naunġaq a bud; young tree or willow
| -nġaq vn
330
nauniq(-) descendant; growth; (i) to
be long-lived | -niQ vn § kiŋuniQ
nauriaq flower; plant | +ri-3 vv
+aq1 vn
nautchiaksraq a seed | +[t]sIq- vv
±aq1 vn -ksraq(-) nn
nautchiaksriuġun a plow | +[t]sIq- vv
±aq1 vn -ksraq(-) nn, nv ‘=iuq nv
:un1 vn
nautchialiqiri gardener; agriculturist |
+[t]sIq- vv ±aq1 vn -liqi- nv
mt/ri vn
nautchiaq plant; garden flower;
vegetable | +[t]sIq- vv ±aq1 vn
nautchiaqaġvik field, garden; flower
shop | +[t]sIq- vv ±aq1 vn -qaq1- nv
+vIk1 vn
nautchii- (i) to grow plants |
+[t]sIq- vv -I-6 vv
nautchiiri sower of seeds, planter |
+[t]sIq- vv -I-6 vv mt/ri vn
nautchiivik garden; flower pot |
+[t]sIq- vv -I-6 vv +vIk1 vn
nautchiq- (Ti) (t) to plant it =seed; (t)
wait for it =seed to grow @
nautchii- | +[t]sIq- vv || :I-4 vv
nautchirriq- to plant flora (on it) |
+[t]sIq- vv ±aq1 vn ‘=Iq-1 nv
nauttaaq- to ration (it) | -t- vv
+taaq- vv
nauyuqtaaġniq accrual, increase,
interest » sukaniŋa
nauyuqtaaġniġum ilisimagiga I
know the rate of accrual | perhaps
-yuq- vv +taaq- vv +niQ1 vn
nauktaq- (i) to jump over | perhaps
‘-k-1 rv +t/raq-1 vv
nautkiaq- (i) to jump down |
-tkiaq- rv
naulaq detachable spearhead; bird
dart » “sununliqaa atuqtuq
aiviġnun, natchiġñun,
ugruŋnun” (Aiken 2009) [it is
 used for everything, for walrus,
for seals, for bearded seals] |
-laq vn § kapusiun, see Appendix
17b
naulaqpak harpoon, spear | -laq vn
+qpak(-) nn, vv
¤naulgun (Ti) sealing harpoon |
:un1 vn § naulaq
nauligaq(-) whaling harpoon (Aiken
2009); (Ti) harpoon (for bearded
seal and walrus); “Throwing
Spear (naú-lĭ-gû) …Long shaft,
with ivory ice-pick on one end
and heavy knob on the other,
fitted with a short ‘loose shaft,’
head and line, for securing seals
which have been shot in the
water.” (Ray 1885: 72); (i) to use
the harpoon; (t) to harpoon it =
seal, ugruk | +aq3 vv, vn
nauligaqti harpooner | +aq3 vv
mt/ri vn
nauligaun darting gun; darting gun
with harpoon; (Ti) whaling
harpoon (wider than nauligaq
therefore has to be thrown with
both hands) § kapusiun
naulik(-) harpoon (used for
seal hunting, thrown with one
hand); (t) to harpoon it =sea
mammal; (t) to spear it @
nauliksi- | -lik- vv § pana(-)
|| +sI-3 vv
naullaq object or being harpooned or
speared | -lik- vn ‘-Q vn
naullaġnaq small sea mollusk <
perhaps nau-1
naulayuq (Nu) least weasel (Mustela
nivalis)
naulayuuraq ¤(Ti) shrimp § igliġaq
naumi (excl.) no!
331
naumiiññaq to give it a try although
one is pessimistic about the
outcome | -iññaq nn § ilaiññaq
naumipayuk una (excl.) good work
(said to someone considered
unlikely to accomplish the task) |
-payuk nn
naumi qanuq (excl.) I guess not |
(interrog stem) qanuq
naumiunahaa (excl.) (said to
someone when impressed by
something he/she does that is
unexpected or out of the
ordinary) good for you! | una
+haa
naumiunnii (excl.) no, after all |
(encl.) unnii
nauŋ (interrog.) where < °na
naukun (Nu) (interrog.) via which way <
°na
nauŋmi (interrog.) where is it then < °na
¤nauralautsiaq somebody who favors
relatives of the opposite sex
nausaaq(-) omen or sign; a good luck
sign; (i) to receive, experience an
omen; (Nu) (i) to experience a
good sign, omen § sikkIk-1
nausaaġluk(-) bad sign or ill omen;
(i) to have a bad sign or omen |
+luk(-)1 nv, vv
nausaaġluksi- (Nu) (i) to receive,
have a bad sign, an ill omen |
+luk(-)1 vn, nn +sI-1 vv
nausaapałłuk- (i) to receive a bad
luck sign or ill omen | -pałłuk- vv
nauyaq seagull | perhaps -ya(q) rn
nauyaaq or nauyyaaq1 young or
newborn seagull | ‘-aq2 nn
 nauyavak young Glaucous Gull; (Nu)
Western Glaucous Gull (Larus
hyperboreus) | -vak nn
nauyavasugruk Glaucous Gull
(Larus hyperboreus) | -vak nn
-sugruk(-) vv, nn
nauyatchiaq Mew Gull (Larus
canus); herring gull (Larus
argentatus) |
-tchiaq nn
nauyavvaaq Herring Gull (Larus
argentatus) | -vvaaq nn
nauyyaaq2 enamelware; enamel utensil; a
painted dish, painted crockery |
+yyaaq nn § miŋŋulik
*nav (root) joint
navlu or navluq joint, wrist, elbow,
shoulder, or knee joint | +lu(q) rn
§ see Appendix 21
navluqsimaaq- (i) to sit with knees
bent and both feet flat on floor |
+lu(q) rn +simaaq- nv §
kanagaqsimaaq-
navyaaġluksiñiq joint swollen from
old age | +yaaq2 rn +luk(-)1 vv, nn
+sI-1 nv, vv +niQ vn
navyaaq [navyaraq] bone joint |
+yaaq2 rn
navyaaq- (i) to dislocate a joint |
+yaaq2 nn -aq-1 nv
navyaqtiq- (t) to dismember it at the
joints | +yaaq2 nn -aq-1 nv
2
mtiq- vv
navyarriqi- (t) to treaqt his/her/its
joints | ‘=Iqi-1 nv
navyarriqiri chiropractor | +yaaq2 rn
‘=Iqi-1 nv mt/ri vn
navia- (i) to be afraid due to apparent
danger involved
naviagi- (t) to consider something too
dangerous | +[g]i- rv
navianaq- (i) to be too dangerous |
+naq(-) rv
332
navianniuq- (i) to be in danger, in
peril; (i) to fear, be afraid for
one’s safety, welfare | -nniuq- rv
navik- to break (it) @ naviksi- ||
+sI-3 vv
navgi- (i) to break one’s own
(especially bones in one’s body);
(t) to break another’s heart; (t) to
break her/his personal possession,
bones; (i) to break a law or
regulation | :I-7 vv
navguluula- to break (it)
simultaneously into many pieces |
:uq-2 vv -luu- vv -la- vv
navguluu- (i) to break into pieces »
“navguluuvluni sukulliqaa
navguluutiruq” [it broke into
many pieces throughout and
collapsed] (Aiken 2009) | :uq-2 vv
-luu- vv
navguluuti- (i) to break into many
pieces and lose its cohesion
| :uq-2 vv -luu- vv -uti- vv
navguq- to break (it) into many
pieces @ navgui- » navguqtatka
anauttamik I broke them up with
an axe | :uq-2 vv || :I-4 vv
navigaq- (i) would break each time |
+[t/r]aq-3 vv
naviŋa- to be broken | ±ŋa- vv
navvaq broken thing or piece; a
break, fracture | ‘-Q vn
navraaq(-) ancient artifact; something
discovered while digging; (i) to
find an ancient artifact »
“paqitturguuq
qiñiġnaŋaitchuamik paqinman”
(Matumeak 2009) [it’s when one
finds something that has not been
seen before] § alġaaniqsaq
nayaaŋŋaq message of love, best regards,
etc. | perhaps aŋŋa (dem. adv.
abl.) ‘-Q vn

nayak younger sister (of man) § aqqaluk
nayaaluk younger sister (of boy) |
-aluk nn
nayagraq (Ti) half-sister |
-ksraq(-) nn, vv
*nayak (root) nodding
nayaksaq- to move (her/him/it) in
rhythm; (i) to be jolted strongly;
(t) to give her/him/it a strong jolt |
3
msaq- vv
nayaksatit- (i) to be jerked, jolted (as
by an explosion) | +satit- vv
nayaŋaq- (i) to nod drowsily |
±ŋaq- vv
nayaŋŋatit- (i) to bounce, be jolted
(as when riding in a sled) | ‘-k-2 vv
-tit-2 vv
nayaŋŋak Common Scoter (Melanitta
nigra)
nayuk- to remove (it =skin of sea
mammal) without cutting the fur
(usually the incision is made
around the lips, then the skin is
pulled back turning the skin inside
out) » “nayuktuq natchiġmik
amiiqamiuk siikkaluaġnagu
…natchiġmik uqsrua
piiġaluaġangu …niqaalu amialu
kilaksail ivlugit” (Kaveolook
1975b: 2) [one removes the skin
of the seal without slicing it down
its middle…without removing the
blubber of their seal…trying not
to pucture its meat and skin] §
aak-
nayuq- (t) to stay with and care for, watch
over her/him/it
nayulguit- (t) to be unable to
withstand her/his presence for
even a short time; (t)to find
her/him intolerable | -lgu-1 vv
:It-1 vv
333
nayummak- (i) to lean on something
for support | -mmak(-)1 nn, vv
nayumman sodhouse entrance hole
horizontal beam; by extension
emotional support | -mmak(-)1 vv
‘ti1 vn
nayummi- to lean on (her/him/it) for
support; to hold (her/him/it) in
place to keep (her/him/it) steady »
umiamun nayummivluni
makitaruq he is standing by
leaning on the boat for support |
+mmI-5 vv
nayummisaq lean to post; upright
support (for sled stanchions) »
nayummisaa kiavluutam
naviksimaruq one of the lean to
posts for one of the sled
stanc:hions is broken | +mmI-5 vv
‘saq(-) vn, rv § see Appendix 18
nayuqsiuti- to be united, together
(with her/him/it) » “tavra
illatiruq; taapkunuŋa
nayuqsiutiruq” (Aiken 2009) [so
he becomes a member; he joins
the group] | +sIq-1 vv -uti- vv
nayuqti caretaker | mt/ri vn
nayuqtuakkaġik- (i) to be a good
place to stay for a while (usually
since food is plentiful) | +tuaq- vv
-kkaq vn -[g]Ik- nn
nayuuti- (i) to stay; (i) to remain |
:uti- vv
niaqsiaq (Ti) or niviaqsiaq young
woman of marriageable age
niaqunak long tree root; tussock |
+nak nn
niaquptalik driftwood tree with root
system attached »
“maŋŋuġruaŋit napaaqtut
tivrat niutaliuqługit umiapianun
niaquptaŋi iluaġmata pisuurut,
pisiksiliuqługillu” (Aiken 2009)
[the large roots of driftwood trees
 are made into curved logs used to
attach the frame on both the stern
and the bow of the umiak, and
into bows] | perhaps
-ptaq nn -lik nn
niaquq head, skull, cranium, parietal
bone | +quq nn § see Appendix 20
niaqqi- (i) to injure one’s head; (t) to
injure her/him/it on the head |
+quq nn '=I-2 nv
niaqqiqi- to wash (her/his/its) hair |
+quq nn ‘=Iqi-1 nv
niaqqiuġun or niaquliuġun large pot
for cooking caribou head |
+quq nn ‘=iuq- nv or -liuq- nv
:un1 vn
niaqqiuq- (i) to cook an animal or
fish head for a meal | +quq nn
‘=iuq-1 nv
niaqquaq- to injure, hurt (her/his/its)
head | +quq nn ‘-aq-2 nv § kati-
niaqquk- (Ti) (i) to get the head share
of whale (of last boat at kill) »
“niaqquktulguuq apkua
aqulliuruat” (Kinneeveauk,
2008) [it is said that the ones who
were last received the share of the
head of the whale] | +quq nn
‘-k-1 nv
niaquġiiliq- (i) to develop a headache
| +quq nn-[g]iit- nv -lIq-3 nv
niaquġiit- (i) to have a headache |
perhaps +quq nn -[g]iit- nv
niaquġmik- (i) to press foreheads
together (during a competitive
game) | perhaps
+quq nn +mIk-nv
niaquġruaq old skull | +quq nn
+ġruaq nn
niaquġun crown, headband | +quq nn
-ġun nn
niaquġusiq- to put a crown or
headband on (her/him/it) |
+quq nn -un1 nn ~Iq-1 nv
334
niaquiq- (i) to decapitate (her/him/it) |
+quq nn :Iq-2 nv
niaqula- (i) shake one’s head from
side to side (at her/him/it) |
+quq nn -la- nv
niaqunaq (Ti) skull | perhaps
+quq nn -naq1 nn
niaqunŋu- (i) to have a headache |
+quq nn -nŋu- nv
niaquptaq or niaquptauraq (Nu)
dome-shaped hill; something
shaped like the top of a head |
+quq nn -ptaq nn :uraq nn
niaquqtuġruk or niaquqtuaġruk
Hawk Owl (Surnia ulula) |
+quq nn +tu- nv -ġruk vn
-aġruk vn
niaquun (Nu) band of beads worn
around forehead » “Tavra-aasii
utiqsaqhutik savisik
iriqsimavlugich annuġaamik
ikiaŋannun suli niaquutitiglu.
…Then they started back, hiding
their knives and beaded
headdresses inside their
clothing.” (Elijah Kakinya as
reported by Bergsland 1987: 319,
326) | +quq nn +un1 nn §
niaquġun
*nig (root) cold
nigiq east wind; (Ti) north wind;
north; (Nu) northeast wind,
northeast § see Appendix 15
nigiq qatchiksuq southeast wind §
see Appendix 15
niginmun (Ti) towards the north |
-nmun nc (directional terminalis)
§ niġġum tuŋaanun
nigiqłuk blizzard from the east; to
have a blizzard from the east; (Ti)
north wind blizzard | -qłuk(-) nn
nigiqpapiaq (Ti) northwest wind §
see Appendix 15
nigiqpaq(-) east wind; to blow from
east (of wind); (Ti) north wind;
 (Nu) north wind » “nigiqpaġman
uitchuugaa; aasii uŋalaġman
siku taunaŋŋaġuuruq
imaiġlugu” (Kinneeveauk, 2008)
[when the north east wind is
blowing, the sea water level is
high; and when the south wind is
blowing, the ice comes and the
seas retreat] | +paq(-) nn § see
Appendix 15
niglanaaq air conditioning | ~laq- nv
niglaq- to become cool (of weather or
beverage) | ~laq- nv
niglaqsiq- to set (it) aside to cool; (i)
to make oneself cool | ~laq- nv
+[t]sIq- vv
niglaumaaq(-) cool place; shady spot;
cool breeze; (i) to be cool | -u-2 vv
+ma- vv ±aq1 vn
nigliñaq- (i) to be cool | ~lI-2 nv
+naq(-)vv
nigliñaqtuaqaġvik or (Nu)
nigliñaqaġvik refrigerator |
~lI-2 nv +naq(-) vv +t/ruaq vn
-qaq- nv +vIk1 vn § nigliqpIk
nigliññaaġik- to be cool (of weather) |
~laq- nv ‘=It-2 vv +naaq vn
+[g]Ik- nv
nigliqpik (Nu) freezer; cold storage |
-qpIk nn § nigliñaqaġvik,
nigliñaqtuaqaġvik
niglisaaq- (t) to blow on it to cool it |
~lI-2 nv +saaq-2 vv
niglit- to (add snow, ice, or cold
water to) cool (it) | -lIt- vv
niġġum kiluliñaaŋa area located
southeast | nigiq :um (assimilation
of a medial velar fricative[g] and
uvular stop [q] results in [ġġ]) §
see Appendix 12
niġġum salliñaaŋa area located
northeast | nigiq :um (assimilation
of a medial velar fricative[g] and
uvular stop [q] results in [ġġ] §
see Appendix 12
335
niġġum tuŋaaniñ (Ti) from the
direction of the north
niġġum tuŋaanun (Ti) toward the
north § niginmun
nigaq(-) snare for large animals; mesh of
a net; (t) to snare, lasso her/him/it
nigaqtuq- to use a snare in trapping
(a large game animal); to use a
lasso (to catch an animal, e.g.,
reindeer) | +tuq-3 nv
nigaqtuun lasso | +tuq-3 nv :un1 vn
nigatchialiaq- or niggiaq- (Nu) (i) to
check on snares which have been
set | -tchiaq nn -liaq- nv or
‘=iaq-2 nv
nigatchiaq snare for small game;
rainbow | -tchiaq nn
nigatchiaqtuq- to use a snare in
hunting (small game animal) |
-tchiaq nn +tuq-3 nv
nigatchirriq- to set a snare |
-tchiaq nn +rrIq-2 nv
nigavraun lasso | -vrak- nv :un1 vn
niggiq- to set a snare (for it) |
‘=Iq-1 nv
niggiuti- (t) to set it as a snare |
-uti- vv
nigaviq animal haunch | +viQ n
nigavlu shoulder joint | +lu(q) n § see
Appendix 21
nigayu or nigayuq open water
surrounded by ice | +yuq nn
nigraq strip of fur or material hanging on
clothing as decoration | +raq rn
nigraligaaq or niksralik woman’s
fancy parka with hanging strips of
fur for decoration | -ligaaq(-) nn
nigruaġruk small spider | -aġruk nn §
aasivak, akłauraq
niguq- to leave (it =job, work) because of
dissatisfaction
niguuti- (i) to remove oneself from
another’s presence | -uti- vv
niguyaq(-) sunburn; ringworm; (i) to get
a sunburn; to get a ringworm
niguyaqtuq- (i) to be infected by
ringworms | +tuq-3 nv
*nigvik (root) vertical alignment
nigvigi- (t) to be in line with
her/him/it vertically »
“Nigvigimmani qayaŋata
sivuġaanun mitchuq.”
(Ahvakana: 38) [when his kayak
was positioned directly below, he
landed on the bow] | +[g]i- vv
nigvik [niġvIk] mesentery (membrane
holding intestines in place) |
-vIk2 nn
niġġun (Nu) firedrill, fire-making tool
usually made of cottonwood »
“…tavra-aglaa
niġġutiqaġniqsut ninŋunik,
niuqtuusivlutiŋ
iŋniqsuġaġniqsut. …but they
had cottonwood fire drills;they
used to make fire by drilling.”
(Elijah Kakinya as reported by
Bergsland 1987: 19, 26)
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it) § niqi
niġġiġluk- or niġġiqłuk- (i) to
contract food poisoning |
‘-qłuk(-) nn, vv
niġġiññailik- (i) to die from
overeating after almost starving |
-nnaq- vv -I-7 vv -lik- vv
niġġiq meat that has been gnawed |
‘-Q vn
niġġiqsu- (i) eats too much |
niġġisi- (t) to treat her/him to a meal |
‘-ti- vv
336
niġġivik table; restaurant; “a woman
who lives in the sea who feeds
people and also calms the seas”
(Rainey: 258 “ni-gevik”) |
‘-vIk1 vn
niġġiyyaġvik restaurant | ‘yyaq- vv
niġikallaiq- (i) to eat not as early as
one is used to » niġikallaiqsugut
we don’t eat as early as we used to
| -kallaiq- vv
niġilailaġniq fasting, period of not
eating | -lailaq(-) vv, vn +niQ1 vn
niġilailaq one who does not eat |
-lailaq vn
niġilait- (i) to never eat; (t) to not eat
it | -lait- vv
niġilik- (i) to choke on something |
-lik- vv
niġiliktaaq (Nu) uvula | -liktaaq vn §
uqalauraq
niġiliq- to eat (it) quickly | -liq-2 vv
niġiñaġumiñauraqtuaq every edible
bit | +naq- vv +kumiñaq- vv
-uraq- vv +t/uaq vn
niġiñait- (i) to be inedible; (i) to be
inhospitable, to fail to serve food
to visitors » niġiñaitchuq
nuliaŋa; alakkaa! his wife does
not serve food when she has
visitors; how shameful! |
+naq(-) vv :It-1 vv
niġiñaqtualimauraq every edible
bit | +naq- vv +t/uaq vn -limaaq nn
=uraq nn
niġiñiutit kitchen utensils; tableware |
+niun vn -t nn
niġiŋailaq- (i) to fast, not consume
food | ±ŋailaq- vv
niġipkaq- (t) to feed her/him/it @
niġipkai- | -pkaq-1 vv || :I-4 vv
niġiraġaaq(-) snack; (i) to eat a snack
| -t/raġaaq(-) vv, vn
niġisuk- to want to eat (it); (Nu) to be
hungry | +suk-1 vv
niġisuksiu- (i) to experience hunger
|+suk-1 vv +siu- vv
 niġisuksiunġiq- (i) to have an
abundance of food after near
starvation | +suk-1 vv +siu- vv
-nġIq- vv
niġisuŋnait- (i) to be unappetizing | |
+suk-1 vv +naq(-) vv :It-1 vv
niġisuvyuaq- to not have the desire,
the appetite to eat (it) |
+[s]uvyuaq- vv
niġituiññaq- (i) to eat continuosly |
+tuiññaq- vv
niġivigruaq- to eat (it) unwavering »
tikiłłunilu niġivigruaqtuq
kiaġaluaqtinnani as soon as he
arrived he ate before he was
invited to do so | -vigruaq- vv
niġiyaqtuq- to go and eat (it) |
+yaqtuq- vv
niġiyaqtuuti- (t) to take her/him out
to eat | +yaqtuq- vv :uti- vv
niġiuk- (i) to expect, hope, or wish for
something § +tuq (encl.)
niġiillaktau- (i) to be surprised »
“uvva sumik niġiuŋisillugu
iñuum aitchuġmani
isumagiŋisaŋanik naluraŋanik,
tavra niġiillaktauruq” (Aiken
2009) [so when someone gives
him something that he is not
expecting, that is when he is
caught unawares, surprised] |
=ilaq(-) vv,vn ‘-k- +t/raq vn :u-1 nv
niġiugi- (t) to anticipate, expect
her/him/it to appear or it to occur |
+[g]i- vv
niġiukkun hope, expectation |
+kun1 vn
niġiuksruq- (t) to encourage her/him;
to raise her/his expectations @
niġiuksrui- | mqsruq-2 vv || :I-4 vv
niġiunait- (i) to be totally unexpected
| +naq(-) vv :It-1 vv
337
niġlaaksralik (Nu) young sheep not quite
fully grown (about five years in
age) § ullutiksralik under ullun
niġliq [niġliQ] general term for goose
(female) or gander (male)
Niġlaalgit Tiŋŋiviat month of
September | niġlaalik -It nn | tiŋi-
‘-vIk vn :at nn (3p-s)
niġlaalik goose with young | -aq2 nn
-lik nn
niġlaaq gosling (young goose) |
-aq2 nn
niġlinġaq Brant (Branta berniola) |
-nġaq nn
niġlivik or niġlivialuk White-fronted
Goose (Anser albifrons) | -vIk2 nn
-aluk nn § ulluk, iqsraġutilik,
mitilugruaq
niġluq- (i) to throw one’s head back; to
throw a tantrum (of a child); (t) to
sever its head at the first vertebra
@ niġlui- || :I-4 vv
niġrun large animal
niġrułłuk beast; legendary water
animal; dinosaur | -łuk1 nn
niġrutiġuġaaq human who can
metamorphose into an animal |
+[ġ]uq-1 nv +aaq(-) vn
niġrutiġuq- (i) to become an animal
(of a human) | +[ġ]uq-1 nv
*niġu1 (root) graspable
niġumiaq- to carry (it) by the handle
(as a pail or suitcase); (t) to carry
her/him/it using one’s arms |
+miaq(-) vv,vn § tigumiaq-
niġumiutaq or niġumiaġvik handle
(as on a pail or suitcase) |
-miutaq vn or +miaq(-) vv,vn
+vIk1 vn
*niġu2 (root) wideness
 niġukit- (i) to be narrow in width |
-kIt- rv
niġuttuq- (i) to be wider and more
spacious; (t) to make it wider and
more spacious | -ttuq- vv
niġutu- (i) to be wide (clothing size) |
-tu- nv § silik-
niġutuniq the wide area of
something, section, or breadth »
niġutuniŋagun through its widest
section | +niQ1 vn
niġumik- [niġumIk] or niġummaak- (i)
to be lukewarm; (i) to be smooth
and soft (as fur) | -mmaak- vv
niġukkaq rumen [the largest of the 4
chambers of caribou stomach
(Rausch 2009)]; food delicacy
[rumen, the first stomach of
caribou which is normally filled
with greens and often a delicacy
for the Iñupiaq, especially with the
liver and meat from the legs
stuffed into the rumen, which is
called “caribou spinach”] §
aqiaġuuraq, qisaġuaq
niġukkalik ruminant | -lik nn
niinaaq accordion | perhaps +naaq vn
¤niiñigaq- to move a little from one’s
place while sitting or lying
¤niisimaugaq- (i) to be close by »
“uvvaaglaan uqautiniaġiptik
niisimaugaġutik
ittuksrauniaqtutik”
(Nageak1975: 78) [but now I
will tell you that you must
remain close by] | msima- vv
-ugaq- vv
nika- (i) to avoid eye contact; (i) to be
still, silent; (i) to be a
non-participant due to one’s
338
embarrassment, lack of
confidence, or fear of authority
nikagi- to feel (she/he/it) is incapable
of accomplishing something »
nikagiruq ilimiñik he thinks he is
not good enough; savaani
nikagigaa he thinks his work is
not good enough | +[g]i- rv
nikagiliq- (t) to realize that she/he/it
is not capable of doing a task |
+[g]i- rv -lIq-3 vv
nikait- (i) to be determined; (i) to
keep trying against odds; (i) to
persevere, to be persistent | :It-1 nv
nikanait- (i) to be dependable; (i) to
be feasible; (i) to be easy to catch
(of game animal); (Nu) be a good
fit (of clothes); (Ti) to be done
well and is acceptable | +nait- vv
nikanaq- (i) for she/he/it to be
incapable of accomplishing a task
(in the opinion of the speaker); (i)
to be discouraging; (i) for
something to to be hard to do; (i)
to be hard to catch (of animal);
(Nu) to be ill-fitting (of clothing) |
+naq(-) vv
nikanniuq- (i) to lack confidence in
what one is doing as acceptable or
proper, therefore do reluctantly;
(i) to have difficulty persuading
someone to submit to or agree
with one’s request; (i) to conclude
that one’s product is of poor
quality | -nniuq- vv
nikasugi- to not trust someone’s
ability, doubt someone’s ability |
-suk-2 rv +[g]i- rv § nikagi-
nikasuk- (i) to lack confidence; (Nu)
to give up | -suk-2 rv § qapiq-
nikasuŋit- (i) to be certain, have
confidence | -suk-2 rv ±ŋIt- vv
nikasunġiq- (i) to become definite,
bold (in one’s mind); (t) to
persuade her/him to become
definite, bold (in her/his mind) |
 -suk-2 rv +nġIq- vv
nikatchai- (t) to cause her/him to give
up, quit or become discouraged |
-tchak- vv -I-6 vv
nikatchak- (i) to give up, quit, or
become discouraged; (i) to lose
confidence | -tchak- vv §
qapiqpaŋa-
nikatchauti- (t) to give up on
her/him/it | -tchak- vv :uti- vv
*niki (root) unevenness
nikigiik- (i) to be parallel but not the
same length nor in juxtaposition |
+[g]iik- rv
nikit- (i) to have been made uneven |
-t-2 vv
nikiŋa- (i) to be shorter on one side;
to be uneven in size or length |
±ŋa- vv
nikisiŋa- (i) to not match in length, be
out of line | +sI-1 vv ±ŋa- vv
nikisit- (t) to make it uneven, with
one side shorter than the other; (i)
to move and thus become visible,
having been camouflaged by
remaining motionless in her/his/its
surroundings | +sit- vv
nikisitaq- (i) to be uneven, not be in a
perfect parallel; (t) to bend it |
+sI-1 vv +t-1 vv perhaps +aq-1 vv
nikisitaun saw-setting tool, a clamp |
+sI-1 vv +t-1 vv +aq-1 vv :un1 vn
nikpaq- to wait expectantly for
(her/him/it) to appear (e.g., of a
hunter waiting for a seal to
appear through its breathing hole)
nikpaakkiq- (i) to begin to wait
expectantly and patiently »
“sammagguuq aapiyaqtiŋ
nikpaakkiqpan, qikaaġutik
taapkua taavuŋa
kukilugaaġutiŋ
uŋasiksigaluaġnagu
natchiqsitkisigaat” (Nageak
339
1975: 14) [so when their elder
brother begins to wait
expectantly, they will enable him
to catch a seal if they stand
around moving about some
distance away but not going too
far away] | -.k-2 vv ‘=Iq-1 nv
nikpauraaq- to wait expectantly and
calmly for (her/him/it) to appear |
-uraaq- vv
nikparriq- (i) to keep vigil for game,
a person’s arrival, etc. | perhaps
-.k-2 vv ‘=Iq-1 vv
niksaak- (i) to burp § qalak-
niksaaktuŋiq Rock Ptarmigan
(Lagopus mutus) | +tuŋiq vn
niksik(-) [niksIk] fishhook or lure; a
device to hook something with; to
hook (it)
niksigai- (i) to hook objects, e.g.,
pieces of meat, on to a hook for
someone else to pull up or drag |
+aq-1 vv -I-6 vv
niksigak large, hooked tongs for
carrying blocks of ice | +[ġ]aq vn
-k2 nn
niksigaq(-) hook with a handle for
carrying meat; to hook (it) with a
grapple | +[ġ]aq vn; +aq-1 vv
niksigauraq(-) hook with a handle for
carrying meat; hook; crochet
hook; (t) to hook it, usu. a large
piece of meat to carry it; to
crochet it | +[ġ]aq vn
:uraq nn
niksikpak anchor; big hook |
+qpak nn § akikaun
niksiksugiaq- (i) to go fishing with a
rod and reel or a plain fishing
hook | +tuq-3 vv +iaq-1 vv
niksiksuq- (i) to fish using a fishhook
or lure; (t) to try to retrieve it
using a hook » niksiksuqqaałutiŋ
 iqalugnun iñuit aiyaarut after
fishing, the people went home |
+tuq-3 vv
niksiksuun fishing pole | +tuq-3 vv
:un1 vn
niksiutaq (Ti) part of head of whale near
the blow hole » “Niksiutaŋanikii
qiŋaŋa ittuq aġviġum.” (David
Frankson as reported by Pulu,
Sampson, Newlin: 68) [it is
because the nose of the whale is
located on the head near the
blowhole] | perhaps :utaq vn
nikuappak- or nikuppak- (t) to raise it =
flame of oil lamp » “naniġuam
igniŋa nikuappaktaaġuugaat
aglilaaqługu
qaummaqtaaqługu” (Matumeak
2009) [they usually raise the flame
of the lamp making it bigger and
brighter] | +ppak- rv § ikuappak-,
tatqik-
*niku (root) squatting
nikuvit- (i) to sit on a stool (waiting
for a seal to emerge through a
hole in the sea ice) | -vit- rv
nikuvġaq- (i) to squat down on a
stool | -vit- rv +[ġ]aq- vv
nikuvġautaq or nikuvġautat or
nikuvġat or (Ti) nikivġautaq
small, three-legged stool
(traditionally used by hunter
waiting for seal to emerge through
its breathing hole) » manaqtuun
iluanun qiliġruutivlugu
aullautisuugaa he ties the line for
the seal-retrieving hook inside
(the three-legged stool) and
departs with it (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) | -vit- rv +[ġ]aq- vv
-utaq rn -t nn § ikuvġautat
340
nikuvlalaaq(-) (Ti) corn snow (good for
melting for drinking water); (i) to
have ice crystals in it (of meat
which has been frozen, then
thawed, then frozen again) |
+laaq nn
nikuvraaq- or nikuvrak- to stand on
tiptoe
nilaptaaq floating bog
niliq(-) flatus; gas = escaping air from
poke or float; (i) to fart
niliġnaq (Ti) bean | +naq(-) vn §
kumauraq, saviqquuraq
niliqpak spade (suit in playing cards)
| +qpak(-) vv, nn
nillaq- (i) to fart excessively »
nukatpiaq
kumauraqtuqqaaqłuni
nillaqtuq the young man is full
of gas and is letting it out
repeatedly after eating beans |
‘-q-1 vv
nilit- (i) to deflate (e.g., of
balloon); (t) to cause (it=water
level) to lower; (t) to cause it
=swelling or swollen part to
reduce in size | -t-2 nv
nilak layer of corn snow found under
another layer (can be melted for
potable water); moist crushed ice
§ pukak
nimiq- or nimiqsruq- (t) to wrap it with
something; (t) to wind something
around it @ nimiqsrui- |
 2
mqsruq- vv || :I-4 vv
nimaaq- (t) to wrap, bandage it
completely | -aq-1 vv
nimiġiaq arctic lamprey (Lampetra
camtschatica); water worm; eel;
snake, serpent | +iaq1 vn
nimiġirriqi- (i) to work with snakes |
+iaq1 vn =rriqi- nv
nimiġiuraq narrow water snakes
about three inches long »
“amisuurat iqiraqłutik
nuktaqłutik pisuurut immam
iluani; ilapta iqsigisuumarait;
suqłuiyautitaġuugait
immiuġamik” (Matumeak 2009)
[these are narrow ones that move
about by twisting in the water;
some of us are afraid of them;
they filter them out when making
drinking water] |+iaq1 vn =uraqnn
nimiġutit shroud; skins for wrapping
a corpse for burial | :un1 vn -t nn
nimmaaq- (t) to wrap it | ‘-aq-1 vv
nimmaqi- (t) to wrap something
around it | ‘-qi- vv
nimit- (t) to exclude, pass over someone
when distributing something @
nimitchi- || +sI-3 vv § minit-
ninŋuq(-)1 or ninŋu- driftwood that can
be split but flexible enough to
make kayak or an umiak frame
(Matumeak 2009); (i) to be hard
to break or pull apart; (i) to be
flexible, resilient
ninŋuit- (i) to break, pull apart easily |
:It-1 vv
ninŋuq2 cottonwood tree (Populus
deitoides) » “ninŋut aqisuurat
tamatkua
palliksraliqpaguuruat” (Etalook
~1975) [cottonwood are those that
are soft and get lots of dried up
pieces of wood which are seeds
341
with cottony tufts]; qirupianiñ
allaurut aqitchut ninŋut
cottonwood trees are different
from real wood, they are soft;
“mitquvruaqaġuurut ninŋut”
(Aiken 2009) [cottonwood trees
always have seeds with cottony
tufts]
niñŋuq3 soft snow packed on top of sod
house (to provide extra insulation
for the house) » “I cover it with
soft snow all around, on top,
everywhere. Boy, it’s really warm
there, that top snow, when you put
niñŋuq on top of it. That’s what
they call it in Eskimo.” (Bodfish:
52)
niŋaq- (i) to pout, sulk, show unhappiness
by being silent or sullen; (Ti) (t) to
beat one’s wife § nika-
niŋau brother-in-law (sister’s husband,
not spouse’s brother); son-in-law;
husband of grandchild
niŋaugiik father-in-law and
son-in-law; mother-in-law and
son-in-law | +[g]iik(-) nn, nv §
sakiġaq and niŋau
niŋaukkit- (i) to become a son-in-law
| -kkIt- nv
niŋi- (i) to descend gradually, as lowering
by a rope; (i) to slide down (of
socks, eyeglasses, etc.)
niŋit- (t) to lower her/him/it @
niŋitchi- | -t-1 vv || +sI-3 vv
niŋitchi- (i) to set out a fish or seal net
| -t-1 vv +sI-3 vv
niŋiyaitkun garter belt; anything used
to hold something up | -ya-1 vv
:It-1 vv +kun vn
niŋiq(-) [niŋIq] a share (from any game
animal); (i) to get a share (of the
 catch in a hunt);¤ (Ti) division of
a whale into shares/
niqinnakkamik iñugiakłutik
aŋuniaqamik it’s when they get
meat when they go hunting as a
group; “autaaġusiakkaluaq
autaaġusiaq niŋiq” (Aiken 2009)
[a share is what one receives when
there is a distribution] § autaaġniq,
see Appendix 19
niŋiqpak long spear with bone or flint
head, used for bear (base can be
planted in ground so that
charging bear is impaled) |
+qpak(-) nn
¤niŋitaq (Nu) snare, trap
nipaiłuktaq Short-eared Owl (Asio
flammeus)
nipi-1 (i) to set or wane (of sun or moon)
§ nau-
nipiaqsi- (i) to be about to set below
the horizon (of sun) | -aqsI- vv
Nippivik [lit. “when the sun sets”]
month of November | ‘- vIk1 vn §
SullivIk, NuliaġvIk
nipi2 voice, sound
nipaala- (i) to scream, shout, or make
a lot of noise | -t-2 nv -ala- vv
nipaallak- (i) to begin to scream,
shout, or yell boisterously |
-ala- vv ‘-k-2 vv
nipaiġuti- (i) to become quiet |
:Iq-2 nv -uti- vv
nipaiġutiuraq- (i) to become
completely quiet | :Iq-2 nv -uti- vv
-uraq- nv
nipailaq- (t) to use it with the audio
off; (i) to proceed without sound,
noiselessly | :ilaq(-) nv
nipaiłuksi- (i) to be silent because of
torment, pain, or abuse |
342
:It-1 nv -luk- vv +sI-1 vv
nipaiq- (i) to become quiet, silent |
:Iq-2 nv
nipaiqsit- (t) to cause her/him/it to
become quiet; (t) to silence
her/him | :Iq-2 nv mtit-1 vv
nipaisaaq- (i) to play quietly (of
child); (i) to be engaged in a quiet
activity; (i) to be silent | :Iq-2 nv
-saaq-1 vv
nipaisit- (t) to force her/him/it to be
quiet, silent | :It-1 nv mtit-1 vv
nipait- (i) to be quiet, silent | :It-1 nv
nipakłi- (i) to become quieter, less
noisy | -t-2 nv -kłI- vv
nipallit- (Nu) (i) to hear noise »
“…malġuk amaqquk
tumitchiaġaġaluaqamik
nipallillutik aullaqtiġniqsuk”
two wolves were following the
fresh tracks but upon hearing
noise they quickly left
(Bergsland 1987: 317) |
nipat- (i) to make a sound | -t-2 nv
-llIt- vv
nipatu- (i) to be noisy, loud | -tu- nv
nipatusi- (i) to become loud, noisier |
-tu- nv +sI-1 vv
nipatugi- (t) to find her/him/it too
loud, too noisy | -tu-1 nv +[g]i- vv
nipauqłuktaun trumpet | -t-2 nv
-u-2 vv -qłuk(-) nn, vv +t/raq-1 vv
:un1 vn
nipigi- (Nu) (t) to speak to her/him |
+[g]i- nv
nivlia- (i) to cry out feebly; mutter »
nivliaruaq naglignapaluktuq the
one crying out feebly was so
pitiful | ~lIq-1 nv -a-2 vv
nivliñiġluk- (i) to utter a harsh sound |
~lIq-1 nv -niġluk- vv
nivliq- (i) to utter a sound, express
oneself audibly, make a vocal
noise: (i) to speak; (i) to cry out |
~lIq-1 nv
 nivliraq- (i) to make vocal noise
repeatedly | ~lIq-1 nv -raq- vv
nivruiġuti- (i) to become quiet |
~ruk vn :Iq-2 nv -uti-vv
nivruiġutiuraq- (i) to become
completely quiet | ~ruk vn
:Iq-2 nv -uti-vv -uraq- nv
nipisaq or nipitchaq skate, perhaps
(Bathyraja) | -saq vv or -tchaq vn
nipit- (i) to adhere to a sticky substance
nipitaq- (i) to mate, copulate (of
animals) | +aq-4 vv
nipitchak or nipinnaq magnet |
3 1
msaq- vv :un vn or -nnaq vn
nipitchit- (Nu) (i) to adhere, stick to
any type of adhesive | msaq-3 vv
‘=It-2 vv
nipitit- (i) to be sealed (of a letter); (t)
to make it stick | mtit-1 vv
nipititaq- to solder (it) | mtitaq(-) vv
nipititchii- to scorch (it =food) so that
it sticks to the bottom of the pot |
1
mtit- vv +[t]sii- vv
nipitqanaq- (Ti) (i) to be sticky |
perhaps +qaq- vv -naq(-)vv, vn
nipitqiq- (i) to be sticky | perhaps
-tqIk-2 vv
nipirrun glue, paste, sealant | -run1 vn
nipri (Nu) a camouflage; a blind for
hunters (e.g., willow, ice ridge)
nipta- (i) to be clear (of weather)
niptailaq fog, haze | :ilaq(-) vn §
taktuk(-)
niptaiq- to become hazy (of weather);
(i) to be low (of visibility) »
“anuqqakłunilu natiġvik-
simmaan, qanniguqłunilu
pimman” (Aiken 2009)
[becoming windy and also
blowing snow along the ground
and also when it begins to snow] |
:Iq-2 vv
343
niptait- (i) to be foggy | :It-1 vv
niptaq- to become clear (of weather);
(i) to become visible, come into
view, to appear | +q-1 vv
nipuq- (i) to disregard caution
nipuŋa- (i) to not pay attention |
±ŋa- vv
nipuŋait- (i) to be observant,
attentive, vigilant | ±ŋa- vv :It- vn
nipuŋannaq- (t) to appear to
her/him/it unexpectedly | ±ŋa- vv
-nnaq- vv
nipuŋannaqtaili- (i) to be alert |
±ŋa- vv -nnaq- vv +tailI- vv
nipuŋannaqtit- (i) to be caught
unawares | ±ŋa- vv -nnaq- vv
1
mtit- vv
niqi food, meat
niqaaq reindeer lichen (Cladonia
spp.) | -aq2 nn
niqaaqłuk old meat | -aqłuk nn
niqaiġuti- (i) to run out of food; (t) to
consume or take all of her/his/its
food | :Iġuti- nv
niqailliuġnaq famine | :illiuq- nv
+naq(-) vn
niqailliuq- (i) to experience lack of
food | :illiuq- nv
niqaiq- (i) to run out of food; (t) to
remove her/his/its supply of food
| :Iq-2 nv
niqaisuq- (i) to go and get some meat,
food | :isuq- nv
niqaŋŋiu- (i) to be stingy with food |
-ŋŋiu- nv
niqausi- to cache food (for her/him/it)
| :un1 nn ~I-1 nv
niqautit lemming’s underground
cache of food | -t nn § sunakki-
niqiksramaaq- (Nu) (i) to take the
best food, select the fattest, best
meat | -ksraq(-)1 nv -maaq- nv
niqiksraq (-) potential food; to
procure food (for him/her/it) |
 -ksraq(-) nn. nv
niqiksriuq- (i) to prepare food |
-ksraq(-) nv, nn ‘=iuq-1 nv
niqiku- to have food remaining (for
her/him/it) | -ku- nv
niqikuvik food storage area | -ku- nv
+vIk1 vn
niqinaqi- (i) to have a feast | perhaps
+naq(-) nv -qi- vv
niqinaqun food for a feast | perhaps
+naq(-) nv ‘n1 vn
niqinŋu- (i) to feel overly full from
eating | -nŋu- nv § aqiattuq-,
naaq-, naaqsunŋu-
niqinŋuq- (i) to become full from
eating | +nŋuq- nv
niqipiaq meat (of marine and
terrestrial animals that Iñupiat
eat) | -piaq(-)1 nn
niqisiun or niqłiuġun (Nu) a food
ingredient | -siun nn or -liuq- nv
:un1 vn
niqitu- (i) to be meaty, fleshy | -tu- nv
niqivik hindquarter of an animal |
-vIk2 nn § ukpan, kuutchiŋaak
under kuutchiq
niqłiñġu- (i) to be unwilling to share
food » “tavra sigñaruamik
samma pisuugaat
niġrutikkaluaq iñukkaluaq”
(Aiken 2009) [a person or even an
animal who is stingy is said to be
thus] | ~liñġu- nv
niqłiqi- (i) to work with meat (as a
butcher); (i) to serve food during a
feast | ~liqi- nv
niqłiqsuq- to set food (for her/him) to
eat @ niqłiqsui-» niqłiqsuiruq
she is setting food out | ~lIq-1 nv
+tuq-2 vv
niqłiuġun cooking pot | ~liuq- nv :un1
vn § utkusik, niqisiun
niqłiuq- (i) to cook meat | ~liuq- nv
niqpik boneless meat (game or fish) |
~pIk nn
niqqaaġiksuaq healthy animal |
344
±aq1 vn +[g]Ik- nv +t/ruaq vn
niqqak- (i) to gain weight, get fat; (i)
to store a harvested game animal;
(i) to process game; (Ti) to get a
big share of meat | ‘-k-2 nv
niqqaqtu- (i) to be meaty (of animal)
| ‘-k-2 nv -qtu- vv
niqsaq(-) sea mammal; (Ti) game
animal (land or sea); (i) to catch
game | +saq-1 nv or ~saq vn§
aŋŋun
niqsaqtaq game animal killed for
food | +saq-1 nv +t/raq vn
niqsayuq- (i) to be a good hunter,
good provider of game food |
+saq-1 nv -yuq- vv
niu leg
niugallak cripple | -aq-2 nv -lik vn
-k2 nn vn § yaġa-; yapu(-)
niuggaaq- to break (her/his/its) leg |
-ggaaq- nv
niuliñġaq leg sinew of caribou or
moose (remove the sinew from
caribou leg with a long stick; loop
the sinew over and over around
the stick until all the sinew is out
without breaking it; then scrape
the sinew clean, then flatten it on
cardboard to dry to be used as
thread) » “niuliñġaŋit
ivalugisuugait” (Matumeak
2009) [the leg sinews are made
into thread] | -liñiQ nn :aq6 nn §
uliun, niuliraġauraq
niulu root of tooth; leg of furniture |
+lu nn
niululi- (i) to grow wrong so as to
protrude through the gums (of root
of a tooth) | +lu nn -lI-1 nv
niutchiaq (Nu) summer caribou leg
skin | -[t]chiaq(-)1 nn
niu- [nigu] (i) to get out of a conveyance
or a container; (t) to take
 her/him/it out of a conveyance or
a container
niggun ramp used to disembark from
a boat | ‘un1 vn
niuri- to unload (it) | +rI-5 vv
niugaq- to clean (it =animal skin) by
rubbing on snow » “niugaqtuaq;
tuttut unnii tamarra
niugaqtuat; ilaanni qimmit
tamauŋa apunmun
nalaqsraaqtuġuurut” (Aiken
2009) [those that are rubbing the
skin on the snow to clean it; even
caribou clean their hides on the
snow; even dogs quickly get on
their backs [to clean their fur]” §
nanuiqasiraq-
niugutit skylight membrame arch
supports (usually made of baleen)
§ see Appendix 22
niuġaun sealskin poke containing strips
of fermented walrus skin and blubber
niulġiq [niulġIq] dragonfly (Odonata) |
+lġIq nn
*niuQ (root) inhale, intake air, breath in
niuġmik- or (Ti) niuqsik- (i) to
sniffle; (t) to sniff her/him/it |
+mIk-1 rv or +sik-2 rv
niuġmigaq- or (Ti) niuqsigaq- (i) to
ingest liquid intermittently; (i) to
sniffle repeatedly » “tavra
imiqsillaavluni qanusimik
imikkaluamik tavra niuġmigaq-
tuamik taiguġuugaat” (Aiken
2009) [one who is drinking
whatever even water inter-
mittently is called a
niuġmigaqtuaq] | +mIk-1 rv
+aq-1 vv
niuqsriktuq- or (Ti) niuġriktuq- (i)
to take a pinch of snuff through
345
nostrils » “tavra qakkiigñi
ilunmun aniqsaaġurraġik”
(Aiken 2009) [so he is breathing in
through his nostrils]; “taimani
niuġriktuutiqaqtut dry brown
stuff” (Tuzroyluke 2009) [long
ago they had dry brown stuff to
breathe in through the nostrils] |
perhaps +srik- vv +tuq-3 nv
niuġriktuun (Ti) snuff | +srik- vv
+tuq-3 nv :un1 vn § uqummiaq,
uilaaq
niuqsriktuusi- (Nu) (i) to grind up
chewing tobacco | +srik- vv
+tuq-3 nv :un1 vn ~I-1 nv
niuqqaq(-) hot beverage; (i) to drink, sip
a hot beverage | +qaq rn §
yuuqqaq(-), imiq(-)
niuqqiun or niuqqiuġun tea kettle |
+qaq rn ‘=Iuq- nv ‘-n vn
niuqsi- (i) to take a sip | +sI-2 rv §
imiq(-), uuk-, iguk-
niuqtuq- to drill (it)
niuqtuun portable or motor drill;
auger; oil rig; fire drill, “Fire-Drill
(ní-o-o-tĭñ)….A stick like a drill-
shaft, made to revolve on the flat
surface of a cleft soft wood stick,
by means of a thong. A deer’s
ankle-bone held in the teeth serves
to steady the drill.” (Murdoch as
reported by Ray 1885: 75) |
:un1 vn § niġġun
niutaq keel support, curved log used to
attach the frame on both the stern
and the bow of an umiak |
+taq n § Appendix 16
niutaksraq raw material for a niutaq,
usually a tree stump | -taq n
-ksraq(-) nn, nv § mumiġnaq
niutuiyiq (niutuiyIq) lynx (Lynx
canadensis)
niuvaala (Nu) sod house with peaked roof
niuviq(-) trading partner; to trade, barter,
buy, redeem, ransom (it)
niuvġutigi- (t) to sell or trade it |
:un1 vn +[g]i- nv
niuviġiik trading partners; partners
who consider each other’s
belongings as their own »
[“tavragguuq iññuk suġautatiŋ
pigiruatun avanmun innamiŋ
niuviġiiksuk” (MaryLou Leavitt
as reported by Emma Bodfish,
2011)] so it is said, when two
persons consider each other’s
belongings as their own, they are
said to be niuviġiik | +[g]iik(-) vn
nivak- to dig (it)
nivaaq that which has been dug out |
±aq1 vn
nivviaq water well; dry well »
nivvialiuqtut ikka they are
digging a well over there |
‘=iaq4 vn
nivautiniq foundation pit of a
dwelling| :uti- vv
nivguq fish slime § yuvguq
nivi(-) [nivI] place where animals and
insects gather; to be attracted (to it
=bait or food) (of game animal);
to flock around, hover over
(her/him/it) (of birds, mosquitoes,
346
bees, etc.); (t) to cling, adhere to
her/him/it » nivigaat they are
coming to the bait; “nivisuugaat
silu utiqtaġvigivlugu sut
tiġiganniat sut utiqtaġvigivlugu;
niqigisuugaat nivivlutik” (Aiken
2009) [foxes or whatever hover
around a beached animal carcass
returning again and again; they
hover around it and eat it] § nivi2,
puturaq-
niviaġruk small swamp fly |
-aġruk nn § milugiatchiaq
nivigaq- to hover, linger, stand
around (her/him/it); (t) to
scrutinize her/him/it from all sides
| -gaq- v
niviluk(-) wet snow; to be damp,
slushy (of snowy and rainy
weather); (i) to be unkempt,
slovenly (of a person) |
-luk(-)2 vn vv § piqsiq(-),
misulik(-)
niviŋa- (i) to be hanging | ±ŋa- vv
niviŋalutaq something hanging from
a garment (e.g., thread) | ±ŋa- vv
+lutaq vn § nigrat
niviŋapqauraq- (i) to be barely
hanging, about to fall off | ±ŋa- vv
-pqauraq(-) vv
niviŋŋaq- to hang (it) up »
“niviŋŋaqtuni tavra
naparuamun, niviŋasuuruq”
(Aiken 2009) [when one hangs
something on a upright post, it
usually remains hanging] |
-ŋŋaq- nv
niviŋŋaqun seal net set straight down
through a crack in the ice |
-ŋŋaq- nv -quti vn
niviŋŋaun hanger; hook; strap for
hanging | -ŋŋaq- nv :un1 vn
niviŋŋautaq rope or hook used to
suspend something | -ŋŋaq- nv
-utaq vn
 niviŋŋavik hook, object to hang
something up on| ‘vIk1 vn
nivirat fish stored together frozen |
+raq vn -t nn
nivitchiq- (i) to tangle in water (of
bait on fishhook); (t) to wait for it
to come to the bait | +[t]sIq- vv
niviuq- to hover (over her/him/it); to
hang around, be near (her/him/it);
(i) to be attentive to (her/him/it);
(Ti) to stick, adhere to the pot (of
food); (Ti) (i) to be susceptible to
stickiness (of cooking utensil) »
niviuqtuq raaliaġa or niviuġaa
raaliaġa the rice that I am
cooking is sticking to the pot »
nuviuġuurut ilaŋit utkusiit
naaggaqaa silaavyiuġutit some
cooking pots are suspectible to
stickiness or frying pans are (C.
Tuzroyluke 2009) | :uq-2 vv
niviuvak (Ti) big housefly »
taaqtaurat qupilġunik
anaġuuruat; niqipianik
maqutchiruat dark ones who
excrete worms; ones which spoil
meat (C. Tuzroyluke 2009) |
:uq-2 vv -vak nn § nuviuvak
nivviġiksi- to become wet enough to
stick together (of snow) »
nivviġiksigaa snow wet enough to
stick together | ‘-Q vn +[g]Ik- nv
+sI-1 vv
nivi lemming’s cache of edible roots or
stems of plants § masu
niviaqsiaq or (Ti) niaqsiaq young
woman of marriageable age
niviaqsiaġruk girl (before puberty) |
-ġruk nn
niviaqsialugruaq teenage girl |
-lugruaq nn
niviaqsiġaq young unmarried
woman; girl | perhaps +[ġ]aq n
347
niviq- (i) to shift position so as to lie on
one’s back; (t) to turn it upside
down; (i) expose its underside @
niviqsi- || +sI-3 vv § mumik-
nivġala- (i) to lie on one’s back
moving arms and legs | :ala- rv
nivġallak- (i) to land on one’s back;
(t) to set her/him/it in a horizontal
position | -ala- vv ‘-k-1 vv
niviġiaq- (Ti) (i) to fall backward with
head raised high looking
backwards » “ilaŋit niviġiaqtut
taimani tiŋŋusiqqaaġman
Tikiġaġmi” (Kinneeveauk 2008)
[some of them fell over
backwards with their heads raised
high looking backwards when
airplanes first came to Tikiġaq] |
+iaq-3 vv § tunuillak-, qayuiłłak-
niviqsimaaq- (i) to lie with hands
behind the head, propped up; (i) to
sit with chair balanced back on
two legs | +simaaq- vv
niviqtit- (t) to turn it on its back |
1
mtit- vv
nivvaktaq- (i) to fall backward, fall
flat on one’s back | ‘-ktaq- vv
nivvaqhaaq- (i) to fall backwards
accidently and forcefully |
‘-qhaaq- vv
nivlia- (i) to cry out feebly, mutter < nipi2
nivliñiġluk- (i) to utter a harsh sound <
nipi2
nivliq- (i) to utter a sound, express oneself
audibly, make a vocal noise,
speak; to cry out < nipi2
nivliraq- (i) to make vocal noise
repeatedly < nipi2
nivruiġuti- (i) to become quiet < nipi2
nivruiġutiuraq- (i) to become completely
quiet < nipi2
nivviaq water well; dry well < nivak-
nuaġaaluk niece or nephew (of a woman)
| -aluk nn § uyuġu
nuġġaq fawn, calf, or colt
nuġġaaġruk fawn, calf, or colt during
its first winter | -aġruk nn
nuġġaaq newborn fawn, calf, or colt |
-aq2 nn
nuġġaatchiaq fawn, calf, or colt
during its second winter | -aq2 nn
-tchiaq(-) nn, nv
nuġġailak childless couple »
“qitunġisuitchuak kiuvva
iññuk; sut allallu samma
niġrutit nuġġisuilaanik pisuugai
iñuktuntauq tainna” (Aiken
2009) [it may be a couple who
cannot create children; other
nuġlu buckle; knot; rope loop; noose;
creatures like animals are also
called childless couples like
people are] | :ilaq nn -k2 nn
nuġġailaq caribou, cow, or horse
without a calf | :ilaq nn
nuġġaiyaaq newborn fawn, calf, or
colt | -iyaaq nn
nuġġalik caribou, cow, or horse with
a fawn | -lik nn
nuġġauraq fawn, calf, or colt, usually
less than one-year-old | -uraq nn
nuġġayuaq skin of newborn fawn |
-yuaq nn
nuġġayuat parka made of newborn
fawn skins| -yuaq nn -t nn
nuġluġun (Ti) earring; “Ear-Rings
Nuġġiaqtuġvik [lit. “time to hunt
calves”] month of May |
‘=iaq-2 nv § Suvluġvk
nuġġiġvik putty-like substance (used to
treat internal illnesses; found at
348
Tuapaktusuk) » “aqitchuq
‘putty’-tun; uqsruqtun
itkavsaktuq; tipigluŋitchuq;
tuapaktusugmi ilisimaruani
ilaqaqłuta nuġġiġvik maŋalaaq
isimaruaq; tipigigmivluni
tamuqtuaġuraaqługu
kutchuqtuaġuraaqługu
nuŋullagnaqtuq; aqitchuq
uyaġauŋitchuq” (Matumeak
2009) [it is soft like putty; it has
an oily consistency; it does not
have a bad odor; several of us
know that the putty-like substance
can be found in a coarse gravel
area; it is sweet to the taste like
gum and it can be chewed like
gum until it is gone; it is soft and
is not rock]; “qaummaqtuaq
napaaqtumi” (Molly Itta 2009)
[something light colored on a tree]
§ imnam alua
neck opening of dog harness;
bowline; ¤(Ti) heavy rope (used
for anchoring a pulley on ice) »
“tigummivikkaluakkiuvva;
tigummivia isuani akłunaam”
(Aiken 2009) [it is a handle, all
right; it’s the handle at the end of
the rope]; “…nuġluliqutigigait
igalaam avataaniittuak qirruk
nuġluqaqtuak. Aglunaanik
paniqsiiviik.” (Kiligvuk: 119)
[they call nuġlu the ones on either
side of the skylight, the two pieces
of wood with rope loops; they are
used to dry items on] | +lu(q) nn
(no’-go-lo)… Ivory hooks to fit
into the holes in the ears.”
(Murdoch as reported by Ray
1885: 65) » “nuġluġutinik
pisuugait siutiġutit”
(C.Tuzroyluke 2009) [ivory hooks
 to fit into the holes in the ears are
called earrings] | -ġun nn
nui- [nugi] (i) to come into view, appear;
to rise (of sun, moon); (t) to be
able to see, observe her/him/it;
(Ti) (i) to look outside, e.g., to see
if someone/something is coming »
nuggisitchi youp come into view;
“Naalaġniummaliqtuġaluaġamik
taamna aŋun uqallaktuq,
‘Ataa, inuqaŋma nuggiuk.’”
(Ahvakana: 10) [then after
listening intently for a while the
man said, “listen, there is
someone outside”] § itchuaq-
nuggisi- (t) to come into view, appear
with her/him/it; (Ti) to look
outside with her/him | ‘-ti- vv
nuik- or nuilatu- (i) to have a large
neck opening (of garment) |
‘-k-2 vv -lak vn -tu- nv
nuilak neck opening of garment;
opening in harness for dog’s head
| -lak vn
nuilakit- (i) to have a small neck
opening (of garment) | -lak vn
-kIt- nv
nuillak- (i) to step out of dwelling and
check surroundings for game or
weather; (i) to come into view |
-llak-1 vv
nuima- (i) to project in appearance;
(i) to stand out; (i) to be important
| -ma-1 vv
nuimanaq- (i) to be important |
-ma-1 vv +naq(-)vv
nuisa- to be visible | -sa- vv
nuiyaaqpak1 carbuncle; large growth
on skin | -yaaq2 vn +qpak(-) nn
*nuiq (root) perhaps barb or prong
nuiqsaq- (i) to throw a bird dart |
3 (concurrent); concubine |
msaq- vv
349
nuiyaaqpak(-)2 fish spear; leister;
bird dart; (t) to hit it with a bird
dart | -yaaq2 vn ‘qpak(-) nn | § see
Appendix 17b
nuiyaaqpait prongs attached to
handle of bird dart | -yaaq2 vn
‘qpak(-) -t nn § see Appendix 17b
Nuiqsat Nuiqsut, Alaska
*nuk (root) movement from point to point
nuksi- (i) to move part of something
into another container; (Ti) to pour
something into a container (for
her/him/it); (i) to record, tape
voices | +sI-3 rv
nuktaq- (i) to move from place to
place; (t) to move her/him/it from
place to place | -ktaq- vv
nuktiq- to move, relocate (her/him/it)
to another dwelling | mtiq-2 vv
nuurruti- (t) to move with her/him/it |
-ruti- vv
nuut- to move, transfer (her/him/it) »
isiġviñi nuutkaa atigitchiamiñun
she transferred her parka ruff to
her new parka | -ut-3 vv
nuutaaq- to move (her/him/it) a little;
(i) to move closer to someone or
something | -ut-3 vv -taaq- vv
nuka or nukaq or nukatchiaq or
nukaaluk younger sibling »
“nukatchailu savilitquvlugu
tainnatun malġugnik
akmaagnik” and to make knives
for his younger sibling like the
two flint knives (Bergsland
1987: 328 | -tchiaq nn or -aluk nn
§ aqqaluk, qataŋun
nukaalugiik(-) siblings (two, but not
twins) | -aluk nn +[g]iik(-) nn, nv
nukaġaq (Nu) second wife
 +[g]aq3 nn § nuliaq
nukaġiik a pair of siblings | +[g]iik(-)
nn
nukaġiit siblings | +[g]iit nn §
aŋayunġuq
nukaksraq half-brother or -sister |
-ksraq(-) nn
nukaqłiq youngest sibling »
“Kiisiammaagguuq
taimma….nukaqłiat” (Nageak
1975: 10) [finally it is told that
….their youngest sibling…] |
+llIQ nn
nukarak second wife | -rak(-) nn §
nukaġaq
nukatagaaluk adult male caribou
nearly full grown | +tagaq nn
-aluk nn
nukatagaġruaq large adult male
caribou, just matured | +tagaq nn
+ġruaq nn
nukatagaq young adult male caribou
bull (not full-grown) | +tagaq nn
nukatagauraq young adult male
caribou, two or three years old |
+tagaq nn :uraq nn
nukatpiaġruk boy (before puberty) |
perhaps +t-2 nv -piaq nn -ġruk nn
nukatpialuk or nukatpialugruaq
young boy in his teens »
“….taamna ikayuqtiqaqłuni
taavsrumiŋa nukatpialugmik
iñiqiŋaitchuamik aglaan
nukatpiaġruuruamik suli.”
(Ekowana: 13) [that one had a
helper, a male youth not yet fully
matured but still a boy] | perhaps
+t-2 nv piaq3 nn +luk nn or
perhaps +t-2 nv -piaq nn
-lugruaq nn
nukatpiaq young man of
marriageable age; gander » |
perhaps +t-2 nv piaq3 nn
350
Nukatpiat Itchaviat [lit. “moulting
time of ganders”] month of July §
isa(-)
nukatpiġauraq or nukatpiluk young
man in his late teens or early
twenties | perhaps +t-2 nv perhaps
*pik (see Yupik pik[1]) +[ġ]aq nn
:uraq nn or perhaps +t-2 nv
perhaps *pik +luk nn
nukaunġuq spouse’s younger
sibling’s spouse | -nġuq nn
nukavluq (Nu) large adult male
walrus | -vluq nn
nukaisiġaq or nukasiġaq Great Horned
Owl (Bubo virginianus)
nuki- (i) to crack, fracture, split
nukkaq a crack, fracture, split |
‘-Q vn
nukłuq- (i) to crackle when put into
water (of ice) | ~luq-3 vv
nukik [nukIk] muscle; ligament; strength
» nukiŋi piiyaġai she is taking its
ligaments out
nukigiq- or nukiiq- (i) to become
unable to move | :Iq-2 nv
nukigluk- (i) to be strong, muscular |
+luk- § saŋŋi-
nukiġuq nerve | ±ġuq nn
nukiñik- (i) to gain strength, recover
from an illness | -nik-1 nv
nukivġautat a stool used to reach for
something high | -vrak- nv
-utaq vn
nukivraak- or nukivrak- or
nikuvrak- (i) to stand on tiptoe |
-vrak- nv -ak- vv
nukivrigaq- (i) to walk on tiptoe |
-vrik- nv +aq-1 vv
nukłuġaq- (Nu) (i) to bob up and down in
the water (of floating tree on end
in water; of person going above
and below surface of water); (t) to
bob up and down in her/his sight |
+aq-1 vv
nukuġun middle section of caribou
antlers » “aŋusallut
nukuġutiqaġuurut; piqalaitchut
tamatkua nukatagaurat;
naarigumik samma
naurraqsiñiaqtut” (Matumeak
2009) [the bull caribou have
middle sections in their antlers;
the young bulls, two or three years
old do not have any; they will start
to grow them after they have
matured]
nukusiġaq (Nu) Horned Owl (Bubo
virginianus) § nukaisiġaq
nukuutchiqiq Belted Kingfisher
(Megaceryle alcyon)
nulatchi- or nulataaq- (i) to wait for a
bearded seal at its breathing hole;
to use hand signals to inform
others that one is waiting for a
bearded seal at its breathing hole
(Kisautaq: 651)
nulik- [nulIk] to copulate, have sexual
intercourse with (her/him); (i) to
mate (usu. of animals) »
“ukiaġmili marra tuttut
pisuurut” (Aiken 2009) [the
caribou do it during fall]
nuliaġiaq- (i) to go and get a
wife; (Ti) (i) to pursue the uyalu
(man dressed as a woman) for a
wife as part of qakummisaaq, a
community feast and celebration »
nuliaġiaqtuaq avva utiqsimaruq
nuliatchauranilu the man who
351
went to get a wife has now
returned with his new wife |
±aq1 nv +iaq-1 nv
nuliaġiik married couple; mismatched
pair of things | ±aq1 vn +[g]iik nn
nuliaġiitchiak newlyweds | ±aq1 vn
+[g]iik nn -tchiaq nn -k2 nn
nuliaġluaqtaq man who is rejected
for marriage; (Nu) man who does
want to marry; a woman whom
men do not want to marry |
+luaq-2 nv +t/raq vn
nuliaġniq bull caribou in rut | ±aq1 vn
+niQ1 nn
Nuliaġvik [lit. “caribou breeding
time”] month of October |
±aq1 vn +vIk1 nn § Tatqitchiaq,
Sikkuvik
nuliakkaluaq former wife |
-kkaluaq nn
nuliaksraun or nuliaksraq fiancée,
bride-to-be | ±aq1 vn -ksraq(-) nn
-un nn
nuliaq(-) wife; female mate (for
animal); (t) to marry her; (i) to
take a wife | ±aq1 vn § tuvaaqan,
nukaġaq
nuliaqan co-husband (one of two men
who have the same wife) | ±aq1 vn
±qan vn
nuliaqatigiik co-husbands | ±aq1 vn
±qan vn +[g]iik(-) nn
nuliaqpak first wife, head wife |
±aq1 vn +qpak(-) nn
nuliatqiun second wife | ±aq1 vn
-tqIk- vv :un1 vn
nuliiġñiq or (Ti) nuliilgaġniq
widower; (Ti) widow » uiŋiqsuaq
one who lost a husband (C.
Tuzroyluke 2009) | =Iq-2 nv
+niQ1 vn § uilgaġniq under ui1
nuliilgasuk or nuliiygasuk bachelor,
unmarried man » tavra
tuvaaqatchiŋaitchuaq
nuliilgasugmik taiguġuugaat
one who has never married is
 called thus (C. Tuzroyluke 2009) |
:It-1 nv -lgasuk nn § uiluaqtaq,
uilgaq
nuliiq- (i) to lose one’s wife, to be
widowed; (t) to take, steal his wife
| ±aq1 vn =Iq2- vv
nuliiraġiik co-spouse relationship,
involved couples who had sexual
intercourse outside the context of
residential affiliation | ±aq1 vn
=Iq2- nv +raq vn +[g]iik(-) nn
nuliiraq non-residential wife |
±aq1 =Iq2- nv +raq vn
nuliuraq girlfriend (of man) | ±aq1 vn
=uraq nn
nulliġiit in-laws, people related
through a married couple | ±aq1 vn
=liQ nn +[g]iik(-) nn -t nn
nulliġiik(-) co-parents-in-law; (i) to
be co-parents-in-law | ±aq1 vn
=liQ nn +[g]iik(-) nn
nulliq parent (mother or father) of
one’s son-in-law or
daughter-in-law | ±aq1 vn =liQ nn
nulliq- (i) to pursue a bitch (of a dog)
» nulliqsuq qimmiqput our dog
is pursuing a bitch | ‘=Iq-1 nv
nullaq- (i) to set up camp for the night,
encamp; (i) to stay at a hotel
nullaaqtuq- (Nu) (i) to camp, make
camp » “iñuich tumiŋiññik
tupsiraġaliqamik tavra aakaga
nullaaqtuqsaġniqsuq” then
when they start seeing foot tracks,
my mother began to set up camp
(Bergsland 1987) | -aq-1 vv
+tuq-2 vv
Nullaġiuraq (name of a river) §
Satqagruaq
Nullaġvik (place name) Skull Cliff
located between Peard Bay and
Barrow, Alaska | +vIk1 vn
nullaġvik a place to camp for the
night; hotel | +vIk1 vn
nullautaq evening meal | -utaq vn
352
nullautchiġaaq- (i) to eat before
retiring for the night | -utaq vn
‘=Iq1 vv +aaq(-) vv
nullautchiq- (i) to eat supper |
-utaq vn ‘=Iq1 vv
nuluq- to wave one’s hand (at her/him/it)
» “nuluġaatin qaitqugaatin”
(Matumeak 2009) [he is waving
his hand at you, he wants you to
come]
nuluġaq- to gesture (to her/him/it),
waving one’s arms to get
attention; to beckon (her/him/it) »
“umiaqtuqtuni satkuruni tavra
avataqpagmik nuluġaqtuq;
nuluqtuqtuq” (Matumeak 2009)
[during whaling when one makes
a strike, one gestures with the
sealskin float; one waves
vigorously] | +aq-1 vv
nuluqtuallak- (Nu) to wave with the
hand (at her/him) once or nonstop
for a while | +tuallak- vv
nuluq buttock; back of the thigh under
the buttocks
nulluaq-1 (i) to fall and hurt one’s
buttocks | ‘-aq-2 nv
nuluq(-) fine webbing (usu. baleen strips)
for snowshoes or ice scoop; (i) to
put (usu. baleen) strips in frame of
ice scoop, snowshoes, etc. §
quniguq, mitiŋiun
nulluaq-2 (i) to break fine netting (of
snowshoes, ice scoop, etc.) |
‘-aq-2 nv
nuluksraq (Nu) caribou-skin thong
used for webbing » “tagluk
nuluġuugai amisuuranik
kiliñŋaruanik tuttut saatuurat
amiŋit nuluksriuġuugait” (Aiken
2009) [narrow split pieces of thin
caribou skins are made into
 webbing for snowshoes] |
-ksraq(-) nn, nv
nuluun or nuluunnaq (Nu) bone
needle used with caribou-skin
thong to weave snowshoe
webbing | :un1 vn or +nnaq nn
nuna land, ground, tundra, earth; inland;
country, territory, a citizen’s
nation-state » nunaga United
States of America I am a citizen
of the United States of America;
saattuat nunat sod roofing
nunaaqqiġmiu citizen of a town,
village, city | -qqIq nn +miu2 nn
nunaaqqiq village; town; city;
community | perhaps :at nn
(poss3s-3p) -qqIq nn § ini
nunaaqqiuraq village | perhaps :at
nn (poss3s-3p) -qqIq nn :uraq nn
nunagi- (t) to be her/his/its land; (t) to
be a citizen of it =country |
+[g]i- nv
nunagluk- [lit. “bad land”] (i) to be
rocky land | +[g]luk(- ) nn,nv
nunagluktuaq desert |
+[g]luk(-) nn,nv +t/ruaq vn
nunalit- or nunnit- (i) to reach land »
“tavra taġiumiñ tamauŋa
nunamun nunnitchuq;
nunamun tikiññami” (Aiken
2009) [then from the ocean one
lands; when he reaches land] |
-lIt- nv or ‘=It-2 nv
nunamiut or nunataġmiut inland
people; “...groups of Nunatarmiut
or inland people.“ (Rainey: 240) |
÷miu nn -t nn
nunanik- (i) to acquire land | -nik-1 nv
nunasiraq- (i) to travel on snowless
tundra | -siraq- nv
nunasugniq scent of sod, ground, soil
(most notable after a rain) |
+sugnIq
353
nunasugnit- (i) to have the scent,
smell of sod, ground, soil |
+sugnIt- nv
nunat a place with people; people,
citizens of a nation-state; nations |
-t nn
nunat- (t) to cache it (usu. caribou
carcass) in a hole dug in ground
and covered with sod (usually
done during the summer) @
nunatchi- | +t-2 nv || +sI-3 vv
Nunataaġmiu or nunamiu person
who used to live on the east side
of the river from Noatak, Alaska
nunataq- (i) to fetch sod | +taq-4 nv
nunataq(-) or nunatchi- meat (usu.
caribou) cached in a hole and
covered with sod; (i) to cache,
bury a piece of meat underground
| -t-2 nv ±aq1 vn or -t-2 nv +sI-3 vv
nunataqaġvik cache where food is
buried in ground | -t-2 nv ±aq1 vn
-qaq- nv +vIk1 vn
nunauraq map | :uraq nn
nunauruat nation of people | :u-1 nv
+t/ruaq vn -t nn
nunavait herd of walrus on ice (they
resemble land from a distance) |
-vak nn :It nn
nunavik rolling tundra » “Tamaani
nunaviŋani, nunam ataani
samani iñuich iñuuniaqtuat.
Itivyaanik atiqaġaitch.” (David
Frankson as reported by Pulu,
Sampson, Newlin: 94) [in the
rolling tundra, beneath the tundra
under the sod people live; they are
called Itivyaat] | -vIk2 nn
nunavviaq- (i) to go after a herd of
walrus on ice or land (in hunting) |
-vak nn ‘-iaq-2 nv
nunni- to make a map or plot and
claim land (for her/him/it) |
‘=I-1 nv
nunniqi- (i) to survey land; (i) to
plow | ‘=Iqi-1 nv
 nunniqiri surveyor | ‘=Iqi-1 nv
mt/ri vn
nunniqun plow; surveyor’s transit |
‘=I-1 nv +qun vn
nunnit- or nunalit- (i) to reach land
(when at sea) | ‘=It-2 nv
nunaŋiak(-) alder (Alnus crispa); (t) to
dye it with the red dye obtained
from alder @ nunaŋiaksi- »
nunaŋiak ikuutiliuġaġigait
aġnanun qaaluiyaqługit
amiiqqaaqługit; nauŋaiqamik
taimma suaŋasiraqtut
kaviġñiŋat they are made into
skin scrapers for women after
taking the rough top off first and
peeling the skin off; when they
stop growing their redness
intensifies [ETA:NSISA]
|| +sI-3 vv
nuniaq- (t) to express affection to
her/him/it =child or animal §
qunu-
nuniaġun cooing sound made to
express affection to someone dear
(usu. a child) | +un1 vn
nunu- (i) to repress a desire to do
something
nunummi- (i) to refrain a desire to do
something; (t) to endure
annoyance from her/him/it |
-mmI-6 vv
nunuri- (t) to pressure, force, or
pester her/him to do something »
nunurigaa uqautivlugu she
repressed his desire to do
something by talking to him | +rI-3
vv
nunuriaq one who has been
pressured to do something |
+rI-3 vv ±aq1 vn
nunuripkaq- (i) to be pressured to do
something | +rI-3 vv -pkaq-1 vv
354
nunut- (t) to stop or pressure her/him
from doing something | -t-1 vv
nunuq- (t) to pinch, tighten it @
nunuqsi- | perhaps +q-2 vv ||
-sI-3 vv < perhaps nunu-
nunui- to strangle, choke, throttle
(her/him/it) » “quŋusiñġa
nunuisuugaa; mapkullagman
tuquliġuuruq tavrauvvaa”
(Aiken 2009) [he strangles its
neck; when it cracks it dies
instantly] | -I-6 vv § qimit-
nunuqsiġiilaq Bufflehead Duck
(Bucephala albeola)
nunuuraq- (i) to feel remorse, regret |
perhaps :uraq- vv
nuŋŋaq brow ridge along frontal bone of
nose; crest, crown of bird §
qiŋaaq, akuliaq § see Appendix 20
nuŋŋaqtuaġruk (Nu) White-crowned
Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys)
| ±tu- nv ±aq1 vn -ġruk nn
nuŋu- (i) to be depleted, used up; (i) to
get a worn spot; (i) to be an old
moon, i.e. no moon
nuŋŋit- (Ti) (t) to end it =a story »
nuŋŋiññamiŋ uqallaguurut
“tavraptauq” as the story
concludes, they say, “well, that’s
another one” (Kineeveauk, 2008) |
‘=It-2 vdv
nuŋuqsruġiitkutaq [lit. “item for
prevention of wear and tear”]
paddle rest | mqsruq-2 vv
-iikutaq vn § see Appendix 17
nuŋuqsruq- (i) to become worn out
(of inanimate objects); (t) to cause
it to become worn out, to abrade it
| mqsruq-2 vv
nuŋuraaq candy | +uraaq2 vn
 nuŋusaiññaq- (i) to wane (of moon) |
+saq-2 vv -iññaq- vv
nuŋuri-1 (i) to abort a litter (of a dog |
-rI-2 vv
nuŋuri-2 (t) to cause it =dog to abort
its litter | +rI-3 vv;
nuŋuri-3 (t) to deplete, use up her/his
supply | ~rI-4 vv
nuŋuruuq(-) type of multiple
solitaire, snerts; (i) to play snerts,
multiple solitaire |
+t/ruq (indic 3s) -q-2 nv
nuŋusuit- (i) to be perpetual,
everlasting, continual, endless,
constant | +[s]uu- vv :It-1 vv
nuŋut- (t) to deplete, use it up | -t-1 vv
nuŋutitchaġataġaluaq- (t) to be
inclined to let it become depleted |
mtitchaġataġaluaq- vv
nuŋuutchi- (i) to eat or drink all of
something | -ut-2 vv +sI-3
nuqaq- (i) to be taut, tightly drawn; (t) to
attach a bowstring to a bow and
make it taut
nuqaġun lashing for lower runners of
sled | +un1 vn
nuqaqti bowstring for a musical
instrument or bow | +qti vn
nuqaqtiligauraq violin | mt/ri vn
-lik nn +[ġ]aq nn :uraq nn
nuqaqtilik or nuqatiligaaq stringed
instrument, guitar, harp | mt/ri vn
-lik nn or +[g]aaq nn
nuqit- (t) to pull her/him/it @ nuqitchi- |
perhaps -t-1 vv || +sI-3 vv
nuqiiq- or nuqiittaq- to continue to
pull (it =rope, etc.) | .-q-1 vv or
-ttaq- vv
nuqimmi- (t) to be pulling on
her/him/it | -mmI-6 vv
nuqiksraaq- (Nu) (t) to jerk and pull
her/him/it | +qsraq- vv -aq-1 vv
355
nuqiqsraq- or nuqimik- (t) to
continue to pull her/him/it |
+qsraq- vv or +mIk- rv
nuqitaġaaq something that can be
pulled up | -t/raġaaq(-) vv, nv, vn
nuqittaun (Nu) sheet (nautical), rope
or line of a sail and used to change
the sail’s position | +t/raq-1 vv
:un1 vn
nuqittaurraq- or nuqiittaurraq- (i)
to have a tug-of-war or stick pull |
+t/raq-1 vv -urraq- vv
nuqittaurraun rope for tug-of-war,
ivory stick for stick pull |
+t/raq-1 vv -urraq- vv :un1 vn
nuqpauraq (Ti) biscuit, muffin §
muqpauraq
nuqpauriuq- (Ti) (i) to make biscuits
| =iuq-1 nv
nuqsraq (Nu) spear thrower, atlatl
nurri- [nurrI] to cut, slice (it =blubber)
into strips for rendering into oil §
uqsri-
nurriaq slice of blubber to be
rendered into oil | ±aq1 vn §
uqsruġaaq
nusaq or nuyaq strand of head hair |
-ya(q) rn
nutchat or nusat or nuyat head of
hair | -t nn
nutchak- (i) for one’s hair to grow
long | ‘-k-2 nv
nutchiqi- to wash, style (her/his)
hair | ‘=Iqi-1 nv
nuyaaqtuq- (t) to pull her/his hair |
-aq-2 nv -tuq-2 vv
nuyaġaq (Nu) hairspring (as in
wristwatch) | +[ġ]aq nn
nuyaġiq tonsure, shaved place on top
of head | perhaps +Iq nn
nusaiq- or nuyaiq- (i) to become bald
| :Iq-2 nv
 nusait- or nuyait- (i) to be bald |
:It-1 nv
nusilik- (i) to die suddenly § tuqu-,
tamauŋaaġlaaq-
nusuk- or nutchuk- (t) to pluck, snatch,
pull it out
nutchugaq- (t) to jerk and pull them
= hair, grass, flowers, feathers,
walrus whiskers out @
nutchugai- » “nutchugaġlugit
qirġiiyaġaaŋa” (Kinneeveauk
2009) [she is pulling out my gray
hairs] | -k-1 nv +aq-1 vv || :I-4 vv
nusukaq- (t) to jerk and drag it |
-kaq- vv
nutchuk- (t) to pluck it out | -k-1 nv
nutaq- (t) to repair, renew it @ nutaqsi-
» “nutaġuugait aŋuniutit,
nauligautit, qaġrut, suli
siġlurriqivlutik savaqivlugit”
(Kinneeveauk, 2008) [they repair
hunting implements, harpoons,
arrows, and in addition to
renewing the ice cellars] || +sI-3 vv
nutaaq something new, fresh |
±aq1 vn
nutaġauraq young male (animal or
human) | +[g]aq3 nn :uraq nn
nutaġaaluk or (Nu) nutaaġuraq
young person | +[g]aq3 nn
-aluk nn
nutaġaq young person, juvenile; fresh
powder snow | +[g]aq3 nn
nutaġauniñani (Neg Sub) despite
her/his/its being young | -nIq-3 vv
+nanI (neg sub 3s)
nutaġġiñġaq fresh blubber | perhaps
‘=It-2 nv +[ġ]aq vn § uqsruq
nutaġun fresh snow on ice-free
water; refrozen crack less than ten
feet wide (Harcharek: 14) |
+un1 vn
356
nutaqłiq smooth ice covered by snow
with moisture between the ice and
the snow (Harcharek: 14) | +łłIQ
nutaqqat young people | -t nn
Nutaqsivik month of April; (Ti)
month of January » “In January
(often called Nutak-sivik, moon of
whittling), the umeliks summoned
their crews to scrape all the
wooden paddles and spear
handles. In the hunt these must
look new and unblemished
because they were then less liable
to be seen by the whale, but, if
seen, they were pleasing to him in
this condition.” (Rainey: 257) §
Umiaqqavik, Qargiliġvik
nutau- (i) to be young, new | -u-2 vv
nutik- to leap (over it)
nuttagaala- (i) to crackle (esp., of a
fire) | ‘-k-2 vv +aq-1 vv -ala- vv
nuttagaq- (i) to continue to hop, to
leap, to jump | ‘-k-2 vv
+aq-1 vv
nuttagayuk grasshopper (Orthoptera)
| ‘-k-2 vv +aq-1 vv -yuk(-) vn §
pigligayuk
nutim originally, from the first, from the
beginning; naturally » tainnaittuq
nutim he’s like that naturally;
he’s always been like that
nutipnisaq (Nu) something old,
ancient | -nisaq nn § aippaaġnisaq,
iŋilġaaġnisaq
nutqaq- (i) to stop; (i) to die
nutqai- (t) to cause it to stop; (i) to
stop functioning » nutqairuq
uvva qamun the car stopped
running | -I-6 vv
nutqallak- (i) to recess, take a break |
-llak-2 vv
nutqapik- (i) to stop and go »
‘igliġuraġniallaġmi
 nutqaqtaqtuaq” (Aiken 2009)
[it’s when one stops and goes
while in progress, in motion] |
-pik- vv
nutqaqtinnaġniq severability (as in a
contract) | mtit-1 vv +naq(-) vv
+niQ1 vn
nutqaqtit- (t) to stop her/him/it |
1
mtit- vv
nutqiuq- (i) to stop at a place for a
certain time | ‘=iuq-2 vv
nuturuk firm snow, “good material to
make a snow house, firm yet not
too hard.” (Arnold Brower Sr. as
reported as reported in Sturm:41)
nuurruti- (t) to move with her/him/it
< *nuk
nuut- to move, transfer (her/him/it)
< *nuk
nuutaaq- to move (her/him/it) a little; (i)
to move closer to someone or
something < *nuk
nuvak(-) a cold; mucus; (i) to have a cold
nuvagruaqi- or nuvviqi- (Ti) (i) to
dribble saliva | +ġruaq nn -qi- nv
or ‘=iqi- nv § quġliaq(-)
nuvaksi- (i) to catch a cold »
nuvaksiruq amma he has a cold
now | +sI-1 vv
nuvayulġiq (Ti) jellyfish | -yuk- vv
-lġIq- n § ikpiaġruk
nuvaksruk (Nu) Baird’s Sandpiper
(Calidris bairdii)
nuvi- [nuvI] (t) to thread it =needle; (t) to
string them =beads @ nuviri- or
nuvisi- || :I-4 vv or +sI-3 vv
nuvillaun or nuvillautik device for
weaving nets, a weaving shuttle |
357
-lla-vv +un1 vn
nuviqsraq- to walk among (them)
threading one’s way | +qsraq- vv
nuviraq- (i) to move through
something dense, like a crowd of
people or underbrush | +t/raq- vv
nuvirat something strung, especially
fish strung on a willow stick |
+t/raq vn -t nn
nivviñ line used to string fish | ‘n1 vn
nuviuvak blowfly, bluebottle fly §
niviuvak
nuviuvaksiuġayuk (Nu) Gray-cheeked
Thrush (Catharus minimus)
nuviya or nuvuya cloud | -ya(q) rn
nuviyait- or nuvuyait- (i) to be
cloudless | -ya(q) rn :It-1 nv
nuviyaliq- or nuvuyaliq- (i) to
become cloudy and dark, overcast
| -ya(q) rn -lIq-1 nv
nuviyaqłuk rain clouds, thunderhead
cloud | -ya(q) rn -qłuk(-) nn, vv
nuvuyalaaq(-) partial cloud cover; (i)
to be partially cloudy; (i) to have
scattered clouds (of sky) | -ya(q) rn
-laaq nn
nuviyyaqłuk dark storm cloud |
-ya(q) rn -qłuk(-) nn, vv
nuvu pointed tip of anything
nuvugiksaq (Nu) pointed sail, i.e.
with a pointed tip (on a gaff rig) |
+[g]Ik- nv +t/raq vn
nuvugluktaq (Nu) fore-and-aft sail
used with a gaff, not pointed on
top | +luk(-)1 vn +taq(-) nn
Nuvugmiut Iñupiat people of Nuvuk,
Point Barrow; mythical residents
of a place called Nuvuk near
Point Hope, Alaska called “…the
nuwunmiu, ‘underground people’
like the itiviyai, living at
 ‘Nuwuk,’ the very tip of the
Point Hope bar.” (Rainey: 258)
nuvugraq (Ti) point of land at one
end of bay | -ksraq(-) nn
nuvuġaluk or nuvuġauraq small
point of land | +[ġ]aq2 nn -luk nn,
:uraq nn
nuvuġaq small promontory of land
or ice | +[ġ]aq2 nn
nuvuk point, tip; promontory (of
land); pointed mountain peak |
perhaps -k1 nn
Nuvuk Point Barrow, Alaska
(traditional village site abandoned
when residents moved to Barrow
six miles down the coast); tip of
Point Hope, Alaska
nuvuliġaq floating rib | -liġaq nn §
isukłiġaq, see Appendix 21
nuvuliksraq bone connecting floating
ribs to breastbone | -lik nn
-ksraq(-) nn
nuvulu (Nu) stem of plant | +lu nn
nuvulukutaq (Nu) grass flower, floret
| -lu nn kutaq nn
nuvułhuq or nuvułhuuq (Nu) tip of
antler | -łhuq nn
nuvułhuyuk peak | -łhuyuk(-) nn
nuvutchiaq tip at the very end of
antler or anything | -tchiaq nn
nuvvuaġik- (i) to have a fine, sharp
tip or point | ‘-aq2 nn +[g]Ik- nv
nuyaaqtuq- (t) to pull her/his hair §
nusaq
nuyaġaq (Nu) hairspring (as in the
workings of a wristwatch) § nusaq
nuyaġiq tonsure, shaved place on top of
head § nusaq
nuyaiq- (i) to become bald § nusaq
nuyait- (i) to be bald § nusaq
358
nuyaq strand of head hair § nusaq
nuyat head of hair » nuyatka maŋaqtut
my hair is black § nusaq
*nuyu (root) timidity, fearfulness,
wariness; “nujuarpoq (nûk), is shy
(an animal)…” (Schultz-
Lorentzen: 170)]
nuyuaġi- (t) to be wary, scared of
her/him/it » “nuyuaġinaqtuq
suna qallisuŋitchuni;
nuyuaġiruni suna
qallisugnaitchuq” (Matumeak
2009) [one is wary of something
when one does not want to get
close to it; when one is wary of
something one does not want to
get close to it] | ±aq1 rn +[g]i- nv §
iqsigi-
nuyuaġnaq- (i) to be fearsome |
±aq1 rn +naq(-) vv § iqsiñaq-
nuyuaqtit- (t) to cause it to be timid,
easily frightened | ±aq1 rn mtit-1 vv
nuyuaqtu- (i) to be wary, timid,
easily frightened (of animal) |
±aq1 rn +tu- vv
nuyuiq- (i) to become tame (of
animal) | ±aq1 rn =Iq-2 rv
nuyuit- (i) to be unafraid, tame (of
animal) | ±aq1 rn =It-1 rv
nuyuqqak- (i) to be timid (of animal)
| perhaps -qqak- rv
nuyugaq- (Ti) to stalk (it =game animal,
prey) § piyugaq-
ñiaq (excl.) don’t!, don’t do that! § iaqi,
aŋŋuuŋ, tavra
P
paa [paga] entry, door; mouth of river;
hole of kayak (where person sits);
entryway to pallitchat, the outer
 entrance into a sod house
passageway § see Appendix 22
paaġutchiq- (t) to erect a windbreak
(in front of tent) » paaġutchiġuŋ
put a windbreak in front of it |
+q-2 nv +un1 vn ‘=Iq-1 nv
paaŋiq- (t) to block her/him/it from
entering or exiting » “paaŋiġaa
isiġumiñaiqługu” (Aiken 2009)
[he blocked his entrance,
preventing him from entering] |
+ŋIq- nv
paaqtuq- (i) to come directly in
through door or tent flap (of
wind); (t) to come directly in
through its door or tent flap (of
wind) | +q-2 nv +tuq-2
paaqtuqit- (i) to walk in and out
through a door continuously |
+q-2 nv +tuq-2 vv -qI- vv +t-2 vv
paggutchiq- (i) to now have a door
(of a house); (t) to install a door
on it @ paggutchiqsi- | ‘=un1 vn
‘=Iq-1 nv || +sI-3 vv
paa- [para](Ti) (i) to fall down flat on
something; (t) to pin her/him/it
down, to pounce upon her/him/it;
(t) to fall on top of it; (i) to have a
convulsion; (i) to close tightly due
to muscle spasm (of jaws, fists,
etc.); (t) to prevent her/him/it
going past by blocking her/his/its
way with oneself
paałłak- (i) to fall forward suddenly,
landing face down | -łłak- vv
paałłakaaq- (i) to stumble, to fall
forward | -łłak- vv -kaaq- vv §
paasakaaq-
paamġuaq creeping, crawling
animal; seal stranded on top of
ice, its breathing hole having
frozen over; reptile | -miq- vv
:uq-2 vv ±aq1 vv
paamġuq- (i) to crawl, creep (e.g., of
a hunter approaching a seal); (t)
359
to crawl to her/him/it; (t) to reach
her/him/it by crawling | -miq- vv
:uq-2 vv
paammak- (i) to crawl | -mmak- vv
¤paamiq- (i) to keep oneself close to
the ground, floor; (t) to keep
her/him/it close to ground or floor
by force or circumstance » tavra
paamiqsaqługit qupilġut
igniqsuusiġagtuq he would build
a fire in order to keep the bugs
down, close to the ground |
perhaps -mmIq- vv
paasaaq- (i) to fall forward
accidentally; (t) to fall forward on
her/him/it, covering her/him/it
with one’s body | +saaq-1 vv
paasakaaq- (i) to fall headlong,
forward | +saq-2 vv -kaaq- vv
paasaqtuŋa (excl.) (Ti) “I cannot
move my cards anymore” (in
snerts card game)
paasaqqaurraq- (Ti) (i) to play
multiple solitaire, snerts | -saq-2 vv
±qqaaq- vv -urraq- vv §
nuŋuruuq-
paasauraq- (Ti) (i) to prophesy
events using solitaire cards |
-saq-2 vv :uraq- vv
paatchaqtu- (Ti) (i) to rush to be first,
and thus perceived as greedy
during a give away event » araa!
paatchaqturuq asuuna! gosh!
she is so greedy as she rushes to
be first! | ‘-qtu- vv
paatchui- (i) to toss things, such as
candy, for children to scramble for
(part of the Nalukataq “whaling
festival”) | +t-2 vv +suk-2 vv
-I-6 vv
paatchuk- (i) to scramble for things
tossed | +t-2 vv +suk-2 vv
Paatchuktuurat Ursa Minor, Little
Dipper » “The star Aidebarfan,
with the cluster of the Hyades, and
other smaller ones around, are
 called Pa-chúkh-lu-rin, ‘the
sharing-out’ of food, the chief star
representing a polar bear just
killed, and the others the hunters
around, preparing to cut up their
prize, and give each hunter his
portion.” (Simpson: 271); “66.
Pleiades… pa-tǔ’k-tu-rĭn (Ray:
56); “aasii Little Dipper-mik
pisuuraŋat Paatchuktuuranik
taivlugu” (Aiken 2010) [and they
called the Little Dipper
Paatchuktuurat] § Siquvsiqqat
paqsraq- (t) to blame or accuse
her/him » “tavra pasiuġamiuŋ”
(Matumeak 2009) [it’s when she
is accusing him] | -qsraq- vv
parraqłak- (t) to violently oppose,
contradict her/him/it | =rraq- vv
-qłak- vv
*paa [paġa] (root) movement toward
another
paaġiiq ice propelled by the wind and
ocean current simultaneously in
opposite directions, making it
appear to move (Harcharek: 14) |
+q-2 rv +llIQ nn
paaġurraq- (i) to paddle a kayak with
a double-bladed paddle | +q-2 rv
+urraq- vv
paaġutik long, double-bladed paddle
for kayak | +q-2 rv +un1 vn -k2 nn
§ see Appendix 17
paaġutraq- (Nu) (i) to have a kayak
race | +q-2 rv +urraq- vv
paammaaġiigñiq cooperation;
teamwork; solidarity |
-mmaaq(-) vv +[g]IIk(-) vv
+niQ1 vn
paammaaġik- or paammaġik- (i) to
cooperate well in getting work
done; be cooperative; be friendly
and gracious, welcoming; to be in
agreement | -mmaaq(-) vv
+[g]Ik- rv or +mmaġIk- vv
360
paannaġiik (Ti) paired competitors |
+nnaq nn +[g]IIk/t nn
paannaq partner | +nnaq nn
paaq- (t) to go to meet her/him/it as
she/he/it arrives; (t) to travel,
progress into it =wind, water
current @ paaqsi- | +q-2 rv ||
+sI-3 vv
paaqłak- (i) to rebel; (t) to
deliberately disobey her/him; (t) to
go against her/his wishes; (t) to
object to, oppose it =idea, motion
in parliamentary procedure, etc.;
(t) to defy her/him/it | +q-2 rv
+łłak- vv
paaqłaktaun argument against an
issue; a challenge | +q-2 rv
+łłak- vv +t/raq-1 vv -un1 vn
paaqłaktautaiññiq peaceful,
harmonious existence; no conflict
| +q-2 rv +łłak- vv +t/raq-1 vv
-un1 vn :It-1 nv +niQ1 vn
paaqłaŋa- (i) to be contrary, hard to
please; (i) to be in opposition; (t)
to be against her/him/it | +q-2 rv
-łłak- vv ±ŋa- vv
paaqłaun suit, petition, appeal »
paaqłautikput pitqurakuaqługu
akuqtuqsimaraat they accepted
our lawsuit | +q-2 rv -łłak- vv
:un1 vn
paaqłiq- (t) to recompense, to award
compensation to her/him/it |
+q-2 rv perhaps +łłIQ vn “=Iq-1 nv
paaqłauti- (i) to unknowingly pass by
each other » “paaqłautiruk
naluvlutik
tautugnailakuaġutivlutik”
(Matumeak 2009) [they
unknowingly passed by each
other, not realizing the existence
of each other because they were
on different paths not visible to
each other] | +q-2 rv +łłak- vv
-uti- vv
paaqsaaŋa- to be opposed to, or be
against (her/him/it) | +q-2 vv
+saaq-1 vv ±ŋa- vv
paaqsaaq- to encounter, experience
(it =pain, sadness, sorrow,
misfortune); to encounter, come
upon face to face (with her/him)
by accident » paaqsaaġaa
anniġñaun he is experiencing
pain | +q-2 vv +saaq-1 vv § parġuti-
paaqtuq- (Ti) (t) to pursue it =whale
swiftly with paddles; (Nu) (i) to
travel, go into the wind »
“paaqtuqługu naulikkaa”
(Kinneeveauk 2008) [they all
paddled swiftly towards it and
upon reaching it (the whale), he
harpooned it] | +q-2 vv +tuq-2 vv
paġġutaq windshield or windbreak;
wind vane, not to show direction
of wind, but to direct wind to
provide ventilation (usually a
whale scapula located by entry of
traditional sod house; and of
walrus scapula located by the
skylight)| ‘=utaq1 vn § uqquutaq,
piiqsi, paa-, kiasik, see Appendix
22
paġġutauraq block (usually of snow
or ice) outside door of house used
to guide or direct the wind into the
interior of the structure| ‘=utaq1 vn
:uraq nn
paġġutchiq- (t) to place a windbreak
to catch the flow of air to direct it
to a house | ‘=utaq1 vn ‘=Iq-2 nv
paġla- (t) to welcome, greet her/him;
to salute her/him/it | +la-vv
paġlarruġik- or paġlalluġik- (PB) to
be good at greeting (her/him) |
-lluġIk- vv
paġlan welcome, greeting, salutation |
+la-vv ‘-n vn
paġlarruġik- (i) to be welcoming |
+la-vv -rruġIk- vv
361
paġlati- (i) to greet, welcome each
other | ‘-ti- vv
paqłaktaq- (t) to encounter it =
experience unexpectedly »
“tavra
uvamnigli taapkuak
ilitchuġiŋagikka
ilisaurrusiakkaluakka
paqłaktaqługik” (Harold Itta
1985:1B.3) [I experienced those
two situations myself, which had
been taught to me, by
encountering them unexpectedly]
| +łłak- vv +t/raq-1 vv
paqqiuq- (i) to walk struggling
against the wind or cold
| ‘=iuq-2 vv
parġuti- or paaġuti- or paaqsaaġuti-
(i) to approach, meet each other
on the road; (i) to cross paths |
:uti- vv +q-1 vv +saaq-1 vv
:uti- vv
paalaaq small intestines of squirrel §
iŋaluat
paallagiik (Nu) a pair (in cards) < paaq-
paamaraq temporary sod shelter; (Nu)
house upright post rooted in the
ground to support the roof
paapa [ENG “papa”] father; grandfather
paatchiġruaq [ENG “barge”] or
paatchiq or ¤(Ti) paatchaq
barge, scow | +ġruaq nn §
sikauġruaq
°pag (dem. stem) up there on the wall, the
ceiling, or in the sky above eye
level; up there away from the
ocean, inland; up there, upriver
(extended and visible)
pagna [dual pakkuak, pl. pakkua] that
one up there on the wall, the
 ceiling, or in the sky above eye
level; that one up there away from
the ocean; that one up there,
upriver (extended and visible) |
+na (dem. abs. pron. sg. mkr.)
paani or paaniit- located up there on
the wall, the ceiling, or in the sky
above eye level; located up there
away from the ocean, inland;
located up there, upriver (extended
and visible); “south, or landward”
(Simpson: 261) | +anI (dem. loc.)
paaŋŋa from up there on the wall, the
ceiling, or in the sky above eye
level; from up there away from
the ocean; from up there, upriver
(extended and visible) | +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.)
paaŋŋamiñ from that direction up
there on the wall, the ceiling, or in
the sky above eye level; from that
direction up there away from the
ocean; from that direction up
there, upriver (extended and
visible) | +aŋŋa (dem. abl.) ÷miñ
(abl.)
paaŋŋaq- (i) to come from up there
on the wall, the ceiling, or in the
sky above eye level;(i) to come
from up there away from the
ocean; (i) to come from up there,
upriver (extended and visible) |
+aŋŋa (dem. abl.) +q-3 dv
pagga up there on the wall, the
ceiling, or in the sky above eye
level; up there away from the
ocean; up there, upriver (extended
and visible) | ‘a (dem. adv. mkr.)
pagga paani location south; “it is
there, up there on the wall, the
ceiling, or in the sky above eye
level or up there away from the
ocean or up there, upriver”
(extended and visible) § see
Appendix 13
362
paktuma or paksruma or pagruma
[dual pakkuak, pl. pakkua] that
one up there on the wall, the
ceiling, or in the sky above eye
level; that one up there away from
the ocean; that one up there,
upriver (extended and visible) |
+tuma (dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
paktumani or paksrumani or
pagrumani [dual pakkugnagni,
pl. pakkunani] located with that
one up there on the wall, the
ceiling, or in the sky above eye
level; located with that one up
there away from the ocean;
located with that one up there,
upriver (extended and visible) |
+tum (dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
+anI (dem. loc.)
paktumaŋŋa or paksrumaŋŋa or
pagrumaŋŋa [dual pakkugnaŋŋa,
pl. pakkunaŋŋa] from that one up
there on the wall, the ceiling, or in
the sky above eye level; from that
one up there away from the ocean;
from that one up there, upriver
(restricted and visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.)
paktumatun or paksrumatun or
pagrumatun [dual pakkugnaktun,
pl. pakkunatitun] similar to that
one up there on the wall, the
ceiling, or in the sky above eye
level; similar to that one up there
away from the ocean; similar to
that one up there, upriver
(extended and visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +atun
(dem. sim.)
paktumiŋa or paksrumiŋa or
pagrumiŋa [dual pakkugniŋa, pl.
pakkuniŋa] that one up there on
the wall, the ceiling, or in the sky
above eye level; that one up there
away from the ocean; that one up
 there, upriver (extended and
visible) | +tum (dem. rel. pron. sg.
mkr.) +iŋa (dem. mod.)
paktumuŋa or paksrumuŋa or
pagrumuŋa [dual pakkugnuŋa,
pl. pakkunuŋa] to that one up
there on the wall, the ceiling, or in
the sky above eye level; to that
one up there away from the ocean,
inland; to that one up there,
upriver (extended and visible) |
+tum (dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
+uŋa (dem. term.)
paktumuuna or paksrumuuna or
pagrumuuna [dual pakkugnuuna,
pl pakkunuuna] via that one up
there on the wall, the ceiling, or in
the sky above eye level;via that
one up there away from the ocean;
via that one up there, upriver; with
that one up there on the wall, the
ceiling, or in the sky above eye
level; with that one up there away
from the ocean; with that one up
there, upriver (extended and
visible) | +tum (dem. rel. pron.
mkr) +uuna (dem. via.)
pauna via, through up there on the
wall, the ceiling, or in the sky
above eye level;via, through up
there away from the ocean; via,
through up there, upriver
(extended and visible) | +uuna
(dem. via.)
paunnaaq- (i) to go via, through up
there on the wall, the ceiling, or in
the sky above eye level; (i) to go
via, through up there away from
the ocean; (i) to go via, through up
there, upriver (extended and
visible) | +uuna (dem. via.) ‘.q-4 dv
pauŋa to up there on the wall, the
ceiling, or in the sky above eye
level; to up there away from the
ocean; to up there, upriver
363
(extended and visible) | +uŋa
(dem. term.)
pauŋanmun towards up there on the
wall, the ceiling, or in the sky
above eye level; towards up there
away from the ocean; towards up
there, upriver (extended and
visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.) nmun
(term.)
pauŋaq- (i) to go up there on the wall,
the ceiling, or in the sky above eye
level; (i) to go up there away from
the ocean; (i) to go up there,
upriver (extended and visible) |
+uŋa (dem. term.) +q-3 dv
paggutchiq- (i) to now have a door (of a
house); (t) to install a door on it @
paggutchiqsi- < paa1
°pagma (stem) present time
pagmami or (Nu) pakmami now, at
the present time | ÷mI (loc.)
pagmanun aglaan up until now;
heretofore | ÷nun (term.)
pagmapak or paŋmapak or (Nu)
pakmapak now, at the present
time; in modern times »
paŋmapaktun inŋitchuq
taimani back then it was not like
it is today | -pak1 rn
pagniq [pagniQ]or paŋniq adult male
caribou § aŋusalluq
pagniaġruatchiaq very old adult
male caribou with worn-out teeth |
-aġruk nn -atchiaq nn
pagvik [pagvIk] knee bone of seal
pagviit knee bones of seal which were
used as weights in bolas to catch
birds | :It nn
paġġutaq windshield; a windbreak
(usually a whale scapula by entry
of traditional sod house; and of
 walrus scapula by the skylight) <
paa3
paġġutauraq block (usually of snow or
ice) outside door of house used to
guide or direct the wind < paa3
paġġutchiq- to place a windbreak to
catch the flow of the air to direct
it to a house < paa3
paġla- (t) to welcome, greet her/him; to
salute her/him/it < paa3
paġlalluġik- (PB) to be good at greeting
(her/him) < paa3
paġlan welcome, greeting, salutation <
paa3
paġlarruġik- (i) to be welcoming < paa3
paġlati- (i) to greet, welcome each other
< paa3
paġna- or (Nu) paqna- (i) to prepare to
go; (t) to get her/him ready,
prepared to go § paluq-
paġnan or (Nu) paqnatit ammunition
| -n1 vn or -t nn
paġnasi- (i) to prepare shotgun shells,
to fill bullets with lead | ~I-1 nv
pai- [pagI] (i) to stay behind while others
depart, usually because is in the
care of someone
pailaaq- (Ti) (i) to stay with some one
while parents are gone | -laaq-1 vv
paisaq memento, souvenir |
+t/raq vn
paisat heritage | +t/raq vn -t nn
paggisi- (t) to remain at home with
her/him/it caring for her/him/it @
paggirri- » Aalaagum paggisigai
miqłiqtut Aalaak is staying home
364
and taking care of the children |
‘-ti- vv || ‘-ti- vv
~rI-5 vv
paipak(-) [ENG “pipe”] pipe (for
smoking); (i) to smoke a pipe
paipaktuun (Ti) pipe tobacco |
+tuq-3 nv :un1 vn
paippaġruaq pipeline (for
transporting liquid, gas, etc.) |
‘+ġruaq nn
paipiuraq [ENG “baby”] baby | :uraq nn
§ miġauraq
paiqłuk pike (Esos lucius); (Nu) red,
spawning male trout
paiqługruaq big, silver-colored fish »
“tittaalisun qaniqpalik” (Aiken
2009) [it has a broad mouth like a
ling cod] | +ġruaq nn § paiqłuk,
iqalukpik
paisugruk Red Breasted Merganser
(Mergus serrator)
pakak(-) (i) to rummage through things
looking for something, often
surreptitiously; (i) to get into
mischief; mischief-maker
pakaktu- (i) to have a great
propensity to look around for
things » “tavra
nagliksaaŋŋitchut nuliaŋalu
qitunġauraŋillu
niġisuksiuŋŋitchut, Pisiksuġliq
pakaktuniqlukhuni” so they did
not suffer, his wife and his small
children did not go hungry
because Pisiksuġliq had a great
propensity to look around and
find (game) (Bergsland 1987:
302 | +tu- vv
pakauraq- (i) to rummage through
things surreptiously, looking for
something | -uraq- vv
 pakauravik- (i) ro rummage secretly
with determination » +vik- vv
pakkaqtu- (i) to have the habit of
getting into everything and
causing mischief | ‘-qtu- vv
pakik- [pakIk] to dig (it =hole) with
hands or claws; (t) to fire it =gun
by pulling the trigger
pagrak- (Ti) to dig through (it) |
=rak- vv
pakigaġnaq automatic rifle | +aq-1 vv
+naq(-) vn § suppun
pakigaq (Nu) trigger (of gun) |
+[ġ]aq vn
pakigaun trigger machanism |
+[ġ]aq vn ‘n1 vn
pakiksima- (i) to hold on, hang on by
one’s fingers | +sima-2 vv
pakiñik- (t) to pull it toward oneself
by grasping its far edge; (t) to
push it aside; (t) to touch her/his
shoulder to gain her/his attention;
(i) to climb up by using the hands;
(i) to climb with difficulty, pulling
oneself up with fingerholds |
-nik-2 vv
pakirgutit (Nu) snow rake with tines
made of caribou antler | perhaps
-rgu- vv ‘n1 vn -t nn
pakkiq hole, place that has been dug
out | ‘-Q vn
paksrak- to dig (it =hole) with claws
or paws | =srak- vv
paksrala- (i) to dig furiously with
hands or paws » “niġrutit
paksralasuurut sunik
paqitchigamik” (Matumeak
2009) [animals dig furiously with
their paws when they find
something] | =srak- vv -la- vv
°pakim (dem. stem) up there on roof (not
visible) § °pag (dem. stem) °pam
(dem. stem)
365
pakimna [dual pakipkuak, pl.
pakipkua] that one up there on
roof (not visible) | +na (dem. abs.
pron. sg. mkr.)
pakiptuma or pakivsruma or
pakivruma [dual pakipkuak, pl.
pakipkua] that one up there on
roof (not visible) | +tuma (dem.
rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
pakiptumani or pakivsrumani or
pakivrumani [dual pakipkug-
nagni, pl. pakipkunani] located
with that one up there on roof (not
visible) | +tum (dem. rel. pron. sg.
mkr.) +anI (dem. loc.)
pakiptumaŋŋa or pakivsrumaŋŋa
or pakivrumaŋŋa [dual pakip-
kugnaŋŋa, pl. pakipkunaŋŋa] from
that one up there on roof (not
visible) | +tum (dem. rel. pron. sg.
mkr.) +aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
pakiptumatun or pakivsrumatun or
pakivrumatun [dual pakipkug-
naktun, pl. pakipkunatitun] similar
to that one up there on roof (not
visible) | +tum (dem. rel. pron. sg.
mkr.) +atun (dem. sim.)
pakiptumiŋa or pakivsrumiŋa or
pakivrumiŋa [dual pakipkugniŋa,
pl. pakipkuniŋa] that one up there
on roof (not visible) | +tum (dem.
rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +iŋa (dem.
mod.)
pakiptumuŋa or pakivsrumuŋa or
pakivrumuŋa [dual pakipkug-
nuŋa, pl. pakipkunuŋa] to that one
up there on roof (not visible) |
+tum (dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
+uŋa (dem. term.)
pakiptumuuna or pakivsrumuuna
or pakivrumuuna [dual pakip-
kugnuuna, pl, pakipkunuuna] via
that one up there on roof; with that
one up there on roof (not visible) |
+tum (dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
+uuna (dem. via.)
 paŋma up there on roof (not visible) |
‘a (dem. adv. mkr.)
paŋmani located up there on roof (not
visible) | +anI (dem. loc.)
paŋmaniit- (i) to be located up there
on roof (not visible) | +anI (dem.
loc.) it- “to be”
paŋmaŋŋa from up there on roof (not
visible) | +aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
paŋmaŋŋamiñ from that direction up
there on roof (not visible) | +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.) ÷miñ (abl.)
paŋmaŋŋaq- (i) to come from up
there on roof (not visible) | +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.) +q-3 dv
paŋmuŋa to up there on roof (not
visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.)
paŋmuŋanmun toward up there on
roof (not visible) | +uŋa (dem.
term.) nmun (term.)
paŋmuŋaq- (i) to go up there on roof
(not visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.)
+q-3 dv
paŋmuuna via, through, up there on
roof (not visible) | +uuna (dem.
via.)
paŋmuunnaaq- (i) to go via, through,
up there on roof (not visible) |
+uuna (dem. via.) ‘.q-4 dv
pakkaqtu- (i) to have the habit of getting
into everything and causing
mischief < pakak(-)
paksrak- to dig (it =hole) with claws or
paws < pakik-
paksrala- (i) to dig furiously with hands
or paws < pakik-
paksruksaq(-) snare with spring trap; to
trap (it) using a snare with spring
trap
*pala (root) improvement
366
palaŋa- (i) to improve moderately (of
one’s condition) | ±ŋa- rv
palaŋŋak- (i) to improve, abate,
become less severe (of one’s
condition or behavior) | ±ŋa- rv
‘-k-2 vv
palaŋŋaktaaq- (t) to improve it,
make it less severe | ±ŋa- rv
‘-k-2 vv +taaq- vv
palaq- (i) to get less than one deserves; (i)
to have or get too much (more
than one’s share); (Nu) (i) to
wrestle somewhat, not
strenuously; (t) to conclusively
defeat her/him with minimal
effort, taking either verbal or
physical revenge; (t) to blame,
reprimand her/him and succeed in
one’s accusation, get the best of
her/him who is trying to deny
something; (t) to give her/him less
than what he is expecting; (Nu) (t)
to wrestle her/him somewhat, not
strenuously
palatuq (Ti) wind gauge » “…gradual
shifts in the direction of the wind
were checked by a wind gauge
called a palatuq. This consisted
of a shaft with bundled shavings
hanging on a string tied to one
end.” (Rainey: 255)
palauvak [ENG “flour”] flour
palauvaaq gravy; mixture of flour
and stock used to thicken soup;
(Ti) flour mush made with seal oil
| -aq2 nn
palauvaksraġiitchuaq weed |
+ksraq(-) nn +[g]Ik-vv :It-1 vv
+t/ruaq vn
palauvaksrat wheat | +ksraq(-) nn
paluavaksriuġvik millstone |
+ksraq(-) nn ‘=iuq-1 nv +vIk1 vn
palauvaun flour sack | :uti3 nn
 palauvviuq- (i) to make a cooked
mixture of flour and water |
‘=iuq-1 nv
paliq- to become dry | -lIq-3 rv § paniq-
paliuma- (i) to be dry | -lIq-3 rv
-uma- vv
pallaġik- (Nu) (i) to be very dry (esp.,
of wood) | -lIq-3 rv ‘=aq3 vn
+[g]Ik- nv
palliksraq dried plants, wood,
cottonwood leaves; cottony bud of
willow (uqpik); cottony tufts of
arctic cotton grass (Eriphorum
spp.) used for tinder to start fires;
pussy willows | -lIq-3 rv ‘-Q3 vn
-ksraq1 nn § igniksraq
palliq (Nu) dried plant; wood; arctic
cotton » “uqpiit palliŋit
tamatkua kigraktut
ikuallaġiksut” (Aiken 2009) [the
cotton of the willows is coarse and
bursts into fire easily] | -lIq-3 rv
‘-Q3 vn
parruk- (t) to start to dry, be drying |
=rruk- vv
pallik- (i) to be by the edge of something;
(t) to be by the edge of her/him/it
pallisat or pallitchat entrance mound (of
semi-subterranean passageway of
traditional sod house);
semi-circular wooden shield
(located above stairs to tunnel in
doorway of sod house); shield
(which catches the wind and
directs airflow into the sod
house); wooden rack with slats
(where ice and snow are placed to
melt and drip into a water
container drinking) § iglisiq, see
Appendix 22
palu- (i) to be depressed, be in bad
condition mentally or physically;
367
¤(Ti) to become skinny, lose
weight § quviiq-
paluŋasi- (i) to become bent with
head lowered, as one ages |
±ŋa- vv +sI-1 vv
palluŋa- (i) to be lying prone; to be
crouching with one’s head
lowered | ‘-q-1 vv ±ŋa- vv
palluq- (i) to lie prone; (i) to crouch
down (of animals); (Ti) to lower
the head, bow | ‘-q-1 vv § siki-
palluqhaaq- or palluqhiaq- (i) to fall
forward, headlong, with arms
outstretched | ‘-q-1 vv -qhaaq- vv
or ‘-q-1 vv -qhiaq- vv
palluqhiaqtaq- (i) to fall forward
stumbling | ‘-q-1 vv -qhiaq- vv
+t/raq-1 vv
palluqtit- to turn (her/him/it) face
down | ‘-q-1 vv mtit-1 vv or +tit-2 rv
palut- (t) to turn it over, face down or
with its opening facing downward
(as a cup) @ palutchi- | -t-2 vv ||
+sI-3 vv
paluq-1 (Nu) (i) to have no more
possessions; (i) to have nothing
more to eat § suiq-
paluŋaiq-1 (Nu) (i) to get ready,
prepared, gather one’s possessions
| ±ŋaiq- vv § paġna-
paluq-2 (Nu) to be covered with hard
snow (of trap which is thus
useless)
paluŋaiq-2 (Nu) (t) to remove it
=hard snow cover from a trap |
±ŋaiq- vv § upaluŋaIq-
palusagnaq situation where there is a
warm southerly wind and the
ocean current from the northwest
causes the ice to come in » “anuġi
uunnaakłuni kiluagniġman,
aasii saġvaq ilumuksaaġuuruq
siku, tavra palusagnaq;
 palusagnaqtugguuq” (Matumeak
2009) [when there is a warm
southerly wind and the northwest
ocean current brings the ice
towards land, that is palusagnaq;
that is what is called the
palusagnaq] § see Appendix 14
pału- (i) to droop, having been straight (of
dog’s ears)
pałuŋa- (i) to be hanging down (of
dog’s ears) | ±ŋa- vv
pałut- (t) to turn it face down | -t-2 vv
pałutaq dog with hanging ears |
+t/raq vn
pałuqtaq beaver (Castor canadensis)
°pam (dem. stem) up there, e.g., inland,
upriver, upstairs (not visible) §
°pag (dem. stem)
pamagnaq or pamagnaaq (Ti) east;
east wind » pamagnaaġuġaa the
eastwind is now blowing |
-ak- vv +naq2 vn
pamakŋaaq- (Nu) (i) to blow from
northeast (of wind) | +aŋŋa (dem.
abl.) +q-3 vv
pamani located up there, e.g., inland,
upriver, upstairs (not visible) |
+anI (dem. loc.)
pamaniit- (i) to be located up there,
e.g., inland, upriver, upstairs (not
visible) | +anI (dem. loc.) it- “to
be”
pamaŋŋa from up there, e.g., inland,
upriver, upstairs (not visible) |
+aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
pamaŋŋamiñ from that direction up
there, e.g., inland, upriver,
upstairs (not visible) | +aŋŋa (dem.
abl.) ÷miñ (abl.)
pamaŋŋaq- (i) to come from up
there, e.g., inland, upriver,
upstairs (not visible) | +aŋŋa (dem.
abl.) +q-3 dv
368
pamma up there, e.g., inland, upriver,
upstairs (not visible) | ‘a (dem.
adv. mkr.)
pamna [dual papkuak, pl. papkua]
that one up there, e.g., inland,
upriver, upstairs (not visible) | +na
(dem. abs. pron. sg. mkr.)
pamuŋa to up there, e.g., inland,
upriver, upstairs (not visible) |
+uŋa (dem. term.)
pamuŋanmun toward up there, e.g.,
inland, upriver, upstairs (not
visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.) +nmun
(term.)
pamuŋaq- (i) to go up there, e.g.,
inland, upriver, upstairs (not
visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.)
+q-3 dv
pamuuna via, through up there, e.g.,
inland, upriver, upstairs (not
visible) | +uuna (dem. via.)
pamuunnaaq- (i) to go via, through
up there, e.g., inland, upriver,
upstairs (not visible) | +uuna
(dem. via.) ‘.q-4 dv
pamuunatqut- (i) to pass by unseen,
further inland; (t) to pass by
unseen by her/him/it further
inland | +uuna (dem. via.) -tqut- nv
paptuma or pavsruma or pavruma
[dual papkuak, pl. papkua] that
one up there, e.g., inland, upriver,
upstairs (not visible) | +tuma
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
paptumani or pavsrumani or
pavrumani [dual papkugnagni,
pl. papkunani] located with that
one up there, e.g., inland, upriver,
upstairs (not visible) | +tum (dem.
rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +anI (dem.
loc.)
paptumaŋŋa or pavsrumaŋŋa or
pavrumaŋŋa [dual papkugnaŋŋa,
pl. papkunaŋŋa] from that one up
there, e.g., inland, upriver,
upstairs (not visible) | +tum (dem.
 rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +aŋŋa (dem.
abl.)
paptumatun or pavsrumatun or
pavrumatun [dual papkugnaktun,
pl. papkunatitun] similar to that
one up there, e.g., inland, upriver,
upstairs (not visible) | +tum (dem.
rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +atun (dem.
sim.)
paptumiŋa or pavsrumiŋa or
pavrumiŋa [dual papkugniŋa, pl.
papkuniŋa] that one up there, e.g.,
inland, upriver, upstairs (not
visible) | +tum (dem. rel. pron. sg.
mkr.) +iŋa (dem. mod.)
paptumuŋa or pavsrumuŋa or
pavrumuŋa [dual papkugnuŋa,
pl. papkunuŋa] to that one up
there, e.g., inland, upriver,
upstairs (not visible) | +tum (dem.
rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +uŋa (dem.
term.)
paptumuuna or pavsrumuuna or
pavrumuuna [dual papkugnuuna,
pl. papkunuuna] via that one up
there, e.g., inland, upriver,
upstairs; with that one up there,
e.g., inland, upriver, upstairs (not
visible) | +tum (dem. rel. pron. sg.
mkr.) +uuna (dem. via.)
*pamaq (root) nurturance
pamaġi- (t) to nurture her/him/it |
+[g]i- vv
pamat- (t) to pamper, cater to,
indulge her/him/it (especially with
food); be solicitious toward
her/him @ pamatchi- | -t-1 vv ||
+sI-3 vv
pamataq a person cared for,
pampered, indulged, catered to |
+t/raq vn
pamiq- or pamiqsaq- (t) to rear it =
young animal | +saq-2 vv
369
pamiġvik place where one was
raised; person by whom one was
raised | +vIk1 vn § iñuguġvIk
pamiqsaaq pet animal; domesticated
animal | +saq-2 vv ±aq3 vn
pamiqsaat cattle | +saq-2 vv ±aq3 vn
-t nn
pamiuq tail (of mammal); (Nu) odd card
not part of a pair (in card game of
“fives”)
pamialluk back flap of traditional
pants above belt; tailbone |
=aq2 nn -lluk nn
pamiguyaaq (Ti) tailbone, cocyx |
perhaps guq n -yaaq2 nn
pamii- or pamiiqi- or pamiula- to
wag tail (of dog) | =I- nv or
=Iqi-1 nv or -la- vv
pamiiġvik strip of fur next to
wolverine’s tail | =Iq-2 nv +vIk1 vn
pamiuġayuk tailbone, cocyx |
+[ġ]aq nn -yuk(-) nn § see
Appendix 21
pamiuġayyuaq- to injure (her/his/its)
tailbone » pamiuġayyuaqtuami
aquvsalaaqama I injured my
tailbone when I fell backwards
and landed hard on my butt |
+[ġ]aq nn -yuk(-) nn ‘-aq-2 nv
Pamiuġyuksaaq (Ti) leader of the
people who live under the land to
the south of the new town site of
Point Hope; taker of the dead »
“iñuilguuq tasamma
iñuuniaqtut, tasamani nunam
ataani; umialgalguuq
Pamiuġyuksaamik atiqaqtuq;
tainna iñuum kiiñŋanik
kigiñaqaġaluaqtuq taamna
umialgat, siutituvluni niġrun;
aasiiñ pamiuqpaqaġuni;
iñuktun uqallavluni….” people
live down there, under the land;
their leader has the name
Pamiuġyuksaaq; he has the face
 of a human with large ears like an
animal, and he has a long tail, able
to talk like a human… (David
Frankason in Pulu, Newlin,
Ramoth: 94) | perhaps +[ġ]aq nn
-yuk(-) nn +saaq nn § Itivyaat
Pamiuligaaluk Canadian Iñuit person
(so called because of the parka
with tail worn by women) | -lik nn
:aaq nn -luk nn
pamiulik [lit.“one with a tail”] parka
with a tail, as worn by Inuit in
Canada | -lik nn
pamiuqtaq man’s belt with a tail
sewn in the back | +taq8 nn
pamiuqtuq (Ti) a tail from the
animal associated with one’s
tupitqaq, a fetish or charm worn
on body or clothing (Rainey: 254)
pamiuqtuuq otter (Lutra canadensis)
| +tuuq nn
pamiuqtit- (i) to oar to the area where
the whale they had seen at a
distance would most likely surface
| +tit-2 nv § pamiuq
pamiuqtuuraq mosquito larva |
+t/ruuraq vn
pana(-) spear; double-edged blade;
porcupine quill; (Nu) long spear
used to hold bait; (t) to spear
her/him/it
panaaq (Nu) middle tine of three-
pronged fish spear | ±aq3 vn
panatchatit- (t) to spear it with quick
impact and force » “tulukkam
tavra panatchatiligitkaa
nuiyaaqpaklugu” then the raven
speared it quickly with much
force using a fish spear
(Bergsland 1987: 14) |
+tchatit- nn
panauq- to spear (her/him/it)
repeatedly | -uq-2 vv
panapkaaq [RUSS] wall tent
370
panik [panIk] daughter
panigiik parent and daughter |
+[g]iik(-) nn
paniksraq step-daughter |
-ksraq(-) nn, vv
panni- (i) to have, get a daughter; (t)
to procreate a daughter with her
(of man) | ‘=I-1 nv
paniq- to become dry; (i) to lose weight,
become skinny; (i) to starve
panaaġruk- to dry out (e.g., of meat) |
+aq-1 vv +rruk- vv
panaqłuk- to become dried out |
‘-qłuk(-) nn, vv
paniġruk- to dry out (e.g., of meat) |
+rruk- vv
paniqłuktaq partially dried meat or
fish | perhaps ‘-qłuk(-) nn, vv
+t/raq vn
paniqsi- (i) to put meat out to dry |
+sI-3 vv
paniqsiaq item set out to dry |
+[t]sIq- vv ±aq1 vn
paniqsii- (i) to wait for something to
dry » aġnaiyaaq paniqsiiruq
annuġaamiñik imaaqqaaqłuni
the girl is waiting for her clothes
to dry after falling in the water |
+[t]sii- vv
Paniqsiivik or Paniqsiqsiivik [lit.
“time for drying”] month of
March | +[t]sIq- vv ‘=I-1 nv
+vIk1 vn § Amiqtuġvik
paniqsiq- (i) to be set out to dry; (t) to
have it set out to dry »
paniqsiqsuk kammaka my boots
are drying | +[t]sIq- vv
paniqsirriq- (i) to set something out
to dry | +[t]sIq- vv ±aq1 vn
=rriqi- nv
paniqsirriuti- (t) to set it out to dry |
+[t]sIq- vv ±aq1 vn =rriqi- nv
-uti- vv
 paniqsirriutiniaqpalliġugnaq- (t)
will possibly/probably set it out to
dry | +[t]sIq- vv ±aq1 vn =rriqi- nv
-uti- vv +niaq- vv +p/vallIq-vv
+[s]ugnaq- vv
paniqtaq dried meat or fish |
+t/raq vn
paniqtuuq- to slowly dry (it =a skin)
by twisting and rubbing it with
both hands while tanning it |
+tuuq- vv
pannaġik- or (Nu) pallaġik- (i) to be
very dry (esp., of wood) | ‘-Q3 vn
+[g]Ik- nv
pannaġluk(-) (Ti) scab; (i) to form a
scab (C. Tuzroyluke 2009)|
-[g]luk(-) vn § amiġluk, qasalluq
pannaksaq- (i) to go on a diet to lose
weight; (t) to put her/him/it on a
diet to lose weight | ‘-k-2 vv
+saq-2 vv
pannaq skinny person or animal |
‘-Q3 vn
pannaqłuk(-) portion of an animal
skin which has puckered or
pleated in the process of preparing
it for an umiak cover; (i) to
become thoroughly dry »
“aġitchiaqługit kinitchiaqługit
taġiumun
pannaqłuŋaiqsitchuugait”
(Aiken 2009) [they soak them by
immersing them [skins] in the
ocean to soften the dried parts] |
‘-qłuk(-) nn, vv
¤pannatchaatun (Nu) very dry
(especially of plant, wood) |
‘-Q3 vn -tchaq nn :atun (sim.)
pannau- (i) to be skinny, thin |
‘-Q3 vn :u-3 nv
pannayasi- (i) to become skinny |
‘-k-2 vv -yasI- vv
paŋak- (i) to paddle kayak swiftly with
double-bladed paddle; (t) to
paddle it =kayak swiftly with
371
double-bladed paddle »
“Paŋakłutik tainna
ayuuġaniŋniqsuk.” (Ahvakana:
37) [paddling swiftly, they had
already gained some distance]
paŋaligaq- (i) to play a game where
one jumps along in a crouched
position such as a frog does |
-ligaq(-) vv
paŋaligmik running on all fours,
galloping | -lik- vv ÷mik (mod.)
paŋalik- (i) to run on all fours, gallop;
(Nu) (t) to cause it =animal to run,
gallop | -lik- vv
paŋallaq animal exhausted from
running whose meat is considered
undesirable because the meat has
become tough because it has
become tough or unpleasant
tasting due to stress and exertion |
-lik- vv ‘-Q3 vn
paŋmagrak capelin (Mallotus villosus) §
iłhuaġniq
paŋmuŋa (dem. adv in term) to up there
on roof (not visible) < °pakim
(dem. stem)
paŋmuŋanmun toward up there on roof
(not visible) < °pakim (dem. stem)
paŋmuŋaq- (i) to go up there on roof (not
visible) < °pakim (dem. stem)
paŋmuuna (dem. adv in via) via, through,
up there on roof (not visible) <
°pakim (dem. stem)
paŋmuunnaaq- (i) to go via, through, up
there on roof (not visible) <
°pakim (dem. stem)
paŋniq [pagniQ] adult male caribou §
pagniq
papaaq uterine cotyledon (Rausch 2009);
¤membrane around a fetus (as in
caribou); (Ti) afterbirth (of
animal) » tuttum papaaŋa
taamna puuŋa nuġġaiyaam the
caribou’s afterbirth is the
container for the caribou fetus §
alġaaq
papa(-) [ENG “pepper”] pepper; (i) to
season with pepper; (t) to season it
with pepper
pappit- (i) to sneeze because of
inhaling pepper | ‘=It-2 nv §
tagiuq(-)
papaksraq (Nu) Labrador tea (Ledum
decumbens) § qayuksraq, saiyu
papik bird’s tail; top, back flap (of
traditional skin pants); the length
of the backside of parka or
snowshirt » “Aasiuvva Kataum
papiŋigun tiguvlugu
nuqitiqługu imaaqtinŋitkaa.”
(Bodfish: 239) [then Katak
grabbed him by the back side of
his parka preventing him from
falling into the water] | -pIk nn
papiġuq fish tail | -pIk nn ±ġuq nn
papiġuqsimaaq- (Nu) (i) to wiggle its
tail (of fish) | -pIk nn ±ġuq nn
+simaaq- nv
papiktuuq Northern Harrier (Circus
cyaneus) | -pIk nn -tuuq nn
papiqqila- (i) to wiggle; (i) to jump
around, as a fish after it is caught;
(i) to wag its tail; (t) to wag its tail
at her/him/it | -pIk nn -qqI- vv
-la- vv
papikkaq (Nu) downriver end of an
island | -pIk nn +kaq nn § aqu
papkusilik (Nu) seven (in cards)
paplu (Nu) drum handle
372
pappaq(-)(Ti) [ENG “pump”] pump; (i)
to use an air pump; (t) to inflate it
pappaun air pump | :un1 vn § puviq-
papri- [paprI] or pavri- to bother,
annoy, pester (her/him/it)
papriñaq- (Nu) (i) to be bothersome
| +naq(-) vv
paptaiq- [ENG “baptize”] (i) to be now
baptized; (t) to baptize her/him
paqit- to find (her/him/it) »
paqinŋaitkiput suli suppun we
still have not found the gun
paqirrun page number; (Nu) a
number | +run1 vn § kisirrun
paquti- (i) to find one another |
=uti- vv
paqłaktaq- to encounter unexpectedly <
*paa
paqna- (Nu) (i) to get ready to go; (t) to
ready her/him to go § paġna-
paqnatit (Nu) ammunition § paġna-
paqqaurraq- (Ti) (i) to play ice hockey
(or a similar Iñupiaq game) |
+qaurraq- vv
paqqiuq- (i) to walk struggling against
the wind or cold < paa-1
paqsraq- (t) to blame or accuse her/him <
paa-
paqtiġraq knee string of boots (used to
close top opening)
paqtiġrak (Ti) drawstring on pants
cuffs; belt | -k2 nn
paqtit- (i) to edge up to another boat,
dock, cliff and stop (of boats); (t)
to maneuver it =boat so that it is
stopped alongside another boat,
dock, or cliff § patiktit- under
patik-
*paquq (root) contamination, taboo
paquġi- (t) to shun her/him =sick
person, fearing to be
contaminated; (t) to regard
her/him/it with fear or caution |
+[g]i- rv
paquġnaq- (i) to be sick so as to be
feared or quarantined | +naq(-) vv
paquqsraq- (i) to avoid contact with
a sick person or corpse | -qsraq- rv
paquqtau- (Nu) (i) to be observant of
taboo | +tau- rv
para(-) [ENG] butter; (i) to eat butter; (t)
to butter it
parġuti- (i) to approach, meet each other
on the road; to cross paths < *paa
parruk- (t) to start to dry, be drying <
paliq-
parvik chopping board or stone | +vIk1 vn
parviktit- (t) to smash it down against
something » argaga
parviktitkiga I smashed my hand
on something | +vIk- vv ‘-tit-2 vv
pasi- [pasI] (t) to blame, accuse, suspect
her/him/it
pasiaksrait- (i) to be faultless by
nature | +aq3 vn -ksraq(-) nn
:It-1 nv
pasigi- (Ti) (t) to blame, accuse
her/him | +[g]i- nv
pasikkun accusation | +[g]i- nv
‘n1 vn
pasiñaq- (i) to look suspicious; (i) to
be blameworthy | +naq(-) vv
373
pasiññik- (i) to blame someone else |
+nnik- vv
pasipkaq- (i) to get blamed|
+pkaq-1 vv
pasiuq- (t) to continue to blame
her/him | :uq-2 vv
patchiñ or patchisi alibi, excuse,
reason; guilt | ‘-n vn
patchisaiññiq innocence; acquittal |
‘-n vn :It-1 nv +niQ1 vn
patchisait- (i) to have no alibi; (i) to
not be guilty, be innocent | ‘-n vn
:It-1 nv
patchisau- (i) to be guilty,
blameworthy | ‘-ti1 vn :u-1 nv
patchisigi- (t) to accuse, blame, use
her/him/it as a scapegoat; (t) to
use her/him/it as an excuse for not
doing what one should | ‘-ti1 vn
+[g]i- nv
patchisilluataq valid reason | ‘-n vn
-lluataq(-) nn
patchisiq- (i) to acquire an alibi,
excuse; (t) to provide an alibi for
her/him/it | ~Iq-1 nv
patchisiqsuq- (i) to make excuses
for not participating | ~Iqsuq- nv
patchitchiq- (i) get an alibi, excuse |
‘-ti1 vn ‘=Iq-1 nv
pasik- [pasIk] (t) to get scorched
pasiaq- (i) to warm oneself by the fire
or any source of heat | +aq-1 vv
pasiksiaq- (i) to warm oneself by the
fire or any source of heat; (t) to let
it get warm by the fire or heat |
+[t]sIq- vv -aq-1 vv
pasiksiq- (i) to be still and warm
oneself by a source of heat |
+sIq-1 vv
pasiksit- (t) to warm it by the fire or
any source of heat; (Nu) (t) to
roast, fry it =bread on top of stove
| mtit-1 vv § siqaniq
pasiksitaaġvik or pasiksitaun (Nu)
griddle | mtit-1 vv -taaq- vv
 +vIk1 vn § silaavyiun
pasiksitaaq (Nu) flat bread fried on
both sides | mtit-1 vv mt/raq-1 vv
±aq3 vn
pasiksitaq- (Nu) (t) to fry it =food |
1 1
mtit- vv mt/raq- vv
*pati (root) process involving the palm of
the hand
patala- or (Ti) pattala- (i) to feel
one’s way in the dark with one’s
hands; (i) to get ready in a hurry;
(Ti) (i) to clap hands |
-la- vv § pattakula-
patalġi- (t) to pet, caress her/him/it |
-lġi- vv
pataliġiaqsi- (t) to begin to caress, pat
it » “Araa, natchirrik
pataliġiaqsigaat.” (Nageak
1975: 17) [wow, they begin to
pat their seal] | -lġi- vv -aqsi- vv
patigaq (Nu) old-style clay pot |
+[ġ]aq vn § qikuyaq, utkusik
patik- (t) to slap her/him/it; (Ti) (t) to
lay one’s hand on her/him/it |
-k-4 rv
patikkiuq- (Nu) (i) to make an old
style clay pot | ‘=iuq-1 nv
patiktit- (i) to be aligned so that they
are in contact; (t) to align them so
that they touch each other » illiuŋ
patiktillugu mattumuŋa
katchimun place it against this
wall | mtit-1 vv § paqtit-
patikuraq- (i) to fly very low over the
water » “patikuraqtuanik
pisuugait qaugait tiŋmimmata
quliqiuraŋagun imam”
(Matumeak 2009) [they call the
ones that fly right over the surface
of the water patikuraqtuat] |
perhaps +uraq- vv
patkutaq flyswatter; mosquito fan |
:kutaq1 vn
pattak- (t) to spank, slap her/him |
‘-k- vv
374
pattakula- (i) to clap, applaud; (t) to
applaud her/him/it | ‘-k- vv
+ula- vv
patiq(-) [patiQ] bone marrow; candle; (i)
to eat bone marrow; (t) to eat its
bone marrow
patiġik- (Nu) (i) to be fat »
patiġiksuq qaluk the fish is fat |
+[g]Ik- nv
patiġniq (Nu) bone from which
marrow is extracted | +niQ1 vn
¤patiqsruk- (i) to suck marrow from
a bone | +sruk- nv
patiqsruq- (i) to bring bone marrow
inside for eating »
“patiqsruqtuaq niġitquvlugit
iñuit” (Molly Itta 2009) [he
brought some bone marrow inside
for people to eat] | +qsruq-1 nn
pativsuk- (i) to suck juice from
something; (t) to suck juice from it
| perhaps -suk-2 nv, vv § iguk-
patquraq or patiquraq candle |
:uraq nn
patit- to be frozen solid (of shallow
water)
patkusilik seven (at cards)
pattaq (Nu) a drill chuck, a clamping
device to hold the bit
pattaqtuun (Nu) small bow for
firedrill | +tuq-3 nv :un1 vn §
pisiksiġauraq
pattiġraq (Ti) drawstring, e.g., for tall
boots (C. Tuzroyluke 2009) §
ipiaq(-)
pattuq- (i) to fight (of married couple);
(t) to beat or fight with her/his
spouse
pattuġruk-(t) to beat her/him
violently and quickly » [“…
 pattuġruktuakrakkaluak
papkuak,” tainnaqluni” ...those
two up there deserve to be beaten
violently and quickly, said he
(Bergsland 1987: 312)] |
+ruk- vv
patuk(-) frost from breath on ruff; to be
wet or foggy; to form on the parka
ruff (of frost)
patuŋnaq- (i) to be frosty (of
weather) | +naq(-) vv
patukpak (Ti) brass (metal); bronze §
kanŋuyak, uvluyuilaq
*pau (root) soot
paugiyaq- (t) to clean, remove soot
from it =gun @ paugiyai- |
:Iyaq- nv || :I-4 vv
paugiyaun gun cleaning rod; wire
used to clean gun barrel | :Iyaq- nv
:un1 vn
pauguaq- (i) to get soot on oneself;
(t) to get her/him/it sooty |
+uaq-rnv
paula or paulaq soot | -laq vn
paulaiyaq- (t) to remove soot from it
=stovepipe, gun barrel @
paulaiyai- | :Iyaq- nv || :I-4 vv
paulaiyaun stovepipe cleaner; stick
used to clean rifle barrel or
harpoon head (rod with tip
accessories for attaching cleaning
pads and bores) | :Iyaq- nv
:un-1 vn
paulliqi- (i) to work with, handle
soot; (i) to give off a lot of smoke
» siuġruk paulliqiruq the
campstove is giving off a lot of
smoke | ‘=Iqi-1 nv
paulliqiri chimney sweep | ‘=Iqi-1 nv
mt/ri vn
paullit- (i) to get soot on oneself; to
become sooty; (t) to get soot on
375
her/him/it; (i) to become full of
soot | ‘=It-2 nv
paut- (t) to get soot on it | +t-2 nv
pautiq- (i) to become blackened, as
from soot » pautiqłuni
ilisaġnaiŋamaruaq he had made
himself unrecognizable by
smearing himself with soot |
+tiq-1 nv
pauya- (i) to become sooty (as lamp
chimney when wick is too high) |
-ya-1 nv
pau water beetle
pauk(-) stake; wall cribbing retaining
stake (of sod house); ice that
serves as an anchor to shore-fast
ice (Harcharek: 14); (t) to sting
her/him/it; (t) to stretch and stake
it =skin to the ground; to stake it
=tent to the ground; to drive it
=stake in @ pauksi- || +sI-3 vv
paugaq large stake (e.g., for dog
chain, for anchoring net); tent peg
» “Taapkuak suli paukkak
illivigisuummigaiñ argiqamik
niqimik.” (Kaveolook 1975a: 10)
[they also use the two stakes to
place meat when they are roasting
meat over an open fire] | +[ġ]aq vn
pauktaq sealskin staked on ground
for stretching | +t/raq3 vn §
iññiaqtaq
pauktit- (i) to get stung by an insect |
1
mtit- vv
 pauktuq- (i) to be putting stakes in;
(Nu) to stake a skin to the ground;
(t) to stake it in; (Nu) to stake it
=skin to ground @ pauktui- |
+tuq-2 vv || :I-4 vv
pauktuun anchor type brake thrown
from the sled and pushed with
foot into snow; stake used to stake
stretched skin to ground; (tent),
stake, peg | +tuq-2 vv :un1 vn §
paugaq
paumit- (i) to itch | -mit- vv
pauŋniq insect bite | +niQ1 vn
pauvliq- or ¤(Ti) pausi- (i) to become
itchy, develop an itch | -vlIq- vv or
+sI-1 vv
pauvri- (t) to make her/him/it itch »
fiber glass-gum pauvrigaa
Nayuk the fiberglass is making
Nayuk itch | =I-6 vv
pauna via, through up there (extended
and visible) < °pag (dem. stem in
via.)
paunaaq- (i) to go via, through up there
(extended and visible) < °pag
(dem. stem in via.)
paunġaq crowberry, blackberry
(Empetrun nigrum) |
paunġaqutit or paunġaqutaq leaves
of crowberry or blackberry plants
(Empetrum nigrum) | -quti nn -t nn
pauŋa (dem. adv in term) to up there
(extended and visible) < °pag
(dem. stem)
pauŋanmun towards up there (extended
and visible) < °pag (dem. stem)
pauŋaq- (i) to go up there (extended and
visible) < °pag (dem. stem)
pauŋŋaak hip boots
376
pauq- (i) to flap wings while trying to
take off on water
pautaq point of reference; basis, source
of origin » uvluġiaq
pautaġivlugu
nalunaiñġutaiġivlugu tainna
¤pautnaq (Nu) edible plant with edible
root
pavlu handle of drum | +lu(q)
paya- (t) to be unable to manage or defeat
her/him/it; (t) to be not strong
enough to lift or move it »
Aalaagum payagaa Siġmiaq
Aalaak cannot defeat Siġmiaq
payaappak feeble, weak person »
“qapaŋaruaq; yapu;
kivvalguitchuaq” (Matumeak
2009) [one who is weak; a cripple;
one who is not able to lift heavy
objects] | -ppak2 vn
payagniuq- (i) to struggle or fight to
live | -k-1 vv +nniuq- vv
payaŋa- (i) to be weak | ±ŋa- vv
payaŋaiq- (i) to be made more solid,
stronger; (t) to make it more solid,
stronger | ±ŋaiq- vv
payaŋait- (i) to be solid and
unbreakable; (i) to be strong and
healthy mentally and physically;
(i) to be secure, solid | ±ŋaIt- vv
payaŋaiyaq- (t) to make it = load on
sled, legs of chair or table more
secure | ±ŋait- vv -Iyaq- vv
payaŋaiyaun crosspiece on sled
handle; item for making
something else secure and sturdy |
±ŋait- vv -Iyaq- vv
-un1 vn § see Appendix 18
payari- (t) to overwhelm, beat, defeat
her/him/it; to force her/him to
yield through pressure; (Ti) (t) to
 lose hold of it, have it slip from
one’s grasp » Siġmiam payarigaa
Aalaak siġmiaq overpowered
Aalaak | +rI-2 vv
payariññik- (i) to overpower, defeat
someone | +rI-2 vv +nnik- vv
payyagniuq- (i) to struggle; (t) to
struggle with her/him/it | ‘-k-2 vv
+nniuq- vv
payyaksaq- (i) to have difficulty, not
be strong enough to do a task; (t)
to have difficulty carrying
her/him/it; (t) to have difficulty
overcoming her/him/it | ‘-k-2 vv
3
msaq- vv
payyit- (i) to quit, feeling incapable;
(t) to quit, feeling incapable of
doing it, or dealing with her/him |
‘=It-2 vv
payuk- (i) to bring food; (t) to bring food
to her/him/it
payuktaq- (i) to bring food
repeatedly; (t) to bring food to
her/him/it repeatedly | +t/raq-1 vv
pi(-) [pI] (entries based on pI(-) are
integrated into the P section) (t) to
take, get, procure, acquire
her/him/it; (t) to do it; (t) to say to
her/him; an entity
piagniq or piaŋniq shin, lower leg bone
(perhaps of caribou) | +niQ3 vn §
kiniġniq, kanaak
¤piaġi- (Ti) (t) to hold her/him/it on one’s
lap @ piaġrI- || ~rI-5 vv § saġliaq-,
saagaq-, pilaaqtuaq-
piaġik- (i) to be well, healthy | +[g]Ik- rv
piaġiiq- (i) to be close to death |
+[g]Ik- rv :Iq-2 vv
piaġiit- (i) to be moribund, about to
die | +[g]Ik- rv :It-1 vdv
377
piak- (i) to be slippery; (i) to slide easily;
(i) to be thin (of soup or gravy)
piagnaq snow condition good for sled
travel | +naq(-) vn
piavsai- (t) to cause her/him to
suddenly become furious, fly into
a rage » Siġmiam piavsaigaa
Aalaak Siġmiaq made Aalaak
very angry, fly off the handle |
-vsak- vv -I-6 vv
piavsak- (i) to suddenly become
furious, to fly into a rage »
Aalaak piavsayaruq Aalaak
becomes very angry easily |
-vsak- vv
pialaaq young offspring of birds §
piayaaq
piala- (i) to carry on noisily, be rowdy,
rambunctious, disorderly | -ala- vv
< pI(-)
pialatchi- or piallai- (t) to cause
them to be rowdy, rambunctious »
pialatchiñagiata uvlupak don't
make them become rambunctious
today | -ala- vv +tchI- vv or -I-6 vv
piallak- (i) to become enthusiastic; to
become carried away, rowdy,
rambunctious » piallaktinnagi
don't let them become
rambunctious | -ala- vv ‘-k-2 vv
pialuk anything worn-out, tattered; old
item | -aluk nn < pI(-)
piannaq(-) playing card; (i) to play cards
piannaġik- (i) to have a good hand at
cards, have good cards | +[g]Ik- nv
piannat deck of cards | -t nn
piannau- (Nu) (i) to lose at cards |
perhaps :u-1 nv
piannaun card game | :un1 vn
¤piattaaq(-) (Nu) card game, “fives”;
(i) to play only the game “fives”
piaq- (t) for it to be waxed (of thread) @
piaqsi- || +sI-3 vv
piaġun thread wax | :un1 vn
piaqłaŋa- (i) to be brusque, rough |
-łak- vv ±ŋa- vv
piaqłaŋait- (i) to be gentle, tender |
-łak- vv ±ŋa- vv :It-1
piaqługi- (t) to mistreat, abuse her/him/it
| +aq-2 vv -qłuk(-) nn, vv +[g]i-nv
< pI(-)
piaqłuktaŋit- (i) to be kind, meek,
gentle; (t) to be kind to, be gentle
with her/him/it | +aq-2 vv
-qłuk(-) nn, vv +t/raq-1 vv ±ŋIt- vv
piaqłuktaq- (i) to do things in a rough
manner; (t) to handle, treat
her/him/it roughly | +aq-2 vv
‘-qłuk(-) nn, vv +t/raq-1 vv
piaqłuktaun violence | +aq-2 vv
+qłuk(-) nn, vv +t/raq-1 vv -un1 vn
¤piaqługruaq large, silver-colored fish
piatchiaq- (i) to go and ask for something
which one is out of » nuliaŋa
piatchiaġayugniqsuq
silallimignun niqsaġmata his
wife had the habit of going over to
their neighbor to ask for food
whenever the neighbor brought
some home | -atchiaq- nv < pI(-)
piatchiaqtaqti beggar | -atchiaq- nv
+t/raq-1 vv mt/ri vn
piatuit- (i) to be well-behaved »
“(Miqłiqtuuraŋa-imña
piatuipaługmiuq.)” (Ahvakana:
8) [her little child is certainly
well-behaved] | +tu- vv :It-1 vv <
pI(-)
pigaaq- (i) to stay up late
piggaqtu- (i) stays up late | ‘qtu- vv
pigaaqsiutik seal net | +siun vn -k2 nn
378
piayaaq young animal, baby animal |
-ayaaq nn < pI(-)
pigayuk- (i) to do often; (t) to do it
=activity often | +gayuk- vv
< pI(-)
pigi- (t) to have it in one’s possession,
own | +[g]i- nv < pI(-)
pigiliuti- (t) to now have it as one’s
own | +[g]i- nv -liuti- nv
pigiraksraq need, necessity,
requirement | +[g]i- nv +t/raq vn
+ksraq(-) nn,nv
pigik- (i) to possess a good attribute |
+[g]Ik- nv < pI(-)
pigigñiq choice piece of fur from
wolf or wolverine | +[g]Ik- nv
+niQ1 vn
pigiit- (i) to be evil, wicked, malicious
| +[g]Ik- nv :It-1 nv
pigiitchuaq the evil one | +[g]Ik- nv
:It-1 nv +t/ruaq vn
pigliġayuk grasshopper < *pik1
pigruq- (i) to bolt from a prone or settled
position and start fleeing; (i) to
begin to migrate (of birds) < *pik1
piġinniq or piġniq joint, articulation <
*piq
piġiŋa- (i) to be bent < *piq
piġiŋaluk stovepipe elbow (of chimney,
pipes, etc.) < *piq
piġit- to bend (it) @ piġitchi- < *piq
piġliġniq (Nu) inside of a joint (e.g.,
elbow, knee, finger) < *piq
piġuaq- (t) to smear, make a spot on
her/him/it | +ġuaq- nv < pI(-)
piġuq- (i) to be a success, amount to
something; to be haughty and full
of pride | +[ġ]uq-1 nv < pI(-)
piġlaaq (Ti) sledrunner (S. Tuzroyluke
2009)
piġlaraq (Nu) long slat in sled on top
of crosspieces | piġlarrat ilaŋat
naviksimaruaq one of the long
slats in the sled is broken |
perhaps +laaq rn
Piġniq Birnirk, Alaska ( located three
miles northeast of Barrow, also
called “Shooting Station”
because Iñupiaq families camp
there for the summer to hunt
ducks)
piġu(-) cover; (t) to cover her/him/it
completely (as with a blanket)
piġġutaq rock weight used to keep
tent flap closed | ‘-utaq(-)1 vn, vv
piġuŋi stones placed around the edges
of the skylight to keep it secure |
:ŋI (poss. 3s-p)nn
piġuraq caribou meat tenderized and
flavored by going through the
process expressed in the definition
of piġuri- | +t/raq vn
piġuri- to cure caribou meat by burial
under snow (expose the limbs by
removal of skin cover, then
position the caribou in a hunched
position, then shovel snow around
the caribou and let it stay like that
for a day if you want the meat to
be mild, two days if you want a
more potent caribou meat, and if
you are really into a really cured
meat, three days; eat raw and
frozen) | +rI-3 vv
piġuuq- (t) to cover it | .-q-1 vv
piiġaq Gray-cheeked Thrush (Hylocichla
minima)
379
piilaaq(-) or piilatchi- one without any;
(i) to deny knowledge of
something | :ilaaq(-) nn vv or
:ilaq(-) nn -tchI- vv < pI(-)
piilaaġi- (t) to deny knowledge of
her/him/it | :ilaaq(-) nn, vv
+[g]i- nv
piilaaġniq denial | :ilaaq(-) nn, vv
+niQ1 vn
piilaaġuti- (t) to deny knowledge of
something to her/him | :ilaaq(-) nn
vv :uti- vv
piillaġuti- (i) to not find any |:It- rv
+laq- vv :uti- vv
piillanmun towards an area where
one had not intended to go to »
“Tavraasii ayuuqsiaġivlugu
tusaayumiñaiqpalliġmani
taavuuna piillanmun
aullaqivluni nukatpiaġruk
taamna qimmaġmik
isagutiruq…” (Ekowana:14)
[then after letting it progress
further away, when it possibly
could no longer hear him, the
young boy begins fleeing towards
the other direction…];
“sivuniġiŋiłaamiñun
sivuniksrautini uniuqługu
killunnamun aullaġmata”
(Aiken 2009) [it’s when they leave
in the wrong direction missing
their destination, their intended
destination] | :ilaq(-) nn
-nmun (term.)
piilliuq- (i) to not have enough of the
necessities; (i) to lack everything;
(i) to be poor » piilliuqsimavat
are they in need of anything |
:Illi uq- nv < pI(-)
piilliuqtuaq a needy person; a poor
person | :illiuq- nv +t/ruaq2 vn
piiq- (i) to vanish, fade; (i) to move
 oneself; (i) to be removed; (i) to
die; (t) to remove her/him/it |
:Iq-1 nv < pI(-)
piiguitkaaq lesson taught in such a
manner that one won’t forget it;
memento, souvenir | :uq-2 vv
:It-1 vv +kaaq vn
piiguq- or puiguq- to forget
(her/him/it) @ piigui- or puigui- |
:uq-2 vv || :I-4 vv
piiqsaaq- or (Ti) piiqtaaq- (i) to
move to the side, away from focal
point; (t) to move her/him/it to the
side, away from focal point |
+taaq- vv
piivsak- (t) to slurp in or suck in one’s
drool | -vsak- vv
piiyaku rotten piece removed from
something, especially from meat |
:Iyaq- nv -ku(-) vn
piiyaq- (t) to remove them @ piiyai- |
:Iyaq- nv || :I-4 vv
piiqsi whale scapula placed outside sod
house entrance mound to direct
airflow into the house for
ventilation (or used as a step) §
see Appendix 22
piit- (i) to be absent, missing; (i) to not
have any | :It-1 nv < pI(-)
piisimaaq- (i) to stay away, to not be
present » piisimaallagiñ
tavraŋŋa; nayuutiŋaiġiñ please
go away for a while; please
remove yourself | +simaaq- vv
piitchi- to miss, to feel the loss of
(her/him/it); (i) to realize that
something is missing | +sI-1 vv
piitchuit- (i) to be a necessary,
indispensable item; (i) to never
be absent | :It-1 nv ±suit- vv
piitqataliq- (i) to become absent
regularly » “…payugman imña
uiŋa piitqataliqsuq.”
(Ahvakana: 2) [whenever she
380
brought food, she noticed that her
husband began to be absent
regularly] | +qataq-vv -lIq-3 vv
*pik1 (root) upward movement
pigla- (i) to be able to jump high; to
be bouncy, peppy | -la- rv
pigliġayuk grasshopper (Orthoptera) |
-liq-2 vv +aq-1 vv -yuk(-)1 vn §
nuttagayuk
pigliġik- (Ti) to be bouncy (of ball) |
-liq-2 vv +[g]Ik- vv
pigliq- (i) to bounce; to jump up |
-liq-2 vv
pigliqtaq- (i) to be bouncing; to jump
up and down; to throb, beat, or
pulse (of pulse or heart) | -liq-2 vv
1
mt/raq- vv
pigruq- (i) to bolt from a prone or
settled position and start fleeing;
(i) to leave on migration (of birds)
» “pigruqtuq qimaktuaq
tavraŋŋa aullaqłuni piruaq”
(Aiken 2009) [one bolts and flees
when one runs away leaving] |
+ruq- vv
¤pikak- (Nu) (i) to break through thin
ice to breathe (of whale, seal); (t)
to break it =thin ice to breathe (of
whale, seal) | -ak- vv, rv
pikiaġaq- (i) to jump in and out of
water (of fish, seal, etc.) | +iaq-3 vv
+aq-1 vv
pikiaq- [pikiraq] (i) to jump up
suddenly and go out, bolt, run
suddenly out, rush out abruptly; (i)
to gush out (of water) | +iaq-3 vv
pikirraqi- [pikiraq] (Nu) (t) to rush
out to her/him/it | +iaq-3 vv ‘-qi- vv
piksagaala- (i) to shatter, flying in
every direction; to bounce off
when broken | +sak- rv
+aq-1 vv -ala- vv
piksak- (i) to fly off, bounce off
(when broken); jump upwards
(when surprised) | +sak- rv
 piksaktit- (t) to cause it to fly off |
+sak- rv mtit-1 vv
piksigaq- or piksikataq- (i) to jump,
bounce repeatedly | +sIk-1 rv
±aq-1 vv or -kataq- vv
piksik- (i) to fly off; (i) to bounce off
when snapped or broken; (i) to
bounce off target; (i) to jump, hop;
(i) to leave suddenly without
preparation » “qilamiksruqłuni
sugnanmulliqaa
aullaqiraġaqtuaq” (Aiken 2009)
[one who starts to leave in every
direction because he’s in a hurry] |
perhaps +sIk-1 rv
°pIk2 (dem. stem) up there on the wall, the
ceiling, or in the sky above eye
level; up there away from the
ocean; up there, upriver
(restricted and visible) § °pag
(dem. stem)
pigña [dual pikkuak, pl. pikkua or
(Nu) ¤pikigua] that one up there
on the wall, the ceiling, or in the
sky above eye level; that one up
there away from the ocean; that
one up there, upriver (restricted
and visible) | +na (dem. abs. pron.
sg. mkr.)
pikani located up there on the wall,
the ceiling, or in the sky above eye
level; located up there away from
the ocean; located up there,
upriver (restricted and visible) |
+anI (dem. loc.)
pikaniit- (i) to be located up there on
the wall, the ceiling, or in the sky
above eye level; (i) to be located
up there away from the ocean; (i)
to be located up there, upriver
(restricted and visible) | +anI
(dem. loc.) it- “to be”
pikaŋŋa from up there on the wall,
the ceiling, or in the sky above eye
level; from up there away from
381
the ocean; from up there, upriver
(restricted and visible) | +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.)
pikaŋŋamiñ from that direction up
there on the wall, the ceiling, or in
the sky above eye level; from that
direction up there away from the
ocean; from that direction up
there, upriver (restricted and
visible) | +aŋŋa (dem. abl.) ÷miñ
(abl.)
pikaŋŋaq- (i) to come from up there
on the wall, the ceiling, or in the
sky above eye level; (i) to come
from up there away from the
ocean; (i) to come from up there,
upriver (restricted and visible) |
+aŋŋa (dem. abl.) +q-3 dv
pikka up there on the wall, the
ceiling, or in the sky above eye
level; up there away from the
ocean; up there, upriver (restricted
and visible) | ‘a (dem. adv. mkr.)
piktuma or piksruma or pigruma
[dual pikkuak, pl. pikkua] that one
up there on the wall, the ceiling,
or in the sky above eye level; that
one up there away from the ocean;
that one up there, upriver
(restricted and visible) | +tuma
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
piktumani or piksrumani or
pigrumani [dual pikkugnagni, pl.
pikkunani] located with that one
up there on the wall, the ceiling,
or in the sky above eye level;
located with that one up there
away from the ocean; located with
that one up there, upriver
(restricted and visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +anI
(dem. loc.)
piktumaŋŋa or piksrumaŋŋa or
pigrumaŋŋa [dual pikkugnaŋŋa,
pl. pikkunaŋŋa] from that one up
there on the wall, the ceiling, or in
 the sky above eye level; from that
one up there away from the ocean;
from that one up there, upriver
(restricted and visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.)
piktumatun or piksrumatun or
pigrumatun [dual pikkugnaktun,
pl. pikkunatitun] similar to that
one up there on the wall, the
ceiling, or in the sky above eye
level; similar to that one up there
away from the ocean; similar to
that one up there, upriver
(restricted and visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +atun
(dem. sim.)
piktumiŋa or piksrumiŋa or
pigrumiŋa [dual pikkugniŋa, pl.
pikkuniŋa] that one up there on
the wall, the ceiling, or in the sky
above eye level; that one up there
away from the ocean; that one up
there, upriver (restricted and
visible) | +tum (dem. rel. pron. sg.
mkr.) +iŋa (dem. mod.)
piktumuŋa or piksrumuŋa or
pigrumuŋa [dual pikkugnuŋa, pl.
pikkunuŋa] to that one up there on
the wall, the ceiling, or in the sky
above eye level; to that one up
there away from the ocean; to that
one up there, upriver (restricted
and visible) | +tum (dem. rel.
pron. sg. mkr.) +uŋa (dem. term.)
piktumuuna or piksrumuuna or
pigrumuuna [dual pikkugnuuna,
pl. pikkunuuna] via that one up
there on the wall, the ceiling, or in
the sky above eye level;via that
one up there away from the ocean;
via that one up there, upriver; with
that one up there on the wall, the
ceiling, or in the sky above eye
level; with that one up there away
from the ocean;with that one up
382
there, upriver (restricted and
visible) | +tum (dem. rel. pron. sg.
mkr) +uuna (dem. via.)
pikuŋa to up there on the wall, the
ceiling, or in the sky above eye
level; to up there away from the
ocean; to up there, upriver
(restricted and visible) | +uŋa
(dem. term.)
pikuŋanmun towards up there on the
wall, the ceiling, or in the sky
above eye level; towards up there
away from the ocean; towards up
there, upriver (restricted and
visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.) +nmun
(term.)
pikuŋaq- (i) to go up there on the
wall, the ceiling, or in the sky
above eye level; (i) to go up there
away from the ocean;(i) to go up
there, upriver (restricted and
visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.)
+q-3 dv
pikuuna via, through up there on the
wall, the ceiling, or in the sky
above eye level; via, through up
there away from the ocean; via,
through up there, upriver
(restricted and visible) | +uuna
(dem. via.)
pikuunnaaq- (i) to go via, through,
up there on the wall, the ceiling,
or in the sky above eye level;(i) to
go via, through up there away
from the ocean; (i) to go via,
through up there, upriver
(restricted and visible) | +uuna
(dem. via.) ‘.q-4 dv
pikałłaktaq- (i) to do things carelessly; (i)
to be negligent (especially when
angry); (t) to handle her/him/it
roughly » “suna
miluqsautiraġaqługu suġauttaq
sugnamulliqaa
pikałłaktaqtuamik taisuugaat”
 (Aiken 2009) [one who behaves
throwing items about everywhere
is called pikałłaktaqtuaq] |
-kałłak- vv -ktaq- vv
pikałłaktautait- (i) to be gentle | -
kałłak- vv -ktaq- vv -un1 vn :It-1 nv
pikit- (i) to move about constantly; (i) to
be unable to be still
pikaala- (i) to writhe in pain; (i) to
move about constantly | -ala- vv
pikiut- (i) to find a bird’s nest with eggs
or young
¤pikkaġi- (t) to be very fond of her/him/it
| +[g]i- rv § piqpagi-
¤pikniq (Nu) common water grass
(Scholochloa festucacea) §
nakaurat
piksraq(-) something to be owned by
someone in the future; desireable
item; (i) to obtain something for
oneself; (i) to vote (a
parliamentary procedure during
meeting); (i) to choose; (t) to
obtain something for her/him/it »
piksraqta call for a vote;
piksraqta aglaglugu let’s vote by
secret ballot; piksraqta
tusaġnaġlugu let’s have a roll call
vote | -ksraq(-) nn vv § tigusi-,
sivunniq-, naliġak- < pI(-)
piksraiq- (i) to run out of
provisions, supplies |
-ksraq(-) nn vv :Iq-2 nv
piksramaaq- to desire, want to have
(it) | -ksraq(-) nn vv -maaq- vv
piksraqtaaq item selected, chosen;
one elected, selected |
-ksraq(-) nn vv mt/raaq2 vn
piksriaq a share of something made,
saved or assembled |
-ksraq(-) nn vv ‘=I-1 nv ±aq1 vn
383
piksrun shovel § pualġiñ
piksrutaq- to shovel, dig (it) |
+[t]aq-2 nv
pikuk three or four vertebrae near the
neck, in the cervical curve of
human; width across the back
between the shoulders; choice
piece of wolf ruff for woman,
usually taken from below wolf’s
shoulders
pikukturuaq camel | +tu- nv
+t/ruaq vn
pikunŋu- (i) to have a sharp pain
across the shoulders | -nŋu- nv
pikusuk long bone between the
shoulder; depression between
shoulder blades; lower neck,
upper back; bump, hump behind
moose’s head; (Nu) single ray of
fish’s caudal fin | -suk nn § see
Appendix 21
pikuktuuq broad humped whitefish
(Coregonus nasus) | +tuuq nn
pikuluk [ENG “pickle”] pickle
pilit- (i) to release one’s hold or grip on
something or someone; (t) to
release one’s hold or grip on
her/him/it
pillitchi- (i) to be unable to keep one’s
eyes open
pilluaqi- (i) to have one’s belt work up
above traditional Iñupiaq pants |
-qi- vv
pilluk- (i) to survive danger; (i) to escape
death; (i) to survive an illness or
accident
pillui- (i) to dislocate a joint | -I-6 vv
pilluktit- (t) to dislocate it =a joint,
get it out of joint | mtit-1 vv
 pillupqaułłik- (i) to narrowly escape
» “imaiġutinialagaiññi sikumi
ilaanni pillupqaułłignaqtuq”
[when one is in a situation when
the ice is closing steadily,
sometimes one narrowly escapes]
(Matumeak 2009) | -pqaułłik- vv
pilluuti- (t) to help her/him/it escape
from danger, or go through a
difficult process | :uti- vv
*pilaaq (root) child care
pilaaqtuaq- to care for, babysit
(her/him =child) | +tuaq- vv
pilaaqti or pilaaqtuaqti babysitter,
nanny | mt/ri vn
pilaġaqutaq (Nu) heather (Cassiope
tetragona) or club moss
(Lycopodium selago) (used for
tinder, fire)
pilaiq- (i) to become tired
pilaiġi- (t) to cause her/him/it to
become tired, to tire her/him/it »
Aalaagum pilaiġigaa Siġmiaq
Aalaak made Siġmiaq become
tired | -I-6 vv
pilailġiñaq- (i) to eventually become
tired » pilailġiñaqami
nutqaqtuq when she finally
became tired, she stopped |
-lġiñaq- vv
pilaiŋaiqsiaq- (i) to rest | ±ŋaiq- vv
+sIq-1 vv -aq-1 vv
pilak- (i) to butcher a carcass; (t) to
butcher it = a carcass
pilaaq- (Ti) (i) to cut individual shares
of meat from whale bones or from
the meat shares of others (usually
done by old people); ¤(Nu) (t) to
dismember them =caribou feet, to
remove them =hooves »
“aġviuqtillugit utuqqanaat
niqinik pilaaġuummiut”
384
(Kinneeveauk 2008) [the old
people cut individual shares of
meat while the whale is being
divided into whaling shares] |
-aq-1 vv § pilak- pilaniaq-
pilagraq piece of whale flipper given
to umiak crew (last remaining
piece after other shares are
distributed) | -ksraq(-) vn
pilaktuq- (t) to perform surgery,
operate on her/him/it @ pilaktui- |
+tuq-2 vv || :I-4 vv
pilaniaq- (i) to wait for the butchering
of the whale to be finished and the
captain of the crew that killed the
whale to give the go ahead to
clean out the bones | -niaq(-) vv
pilaun or pilaunnaq large knife used
for butchering harvested game |
:un1 vn or :unnaq vn
pilatitaanġiq- to cease being helpless »
“Tavragguuq tainna
pilatitaanġiqsuk.” (Nageak
1975: 42) [so, it is told, they
ceased being helpless] | -la-vv
1
mtitaq(-) vv -aq nn -nġIq- vv §
ilatchiŋaiq- < pI(-)
pilgu- (i) to be able to perform
exceptionally well at a certain
activity; (i) to be able to face up
well to a crisis or tragedy; (Nu) (i)
to be strong, able, a fast runner |
-lgu-1 vv < pI(-)
pilguilluq- (i) to not be able to do
well, be handicapped permanently
» “Tavra nukaaluktik taamna
pilguilluqtuaq
nagriaġiraġigaat.” (Nageak
1975: 8) [so they would carry
their younger brother who was not
able to do as well as they could] |
-lgu-1 vv :It- vv +luq-2 vv
pilguit- (i) to not be able to perform
exceptionally well at a certain
 activity; (i) to not be able to face
up well to a crisis or tragedy; (Nu)
(i) to not be strong; (t) to not be
able tolerate her/him/it | :It- vv
pilgutilaaq- (i) to do one’s best; (t) to
check, ascertain, measure
his/her/its ability to perform |
-lgu-1 vv mtilaaq(-) vv, vn
*pilġataq (root) to finally do < pI(-)
pilġataanġiq- (i) to cease being slow
or hesitant; (i) to speed up »
“Tapqamun tikiñŋatilaamignik
ilitchuġikamik
pilġataanġiqsuk.” (Nageak
1975: 44) [when theyd realized
theyd had reached the inlet theyd
sped up] | -lġataq-2 vv -aq-1 vv
-nġIq- vv
pilġatchi- to finally accomplish (it
=task) no matter how long it took
or how difficult it was §
+lġataq-2 vv ‘=I-1 vv
pilġatchuqtu- (i) to be slow all the
time | -lġataq-2 vv +t-2 rv
+suq-2 vv ’-qtu- vv
pilġaq- to braid (it =rope, hair, seal
intestines) @ pilġai- || :I-4 vv
pilġaalik wooden hunting bow wound
with braided sinew for extra
strength | -aq1 vn -lik vn
pilġaaq something braided; braided
sinew; a hunting bow reinforced
with braided sinew (Matumeak
2009) | -aq1 vn
pilġaġniq line of eddies in ocean
where two currents meet | +niQ vn
pilġaiyuk spider | -yuk(-) vv, vn
pilġaurat dwarf shrub (Cassiope
tetragona)
pilġayuuraq small spider (that can
hang in its webbing) |
-yuk(-) vn :uraq nn
pilġusiq habit, custom § ilġusiq < pI(-)
385
pilġusiġiit- (i) to have bad behavior;
(i) to be obnoxious; (i) to have a
bad habit | +[g]Ik- nv :It-1 vv
piłhiñaaġuq- (i) to be prepared, ready to
do action; (t) to prepare it so that
its ready to be taken | -łhiñaaq vn
+[ġ]uq-1 nv < pI(-)
pili-or piliuq- (i) to make something; (t)
to make something for her/him/it;
(t) to make it into something |
-lI-1 nv or lIuq- nv < pI(-)
piliaq hand-made item | -lI-1 nv
+aq1 vn
piliñġu- (i) to be unwilling to give up a
possession; (i) to covet a
possession, especially one that had
belonged to a dead relative |
-liñġu- nv < pI(-)
pilla- (i) to be qualified, able to | -lla- vv
+niQ1 vn < pI(-)
pillaniq privilege, opportunity |
-lla- vv +niQ1 vn
pillaktiq- to accomplish (it) quickly|
-llak-2 vv mt/liq-3 vv < pI(-)
pillatu- (i) to enjoy doing something; (t)
to enjoy her/his company; (Ti) (i)
to act selfishly (e.g., to strike a
whale first with no regard for
other crew members, take larger
share than others) | +llatu- vv <
pI(-)
pilliqi- or piłłiqi- (i) to quarrel over
something trivial | perhaps -t nn
-lIqi- nv < pI(-)
pilluataq- or pillautaq- (i) to get along
well with others; (i) to have no
trouble performing one’s
activities; (i) to do things right; (i)
 to do well; (i) to prosper; (i) to be
fortunate, e.g., in hunting; (t) to do
a good job on it or by her/him |
-lluataq(-) nn, vv < pI(-)
pilluataġniuraq- to try to do one’s
best (with it) | -lluataq(-) nn, vv
+niuraq- vv
pilluġik- (i) to be cooperative; to take
initiative; (t) to faithfully do it
=task now; (t) to cause her/him to
participate cooperatively |
+[g]Ik- nv
piluaq- (i) to reject someone as one’s
own, or relative | =luaq-2 nv <
pI(-)
piluk- (i) to be bad | +luk(-)1 vv, nv < pI(-)
pilugi- (t) to dislike her/him/it |
+[g]i- vv
pilugipiallak- (t) to intensely dislike,
despise her/him/it | +[g]i- nv
-piallak- vv
pilugiri one’s enemy, one who does
not like one | +[g]i- vv mt/ri vn
piluksi- (i) to become bad; (t) to make
it become bad | +sI-1 vv
piluku a reject | +luk(-)1 vv, nv
-ku(-) vn, nv
pilupiallak- (i) to be disgusting,
horrid, gross | -piallak- vv
piluun sin, iniquity, transgression,
evil | +luk(-)1 vv, nv ±un1 vn
piluusiqi- (i) to sin, transgress |
+luk(-)1 vv, nv :un1 vn ~Iqi-1 nv
piluusiqiri sinner, wrongdoer |
+luk(-)1 vv, nv :un1 vn =Iqi-1 nv
mt/ri vn
piluutaitchuaq [“one without sin”]
holy one | +un1 vn :It-1 nv
piłłi qi- or pilliqi- (i) to quarrel over
something trivial < pI(-)
*pimaq (root) affection
386
pimaaq- to claim (her/him/it) |
-aq-1 rv
pimaaqtuq- to claim (her/him/it) as
one’s own or relative | -aq-1 rv
+tuq-2 vv
pimaġi- (t) to have great affection for
her/him, therefore regard her/him
as one’s own, or relative | +[g]i- rv
pimaqłuk- (i) to do something bad; (t) to
do it badly | -maqłuk- vv < pI(-)
pimaqłuktaq- (i) to do something
badly more than once; (t) to
humiliate her/him/it | -maqłuk- vv
+t/raq-1 vv
pimaqłuun wrongdoing, abuse,
crime, harm | -maqłuk- vv :un1 vn
pimiulugi- (t) to refuse to include her/him
in one’s group for a personal
reason @ pimiulukłiq- | +[g]i- rv
|| ~kłIq- vv
pimmaaġik- (i) to have a good, beautiful
appearance » “Igluuraq una,
igalaaligaaq,
pimmaaġikkalukkut.” (Nageak
1975: 48) [the little house, the
one with the skylight, was very
beautiful] -mmaaġIk- nv < pI(-)
piñait- (i) to be obstinate, close-minded,
headstrong, inflexible |
+naq(-) vn, nv :It-1 vv < pI(-)
piñailutaq obstacle, hindrance,
stumbling block | +naq(-) vn, nv
:It-1 vv -lutaq vn
piñailutchiq- (t) to create an obstacle,
a hindrance, a stumbling block for
her/him/it | +naq(-) vn, nv :It-1 vv
-lutaq ‘=Iq- nv
piñaqutigi- (t) to give it away; (t) make it
available | +naq(-) vn, nv :qun vn
+[g]i- nv < pI(-)
piñasugi- (i) to think that one is
summoned or is the one that did
the action; (t) to think that
she/he/it did the action or that one
did the action to her/him/it |
+nasugi- vv < pI(-)
piñatchiaq- (i) to be slow; to do
something at leisure; to wait until
the last minute to do something |
perhaps +naq(-) vn, nv
+[t]sIq- vv -aq-1 vv < pI(-)
piñauk- (Ti) to smooth, rub, sharpen (it)
with a file » piñaukkaa uluuraq
he is sharpening the ulu § agIk-
piñaugun sharpening file » piñaukka
uluuraq he is sharpening the ulu |
+un1 vn
piñiaq- (Ti) (i) to hunt; (t) to get it |
+niaq(-) vv § aŋuniaq- < pI(-)
piñialgu- (i) to be a good provider,
hunter | +niaq(-) vv -lgu-1 vv
piñiałhama- (i) to try to do or get
more than anyone else |
+niaq(-) vv -łhama- vv
piñiaqti provider | +niaq(-) vv
mt/ri vn
piñiġaq short, waterproof summer boot »
piñiqqak paqitpigik did you find
her short waterproof boots
piñiġli- (i) to be startled and run away,
flee; (t) to startle it =game animal
and let it run away, get away
piñiq [piñiQ] insole
piññiq- (i) to put insoles in one’s
boots; (t) to put insoles in her/his
boots » piññiqsaka kammak I
put insoles in his boots | ‘=Iq-1 nv
piñiun (Ti, Nu) trap, net, device for
catching a game animal; hunting
387
implement | +niun vn < pI(-)
piñiusiq- to begin to try to get or do
(it) | +niusIq- vv
piñña(Nu)(Kobuk origin) (dem. pron. or
adv) something upriver < °pIk 2
(dem. stem)
piññak- (i) to acquire or win something »
sumikkiaq piññaksimava I
wonder what she won |
-nnak- nv < pI(-)
piññaktaaġi- (t) to win or gain
possession of it »
piññaktaaġimaraaq unnuaq
she gained possession of it last
night | -nnak- nv mt/raaq2 vn
+[g]i- nv
piññaktaaq something won, acquired
» piññaktaaqpuk kataivlugu
naviktaqpuk wed dropped and
broke the one we won | -nnak- nv
+t/raaq2 vn
*piññaq (root) pleasing, beautiful
piññaġi- (t) to find it pleasing,
beautiful, good; to like her/him |
+[g]i- rv
piññaġnaq- (i) to be pretty, beautiful,
pleasing to the eye, precious |
+[g]i- rv +naq(-) vv
piñŋunaq- (i) to be tiresome | -nŋu- vv
+naq(-) vv < pI(-)
piñŋuq- or ¤pinŋui- (i) to fold, close (of
knife blade); (i) to get a dislocated
joint » piñŋuqqayaŋarut
argatka isivillaiġmata my hands
almost became disjointed when
they could not flatten;
“aatchaŋaruaq savik
piñŋuqtitkaa” (Matumeak 2009)
[he closed the knife that was
open] < uniuqtit-
 piñŋuqtit- (t) to fold it =knife blade
@ piñŋui- | mtit-1 vv || :I-4 vv
piñŋuqtaq jackknife, folding knife,
pocket knife | +t/raq3 vn
piŋa- (i) to sulk because one is envious;
show jealousy of another,
resentment § tusu-, niŋaq-
piŋalu (Ti) small bowl; (Nu) burl on tree |
+lu(q) n
piŋaluaq (Ti) large wooden dish, pan
» “maktagnik uurunik igagamik
qalutaġviŋit” (C. Tuzroyluke
2009) [when they cook whale
meat they (the large wooden pans)
are used to hold the cooked meat]
| +luaq nn § piqtalik
piŋasut number three » piŋasut qimmit
three dogs
piŋasuit three sets | :It nn
piŋasukipiaq numeral sixty »
piŋasukipiat number sixty |
-kipiaq nn -t nn
piŋasukipiaq qulit numeral seventy »
piŋasukipiat qulit number
seventy | -kipiaq
Piŋasuŋŋuq- to be Wednesday |
-ŋŋuq-2 nv
piŋasuut- (i) to be divided into thirds;
(t) to divide it into thirds | -ut-2 vv
Piŋatchiġñiq Wednesday | ‘=Iq-1 nv
+niQ1 vn
Piŋatchiq- (i) to be Wednesday (3p
ending is used) » Piŋatchiġmata
kasimasuurugut we have our
meetings on Wednesday;
Piŋatchiqsugut it is Wednesday
[lit. “we are provided with the
third day”] | ‘=Iq-1 nv
piŋayuġalik polar bear with three
cubs | +yuq nn +[ġ]aq nn -lik nn
piŋayuġaq a third | +yuq nn
+[ġ]aq nn
piŋayuq a third one) | +yuq rn
388
piŋayuqqat three polar bears in a
group; female polar bear with
three cubs; a group of three »
“Akkupauraq tautuktuq
tuttunik piŋayuqqanik. Right
away he sees three caribou.”
(Ahmaogak & Webster: 28 |
+yuq rn +[ġ]aq nn -t nn
*piŋi (root) source of worry
piŋigi- (t) to worry about her/his
safety | +[g]i- rv
piŋiksraq- (i) to worry about
someone’s safety | +[g]i- rv
~qsraq- rv
piŋit- (i) to not participate; (t) to not take
her/him/it | ±ŋIt- vv
piŋillak- (i) to abstain, to refrain
voluntarily; (i) to not participate;
(t) to not do or get it | ±ŋIt- vv
-llak-1 vv
piŋiññiġaq- (i) to feel resentful
because of what one perceives as
inequity; (i) to feel slighted; (t) to
accuse her/him/it of not doing
something | ±ŋIt- vv +nI-1 vv
+[ġ]aq- vv
piŋniq [piŋniQ] cache of food made by
lemmings
¤piŋŋaaq- (i) to unknowingly pass by
each other
piŋŋuaq- (i) to pretend; (t) to pretend to
do something to her/him/it; (t) to
pretend to get ahold of her/him/it |
-ŋŋuaq(-) vn < pI(-)
piŋŋuaġutaitchuakun sincerely, with
sincerity | -ŋŋuaq(-) vv, nn :un1 vn
:It- nv +t/ruaq vn +kun (via.)
piŋu(-) isolated ice mound, knoll; dome,
isolated hill; pimple, swelling on
skin; swell (crestless wave or
 succession of waves); (i) to
develop a pimple; to form swells
(of ocean) » “qatchiraaq uvva
piŋumik taisuugaat; ilimigun
ittuaq” (Matumeak 2009) [they
call a protuberance an isolated ice
mound; it is by itself] § uŋilak-,
uŋŋi-
Piŋu a prominent landmark in the east
» “A long time ago, in a country
far away to the eastward, called
Pin’g-o, the people held a winter
festival…” (Simpson: 272)
piŋuktaaq small mound isolated in
flat area | -k-1 nv +taaq vn
piŋuluk cliff § imnaq
piŋuptanaaq (Nu) mound, knoll |
-ptaq nn -naaq3 nn
piŋuptaq (Nu) small rounded hill, not
rocky | -ptaq nn
piŋuyaq pimple, ringworm | -ya(q) nn
piŋuyaqtuq- (Nu) (i) to have pimples
| -ya(q) nn +tuq-2 nv
piŋuyyaq (Ti) itchy, allergic-type
bump or pimple | -yyaq n
pipałłuk- (t) to mistreat her/him/it |
-pałłuk- vv < pI(-)
pipasaġiŋit- (t) to think not highly of
her/him/it | -pasaġiŋIt- vv
pipasaŋit- (i) to not get enough, much |
-pasaŋIt- vv
pipika- (i) to be energetic, spry, lively
pipikait- (i) to be slow, sluggish |
:It-1 vdv
pipkaq- (t) to permit, allow her/him/it; (t)
to permit, allow her/him/it to be
taken | +pkaq-1 vv < pI(-)
pipkaŋit- (t) to prevent her/mim/it; (t)
to prevent her/him/it from being
taken | +pkaq-1 vv ±ŋIt- vv
389
pipqaqtaq- (i) to be severely
handicapped; (i) to rarely do any
activity | -pqaq-vv +t/raq-1vv <
pI(-)
pipqauraq- (i) to barely succeed; (t) to
barely succeed in doing it
=activity; (t) to barely succeed in
rescuing her/him/it; (t) to barely
succeed in obtaining it |
-pqauraq- vv < pI(-)
pipsukaq- (i) to have a close call; (t) to
just miss, barely miss it (e.g., an
animal in hunting) § pivsukaq-
*piq (root) bend, curve § piġit-
piġinniq or piġniq joint articulation »
“piġinniŋa supayaam” (Aiken
2009) [it’s the place where
bending occurs in anything] |
+[g]i-rv +t-1 rv +niQ1 vn
piġiŋa- (i) to be bent » piġiŋaruamik
mattumiŋa aitchuġuŋ
nukatpiaġruk qiaruaq give the
boy who is crying this bent one |
+[g]i-rv ±ŋa- vv
piġiŋasi- (i) to become bent; (t) to
make, render it bent | ±ŋa- rv
+sI-1vv
piġiŋaluk elbow (of stovepipe,
chimney, pipes, etc.) | +[g]i-rv
±ŋa- vv +lu(k)2 vn § qiviaġaaq
piġit- to bend (it) @ piġitchi- |
+[g]i-rv +t-1 rv || :I-4 vv
piġliġniq (Nu) inside of a joint (e.g.,
elbow, knee, finger) | perhaps
~liq-1 vv +niQ1 vn
piqak- (t) to be pushed up and
cracked by pressure from below
(of ice) » “…puigami innatun,
sammakiaq one foot-kiaq
aatchaqtillagruaġaġigaa tuvaq
tamanna. (Ii.) Qasalaitchuq
unnii. Piqakługu tasamaŋŋa.
(Ii.) Tavraasii kurraġman
 tullagruaġaqtuq iviqtitiqhuni.”
(Bodfish: 238) …when it surfaced,
I believe it was about one foot that
it would violently force the lead
ice to open. (Yes.) It does not
even make a splash. Pushing it up
from below. Then as it dove the
raised lead ice would come
crashing down fitting nicely back
into place (with the rest of the
ice)] | +ak- vv
piqqiq joint | +[g]i-rv +t-1 rv ‘-Q rn
piqsaq- (i) to arch the body while
sounding (of whale) | msaq-3 nv
piqta point at which a line bends
down at an angle (as along the
edge of a cliff, corner of house,
etc.); exterior siding (of house,
boat); wall; side of cliff | +ta rn
piqtalik large wooden bucket (made
by fitting the wall of the bucket
into a grooved base) (used for
carrying maktak from the ice
cellar; can be packed on back;
rounder and deeper than
piŋaluaq, a large wooden pan) |
+ta rn -lik nn § piŋaluaq
piqtaliq- (t) to put siding on it =house
| +ta rn -lIq-1 nv
piqtalugiu- (i) to arch its body as it
sounds (of whale); to bend (it
=metal); (i) to make a fishhook »
“piqtalugiulliruq aġviq;
qutchiksivlugu tununi
nakkaqsaġai;
piqtalugiulliruamik taisuugaat”
(Matumeak 2009) [the whale
bends its body as it sounds; they
call a whale piqtalugiulliruaq as
it begins to dive sounding with its
body bent from a high position] |
+ta rn +luk nn +[g]i- nv :u-2 vv
piqtat wall planks |+ta rn +t3 nn § see
Appendix 22
piqtiġun (Nu) one of a number of
small holes, e.g., in handle of
390
mitlik, a long, curved carving
knife, used to bend fishhooks |
+tiġun rv
piqtiq- (t) to arch it =wood (as for
sled runner or sled frame) @
piqtiqsi- | +tiq-1 rv || +sI-3 vv
piquaq- (i) to arch the body when
diving (of bearded seal) | +uaq- rv
piquniq mound formed by pressure
from below; place where river ice
over deep water is pushed up so
that it cracks and water flows
| perhaps :u-1 rv +niQ1 rn
piqaluyak large chunk of freshwater ice
from river, good for drinking
water; multiyear sea ice that has
become fresh due to multiyear
thawing and desalination (Nelson:
282); glacier ice (Matumeak
2009) » “ivunġit aullaammata
upinġaatuaġman;
imiġiksiqpaguugaa piqaluyak;
narvaġauraliġuuruq siku;
ivuniġruaq payaŋaiłłak”
(Matumeak 2009) [(they appear)
after the pressure ridges move
away every summer; the water
from the glacial ice becomes very
pure; the ice forms many small
ponds; it is a huge very stable pile
of ice]
piqan companion | +qan vn < pI(-)
piqasiq- (i) to get a companion for
oneself; (t) to accompany
her/him/it | +qan vn ~Iq-1 nv
piqpak- (i) to make a fuss; (t) to fuss over
her/him/it | +qpak(-) vv < pI(-)
piqpagaaq- (i) to show off, to
behave in an ostentatious way |
+qpak(-) vv +aaq-vv
piqpagi- (t) to love her/him/it dearly
@ piqpaksri- | +qpak(-) vv
+[g]i-vv || ~srI- vv
 piqpagnaq- (i) to be endearing,
precious, dear | ~naq(-) vv, vn
piqpakkun love, affection |
+qpak vv, nn +kun1 vn, nn
piqpaksriruaq one who loves, has
great affection for someone,
something | +qpak(-) vv -srI- vv
+t/ruaq vn
piqsiq(-) [piqsIq] wet snow storm; (i) to
be stormy with wet blowing snow
in the air § misulik, niviluk
piqsiġuq- (i) to become windy and
wet with snow and rain mixing |
+uq-1 nv
piri one who does the task; the
piqu- (Nu) (i) to be pushed up and
cracked by pressure from below
(of ice)
piraġaq- would do or say something to
(her/him) each time | -t/raġaq- vv
pirik- (i) to jump down quickly from
< pI(-)
piraġaġasuga- (used with
Appositonalis Mood) (t) to think
that maybe she/he/it might be
doing something on a regular
basis » “…tainna tuvaaqanni
aġnamun taavsrumuŋa
piraġaġasugalugu,
ilimatchaksimaruq.”
(Ahvakana: 2) [so thinking that
her husband was going to that
woman, she became suspicious] |
+nasugi- vv
piraġausiq custom | +raġaq- vv
:usIq vn
piraksraq task, something to be done |
+t/raksraq nn < pI(-)
piraksriaq requirement, assignment,
task | +t/raksaq nn ‘=Iq-1 nv
±aq1 vn
piraksrii- (i) to assign tasks; to
identify tasks to be done |
+t/raksraq nn ‘=Iq-1 nv :I-4 nv
piraksriq- or (Ti) piragriq- (t) to
assign, give her/him/it a task; to
order, command, require her/him
to do a task| +t/raksaq nn ‘=Iq-1 nv
piraksriqsat committee |
+t/raksraq nn ‘=Iq-1 nv mtaq4 vn
-t nn
piraksriun ordinance; regulation;
command; instruction |
+t/raksraq nn ‘=Iq-1 nv :un1 vn §
tuvraaksraq
piraksriusiaq assignment, duty,
obligation, mission | +t/raksraq nn
‘=Iq-1 nv :usiaq vn
professional | mt/ri vn < pI(-)
piriksraqtaat committee; taskforce |
2
mt/ri vn -ksraq(-) nn, nv mt/raaq vn
-t nn
something; (i) to get off quickly;
(Nu) (i) to go down to the river §
nautkiaq-, pikiaq-
piriksaaq- (Nu) (i) to go down to the
river | +saaq-1 vv
piruaq- or piruaqtiq- (Ti) (i) to move
down to the beach in late June
(primarily for bearded seal
hunting but also for hunting seals,
belugas, seabirds, and gathering
driftwood » “piruaqtut
ugrugniaġiaġlutik
natchiġniaġiaġlutik sisuaniglu
tiŋmianiglu utaqqivlutik
qirugnik aggiŋaiñŋaan
September-mi” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [they move down to the
beach to hunt bearded seals,
regular seals, belugas, birds, and
also to wait for driftwood before
the arrival (of the ship North Star)
in Sepember ] | perhaps =uaq- vv
or =uaq- vv mtiq-2 vv § taġiuqtiq-

391
*pirraq (root) capability
pirraġik- (i) to be dexterous, adroit;
(i) to do something easily; (i) to be
graceful | +[g]Ik- nv
pirraġiksi- (i) to be rejuvenated (after
an illness); (i) to gain strength,
skill, and poise » “Kiisaimma
aglimman, pirraġiksimman,
atigimik atipkaqługu
naammaŋanik
ilitchipkaġniaġaqsilgitpaa
tiŋmiñiġmik.” (Ahvakana: 26)
[then when he (the boy) got
bigger, when he gained strength,
skill and poise; he (the father)
made him put a parka on, one that
fit him (the boy), then he patiently
began to teach him how to fly] |
+[g]Ik- nv +sI-1 vv
pirraġluk- to do (it) wrong in spite of
efforts to do (it) right |
+luk(-)1 vv, vv
¤piruk- (i) to run
*piruġaq (root) down coast
piruġaaq- (i) to travel down to the
coast in a northwest direction »
“piruġaaqtuat taunuŋanmun
nunamiñ” (Molly Itta 2009) [they
traveled down to the coast in a
northwesterly direction from
inland] | -aq-1 vv
piruġaġnamiñ qatchiguraaqtuaq
saġvaq southeast ocean current §
see Appendix 14
piruġaġnaq ocean current flowing
from the east | =ruġaq vn
+naq(-) rn § see Appendix 14
piruġaġniq- (i) to flow from the east
out to sea (of ocean current) |
=ruġaq vn +nIq-2 nv
¤pirulliq [pirullIq] (Ti) Male Spectacled
Eider (Somateria fischeri) §
qaugak, mitiq, qiŋalik, qavaasuk
392
pisaġi- (t) to kill her/him/it »
“Taimmaguuq aapani
pisaġianikkaa.” (Ahvakana: 38)
[it has been done, he has killed his
father] | -saq2 vv +[g]i- nv < pI(-)
¤pisallakani- (i) to catch oneself doing or
saying something unexpectedly
< pI(-)
pisaq- (i) to do something deliberately; to
procure, get, obtain;(t) to do
something to her/him/it
deliberately | msaq-3 vv < pI(-)
pisaaġi- (i) to do on purpose,
deliberately, intentionally; (t) to
do something to her/him/it on
purpose, deliberately, intentionally
| msaq-3 vv -aq1 vn +[g]i- nv
pisaaŋa- (i) to hint at an action; (i) to
be malicious, mean, cruel; (t) to
hint to her/him trying to influence
her/him or trying to tell her/him
something; (t) to be malicious,
mean, cruel to her/him/it |
3 2
msaq- vv -a- vv ±ŋa- vv
pisaaŋati- (t) to be mean, cruel to
her/him | msaq-3 vv -a-2 vv ±ŋa- vv
‘ti- vv
pisaaŋŋan insult, affront | msaq-3 vv
-a-2 vv ±ŋa- vv ‘n1 vn
pisaasuġmiaq- (i) to use sly tactics to
get what one wants; to do
something in a cunning and sly
manner; (t) to deceive her/him/it
by trickery; to bribe her/him |
3 2 1
msaq- vv -a- vv +suq- vv
+miaq(-) vv
pisaasuq- or pisaasuu- (i) to be
cunning, sly, devious, deceitful;
be good at being deceptive |
3 2
msaq- vv -a- vv +suq- vv
1
pisaayugaq- to tease (her/him) |
3 3
msaq- vv -aq vn perhaps
 -yugaq- vv
pisakallaŋit- to start or begin (it =
event, activity) late | msaq-3 vv
±kallaŋIt- vv
pisaqsaŋa- be prone to overreact |
3 2
msaq- vv +saq- vv +ŋa- vv
pisaqsaq- (i) to overreact | msaq-3 vv
+saq-2 vv
pisatilaaq- to try with all one’s might
or ability to accomplish (it =task) |
3
msaq- vv mtilaaq(-) vv, vn
pisaun equipment, tool, amulet for
getting something; means of doing
something » “Iliptik taima
piksratik taipkua tautukkatiik
nanuqpaaglu agluqpaaglu.
Tavra iliptik pisik, atakkiataŋ
uvva sumik
pisautiksraiqsutik.” (Nageak
1975: 76) [they are yours, the two
things you saw, the gigantic polar
bears and the gigantic jaws of the
killer whale, are yours; because
you have nothing to defend
yourself with] | msaq-3 vv :un1 vn
pisaunnaq habit | msaq-3 vv :unnaq vn
pisaqquq- or piyaqquq- (i) to have an
accident § miqivsaq-
pisi- (t) to do something for her/him in
her/his stead | -ti- vv
pisigi- because of her/him/it | +[g]i- vv
pisik- (t) to hit her/him/it with an arrow or
a bullet; (t) to shoot her/him/it
pisignaq- (i) to be within range of
being hit with a bullet or arrow »
pisignaqtuq it can be hit | +naq(-)
vv, vn
pisiksaq- (i) to shoot an arrow; (i) to
fire a gun; (t) to shoot, fire at
her/him/it | msaq-3 vv
pisiksi [pisiksI] an archer’s bow |
‘ti1 vn
393
pisiksiġaq small bow used to operate
drill; any small bow | ‘ti1 vn
[ġ]aq nv
pisiksiġauraq small bow | ‘ti1 vn
+[ġ]aq nn :uraq vv, nn
pisiksiliunnaġi- (t) to like using it = a
certain type of wood to make a
bow | ‘ti1 vn -liuq- nv -nnaq2 vn
+[g]i- nv
pisiksisaq or pisiksitchak arrow
quiver; bow sheath; (Nu) large
quiver which holds arrows and
bow; (Nu) part of caribou intestine
(whose shape resembles an arrow
quiver) | ‘ti1 vn +saq1 nn
pisiksisauraq (Nu) small bag for
cartridges, ammunition | ‘ti1 vn
-saq1 nn :uraq nn, vv § satkuun
pisiksuġaq(-) or pisiksuġaaq(-)
target; (i) to shoot at a target; (t) to
shoot at it =target | +suġaq- vv
pisiktaŋŋuaq- (Nu) (i) to play the
“mitten game” where children
throw fur mittens turned inside-
out at each other and whoever is
hit is “it” | +t/raq-1 vv -ŋŋuaq(-) vv
pisiktuġaq(-) unmanned, cocked gun
on tripod set out on sea ice above
a seal’s breathing hole to shoot at
a polar bear when it disturbs bait;
(i) to be shot by a cocked gun set
out with bait » “natchiqsiun
pisiktuġaq akłanunlu;
aġiupkaŋagait” (Matumeak
2009) [an unmanned, cocked gun
on a tripod for hunting seals and
also for grizzly bears; it is banned]
| +tuġaq(-) vv, vn
pisuguiq- (i) to be satisfied, satiated |
+[s]uk- vv :Iq- vv2 < pI(-)
pisuġnaq- (i) to be easy to obtain, get; to
be easy to work on |
 +suġnaq- vv < pI(-)
pisuk-1 (Nu) (i) to walk § pisuaq-,
pisukataq-
pisuapaktaq- (i) to limp | -aq-1 vv
-paktaq- vv
pisuaq- (i) to walk; (t) to walk it
=distance | -aq-1 vv
pisuaqpagaaq- (i) to strut, walking
with a pompous and affected air;
(i) to walk taking long strides
while swinging the arms | -aq-1 vv
+qpagaaq- vv § avałłaaq, ivalik-,
ivałłuaq
pisuaqtuaq- (i) to take a stroll, take a
long, leisurely walk | -aq-1 vv
+tuaq- vv
pisuġaluk- (i) to walk around, pace |
perhaps -ġak- vv -luk- vv
pisukataaq(-) (Nu) an animal that
walks upright (e.g., bear, human);
(i) to walk leisurely to a
destination although other modes
of transportation are available |
-kataq(-) vv, vn ±aq3 vn
pisukataq- or (Ti) pisuu- (i) to walk
rather than use some other mode
of transport | -kataq(-) vv, vn or
-u-2 vv
pisukkaaq four-legged animal; fox;
(Ti) white fox (Alopex lagopus);
prey | perhaps +kaaq vn
pisukti medium-sized, fur-bearing
game animal; predator (e.g., wolf)
| mt/ri vn § perhaps pisuk-1
pisuktit- (i) to kill a medium-sized,
fur-bearing game animal |
2
mt/ri vn +t- nv
¤pisuktit unipkaat (Nu) beasts in a
fable, in an animal story | mt/ri vn
-t nn
pitchuuq- (i) to trot (of animal) |
‘.-q-1 vv
394
pisuk-2 (i) to want to participate; (t) to
want to have it | +[s]uk-1 vv <
pI(-)
pisuiq- (i) to satisfy one’s desire |
+[s]uiq- vv
pisuksaaq- (t) to try to persuade
her/him to do something @
pisuksaaqłiq- | +[s]uk-1 vv
+saaq-2 vv || +kłIq-1 vv
pisuliq- (i) to now want to participate
| +[s]uk-1 vv -lIq-3 vv
pisuuma- (i) to be importunate,
overly persistent; (t) to continue to
want, beg for, insist on having it |
+[s]uk-1 vv -uma- vv
pisuun will, desired outcome, choice,
wish | +[s]uk-1 vv ±un1 vn
pisuvyuaq- to not really want to do
(it) | +[s]uvyuaq- vv
pisuq- to be adept at doing (it) | +suq-1 vv
< pI(-)
pisuġniq talent, expertise, aptitude,
gift | +suq-1 vv +niQ1 vn
pisuqtilaaq- to do one’s best (on it =
task); (t) to measure, ascertain
her/his/its ability to perform »
pisuqtilaaġlusik youd do your
best | mtilaaq(-) vv,vn
pisuqsaaq- (i) to act charmingly |
+suq-1 vv -saaq-1 vv < pI(-)
pisuqsaaġun charm, wile |
-saaq-1 vv +un1 vn
pitak- (i) to have a hole; (t) to make a
hole in it » niksiksuqtuni siku
pitagnaqtuq when one is fishing
one has to make a hole in the ice §
putu(-)
pitaaq- (i) to be full of holes; (t) to
make holes in it | -aq-1 vv
pittaq hole in ice which has formed
naturally (as from air escaping) |
‘-Q3 vn
pitchaili- (i) to prevent oneself from
being caught and taken; (t) to
prevent her/him/it from being
taken or doing an action |
+[t]sailI- vv < pI(-)
pitchaliuġun (Ti) [ENG “picture”]
camera | -liuq- nv :un1 vn §
qiñiġaun, pitchaliun
pitchaliuti- (Ti) (t) to take her/his/its
picture @ pitchaliurri- | -liuq- nv
-ti- nv || ~rI-5 vv
pitchiaq- (i) to get something new |
-tchiaq(-) nv < pI(-)
pitchiġiaq- (i) to be easy to deal with; (i)
to be easily done; (i) to be willing |
+[t]siġiaq- vv < pI(-)
pitchiġiit- (i) to be stubborn, hard to
deal with; (i) to be hard to move |
+[t]siġiaq- vv =It-1 vdv
pitchiġiiyaq- (i) to get locked; (t) to
lock it | +[t]siġiaq- vv =Iyaq- vdv
pitchiġiiyaun key; lock |
+[t]siġiaq- vv =Iyaq- vv :un1 vn §
agmaun, kiluutchaq
pitchuq- or pitchik- (i) to be a good
hunter | +tchIk- vv
pitiŋiq- (Ti) (i) to scoop slush ice from a
fishing hole; (t) to scoop slush ice
from it =fishing hole § mitiŋiq-
pitiŋiun (Ti) scoop for removing
slush ice from fishing hole |
:un1 vn
pitluk- (Nu) (t) to cross it =river § pilluk-
pitqik- (i) to cheat, be devious; (t) to
cheat on her/him | perhaps
-tqIk-2 vv < pI(-)
pitqiksiġaq- (i) to do something
secretly, dishonestly | -tqIk-2 vv
+siġaq-2 vv
395
pitqiksiġautait- (i) to be honest,
trustworthy | -tqIk-2 vv +siġaq-2 vv
-utaq vn :It-1 nv
pitqu- (t) to tell (subj. in term.) to take
her/him/it; (t) to tell (subj. in
term.) to do it =activity; (i) to say
that she/he/it be taken » savik
pitqugaa aŋutaiyaamun she told
the boy to get the knife; aġnam
savaqugaa qamutini the woman
wants her car to be repaired |
-[t]qu- vv < pI(-)
pitqun request; act; will (as in a legal
document) | -[t]qu- vv ‘n1 vn
pitquŋit- (t) to prohibit, forbid
her/him/it | -[t]qu- vv ±ŋIt- vv
pitquraq law; commandment; statute;
ordinance » pitquramik inillailit
taaptumuuna let them create a
piece of legislation on that topic |
-[t]qu- vv +t/raq vn < pI(-)
pitquraliqiri lawyer | -liqi- vv +t/ri vn
pitquramik inillailit be it enacted…
pitqurauraq bylaw, ordinance,
regulation | -[t]qu- vv +t/raq vn
:uraq nn
pitqurriaksraq bill, piece of
legislation | -[t]qu- vv +t/raq vn
‘=iaq3 nn -ksraq(-) nn
pitqusaaq- (t) to entice, tempt her/him |
-[t]qu- vv +saaq-2 vv < pI(-)
pitqusauraq- (i) to make overtures
to be “caught,” responded to; (i)
to tease, trying to coax a reaction
from another | -[t]qu- vv
+sauraq- vv
pitqusiq habit, characteristic way of
doing something | +siq vn §
pilġusiq
pitqusiġiit- (i) to have bad habits |
-[t]qu- vv +siq vn +[g]Ik- nv
:It-1 vdv
 pitqusiksrait- (i) to be confused |
-[t]qu- vv -ksraq(-) nn, nv :It-1 nv §
qanuqsausiit-
pituġaq- (i) to arrive at a body of water
after or during a journey of some
distance overland; (i) to travel to
the coast or ice edge | +[ġ]aq- vv
pituġaaq- (Nu) (i) to travel to the
coast | +[ġ]aq- vv -aq-1 vv
pituqqiq flat, secure ice at edge of
shore-fast ice (where whaling
camp can be set up at the end of
the trail that’s been made) »
“pituqqiġuuq tavra
anayanailaaq” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [the flat area on shore-fast
ice is a safe place] | +[ġ]aq vn
‘=Iq nn
pituqqit ice path or trail through
shore-fast ice to the edge of an
ocean lead » “pituġaqtaġviit
apqutit uiñiġmun” (Aiken 2009)
[trails that lead to the open ocean
lead]; |+[ġ]aq- vn ‘=Iq nn
-t nn
pituk(-) chain; tether; (t) to tether, chain
her/him/it to a stake, pole; (t) to
connect it =house to electricity or
sewer system @ pituksi- ||
+sI-3 vv
pittuq cleat, a wooden piece on boat
to which rope is attached | ‘-Q3 vn
pittuqun something attached to
another thing | ‘-quti vn
pituit- (i) to be loose, not tied to stake
(esp., of dogs) | :It-1 vdv
pituutaq rope used to attach
something | :utaq vn
pituutat chain; dog chains | :utaq vn
-t nn
pituq- (i) to eat some | +tuq-3 nv
pituġuiq- (i) to be satiated, full |
+tuq-3 nv +[s]uiq- vv < pI(-)
396
piu- (i) to be “it”; (i) to be the “one” |
:u-1 nv < pI(-)
piugauraq food that is set aside for
special occasions or for someone
special | :u-1 nv +gaq2 vn :uraq nn
piun possession | :u-1 nv ‘n1 vn
piunġiq- (i) to become useless,
worthless; (i) to become angry,
irrational; (t) to render her/him/it
useless, worthless, irrational |
:u-1 nv +niQ1 vn :Iq-2 nv §
+nġIq- vv
piunialait- (i) to be retiring, meek, not
assertive | :u-1 nv +niala- vv
:It-1 vv
piuŋaiq- (i) to become useless |
:u-1 nv ±ŋaIq- vv § atuŋaiq-
piuŋilaq nothing, something of no
value | :u-1 nv ±ŋilaq vn
piuŋŋuaq- (i) to play-act, pretend; (t)
to pretend to do it =activity |
:u-1 nv ±ŋŋuaq- vv
piutuġniq- (i) to be durable | :u-1 nv
+tuq-2 vv +nIq-2 vv
piuġaq (Nu) Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla
flava)
piuġavik (Nu) American Pipit (Anthus
rubescens)
piuqtuq- (i) to paddle vigorously towards
a whale; (t) to paddle toward it
piuraaq(-) toy; (i) to play | :uraaq2 nn
< pI(-)
piuraaġi- (t) to play or “toy” with
her/him/it | :uraaq2 nn +[g]i- vv
piurraaq- (i) to now have a broken part;
(t) to break some part of it |
-urraaq- nv < pI(-)
pivallak- (i) to regain health after illness;
(i) to regain weight after growing
thin § nakuuqsi-
pivik allotted place, time | +vIk1 vn
< pI(-)
piviksraiq- to run out of time |
+vIk1 vn -ksraq(-) nn, vv :Iq-2 nv
piviksraq opportunity, chance; time |
+vIk1 vn -ksraq(-) nn
piviksritqaaq- (i) to give priority to
her/him/it | +vIk1 vn -ksraq(-) nn
±qqaaq(-) vv
*pivik (root) of the optimal, the best
piviksaq or pivigniq best part |
+t/raq vn or +niQ1 vn =Iq-1nv
piviksuq- (i) to be kind, treat people
well | +suq-1 vv § iñugIk-
piviuttaġi- (t) to cherish her/him/it |
-uttaq rn +[g]i- nv
piviuttak- (i) to show appreciation |
-uttaq rn -k-4 nv
piviuttaqqun love | -uttaq rn +[g]i- nv
‘~n1 vn
pivsi [pivsI] dried fish
pivsiraq small, dried whitefish |
perhaps +raq
pivsukaq- (i) to barely, narrowly escape
death, danger; (t) to barely miss
hurting her/him/it: (t) to barely
miss striking it = animal
piya- (i) easily consents to sexual activity
| -ya- vv < pI(-)
*piya1 (root) waning in strength
¤piyagniuq- (i) to be barely alive, be
dying | ±nniuq- rv
¤piyaġittuq- (i) to wane and rise later
than usual, to fall lower, come
around more slowly (of moon) |
+[ġ]it- rv +tuq-2 vv
397
*piya2 (root) mistreatment
piyaaġi- (t) to treat her/him/it roughly,
badly | +aq1 rn +[g]i- nv
piyaaqun fetish used to threaten
somebody » kisimġiuġaluaqtuq
sapiġnaqtuq aglaan;
sapiġnaqtuq
piyaaqutaukkaqhuni he is alone
but, he is still formidable; he is
formidable because he has many
charms which he uses to harm
others | +aq1 rn -quti rn
piyaqquq- or pisaqquq- (i) to have an
accident, be injured in an accident
§ kuttaq-
piyaqquġvik scene or time of
accident | +vIk1 vn
piyugaq- (i) to stalk an animal; (i) to
approach a sea mammal by
crawling » “Tavraasii tiŋmiluk
mitchaaġman, piyugaqtuq
tiŋmiluŋmun. So then, when the
small bird lands, he stalks
towards the small bird.”
(Ahmaogak & Webster: 10);
“iriqtuuraqłuni piruaq
qalliñialavlugit
sukpaluiñŋatauraqłuni” (Aiken
2009) [it’s the one who quietly
and secretly approaches trying to
get closer] | -yugaq- vv § auq-
piyuk- or piyuaq- (t) to beat her/him/it
up, manhandle her/him/it; (t) to
abuse her/him/it verbally; (t) try to
kill her/him/it @ piyukłiq-,
piyuaqłiq- | -aq-1 vv || +kłIq-1 vv
piyuaġniq bruise; one who has been
violently abused, beaten | -aq-1 vv
+niQ1 vn
piyuksiq- or piyuaqsiq- (i) to not
offer any resistance to the abuse
one is receiving; (t) to allow
her/him/it to be abused |
 +[t]sIq- vv
piyumisuuti- (i) to confront each
other aggressively | -mi-3 rv
-suk-2 vv -uti- vv
piyuumigi- (t) to actively seek to
harm her/him/it, menace
her/him/it, be ill-intentioned
toward her/him/it »
piyuumigigaluaġmani imiŋaram
aniruq since the drunk was
targeting her, she left | -u-2 vv
-mik vv +[g]i- vv
piyuumikkiuti- (t) to decide to face,
confront her/him/it | -u-2 vv
-mik vv +[g]i-1 vv ‘uti- vv
piyuuti-1 (i) to abuse each other |
:uti- vv
piyyuaq- (Ti) (t) to injure her/him/it »
“Uvvagguuq uvuuna
piyyuaŋagaa kiasiagun.”
(Kiligvuk: 1) [he said the pain is
here on his shoulder blade]
piyyuq one that has been abused |
‘-Q vn
piyuma- (i) to be willing, to be eager to
do something; (t) to be willing to
perform it = task | +[y]uma-1 vv
< pI(-)
piyumaaq- (i) intends to do the
action; (t) intends to take it |
-yumaaq- vv
piyumaaqtuaq the future; future
event | -yumaaq- vv +t/ruaq vn
piyumman intent; hope; willingness
to do a task | +[y]uma-1 vv ‘-n vn
*piyumI (root) willingness, eagerness,
hopefulness
piyumiñaq- (i) to be able to
participate | +yumiñaq- vv
piyumiñaqtaatun (Nu) seem good;
encouraging »
“piyumiñaqtaatun ittut
taapkua savaatka” my work
398
seems good, encouraging
(Bergsland 1987: 305) |
+ yumiñaq- vv +t/raaq1 vn
-tun (sim.)
piyumiñaqtilaaq(-) to do one’s very
best (Aiken 2009) | -tilaaq vn
+ktun (sim poss. 2s-s)
piyumisuk- (i) to want to leave, go,
be eager, raring to go | -suk-2 rv
piyumisuvik- (i) to be determined to
do something definite » tavrani
piyumisuviaqsirut ukua they
began wanting to do something
right then and there |+vIk- vv
piyumitchak- (i) to become eager to
go | -tchak- vv
piyumitchuqtu- (i) to have a lot of
hope | -suk-2 rv ‘-qtu- vv
piyuumitchak- (i) to decide to do
something when at first
discouraged » nikasuk-
kaluaġami, piyuumitchaktuq
although doubtful, she decided to
do it | perhap -u-2 vv -mik vv
+[g]i- vv -tchak- vv
*piyu (root) a challenge
piyuuti-2 (i) to challenge each other
(as in a race) | -uti- vv
piyuutraq- (Nu) (i) to run a race |
-uti- vv ~raq- vv
piyyaq- (i) to rush, hurry to something; (t)
to rush, hurry to it to do something
| +yyaq-2 vv < pI(-)
*pu (root) moisture
pulauq- (i) to soak (it =leather) |
~laq- vv :uq-2 vv
putchii- (i) to leave moistened skin
out overnight | +[t]sIq- vv -I-1 vv
putchimaallaktitchaq- (t) to store it
=moistened skin for a short time |
+[t]sIq- vv -ma-1 vv -aq-1 vv
-llak-2 vv mtit-1 vv msaq-3 vv
 putchimapkavsaaq- (t) to store it
=moistened skin for a longer
period of time | +[t]sIq- vv
-ma-1 vv +pkaq- vv -vsaaq- vv
putchiq- (t) to moisten it =skin and
leave it overnight before tanning |
+[t]sIq- vv
pualla- or puala (Nu) (i) to dance
pualġiñ shovel § piksrun, iqagaun
pualuk pair of trail mittens with fur
outside | -k2 nn
pualuuraq white flower of
cottongrass | :uraq nn
puggutaq cooking pot, pan < puuq(-)
puggutauraq plate < puuq(-)
puggutauriqi- (i) to wash dishes
< puuq(-)
puggutchiqi- (i) to wash dishes < puuq(-)
puguq (Ti) carved figure made each year
at the time of the aquppiyut
“sitting,” then burned at a special
place at the conclusion of the
ceremony (Rainey: 248)
puġrak (Ti) slush ice § muġałłiq
pui- [pugi] (i) to emerge, surface; (t) to
surface “in front of” her/him/it »
“…aġviġum puiraŋani,”
(Bodfish: 238) […a whale
surfaced in front of me,”
puggisi- (t) to surface with her/him/it
» puggisigaa he surfaced with it |
‘ti- vv
puggiqi- (t) to surface upon her/him/it
» “….aasiuvva taavsruma
aġviġum puggiqigaatigut.”
(Bodfish: 238) [….so it was that
399
whale that surfaced upon us] |
‘=Iqi-2 vv
puigaq- (i) to surface repeatedly (of
sea mammal); (i) to jump (of fish);
(i) to swim on surface » “ tavra
umiaqtuġmata puigaġaqtuq
maniq iviligaaq tautugaġigaat
when they were out on an umiak,
they used to see a tussock with
grass on it rising to the surface”
(Bergsland 1987: 14) | +aq-1 vv
puila- (i) to rise to the surface (of
liquid) | -la- vv
puiñiq fat which rises to the top of
cooking broth | +niQ1 vn
puiññi- (i) to save fat skimmed from
broth | +niQ1 vn ‘=I-1 nv
puiruq(-) sea mammal that is
surfacing ; (t) to kill (it =surfacing
seal) | +ruq vv +t-2 nv
puiyaq- (Ti) (i) to surface repeatedly
(of sea mammal) | +yaq- vv
puiyaqpaŋŋuuq (Ti) (excl.) “they are
spouting” » “…all the children
began to shout, puyuq-palgok,
‘they are spouting’…” (Rainey:
257) +yaq- vv +qpak(-) vn
perhaps +gguuq (encl.)
puiyuilaaq (Ti) sea animal which
never surfaces, (e.g., some fish);
sea animals which do not surface
frequently, which do not normally
surface | -yuit- vv =ilaaq vn
puiguq- to forget (her/him/it) § piiguq-,
puuguq-
*puk (root) depth
pukkit- (i) to ride low in water (of
boat); to be low (of elevation); to
be shallow (of container) | -kIt- rv
pukłi- (i) to be riding low in water (of
boat); (i) be lower; (t) to lower its
sides | -kłI- vv
pukta- (i) to float | mta- rv § pupta-
puktaaġruaq auyuilaq year-round
glacier | mta- rv ±aq3 vn +ġruaq nn
puktaaq ice floe, floating mass of ice;
iceberg » “siku naqtuġman
anuqqagman puktaalisuuruq”
(Kinneeveauk 2009) [when the ice
breaks apart due to the wind it
creates floating ice masses] | mta-
rv ±aq3 vn
puktaaqat ice floe attached to another
ice floe (Harcharek: 14) | ±qan vv
puktaġun net float, buoy | mta-rv
+q-2 vv +un1 vn
puktakkaq- (i) to float to the surface
of water; (i) to wax (of moon) |
mta- rv -kkak- vv
puktallak- (i) to float to the surface of
water; (i) to rise higher in the sky
each day (of sun, after solstice) |
2 1
mta- rv +q- vv -llak- vv
puktan swim bladder (of fish) |
mta- rv ‘-n vn
puktaq- (i) to float to the surface |
2 pukkuq(-) mortise, foundation sill notch;
mta- rv +q- vv
puktaraġaq darting gun with harpoon
toggle head and a large wooden
handle (after the bullet and
harpoon toggle head are propelled
from the darting gun, the large
wooden handle (usually six feet in
length and five inches in circum-
ference) enables the darting gun to
float popping up and down in the
sea until it is retrieved); large
wooden handle of darting gun;
something which floats | mta- rv
-raġaq vn
puqtu- (i) to ride high in water (of
boat); (i) to be deep (of
container); (i) to be long (of
curtain) »
“talukiyaaqaqsimaruaq
tamanna samma puqtuu-
raqłuni aġġiruat tunuat”
400
(Harold Itta 1985: 2A. 3) [the
area behind the dancers and
drummers had a curtain which
was fairly long] | ‘-qtu- rv
pukak snow crystals found under hard
packed snow (good for melting
into water), depth hoar § nilak
pukagralaaq small, clear scales on
fish | +rak(-) nn -laaq nn §
sikuġralaaq
pukagriŋa- (i) to be granular | +rI- rv
±ŋa- vv
pukarraaq(-) (Ti) old packed snow
good for melting for drinking
water; (i) to get packed hard so
that it is good for drinking water
(of snow) (S. Tuzroyluke 2009)
pukik [pukIk] white belly fur of caribou
pukit- [pukIt] (t) to pick her/him/it up @
pukitchi- || +sI-3 vv
hole in sled runner for upright
stanchions/braces; (t) to cut or
make a mortise in it; (t) to make
holes on top of it =sled runner
puksiññaq- (i) to die suddenly, instantly |
msiññaq- vv
Puksripak African American person;
black person § Taaqsipak, Purgiq
puktit- (Ti) (i) to get puffy (of eyes) §
puptit-
pukuk- to stoop over and pick (them); to
choose (them) | -uk(-)2 vv, vn §
put-
pukuaq something gathered |
perhaps uk(-)2 vv, vn ±aq3 vn
pula- (i) to eclipse (of sun or moon)
¤pułallak- (i) to fall asleep while leaning
over something
*pula (root) visiting
pulaaq- (i) to go out visiting |
+aq-1 vv
pulasaq- (i) to visit one’s snares,
traps; (t) to visit, check them
=snares, traps | +saq-2 rv
puliġuq- (i) to fall asleep soundly »
“Tarva siquvalliġmaŋnik,
ilitchuġiyu-
miñaiqpalliġmaŋnik, puliġua-
nikpalliġmaŋnik,
siqummaŋnik, katchiq
tamanna pakikługu
uqallautigaa, ‘Ki, avititchik.’
Aatchalgitchuq. Aa tarva
anisaġami, ‘Ki, mamititchik.’”
(Ahvakana: 11) [then when they
appeared to be asleep, when they
appeared to lose consciousness,
when they appeared to have fallen
asleep soundly, when they fell
asleep, she scratched the wall and
said to it, “Okay, separate.” It [the
wall] opened up again. Then on
her way out, “Okay, come
together.”] | -[ġ]uq-1 rv
puliġuŋa- (i) to sleep soundly |
-[ġ]uq-1 rv ±ŋa- vv
pummiq- (i) to hold one’s mouth closed,
lips sealed < ipummIq-
punniq [punniQ] bread (made with
yeast) | perhaps +niQ1 vn
punniġuraq or (Ti) punniq
communion wafer or bread |
+niQ1 vn :uraq nn
punniksraq bread dough | +niQ1 vn
-ksraq(-)1 nn, vv
punnilivik loaf pan; oven | +niQ1 vn
-lI-1 nv +vIk1 vn
401
pupik(-) [pupIk] itchy rash; itchy spots;
scabies; (i) to have an itch, rash
pupipsuk- (i) to squeak (like a lemming
or ermine); (i) to whistle (of bird);
(t) to make the squeaking sound of
a lemming or ermine to it
=animal, usually a fox in order to
lure it | -suk-2 nv
pupsaq- (Ti) to rise (of bread dough)
< *puv
pupsaun (Ti) baking powder; cube of
yeast < *puv
puptit- (i) to get puffy (of eyes) < *puv
pupta- (i) to be floating | puptallaruq
manna umiapałłuuraġa my
raggedy, old boat can float §
pukta-
puqik- [puqIk] (i) to be smart, quick to
learn § ilitchiya-
puqiili- (i) to become less smart,
dumb | -ili- vv
puqiit- (i) to be dumb, not smart, slow
to learn | :It-1 vv
puqłaq- (t) to boil it =dead bird to loosen
feathers for plucking
Purgiq African American person; black
person § Taaqsipak, Puksripak
puruuq [ENG “prune”] prune
*pusi (root) face down position
pusikaq- (i) to fall forward »
pusikaġnak don’t fall forward |
-kaq- vv
pusiŋa- (i) to lie with buttocks up in
the air | ±ŋa- vv
 pusit- (i) to turn over with face down;
(t) to turn it over with face down;
to turn it upside down @ pusitchi-
| -t-2 vv || +sI-3 vv
pusiuraq [ENG “pussycat”] cat |
:uraq nn
Pusrgiq African American person; black
person § Taaqsipak, Puksripak,
put- (i) to bow, kneel, bend over, crouch,
stoop | +t-2 vv
punŋa- (i) to sit, stand or crouch with
head bent; to stoop | +t-2 vv
±ŋa- vv
punŋayuuq- (i) to walk bent over, as
a hunter stalking game | +t-2 vv
±ŋa- vv -yuq- vv -uq-2 vv
punŋuqsruq- (i) to keep the head
lowered when one is feeling sad,
dissatisfied, shameful | +t-2 vv
+ŋuq-2 vv mqsruq-2 vv
punŋuuq- (i) to walk with head
bowed | +t-2 vv +ŋuq-2 vv -uq-2 vv
putchuala- (i) to smoke, make smoke §
puyuq
putu(-) hole, puncture, perforation; (t) to
perforate, pierce it, make a hole
through it; (Ti) (i) to get a hole in
one’s sole @ putusi- || +sI-3 vv §
qilaiq-
purruq(-) (Ti) hole worn in boot sole;
(i) to get a hole in one’sole |
=ruQ(-)1 nn, vv § qilaiġñiq, aŋŋik
putruq- (Nu) (i) to be worn out, have
holes (of clothing, boats) |
=ruq(-)1 nn, nv
puttun or putuliuġun piercing tool,
awl | ‘-n vn or -liuq- nv :un1 vn
puttuqsri- (i) to understand, compre-
hend, realize; (t) to understand,
comprehend it | ‘-qsrI- nv
402
putulik- (t) to tell it =story in
sequential fragments »
quliaqtuaġnialaruŋa
putulikługu puiguqługu I am
telling the story in fragments
because I have forgotten it
| -lik- nv
puturaq- (i) to swoop down when
nearing nest (of bird) | -raq- nv §
nivi-
putuuq- (t) to create holes in it »
putuuġnagu don't put holes in it |
:uq-2 vv
putuguq big toe, the hallux | +guq rn §
see Appendix 21
putuguqsiuyuk small sea creature, a
crab » “The day after the qalegis
were closed, the umeliks and their
wives went down to Nuwuk, the
end of the Point Hope spit...before
returning, each couple found a
small creature (putuguksiu), about
as big as one’s thumb, with legs
and a shell, which they placed
with its head towards the land in a
little tent made of ice.” (Rainey:
252-3)] | +guq rn +siuq-1 nv
-yuk(-)1 vn, vv
putukkisaun stumbling block |
-kkIt- vv perhaps +[t/r]aq-3 vv
:un1 vn
putukkit- (i) to stumble »
putukkiññak don’t stumble|
-kkIt- vv
putukkuaq- (i) to stub one’s toe |
‘-aq-2 nv
putukkumiraq- (i) to walk on tiptoe |
‘-miraq-2 vv
putukiiłuk American Pipit (Anthus
rubrscens); Lapland Longspur
(Calcarius lapponicus)
putukiiłukpak Smith’s Longspur
(Calcarius pictus) | +qpak(-) nn
 putukiułuk (Nu) Lapland Longspur
(Calcarius lapponicus)
putuŋŋiaq sealskin loop sewn between
the sole and the body of boot
through which tie strings are
strung | +ŋŋIQ nn -aq2 nn
putyugiak (Nu) snowshoes with pointed
tips § puyyugiaq
Putyuutchiak or Putyuutchaak or [lit.
“two crabs” or “close together
like the thumb and forefinger
when held just a little ways
apart”] (Nu) constellation
¤Cepheus , two stars
puuguq- (Ti) to forget (her/him/it) §
piiguq-, puiguq-
puuġuq (Ti) inflated bladder sac hung in
qargi and burnt in spring before
whaling; container
puuk- (i) to become bent with age; (Ti) (i)
to fall over from a stroke, or when
fainting, etc.
puukaq- (i) to fall forward, stumble |
-kaq- vv
puumit- (i) to swim | -mit rv
puuvraaq- (i) to play in water, to go
swimming | =raaq- vv
puuvraq- (i) to swim (of human) |
=raq- vv
puuvri- (t) to chase it =animal into
water in a hunt | =rI-3 vv
puuvruq- (i) to swim with nose above
water (as polar bear); (i) to swim
on surface of water; (i) to move
slowly on surface of water »
“nakkaġaluaġani
igliġuraaqtuaq puuvruqtuq”
(Aiken 2009) [the one who travels
without submerging is one who
403
swims with its nose above water] |
=ruq- vv
puuq(-) [puguq] sealskin poke; a
container; a sac, covering (e.g.,
young grass leaf covering stem);
top edge of boot where drawstring
is inserted; caske, coffint; (t) to
wrap it; (t)(Ti) to bandage
her/him/it @ puuqsi- || +sI-3 vv
puggutaq cooking pot, pan | ‘utaq1 vn
puggutauraq plate | ‘utaq1 vn
:uraq nn
puggutauriqi- (i) to wash dishes |
‘utaq1 vn :uraq nn =Iqi-1 nv
puggutchiqi- (i) to wash dishes |
‘utaq1 vn ’=Iqi-1 nv
puugutchiqi- (Ti) (i) to wash dishes |
-utaq vn ‘=Iqi-1 nv
puuġriñġaq backpack, bag used to
carry hunting equipment, dog
chains, etc.; sled bag |
+ġrI- nv -nġaq vn
puuġruaq old sealskin poke |
+ġruaq nn
puuġu (Nu) wolf net | +ġu nn
puuġuaq(-) net for catching
medium-sized birds; (t) to use a
net to catch it =ptarmigan on land
| +ġu nn -aq(-) nv
puuġutuq- (i) to use a wolf net | +ġu
nn +tuq-3 nv
puukataq sack, large bag, suitcase,
(traditionally) a sealskin bag |
-kataq2 nn
puukatauraq purse, handbag |
-kataq2 nn :uraq nn
puukatchi- (i) to make ready a sack
of things for a trip; (t) to pack for
her/him | -kataq2 nn ‘=I-1 nv
puuksraak sleeping bag |
-ksraq(-)1 nn -k2 nn
puuksraq envelope, wrapper, paper
bag, sealskin bag; (Nu) group of
five stars | -ksraq(-)1 nn
 puuku used sack; something leftover
after its contents have been
removed | -ku(-) nn
Puuq or Puuksraq [lit. “sealskin
bag”] constellation Cetus (the
whale);“The Sealskin Bag
(pûgjaq) is the constellation
Cetus.” (Ingstad: 209-210)
puuqtaluk(-) or puuqtałuk(-) person
dressed up as part of a game;
masquerade; Halloween; (i) to
dress in a costume; (i) to celebrate
Halloween » Puuqtałuktuat
aliasuŋitchut they are having fun
at the Halloween party| +t/raq3 vn
-luk(-)2 vn, vv
puuqtui- (i) to package and wrap
items | +tuq-2 vv -II-4 v
puuqtuq- (t) to wrap it in layers |
+tuq-2 vv
puuqtuqtat wrapped items | +tuq-2 vv
4
mtaq vn
puuvsaq- (t) to kill it =wounded animal
@ puuvsai- || :I-4 vv
puuvsi- [puuvsI] (Ti) (i) to take a nap §
siqutqiksuuraq-
*puv (root) air cavity/space; swelling;
expansion of air (like filling one’s
lungs with air)
pupsaq- or puvsaq- (Ti) to rise (of
bread dough) » puvsaqtuq or
puvsaġaa the bread dough is
rising | +saq-2 vv § puvlak(-)
pupsaun (Ti) baking powder; cube of
yeast | +saq-2 rv, vv :un1 vv §
puvlagulaun
puptit- (i) to become puffy (of eyes) |
perhaps +tit-2 vv
puvak lung; (Nu) interior cavity of
sheep horn
puvagraaq (Ti) beluga whale or seal
lung | +raaq3 nn
404
puviaq bird’s crop; puffed out chest
of walrus; little bay, bight, inlet |
=Iq-1 rv ±aq1 vn
puviatchiaq ptarmigan’s crop |
=Iq-1 rv ±aq1 vn -tchiaq nn
puviġaaq balloon; swim bladder |
=Iq-1 rv +aq-1 vv ±aq1 vn §
puviuraaq(-)
puviiq- (i) to deflate; (t) to deflate it »
puviiqsuaq it deflated | =Iq-1 rv
:Iq-2 vdv
puviliñ wooden or bone mouthpiece
in navel of sealskin poke through
which skin is inflated to be used
as a float | =Iq-1 rv -liñ vn
puviq- (i) to be now inflated; (t) to
inflate it @ puviqsi- | =Iq-1 rv ||
+sI-3 vv
puviqsiñ (Nu) bellows | =Iq-1 rv
+sI-3 vv ‘-n vn § puviun
puvit- (i) to become swollen | =It-2 rv
puviun bellows, air pump | =Iq-1 rv
:un1 vn
puviuraaq or (Ti) puviuraagraq
balloon » puviuraaksrirruŋ qulit
malġuŋnik aŋutaiyaaq give the
boy twelve balloons | =Iq-1 rv
:uraaq2 vn
puviutaq(-) ivory mouthpiece placed
in navel of sealskin poke through
which skin poke is inflated to be
used as a float; cork stopper |
=Iq-1 rv -utaq(-) vv vn
puvla3 or puvlaq air bubble; gas or
air in something inflated »
“puvlaġunaaġuuruq aġviġnik;
aniġniŋa qiñiqtuni puvlałhiñaq”
(Aiken 2009) [one first notices
whales through the air bubbles;
when one watches its breathing
it’s all bubbles] | -laq rv
puvlagulaun or (Ti) puvsaun baking
powder; yeast | -lak-vv +ula-vv
+un1 vn or msak-3 rv -un1 vn
puvlak- (i) to rise (of bread dough);
(i) to bubble up; to become sour,
 developing gas bubbles (of food);
(i) to spout (of whale); (i) to have
gas from indigestion | -lak-vv
puvlaksiaq sourdough; bread dough
set aside to rise | -lak-vv +sIq-1 vv
±aq1 vn
puvlaqtuula- (i) to make bubbles
underwater | -laq- rv +tuula-vv
puvlauraq light bulb | -laq rn
-uraq nn
puvliq- (i) to become swollen with air
| -lIq-3 vv
puvliqi- (i) to suffer from excess gas
in stomach | -laq- rv =Iqi-1 nv
puvruk bubbles | +rruk rn, nn
puvviaqtuuq Pectoral Sandpiper
(Calidris melanotos);
Buff-breasted Sandpiper
(Trybgites subruficollis) | +viaq2
nn +tuuq nn § aiviqiak
puvviaqtuuyaaq Baird’s Sandpiper
(Erolia bairdii) | +viaq2 nn, rn
+tuuq nn -ayaaq1 nn
puvala- (i) to be fat and round § quiñi-
puvitquq- (t) to be bleached white (of
animal skin); (i) to get frostbitten
» “puvitquqtiłługit
nalualiuġmatun
qatiqsipkaqługit umianik
amiġuurut” (Aiken 2009) [they
put the skins on the boat for its
cover [after] letting them [skins]
be bleached white like it is done
for sealskins making them white]
§ qataak-
pivitquqsaq- (t) method of tanning
skins where the stretched-out
skins are left outside for the
freezing weather to bleach white;
(t) to freeze dry it »
“nalualiuqługit utiŋaruat
natchiit amiŋit, tuttullu
isivimmaġiksivlugit
Siqiññaasugrugmi” (Aiken 2009)
405
[they freeze dry the fermented
sealskins as well as caribou skins
into white bleached skins,
stretching them taut during
February] |
3
msaq- vv
puvitquqtaq something dried and
bleached by weather | +t/raq vn
puvitquqtit- (i) to get frostbitten from
grabbing something cold; (t) to
cause her/him/it to get frostbitten |
1
mtit- vv
puvitqusiaq fur or cloth dried by
freezing | +sI-1 vv ±aq1 vn
puvipsuk- (i) to make a squeaking or
kissing noise with the lips (of
mouse, ermine or hunter trying to
attract a fox); (i) to whistle (of
birds); (t) to make a squeaking or
kissing noise at it
puvlaq- (i) to be frightened away by a
smell (e.g., of animals by the scent
of people); (t) to frighten it
=animal away by one’s smell |
perhaps -laq- rv
puvlaq choice wolf skin piece | ~laq1 vn §
puyuġaq
puya seal oil residue [“the only things of
interest about “pooya” are its
age, the ingredients and style of
its construction, and its one great
product (according to the
Inupash) – the first man” (Driggs:
34)]; grime; sticky oil; blubber
rubbed on seams of the umiak to
make them waterproof | -ya(q) rn
puyait- (i) to not be grimy; not have
seal oil residue on it | :It-1 nv
puyat- or puyyak- (i) to become
dirty, grimy; (t) to make it grimy
with dirt | +t-2 nv ‘-k-2 nv
 puyau- (i) to be soiled, dirty, grimy | puyyugniq bruise from a pinch |
:u-3 nv +niQ1 vn
puyauq- to become dried and sticky, Puyyutchiaq constellation (this
grimy (of oil) | +uq-1 nv constellation consists of two small
stars that are either very close or
puyuġaq the middle circle of fur on a part of the constellation ¤Draco
woman’s isiġvikpaaq “sunshine Nanmatchiaq)
ruff” made from the belly skin of puyyuugaurak tweezers | -k2 nn
a wolf (located between the -gauraq nn -k2 nn
wolverine piece which is next to puyyuuk thumb and forefinger held
the face and the longer wolf fur on in opposition (acting like pincers |
the outside) » -k2 nn
“puyuġaliutisuugaat narraaŋa; puyyuun tweezers | :un1 vn
isiġvikpagaaq puyu- puyyuutik claws, pinchers of crab |
ġaliuġuugaat tainnasimik” :un1 vn -k2 nn
(Aiken 2009) [they make its
[wolf’s] belly section the middle
Q
circle of fur next to the wolverine
piece; they make an inner circle of
°qa (stem) indicates time § qakkutigun,
fur for the woman’s
qakuaglaaġnaq-, qakugu, qaŋa
isiġvikpagaaq “parka ruff” from
that kind] | +[ġ]aq nn
qaa(-) or qaaq (Nu) [qara] topside; roof;
surface; outer side of fabric;
puyuq(-) smoke from chimney; insect
cover; dorsal area of fish; (t) to
repellent powder; (i) to smoke,
construct a top surface on it »
make smoke (of fire)
“nunamik aqayaligaamik
putchuala- (i) to smoke, make smoke
qaasuugaat iglu,
| ‘-ala- vv
qaliġiiksillaavlugit
putchuallak- (i) to become intense (of
aqvaluqsivlugu ivruq,
smoke) | ‘-ala- vv ‘-k-2 vv
saatuuraaqługit 3 to 4 inches”
puyuala- or putchuala- (i) to make
(Aiken 2009) [they take the sod,
steam or smoke | -ala- vv
including the mud, and build a
puyuuġvik or (Ti, Nu) puyuġvik
roof over the house, putting the
stovepipe, chimney; smoke hole
rounded sod which has been
(of sod house kitchen) | :uq-2 vv
sliced to three to four inches,
+vIk1 vv § see Appendix 22
overlapping each other]
puyuuq- (i) to smoke (of fire or
qaagik- or qaaġik- (i) to have a good,
chimney) | -uq-2 vv
flat, smooth surface; a good,
sturdy cover | +[g]Ik- nv
puyyuk- (t) to pinch her/him/it @
qaagrak roughly filed cutting edge of
puyyui- || :I-4 vv
ulu or knife which needs
puyyuaq- (t) to pinch her/him
smoothing with a flint stone |
repeatedly @ puyyuaqłiq- |
+k1 nn +rak(-) nn
-aq-1 vv || +kłIq- vv
qaaġrait- (Nu) (i) to be smooth, even
puyyugiaq crab | +iaq1 vn
(of edge, blade) | +k1 nn
+rak(-) nn :It-1 nv

406
qaaġraq- (Nu) (i) to be rough, uneven
(of edge, blade) | +k1 nn
+rak(-) nn -q-1 nv
qaaktaq arctic cisco (Coregonus
autumnalis) | ‘-k-1 rv +t/raq vn
Qaaktuġvik Barter Island, Alaska |
‘-k-1 rv +tuq-2 vv +vIk1 vn
qaaktuq- (i) to seine | ‘-k-1 rv
+tuq-2 vv
qaaktuun seining net | ‘-k-1 rv
+tuq-2 vv :un1 vn
qaakutaq extra covering (for tent,
etc.) | +kutaq nn
qaaliġiq (Nu) fish with small hump
on back of head (found in Colville
River); (Ti) tough white fish
(Coregonus sp.) »
“aqalukpaitchiat aulalgurut
niksiktuni” (S. Tuzroyluke 2009)
[they are very large fish which
move around a lot when they are
hooked] | -liġIq nn
qaakutaq- (t) to roof it; to put a
covering on it =parka, etc. @
qaaliqsi- | -lIq-1 nv || +sI-3 vv
qaalu dried or spoiled outside part of
piece of meat; (Nu) birch bark |
+lu(q) nn § amiġaq
qaaluku snipped-off, dried or spoiled
outer part of meat | +lu(q) nn
+ku nn
qaalutuq- (i) to eat the outside part of
a piece of dried meat | +lu(q) nn
+tuq-3 nv
qaaminniq area covered by newly
flowing liquid; overflow water
from crack in ice on river or ocean
| -mit nv +niQ1 vn
qaamit- (i) to emerge and flow
spreading over a surface (of
liquid); (i) to seep upwards
through a crack and overflow on
top of ice (of water)| +mit nv
qaamniq or qaaptinniq water
overflowing from crack in ice;
407
water-filled hole in ice | +mniQ nn
or mtit-1 vv +niQ1 vn
qaanaaq [qaanaraq] cave eroded in
ice or land; eaves | -naaq3 nn
qaanarri- to scoop out a hollow place
in (it =snowbank) | -naaq3 nn
‘=I-1 nv
qaaniq space under sleeping platform
(in sod house); empty space under
something, e.g., hollow in
snowbank; (Nu) gentle slope at
base of mountain where it levels
off to a plain » qaanġagun
igluliruagut we built a house at
the base of the mountain | +niQ1
nn § see Appendix 22
qaannak- (i) to receive a share of the
whale tongue | -nnak- nv
qaaŋiq- (i) to pass by; (t) to go over it
=the limit; (i) to be past, done
with; (t) to pass by, overlook, omit
her/him/it; (t) to surpass
her/him/it; (t) to become taller
than her/him @ qaaŋii- »
aapiyani qaaŋiŋagaa he is taller
than his older brother;
“Taavrumiŋauvva
qaaŋiigaluaġniqsuŋa.” (Nageak
1975: 56) [I omitted this one
but…] | +ŋIq- nv ||-I-4 vv
qaaŋiqsaaq- (i) to pass, go by without
stopping; (Ti) (i) to pass by; (t) to
pass, go by her/him/it without
stopping; (Ti) (t) to pass by
her/him/it | +ŋIq- nv -saaq-1 vn
qaaŋiqsit- (t) to bequeath it |
+ŋIq- nv mtit- vv
qaaŋiulaak- or qaaŋiułaak- (t) to
surpass her/him/it by quite a bit;
(i) to go beyond one’s goal | +ŋIq-
nv -u-2 vv + laak- vv
qaaŋiummati- (i) to stay ahead; (i) to
surpass all others | +ŋIq- nv -u-2 vv
-mmaq(-) vv –ti- vv
qaaŋiuti- (t) to be delinquent, past
due (of bill to be paid, action); to
 take her/him/it past the goal or
destination | +ŋIq- nv :uti- vv §
killi
qaapaaksimaaq- (i) to sit on chair
with legs crossed at the knees and
with arms crossed; (t) to sit on
chair with them =legs crossed at
the knees and arms crossed |
-paak- nv +simaaq- vv
qaapiaq highest point | -piaq(-)2 nn
qaapkaġniq (Ti) depression in sea ice
filled with water | +pkaq- vv
+niQ1 vn § qaatchiñiq
qaapquak two twigs used to prop
open an owl or ptarmigan snare |
-pquaq nn -k2 nn § aŋarrat
qaaptit- (i) to spread over a surface
(of liquid); to overflow from a
crack in ice (of water) | -ptit- vv
qaaq or qarraaq skin mattress,
mattress, mat | -rraaq nn § ikuvġaq
qaat- (t) to cut it =sod in thin pieces
for house roof | +t-2 nv
qaataq thin piece of sod for house
roof | +t-2 nv +aq1 vn
qaatchiaq the top, highest level |
-tchiaq nn
qaatchiñ bone pick with wooden
handle for cutting sod | +t-2 nv
-sI-3 vv -n1 vn
qaatchiaġaq- (i) to travel on top of
the waves with a boat, or to walk
along the top of a ridge |
-tchiaq nn +aq-4 nv
qaatchiñiq (Ti) depression in sea ice
filled with water | +tchI- vv
+niQ1 vn § qaapkaġniq
qaati upper, front part of boot
(covering the top of the foot to the
front of the ankle) | -ti1 nn
408
qaatikit- to be narrow (of feet, of
upper front part of boot) | -ti1 nn
-kIt- nv
qaatitu- (i) to be wide (of feet, of
upper front part of boot) | -ti1 nn
-tu- nv
qaġviŋit- (i) to not surface, emerge »
“aġvili-qiruni satkummarruŋ
aġviq kivimman, tavra
qaġviŋitchuq, puptaŋitchuq,
kiviruq” (Matumeak 2009) [when
whaling and a whale is struck and
it sinks, then it does not surface; it
does not float, it sinks] | -q-1 vv
+viq(-) vv ±ŋIt- vv
qaliġiiksitaq- (t) to pile, stack them |
-liQ vn +[g]iik(-) nn,nv mtit-1 vv
±aq1 vn
qaliġiiksimaaq- (i) to sit on floor
with ankles crossed | -liQ vn
+[ġ]iik- nv +simaaq- vv
¤qaliġluk(-) (Ti) scab; (i) to form a
scab | -[g]luk(-) vn § amiġluk
qaliġuaq outer clothing, outer cover,
sweater; fabric blanket, quilt, bed-
spread; shawl | -liQ rn -ġuaq1 nn
qaliġuuraq(-) dress; shirt; to put a
dress or shirt on (her/him) |
-liQ rn -ġuaq nn =uraq nn §
kapitaġuq, qitauraq
qalipquaq (Ti) shirt | -pquaq nn §
kapitaġuq
qaliq(-) top covering; rust; (i) to rust |
-liQ rn
qalli scab | -liQ rn ‘=I-1 nv
qalliġiik(-) or (Nu) qalliġik- two
things lying one on top of the
other; (i) to lie one on top of the
other | -liQ rn +[g]iik(-) nv
qalliñaaq upper eyelid | -liQ rn
-naaq3 vn
qalliñiaq- (Nu) to pile up fish |
-liQ rn +niaq(-) nv § qaluusiñiaq-
qalliq(-) outermost part, top part,
topmost one; (i) to be now
 covered; (t) to cover, top
her/him/it with something |
-llIQ rn
qalliqpiaq highest point; topmost
object | -llIQ rn +piaq(-)2 nn
qarġun seine (long fish net dragged
behind boat) » “iqaluit
qargutinik pisuugait taavuŋa
nuqiłługu qargun kuvrakkaluaq
tavra qaaktu-ġuurut;
Qaaktuġvik tavra qaaktuġviat”
(Aiken 2009) [the fish are caught
with surface nets, pulling the
surface net over and that is how
they [fishermen] fish on the
surface; Barter Island is where
they do the surface netting for
fish] | -ġut- nv ‘-n vn
qarġut- (i) to fly over the top surface;
(t) to fly over its top surface |
-ġut- nv
qarġutaurraq- to bid higher | -ġut- nv
+t/raq-1vv -urraq- vv § nallitchi-,
atqunałhaaq-
qarraaq or qaaq skin mattress; mat-
tress; mat | -rraaq nn
qarviq- to position (her/him/it) above
something » “… avataiqługu
nuqinnaptigu, niaqua
qarviqługu,
qakitqaallagruaġikput.”
(Bodfish: 240) [… as we pulled it
out after removing the floats, we
placed its head up (on the ice) and
with great effort pulled its head up
first] | +viQ(-) nn
qasalluq thick cottonwood bark; scab
| -salluq nn § pannaġluk(-)
qatchik- (i) to stand out, be higher
than others | ~sIk-1 vv
qatchimaraaġuraq small mound
|~sIk-1 vv -maraaq vn :uraq nn
qatchiniq (Ti) cave | ~sIk-1 vv
+niQ1 vn § qaanaaq
409
qatchiraaq(-) curved mound, raised
area; protuberance; (i) to protrude|
~sIk-1 vv -raaq1 vn
*qaa (root) repulsion
qaaliŋa- (i) to hesitate to touch
something from which one can
become soiled, stained, dirty; (i)
to be reluctant to butcher animals |
-lIq-3 vv ±ŋa- vv
qaaliŋagi- (t) to be repulsed,
disgusted by her/him/it | -lIq-3 vv
±ŋa- vv +[g]I- vdv
qaaliqta- (i) to feel repulsed by
something disgusting; (i) to
shudder with revulsion | -lIq-3 vv
-qta- vv
qaatchiŋa- (i) to feel uncomfortable
from wearing wet or dirty
clothing, or being in a dirty place |
+tchiŋa- vv
qaayuġi- (Ti) (t) to be squeamish
about her/him/it | +yuq rn
+[g]i- nv
qaa (Ti) ventral surface of whale under
jaw toward “chest” (this share is
taken by the second boat that
assits in the whale kill) or
(“divided between the fourth and
fifth boat to strike the whale”:
Foote 32) § utchik
qaallak- (i) to be startled, give a shout
when startled
qaallai- (t) to startle her/him/it | -I-6 vv
qaallaksaq- (t) to try to scare, startle
her/him/it | msaq-3 vv
*qaama (root) optimism, elation,
confidence
qaamagi- (t) to agree with her/him; to
be agreeable about it; to have
confidence in her/him | +[g]i- rv
qaamanaq- (i) to be acceptable,
agreeable, favorable | +naq(-) rv
 qaamasuk- (i) to feel happy enough
to feel like working (usually after
feeling depressed, sad) | -suk-2 rv
qaamatchak- (i) to start to feel like
working; (i) to become elated |
-tchak- rv
qaaq- or qaaqtuq- (i) to caw (of raven)
qaaq(-) [qaġaq] marijuana; (i) to burst,
explode; to smoke marijuana;
(Nu) (i) to crash against the shore
(of wave, sea), to break (of
waves); (t) to make it pop or burst
qaaġaun whaling bomb | +aq-1 vv
:un1 vn
qaaġiaq hernia | +iaq1 vn
qaaġirriq- (i) to develop a hernia »
“qaaġianikkami tavra” (Aiken
2009) [that’s when he gets a
hernia] | =rrIq-2 nv
qaaqsruġniq or (Ti) qaaġruq blister
on skin | mqsruq-2 nv +niQ1 vn or
+ruq vn
qaaqsruq- (i) to blister (of skin) |
2
mqsruq- nv
qaaqtaq(-) breaker on shore; to break
on shore (of waves) | +t/raq vn
qaġaaq- (t) to make them explode; (i)
to burst, explode (of multiple
items) » qaġaaġai puviuraat he
is bursting the balloons one by
one | -aq-1 vv
qaat- (t) to cut it =sod in thin pieces for
house roof < qaa(-)1
qaataq thin piece of sod for house roof
< qaa(-)1
qaatchiñ bone pick with wooden handle
for cutting sod < qaa(-)1
qaatiq piece of bone between harpoon
shaft and point
410
°qag (dem. stem) out there (extended and
visible) § °pag (dem. stem)
qaani located out there (extended and
visible) | +anI (dem. loc.)
qaaniit- (i) to be located out there
(extended and visible) | +anI (dem.
loc.) it- “to be”
qaaŋŋa from out there (extended and
visible) | +aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
qaaŋŋamiñ from that direction out
there (extended and visible) |
+aŋŋa (dem. abl.) ÷miñ (abl.)
qaaŋŋaq- (i) to come from out there
(extended and visible) | +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.) +q-3 dv
qagga out there (extended and visible)
| ‘a (dem. adv. mkr.)
qagna or qaŋna [dual qakkuak, pl.
qakkua] that one out there; the
outside environment (extended
and visible) | +na (dem. abs. pron.
sg. mkr.)
qaktuma or qaksruma or qagruma
[dual qakkuak, pl. qakkua] that
one out there (extended and
visible) | +tuma (dem. rel. pron.
sg. mkr.)
qaktumani or qaksrumani or
qagrumani [dual qakkugnagni,
pl. qakkunani] located with that
one out there (extended and
visible) | +tum (dem. rel. pron. sg.
mkr.) +anI (dem. loc.)
qaktumaŋŋa or qaksrumaŋŋa or
qagrumaŋŋa [dual qakkugnaŋŋa,
pl. qakkunaŋŋa] from that one out
there (extended and visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.)
qaktumatun or qaksrumatun or
qagrumatun [dual qakkugnaktun,
pl. qakkunatitun] similar to that
one out there (extended and
visible) | +tum (dem. rel. pron. sg.
mkr.) +atun (dem. sim.)
 qaktumiŋa or qaksrumiŋa or
qagrumiŋa [dual qakkugniŋa, pl.
qakkuniŋa] that one out there
(extended and visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +iŋa
(dem. mod.)
qaktumuŋa or qaksrumuŋa or
qagrumuŋa [dual qakkugnuŋa,
pl. qakkunuŋa] to that one out
there (extended and visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +uŋa
(dem. term.)
qaktumuuna or qaksrumuuna or
qagrumuuna [dual qakkugnuuna,
pl. qakkunuuna] via that one out
there; with that one out there
(extended and visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +uuna
(dem. via.)
qauna via, through out there
(extended and visible) | uuna
(dem. via.)
qaunnaaq- (i) to go via, through out
there (extended and visible) |
+uuna (dem. via.) ‘.q- dv
qauŋa to out there (extended and
visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.)
qauŋanmun towards out there
(extended and visible) | +uŋa
(dem. term.) +nmun (term.)
qauŋaq- (i) to go out there (extended
and visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.)
+q-3 dv
qaggaq(-) wave which breaks on shore, a
breaker; (i) to break on shore (of
wave) » “supisaġami qaggaġuu-
ruq kuuk” (Aiken 2009) [there
are waves on the shores of a river
when it is about to flow] § qaaq(-),
iŋiulik < qaa1
qaggaġuqtit- (t) to make waves (esp.,
of whale) | +uq-1 nv mtit-1 vv
qaggattuq- to make waves (e.g., of
whale); to become rough (of sea) |
-ttuq- vv
411
qaggiuq- (i) to travel through rough
water, waves | ‘=iuq-2 nv
qagguvik daybreak, dawn < qau-1
qaglu or qaglugruaq deep water hole
under ice in the river, good for
setting nets; deepest part of river »
“iqalugniaġuurut qagluni
kuugni kuugaurani;
qagluqaġuurut iġġiñiñ kuugit
qairuat atausiŋŋuġman John
River” (Hugo 2009) [they fish in
the deep water holes under the ice
in rivers, in streams; there are
always deep water holes under the
ice in the rivers which flow from
the mountains when they
converge into the John River];
“taġiuq qagluitchuq; kuugut
kisimik qagluqaqtut; kuugit
itiruaŋit” (Aiken 2009) [the ocean
does not have deep water holes in
the shallow waters under the ice;
only rivers have deep water holes
in the shallow waters under the
ice; the deep parts of rivers] |
+lu(q) nn
¤qagluluktuaq very deep part of river
| +lu(q) nn -luk(-)1 vv +t/ruaq vn
qagraluk- (Ti) (i) to be rough, choppy (of
body of water) | +luk-1 nv
¤qagrugaun (Ti) a woman’s belt worn
when packing baby on back |
:uti1 vn § tavsi, qaksruq-
Qagruq(-) (Ti) first day of whaling
festival when the boats are
placed on a whale’s skull < qaki-
¤qagrugautaiyaun (Ti) song sung to an
aġvaalik “female bowhead whale
with a calf” to cause her calf to
 slide off her back and slow her
down < qaki
qagruġvik (Ti) place where whaling
celebration is held < qaki
qagrurauraaqtuq (Ti) wolverine with
patches of white fur on sides »
“nakuullallaktuq
kipitauraaqtuaq; amaġut
kalagigmata” (C. Tuzroyluke
2009) [it is very good when it
(wolf skin) has patches of white
fur on its sides; when the wolf
skins have good patterns]
qagvaq- to rise (of sun); (i) to rise to
surface; (t) to bring it to the
surface from underground < qaki-
qaġa-1 (i) to live a carefree, easy
existence provided by someone
else; (i) to take it easy; (i) to not
do any work, be idle, lazy
qaġagi- (t) to accomplish it easily,
without effort » “tavra aula-
qamik nukatchai uuktuqtit-
kaluaġaġigaa aqpaqruqtillugu
uqilaitchuq, aquanillu
ayuuqsiġataqlugu
malikataqlugu qaġagigaa”
after they depart he made his
younger brother practice running,
but he is not a fast runner; he
[older brother] even let him [the
younger brother] get a running
start then run after him, but he
catches him easily (Bergsland
1987: 329) | +[g]i- vv
qaġait- (i) to be ambitious, energetic,
industrious, waste no time |
:It-1 vv
qaġapkaq- (t) to provide life’s
necessities for her/him | -pkaq-1 vv
qaġanaq- (i) to be easy to do; (i) to be
so helpful that another hardly
412
needs to do any work; (i) to be
effortless | +naq(-) vv
qaġasilaaq- (t) to make her/his life
easier, caring for her/him |
+silaaq- vv
qaġa-2 (Nu) to make arm signals to
(her/him), indicating that one has
sighted caribou
qaġaaq- (t) to make them explode; (i) to
burst, explode (of multiple items)
< qaaq(-)2
qaġasaq brain § qaqasaq, qaqisaq
qaġiaq storage hole in hallway of sod
house | perhaps +iaq3 n § iliqpik
¤qaġġaq (Nu) upriver end of an island §
kaŋiq
¤qaġligiruaġivsi (excl.) “I woke up
before all of you”
*qaġlik (root) one leg of a pair of pants
qaġliik man’s knee pants; fur
breeches with fur inside; men’s
fur breeches, ankle-length and
tapered at bottom with a
drawstring; sweatpants; (Ti)
women’s underpants | -k2 nn
qaġliaġruuk (Ti) waterproof sealskin
breeches | -aġruk nn
qaġlialuuk (Ti) man’s fur knee pants |
-aluk vv -k2 nn
qaġlialuurak or ¤qaġligugaurak (Ti)
man’s underpants (traditionally
with fur inside) | -aluk vv :uraq nn
‘-k2 nn or -guq rn -gauraq nn
-k2 nn
qaġlilik [lit.“one with knee pants,
breeches”] (Ti) mature male
whale with white section at base
of flukes » “Qaġliliŋmik
atiqaġaat. Uataani uvani…
 ilaŋa qatiqtaaŋuvluni,
qaġliqaqtuatun illuni. Aŋirruk
qatiqtaamik maktaniglutik.”
(David Frankson as reported by
Pulu, Sampson, Newlin:69) [they
call it qaġlilik; on the sides of the
whale’s ventral surface towards
the base of the whale’s tail and its
flukes…is a white (pattern)
resembling knee pants; the base of
the whale’s tail, between the
flukes being white maktak]
| -lik nn
qaġliurak or qaġliuraak bloomers,
panties, woman’s underwear |
:uraq nn -k2 nn
qaġliviik (Nu) short knickers (above
the knee) | -vIk2 nn -k2 nn
¤qaġliuraq (Nu) reindeer moss (fine
texture) | :uraq nn
qaġlunnak- (Ti) (i) to get the lip part of
the whale as a share (usu. by third
boat assisting in whale kill) §
qaqłu
Qaġmaqtuuq the clan house of the
Qaġmaqtuut » talvuŋa qalgim
saniġaanun Qaġmaqtuum by
the side of the Qaġmaqtuut’s
community house (Kiligvak: 52)
Qaġmaqtuut an association or clan
members of house Qaġmaqtuuq
(whose membership was primarily
determined by birth and by
whaling crew membership) in
Point Hope, Alaska » ilamiñun
Qaġmaqtuuqatiimiñun
tamarra qiññuaqtuutivluŋa
maniŋmik he went to his fellow
members of the Qaġmaqtuut and
begged for me for money
(Kiligvak: 69) § qargI,
Uŋasiksikaat
413
qaġruq arrow, bullet, cartridge, any
projectile | perhaps +ruq n <
perhaps qaaq(-)
qaġri- to make arrows for (her/him);
to make (it) into arrows | ‘=I-1 nv
qaġriġaġnaq- (i) to be a bolt action or
breech-loading firearm that ejects
a used cartridge and closes the
breech | ‘=Iq-1 nv +aq-1 vv
qaġriq- (i) to load bullets in gun; (t)
to load it =gun | ‘=Iq-1 nv
qaġriqsuq- (t) to load it =gun with
ammunition @ qaġriqsui- »
qaġriqsuġaa supputini
sukaisuuramik he is loading his
own gun slowly | ‘=Iq-1 nv
+tuq-2 vv || :I-4 vv
qaġruksraun lead for making bullets
| -ksraun nn
qaġrupiaq or (Nu) qaġriviaq arrow »
“taamna Pisiksuġliq
aŋuniaqtipiaġataq, tuttuniglu
imnaiñiglu,
qaġruvialuktuqhuni” that
Pisiksuġliq was a great hunter of
caribou and sheep using arrows
(Bergsland 1987: 302) |
-piaq(-)1 nn or -viaq2 nn
qaġruq sululik feathered arrow |
-lik nn
qaġruqaġvik ammunition case;
quiver | -qaq- nv +vIk1 vn
qaġruqsaq(-) skin-covered fishhook
left in water; (Nu) long anchor
fishhook used for lush, ling cod;
(i) to fish with a skin-covered
hook left in water | ‘saq(-) vn, rv
qaġruuraqtuun shotgun | :uraq nn
+tuq3 nv :un1 vn
qaġruurat buckshot | :uraq nn
-t nn
qaġviŋit- (i) to not surface < qaa(-)1
qai- [qaġI] to come (toward her/him/it) »
“Tuvaaq qikaaqsiruq. Tuttut
 tavra qaigaat paŋalikłutiŋ. The
hunter begins to stand still. The
caribou come galloping upon
[toward] him.” (Ahmaogak &
Webster: 27)
qaġġirri- (i) to bring something »
nukatpiaq qaġġirriruaq suumik
the young man brought soup |
‘-rrI- rn, rv
qaġġisi- or qaġġisuuti- (t) to bring
her/him/it @ qaġġirri- or
qaġġisuurri- | ‘- ti- vv or ‘- ti- vv
:uti- vv || ~rI-5 vv
qaiguq- (i) to continue to come; (i) to
bounce back and forth (of echo);
to resonate, resound (of sound) |
:uq-2 vv
qaikallaŋit- (i) to not come right
away | ±kallaŋIt- vv
qaiñmun (adv.) hither, to here, this
way | +nmun (term case)
qaiŋitchaq- (i) would not come each
time » “Tainna tarva
payugman qaiŋitchaqtuġlu.”
(Ahvakana: 2) [time and again,
he would not come when she
brought food] | ±ŋIt- vv
+[t/r]aq-3 vv
qaiqattaaq- (i) to come to visit |
-qattaaq- vv
qaiqsruq- (t) to ask, urge her/him to
come @ qaiqsrui- | mqsruq-2 vv ||
:I-4 vv
qaisaaġaq- (Ti) to gust, to blow in
gusts and then die down (of wind)|
3 1 1
msaq- vv -aq- vv +-aq- vv
qaisaġnamiñ ilumuktuuraaqtuaq
saġvaq current from the
northwest § see Appendix 14
qaisaġnaq ocean current originating
in the west flowing toward shore
(which brings ice to shore)|
3 2
msaq- vv +naq nv § see Appendix
14
qaisaġniq- (i) to flow from west (of
ocean current) | msaq-3 vv
414
+nIq-2 nv
qaisaq- (i) to be coming | +saq-2 vv
qaisuupiksuaq- (i) to come more
frequently or on a more
predictable basis than others |
+[s]uu- vv -piksuaq- vv
qaitqu- (t) to ask her/him to come |
-[t]qu vv
qaitquuq- (t) to urge her/him to come
| -[t]qu vv -.q-1 vv
qaivaksaq- (t) to attract it =animal by
imitating its call; (t) to try to
attract them to continue coming »
qaivaksaġaa he is inducing it to
come to him | -vak2 vv msaq-3 vv
qaipkai- or (Ti) qaivsai- (i) to invite
others (to dance, to dinner, etc…);
¤(Ti) (i) to hold an invitational
dance | -vsak- vv -I-6 vv §
aiyugaaq-, qaipkai-
qaiyaa- (i) to come en masse (of
people or animals) | -yaa- vv
qai (Nu) wave (of ocean)
qaigiuq- (Ti) (i) to travel over rough
seas | ‘=iuq-2 nv
qailiñiq piece of ivory washed up on
shore; old ivory | +liñiQ
qailliaqsruk(-) or qailliaġruk(-)
ripple on water; (i) to ripple, be
disturbed (of water) | +llIQ rn
-aġruk nn -k-1 nv
qailliġuq- to develop (of waves on
ocean) | +llIQ rn +[ġ]uq-1 nv
qailliq(-) wave on ocean; (i) to have
waves (of ocean) | +llIQ rn
qailliuq- (i) to travel through rough
water; (i) to fly through turbulent
weather | +llIQ rn ‘=iuq-2 nv
qaivlik(-) a wave produced by a
passing boat; (i) to have waves
caused by a passing boat (of
water) | -vlik(-) nv
qaiġulik [dual qaiġullak, pl. qaiġulgit]
ribbon seal (Histriophoca
 fasciata) § qairaliq, qairaliuraq,
qayaġulik
qaiġułuk (Nu) or qaiġusuk cave §
qaanaaq
qaiġuq- (i) to make a loud, echoing sound
| perhaps +ġuq-2 nv
qaiġuatit- (i) to echo loudly; (t) to
cause it =echo to reverberate
loudly | -ak- vv -tit-2 vv
qaiġuatitaq- (i) to echo, reverberate;
(t) to be so loud as to make its
=sound reverberate | -ak-vv
-tit-2 vv +aq-1 vv
qaiġuq bark (of tree); (Nu) shelf in oven
qaimġuq first shore ice in fall |
+mġuQ vn § qai, qaimŋuq
qaimŋuq white frozen edge of a body of
water; frozen foam on beach; (Ti)
smooth ice parallel to shore, a
cake of ice smoothed by spray §
qaimġuq, qai
qaimŋuli- to make ice on shore in fall
(of breakers) | -lI-1 nv
qaiŋŋiq [qaiŋŋIq] Green-winged Teal
(Anas carolinensis) | +ŋŋIQ
qaiq- (i) to be smooth, flat, level; (i) to be
qairaliq (Ti) young seal in spring; young,
straight (of hair) § manik-
qaiġiit- or (Nu) qaiġit- (i) to be
rough, not smooth | +[g]iit- nv or
:It-1 vdv
qaiġilġuq (Nu) ripple on ice | :It-1 vdv
±ġuq vn
qaiġilliuq- (Ti) (i) to travel over rough
terrain; (i) to bounce, jolt along |
:illiuq- vdv
qaiġilu ice with irregular surface
features, partly rough and partly
smooth (Harcharek: 14) | perhaps
+lu(q) n
415
qaiqsaaq anything level, flat, or
straight, e.g ice on river or ocean,
horizontally blowing snow, hair »
“natiġnallu marra qaiqsaanik
taiguġuugai; ivuŋaitchuaġlu
siku” (Aiken 2009) [large
expanses of low land are called
flat; also ice which has not formed
pressure ridges] | +taaq vn -t nn
qaiqsaq- (t) to iron, press, or sand it
to make smooth @ qaiqsai- |
3 4
msaq- vv || :I- vv
qaiqsatit- (i) to be flat on one’s back,
fast asleep | +satit- vv
qaiqsaun pressing iron; tool used to
smooth something | msaq-3 vv
:un1 vn
qaiqsuaqtat smooth ice between
areas of rough ice (Harcharek:
14) | +t/ruaq vn -t nn
qaiqsautit (Nu) brush, hairbrush |
3 1
msaq- vv :un vn -t nn § illaigutit
qaiqsuuraq smooth area »
“Kiluptigun qaiqsuurakun
tavruuna qaaqtuq.” (Bodfish:
240) [just behind us in a smooth
area it (bomb) exploded] |
+t/uuraq1 vn
qaivaġniq flat, round cakes of ice
frozen together (Harcharek: 14) |
perhaps +vaq- vv +niQ1 vn
male bowhead whale which
comes north for first time
qairaliġruaq large male bowhead
whale with a large head longer
than the body, with a tongue
usually twenty feet in length (this
whale is usually fifty-seven to
sixty-five feet in length)
(Harcharek: 26) |
+ġruaq nn
qairaliuraq (Ti) young seal |
:uraq nn
 qairalliq two-year-old male bowhead
whale
qairalliuraq small male bowhead
whale usually twenty-four feet in
length (Harcharek: 27) |
qait- (i) to give oneself up, surrender,
give up; (t) to give her/him/it
away; (t) to give it =report @
qaitchi- || +sI-3 vv
qaisaġi- (t) for it to be an item that
she/he gives away | ±t/raq(-)4 vn
+[g]i- nv
qaisaq something given | ±t/raq(-)4 vn
qaisaksraq something to be given, a
report | ±t/raq(-)4 vn -ksraq1 nn
qaitchisuu- (i) to give, distribute,
hand out, mete items (including
jail sentences) | +sI-3 vv +[s]uu- vv
qaki- (i) to climb out of water; (i) to come
up on shore (of boat); (i) to win in
a game; (i) to accumulate enough
wealth so that one’s chances of
survival are no longer precarious;
(i) to become uppity, stuck-up; (i)
to adopt a condescending attitude
toward “former” peers (after
acquiring money, new status, etc.)
qagniq person who has accumulated
enough wealth to eliminate worry
about survival | ~niQ1 vn
¤qagrugautaiyaun (Ti) song sung to
an aġvaalik “female bowhead
whale with a calf” to cause her
calf to slide off her back and slow
her down | mqsruq-2 vv -aq-1 vv
:uti1 vn :iyaq- nv -un1 vn
qagruġvik (Ti) place where whaling
celebration is held; first day of
whaling festival when the
successful whaling captain’s boat
is hoisted onto a platform with
one flag representing each whale
caught | mqsruq-2 vv +vIk1 vn §
Nalukataq
416
Qagruq(-) (Ti) first day of whaling
festival when the boats are
placed on a whale’s skull,
traditionally only the men and
boys attend the placing of the
boats on the whale’s skull, the
women brought the food, usually
fermented whale meat and maktak
and doughnuts; the only women
on the scene were whaling captain
wives and their helpers
(Kinneeveauk 2008); (i) to
celebrate the first day of the
whaling festival | mqsruq-2 vv
§ qaki-, qak- sruq-, IgautaġvIk,
Avarriqivik
qagvaq- to rise (of sun); (i) to rise to
surface; (t) to bring it to surface
from underground | ~vaq- vv
Qakirut the first day of whaling
celebration when tea, fermented
whale meat and maktak, coffee,
cakes, and doughnuts are served »
| +t/rut vv (3ps Indic.) §
Avarriqirut, Igauqtut
qakirvik shelf; (Nu) hook for hanging
clothing | +t-1 vv +vIk1 vn
qakisatit- (i) to beach (on shore)
forcefully (of boat) | +satit- vv
qakit- (t) to put it up, as on a shelf; to
pull it =boat up onto shore or ice
@ qakitchi- » qakirruŋ
tamanna savik niġġiviŋmun
please put the knife up on the
table| +t-1 nv || +sI-3 vv
qakima- (i) to be placed up, as on a
shelf | +ma-1 vv
qakpik or qakitpik or qakpiuraq
shelf; wall cache or alcove (in
entryway of “kataligaaq,” sod
house) | =qpIk vn or +t-1 vv
+qpik vn or =qpIk vn :uraq nn §
iliqpik
qaksri or qakimaruaq sea mammal
on top of ice | ~rI vn or +ma-1 vv
+t/ruaq vn
 qaksrukkak- (i) to pull clothing up
and tie it with a belt so as not to
soil or wet lower part | mqsruq-2 vv
-kkak- vv
qaksruq- (i) to bring umiak from
whaling camp back toward the
village parking it on the ice in
front of the village; (i) to return
from whaling out on the ice (of
person or boat) | mqsruq-2 vv §
apuġautituq-
qaksrugautaq (Nu) belt used when
packing baby on back inside the
parka | -gaq- vv -utaq vn
qaksruġautituq- (i) to serve food to
crew and others on beach after a
successful whale hunt (also a sign
that whaling season is over)
| ~qsruq-2 vv -ak- vv :uti1 vn
+tuq-3 nv
qakuma- (Ti) (i) to bask, lie out on
ice, rock, land (of seal or walrus)
» qakumaruaq pisiktaġa I shot
the one basking on the ice |
:ma-1 vv
qakummavik place to spend time out
of water; floating platform |
:ma-1 vv +vIk1 vn § aniuyyaq
°qakim (dem. stem) out there in the shed
or in the neighbor’s house (not
visible to speaker or listener who
are inside another house) § °qag
(dem. stem), °qam (dem. stem)
qakimna [dual qakipkuak, pl.
qakipkua] that one out there in the
shed or in the neighbor’s house
(not visible to speaker or listener
who are inside another house) |
+na (dem. abs. pron. sg. mkr.)
qakiptuma or qakivsruma or
qakivruma [dual qakipkuak, pl.
qakipkua] that one out there in the
shed or in the neighbor’s house
(not visible to speaker or listener
417
who are inside another house) |
+tuma (dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
qakiptumani or qakivsrumani or
qakivrumani [dual
qakipkugnagni, pl. qakipkunani]
located with that one out there in
the shed or in the neighbor’s
house (not visible to speaker or
listener who are inside another
house) | +tum (dem. rel. pron. sg.
mkr.) +anI (dem. loc.)
qakiptumaŋŋa or qakivsrumaŋŋa
or qakivrumaŋŋa [dual
qakipkugnaŋŋa, pl. qakipkunaŋŋa]
from that one out there in the shed
or in the neighbor’s house (not
visible to speaker or listener who
are inside another house) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.)
qakiptumatun or qakivsrumatun or
qakivrumatun [dual
qakipkugnaktun, pl.
qakipkunatitun] similar to that one
out there in the shed or in the
neighbor’s house (not visible to
speaker or listener who are inside
another house) | +tum (dem. rel.
pron. sg. mkr.) +atun (dem. sim.)
qakiptumiŋa or qakivsrumiŋa or
qakivrumiŋa [dual qakipkugniŋa,
pl. qakipkuniŋa] with that one out
there in the shed or in the
neighbor’s house (not visible to
speaker or listener who are inside
another house) | +tum (dem. rel.
pron. sg. mkr.) +iŋa (dem. mod.)
qakiptumuŋa or qakivsrumuŋa or
qakivrumuŋa [dual
qakipkugnuŋa, pl. qakipkunuŋa]
to that one out there in the shed or
in the neighbor’s house (not
visible to speaker or listener who
are inside another house) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +uŋa
(dem. term.)
qakiptumuuna or qakivsrumuuna
or qakivrumuuna [dual
qakipkugnuuna, pl.
qakipkunuuna] via that one out
there in the shed or in the
neighbor’s house; with that one
out there in the shed or in the
neighbor’s house (not visible to
speaker or listener who are inside
another house) | +tum (dem. rel.
pron. sg. mkr.) +uuna (dem. via.)
qaŋma out there in the shed or the
neighbor’s house (not visible to
speaker or listener who are inside
another house) | ‘a (dem. adv.
mkr.)
qaŋmani located out there in the shed
or the neighbor’s house (not
visible to speaker or listener who
are inside another house) | +anI
(dem. loc.)
qaŋmaniit- (i) to be located out there
in the shed or the neighbor’s
house (not visible to speaker or
listener who are inside another
house) | +anI (dem. loc.) it- “to
be”
qaŋmaŋŋa from the shed or the
neighbor’s house (not visible to
speaker or listener who are inside
another house) | +aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
qaŋmaŋŋamiñ from the direction of
the shed or the neighbor’s house
(not visible to speaker or listener
who are inside another house) |
+aŋŋa (dem. abl.) ÷miñ (abl.)
qaŋmaŋŋaq- (i) to come from the
shed or the neighbor’s house (not
visible to speaker or listener who
are inside another house) | +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.) +q-3 dv
qaŋmuŋa to the shed or the
neighbor’s house (not visible to
speaker or listener who are inside
another house) | +uŋa (dem. term.)
418
qaŋmuŋanmun towards the shed or
the neighbor’s house (not visible
to speaker or listener who are
inside another house) | +uŋa (dem.
term.) +nmun (term.)
qaŋmuŋaq- (i) to go to the shed or
the neighbor’s house (not visible
to speaker or listener who are
inside another house) | +uŋa (dem.
term.) +q-3 dv
qaŋmuuna by way of the shed or the
neighbor’s house (not visible to
speaker or listener who are inside
another house) | +uuna (dem. via.)
qaŋmuunnaaq- (i) to go by way of
the shed or the neighbor’s house
(not visible to speaker or listener
who are inside another house) |
+uuna (dem. via.) ‘.q-4 dv
qakiq-1 (t) to become rancid (of seal oil)
qakiġñiliq- (i) to become rancid (of
seal oil) | +nIt-2 vv -lIq-3 vv
qakiġñiq rancid meat or oil whose
sharp odor or taste stings the nose
or throat | +niQ1 vn
qakiġñit- (i) to taste or smell rancid,
bad; (i) to irritate the throat (of
rancid oil) | +nIt-2 vv
qakilanaq- (i) to taste sharp and
rancid | -la- vv +naq(-) vv, vn
qakiŋa- (i) to be rancid | ±ŋa- vv
qakkiññaqsi- to become bitter, acrid,
strong-tasting| ‘=It-2 vv
+naq(-) vv +sI-1 vv
qakkit- (i) to get a acrid, sharp taste in
one’s mouth, as from old seal oil |
‘=It-2 vdv
qakiq-2 (t) to hit her/him/it on chin with
fist @ qakiqsi- || +sI-3 vv
qakiġlugun (Ti) beard on chin; (Nu)
something under the chin (e.g.,
whiskers of man or feathers of
ptarmigan) | +lugun nn § umik
 qakiġlugusi- (Nu) (i) to get black (Aiken 2009) [observing the one
feathers under chin (of ptarmigan who will expire, the one who will
in spring) | +lugun n ~I-1 nv die soon] | -aglaaq- vv +naq-1 vv
qakiġluuk(-) jowls, lower part of chin qakugu (interrog.) when, at what
next to neck; to have a swollen time in the future | m[g]u(n) nn
gland in lower part of chin next to § qaŋa
neck | +luk(-)1 vn, vv -k2 nn qakuguili- to become later »
qakimik- to hit (her/him/it) qakuguilikpan pisaġiñ do it later
repeatedly with fist | -mIk- vv | -ilI- vv
qakiqsaġuma- to make a fist ready to qakugupayaaq or qakugupayaaġu
strike (her/him/it) | +saq-2 vv any time in the future , whenever
+[y]uma-1 vv | +payaaq1 nn
qakiqtaq- (i) to have a boxing match, qakugu taima at some uncertain time
fist fight; (t) to hit her/him/it in the future | m[g]u(n) nn taima
repeatedly with fists | +t/raq-1 vv qakugulu and again, at some future
qakiqtaun boxing glove | time; goodbye | m[g]u(n) nn +lu
+t/raq-1 :un1 vn
(encl.)
qakiqtauti- (i) to fight with fists, have
a fist fight | +t/raq-1 vv :uti- vv
Qakummisaaq(-) (Ti) ceremony where
qakiqtautit (Nu) knuckles |
other clans are invited, and a feast
+t/raq-1 vv :un1 vn -t nn
is held and gifts given; (i) to hold
a messenger feast, to hold a
qakiqsi- [qakiqsI] or qaqiqsi- [qakiqsI]
ceremony where other clans are
(i) to sting from soap or other
invited, then a feast is held and
foreign matter (of eyes)
then gifts given | perhaps
+mmi-5 vv +saq-2 vv +aq1 vn §
qakkutigun rare occurrence § °qa
nuliaġiaq- uyalu, yuġaq-, qargi(-),
uiŋuraq-
Qakmalialuit (Nu) Copper Inuit (located
qakummisaun skewer (usually one
in the middle region of northern
foot long) on which ceremonial
Canada) § qaŋmalik
food is roasted for messenger feast
Qakmaliurat (Nu) Canadian Inuit
| perhaps +mmi-5 vv +saq-2 vv
(especially Hershel Island Inuit)
=un1 vn § kivgIq(-) aqpatat
qaksrutik (Nu) two white bands along
qakuq- to turn white, be bleached by
back of wolverine (good fur) |
weather
-k2 nn
qakuġnak- for the temperature to turn
qaksrutraq- (Nu) (i) to have more
cold and freeze any moisture on
than two white bands along back
ground, thus casting a whitish
(of wolverine)
gleam or film over the ground »
“qakuġnaktaliqsuq
°qaku (stem) future time < °qa
qakuġnaktaliġaa
qakuaglaaġnaq- (i) to be so close to
qatiqsiraġaliuraaqpaallugman”
death that death is expected at any
(Harold Itta 1982) [it has turned
time » “naipiqtuqługu
cold and any moisture on the
piiġñiaqtuaq tuquyasiruaq”
ground freezes casting a whitish

419
 gleam or film over the ground] |
+nak- vv
qakuak frost on ground »
“qakuagnaqtaliġaa
ailaqiqpakługi ivgit ukiami”
(Aiken 2009) [frost forms on the
ground during fall causing the
grass to become quite wet] | -ak n
qala wake of boat, churning water behind
paddle or propeller
qalak(-) bubble; burp; (i) to burp; to
clear one’s throat; (t) to burp it
=gas bubble out »
qalaaniktiġupku samma puvla
narraaġiiñŋaiġñiaqtutin once
you’ve burped the gas bubble,
your stomachache will go away
| -k1 n -k-1 nv
qalaliaġuq- (Nu) (i) to churn water
(e.g., of paddle, oar, ship, whale) |
-lI-1 nv ±aq1 vn +uq-1 nv
qalaliaq(-) air bubbles coming from a
mammal moving underwater; (i)
to form air bubbles »
“qalaliaqsiññaqtuq tavra aġviq
puisaġaluaqłuni puiŋiñman
iñukłuni” (Matumeak 2009) [a
whale just makes air bubbles
when it fails to surface being
surprised (by a presence) although
it had been about to surface] |
-liaq nn
qalat- (i) to boil; (Nu) (i) to churn (of
water, especially in wake of boat) |
+t-2 nv
qalat (Ti) wake of boat, riptide; wake
of a swimming whale » “qalaŋa
tumaa umiam; aġviġum tumaa,
aŋuunmigunnii
qallitqulaitkaat” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [it’s the wake of the boat;
one is told never to get close to the
wake created by the whale as it
travels, (one should not get near
it) even with an oar]
420
qalauġnaq peroxide | :uq-2 vv
+naq(-) vn
qalaullak- (i) to begin to boil
vigorously | -ula- vv ‘-k-2 vv
qalauq- (i) to continue to boil |
-uq-2 vv
Qalamiut (Nu) Upper Kobuk people
(located near the headwaters of
the Kobuk River) | +miu(q) nn
-t nn
qalasiq [qalasIq] navel, umbilicus
qalgi(-) (Ti) or qargi [qargI] men’s
community house; whaling crew
association; (i) to hold activities or
assemble at the men’s community
house
qalgimiu- (Ti) (i) to be in the clan
house » “aŋutitkii tavra igluat
aġnat payuktaġlutik;
unipkaaġlutik” (Tuzroyluke
2009) [it’s the men’s house; the
women bring food; they tell
stories] | +miu- nv
qalgirraq- (Ti) (i) to go to the clan
house | -rraq- vv
qalġuq- (i) to make its characteristic
vocal sound (of animal)
qalġuatchak- (i) to begin to make its
characteristic call (of animal) |
-atchak- vv
qalġuġniq animal’s call | +niQ1 vn
qalġuqtaq- (i) to play a trumpet or a
horn | +t/raq-1 vv
qalġuqtaun trumpet; horn |
+t/raq-1 vv :un1 vn
qalġuun hunter’s call to an animal |
:un1 vn
qalġuuq- or qalġuula- (i) to make its
characteristic sound, call
repeatedly (of animal) | :uq-2 vv or
:uq-2 vv -la- vv
 qalġuusiqsuuq (Nu) Smith’s
Longspur (Calcarius pictus)
qaliġiiksitaq- (t) to pile, stack them
< qaa(-)1
qaliġiiksimaaq- (i) to sit on floor with
ankles crossed < qaa(-)1
¤qaliġluk(-) (Ti) scab; (i) to form a scab
< qaa(-)1
qaliġuaq outer clothing, outer cover,
sweater; shawl; fabric blanket,
quilt, bedspread < qaa(-)1
qaliġuuraq(-) dress; shirt; to put a dress
or shirt on (her/him) < qaa(-)1
¤qaliŋu- (i) to growl
1
qalipquaq (Ti) shirt < qaa(-)
qaliq(-) top covering; rust; (i) to rust <
qaa(-)1
qaliquttaq (Ti) cumulonimbus cloud »
“These are the kinds of clouds that
seem to remain stationary over the
hills even though the wind may be
blowing very hard over the hills from
Cape Thompson to Cape Lisbourne.
As soon as the clouds move out and
dissipate from this area, the wind dies
down.” (David Frankson as reported
by Pulu, Sampson, Newlin:17)
qalli- [qallI] to get near, close (to
her/him/it); (Nu) (t) to be
approaching her/him/it » qalliruq
iglunun he is getting close to the
houses
qalliiññaq- to continue to get closer
(to her/him/it) | -iññaq-1 vv
qallilaaq- to get closer (to her/him/it);
to cause her/him/it to be closer |
421
-laaq- 1 vv
qallilġiñaq- to finally get close (to
her/him/it) | -lġiñaq- vv
qallisi- (t) to get close to it =her/his
appointed time » qallisigaaŋa it is
almost time for me to do
something | =sI-5 vv
qalliuraq- to get very close (to
her/him/it) | :uraq- vv
qalli [qallI] scab < qaa(-)1
qalliġiik(-) or (Nu) qalliġik- two things
lying one on top of the other; (i) to
lie one on top of the other
< qaa(-)1
qalliñ one of two side pouches of
abdominal fat of ground squirrel
qalliñaaq upper eyelid < qaa(-)1
qalliñiaq- (Nu) to pile up fish < qaa(-)1
qalliq(-) outermost part, top part, topmost
one; (i) to be now covered;
(t) to cover, top her/him/it with
something < qaa(-)1
qalliqpiaq highest point; topmost object
< qaa(-)1
qalluviaq pericardium, the yellowish
membrane surrounding the heart |
-viaq2 rn
qalu(-) dipnet; (i) to get something using
a dipnet; (t) to bail water out of it
=boat » nukatpiam qaluni
tammaigaa the young man
cannot find his dipnet
qallugauraq cup | ‘-n vn -gauraq nn
qallugauraqaġvik food shelf; dish
shelf; kitchen cabinet; grub box |
‘-n vn -gauraq nn -qaq- nv
+vIk1 vn
 qallugauriqi- to wash dishes (for
her/him) » qallugauriqiniaġ-
niruaq utiġumi he said he would
do the dishes upon his return | ‘-n
vn -gauraq- nn =Iqi- nv
qallun cup, dipper, ladle; bailer; water
pump | ‘-n vn
qaluŋniq (Nu) small “bowl” or cirque
in mountains | -k-4 nv +niQ1 vn
qaluqsraq (Nu) mountain valley,
large “bowl” or cirque in
mountains; ditch | +qsraq vn
qalusiġaq (Nu) dipper for bailing |
-sI-1 vv +[ġ]aq vn § qallun
qalutaġvik puggutaq deep dish for
cooked, boiled meat | +vIk1 vn
qalutaq- to dip out, bail (it) out |
1
mt/raq- vv
qaluuq- to bail or empty liquid out of
(it) » “qaluuqtuaq puiñġiya-
ġamiuŋ” (Aiken 2009) [she was
emptying some liquid out as she
removed the solid fat] | -uq-2 vv
qalugauraq (Nu) any rounded muscle
like the biceps | -gauraq nn
qalugiaq(-) or qalugiaqtuun whaling
harpoon with flint or iron
spearhead in foreshaft; (t) to
harpoon it =whale | +iaq3 n -q-2 nv
or +iaq3 n +tuq-3 nv :un1 vn
qalugialgu- (Ti) (i) to go inform the
village that a whale has been
taken » “aqpatim aġvaaġmata”
(S. Tuzroyluke 2009) [what the
messenger runner does when a
whale is caught] | +iaq3 n -q-2 nv
-lgu-2 nv § aqpauq-
qalugiaqtuq- (i) to lance a whale; (t)
to lance it =whale repeatedly |
+iaq3 n +tuq-3 nv
qaluiq- (t) to stir it =cooking food so that
it will not stick to the pot; (t) to
422
scoop it = the fat off the top of the
cooking pot
qaluk(-) (Nu) fish; (i) to catch fish §
iqaluk
qalluqłuk (Nu) large fish (said to be
the size of a kayak and said to be
found at Narvaqvak lake
according to old stories)
| ‘-qłuk(-) nn, vv
qaluaq (Ti) tom cod (Microgadus
proximus) | -aq2 nn
qaluaqpak (Nu) lake trout (Salvelinus
namaycush) | -qpak(-) nn
qalugruaq (Nu) chum salmon
(Oncorhynchus keta) | +ġruaq nn
qalukpik (Nu) Arctic char (Salvelinus
alpinus); Dolly Varden
(Salvelinus malma)| +qpIk nn §
paiqługruaq
qaluŋniutit (Nu) fish trap | +niun vn
+t3 nn
qalusaaq (Nu) herring
qaluksiuġayuk or qaluksiuyuk (Nu)
Osprey (Pandion haliaetus)
qaluŋa- (i) to have an upturned nose; (i)
to have an upturned toe (of
crimped soles); (i) to make a
funny face | ±ŋa- vdv
qalutuŋnauraq (Nu) small hole, hollow
in ground | :uraq nn
qaluuġvik dome-shaped tent frame made
of willows | +vIk1 vn § nappaqtat
qalluvik dome-shaped tent with
willow frame; temporary summer
dwelling § itchalik
qaluuġvigaq (Nu) sod house with its
frame “…constructed on the same
principles as that of the dome-
shaped tent…the long curved
branches were not dried, but
bound together while they were
fresh. A turf house of this type is
 called qalurwigaq.” (Ingstad:
159) | +vIk1 vn +aq2 nn
qaluuġviit dome-shaped tent frame
made of bent willows »
qaluuġviit qiñiġnaqsirut the
dome-shaped tents are now visible
| +vIk1 vn :It nn
qaluuġvilik (Nu) tent, house with
willow frame | +vIk1 vn :It nn
-lik nn
qałuk- (Nu) (i) to ram horns (of sheep);
(t) to ram it =sheep (of another
sheep)
°qam (dem. stem) in there (not visible) §
°kIv (dem. stem)
qamna1 [dual qapkuak, pl. qapkua]
that one in there (not visble) | +na
(dem. abs. pron. sg. mkr.)
qamani located in there (not visible) |
+anI (dem. loc.)
qamaniit- (i) to be located in there
(not visible) | +anI (dem. loc.) it-
“to be”
qamaŋŋa from in there (not visible) |
+aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
qamaŋŋamiñ from in there (not
visible) | +aŋŋa (dem. abl.) ÷miñ
(abl.)
qamaŋŋaq- (i) to come from in there
(not visble) | +aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
+q-3 dv
qamma in there (not visible) | ‘a
(dem. adv. mkr.)
qamuŋa to in there (not visible) |
+uŋa (dem. term.)
qamuŋanmun towards in there (not
visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.) nmun
(term.)
qamuŋaq- (i) to go in there (not
visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.)
+q-3 dv
qamuuna via, through in there (not
visible) | +uuna (dem. via.)
423
qamuunnaaq- (i) to traverse via,
through in there (not visible) |
+uuna (dem. via.) ‘.q-4 dv
qaptuma1 or qavsruma1 or
qavruma1 [dual qapkuak, pl.
qapkua] that one in there (not
visible) | +tuma (dem. rel. pron.
sg. mkr.)
qaptumani1 or qavsrumani1 or
qavrumani1 [dual qapkugnagni,
pl. qapkunani] located with that
one in there (not visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +anI
(dem. loc.)
qaptumaŋŋa1 or qavsrumaŋŋa1 or
qavrumaŋŋa1 [dual
qapkugnaŋŋa, pl. qapkunaŋŋa]
from that one in there (not visible)
| +tum (dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
+aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
qaptumatun1 or qavsrumatun1 or
qavrumatun1 [dual
qapkugnaktun, pl. qapkunatitun]
similar to that one in there (not
visible) | +tum (dem. rel. pron. sg.
mkr.) +atun (dem. sim.)
qaptumiŋa1 or qavsrumiŋa1 or
qavrumiŋa1 [dual qapkugniŋa, pl.
qapkuniŋa] that one in there (not
visible) | +tum (dem. rel. pron. sg.
mkr.) +iŋa (dem. mod.)
qaptumuŋa1 or qavsrumuŋa1 or
qavrumuŋa1 [dual qapkugnuŋa,
pl. qapkunuŋa] to that one in there
(not visible) | +tum (dem. rel.
pron. sg. mkr.) +uŋa (dem. term.)
qaptumuuna1 or qavsrumuuna1 or
qavrumuuna1 [dual
qapkugnuuna, pl. qapkunuuna] via
that one in there; with that one in
there (not visible) | +tum (dem.
rel. pron. sg. mkr) +uuna (dem.
via.)
*qama (root) leeward
 qamanaaq1 (Nu) upstream current |
-naaq3 nv
qamaniq or qamanaaq2 shelter from
weather or waves; lee | +niQ1 rn
qamannit- (i) to be sheltered from
wind | +niQ1 rn ‘=It-2 nv
qamatmuaq- (Nu) (i) to travel with
wind at one’s back | +nmuk- nv
-aq-1 vv
qami- (i) to become extinguished; (i) to
go off or out (of light or fire); (i)
to die (of engine)
qamit- (i) to be now extinguished; (t)
to turn it off; (t) to extinguish it
=fire | +t-1 vv
qamiraġaq- (i) to keep going out
when one tries to light it (of fire) |
-t/raġaq- vv
qammiuġniq ash from outdoor fire |
‘-uq-2 vv +niQ1 vn § aġra
qaptiġun fire extinguisher | =tiq-2 vv
:un1 vn
qaptiq- (t) to use the fire extinguisher
on it =fire; (i) (Ti) to extinguish it
@ qaptiġi- | ~tiq-2 vv || :I-4 vv
qavsuk- (i) to become dim (of light);
(i) to become low (of fire); (t) to
turn it =light lower | ~suk-2 vv
qavsuktaaq- (i) to turn down the
power; (i) to be made dimmer (of
light); (i) be made lower (of fire);
(t) to lower its flame; (t) to dim it
=light | ~suk-2 vv +taaq- vv
qavsuktaq- (i) to flicker (of light or
flame); (i) to burn unsteadily (of
light or flame); (t) to cause it to
flicker | ~suk-2 vv +t/raq-1 vv
qamna that one in there, or up the coast
(extended and visible); that one in
Canada or Greenland (not visible
at the moment but has been
observed or seen previously) <
°qav (dem. stem)
424
qamŋaq ankle bone, talus (which sticks
out near heel) § see Appendix 21
qamŋui- (i) to snore
qamuġiaq (Ti) canine tooth | perhaps
+iaq3 n § tuluġiaq
qamuk- to pull or tow (it)
qamugaurat small hand sled |
+gaq2 vn :uraq nn -t nn
qamuġaq- (Nu) (t) to help pull it
=dogsled (of human, usu. a
woman) | +[ġ]aq- vv
qamuġautaq (Nu) towline (usually a
bearded sealskin line used by a
woman to help pull a sled in olden
days)| +[ġ]aq- vv -utaq vn
qamuksiraq- (i) to bring a sled with a
load; (t) to transport it on a sled »
taima aŋayuqaaŋiksa apiġigaak
qamuksiraġmagaan;
qamuksiraŋiññiruq then his
parents asked him whether or not
he brought a sled loaded with
things; he replied that he did not
bring a loaded sled;
“qamukataaqtuat sunik
tuttunik qimuktiqaqłutik;
qamuġaqłutik ikayuqługit
qimmitik usiagukkaqsigamik”
(Aiken 2009) [they are the ones
pulling a sled with a load
sometimes using a team of
reindeer; they would pull once in
a while helping their dogs when
the load grew] | +siraq- vv
qamukutaat small sled; child’s sled |
+kutaq vn +t3 nn
qamun car, truck | -n1 vn
qamutaiyaq- (i) to break, to stop
running (of car or truck) »
qamutaiyaġniraa aapani naŋir-
vium silataani she said that her
father’s car broke down in front of
the hospital | -iyaq- nv
 qamutik low sled | -n1 vn -k2 nn
qamutit sled for transporting umiak
over ice; flat freight sled
fashioned from boards | -n1 vn
-t nn § umiirautit
qamutitaq- (i) to drive or ride in a
vehicle; (i) travel by car | -n1 vn
+[t]aq-2 nv
qamuukkałaaq- (i) to walk, pulling a
sled leisurely, unhurried | -u-2 vv
-kkałaaq- vv
qamuun or qamuutaq towline on
sled; (Nu) sled of frozen
moosehide | :un1 vn -utaq vn §
isuġaq
qanaġaq- to tip over (her/him/it)
headlong
qanaiñaqtuaq pack ice moving directly
toward shore fast ice (Harcharek:
14)
qanak(-) tent pole; roof or ceiling plank;
(t) to put roof planks (on the roof
of a structure) @ qanaksi- »
“qanagigait aġviġit agluŋi
qanitchaliuġamiŋ” (Aiken 2009)
[they use whale jawbones for
structural support as they build the
cold entryway] || +sI-3 vv
qanait willow tent frame; tent poles;
entryway roof planks (of sod
house) | :It nn § see Appendix 22
qani(-) [qanI] or (Nu) qaniuq- area close
by, nearby; (t) to accompany, take
her/him/it partway to destination |
-uq-2 vv
qanikun close by, near, in close
proximity » qanikun puiruq it
surfaced close by | -kun (via.)
qanikunŋilaaq not close by, some
distance away » “salvasiñaaqłuni
taunaniqpani puiruq, qanikun-
ŋilaaq” (Kinneeveauk, 2008) [it
425
surfaced quite a ways out (on the
water), not close by] | -kun (via.)
±ŋilaaq nn
qanilaaq- to travel partway to one’s
destination (with her/him/it) on
first day of journey; (i) to proceed
closer to one’s goal in a piecemeal
fashion » uullaiqsuq uvva
nullau-taksrautikput,
qanilaapayug-lutaunnii
muqpauranik our supper is
taking a long time to cook, we
should at least assuage our hunger
with some biscuits | -laaq-1 vv §
aŋuyaġaaq(-)
qanimi nearby; in the vicinity |
÷mI (loc.)
qaninaaq- (t) to position it close by |
-naaq- vv
qaniñŋaq- (i) to have an intense
desire to be close to something or
someone and make the effort to
draw closer; (t) to be close to
her/him/it after having made the
effort to get closer | +t-2 nv ±ŋaq-
vv
qaniuq- (t) to be close by her/him |
-uq-2 vv
qanit- to be near (her/him/it) | +t-2 nv
qanitchat or (Nu, Ti) qanitchaq
entryway, cold porch; tunnel,
entrance passageway (to a
sodhouse) | +t/raq vn ‘-t vv § see
Appendix 22
¤qanik- [qanIk] (Nu) (i) to snow §
qannik-
qaniayaaq- (Nu) (i) to snow lightly
with small flakes | -ayaaq-1 vv §
qannialaaq(-)
qanigruaq- or qanikpak- (Nu) (i) to
snow a lot, heavily with large
flakes | +ġruaq(-)1 nn, vv or
+qpak(-) vv, nn
qanikłuala- (Nu) (i) to snow lightly |
-łuk(-) nn, rv, vv -ala- vv
 qanikłuk(-) (Nu) to blow with light
snow (of wind) | +qłuk(-) nn, vv
qaniq [qaniQ] mouth, oral cavity
qanaaġun contention, argument,
discord, disagreement, conflict |
+un1 vn
qanaaq- to quarrel, argue (with
her/him) | -aq-2 nv § atinġIq-
qanġum tunuaguaqtaq velar
consonant | :um (rel) nnposs. | tunu
:a nnposs. -guaq- nposs. v +t/raq vn
qanġum qitqaguaqtaq retroflex
consonant | :um (rel) nnposs. | qitiq
:a nnposs. -guaq- nv +t/raq vn
qaniġviluk- to complain, mutter (to
her/him) | +viluk- nv
qanikkuaġaq- (i) to play the
harmonica | -(k)kuaq- nv +aq-1 vv
qanikkuaġnaq harmonica |
-(k)kuaq- nv +naq(-) vn
qaniqaq- (i) to be quarrelsome |
-qaq- nv
qanmiksaaq- (i) to speak angrily,
loudly from frustration or
impatience; (i) to grumble,
complain » iñuk iñuum
qanmiksaaġuti-suugaa
uqaalavluni a person speaks
angrily with frustration in a loud
voice | perhaps =mIk- nv
+taaq- vv
qanmigi- (t) to disapprove of, dislike
her/his behavior; (t) to complain
of her/him/it | perhaps =mIk- nv
+[g]i vv § qanmiksaaq-
qannaġik- (i) to be quarrelsome,
outspoken, not hesitant to talk
back | ‘-Q vn +[g]Ik- nv
qannik(-) [qannIk] snowflake; falling
snow; (i) to snow § ¤qanIk-
qannialaaq(-) light snowfall; (i) to
snow lightly » “qannialaaġman
uqallaguummiut ‘itivyaat
aġvaaġugnalgitchut’”
426
(Kinneeveauk 2008) [when the
snow is falling lightly they say,
“the people underground probably
caught some whales”] |
-alaaq- nv, nn
qanniguq- to begin snowing |
+uq-1 nv
qannikula- (i) to snow lightly |
-ula- nv
qanniq- [qannIq] to order (it) (as from a
catalog or store in another city);
(t) to send for her/him to come §
qai-
qanŋuq- (t) to pry it =usu. a heavy object
loose from its secured or fixed
position @ qanŋui- or qanŋuqsi-
|| :I-4 vv or +sI-3 vv
qanŋullaiq- (t) to have difficulty
prying it loose; (i) to not be able to
come loose | -llaiq- vv
qanŋuqtaq- (t) to jar, nudge it loose
repeatedly | +t/raq-1 vv
qanuq(-) (interrog.) how, what manner or
method, what condition; to do or
say what (to her/him/it) » qanuq
aiñiaqpiñ how will you get home;
qanuq itpa aakan how is your
mother; qanuqpa uqallauti-
kapku what did she say when you
told her
qanuġili- or qanuġili- (interrog.) (i)
to become a certain way; (i) to
reach a certain condition »
qanuġiliva in what way has she
changed; what is her condition
now | it- (stem) -lI-2 vv
qanuġit- or qanuqit- (i) to be a
certain way; to have a certain
behavioral pattern » qanuqitpa
aaka how is your mother,
grandmother | qanuq
it- (stem)
qanuġli or qanuġli samma how are
you; how are things going for you
| +li (encl.)
qanuġliqaa (excl.) by any means, in
whatever manner or style | +liqaa
(encl.)
qanuġniugaq- (Nu) (i) to be
indecisive, unable to make up
one’s mind | +nnI- vv -ugaq- vv
qanuġuumaaŋit- (i) to not know
what to do; (i) to have no plans »
“Tavrakii,
qanuġuumaaŋitchut; tamarra
unaaqaġaluaġmivlutiglu
qanuqsausiksraiñmiuq”
(Nageak 1975: 36) [so then, they
do not know what to do; although
theyd have a seal spear, he (one
holding the spear) does not have
much choice ] | :u-2 v
+[y]umaaq- vv ±ŋIt- vv
qanuġviit- (i) to have no choice in a
matter; (i) to be unable to do
anything about a situation; (i) to
be embarrassed | +vIk1 vn :It-1 nv
qanukkiaq (excl.) I wonder how (way
or manner, in what condition) »
qanukkiaq piva I wonder how
she is doing; qanukkiaq
qupakpauŋ I wonder how she is
trimming it | +kiaq (encl.)
qanukkiataŋ because | +kiataŋ (encl.)
§ atakkiataŋ
qanulait- (i) to be unresponsive; (i) to
be incapable of action, immobile;
(t) to not do or say anything to
her/him/it | -lait- vv
qanułłatchiġiit- (i) to have self-
control | -łłak- vv -[t]siġiaq- vv
:It-1 vv
qanunmun (interrog.) in what
position, direction » qanunmun
ilitquviuŋ in what position,
direction would you like for it to
be placed, set; saniñmun ilisiuŋ
place it sideways | -nmun nv
427
qanuqigi- (t) to consider her/him/it in
a certain way » qanuqigiviuŋ
taamna atuun what do you think
of that song | it- +[g]i- vv
qanuqpiviñ imña! (excl.) my
goodness! why are you carrying
on so | pI(-) (base substitute to
which any suffix may be added)
+viñ (interrog 2s) imña (dem.
pron.)
qanuqsaaŋit- to refrain from doing
something (to her/him/it) |
±saaq-2 vv ±ŋIt- vv
qanuqsausiiq- (i) become indecisive;
(i) to be in a quandary; (i) to be
helpless; (t) to not know what to
do with her/him/it; (i) to put
her/him in a quandary |
+sausiiq- vv
qanuqsausiit- (i) be indecisive, to
have no alternative; (i) to be in a
quandary, not know what to do, be
at a loss; (t) to not be able to
decide what to do about or say to
her/him/it | +sausiit- vv §
pitqusiksrait-, qanuusiit-
“qanuq sila” (excl.) used when
something goes wrong: “how is
the weather” »
“tusaalluataŋitchuni
nagligivlugu iñuk
uqallautisuugaa
qanuqsausiiłłuni ‘qanuq sila’”
(Matumeak 2009) [when a person
hears bad news and taking pity on
the person, one says not knowing
what else to say “how is the
weather”]
“qanuq suli” (excl.) said out of pity
and compassion when someone
encounters a misfortune “how
unfortunate” »
“pilluataŋisimamman ‘qanuq
suli’-qtiġuurut, naglikkutikun
iñuk piaġiilimamman”
(Matumeak 2009) [when it
 becomes known that a person is
not doing well, they quickly say
“how unfortunate,” with
compassion because the person
has gotten worse]
qanuqtuq I wonder how, I hope »
qanuqtuq aillayumauq uvlupak
I hope she will be able to go home
today | +tuq (encl.)
qanusiġaq- (i) to act in what way; to
do what (to her/him/it) @
qanusiġai- » qanusiġaqpa what
did she do, how did she act,
behave; qanusiġaqpagit what did
she do to them | -siġaq- vv || :I-4 vv
qanusiq [pl. qanutchit] (interrog.)
what kind » qanusimik
atigitchiaqsimava what kind of
new parka did she get | -sIq nn
qanutchiuniq classification; category
» qanutchiuniŋa nalunaqtuq its
classification is troublesome |
-sIq nn :u-1 nv +niQ1 vn
qanutuaglaan as far or as much as
possible » “kii, qanutuaglaaqta”
(Matumeak 2009) [okay, let’s go
to the extreme] | -tun (sim.) aglaan
qanutuaglaaq- (i) to go how far »
qanutuaglaaqpisik unnuaq how
much did youd get done last night |
-tun (sim.) -aglaaq- vv
qanutun (interrog.) how much; for
how long | -tun (sim.)
qanuusiit- (Nu) to not know what to
do (with her/him/it) » “Tavra
uvagut qanuusiillugik
piŋŋitkivut…. But we had no
way of taking them,…”
(Bergsland 1987: 379) | -usiit- vv
qaŋa (interrog.) when, at what time in
past § qakugu < °qa
qaŋaaglaan (interog) how long ago,
when did it happen
qaŋakisuuraq recently; a few days
ago | -kisuuraq nn
428
qaŋaluqaa (excl.) just like in the old
days (as it did in the old days |
-luqaa (encl.)
qaŋami taima (excl.) oh, it has been a
long time ago and it cannot be
pinpointed easily or precisely |
+mI (encl.)
qaŋapak months or years past up
until now » qaŋapak
tautuguuraġa I have seen her
frequently these past months |
-pak1 nn
qaŋaqqammiuraq recently, not too
long ago | -qqammIq(-) nn,vv
:uraq nn
qaŋasaaq a long time ago | +saaq nn
qaŋatuuq- (i) to do things in the
traditional way; (t) to do it in the
traditional way | +tuuq- nv
*qaŋa (root) suspension
qaŋata- (i) to be elevated, off the
floor or ground | mta- rv
qaŋatchiniq (Ti) ice with hollow
space beneath it (easy to fall
through) | +tchI- rv +niQ1 vn
qaŋattaaq or qaŋataaq snow which
has one edge overhanging the
ground; ice with one edge
overhanging the water;hollow area
(as from erosion); hollow area
between the ice and the water;
“…a thin ledge [of ice]
overhanging the water, where
current and waves had undercut
the floe’s sheer edge.” (Nelson:
162) | mta- rv ‘-q-1 rv ±aq1 vn
qaŋattaaqsiuyuit whales that surface
underneath ice that is jutting out
over the water to breathe (these
whales are seldom seen until they
dive) (Harcharek: 27) | mta- rv
‘-q-1 rv ±aq1 vn +siuq- nv
-yuk(-) vn -t nn
 qaŋattałik- (i) to bounce when hitting Qaŋmaliurat Canada Iñuit from
a bump | mta- rv ‘-q-1 rv perhaps northwest Canada (Kisautaq: 651)
-lik- vv § Iñuvialuit
qaŋattałiktaq- (i) to bounce along
over bumps, to rumble along | qaŋmuŋa to the shed or the neighbor’s
1 1
mta- rv ‘-q- rv -lik- +t/raq- vv house (not visible to speaker or
qaŋattaq- (i) to take off from the listener who are inside another
ground, rise above the ground; (t) house) < °qakim
to lift it off the floor or ground |
1
mta- rv ‘-q- rv qaŋmuŋanmun towards the shed or the
neighbor’s house (not visible to
speaker or listener who are inside
qaŋasiġaq or qaŋatchiġaq (Ti) the
another house) < °qakim
second sealskin float (attached to
the harpoon line behind the
qaŋmuŋaq- (i) to go to the shed or the
biggest sealskin float) » “ilaŋit
neighbor’s house (not visible to
piŋasunik piqaqtut: avataqpak,
speaker or listener who are inside
qaŋasiġaq, avatauraq” (S.
another house) < °qakm
Tuzroyluke 2009) [some of them
have three: the big sealskin float,
qaŋmuuna by way of the shed or the
the one attached behind the big
neighbor’s house (not visible to
sealskin float, and the small
speaker or listener who are inside
sealskin float (attached to the
another house) < °qakim
darting gun)] § nauligaun
qaŋmuunnaaq- (i) to go by way of the
qaŋmami (Nu) now, nowadays § qaŋa1,
shed or the neighbor’s house (not
paŋmapak
visible to speaker or listener who
are inside another house) <
Qaŋmali ancient site » “…history of the
°qakim
“Old Huts,” marked by Sir J.
Franklin in longitude 146°20’W. ,
qaŋnaaq- (i) for it to be good spring
but could ascertain distinctly no
weather when seals bask on the
more than that they were the
ice < qaki-
remains of an ancient Kang’-ma-
li settlement.”(Simpson: 268)]
qapak physically weak person
Qaŋmalim Iñuŋi people of Qaŋmali
qapaŋa- (i) to be weak | ±ŋa- nv
» “…thus the people they trade
qapaksiraq- (Ti) (i) to play a game
with at Barter Island are called
where one jumps up, pushing a
Ka’ng-mali en’-gu in, whose
small board out of the way before
winter huts are probably at
one lands (with two jumping sites
Demarcation Point.” (Simpson:
about a foot apart at start and
269)
becoming closer and closer as the
Qaŋmaliq Arctic coast dweller (in
game continues) (S. Tuzroyluke
Canada) | -lIq nn § qakmalialuk,
2009) | -siraq- nv, vv
killiġmiut
Qaŋmalialuk (Ti) Canadian Iñuk §
Pamiulik

429
qapiksaq- (Ti) to make small dance
movements in one’s own style
¤qapiq-1 (Nu) to scoop off the fat rising
from boiled meat § qaluuq-
qapiq-2 (i) to become discouraged and
quit, to give up; (i) to turn back,
proceed no higher, no farther »
qapiġnasik suuramigunnii don’t
quit, no matter what happens
qapiŋa- (i) to be discouraged, to have
given up | ±ŋa- vv
qapiŋaisaaġun encouragement |
±ŋaIt- vdv ±saaq-2 vv +un1 vn
qapiŋaisaaq- (t) to encourage her/him
@ qapiŋaisaaqłiq- | ±ŋaIt- vdv
±saaq-2 vv || +kłIq- vv
qapiŋairrun persistence, endurance,
stamina | ±ŋaIt- vdv –rruti vdn
qapiŋaiq- (i) be diligent, persevering,
persistent | ±ŋaIq- vv
qapiŋait- (i) to have perseverance,
courage, be persistent; (i) to be
enthusiastic | ±ŋaIt- vdv
qapiqpaŋa- (i) to be disappointed |
+qpak- vv ±ŋa- vv § nikatchak-
qapiqsaili- (i) to try not to become
discouraged and give up, quit |
+[t]sailI- vv
qapiqsiġiaq- (i) to give up easily |
+siġiaq- vv
qapiqsiġiit- (i) to not give up easily |
+siġiaq- vv =It-1 vv
qapiqsiġiirruti- (i) to argue with each
other » “Unna [Una] uvva
titiġniŋagun aġviġum
qapiqsiġiirrutivlutik piruak
malġuk iññuk
uqaaqtuaŋuruq.” (David
Frankson as reported by Pulu,
Sampson, Newlin: 88) [this is a
story of two men who argued
about the division of a whale] |
+siġiaq- vv =It-1 vv +ruti- vv
430
qapiqtaili- to argue heatedly (with
her/him) | +tailI- vv
qapiqtailisalgu- (i) to be
argumentative, contentious |
+tailI- vv +saq-2 vv -lgu- vv
qapiqtauti- (i) to quarrel; (i) to go
against another’s wish or
command | +t/raq-1 vv :uti- vv
qapiya- (i) to be easily discouraged |
-ya- vv
qappit- to be unable to do anything
more to (her/him/it); (t) to shove
her/his(another’s) nose as a
gesture of mockery or dislike; (t)
to make her/him give up |
‘=It-2 vdv
qapquti-1 (Ti) (t) to quit, give up on
her/him/it | :uti- vv
Qapkuaġmiut (Ti) one of two old
Iñupiaq soccer teams in Tikiġaq
(Point Hope); the Qapkuaġmiut
team kicked the ball inland,
towards the north | +miu(q) nn
-t nn
qappaq [qappaQ] groove in wood §
qimiaq
qaptiġun fire extinguisher < qami-
qaptiq- (t) to douse it =fire § qami-
qaptit- (Ti) (t) to tighten it =knot »
“saŋŋisaallaglugu” [tightening it]
(S. Tuzroyluke 2009) § saŋŋit-
qaptuġaq(-) (Nu) band, loop of rope
around something; (t) to tie a band
around it
qaptuma1 that one in there (not visible)
< °qam (dem. stem)
qaptuma2 that one in there or up the coast
(extended and visible); that one in
 Canada or Greenland (not visible
at the moment but have been
observed or seen previously)
< °qav (dem. stem)
qaptumani1 located with that one in there
(not visible) < °qam (dem. stem)
qaptumani2 located with that one in there
or up the coast (extended and
visible); located with that one in
Canada or Greenland (not visible
at the moment but has been
observed or seen previously)
< °qav (dem. stem)
qaptumaŋŋa1 from that one in there (not
visible) < °qam (dem. stem)
qaptumaŋŋa2 from that one in there or
up the coast (extended and
visible); from that one in Canada
or Greenland (not visible at the
moment but has been observed or
seen previously) < °qav (dem.
stem)
qaptumatun1 similar to that one in there
(not visible) < °qam (dem. stem)
qaptumatun2 similar to that one in there,
or up the coast (extended and
visible); like that one in Canada or
Greenland (not visible at the
moment but has been observed or
seen previously) < °qav (dem.
stem)
qaptumiŋa1 that one in there (not visible)
< °qam (dem. stem)
qaptumiŋa2 that one in there or up the
coast (extended and visible); (of)
that one in Canada or Greenland
(not visible at the moment but has
431
been observed or seen previously)
< °qav (dem. stem)
qaptumuŋa1 to that one in there (not
visible) < °qam (dem. stem)
qaptumuŋa2 to that one in there or up the
coast (extended and visible); to
that one in Canada or Greenland
(not visible at the moment but has
been observed or seen previously)
< °qav (dem. stem)
qaptumuuna1 via that one in there; with
that one in there (not visible) <
°qam (dem. stem)
qaptumuuna2 via that one in there or up
the coast; with that one in there or
up the coast (extended and
visible); via that one in Canada or
Greenland; with that one in
Canada or Greenland (not visible
at the moment but has been
observed or seen previously)
< °qav (dem. stem)
qapuk foam; bubbles; (Ti) pumice stone
used as cleaner
qapuli- (i) to foam, froth, get foamy
(e.g., of beach) | -lI-2 nv
qapukłuli- or qappi- (i) to form (of
foam) | +łuk1 nn -lI-2 nv or
‘=I-1 nv
qapukłuk froth; bubbles; foam on
seashore | +łuk1 nn
qapquti- (i) to form bubbly foam (of
dirty water) | perhaps =quti- vv
qaqaq- (i) to bend backward
qaqaqtaq- (i) to move in an up-and-
down motion | +t/raq-1 vv
qaqasaq or qaqisaq brain
qaqasauraq or qaqisauraq computer
| -uraq nn
 qaqasakit- or qaqisakit- (i) to not be
smart | -kIt- nv
qaqasalik or qaqisalik caribou brain
cooked with melted fat | -lik nn
qaqasauraq or qaqisauraq bowl (for
food or fluids) | :uraq nn
qaqasaum sauniŋa skull |
-m (rel. mkr) sauniq “bone”
-ŋa- nn (poss. mkr)
¤qaqitcham uyaġaŋa (Nu) one of
two white “rocks” in head of fish
used to hear | -m (rel. mkr) uyaġak
“rock” -ŋa- nn (poss. mkr)
qaqatchi- (i) to injure one's occiput;
(t) to injure her/his head; (t) to hit
her/him soundly on the head |
‘=I-2 nv
qaqauġmik- (i) to do the finger pull
with index fingers | perhaps
-uq-2 vv +mIk- vv § tikiġmIk-,
aqamak-
qaqaula- (i) to make the call of a
ptarmigan to lure it close (of
hunter)| -la- vv
qaqauraq (Nu) bistort (Polygonum
bistorta or P. viviparum)
qaqigluk loon headdress (worn during a
dance) » “qaqigluktuqtuaq
taamaŋŋa uyukłutik tamatkua
maliġivlugu taamna sivulliq
qaqigluktuqtuaq” (Harold Itta
1985: 2.A.5) [from behind there
they would come dancing
following the first one with a loon
headdress] § sigguktaq
qaqiilluuk loon headdress used for a
certain Eskimo dance
qaqłiik or iqaqłiik waterproof knee-high
boots with hairless sealskin uppers
and bearded sealskin soles »
qaqłak paqitpigik did you find
432
his waterproof knee-high boots §
iqaqłik
qaqłu one lip; lower lip of whale
qaġlunnak- (Ti) (i) to get a share of
the lower lip of bowhead whale
(usu. of third boat assisting in the
whale kill) | -nnak nv
qaqłuaġik- (i) to be impertinent or
insolent by nature; (i) to be
impudent (of child); (i) to be
argumentative » qaqłuagikłuni
uumiñaqtuq because she is
argumentative, she is wearisome |
-aq2 nn +[g]Ik- nv
qaqłualuli- (i) to pout, trying to keep
from crying (of a child) | -aluk nn
-lI-1 nv
qaqłuk lips; both halves of lower lip
of whale | -k2 nn
qaqłukuaqtaq labial consonant |
-kuaq- nv +t/raq vn
qaqłuqpalik Greater Scaup (Aythya
marila) | +qpak(-) nn vv -lik nn
qaqłutuuq Lesser Scaup (Aythya
affinis); shoveler (Anas clypeata) |
+tuuq nn
qaqpik shelf; wall cache or alcove (in
entryway of “kataligaaq,” sod
house) § qakpik
qaqquq- to crunch (it) with the teeth
qaqqiaq (Ti) biscuit, muffin | perhaps
‘=I-1 nv ±aq1 vn § muqpauraq
qaqquaq nut | ±aq1 vn
qaqquġnaq (Ti) nut | +naq(-) vn
qaqqulaaq pilot bread, a large, hard,
flat cracker | -laaq vn
qaqqulaun case of pilot bread, hard
flat crackers | -laaq vn =un2 nn
qaqqulauraq cookie; small cracker |
-laaq vn =uraqnn
qaqquliayaaq (Ti) cookie; soda
cracker | perhaps -lik nn
-ayaaq1 nn
 qaqquluk crunchy item » “iqaluillu
tuttullu pannaqłuŋaruat tavra
qaqquluit; qaqqulukkai” (Aiken
2009) [fish and caribou which
have dried hard are crunchy items;
he is crunching them] | perhaps
+luk(-)2 vv
qaqquluu- to crunch (it) with the
teeth with prolonged action »
“…tamarragguuq nuna
qapquluullaan isagutisugauk.”
(Nageak 1975: 88) […so it was
that they began to advance
crunching the ground] | -luu- vv
qaqsrauq Red-throated Loon (Gavia
stellata) » qaqsraumik
tautuŋniruaq he said he saw a
Red-throated Loon
qaqsuqtuq (Nu) greenish-colored rock
used to make the head of a bone
hammer § kautaq
qaqsuq- to be bleached by weather §
puvitquq-
qaqu- (t) to insert one’s finger or another
object in her/him/it
qaqqun wire heated to bore hole
through wood | ‘n vn
qaqutuq- (t) to search by reaching
around in it | +tuq-2 vv
qaquq(-) (Ti) frost on ground; (t) to get
frosted over (of land) »
“qaquġnakkaa;
ukiiġniuraaġaa” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [there is frost on the
ground; it is slowly turning to
winter] § qiqit-, qiu-
qaqutkit- [qaqutkIt] (i) to go through all
possibilities, explore all
alternatives
433
qargagiaq (Nu) Sabine’s Gull (Xema
sabini) § iqirgagiaq
qargi(-) [qargI] or (Ti) qalgi(-) clan
house; whaling crew association;
(i) to hold activities or assemble at
the clan house » aŋutirguuq
qargiñiaqtut anaqapak the men
will meet in the clan house tonight
qargisaġmiuyaaqan fellow clansman
| +taq(-) nn +miuyaaq nn ±qan nn
qargiuraq walled shelter (where work
was performed outside)
(Kaveolook 1975b: 4) | :uraq nn
qargi-2 [qargI] (Nu) (t) to trap them
=fish, usually ling cod using a fish
trap
qargili- (Nu) (i) to make a fish trap
[made with bone covered with
piece of fish] | -lI-1 nv
qargit (Nu) fish trap (for ling cod) |
-t nn
qargiq [qargIq] ptarmigan § aqargiq
Qargiliġvik [lit. “when ptarmigan
appear”] month of April |
-lIq-1 nv +vIk1 vn § Umiaqqavik,
Nutaqsivik, Qargiliġvik
qargiqsiun snare for ptarmigan |
+siun nn § nigatchiaq
qargisaq(-) caribou trap dug in hard snow
and covered with soft snow;
pitfall; to trap (it =usu. caribou) in
a pitfall trap in snow < qaa1
qarġun seine (long fish net dragged
behind boat) < qaa(-)1
qarġut- (i) to fly over the top surface; (t)
to fly over its top surface < qaa(-)1
qarġutaurraq- to bid higher < qaa(-)1
qarraaq or qaaq skin mattress, mattress,
mat; (Nu) top of two sleeping
skins used with fur up < qaa(-)1
qarviaq(-) patch for sole of boot; (t) to
patch it =sole of boot § anŋik-
qarviq- to position (her/him/it) above
something < qaa(-)1
qasaġuaq or qisaġuaq caribou gut filled
with caribou fat that can be
cooked in water and set overnight
to harden and eaten as a cracker »
“tuttum niġukkaŋa; taamna
aŋŋiiq puuqaqtuq
itchauraŋiññik tuttum; ilimigun
ittuq itchauraq; aasii tuttum
aqiaġupiaŋa immiqługu
itchauranik; kivviġmik
taisuugaat taamna
niġisuuraqput, kivviq;
aqiaġupiaŋa inmiuq ilaagun”
(Aiken 2009) [it is the caribou’s
rumen; the large one is contained
in the caribou’s mesentery; the
mesentery is separate; and the real
stomach of the caribou is filled
with the mesentery; that one is
called the kivviq; its [the
caribou’s] real stomach is situated
separately] § itchauraq, kivviq
qasak- or qasala- or qatchala-(i) to burst
out yelling “uu’! uu’! ugu’! ugu’!”
followed by cheering (when
dancing or herding or coming
home from a successful hunt;
usually when returning in a boat
with walrus or having struck and
retrieved a whale) | perhaps
+sak- rv or perhaps +sak- rv
-la-1 vv § aviu- aviuvik-
qasaktuq- to make loud noises in
order to frighten (it =animal, esp.,
caribou) during a hunt » aŋutim
434
qasaktuġai tuttut the man is
making loud noises in order to
frighten the caribou | +tuq-2 vv
qatchak- (i) to make noise expressing
pleasure while dancing (of male) |
‘-k-2 vv
qatchalaaq- (i) to shout with
pleasure, e.g., announcing the
sunrise when dancing, in whaling
(usu. of man) » “tavra taamna
panatchatinmani
nuiguuraagaqsiruq,
naurialigaaq,
qatchalaaguraġaa Tulukkam”
then when it [the land] was
speared violently it slowly began
to surface, the one with the plants
on it, as the raven shouted with
pleasure (Bergsland 1987: 14) |
‘-k-2 vv -la- vv +aq-1 vv
qatchaq- (i) to shout with pleasure
(e.g., of whalers, dancers) »
qatchaqtuat tusaavigi do you
hear them shouting with pleasure |
perhaps ‘-k-2 vv
qasalluq thick cottonwood bark; scab <
qaa(-)1
qasaq- to splash against (it, e.g., boat)(of
waves, sea)
qasalait- to be not able to make a
splash » “…puigami innatun,
sammakiaq one foot-kiaq
aatchaqtillagruaġaġigaa tuvaq
tamanna. (Ii.) Qasalaitchuq
unnii. Piqakługu tasamaŋŋa.
(Ii.) Tavraasii kurraġman
tullagruaġaqtuq iviqtitiqhuni.”
(Bodfish: 238) …when it surfaced,
I believe it was about one foot that
it would violently force the lead
ice to open. (Yes.) It does not
even make a splash. Pushing it up
from below. Then as it dove the
raised lead ice would come
 crashing down fitting nicely back
into place (with the rest of the
ice)] | -lait- vv ‘-k-2 nv
qasaqtaq- to pound, splash repeatedly
against (it, e.g., boat) (of waves,
sea) | +t/raq-1 vv
qasigiaq spotted seal (Phoca vitulina) |
perhaps +iaq3 n § natchiq,
qaiġulik
qasili-1 [qasilI] (i) to ask, beg, supplicate;
(t) to entreat, plead with her/him
(often of child)
qasilliqsu- (i) to constantly beg or ask
favors of others | ‘-qtu- vv
qasili-2 [qasilI] (i) to ooze out and
smart/sting from application of
salt or ointment on cut »
“uilaaksranik
qasilipkaqtitaġnisuuraa
killiqsuliġman” (Matumeak
2009) [he said he used to let it
ooze out and smart by applying
chewing tobacco on it whenever
he developed sores]
qasiŋŋuq- to act as an echo chamber
(e.g., of a mountain as wind acts
upon it)
qasiŋŋuqtaq- (i) to echo, reverberate |
+t/raq-1 vv
qasu- (i) to become slack, become
unwound
qasuaq- to become calm (of wind or
water); (i) to become calm (of
person) | -aq-1 vv
qasui- (i) to make something slack; (i)
to unwind something | -I-6 vv
qasuŋa- (i) to be withered; (i) to be
slack, loose | ±ŋa- vv
qasuq- (i) to stop, quit | +q-2 vv
435
qatak child fathered by someone other
than one’s own spouse through
the formalized spouse exchange
qataŋŋun or (Ti) qataŋun step-
sibling (through spouse exchange)
| +ŋun nn
qataŋŋutigiit siblings related through
traditional spouse exchange
relationship | +ŋun nn
+[g]IIk(-) nn, vv -t nn
qatchik- (i) to stand out, be higher than
others < qaa(-)1
qatchimaraaġuraq small mound
< qaa(-)1
qatchiniq (Ti) cave < qaa(-)1
qatchiq- [qatchIq] (t) to add coffee or tea
to water
qatchiuq- (i) to prepare broth with
blood | ‘=iuq-1 nv
qatchiraaq(-) curved mound; raised area;
protuberance; (i) to have a
protrusion < qaa(-)1
*qati (root) bass quality of one’s voice
qatikit- (i) to have a high-pitched
voice | -kIt- nv
qatitu- (i) to have a low-pitched voice
| +tu- nv
qatittuuq one with low voice or
sound | +tu- nv ‘.q4 vn
qatik breast of bird
qatigaaġun armor | +[g]ak1 nn -k2 nn
-ġun nn, vv
qatigak front part of animal including
rib cage | +[g]ak1 nn
qatigaak or qatikkak front part of
animal including the rib cage;
breast of human | +[g]ak1 nn
-k2 nn
qatiq- (i) to be white
qataak- (i) to become lighter, slightly
less dark | perhaps -ak- vv §
puvitquq-
qatiġniñ or qatiġnisi [qatiġnisI]
white hunting parka cover (used
for camouflage when hunting in
snow, or as church elder’s dress
shirt) | -nnI- vv -ti1 vn
qatiqhak something strikingly white |
-qhak vn
qatiqtaaq something white; white »
qatiqtaaq atuqsaġiñ you should
use the white one | +t/raaq1 vn
qatiqtitaq- to have whitecaps on
ocean | +tit-2 vv +aq-1 vv §
qaggaq(-)
qattiġik- (i) to be very white | ‘-Q vn
+[g]Ik- nv
qatiqtualik 30-30 caliber rifle
qatqit- [qatqIt] (i) to become an adult; (i)
to be in one’s prime; (i) to reach
the summit, top § akpak-
qatqiñŋaruaq an adult | +t/uaq vn
qarraq(-) or qarraatit- (Nu) the sound of
an echo; (i) to echo, resonate,
make a distant noise which
resounds once | -aq-1 vv -tit-2 vv §
qaiġuatit- qattaq, qattauraq(-)
qarraatitaq- (Nu) to echo, resound
repeatedly | -aq-1 vv -tit-2 vv
+aq-1 vv § qaiġuatitaq-
qattaġniq valley or passage in mountains
§ qattaq- natiġnaq
qattaq- (i) to be bare, be without clutter
qattatit- (i) to be absolutely bare |
-tit-2 vv
qattaq water barrel; (Ti) wooden barrel
(used to store food for whaling) »
“Taquaqaġviktik taamna
436
qattamik taiguġaat.” (David
Frankson as reported by Pulu,
Sampson, Newlin:74) [they
called their food provisions
container a qattaq] § see
Appendix 22
qattaġruk barrel, keg | -ġruk nn
qattauraġmiutaq (Ti) canned food |
:uraq nn +miutaq nn
qattauraq(-) small oil drum or water
barrel; bell; (Ti) can; (i) to ring (of
bell, clock, etc.); (Nu)(t) to let it
=bell ring | :uraq nn -q-2 nv § (Ti)
akuġluk(-)
*qau (root) consciousness, awareness,
alertness § qaa-1, qaunagi-
qauġri- (i) to regain consciousness |
+ġrI- nv, rv, vv
qauri- (i) to regain consciousness; (i)
to come to one’s senses; (i) to
become aware of one’s
surroundings (of a child usually
two to three years old) | -rI-2 rv
qauriłła k- (i) to suddenly become
sober | -łłak- vv
qaurima- (i) to be conscious, aware |
+ma-1 vv
qaurimaiq- (i) to become
unconscious, to faint; (i) to
become numb; (t) to knock
her/him/it unconscious | +ma-1 vv
:Iq2 vv § aamit-, taaqtipkaq-
qaurimait- (i) to be unconscious; (i)
to be numb | +ma-1 vvd :It-1 vv
qaurimaiyaq- (t) to put her/him/it
under anesthesia, anesthetize |
+ma-1 vv :Iyaq- vv
qaurimmaaġik- (i) to be thoughtful,
conscientious, mentally alert,
intelligent, perceptive |
-mmaaġIk- vv
qaurimmaġiit- (i) to lack sense,
perception | +mmaġIIt- vv
 qauriñiqłak- (i) to regain
consciousness, become suddenly
sober | -rI-2 rv -niqłak- vv
qaurrisaq something that one had
during childhood and that one is
therefore accustomed to |
‘saq(-) vn, rv
qau- [qagu] (i) to break, of day § *qau
qagguvik daybreak, dawn | ‘-vIk1 vn
qaulluq or qaulluuraq or
qaummałuk or qaummałuuraq
crystal | -lluQ vn
qaumaavyuk- (i) to be dark and
gloomy; be foggy | +maaq(-) vv,
nn perhaps -vyu- vv ‘-k-2 nv
qaumaniq beam of light; halo;
nimbus | +ma-1 vv +niQ1 vn
qaumatitaq(-) sheet lightning; (i) to
strike (of lightning) | -tit-2 vv
+aq-1 vv § igniġuuqpatitaq(-)
qaummaġik- (i) to be bright, well
illuminated, shine | +ma-1 vv
-Q vn +[g]Ik- nv
qaummaġruaq something very
bright | +ma-1 vv -Q vn +ġruaq nn
qaummak- (i) to become daylight; to
ascend (of sun) | +ma-1 vv ‘-k-2 nv
qaummaliaġaq- (Ti) (i) to strike (of
lightning) | +ma-1 vv -Q vn
-liaq nn -q-2 nv +aq-1 vv §
igniqpalliaġaq-, igniġuuqpatit-
qaummałuk crystal, glass, quartz,
translucent rock | +ma-1 vv -Q vn
-łuk1 nn
qaummaq light from a source (e.g.,
sun or lightbulb), brightness |
+ma-1 vv ‘-Q vn
qaummaq- (i) to be clear, translucent;
(i) to be light (of hair); (i) to be a
light-skinned, light-haired person |
+ma-1 vv ‘-q-1 vv
qaummaqsi- to become clear (of
water); (i) to become red hot |
+ma-1 vv ‘-q-1 vv +sI-1 vv § isuqsI-
437
qaummasiq(-) color; (t) to install
lighting system in it | +ma-1 vv
‘-n vn ~Iq-1 nv
qaummatit- (i) to flash (of light); to
have the house lights on |
+ma-1 vv ‘-q1 -tit-2 vv
qaummatitaq- (i) to continue to flash
(of a light) | +ma-1 vv ‘-q1 -tit-2 vv
+aq-1 vv
qauniq shade of color | +niQ1 vn
qaurugraq (Ti) dawn, break of day |
+t/ruksraq vn -q-2 nv
qausaġataq- for day to break, dawn
steadily | +saq-2 vv +ataq-2 vv
qautchiq- or qautchiġruq- (t) to wait
for it =daybreak, dawn, sunrise @
qautchii- or qautchiġrui- |
+[t]sIq- vv or +[t]sIq- vv
-ġruq- vv || :I-4 vv
qau-2 (Nu) (t) to roast it = a fish after
skewering it with a stick poking it
through the mouth with a stick @
qauri- || ~rI-5 vv
qauraq (Nu) fish roasted on a spit |
+t/raq vn
qau qau (call of duck)
qaugak(-) duck; (i) to kill a duck »
qaugaktuami I got a duck |
+[g]ak nn +t-2 nv § mitiq
Qaugait Anniviat (PB) month of
June » “IX. [1854] May 26,
Ka-wai-a-niv’-i-en birds hatched.
X. [1854] June 25 Ka-wai'-lan
pa-yan-ra'-wi-en (young) birds
[eider ducks] fledged.” (Simpson:
261) § Suvluġvik
qaugalaaq duckling | +[g]ak nn
-laaq nn
qaugaluk or qaugałuk small bird |
+[g]ak nn -luk nn
qaugauraq(-) kite; (i) to fly a kite |
+[g]ak nn :uraq nn ±q-2 nv
Qaugait Piviat (PB) month of May »
“VIII. [1854] April 27,
 Ka-wait-piv’-i-en birds [ducks]
arrive.” ( Simpson: 261) § Qilġit
Tatqiat
Qaugalaat ¤Payaŋaiġviat month of
July » “X. [1854] June 25, Ka-
wai’-lan pa-yan-ra’-wi-en
(young) birds [eider ducks]
fledged.” (Simpson: 261)
qaugavik male eider duck | +[g]ak nn
-vIk2 nn § mitiq, qiŋalik
qaukkiaq- (i) to go duck hunting |
+[g]ak nn ‘=iaq-2 nv
qauqallit- (i) to make noise in flight
(of ducks) | -q-2 nv -ak- vv -li- vv
‘=It-2 vv
qauqqauqtuq- (i) to call (of eider
duck) | -q-2 nv (producing ‘qauq’
which is repeated producing
‘qauqqauq’) +tuq-2 vv
qauk (Nu) top end of sheep breastbone
qaukłiq head person, president,
leader, chief, boss » qaukłiq
North Slope-mi aŋun the mayor
of the North Slope is a man |
+llIQ vv
qaukłiłhiñat executive session
qauna via, through out there (extended
and visible) < °qag (dem. stem)
qaunnaaq- (i) via, through out there
(extended and visible) < °qag (dem.
stem)
*qaunak (root) carefulness § *qau
qaunagi- (t) to protect, take care of
her/him/it; (i) to be on the alert for
her/him/it @ qaunaksri- »
maunaqtuat qaunagilugit go
ahead and cross over but watch
out for the soft areas where you
may sink | +[g]i- rv || ~srI- vv
qaunagnaq- (i) to need attention, care
constantly » pakkaqtuvaiłłu  ni-
una qaunagnaqtuq aŋutaiyaaq
438
this boy is into everything so one
has to watch him constantly |
+naq(-) rv
qaunakkiaġik- (i) to be alert,
observant | +[g]i- rv ‘-iaq1 vn
+[g]Ik-nv
qaunakkun watchful care;
observation | ‘-n vn
qaunakkuti- (i) to watch out for, take
care of each other | +[g]i- vv
‘ti- vv
qaunakłaaġun discretion, prudence,
caution | +laaq-1 vv +un1 vn
qaunakłaanġiq- (i) to become nasty,
vulgar, profane | +laaq-1 vv
+nġIq- vv
qaunakłaaq- to be careful, cautious,
discrete with (it) | +laaq-1 vv
qaunaksri(-) caretaker, watchman; (i)
to be on guard duty; to be a
watchman | +rI vn
qaunatqiit- (i) to be irresponsible,
careless, inconsiderate | -tqIk-2 vv
:It-1 vv
qaunatqik- (i) to be responsible,
careful, considerate, take good
care of one’s things; to be aware
of what is going on » “tavra
ilisimasuqtuq suruanik” (Aiken
2009) [he is very good at knowing
what is going on] | -tqIk-2 vv
qaunnaq solid animal fat which can be
pulled loose (like that from a
caribou) | qauq-
qaunnakit- (i) to not have much fat
(of ruminant) | -kIt- nv
qauŋa to out there (extended and visible)
< °qag (dem. stem)
qauŋanmun towards out there (extended
and visible) < °qag (dem. stem)
qauŋaq- (i) to go out there (extended and
visible) < °qag (dem. stem)

qauq [qauQ] forehead, frontal bone § see
Appendix 20
qauġun (Nu) tattoo on forehead |
-ġun nn
qauġutchiq- (t) to bridle it =reindeer,
horse | -ġun nn ~Iq-1 nv
qauġutik bridle for sled reindeer |
-ġun nn -k2 nn
qauqsiaq fur frontlet, headband
(worn by traveler) | +siq nn
-aq2 nn
qauq- (i) to be pried loose; (t) to pry it
loose
qauqtiġii- (i) to loosen things that are
frozen or stuck together |
+tiġI- vv +I-9 vv
qauqtiq- (t) to loosen them, e.g.,
frozen fish in a block by prying or
pulling those that are frozen or
stuck together » | mtiq-2 vv
qauqi- (i) to get a splinter or thorn in
one’s flesh
qauqqun or qauqqutaq splinter,
sliver in one’s flesh; stick placed
inside footgear to hold its shape;
narrow wooden stick or bone
(used to pierce fish through its
gills to string them up for hauling)
» “suna nuvivlugu nuvillakługu
qirukkaluat saunikkaluat
akłunaaliqługu iqalukkamik
nuvivlugit masiagun tavruuna
nuvivlugu kaliłługit
aggisuutisuugait” (Aiken 2009)
[whatever, a wooden stick or bone
with rope attached is used to
pierce fish through their gills to
pull them home] | ‘-n vn or ‘utaq1
vn
qauqqusiq- (t) to put a stick inside it
=footwear for shaping or drying |
‘-n vn ~Iq-1 nv
439
qauqqiñ boom of sailboat | ‘-n vn
‘=It-2 nv ‘-n vn § tukiqtuun
qauqqigauraq (Nu) gaff of sailboat |
‘-n vn ‘=It-2 nv ‘-n vn -gauraq nn
qauriaq- (i) to rest
°qav (dem. stem) in there or up the coast
(extended and visible); in Canada
or Greenland (not visible at the
moment but has been observed or
seen previously) § °kIv (dem.
stem)
qamna2 [dual qapkuak, pl. qapkua]
that one in there, or up the coast
(extended and visible); that one in
Canada or Greenland (not visible
at the moment but has been
observed or seen previously) | +na
(dem. abs. pron. sg. mkr.)
qaptuma2 or qavsruma2 or
qavruma2 [dual qapkuak, pl.
qapkua] that one in there or up the
coast (extended and visible); that
one in Canada or Greenland (not
visible at the moment but has been
observed or seen previously) |
+tuma (dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
qaptumani2 or qavsrumani or
qavrumani2 [dual qapkugnagni,
pl. qapkunani] located with that
one in there or up the coast
(extended and visible); located
with that one in Canada or
Greenland (not visible at the
moment but has been observed or
seen previously) | +tum (dem. rel.
pron. sg. mkr.) +anI (dem. loc.)
qaptumaŋŋa2 or qavsrumaŋŋa2 or
qavrumaŋŋa2 [dual
qapkugnaŋŋa, pl. qapkunaŋŋa]
from that one in there or up the
coast (extended and visible); from
that one in Canada or Greenland
(not visible at the moment but has
been observed or seen previously)
 | +tum (dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
+aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
qaptumatun2 or qavsrumatun2 or
qavrumatun2 [dual
qapkugnaktun, pl. qapkunatitun]
similar to that one in there, or up
the coast (extended and visible);
similar to that one in Canada or
Greenland (not visible at the
moment but has been observed or
seen previously) | +tum (dem. rel.
pron. sg. mkr.) +atun (dem. sim.)
qaptumiŋa2 or qavsrumiŋa2 or
qavrumiŋa2 [dual qapkugniŋa, pl.
qapkuniŋa] (of) that one in there
or up the coast (extended and
visible); (of) that one in Canada or
Greenland (not visible at the
moment but has been observed or
seen previously) | +tum (dem. rel.
pron. sg. mkr.) +iŋa (dem. mod.)
qaptumuŋa2 or qavsrumuŋa2 or
qavrumuŋa2 [dual qapkugnuŋa,
pl. qapkunuŋa] to that one in there
or up the coast (extended and
visible); to that one in Canada or
Greenland (not visible at the
moment but has been observed or
seen previously) | +tum (dem. rel.
pron. sg. mkr.) +uŋa (dem. term.)
qaptumuuna2 or qavsrumuuna2 or
qavrumuuna2 [dual
qapkugnuuna, pl. qapkunuuna] via
that one in there or up the coast;
with that one in there or up the
coast (extended and visible); via
that one in Canada or Greenland;
with that one in Canada or
Greenland (not visible at the
moment but has been observed or
seen previously) | +tum (dem. rel.
pron. sg. mkr) +uuna (dem. via.)
qavani located up the coast (extended
and visible); further up the coast
or in Canada or Greenland (not
visible at the moment but has been
440
observed or seen previously);
“…eastward, or towards the
Colville or Makenzie rivers…”
(Simpson: 261) | +anI (dem. loc.)
qavaniit- (i) to be located up the coast
(extended and visible); (i) to be
located further up the coast, or in
Canada or Greenland (not visible
at the moment but has been
observed or seen previously) |
+anI (dem. loc.) it- “to be”
qavaŋŋa from up the coast (extended
and visible); from Canada or
Greenland (not visible at the
moment but has been observed or
seen previously) | +aŋŋa (dem.
abl.)
qavaŋŋaat recent arrivals from the
east | +aŋŋa (dem. abl.) -aq2 nn -t
(pl. mkr.)
qavaŋŋamiñ from up the coast
(extended and visible); from
Canada or Greenland (not visible
at the moment but has been
observed or seen previously); (Ti)
from Anaktuvak Pass, Alaska
(perspective of Point Hope,
Alaska) | +aŋŋa (dem. abl.) ÷miñ
(abl.)
qavaŋŋaq- (i) to come from up the
coast, from Canada or Greenland |
+aŋŋa (dem. abl.) +q-3 dv
qavva up the coast (extended and
visible); in Canada or Greenland
(not visible at the moment but has
been observed or seen previously)|
‘a (dem. adv. mkr.)
qavva qavani location east § see
Appendix 13
qavuŋa to in there or up the coast
(extended and visible); to Canada
or Greenland (not visible but has
been observed or seen previously)
| +uŋa (dem. term.)
qavuŋanmun towards the east;
towards up the coast (extended
 and visible); towards further up
the coast towards Canada or
Greenland (not visible at the
moment but has been observed or
seen previously) | +uŋa (dem.
term.) +nmun (term.)
qavuŋaq- (i) to go up the coast, east
(extended and visible); to go
further up the coast or to Canada
or Greenland (not visible at the
moment but has been observed or
seen previously) | +uŋa (dem.
term.) +q-3 dv § auŋaq-
qavuuna via, through up the coast,
east (extended and visible); via,
through further up the coast, via
Canada or Greenland (not visible
at the moment but has been
observed or seen previously) |
uuna (dem. via.)
qavuunnaaq- (i) via, through up the
coast, east (extended and visible);
via, through, further up the coast,
via Canada or Greenland (not
visible at the moment but has been
observed or seen previously) |
+uuna (dem. via.) ‘.q-4 dv
qavaasuk Spectacled Eider (Somateria
fischeri); (Ti) female Spectacled
Eider
qavaq- (i) to be on its back in the water
(of seal)
qavaġaq- or qavaġauraq- (i) to lie
on its back intermittently (of seal,
walrus) | +aq-1 vv or +aq-1 vv
:uraq- vv
qavausiq (Ti) epidermis of whale (black
outer skin of maktak)
qavia sand, fine sand § maġia, maġġaq,
tuapak
441
qaviarauraq or qaviaraaq very fine
sand | -raaq(-) nn =uraqnn §
siuġaq
qaviat- (t) to bury, cover it with sand
@ qaviatchi- | +t-2 nv || +sI-3 vv
qaviqsuaq longnose sucker (Catastomus
catastromus)
qaviuq- (i) to make its characteristic cry
(of ptarmigan)
qavlu eyebrow
qavlunaaq1 or qavlunaq brow ridge;
brow of hill | -naaq3 nn
Qavlunaaq2 White Person | -naaq3 nn
qavluniq- (Ti) (i) to come near shore (of
school of fish)
qavrak- or qarvak- to flense, remove
blubber from (it =animal skin) §
qavsiraq, kiliuq-, qaprak-
qavragvik flensing log
(approximately five-foot-long
piece of wood on which skin is
held and scraped) | +vIk1 vn
qavsit [qavsIt] (interrog.) how many
qavsiiksraq something that can be
made into several identical items |
+ksraq1 nn
qavsiiksrauraq- (i) to be few, several
| +ksraq1 nn -u-2 nv -raq- nv
qavsiñik (interrog.) how many | ÷nik
(mod.)
qavsiñukpa (interrog.) what time is it
| -nuk- nv +p/va (interrog 3s)
qavsiqiurat several, few | perhaps
-qi- vv :uraq nn -t nn
qavsiraq piece of blubber § qavrak-
qavsiraaq (Ti) whale blubber cut in
strips (as for rendering) | -aq2 nn §
uqsruġaaq
 qavsirauraq cube of yeast or sugar
(Aiken 2009) | :uraq nn
qavsruma1 or qavruma1 that one in there
(not visible) < °qam (dem. stem)
qavsruma2 or qavruma2 that one in
there or up the coast (extended
and visible); that one in Canada or
Greenland (not visible at the
moment but has been observed or
seen previously) < °qav (dem.
stem)
qavsrumani1 or qavrumani1 located
with that one in there (not visible)
< °qam (dem. stem)
qavsrumani2 or qavrumani2 located
with that one in there or up the
coast (extended and visible);
located with that one in Canada or
Greenland (not visible at the
moment but has been observed or
seen previously) < °qav (dem.
stem)
qavsrumaŋŋa1 or qavrumaŋŋa1 from
that one in there (not visible)
< °qam (dem. stem)
2 2
qavsrumaŋŋa or qavrumaŋŋa from
that one in there or up the coast
(extended and visible); from that
one in Canada or Greenland (not
visible at the moment but has been
observed or seen previously) ) <
°qav (dem. stem)
qavsrumatun1 or qavrumatun1 similar
to that one in there (not visible)
< °qam (dem. stem)
qavsrumatun2 or qavrumatun2
similar to that one in there, or up
the coast (extended and visible);
442
similar to that one in Canada or
Greenland (not visible at the
moment but has been observed or
seen previously) < °qav (dem.
stem)
qavsrumiŋa1 or qavrumiŋa1 that one in
there (not visible)
< °qam (dem. stem)
qavsrumiŋa2 or qavrumiŋa2 that one in
there or up the coast (extended
and visible); (of) that one in
Canada or Greenland (not visible
at the moment but has been
observed or seen previously) <
°qav (dem. stem)
qavsrumuŋa1 or qavrumuŋa1 to that one
in there (not visible) < °qam (dem.
root)
qavsrumuŋa2 or qavrumuŋa2 to that one
in there or up the coast (extended
and visible); to that one in Canada
or Greenland (not visible at the
moment but has been observed or
seen previously) < °qav (dem.
stem)
qavsrumuuna1 or qavrumuuna1 via,
with that one in there (not visible)
< °qam (dem. stem)
qavsrumuuna2 or qavrumuuna2 via
that one in there or up the coast;
with that one in there or up the
coast (extended and visible); via
that one in Canada or Greenland;
with that one in Canada or
Greenland (not visible at the
moment but has been observed or
seen previously) < °qav (dem.
stem)
qavsuk- (i) to become dim (of light); (i)
to become low (of fire); (t) to turn
it =light lower < qami-
qavsuktaaq- (i) to turn down the power;
(i) to be made dimmer (of light);
(i) to be made lower (of fire); (t) to
lower its flame; to dim it =light <
qami-
qavsuktaq- (i) to flicker (of light or
flame); (i) to burn unsteadily (of
light or flame); (t) to cause it =
light to flicker < qami-
qavvik(-) [qavvIk] wolverine (Gulo
gulo); (i) to kill a wolverine »
qavviksimaruaq he got a
wolverine | +t-2 nv
qavviatchiaq or (Ti) qaviatchiaq
marmot (Marmota broweri) |
-atchiaq nn
qavviksiun wolverine trap | +siun nn
qayaġulik(-) ringed seal (Pusa hispida);
(i) to kill a ringed seal | +t-2 nv §
qaiġulik
Qayaiqsiġvik Icy Cape, Alaska
qayaŋnaq- (i) to be fragile § qaunagnaq-
qayaq one person skin kayak § see
Appendix 17
qayaġiaq canoe | +iaq2 nn
qayaqtuq- (i) to use a kayak |
+tuq-3 nv
qayaqhiuq- (i) to rock (of boat); (i) to
paddle over surface of water (of
duck); (i) to swim, paddling with
feet | -qhik- vv -uq-2 vv
¤qayaqhuaq- (Nu) (i) to “float”
above water (like a shaman in his
kayak) | -qhuaq- nv
qayau- (i) to capsize in a kayak |
perhaps :u-1 nv § kiñŋu-
443
qayyi- to build a kayak (for her/him);
(t) to build it into a kayak | =I-1 nv
qayyiñġaq (Nu) skin covering of
kayak | =I-1 nv perhaps -nġaq vn
qayyirautit (Nu) sled for transporting
kayak | ‘=Iraq- nv :un1 vn -t nn
qayuit- (Ti) (i) to slip on ice or slippery
surface » “qayuiññami
aquvsalaktuq” (Kinneeveauk
2008) [he landed on his butt as he
slipped on a slick surface]
qayuiłłak- or (Ti) qayuillak- (i) to
slip and land on a hard surface |
-łłak- vv
qayuitchaġnaq- (Ti) (i) to be slippery
| +saq-2 vv +naq(-) vv
¤qayuk- (Ti) (t) to shape it
¤qayułuk (Nu) dark-colored fish skin
used for parka trim; legendary
fish-like creature which travels
through the snow »
“silaŋŋaaliuqługit sulukpaugat
amiŋit pisuummirait”
(Matumeak 2009) [they used to
make the skins of Arctic grayling
fish into raincoats]
qayuŋnilik crystal (rock or bead) §
qaulluq
qayuq boiled blood broth; tea
qayuksraq dry tea or coffee from
which beverage is prepared; tea
leaves | -ksraq(-) nn § papaksraq
qayusaaq a broth made from the
blood of a caribou, it’s rumen cut
in little pieces, and fat from its
mesentery apron; (Ti) cooked
mixture of flour and water »
“tavra tuttum auŋaniglu
niġukkaŋaniglu irakitchuat
piŋannik piliqługu qaunnaliġ-
mivlugu itchauraŋiññiñ,
 tainnasiq tivraġiksuq; imiġaġik-
suq” (Aiken 2009) [so with the
blood of the caribou and its rumen
in little pieces and also putting in
fat from its mesentery apron, [a
mixture] like that is tasty; its broth
is good] | -saaq (-)3 nn § imiġaq,
palauvaaq
qayuqłak ripple on surface of snow (used
in telling prevalent wind
direction)/ qayuqłait anuġim
tainna pikkaŋi natiġvikami
ripples on surface of snow are
made by the wind when it blows
close to the ground § aniuvauraq,
aġviuraq
qayuuttaaq Pine Grosbeak (Pinicola
enucleator)
qayuuttaayuuq or (Nu)
qayuuttavauraq Junco (Junco
hyemalis) | -ayuuq nn or =vak1 nn
:uraq nn
qayuuttavak Dunlin, Red-backed
Sandpiper (Calidris alpina) |
=vak1 nn
qayuuttaq ladle; large wooden spoon;
water dipper
Qayuuttaq (Ti) constellation Ursus
Major, Big Dipper
qayuuttauraq xiphisternum, lower
tip of sternum or breatbone | :uraq
nn see Appendix 21
qayuuttaksralik ram with horns the
proper size to make ladles |
+ksraq(-) nn, nv -lik nn
qayyiiġun or qayyiuġun Northern
Phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus)
qhai! qhai! (excl.) shouted when new
arrivals come into view
444
qia- [qira] to cry, weep, shed tears (for
her/him/it)
qiamilat- (t) to make her/him =usu. a
child cry repeatedly @
qiamilatchi- | +mIk- vv
-lak- vv -t-1 vv || +sI-3 vv
qiari- (t) to make her/him cry »
Siġmiam qiarigaa Taałak
Siġmiaq made Taałak cry |
+rI-3 vv
qiariññik- (i) to make someone cry |
+nik- vv
qirran mourning song; lament; dirge;
reason for crying | ‘-n vn
qirranaaq one who cries easily, a
crybaby, continually crying
person | ‘naaq vn
qirruk- to cry continuously for
(her/him/it) | perhaps =rruk- vv
qialġun detachable harpoon head which
goes into whale when bomb is
expended, attached with rope to a
float; “Head of Whale Harpoon
(ki’-a-drun)…. Detachable head,
with barb of ivory, and blade of
metal, slate, or chipped flint.”
(Murdoch as reported by Ray
1885: 73) § kiŋu, kanasiġaq
qiamit- (t) to catch it with a bola, a
throwing weapon used to hunt
ducks @ qiamitchi- || +sI-3 vv
qianaruutuuq or qiaranatuuq Golden
Crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia
atricapilla) | +tuuq nn
qianġaq cross fox (Vulpes vulpes)
qianġaqtuluk blue fox (Alopex
lagopus) | perhaps +tuq2 nn
-luk nn
qiaq [qiraq] Iñupiaq delicacy made out of
the outer intestinal membrane of a
bearded seal (the membrance is
 scraped off by hand from the
intestine and chopped on a slab of
bearded seal blubber)
qiagiyaq- (t) to remove it =intestinal
membrane of intestine @ qiiqsi- |
:Iyaq- nv || +sI-3 vv
qirri-1 (i) to make “qiaq” | ‘=I-1 nv
qigguvik place where one freezes to death
< qiu-
qigliq or qigliuraq (Ti) breakable utensil,
plate, or cup; porcelain china
(translucent) » “tavliglugit
qiñiġñaqtuat” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [they are translucent] §
qikłiq
qigluk(-)1 large ventral, abdominal blood
vessel; one of the large veins; (i)
to feel pain in the large ventral,
abdominal blood vessel
qigluuraaq- (i) to feel prolonged pain
in one’s large ventral, abdominal
blood vessel » “qigluuraaġuuruq
ilaanni iñuk anasugrukkami
analaitqaaqłuni” (Aiken 2009) [it
is said that a person sometimes
feels pain in his large ventral,
abdominal blood vessel when he
defecates a lot after not having
been able to defecate for a long
time] | -uraaq- 1 vv
qigluk-2 (i) to regret a loss, to mourn »
“ilani piiġman qigluuraaqtuq
iñuk; suna suġautalluatani
tammaigamiuŋ” (Aiken 2009) [a
person mourns for a while when
one of his relatives dies; [or] when
he has lost a valuable item]
qiglugi- (t) to regret losing, mourn
her/him/it | +[g]i- vv
qiglukpagniq lamentation |
+qpak(-) vv, nn +niQ1 vn
445
*qiġa (root) stiffness
qiġata- (i) to be stiff | mta- vv
qiġatait- (i) to be pliable, flexible |
1
mta- vv :It- vdv
qiġattaŋa- (i) to be stiff (of animal
skin) | mta- vv ‘-q-1 vv ±ŋa- vv
qiġattaq- (Nu) (i) to be stiff (e.g., of a
skin), inflexible | mta- vv ‘-q-1 vv §
tiggaq(-)
qiġattat piece of canvas used to
stiffen something; interfacing; rod
used to stiffen something | mta- vv
‘-Q vn -t nn
qiġġait- (i) to be lively, nimble |
‘-q-1 vv :It-1 vv
qiġġaq- (i) to be no longer nimble; (i)
to have stiff muscles; (i) to have a
stiff part (of gun, machine, etc.) |
‘-q-1 vv
*qiġi (root) squeakiness § qiiqi
qiġiiluk- or qiġiila- (i) to squeak, be
squeaky, creak (e.g., of door) »
“nipaalaruq; nivliraqtuaq;
puyuuġvium piŋa pamna
qiġiululgitchuq” (C. Tuzroyluke
2009) [it is making noise; it is
creaking; the part of the stove pipe
up there is creaking again] | .-q1 vv
-luk- vv or .-q1 vv -la- vv
qiġġiġġaq- (Ti) (i) to make a creaking
noise as one walks in hard snow |
perhaps ‘-q1 vv ‘-aq-1 vv §
siaksrit-
¤qiġiuluktaq- (Ti) (i) to squeak, creak
repeatedly (e.g., of door) | .-q1 vv
-luk- vv +t/raq-1 vv §
qiiqiġiiliktaq-
qiġitiq- (Ti) (t) to be frostbitten, to freeze
(of body part) § qiqit-, qiu-
qiġluvaq- (Ti) (t) to store it away @
qiġluvai- || :I-4 vv
qiġniq cold storage pit dug down to
permafrost and covered
qiġñiq- (i) to be black, dark
qiġñaaq- (i) to be blackish | -aq-3 vv
qiġñiġaq (Nu) dark ripple on water |
+[ġ]aq vn
qiġñiqtaaluk black wolf | +t/raaq1 nn
-luk nn
qiġñiqtaaq something black »
qiġñiqtaaq qairruŋ give the
black one | +t/raaq1 nn
qiġñiqtaq black fox, silver fox
(Vulpes vulpes) | +t/raq7 vn
¤qiġñiqtuligruaq (Nu) large sheep
with black horn stubs |+t/ruq1 vn
-lik nn +ġruaq nn §
aŋusalluġuŋailaaq
qiġñiqtulik or (Nu) qiġñiqtuligauraq
roughly three-year old sheep with
black stubs on medium-sized
horns | +t/ruq1 vn -lik nn or
+t/ruq1 vn -lik nn +gauraq nn
qiġruġaaq- to freeze without snow cover
(of ground during fall < qiqi-
¤qiġrun (Nu) impedimentfor not doing
something; ¤reason for what one
does § piŋillatuaġniq
¤qiġrusiq- (Nu) (i) to have something
which occupies one’s time,
keeping one from other tasks; (t)
to occupy her/his time keeping
her/him from other tasks »
qiġrusiqsuŋa nuvagmik cold is
preventing me from doing tasks |
~Iq-1 nv
qiġuviak refrozen slush
*qii (root) convulsion
qiiŋa- (i) to be rolled back (e.g., eyes
of person dying or having a
convulsion) | ±ŋa- vv
446
qiiqsruq- (i) to have an epileptic
convulsion | mqsruq-2 rv
qiiqsruġuu- (i) to be an epileptic |
2
mqsruq- rv +[s]uu- vv
qiiligruk- (i) to clench fists and teeth in
frustration | +rruk- rv
qiiłłuaq piece of excrement hanging from
rectum (usu. of a dog with
tapeworm keeping the excrement
from falling in pieces)
*qiiqi (root) creaking § *qiġi
qiiqiġiaq [qiiqiġiraq] metal hinge |
±q-2 rv +iaq2 nn
qiiqiġiiluk- (i) to creak | +q-2 vv
.-q-2 vv-luk- vv
qiiya- to feel cold (of person)
qiiyaliq- to become cold, feel cold (of
person) | -lIq-3 vv
qiiyanałhaiññaq- (i) to be always
cold | +naq(-) vv -łhaiññaq- vv
qiiyanaq- (i) to be cold (of place,
object, weather) » qiiyanaqtuq
uvamni it is cold, in my opinion |
+naq(-) vv
qiiyannaq very cold weather |
+nnaq vn
qikaq- (i) to be standing around § makita-
qikaaġvik place to stand on sled
runners » “kiamġuaġviŋit uniani
taisuugait qikaaġvigñik;
makitaraġaaġvigñiglu
taisuugait” (Aiken 2009) [they
call the place where one pushes on
a sled the place where one stands
still for a while; they also call it
the place where one stands for a
while] | -aq-1 vv +vIk1 vn
qikaaluk-1 (i) to stand alone for quite
some time (e.g., as a hunter
waiting by breathing hole of seal);
 (i) to loiter for some time | -aq-1 vv
-luk- vv
qikaaq- (i) to stand and move about
closeby » “Sammagguuq
aapiyaqtiŋ nikpaakkiqpan,
qikaaġutik taapkua taavuŋa
kukilugaaġutiŋ
uŋasiksigaluaġnagu
natchiqsitkisigaat.” (Nageak
1975: 14) [so when their elder
brother begins to wait
expectantly, they will enable him
to catch a seal if they stand
around moving about not going
too far away] | -aq-1 vv
qikaġaaq- (i) to leisurely stand and
about closeby| +aaq(-) vv
¤qikata- (i) to stand | mta- vv
§ makita-
qikautaq spit; a roasting skewer on
which food is impaled; a vertical
support » “napautchiqługu suna
savakkamirruŋ
qikautchiġñisuugait;
igaviillu niviŋŋaġviŋa
qikautanik pisuugai” (Aiken
2009) [when they put a post on
something to stand it up, they say
they have placed an upright
support on it; they also call the
place where something is hung
over a cooking fire a spit] |
-utaq vn
qiki [qikI] cross brace (supports the rope
of the “mapkuq” used to toss
people into the air during
Nalukataq); ¤ rope tied to corner
of blanket-toss hide and staked to
ground (no longer used) »
qikiqaqtuq nalukataun
sisamanik the bearded sealskin
hide used to toss people into the
air during Nalukataq has four
cross braces; “qiruit mapkum
447
akłunaaŋisa qakirviŋi
nalukataqtuani” (Aiken 2009)
[it’s the wooden supports upon
which to place the ropes of the
blanket toss]
qiki- (i) to feel insecure; (i) to be unable;
(i) to be reserved; (i) to be
unassertive, to lack confidence §
kanŋusuk-, nikasuk-
qikigi- (t) to respect, admire, be in
awe of her/him; (t) to feel shy,
intimidated or diffident towards
her/him | +[g]i- vdv § taluġi-
qikiit- (i) to be bold, confident, daring
» “sapiqsraŋitchuq iñugnik
allanik uqautiaqsigamigi;
sapiqsralaitchuq tavra
qikiitchuq” (Aiken 2009) [he is
not intimidated by others when he
begins to speak to them; he does
not feel intimidated, he is bold and
confident] | :It-1 vv § kiiñaġniq-,
sapiqsralait-
qiksigi- (t) to feel shy, intimidated,
diffident toward her/him; (t) to
respect, admire, be in awe of
her/him/it | ~sik-1 vv +[g]i- vdv §
taluġi-
qiksiksraq- (i) to regard someone
with respect; to feel unworthy and
diffident in someone’s presence;
to feel shy or intimidated |
~sIk1- vv -qsraq- vv § sapiqsraq-
qiksiksraun reverence; deference |
~sik-1 vv qsraq- vv :un1 vn
qiksiksrautiqaq- to be respectful (to
her/him/it) | ~sIk1- vv -qsraq- vv
:un1 vn -qaq- nv
qiksiksrautiqaġniq respect |
~sIk1- vv -qsraq- vv :un1 vn
-qaq- nv +niQ1 vn
qiksilliq- to catch a glimpse or hasty
view | ~sik-1 vv -lliq-2 vv
 qiksiñ respect » “qiksiñaqtut
utuqqanaat” (Aiken 2009) [elders
inspire respect] | ~sik-1 vv ‘n1 vn
*qikI1 (root) distortion
qikiŋa- (i) to be warped | ±ŋa- vv
qikisit- (t) to warp it | +sI-1 rv +t-2 vv
*qiki2 (root) creakiness
qikallit- (i) to become alert because of
creaking noise made by person or
animal walking on packed snow |
~ak rv -lIq-3 vv ‘=It-2 vv
qikaaluk-2 (i) for it (usu. of snow or
ice) to be crunchy when walked
upon | ~ak- vv -aq-1 vv -luk- vv
qikiġġaaqpaluk- (i) to make a
creaking sound when walked on
(of snow) | +[ġ]aq-2 rv, vv
‘-aq-1 vv +p/valuk- vv
qikiġġaġnaq- (i) to creak underfoot
easily (of frozen packed snow) »
“tuttutchaqtuni uliłługik
tutullak mitqua aniłługik
qikiġġaġnaiġuuruk” (Matumeak
2009) [when one is stalking
caribou, by turning the soles of the
caribou boots inside out with the
fur out, the creaking sounds (of
the snow) caused by the boots
ceases] |+[ġ]aq- rv,vv ‘-aq-1 vv
+naq(-) vv
qikiġġaq creaking noise made by
walking, running, crawling on
frozen snow | +[ġ]aq- rv, vv
‘-Q vn
qikiġġaqtaq- (i) to make a creaking
noise on snow | |+[ġ]aq- rv,vv
‘-aq-1 vv +t/raq-1 vv
qikiġġit- (t) to frighten, startle
her/him/it with noise of one’s
steps in snow or stepping on a
twig | +[ġ]aq- rv, vv ‘-Q vn
‘=It-2 nv § siaksrIt-
qikiqtaq island
448
Qikiqtaġruk Kotzebue, Alaska;
Herschel Island, NWT, Canada |
-ġruk nn
qikiqtaġruk peninsula | -ġruk nn
qikiqtasugruk large island |
-sugruk nn
qikkuaq(-) (Ti) frost on ground; (t) to get
frosted over (of land) §
qaquq-, qiqit-, qiu-
qikłiq [qikłIq] china utensil which
shatters easily § qigliq, qiłkhiq
qiksruqtaqtuula- (i) to thrust one’s arms
up making threatening motions »
“qiksruqtaqtuularuq talligñi
isaaqtalavlugik piyuumigivlugu
iñuqaġnailaq” (Matumeak 2009)
[he thrust his arms and waved
them around violently threatening
the one who did not let people
live] | +t/raq-1 vv +tuula- vv
qiku clay
qikuyyaq clay; clay utensil, pottery,
clay jar, earthernware pot |
-yyaq n § patigaq, naparaq
*qila (root) speed
qilamik quickly, immediately, right
away | ÷mik (mod.)
qilamipiaġataq (adverb) quickly,
immediately | ÷mik (mod.)
-piaġataq(-) vv
qilamiqsruq- (i) to hurry; to rush
(her/him/it) | ÷mik (mod.)
2
mqsruq- vv
qilamiqsruatchiaq- (i) to do right
away, without delay | ÷mik (mod.)
2
mqsruq- vv -atchiaq(-) vv
qilanaaq- (i) to want something
urgently | -naaq- rv
qilagluksi- (Ti) to become cloudy and
windy (Harcharek: 20) | perhaps
 +luk(-)1 vn, nv +si-3 vv
qilġiq [qilġIq] (Ti) gray hair § qirġi
qilġili- (Ti) (i) to get gray hair | -lI-2 nv
qilġuq or qiliġuq scar | ±ġuq rn
qilu(-) rope attached to side of tent (used
in securing tent to stake); (i) to
have a muscle cramp; (t) to attach
tent ropes to it =stake in ground
or to tent side frame (wooden
stakes secured into the permafrost
standing upright about four feet
above the ground and joined
together horizontally by a long
two-by-four piece of lumber); (t)
to draw it =bow; (t) to pull it up,
to stretch it taut
qillun or qillutaq ligament under
tongue | ‘-n vn
qillutaiq- (i) to have one’s infirmity
corrected; (i) to recover from a
crippling disability; (t) to cure her
/him/it of infirmity | ‘-n vn
:Iq-2 nv
qillutik protective cover for index and
middle fingers, attached to wrist
(used by archer) | ‘-n vn -k2 nn
qillutit caribou-skin guard for
archer’s middle three fingers and
wrist | ‘-n vn -t nn
qilluvik tent post | ‘-vIk1 vn
qiluaq(-) taut line attached to snare
(used for catching squirrels); (t)
to catch it =squirrel using a taut
line attached to a snare (covered
with grass and set at a squirrel.
hole) » siksrik qilusaġaa he
caught a squirrel with his snare;
“nuiguraġman aasi
nuqitiqługu” (Aiken 2009)
[then when it [the squirrel]
tentatively appears, you pull it [the
line] quickly] | ±aq1 vn §
maksruksaq
449
qiluaqtuq- (i) to use a taut line
attached to a snare to catch
squirrels; (t) to use a taut line
attached to a snare to catch it
=squirrel | ±aq1 vn +tuq-3 nv
qiluiññaq bow without braided
sinew, used to hunt small game;
unwound bow | :It-1 nv
+naq(-) vn
qilummi- (t) to hold it =line
taut; (t) to “play” it =a fish |
+mmI-5 vv
qiluqipagaq- (i) to continue to strain
at harness or line | -qi- vv -pak- vv
+aq-1 vv
qiluqipak- (i) to strain at harness or
line once | -qi- vv -pak- vv
qiluqqi- (i) to be taut | -qqI- vv
qiluqqiññiq sprained muscle or
muscles, especially back muscles
| +qqIt- vv +nIQ1 vn
qiluqqiqsruq- to stretch looking taut
» “anuġi qiluqqiqsruqtuq
qutchiksuaq” (Matumeak 2009)
[the wind in the high altitude is
strong causing the clouds to
stretch making them look taut] |
+qqIt- vv mqsruq-2 vv
qiluqqit- (i) to strain a back muscle;
(i) to become unable to move
about freely because of a strained
back; (Nu) to have a muscle
cramp; (i) to be stretched taut; (t)
to pull it taut | +qqIt- vv
qiluqqiutaq or qiluqqisaun sprain |
+qqIt- vv :utaq vn, or +qqIt- vv
-saq-2 :un1 vn
qilusaq- (Nu) (t) to snare it =fox by
placing a snare at its hole |
3
msaq- nv § qilutaq-
qilutaak- (i) be confined, restricted,
unable to move freely and do what
one wants to do | -taq vn, vv
-ak-2 vv
 qilutaq- or qilusaq- (Nu) (i) to be
caught (of fox) by a snare placed
at its hole | perhaps +taq-4 nv
-saq-1 nv § qilusaq-
qiluuq- (t) to stretch it @ qiluuqsI- |
:uq-2 vv || +sI-3 vv
qiluuttat tent side frames on either
side of tent (wooden stakes
secured into the permafrost
standing upright about four feet
above the ground and joined
together horizontally by a long
two-by-four piece of lumber on
which tent ropes are tied securely)
| :uq-2 vv -utaq vn
qiluk- (i) to warp, wrinkle from heat;
(Ti) (t) to become scorched (e.g.,
of parka fur, plastic) when
exposed to high heat »
“ugliktuakkiuvva
qilukługnisuugaat; ugligman
panaqługman amiq suna”
(Aiken 2009) [it is evident that
when something shrinks, they say
it warps; it’s when hide or
something else shrinks becoming
rigid and dry] | -k-2 vv
qilukłuk- to warp (it) | -kłuk- vv
qiluŋa- (i) to have slanted eyes; (i) to be
slanted | ±ŋa- vv
qila(-) or qila shaman’s power; shaman’s
spirit; conjuring spirit; (i) to
invoke spirits (of shaman) »
qilasiññaqtuq aŋatkuuŋitka-
luaqtuq he is conjuring spirits
even though he is not a shaman
qillan shaman’s conjuring rod | ‘n1 vn
§ qirugautaq
qilagautaq divining rod used to
foretell fate of sick person |
-gaq1 vv -utaq vn
qilaun drum used in Iñupiaq dancing |
:un1 vn
450
¤qilaugauraq (Ti) eardrum | :un1 vn
:gauraq nn
qilaurraq- (i) to drum, play the drum
| -urraq- vv
qilausiraq- (Ti) (i) to play the drum |
:un1 vn :siraq- nv
qilausiraqti or qilaurraqti drummer |
:uti1 vn =Iraq- nv mt/ri vn or
-urraq- vv mt/ri vn
qilaaq thin maktak from whale’s mouth
qilaiq- (i) to have a hole in boot sole; (t)
to wear a hole through it =boot
sole | :Iq-2 nv
qilak(-)1 sky, firmament; heaven; roof;
(i) to be in the process of having a
roof put on (of house); (t) to roof it
§ see Appendix 22
qilagakuaqtaq sivuluat tattuqiłługit
palatal sounds | -gaq2 nn -kuaq- nv
+t/raq vn, sivuluaq -t nn, tattuqit-
+lugit (Subord. 3p-3p)
qilagaq roof of mouth, hard palate |
-gaq2 nn
qilagluk- (i) to be cloudy and windy |
+luk(-)1 vn, nv
qilagluksi- (t) to get cloudy and
windy | +luk(-)1 vn, nv +sI-1 vv
qilaguaq upstairs | guq nn -aq2 nn
qilaguuraq platform at bow of boat
(where the tukaqti “coiled rope
attached to the whale floats or
spear” is kept) | guq nn :uraq nn §
see Appendix 16
qilait supporting crosswise roof
beams | :It nn
qilaŋa roof planks | :ŋa nn
qilaŋmiutaq or qilaŋmiutauraq
collared lemming (Dicronstonyx
spp.) | ÷miu- nv -taq vn :uraq nn
qilaktaq ice cache (above ground) |
+t/raq vn
qilak-2 to knit (it)
 qilaaksraq yarn | +ksraq vn
qilaaq or qilaktaq knitted item |
±aq1 vn or +t/raq vn
qilaun knitting needle | :un1 vn
qilalugaq beluga whale (Delphinapterus
leucas); narwhal
qilamit- to hit and catch/kill (it =bird,
duck) with a bola » qilamitkaa he
caught it with a bola | -mit- vv
qilamitaq- to kill (them =birds,
ducks) with a bola | +aq-1 v v
qilamitautit bolas for hunting birds
[Driggs: 92: “it was made of
seven small ivory balls, each
having a string of deer sinew
attached, the strings being joined
at the end by a feather.”] | -mit- vv
+aq-1 vv :un1 vn -t nn
qilamitchaq- to hurl a bola (at it) |
+tchaq- vv
qilaptaq(-) or (Nu) qilapsaq(-)
something caught with a bola; (t)
to use the bola to capture it |
+mit- vv +t/raq vn
qilaŋŋaq Horned Puffin (Fratercula
corniculata)
qilġiq [qilġiQ] Rough-legged Hawk
(Buteo lagopus); china, as plates,
cups
Qilġit Tatqiat [lit. “month of the
rough legged hawks”] month of
April § Qaugait Piviat
qilġiqtaq- (Ti) (i) to be moving in the
distance barely visible so that one
451
only catches a glimpse of it (of
something)|
qiliq- (t) to tie it into a knot; to bind, tie
her/him/it up @ qiliqsi- || +sI-3 vv
qilġit basket sled | :It nn
qilġun rope; lashing; mitten string |
:un1 vn
qiliġniq knot (as in bow knot) |
+niQ1 vn
qiliġun (Ti) string which holds drum
skin to frame; rope used to tie
something down | :un1 vn
qiliġutaiq- (i) to become untied; (t) to
untie its knot; (t) remove her/his
handcuffs | :un1 vn :Iq-2 nv
qiliġutik handcuffs | :un1 vn -k2 nn
qiliiq- to untie (it) | :Iq-2 nv
qiliptaq(-) one whose neck has been
wrung; (t) to wring it =neck of
something, esp.,a duck | -ptaq nn §
qipititchi-
qiliqsrauttat (Nu) clump of willows
sharing one trunk| +qsraq vn
-utaq3 nn -t nn
qiliqsrui- (t) to tie, bind her/him up
with rope | mqsruq-2 vv :I-7 vv
qiliqsruq- (t) to tie knots in it =rope;
(t) to tie her/him/it up | mqsruq-2 vv
qiliqtat things lashed together; bundle
of five ducks tied together |
+t/raq vn -t nn
qiliviqsruq- (t) to tie her/him/it up
securely | -vIk- vv mqsruq-2 vv
qillaaq- (t) to tie them in a bundle @
qillaaqsi- | ‘-aq-1 vv || +sI-3 vv
qillaaqtat (Nu) a bundle, things tied
together; bundles of willows tied
together and inserted in river ice
in autumn to block downward
travel of fish; bundles of willow
for fish weir | ‘-aq-1 vv +t/raq vn
 -t nn § saputiksrat
qilli- (i) to find the remains of a dead
game animal (which another
hunter has killed or which has
simply died)
qilluq (Nu) remains of dead game
animal | ‘-Q vn
qiluiññaq (Nu) bow with no sinew, wood
only | -Iññaq3 n § qilu-, pisiksi
qiluk- to bark at (her/him/it) (of dog) §
makhak- under *maġ
qiłkhiq [qiłkhIq](Nu) china plate, utensil
(originally. white stone)
qimak- (i) to escape, flee; (t) to leave
her/him/it behind
qimaa- (i) to flee, to run away | -a-2 vv
qimaaraq- (i) to flee, run away (when
approached) | +[t/r]aq-3 vv
qimaaratchi- (t) to cause them to run
away, flee | +[t/r]aq-3 vv +tchI- vv
qimaari- (t) to cause her/him/it to
flee » Siġmiam Nayuk
qimaarilgitchaa akku Siġmiaq
made Nayuk flee again a little
while ago | -a-2 vv -I7 vv
qimai- (t) to cause her/him/it to flee |
-I7 vv
qimaiññaq- to leave (her/him/it)
without a second thought |
:iññaq- vv
qimaktinniq shore-fast ice left behind
when the ice is carried away by an
ocean current (Harcharek: 14) |
mtinniQ
qimatchi- (i) to leave part of load
behind when traveling | -tchI- vv
qimmaq fugitive | ‘-Q vn
qimaktiraaq frozen fish, slightly aged
with ice crystals inside resulting
from the fish thawing out and
452
refreezing » “utuqqalaaġmagu
sikuligaaqłuni qiqinmagu
iqaluk tavra taisuugaat
qimaktiraamik” (Aiken 2009)
[when it becomes slightly aged
and has undergone a process of
thawing and refreezing creating
ice crystals in it, a fish is called
qimaktiraaq]
qimiaq(-) small groove (in wood, rock or
bone on which something is
fastened); (t) to carve a groove in
it = wood, in rock, or in bone for
fastening something to it; (t) to fill
it =groove in wood of sled with
lashing § qappaq
qimiaġaat a burnt groove on a piece
of tinder wood made by the
spinning tip of a bow drill while
trying to start a fire (Kisautaq:
652) | +aaq(-) nn -t nn
qimiġiak eyelashes of both eyes | +iaq3 vn
-k2 nn
qimiksraq potential rope » “…tavra
tautukkivut aŋutik kilittuak
qimiksramik (akłunaaksramik)
natchium amianik aġnat
itqanaiyaaŋannik.” (Kaveolook
1975b: 5) [here we see two men
cutting potential rope, (potential
rope) of sealskin which the
women have prepared] § akłunaaq
qimilġu- (t) to open and scrutinize it
=e.g., book, box, bag @ qimilġui-
|| :I-4 vv
qimilġuiri critic; scientist | :I-4 vv
mt/ri vn
qimilġuuq- (i) to look at, scrutinize
oneself; (t) to look at, scrutinize,
investigate it; (t) to research it; to
review it | -uq-2 vv
qimiq1 [qimIq] [dual qimmik] net sinker
line, net line
qimmi- to make a net line (out of it) |
‘=I-1 nv
qimmiq- (t) to attach the net sinker
line on it = fishing net @
qimmiqsi- | ‘=Iq-1 nv || -sI-3 vv §
qimmiq
qimiq2 [qimIq] a hill
qimiaġruk low ridge | -aġruk nn
qimialuk foothill | -aluk nn
qimiġaaq ridge, line of hills |
+[g]aq2 nn -aq2 nn
qimiġaq hill » “qimiqqanik
taiguġuugivut” (Aiken 2009) [we
call them hills] | +[ġ]aq2 nn
qimiġluit (Ti) back (of whale); dorsal
area » “umialgum iñuŋisa
niŋiŋat” (S. Tuzroyluke 2009)
[it’s the whaling crew’s share] |
+luk nn :It (3p poss. mkr)
qimiġluk(-) spine; (i) to have foothills
(of region) | +luk(-)2 nn, n
qimit- [qimIt] (i) to strangle oneself; (t) to
strangle her/him/it
qimisaq one who has been strangled |
±aq1 vn
qimiutaq (Nu) rope with noose for
hanging | :utaq vn
qimmaksaq- (i) to be frustrated,
impatient
qimmaksai- (t) to make her/him
frustrated | -I-6 vv
qimmaksaliyait- (i) to not be angered
easily | -lIq-3 vv -ya-1 vv :It-1 vv
qimmaksautait- (i) to be easy going,
have patience, have forbearance |
:un1 vn :It-1 vv
qimmaksautaiññiq patience,
forbearance | :un1 :It-1 vv +niQ1 vn
453
qimmiq [qimmIq] dog (Canis lupus
forma familiaris) § qipmiq,
qimmiq-
qimmiaġruk puppy | -aġruk nn
qimmiayaaq (not common) (Ti)
newborn pup | -ayaaq nn
qimmiġluk- (i) to have trouble with
one’s dogs dying from sickness;
(i) to have strong and healthy dogs
| +luk(-)1 nv, vv
qimmilisigraq or qimmilisi dog food
| -liñ nn -ksraq(-) nn, vv or -liñ nn
qimmiuraq green bud of a willow
stem; “Willow Catkins (kĭm-mí-u-
ru)…. Used for tinder.” (Murdoch
in Ray 1885: 75); dog trained to
help in reindeer herding | :uraq nn
§ uqpik, palliksraq
qimmiurat [lit. “little dogs”] tundra
cotton (Eriophorum spp.) |
:uraq nn -t nn
qimmuktit- (i) to pucker (of one side of
material when two pieces are
sewn together); (t) to sew it =one
side of material puckered |
1
mtit- vv
qimuagruk snowdrift (blocking trail or
in lee of high building); high
snowdrift » “qimuagruum isua”
burial mound; “‘qimuagruum
uvva isuginiaġaatin,’ tavra
suagutaat aŋayuqaat
uqaqsiġiitchuni” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [“you’re going to end up
being the end of a snowdrift,” that
was a scolding that parents said
when one was being disobedient];
“iñuk qapiqpaŋasigami
qimuagruk akpallaigutisuugaa”
(Tuzroyluke 2009) [when a person
is discouraged he has a hard time
climbing up and over a snowdrift]
§ qimiq2, katiġruġniq
qimuk- to tow, pull (her/him/it)(usu. of
dogs)
qimugvik tug line of sled | +vIk1 nv
qimuksiraq- (i) to drive a reindeer
sled | -siraq(-) vv
qimukti reindeer trained to pull sled;
beast of burden (e.g., oxen) |
mt/ri vn
qinġaqtuq- (i) to pray to, beseech, beg (a
helping spirit) for intervention »
“Qinġaqtuqtuq ataataruuraq
taimuŋa, “Ki! Iglaatchiak
ukuak qiñiqtuaġayaqtuk!”
(Nageak 1975: 87) [The little old
man beseeched his helping spirit,
“Ok! These two new-comers
should be given the opportunity
to watch!”] § qiññuaq-
qiniq- (i) to be angry » “tavra
qinnaŋaruq iñuk” (Aiken 2009)
[the man has become and remains
angry]
qinnaguksaaq- (t) to attempt to
provoke her/him/it into anger |
‘-k2- vv -uk(-)2 vv ±saaq-2 vv
qinnai- (t) to anger her/him/it |
‘-k2- vv -I7- vv
qinnak- (i) to be angry, mad; (i) to
fight; (t) to fight her/him/it |
‘-k2- vv
qinnaliq- (i) to become angry |
-lIq-3 vv § uumitchak-
qinnaŋŋan anger | ±ŋa- vv ‘n1 vn
qinnaun wrath, rage, violent anger »
qinnautaa aŋiruq his anger is
immense | :un1 vn
qinnauti- (i) to fight with each other;
(t) to be angry at her/him/it |
‘-k2- vv -uti- vv
qinnautipiaġataq- (t) to be furious
with her/him/it | ‘-k2- vv :uti- vv -
piaġataq- vv
qinnayuk(-) one who always gets
angry or is always fighting; (i) to
454
have a predisposition to fight »
taapkuak asuukuak
qinnayuktuk oh, you two are
always fighting (how boring) |
-yuk(-) vv, vn
qinni- (t) to make her/him/it angry,
mad » “sagluqiraġaqługu
qinnigaa” (Matumeak 2009) [he
made her angry by lying to her
one too many times] | ‘=I-1 vv
qiniqqaluk- (i) to pant, gasp, cough,
while moaning and groaning (in
pain) § aniqtipkaq-
qinŋuq upper part of cheekbone, zygo-
matic bone § see Appendix 20
qinu(-) layer of slush ice which forms on
ocean at freeze up and clings to
shore; to form a thin layer of slush
ice (of ocean at freeze-up) »
“qinusuuruq taġiuq
sikunialagami; tiggaqsiŋailaq
qinumik taisuugaat” (Aiken
2009) [the slush forms in the
ocean as it begins to ice over; the
part that has not hardened is called
slush ice]; “qinu qilamik
tiggaqsiliġuuruq;
pisukataġnaqsiliġuuruq
nutqaqtiġman igliŋaiġman,
unnuapagunnii” (Aiken 2009)
[the layer of ocean slush ice
quickly stiffens; it becomes hard
enough for walking on when the
motion stops, when it [the ocean]
stops moving, even overnight] §
miġaliq
¤Qinnuvik month of November
qinuaq- (t) to form a layer of slush ice
(of ocean at freeze-up) | -aq-1 nv
qiñiq- to look at, watch, see (her/him/it) §
tautuk-
qiñaa- to look for, search for
(her/him/it) | -a2- vv
qiñġun pupil of eye | :un1 vn
qiñiġaaq- (i) to take a good look
around, observe carefully |
-[ġ]aq2- vv -aq1 vv
qiñiġaaq picture, photograph,
painting | +[ġ]aq2- vv ±aq1 vn
qiñiġaq- to photograph (her/him/it);
(t) to x-ray (her/him/it); (Nu, Ti) to
look with binoculars or telescope
at (her/him/it) | +[ġ]aq- vv
qiñiġaun camera; (Nu) telescope,
scope of rifle; (Ti) sight on rifle,
rifle scope | +[ġ]aq- vv :un1 vn §
iriġruaq
qiñiġautik (Nu) pair of binoculars |
+[ġ]aq- vv :un1 vn -k2 nn §
iriġruak
qiñiġayuk- (i) to look around »
“Tainna tamaani
qiñiġayukhuni aŋayukłiġli.”
(Nageak 1975: 52) [so the eldest
brother looking around the
area…] | +[ġ]aq- vv -yuk(-) vv
qiñiġiaq vision | +iaq1 vn
qiñiġnaq- (i) to be visible |
+naq(-) vv
qiñiġnaqsi- (t) for it to become
visible, to clear up (of weather) |
+naq-1 vv +sI-1 vv § niptaiq-
qiñiġruaq- to stare at, glare at
(her/him/it) sternly | +ġruaq-2 vv
qiñiġviit- (i) to not know where to
look because of embarrassment,
shame | +vIk1 vn :It-1 nv
qiñiġviksrait- (i) to have no one to
turn to for comfort/reassurance
after an embarrassing or shameful
act | +vIk1 vn +ksraq(-) nn :It-1 nv
qiñimmaġiksaaq- to take a good look
(at her/him/it) | +mmaġIksaaq- vv
qiñiqsaġataq- to stare at (her/him/it)
for quite a while | +saġataq- vv
qiñiqsitaaġiaq- (Ti) (i) to go to a
movie | mtit-1 vv -taaq- vv
455
+iaq-1 vv
qiñiqsitaaq- (Ti) (i) to watch a movie
| mtit-1 vv -taaq- vv
qiñiqsitaat (Ti) movie, film | mtit-1 vv
2
mt/raaq vn -t nn
qiñiqti witness, observer | mt/ri vn
qiñiqtuaġiaq- to go and watch
her/him/it
qiñiqtuaq(-) movie, picture book; to
watch, look at (her/him/it) |
+t/ruaq vn
qiñiqtuuraaq(-) vision; to have a
vision (of her/him/it; to imagine
(her/him/it) | +t/ruuraaq- vv §
uliqqa-
qiñiqusaaq- (i) to try to gain the
attention of others; (t) to try to
get her/him/it to look; (t) to try to
persuade others to look at
her/him/it | +[t]qusaaq- vv
qiñiyuk(-) one who has the tendency
to peek; (i) to have the habit of
peeking | -yuk(-) vv, vn
qiñiyunaq- or (Nu) qiñiyuġnaq- or
qiññaġik- (i) to be pretty, pleasing
to the eye | -yunaq- vv -yuġnaq- vv
or ‘-Q vn +[g]Ik- nv
qiññaapak- to stare at (it) longingly,
enviously | ‘-aq1- vv -pak- vv, vn
qiññaġluk- to glare, stare sternly (at
her/him/it) » “qiññaġlukkaaŋa
avruma paatchuqtuvluŋa”
(Kinneeveauk 2009) [she glared at
me for always being the first to do
or grab something that she wanted
to do or get] | ‘-ġluk- vv
qiññaksraq or qiññaksraun design,
appearance to be achieved | ‘-Q vn
-ksraq(-) nn or :un1 nn
qiññaq appearance; design »
qiññaġiksuq she looks good; it
has a good appearance;
qiññaksraŋa iglum naasimaraa
unnugman she finished the
design for the house yesterday |
‘-Q vn

qiñiqsiq [qiñiqsIq] tonsil
qiñŋu or qiñŋuq furthest inland point of
the lake or the inlet; way in the
back (of a dwelling) »
“kiluliñaaŋa narvam tavra
qiñŋua” (Aiken 2009) [the back
area of a lake is the furtherest
inland point of the lake]; “paani
iglum qiñŋuani” (Aiken 2009)
[back up there in the back area of
the house]; “kaŋiqłuum qiñŋuani
aġviq puktaruq” (Eugene
Brower 2011) [the whale is
floating at the very end of the
inlet]; qiñŋuqłiq one furthermost
inside; “tatpaani kilupayaaŋani
tunuani” (Aiken 2009) [way up
there further inside towards the
back] | +llIQ nn
qiñŋusaaq(-) rope tied to the end of a
net; to fasten (it) on with a thin
rope or twine (as on a net) »
“ipiutaŋa kuvram akłunaaŋa
isuani” (Aiken 2009) [it is the
rope tied to the end of the net] |
-saaq(-) nn
qiñuaqtuun telescope § iriġruaq
qiñu- (i) to mourn (for her/him/it); (i) to
search and cry for its young (of
animal); (i) to cry fitfully (of
baby) » “ilaŋiġami iñuk
qiñusuuruq qiavluni” (Aiken
2009) [when a person loses a
loved one, he mourns by crying]
qiññuaq- (i) to beg, appeal to
someone’s sympathy, mercy or
goodwill; (t) to beg, plead,
implore of her/him; (t) to appeal to
her/his sympathy, mercy or
goodwill | ‘-aq-1 vv § qinġaqtuq-
qiññuaqtuġvigi- (t) to beg, implore,
plead of her/him | ‘-aq-1 vv
456
+tuq-2 vv +vIk1 vn [g]i- nv
qiññuaqtuq- (i) to beg, implore,
plead, ask | ‘-aq-1 vv +tuq-2 vv
qiññuaqtuqtuiññaq- (i) to beg
continuously | +tuiññaq- vv
qiññuaqtuun supplication (often to
the moon in traditional times); a
humble appeal, prayer, plea |
‘-aq-1 vv +tuq-2 vv :un1 vn
qiñuiññiq humbleness, humility,
modesty | :It-1 rv +niQ1 vn
qiñuisaaq- (i) to act humbly, meekly
(as a single occurrence) | :It-1 rv
-saaq-1 vv
qiñuit- (i) to be humble, meek by
nature; (i) to be peaceful, calm |
:It-1 rv § uluġiit- kiiñaġnIq-
qiñunġuu- (i) to mourn | -nġu- vv
:u-2 vv
qiñu slush ice (S. Tuzroyluke 2009)
qiŋarraaq or ¤qiŋaraq shin, tibia;
plateau, ridge which is flat on top;
(Nu) ridge running down front of
nose § nuŋŋaq
qiŋarraaq- (i) to injure one’s
shinbone; (t) to injure her/his
shinbone | ‘-aq-2 nv
qiŋaq nose; house vent; blowhole of
whale § see Appendices 19 & 22
qiŋaaġaġvik breathing hole in ocean
ice (of whale trapped under ice) |
-aq2 nn -q-2 nv +aq-1 vv +vIk1 vn
§ allu
qiŋaaq bridge of nose | -aq2 nn §
nuŋŋaq, akuliaq § see Appendices
20 & 21
qiŋaġluk porcupine | +luk(-) nn
qiŋaġnaaq nose bone | perhaps
+naaq3 nn § see Appendix 20
qiŋalik or (Ti) qiŋaligaaluk King
Eider (Somateria spectabilis) |
-lik nn

qiŋałłuak- (i) to wrinkle one’s nose to
show displeasure | +łłuak- rv
qiŋŋak both nostrils; outer flare of
nostrils | -k2 nn
qiŋniq [qiŋniQ] small underground cache
qiŋŋaq- (i) to be blinded by light; to
squint one’s eyes because of
bright light
qiŋŋaġnaq- (i) to be glaring, be too
bright | +naq(-) vv
qipaluaq steep, undercut riverbank;
curve; inside corner of eye, where
tear duct is
qipi- (i) to toss and turn in bed; (i) to
writhe, to twist the body, usually
in pain; (t) to wind it (of a clock);
(t) to twist, screw it =lid on or off
qipiġun (Nu) interwoven pattern of
braided sinew on back of bow
providing extra strength | +ġun vn
qipiktuq- or qipiktula- (i) to run
about; (i) to move about, not keep
still (of a child) | -k-2 vv +tuq-2 vv
or -k-2 vv +tuq-2 vv
-la- vv
qipimmisuk- (Ti) (i) to be bothered
by noise » “qipimmisuktuq;
qiviaġuŋitchuq unnii”
(Tuzryluke 2009) he is bothered
by the noise; he does not even
want to look | +mmI-5 vv
+suk-2 vv
qipinġiun a swivel, e.g. on dog team
hitch rope | +nġIq- vv :un1 vn
qipiŋa- (i) to be twisted, wound |
±ŋa- vv
qipiŋauksimaaq- (i) to be in a
squatting position; (i) (Nu) to sit
with one’s legs crossed |
+simaaq- vv
qipiqsruq- (t) to wind something
tightly around it | +t-1 vv
457
2
mqsruq- vv
qipit- (t) to wind it around something;
(t) to wind it, e.g., a music box,
watch | +t-1 vv
qipitaġaaq something one must wind
up, e.g., a music box | +t-1 vv
-taġaaq(-) vn
qipitaq bundle; something bound |
+t-1 vv ±aq1 vn
qipitit-1 (i) to twist out of shape |
+tit-2 vv
qipitit-2 (t) to twist it out of shape |
1
mtit- vv
qipititchi- (Nu) (Ti) (t) to wring it
=neck of something, esp. a duck |
+t-1 vv mtit-1 vv +sI-4 vv § qiliptaq-
qipititchiraq (Nu) duck with wrung
neck; something with its neck
wrung | +t-1 vv mtit-1 vv +sI-4 vv
+t/raq vn
qippun something to wind with;
clock or watch winder key; screw
driver » qipputaqaġmiuq
siqiñġuraq a clock has a winder
| ‘-n vn
qipputi- (i) to wrap itself round and
round » “Talvagguuq
qipputiruq taamna kaliŋa.”
(Kiligvuk: 4) [then what he was
dragging began to twist and wrap
itself round and round] | ‘ti- vv
qipputilik screw | ‘-n vn -lik nn
qipputit thread on screw or pipe |
‘-n vn -t nn
qivliġit braided chain of moose,
caribou or bearded seal rope;
chain » “pituuttat qivliñik
taiguġuugait ilaŋisa iñuit”
(Aiken 2009) [some people call
the chains used to tie dog to their
stakes, qivlit] | =liQ vn :It nn
qivliq dog chain | =liQ vn
qivralugauraq(-) a curl; (i) to curl (of
wood shaving, etc.) | ~raq vn
+luk nn +[g]aq2 nn :uraq nn
-q-2 nv § savviQ
 qivraq or qivrautaq twine; twisted
sinew or thread | ~raq vn or
+t/raq vn or +t/raq vn -utaq vn
qivrauraq twine | ~raq vn :uraq nn
qivri- (i) to make string or thread by
twisting, usually from caribou leg
sinew; (t) to cause her/him to toss
and turn in bed | ~raq vn =I-1 nv
qivyaq (Ti) corkscrew; screw thread;
coiled spring; three-dimensional
spiral | ~yaq2 vn
qipmiq [qipmIq](Nu) dog § qimmiq
qipmiġiksilaaq- (Nu) (i) to compete
in dog racing | +[g]Ik- nv
mtilaaq(-) vv,vn
qipmiliqun (Nu) dog whip | -liqun nn
qipmiliqutitaq- (Nu) to whip (them
=dogs) | -liqun nn +[t]aq-2 nv
qipmiuraq (Nu) pup; tree cone,
catkin, seed bunch on plant |
:uraq nn § qimmiaġruk
qipputit- or qippuatit- (i) to burst into
flame § ikuallak-
qipsak(-) (i) to fly off (as a pottery chip,
broken piece of something, or
down as in fine, soft fluffy
feathers); (Ti) a wooden top »
“…qepsuk, a wooden top around
the rim of which was a fringe of
eagle down fixed in a series of
holes.” (Rainey:251); qiviut
qipsagaalammata
qiviatchaguurut iñuit when the
down flies about, the people
become happy § qivsak-, piksik-
*qipta (root) drowsiness
qiptaiq- (i) to become wide-awake |
:Iq-2 rv
qiptait- (i) to be wide-awake, alert,
energetic; (i) to be bright (of child)
| :It-1 rv
458
qipuit- (i) to reverse one’s decision; (i) to
make a complete turn around »
“sivunmuuguraaqtuni suna
iluiñman, qipuiññaqtuq”
(Matumeak 2009) [when one is
progressing along and something
goes wrong, that’s when one
makes a complete reversal of a
decision]; “sivunmun
igliġuraġniallaġmi, utiqtuq”
(Aiken 2009) [while still going
forward, he made a complete turn
around] § utiqqiak-
qipuk- (t) to scratch, scrape, mar it @
qipui- || :I-4 vv
qippuilaaq something unscratched,
unmarred, smooth | ‘-Q vn
:ilaaq nn
qippulik something scratched,
marred, e.g., surface, blade |
‘-Q vn -lik nn
qippuq a scratch or mar in a surface,
e.g., table, knifeblade | ‘-Q vn
qippuit the inside of a gun bore |
‘-Q vn -t nn
qipuagniq scratch made by an object |
-ak- vv +niQ1 vn
qipuak- (i) to be scratched by an
object; (t) to scratch her/him/it
with an object | -ak- vv
qipuktuq- (i) to receive scratch marks
from an object (of a person); (t) to
scratch, scrape or mar her/him/it
with an object @ qipuktui- »
aŋutim qipuktuġaa savigmiñik
the man made scratch marks on it
with his own knife | +tuq-2 vv || :I-
4
vv
qiputaq(-) Iñupiaq game (similar to
horseshoes) played with hard
sticks usually 5 to 7 inches in
length thrown towards a stake in
the ground, the closest to the stake
being the winner; an Iñupiaq
 throwing game where a piece of
bone substitutes for the hard sticks
described above; (i) to play a
game of qiputaq; (t) to reenforce
it =bow
qiputchaq- (i) to toss the “qiputaq” in
the Iñupiaq game of horseshoes |
‘-q-2 nv
qiqi- (i) to be frozen
qiġruġaaq- to freeze without snow
cover (of ground during fall)
“nuna qiġruġaaġnisuugaat
apigaluaġnani” (Kinneeveauk
2008) [they say when the ground
freezes prior to the first snow fall ,
qiġruġaaqtuq]; “igliyuġnaqtuq;
aasii apimmagu
qiqitkaluaġnagu,
mauyaqisaġnaqtuq” (Matumeak
2009) [it (when the ground freezes
prior to the first snowfall) makes
traveling easier; and when it
snows before the ground freezes,
one has to travel through deep
snow]
qiqirruti- (t) to freeze “with it” |
+t-2 vv +ruti- vv
qiqisiit- (i) to be able to tolerate
freezing temperatures, even when
inadequately dressed | -sia- vv
-It-1 vv
qiqit- to freeze | +t-2 vv § qiu-
qiqitchiq- (t) to wait for it to freeze |
+sIq-1 vv
qiqitiq- (t) to get frostbitten; (i) to
freeze quickly | mt/liq-3 vv §
¤matŋiq-, qiġittuq-
qiqsia- or qiqisia- (i) to feel very
cold, chilly | ~sia- vv or +sia vv
qiqsraq or qiqumaraq frozen thing |
+qsraq vn or -ma-1 vv +raq vn
qiqsraqaġvik freezer | :qsraq vn
+qaq- nv +vIk1 vn
qiqsruqqaq(-) hardened snow
occurring in springtime, especially
459
during the night; for thawing snow
to refreeze during colder night
temperatures | mqsruq-2 vv
~qqaq vn,nn
qiquayak- (for it) to be partially
frozen | +uaq-vv -yak-1 vv
qiquma- (i) to be frozen | :uma- vv
qiqiġiaq [dual qiqiġirrak] hinge
qiqpak thighbone, femur, thigh § see
Appendix 21
¤qiqsiq(-) [qiqsIq] (Nu) splint; (i) to have
a splint on; (t) to put a splint on it
qiqsiñ club, stout stick » “qiqsiñmik
napitaŋiqsaġamirruŋ iqaluk
anaullaġuugaat” (Matumeak
2009) [they club the fish with a
stout stick when removing it from
its hook] | ‘n1 vn
qiqsutaq(-) splint or cast for broken
limb; (t) to set a splint on it |
:utaq vn
qiqsutchiq- (i) to have a splint or a
cast on one’s body; (t) to set a
splint or a cast on her/him/it to re-
enforce it | :utaq vn ‘=Iq-1 nv
¤qiqsit- (i) to adhere, stick to something »
“Tavragguuq tatpauŋa
qiqsinniaqsaġaluaqtuk,
ataataruuram qilaunmiñik
tinurałuaqsisugaik!” (Nageak
1975: 87) [so then they tried to
stay close to the rear of the room,
but the little old man began to
push them forward with his
drum]
qirgi (Ti) bow deck; bow or stern seat of
umiaq § kiglu
qirgiq- [qirgIq] or qisrgiq- (i) to dance in
kneeling position, swaying to and
fro, wearing mittens with noise
 makers made of bone attached (of
four men); (i) to jump up once
from a kneeling position on two
feet; (i) to jump up and down
twice on two feet »
“kałukaqtuam sivuġaani iñuit
qirgiqsut” (Matumeak 2009)
[people are dancing in a kneeling
position then in a standing
position swaying their arms to and
fro wearing mittens with noise
makers in front of the man beating
the box drum] § minŋiq-,
kalukaq(-)
qirgiqtaq- (i) to jump more than once
in place | +t/raq-1 vv
qirġiq [qirġIq] a gray hair
qirġiaq- (i) to be gray | -aq-3 nv
qirġiaqtaaq something gray, gray
(name of color) | -aq-3 nv
+t/raaq1 vn
qirġili- (i) to grow gray hairs
| -lI-1 nv
qirran mourning song; lament, dirge;
reason for crying < qia-
qirranaa(q) one who cries easily, a
“crybaby,” a continually crying
person < qia-
qirruk- to cry continuously for
(her/him/it) < qia-
qiruk wood » qiruit lumber
qirri-2 (i) to collect wood; to become
like wood; (Nu) (i) to chop
firewood | ‘=I-1 nv § qirriuq-
qirriat chopped wood | ‘=I-1 nv -t nn
qirriq- (t) to put wood into it =stove
@ qirriqsi- | ‘=Iq-1 nv || +sI-3 vv
qirriqiri carpenter, woodworker |
‘=Iqi-1 nv mt/ri vn
460
qirriqsuq- (t) to put wood into it
=stove @ qirriqsui- | ‘=Iq-1 nv
+tuq-2 vv || :I-4 vv
qirriuġvik chopping block for wood |
‘=Iuq-1 nv +vIk1 vn
qirriuq- to chop (it) into firewood |
‘=Iuq-1 nv
qirriuti- (t) to put it into the fire |
‘=Iq-1 nv :uti- vv
qirugaq (Nu) dog chain made of
willows; long willow stick for
tying dogs | +[ġ]aq nn
qirugautaq (Nu) conjuring rod of
shaman | +[ġ]aq nn :utaq nn
qirugiksuaq fine wood | +[g]Ik- nv
+t/ruaq vn
qirukpaluk(-) noise of wood, e.g.,
splintering of wood; (i) to make
noise with wood | +p/valuk(-) nn
qirukpaluktaq- (i) to repeatedly
make noise with wood |
+p/valuk(-) nn, nv ±t/raq-1 vv
qirukpaluu- (i) to make noise with
wood | +p/valuk(-) nn, nv -u-2 vv
qiruksi- (i) to purchase wood |
+sI-2 nv
qiruksiq- (Ti) (i) to get a wood
splinter in one’s flesh | perhaps
+siq-2 nv § qauqi-
qiruktaq- (i) to be out looking for and
hauling wood » qiruktaġluk let'sd
fetch wood | +taq-4 nv
qiruliqsuq- (t) to place wood on it |
-liqsuq- vv
qisaġuaq membrane of rumen, the first
stomach of caribou including
other internal organs § niġukkaq,
qasaguaq
qisik [qisIk] animal skin with hair
removed; leather; rawhide (may
be eaten when starving) »
“natchium, tuttum amia
mitquilaq” (Matumeak 2009)
[sealskin, caribou skin with no
 fur] | perhaps +sik n
qisiiq- (i) to no longer have outer skin
| :Iq-2 nv
¤qisivak cooked rawhide | -vak nn
qisivviuq- (i) to cook rawhide (to eat
when starving) | -vak nn
‘=iuq-1 nv
qisiqsiun tree branch; spruce needle
| :un1 vn
qisuk- or qitchuk- (i) to scratch oneself;
to grab something with the talons
(of bird); (t) to scratch her/him/it
maliciously with fingernails or
claws; to grab her/him/it with the
talons; (Ti) (t) to grab, take hold of
her/him/it roughly » “Taimma
nasaiġutigillaan, qisukługu
aapani tiŋŋutigaa qunmun.”
(Ahvakana: 37) [then taking his
hood off, he took hold of his
father with his talons and flew up
with him]
qisugluk- or qitchugluk- (t) to grab
her/him/it quickly, roughly with
the talons | +luk-vv
qisuun talon of bird | :un1 vn
qitchuaq- (t) to scratch her/him/it
repeatedly | ‘-aq-1 vv
qitchuaqtuq- (t) to scratch her/him/it
repeatedly, quickly with force |
‘-aq-1 vv +tuq-1 vv
qitchuŋniq scratch mark | +niQ vn
qitchuq the one with scratch marks |
‘-Q vn
qisuk(-) dark overcast over open water;
“…water sky, the black color of
open water reflected in a low
overcast.” (Nelson: 59); (i) to
form and be visible over open
water (of dark clouds, overcast) »
“uiñman taġiumiittuaq
maŋaqsisuugaa nuviraliġman”
(Matumeak 2009) [when the water
461
level rises in the ocean, the
overcast over the water becomes
dark]
qitchiq- to form and be visible over
open water (of dark clouds,
overcast) | ‘=Iq-1 nv
qitik- (i) to play competition games; to be
involved in recreation
qitiktitchirit the ones in charge of the
games | mtit-1 vv mt/ri vn -t nn
qitiktuaġutit competition games |
+tuaq- vv +un1 vn -t nn
qitiq [qitiQ] waist; midpoint; center;
middle seat in umiak (David
Frankson as reported in Pulu,
Sampson, Newlin: 9)
qitauraq dress | :uraq nn §
qaliġuuraq, kapitaġuq
Qitchiiñiq Wednesday evening
church service | ‘-I-3 nv +niQ1 vn
qitiġaaġun a center trace on which
individual dog harnesses are
attached; harness trace »
“qitqagun ittuaq aasii
saniġaagun isuġaliqsuqługit
qimmit” (Aiken 2009) [it is
placed in the center and individual
dog harness are attached to it] |
+[ġ]aq nn -aq-4 nv +un1 vn §
isuġaq
qitiġaq spinal cord; (Nu) front, flat
area of breastbone, sternum |
+[ġ]aq nn
qitiġusianikpata [lit. “after they have
had lunch”) in the afternoon, after
lunch | :un1 vn ~Iq-1 nv -anik- vv
+kpata (Conditional 3p)
qitiġusiq- (i) to eat lunch | :un1 vn
~Iq-1 nv
qitiġutaq lunch | :utaq nn
qitiqłiaġun ring (for finger) | +llIQ nn
-aq2 nn -ġun nn
qitiqłiaq piece of sealskin or leather
sewn together to form a cap, or
 “thimble” for a fingertip, used to
protect fingers when sewing |
+llIQ vn -aq2 nn
qitiqłiq middle finger; middle one |
+llIQ vn
qitiqłiġmik- or (Ti) qitiġliġmik- or
qitiġliġmigaq- (i) to do the finger
pull with the middle finger |
+llIQ vn +mIk-1 nv
qitiqpaq- (i) to be at the middle (as
sun at noon, car in road, etc.); (t)
to set her/him/it toward center |
+paq- nv
qitiqqaq- (i) to be at the middle, be
halfway; to be noon | perhaps
+qaq- rv, vv
qitiqquutaq (Ti) lunch | perhaps
+[ġ]uq-1 nv ’-utaq vn
qitiqquutchiq- (Ti) (i) to eat lunch |
+[ġ]uq-1 nv ’-utaq vn ‘=Iq-1 nv
qitqanuaglaaq- (i) to reach its
midpoint or its center »
qitqanuaglaaġami utiġmiuq
when she got halfway through it,
she returned unexpectedly | :a4 nn
-nuk- nv -aglaaq- vv
qitqagun via the center | :a4 nn +gun
(via.)
qitqanuk- (i) to go to its midpoint or
its center; (t) to set or place
her/him/it at its midpoint or center
» qitqanuguŋ place it in the
center | :a4 nn -nuk- nv
qitunġaq offspring, child; (Nu) individual
dog trace which is attached to the
main line § qitiġaaġun
¤qitunġaaġun main dog harness line |
-aq2 nn -ġun nn
qitunġaġiit immediate family (with
focus on offspring) |
+[g]iik(-) nn, nv
qitunġauraq baby, child | :uraq nn
qitunġi- (i) to bear, have children |
=I-1 nv
462
qitusuk- (i) to chuckle over something |
+suk-2 vv
qitusuksaaq- (t) to try to make
someone laugh | ±saaq-2 vv
qitusuksai- (i) to try to make
someone laugh | ±saq-3 vv :I-4 vv
qitusuksaun clown, comedian |
±saq-3 vv :un1 vn
qitusuksautigi- (t) to make fun of
her/him/it | ±saq-3 vv :un1 vn
+[g]i- nv
qitusuŋnaq- (i) to be funny |
+naq(-) vv
qitut- (i) to be soft, tender, pliable; (i) to
be thin (of fabric)
qitukkait- (Nu) (i) to be inflexible,
stiff, not pliable | -kkaq-1 vv
:It-1 vv § tiggaq-
qitukłi- or qitugli- (i) to become
pliable, softer (of skin); (t) to
soften, make it =skin pliable by
turning and twisting it | -kłI- vv
qitulgialiq- (i) to become thin in some
areas » “Tavragguuq tainna
aqpałłutik…. auktuaq
sukasiiññaġmipkaqługu,
apqutiktik qitulgialiqsuq.”
(Nageak 1975: 42) [so, as they
were running…as the melting of
the ice became more rapid, their
trail become thinner in some
areas] | -lġiq vn -aq2 nn -lIq-1 nv
§ maptukłiiññaliq-
qitummak- (t) to prepare it =leather
by softening and tanning @
qitummai- | -mmak- vv || :I-4 vv
qitummaktaq soft tanned hide; leather
| -ma-1 vv ‘-k-2 vv +t/raq vn
qiu- [qigu] (i) to freeze to death § qiqi-
qigguvik place where one freezes to
death | ‘-vIk1 vn
qiuliqsit- (Nu) (i) to begin to get cold
» “aarigaa-guuq-una
tautuktuannaġaaqhuni
 qitiktuaqtuanik isilaitchuq
qiuliqsillagmikami” he said it
was fun for him to watch the
football game and that was why
he did not come in although he
was getting cold (Bergsland
1987: 317) | -lIq-3 vv +sit- vv
qiunŋu- (i) to feel chilly, shiver due
to illness | -nŋu- vv
qiunŋunaq- (i) to feel chilly (of
weather); (i) to be chilly (of
dwelling) |-nŋu- vv +naq(-) 1 vv
qiunŋuliq- (i) to have chills | -nŋu- vv
-lIq-3 vv § ikiaqsunŋu-
qiuri- (t) to cause her/him/it to freeze
or get cold | +rI-3 vdv
qiusunŋu- (i) to feel cold | -suk-2 vv
-nŋu- vv
qiuġruq- (Ti) (i) to have a convulsion, fit |
-ġruq-vv § qiiqsruq-, aa-
qiuq- (t) to thin fur by cutting some off
qiuġaq- (t) to remove hair from skin;
to cut her/his/its hair to the scalp
or skin; (t) to give her/him a
crewcut unevenly, leaving bald
spots » “qiuġaġaa; mitquiġaa”
(Matumeak 2009) [he is removing
its hair; he is removing its fur] |
+aq-1 vv § mitquiq-
qiuġvik wooden board to which the
skin is held while scraping or
cutting hair from animal skin, or
while cutting leather | +vIk1 vn §
ikkiq, suluksriuġvik
qiuġun or qiuġaunnaq tool for
removing hair or fur | +un1 vn or
+aq-1 vv :unnaq vn
qiuqit- [qiuqIt] (i) to make its
characteristic sound (of seagull)
qivġu- (Ti) or qivuġu- (Nu) to greive,
mourn for her/him/it §
qigluk-, mamiat-, kiŋuvġu-
463
qivi- (i) to lie on one’s back
qiviŋaaq- (i) to stand proudly; stand
erect | ±ŋaaq- vv
qiviq- (i) to lean back, bend
backward; (i) arch one’s back; (i)
to stiffen from a muscle spasm; (t)
to make her/him/it bend
backward, lean back | +q-2 vv
qiviaq- to turn one’s head to look (at
her/him/it)
qiviaġaaq rotating stovepipe cap |
+aq-1 vv -aq1 vn § piġiŋaluk
qivialutuŋiaq or qivialutuk or (Nu)
qivialutuq first vertebra | -luk- vv
-tuŋiq vn -aq2 nn
qiviqit- (i) to turn quickly, looking in
different directions | -qi- vv
perhaps ‘=It-2 vv
qiviqi- (i) to have one’s pants down; (i) to
pull down one’s pants; (t) to pull
down her/his pants § kiviqi-
qivit- (i) to go off in a huff; (i) to leave
indignantly; (i) to act or behave
indignantly
qivri-1 (t) to cause her/him/it to go
away indignantly, offended »
Aaŋam qivrigaa Siġmiaq Aaŋa
offended Siġmiaq and caused him
to leave | :I-7 vv
qiviu down (of waterfowl); wool (of
muskox)
qiviusuk- (i) to be fuzzy (of cloth) |
-suk-2 nv
qivliq- (i) to be shiny
qivlia- (i) to cause a shingy object to
reflect light (e.g., using a mirror
to reflect sunlight and signal or
attact another) | -a-2 vv
 qivlaaq- (i) for the ocean to be calm
with the sun reflecting on its
shining surface | +aq-1 vn
qivliġnaq small frost crystal |
+naq1 vn
qivliqiak silk, shiny material;
galvanized metal | +iak(-) vn
qivliqsaq- (t) to polish it @ qivliqsai-
| ±saq-3 vv || :I-4 vv
qivliqtaq- (i) to glitter | +t/raq-1 vv
qivliqula- (i) to sparkle | +ula- vv
qivliġit braided chain of moose, caribou
or bearded seal rope; chain < qipi-
qivliq dog chain < qipi-
qivralugauraq(-) a curl; (i) to curl (of
wood shaving, etc.) < qipi-
qivraq or qivrautaq twine; twisted sinew
or thread < qipi-
qivrauraq twine < qipi-
qivri-2 (i) to make string or thread by
twisting a material, usually
caribou leg sinew; (t) to cause
her/him to toss and turn in bed <
qipi-
qivsak- (i) to fly off after impact (as a
ceramic chip) | +sak-rv § qipsak-
piksik-
qivsagaala- (i) to fly off into pieces;
to splash (of spilled liquid) |
+aq-1 vv -ala- vv
qivsaktiq- (i) to fly off quickly after
impact (of an object after being
struck such as a baseball) |
3
mt/liq- vv
qivsalik- (i) to splatter; (t) to sprinkle
with a liquid | -lik- vv
qivsi- (i) to be unable to go to sleep due to
disturbances < qipi-
464
qivyaq (Ti) something with the twisting
form of a corkscrew; screw
thread; three-dimensional spiral <
qipi-
*qua (root) slipperiness
quasa or quasiraq(-) or quasiraaq(-)
bare, smooth ice on lake or pond
which one can slide on; (i) to slide
along swiftly on a slippery
surface; (i) to skate »
quasirallaturuagut
miŋuaqtuŋaiġapta we enjoyed
skating after school | perhaps +sa
or -siraq(-) nv -aq-1 vv
quasirautik ice skates | -siraq- nv
:un1 vn -k2 nn
quayaġnaq- (i) to be slippery »
quayaġnaqpaitchuq its too
slippery | perhaps +ya(q) rn
+naq(-) rv
quayaqit- (i) to slip and fall |
+ya(q) rn :It-2 nv
quagruk ridge, angular edge of
something
quagruilaq sharp needle; round file |
:Ilaq(-) nn
quagrulik skin-sewing needle; three-
sided file | -lik nn
quaġaq sourdock, sourgrass, wild spinach
(Rumex arcticus)
quaq(-) [quraq] raw, frozen meat or fish;
(i) to eat raw, frozen meat or fish;
(t) to eat it =meat raw and frozen
» qurrak taapkuak qaitkik give
those two pieces of frozen meat
away
qurri- or qurriuq- (i) to cut up raw,
frozen meat or fish | ‘=I-1 nv or
‘=iuq-1 nv
quaqsaaq- (i) to get an electric shock; (i)
to be shocked emotionally
 quaqsaaġautit electricity | +aq-1 vv
un1 vn -t nn
quaqsaaqtit- (t) to shock her/him; (t)
to cause her/him to have an
orgasm | mtit-1 vv
quaqta(-) pinworm (Enterobius
vermicularis); (i) to have
pinworms; rectal itch; (i) to have
colic (of a baby)
qugluk- (i) to wince when startled or
suddenly frightened; to fold (it)
qugluala- (i) to have spasms while
asleep | -ala- vv
quglugiaq (Nu) small water worm
(swims forward using a twisting
motion); a crease (in clothing) |
+iaq1 vn
quglugniq- (Ti) (t) to pleat it; (t) to
fold it over | +nIq-2 vv
quglui- (i) to be startled; (t) to startle
her/him; (t) to frighten her/him |
-I-6 vv
qugluksaq- (i) to be startled, jump
when surprised »
piksaqtitparruŋ qugluksaġumi
taamna nauliksallagruaġukługu
qialġutimik when they made it
jump upwards in surprise I wanted
to strike it hard with a darting gun
with a harpoon on it | msaq-3 vv
quglugniq hem; fold line on material
or paper, a pleat | +niQ1 vn
qugraq(-) wedge; (t) to wedge it
qugraqtuq- (Nu) (i) to drive in a
wedge; (t) to drive it =wedge in |
+tuq-1 rv
qugrautaq or qugraun (Nu) wooden
wedge | :utaq rn or :un1 rn
qugruk Tundra Swan (Cygnus
columbianus)
465
quġġiq a deep hole on land or in ice »
“iluqsraq samma itiruaq
nunamilu sikumilu” (Matumeak
2009) [it’s a deep hole on land or
in ice] § qumniq
quġġuti- (t) to be caught between two
things closing in on it, as a boat
by icebergs; (t) to close in on
him/her/it < quu-
qui- [quġi] to urinate (on her/him/it)
quġġivik penis; urethra | ‘-vIk1 vn §
usuk
quġliaq(-) saliva drooling out; sap,
resin; (i) to ooze (of pitch or sap);
(i) to drool, slobber; | -liaq nn §
ivsaq, utŋuq, utratchiaq
quġluq- (i) to rush, cascade (of water)
| ~luq-3 vv
quġluqtaq waterfall | ~luq-3 vv
+t/raq vn
quġluula- (i) to drip extensively |
~luq-3 vv -ula- vv
quġmaala- (i) to urinate in small
amounts at frequent intervals |
+mmaala- vv
quġmi- (i) to drip extensively; (i) to
flow rapidly | +mmI-5 vv
quġmiattuq- (i) to urinate
accidentally (in undergarment) |
+mmi-5 vv -aq-1 vv ±tuq-3 vv
quġriñiq(-) urine stain, as in toilet or
honey bucket; (i) to become
stained with urine (e.g., of
chamber pot, toilet, honey bucket)
| perhaps -rI-2 vv +niQ1 vn
quġvik chamber pot, “honey’ bucket”
| -vIk1 vn § see Appendix 22
quġmiattuala- (i) to urinate
uncontrollably in one’s pants »
quġmiattualatchigaa
quiññaksaaqługu he is causing
her to urinate in her pants by
tickling her | +mmi-5 vv -aq-1 vv
±tuq-3 vv -ala- vv
 quq urine | =Q4 vn
quqsiqi- (i) to collect and throw away
the drums where the honey
buckets have been dumped |
+taq nn =Iqi-1 nv
quqsiqun toilet disinfectant,
deodorizer | +taq nn =Iqi-1 nv,
~un1 vn
¤quqsruaq- (Nu) (i) to be yellowish |
quqsugniq scent of urine | +sugnIq nn
quqsugnit- (i) to have the smell of
urine | +sugnIt- nv
quqsuq- (i) to be yellow, stained; (Ti)
(i) to be brown | +suq-2 nv
quqsuqtaaq yellow color; something
yellow; egg yolk; (Ti) brown color
| +suq-2 nv, +t/raaq1 vn
quqtaq honey bucket; commode |
+taq nn
*qui (root) quiver, tremble, shiver
quiliqta- (i) to feel joyful, tremble
with happiness | -lIq-3 vv -qta- vv
quiñak- (Ti) (i) to feel a tickling
sensation; (i) to be squeamish,
e.g., frightened of mice, etc. |
-nak- rv
quiññak- (i) to feel tickling sensation
| -‘k- vv
quiññaksaaq- or (Ti) quiñaksaaq-
(t) to tickle her/him/it »
quiññaksaaqulaitchuq she does
not like to be tickled | -nnak- vv
±saaq-2 vv
quiññaktu- or (Ti) quiñaktu- (i) to
be ticklish | -nnak- vv +tu- vv
quiññalaaq- (i) to feel one’s spine
tingling | -nnak- vv -laaq-1 vv
quik seal bone next to hind flipper
quiñi- [quiñI] or quivsit- or (Ti) quivtit-
(i) to be fat § uqsrak-, taġutu-
quiñigi- (t) to consider she/he/it is too
fat | =[g]i- vv
466
quiñisi- or quiññak-2 (i) to become
fat » quiñisiŋaruq she has gotten
fat | +sI-1 vv or ‘-k- vv § patiġiksI-
quiññiiq the fat one | ‘-.Q4 vn
quiññiiqłak an extremely fat one |
‘-.Q4 vn -łak nn,vn
quiq- (Ti) (i) to cough § quiqsuq-
quiġluk- (Ti) or quiġluktaq- (i) to
have a cough, keep coughing |
+luk- vv
quiġutchak- (i) to have a coughing
fit » quiġutchakłuni aniruaq
she left because she had a
coughing fit | -tchak- vv
quiqłuk- (i) to have a slight cough; (i)
to drizzle lightly (of rain) |
+luk- vv § miñikłuk(-), sialuk(-)
quiqsunŋuiyaun cough medicine |
+tuq-2 vv, +nŋu-2 vv :Iyaq- vv
:un1 vn
quiqsuq- (i) to cough | +tuq-2 vv
quqhiq- or quqhik- (i) to cough |
-qhIk- vv
qukalik (Nu) nine (in cards)
¤qukhak (Nu) keel, middle bottom
lengthwise piece of kayak frame
located at bottom middle § kusaq
qukhaq(-) a crack; to split, crack (it) open
» “uniat qukhaŋarut; qupirut;
agluŋi tautkua qukhaqaqtut”
(Molly Itta 2009) [the sled has a
crack; it is splitting; its runners
down there have a crack]
¤ qukhauk- (Nu) (i) to split, or crack
open | -uk(-)2 vv, vn
¤qukhiaq (Nu) small cracks which
fan out through ice or glass |
‘=Iq-1 nv ±aq1 rn
¤qukhiq- (Nu) (i) to develop small
cracks which often fan out (of ice
or glass) | ‘=Iq-1 nv
*quki (root) cleanliness, tidiness
qukigi- (t) to feel that she/he/it is too
clean and orderly therefore one
hesitates to do anything | ±[g]i- rv
qukinaq- (i) to be clean, spotless, neat
and orderly | +naq-1 vv
qukinaqsi- or qukinaqsaq- (Nu) (t)
to clean it = room, house
meticulously | +naq-1 vv +sI-1 vv
or +naq-1 vv ±saq-3 vv
qukinnaksaq- to clean, tidy (it
=room, house) meticulously |
+naq-1 vv ‘-k- vv msaq-3 vv
qukinni- (t) to completely remove the
guts of, to clean out the guts of it
=reindeer at time of slaughter »
“salummaqługu augiyaqługu
tippakkumiñaiyaqługu niġrun;
augulaaġami tippayuktuq”
(Matumeak 2009) [to clean an
animal, removing the blood so
that it (carcass) does not become
stinky; when it is bloody it usually
becomes smelly] | +naq-1 vv,
‘=I-1 vv
qukinniraaq- (i) to enjoy wearing
clean clothes |+naq-1 vv ‘=I-1 vv
-raaq- vv
qukisuk- (i) to feel unworthy,
diffident; (i) to feel not clean
enough | -suk-2 rv
qukitchak- (i) to become hesitant to
have anything to do with
something which is too clean and
orderly for fear of spoiling it |
-tchak- rv
qukiq- [qukIq] to hurt (her/his) ears by
making a loud noise
qukiġñaq- (i) to be too loud, thus
hurting one’s ears (of noise) |
+naq(-) vv, vn
qukiya- (Nu) (i) to be deafened by
noise, have one’s ears hurt by a
loud noise | -ya-1 vv
467
qukłuk crossbeam, ridge pole, main part
of tent frame, tent ridge pole
quktuġaq inner thigh; ¤legendary flying
whale
*qulaq (root) incomprehensible
¤qulaġnaq- (Nu) (i) to be
incomprehensible, hard to
understand | +naq(-) vv
¤qulaġnaiq- or qulaġnaimmaġiksi-
(Nu) (t) to understand it well |
+naq(-) vv :Iq-2 vv or
+naq-1 vv :Iq-2 vv -mmaġiksI- vv
qulġuq- (i) to spoil, get rotten (of tomcod)
quli top area; gunwale, gunnel, the top
edge of a boat’s sides § qulaaġun,
see Appendix 16
qulaa area above her/him/it | :a nn
(poss. 3s-3s)
qulaaguaq- (i) to travel, progress in
the space above her/him/it | :a
(poss. end 3s-s) -kun nnc (via.)
-aq-4 nv § qulaut-
qulaagun through its top, via the area
above | :a4 nn (poss. 3s-3s)
+gun nn (vialis)
qulaaġun trim on top of boots;
gunwale, gunnel, the top edge of a
boat’s sides | :a nn (poss. 3s-3s)
-ġun nn § see Appendix 16
qulaakkuq- (i) to get water over the
top of one’s boot | :a (poss. 3s-3s)
+gun nn (vialis) ‘-q-1 vv
qulaani (loc.) above her/him/it | :a4 nn
(poss. 3s-3s) -nI (loc.)
qulaaniktuq- (i) to get one’s boots
wet by going into deep waters | :a
nn (poss. 3s-3s)
-nik-1 nv =tuq-2 vv
qulaaniñ top view; from above
her/him/it | :a nn (poss. 3s-3s)
-niñ (abl.)
qulaaniq- (i) to gaff for fish in open
water or before freeze-up in river |
:a nn (poss. 3s-3s) +nIq-2 nv
qulaaniun (Nu) gaff, long fishing
pole; casting rod | :a4 nn (poss.
3s-3s) ÷nIq-2 nv :un1 vn
qulaanuk- (i) to position oneself
above her/him/it; (t) to place
her/him/it above something or
someone » umiam qulaanuguŋ
place it above the boat | :a nn
(poss. 3s-s) -nuk- nv
qulaŋiq- (i) to be directly overhead;
(t) to hover over, fly over
her/him/it | -ŋIq- rv
qulaŋiuti- (i) to place oneself over
or above others | -ŋIq- rv :uti- vv
Qulaurrusiqivik Passover (a Jewish
holiday commemorating the
liberation of the Hebrews from
slavery in Egypt) | +ut-1 vv
+run1 vn -Iqi- nv +vIk1 vn
qulaut- (i) to pass overhead; (t) to
shoot high on target; (i) to jump
over an obstacle » qulauttaatigut
uvlaatchauraq tiŋŋutik
malġuuk; taktukpaiłłuni
tautuŋitkikput two planes passed
overhead in the early morning; it
was so foggy we did not see them
| +ut-1 vv § qulaaguaq-
quliġuaq (Ti) first level of ice cellar;
upstairs or attic area of a house |
+[ġ]uaq rn
quliġun top trim (of boots) »
quliġusiqsaik qavviŋmik she put
wolverine top trim on themd [pair
of boots]| -ġun nn § qulipaq
quliġusiq- (t) to attach a top trimming
on it | ~Iq-1 nv
quliik back of person or animal;
dorsal surface of fish | -k2 nn
qulikipiat the number two hundred |
-t rn -kipiaq nn -t rn
quliku(-) (Ti) tithe; (i) to tithe |
+ku(-) nn, nv
468
qulilik ten (in cards) | -t rn -lik nn
qulimmak- (i) to fill to the brim |
+mmak- vv
quliŋŋuġutaat the tenth one | -t rn
-ŋŋuq-2 nv :un1 vn :at nn
quliŋŋuġutailaq the numeral nine | -t
rn -ŋŋuq-2 nv :un1 vn Ilaq(-) nn
quliŋŋuġutailat the number nine |
-t rn -ŋŋuq-2 nv :un1 vn Ilaq(-) nn
-t nn
qulipaq strip of fur on top of boot |
-paq2 rn § quliġun
qulivsiun (Ti) old-style cooking pot
used with Iñupiaq lamp; wooden
rack where ice and snow are
placed to melt and collect as
drinking water | +siun vn §
pallisaq
qulit the number ten | -t rn
qulit atausiq the number eleven
qulit malġuk the number twelve
qulit piŋasut the number thirteen
qulitun ten dollars worth | -t rn
÷tun (sim.)
qulliġiik two things lying one above
the other | +llIQ nn +[g]iik nn
qulliġun or quliġun (Nu) raised
platform; rain shelter with flat top
| +llIQ nn -ġun nn
qulliliq- (i) to turn the light on for
oneself; (t) to provide her/him/it
with a light; (t) to turn the light on
for her/him/it; (t) to install lights
in it =house | +llIQ nn -liq-1 nv
qullimġaq any upper tooth »
qullimġat upper teeth | +llIQ nn
-mġaq nn § see Appendix 20
qulliñaat (Ti) upper teeth | +llIQ nn
-naaq3 nn
qulliñiq upper, top part | +llIQ nn
-niQ rn
qulliq1 one on top; lamp |
+llIQ nn § see Appendix 16
qulliqpiaq absolute top | +llIQ nn
-piaq(-)2 nn
¤qullitchuq top back portion of an
animal skin which has puckered
or pleated in the process of
preparing it for an umiak cover |
‘=It-2 rv +tuq2 vn
qulliuraq lightbulb | +llIQ nn
-uraq(-) nn, vv
qulvani located way above |
~vak1 nn, nn ÷nI (loc.)
qulvaq- or qurvaq- (i) to move
further into the room away from
the door; (i) to roll one’s sleeves
up; (t) to move her/him/it further
into a room away from the door »
“Tarva qulvautigaluaġamiuŋ
aapani pilitkaa.” (Ahvakana: 37)
[then after ascending with his
father for a while he released him]
| ~vaq- rv § kiluvaq
qulvaqtiq- (t) to elevate it |
~vaq- rv, rn mtiq-2 vv
qulvasik- (i) to be higher up in
elevation | ~vak1 rn -sIk-1 nv §
qutchik-
qulvaukatchiaq- (i) to walk in a
bouncy manner | ~vaq- vv -uk- vv
+atchiaq(-) vv
qunmuiññaq straight up | -nmun nc
(term.) -iññaq nc (adv.)
qunmuk- (i) to ascend, rise | ÷mun
(term.) -k-3 nv
qunmuktaaq- to move (her/him/it)
to a higher level; (t) to raise or
turn it = thermostat, audio higher |
÷mun (term.) -k-3 nv +taaq- vv
qunmuktuq- (i) to ascend steadily |
÷mun (term.) -k-3 nv +tuq- vv
qunmun upwards | -nmun nc (term.)
qurvaq highlands » pagna qurvaq
uqpigluktuq that area up there,
the highlands, has hard-to-bend
willows | perhaps -vak rn
qutchigi- (t) to think or feel that it is
too high | +tchIk- vv +[g]i- vv
469
qutchik- (i) to be high in elevation; (i)
to be in a high position (physically
or job-wise) | +tchIk- vv
qutchiksi- (i) to become more and
more elevated; (t) to place it
higher; (i) to obtain a higher level
position in employment »
qutchiksilugu pilakput let's place
it higher | +tchIk- vv
+sI-1 vv
qutchiksisiiññaq- (i) to attain a
higher and higher elevation or
position; (t) to place or promote
her/him/it to a higher and higher
positon | +tchIk- vv +sI-1 vv
+siiññaq- vv
qutchimaraaq highland, elevated
land, mountainous region | +tchIk-
vv +ma-1 vv -raaq(-) vv, vn
quliaq- (i) to confess, tell about one’s
wrongdoing; to testify; (t) to
report, testify on her/his actions;
(t) to tattle on her/him §
uqallausigi-
quliaqtit- (t) to make her/him confess|
1
mtit- vv
quliaqtuaq(-) life experience, story;
testimony; (t) to tell, report it
| +tuaq- vv § uqaluktuaq,
unipkaaq
quliuti- (t) to tell, inform her/him @
quliurri- | =uti- vv || ~rI-5 vv
quliksak caribou skin pants with hair out;
fur trousers, below calf-length;
coveralls » quliksak
mikłisimagaik he’s outgrown the
fur trousers § kamikłuuk
quliligaq eight (at cards) § narvaq
qulivrak- to splice (it = the rope); to
braid (it = rope, hair) more than
three strands
 qulivrat (Ti) braided seal intestines »
“uġruliġlugu qitqagun aasii
qulivraġlugu, two feet piŋasut
iŋaluat qulivrautigisuugait” (C.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [putting a strip
of blubber in the middle, they
braid three strips of blubber
together about two feet in length] |
‘-Q vn -t nn
Qulliq2 or Qułłiq Siberia; person from
Siberia
quluq (Ti) the day for taking out the
quluguguluq (Rainey: 247)
quluguguluq (Ti) a sacred object
(masks, small boat models, animal
figurines, or human figurines) »
“Each one represented a famous
ancestor, a well-known incident of
the past, or some peculiar
circumstance described in the
unipqaq tales, and each
qologogoloq had to be justified by
a special tale. These sacred
objects were utilized only during
“the sitting….The qologogoloqs
were suspended from the ceiling
of the qalegi on thongs.” (Rainey:
247-248) § Aquppiyut
qulugukłut sacred charms » “These
were known as … qulugukłut.
When a woman brought food into
the karigi, she set the platter
before each charm before offering
it to the men present” (Spencer:
184); “These were the
kulugugłuq…being scared
objects…they were left in the
karigi.” (Spencer: 339)] | -t nn §
aanġuaq
quluk or quluula- or (Ti) quluulaq- (i)
to rumble, growl (of stomach or
intestines) | -ula- vv
470
quluquluu- (i) to rumble (of stomach)
| perhaps reduplication of quluk,
then -u-2 vv
qulusuk or qulutchuk hind part of bird
qulvi(-) [qulvI] a teardrop; lower eyelid;
area under eye; (i) to water (of
eyes); (Nu) (i) to weep, shed tears
qulvili- (i) to weep, shed tears |
-lI-2 nv
qulviliuġruk- (i) to water from wind
or cold (of eyes) | -lI-2 nv :uq-2 vv
+rruk- rv, vv, nv
¤qulviraġiak area under eyes, both
lower eyelids | +[t/r]aq-3 vv
+iaq1 vn -k2 nn
qulvitquq area below the eye |
-tquq nn
qulviugaq- (i) to be in tears |
-ugaq- vv
¤qumak (Ti) worm found in bearded seal
intestine; tapeworm (Cestoda)
qumaŋia- or uqumaŋia- (i) to have a
nightmare; (i) to leave one’s body
while asleep and hover above or
fly away, then to “re-enter” the
body to move it either by force or
by emitting a loud noise; if one
has difficulty waking up, the
nightmare begins | -ŋia- vv § itivli-
qumaq- (i) to bend forward, crouch
qumaŋiuma- (i) to assume a fetal
position | -ŋia- vv -uma- vv |
qumaŋa- (i) to stand in a stooped
position; (i) to be stooped from
age | ±ŋa- vv
qumik- [qumIk] (i) to put one’s arms
inside the body of one’s parka; (t)
to put her/him/it inside one’s
parka
 qumiik- or qumiikhaaq- (i) to keep
one’s arms inside one’s parka; (t)
to keep her/him/it inside one’s
parka | perhaps .-k-2 vv or .-k-2 vv
-khaaq- vv
qumiikkałaaq- (i) to walk with arms
inside one’s parka | -Ik- vv
-kkałaaq vv
qimiksimaaq- (i) to keep one’s arms
inside one’s parka | +simaaq- vv
qumiumaaq- (Ti) (i) to put one’s
arms/hands in one’s sleeves »
“tavra Iñupiani taamna
qaunagitqusuuraŋat;
sammagguuq ilaanni
saviqaġuuruq” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [according to Iñupiat ways
one must be careful of such
behavior; the fact of the matter is
that he [a person with his hands
inside his sleeves] might have a
knife] | -umaaq- vv
qumiu- (t) to bring her/him food § payuk-
qummatit (Nu) skins used as bedding or
sleeping mats § uqummatit
r
qummiaq- [qummi aq](Nu) (i) to chew
tobacco § uilaaq- under uilaq(-),
uqummiaq(-)
qummiaksraq (Nu) chewing tobacco
§ uilaaksraq
qummirriq- (Nu) (i) to put chewing
tobacco in one’s mouth | ‘=Iq- nv
qumnaaluk or qumŋaluk (Ti) a
traditional relation, like a
godparent or guardian, who assists
in naming a child and providing
spiritual guidance; namesake »
“…instruction may come from the
parent of komaluk (namesake).”
(Rainey: 243) § ila(-), uumaa
471
qunigu thin strips of caribou hide used as
webbing on snowshoes (Kisautaq: 652)
quniguq webbing which is too thick
to be used in the making of
snowshoes § nuluksraq
quniguku rejected thick webbing
(when making fine webbing for
snowshoes) | -ku(-) nn
quniqłuk hazy horizon » “silagiiliaqsim-
man quniqługuġuuruq
niptaiġaqsigami; killiluktuq
anuqqagniaġaa” (Matumeak
2009) [when the weather is
turning for the worst, an indistinct
hazy horizon appears; when
visibility is hazy, it will become
windy]
qunmuiññaq straight up < quli1
qunmuk- (i) to ascend, rise < quli1
qunmuktaaq- to move (her/him/it) to a
higher level; (t) to raise or turn it
= thermostat, audio higher < quli1
qunmuktuq- (i) to ascend steadily < quli1
qunmun upwards < quli1
qunmun asiaq (Nu) bog cranberry
(Oxycoccus microcarpus)
qunŋiq [qunŋIq] reindeer (Rangifer
tarandus), domesticated caribou
qunŋilaaq reindeer herder | -laaq nn
qunŋiliqi- (i) to herd reindeer |
-liqi- nv
qunŋuq a bright, white sky on horizon
indicating presence of ice on
ocean
qunu- (t) to talk cooingly to her/him, usu
a baby; (Nu) (i) to sing a dirge in
 mourning (often of Indians); (t) to
feel grief for, lament, mourn for
her/him =the deceased
qunnun expression(s) one uses to
coo, talk lovingly to a baby |
‘-n vn
qunuugaq- (t) to talk cooingly to
her/him continously »
qunuugaqługu
ivvaqtuġuaqsigaa talking
cooingly to her [daughter]
continuously, she [mother]
insisted on giving her a bath |
-ugaq- vv
¤qunŋutaq term of endearment »
“qunŋutaumaruq qanuq”
(Matumeak 2009) [it’s probably
an endearment term] | perhaps
±ŋutaq vn
quŋaluk- (i) to curl up (of dog)
quŋiaq caribou neck skin
quŋialik (Ti) seat in umiak behind the
bow seat (David Frankson as
reported in Pulu, Ramoth, and
Newlin: 9) » “sivum tuglia
iksiñiaqtuaq avataqpagmik” (S.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [it’s the one
behind the bow seat, whoever sits
there will throw the float out]
¤quŋuliq (Nu) caribou intestine mixed
with liver and rumen
quŋulliq [quŋullIq] wild rhubarb; sour
grass; mountain sorrel (Oxyria
digna)
quŋulliġñaq sourdock (Rumex) |
+naq1 nn
*quŋu (root) worry
quŋugi- (Ti) (t) to worry that some-
thing bad might happen to
her/him/it » “quŋugiŋŋaan
472
aŋuniaqtitkiga iġñiga”
(Kinneeveauk 2009) [although I
was worried that something bad
might happen to him, I allowed
my son to go hunting] | +[g]i- nv
quŋuġraq- (Ti) (i) to worry that
something bad might happen »
arra quŋuġraqtitkiŋma
ailaitpaiłłu
 tin goodness gracious,
you sure made me worry because
you did not come home for a long
time | +ġraq- vv
quŋurraq- (Ti) (i) to worry that
something might happen when out
hunting or going on one’s first
airplane flight |-rraq- vv
quŋuq (Nu) corpse
quŋuġi- (Nu) (t) to shun, avoid, find it
taboo | +[g]i- nv
quŋuqsrau- or (Nu)quŋuqrau- or
(Ti) quŋuqtau- (i) to respect
taboo (a good quality); (i) to avoid
what is prescribed to be avoided »
“suaguugaatigut suna
savaquvlugu qilamik
savaaksraq umiami;
uqautigaatigut
killukuaqtaquŋiłłuta” (S.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [they admonish
us to work fast on something that
needs fixing in a boat; they
counsel us to avoid mistakes] |
+qsraq- rv -u-2 vv, +tau- vv
quŋuaqtuqtuq (Ti) ) a charm, which
“work with things of dead
people” » “The two angoak
classes are known as
qongoaktuktuk and…One who is
qongoaktuktuk has charms which
“work with things of dead
people,…” (Rainey: 272) | -aq2 nn
+tuq-3 nv +t/ruq5 vn §
iġñiruaqtuqtuq
quŋusiq [quŋusIq] human neck § see
Appendix 21
quŋusiġugauraq necklace | -ġun nn
:uraq nn § uyamitquaq, nuġluġun
quŋusiġun collar; anything that is
worn around the neck | -ġun nn
quŋusiġusiq- (t) to put a collar on
her/him/it; (i) to now have a collar
on | -ġun nn ~Iq-1 nv
quŋusiñiq neck of animal; bottom
back of parka hood | -niQ2 nn
quŋusiññaqtaq- (t) to kill them
=animals by mortally wounding
them in the neck »
“Quŋusiññaqtaqługillu uvva
tuqutchuugivuk
Ahmayuuraġlu.” (Nageak 1976:
4) [Ahmayuuraq and I would kill
them by mortally wounding them
in the neck] | -niQ2 nn ‘-aq-3 nv
+t/raq-1 vv
quŋusiñŋu- (i) to have a sore neck |
-nŋu-n
quŋutchiaq- (i) to break one’s neck |
‘-aq-2 nv
quŋuyuk- (i) to grin, smile
quŋuyugnaq- (i) to be funny |
+naq(-) vv
qupak(-) decorative fancy trim; to trim or
decorate (it)
qupałuk Lapland Longspur (Calcarius
lapponicus)
qupałłiaq- (i) to go bird hunting |
‘=iaq-2 nv
qupałupiaġauraq Snow Bunting
(Plectrophenax nivalis), Snow
Bird | -piaq(-)1 nn +[ġ]aq nn :uraq
nn § nasaulligaq
qupi(-) (i) to split lengthwise; (t) to split
or crack it lengthwise, with the
grain; half-dollar coin @ qupisi- ||
:I-4 vv
473
qumniq crack in ice usually covered
with snow » “quppaq, nalunaq-
tuat apunmik qaalgit”
(Matumeak 2009) [a crack, they
are hard to distinguish since they
are usually covered with snow] |
~niQ1 vn § quġġiq
¤qupitalik baleen with white strips
running lengthwise | mt/ralik nn
qupitaq white strip of baleen |
+taq(-) vn
qupitchuŋaq a quarter, a sum of 25
cents (half of half-dollar) |
¤-tchuŋaq vn
quppaġruaq crack in ice which has
opened and frozen again
(Harcharek: 15) | -ġruaq nn
quppaġuq- (i) to grow (of a crack) |
‘-Q vn +uq-1 nv
quppannak- (i) to get a share of
something split in half lengthwise,
especially of an animal carcass |
‘-Q vn -nnak- nv
quppaŋŋuq- (i) to be half (of moon) |
‘-Q vn, -ŋŋuq- nv § igluŋŋuq-,
avaŋŋuq-
quppaq open ice crack; one piece of
something split lengthwise |
‘-Q vn
quppiġaaq non-traditional coat that
opens in front, white man’s coat |
‘-Q vn =Iq-1 nv +aaq1 vn
quppiġarriq- (t) to part his/her hair
down the middle | ‘-Q vn =Iq-1 nv
+aaq1 vn =rrIq-2 nv
quppiġñiq part in hair | ‘-Q vn
=Iq-1 nv +niQ1 vn
quppiġun or quppiqsaaġun (Nu)
hairpin | ‘-Q vn =Iq-1 nv +un1 vn
or -Q vn =Iq-1 nv ±saaq-2 vv
:un1 vn
quppiq- (i) to part one’s hair; (i) to
now have one’s hair parted; (t) to
part her/his hair | ‘-Q vn =Iq-1 nv
quppiqsuaq- (Ti) (t) to part it =hair
generally as a habit | ‘-Q vn
 =Iq-1 nv +tuaq- vv
quppiula- (Nu) (t) to cut through it =
water (of bow of boat) | ‘-Q vn,
=Iq-1 nv -ula vv
qupsaq- (Ti) to crack, partially
fracture (it) | msaq-3 vv
quvluallak- (t) to split it lengthwise
nicely after several attempts |
~luq-3 vv -aq-1 vv -llak-1 vv
quvluayuuq fabric with striped
pattern | ~luq-3 vv -aq-1 vv
-yuuq(-) vv, vn
quvluliyait- (i) to not develop cracks
easily, quickly | ~lu(q) vn -lI-2 nv
+ya-1 vv :It-1 vdv
quvluq- (t) to split it into many pieces
lengthwise @ quvlui- | ~luq-3 vv ||
:I-4 vv
quvluula- (i) to crack in multiple
places (of ice) | -ula- vv
quvluun or (Nu) qupluun ripsaw,
saw which cuts lengthwise | ~luq-3
vv, :un1 vn
quvraq one split lengthwise | +raq vn
quvsik- (i) to split easily | ~sIk-1 vv
qupilġuq(-) parasite;worm; insect; (i) to
be infested with parasites » amiq
qupilġuqsimaraa the skin is
infested with worms;
“qupilġuġuurut iggiaŋanilu
iŋaluaŋiññilu ugruit” (Aiken
2009) [parasites grow in the throat
and the intestines of bearded
seals] | ±ġuq nn
qupilġuġruaq sea worm (edible,
without spines) | ±ġuq rn
+ġruaq nn
qupilġuksraq insect egg; blowfly
egg; (Ti) maggot » “takiłhuyuk-
taurat ailauraġman iñuguġuu-
rut” (Matumeak 2009) [the long
and skinny ones (blowfly eggs)
come alive when it (the
environment) is wet and warm] |
±ġuq rn -ksraq(-) nn
474
qupilġuqsiuġayuk (Nu) Solitary
Sandpiper (Tringa solitaria) |
±ġuq nn +siuq- nv +aq-1 vv
-yuk(-) vn
quppiqutaq edible young fireweed
shoots (Epilobium angustifolium)
qupqaġiaq (Ti) “…a puppet whale boat
crew: small wooden figures
clothed in miniature skin parkas
and seated in an umiak boat
about 3 feet long, with paddles,
harpoon, and all the other
necessary gear for the whale
hunt. …Five sinew thongs
operate the paddling figures and
umelik [captain] seated in the
stern, while a small tube of seal
gut opening in the of the umelik’s
parka is used by one of the three
manipulators to make him
breathe, simply by blowing
through the tube.” (Rainey: 250)
qupquġiaq or (Nu) qupquġaq mythical
ten-legged polar bear | perhaps
+iaq3 n
quq urine < qui-
quqhiq- or quqhik- (i) to cough < quiq-
quqsiqi- (i) to collect and throw away the
drums where the honey buckets
have been dumped < qui-
quqsiqun toilet disinfectant, deodorizer <
qui-
¤quqsruaq- (Nu) (i) to be yellowish
< qui-
quqsugniq scent of urine < qui-
quqsugnit- (i) to have the smell of urine
 < qui-
quqsuq- (i) to be yellow, stained; (Ti)
(i) to be brown < qui-
quqsuqtaaq something yellow; egg yolk;
(Ti) brown color < qui-
quqtaq honey bucket; large commode
< qui-
quqhaq- (Nu) (t) to make a cut through it
=ice by pounding repeatedly with
an ice chisel to remove a section
in order to collect water @
quqhaqsi- || +sI-3 vv
quqquq- to crumble or dent (it)
quqtuġaq thigh
ququq- (i) to entreat, or summon the
forces of the supernatural in order
to fulfill a wish; (t) to call to
her/him » ququġniaqtuŋa
aġvaqulusi I will wish for you all
to catch a whale
ququaq- (t) to call her/him/it by
name; (Ti) (t) to call her/him by
telephone, CB, etc. @ ququaqsi- |
-aq-1 vv || +sI-3 vv
ququula- (i) to call to someone; (t) to
hail, call out to her/him/it |
-uq-2 vv -la- vv
ququurraq- (Ti) to call out, shout (to
her/him) who is some distance
away | -urraq- vv
qurraquraq Semi-palmated Plover
(Charadrius semipalmatus)
qurri- [qurrI] or qurriuq- (i) to freeze
meat; (t) to freeze it =meat; (i) to
cut up raw, frozen meat or fish <
quaq(-)
475
qurvaq highlands < quli1
qusauq- (i) to sit § aquvit-
¤qusimmaq [qusimmaQ] wild rhubarb
(Polygonum sp.) § quŋullIq
qusrkhaaq arctic fox, white fox (Alopex
lagopus) § tiġiganniaq, pisukkaaq
qusuŋŋaq(-) outer fur parka with hair
side out; (i) to put on an outer
caribou fur parka with hair side
out (over an inner fur parka worn
with hair inside) » “mitqua
silanmun ittuaq” (Matumeak
2009) [its fur is inside out]
qusuŋŋaaġruk thick outer fur parka
of winter caribou skins worn with
hair side out | -aġruk nn
qusuŋŋaaluk old outer fur parka
worn with hair out | -aluk nn
*quta (root) slope
qutailaq deep water by the shore |
:ilaq nn
qutait- (i) to be steep; to drop off (of
ocean floor) | :It-1 rv
qutaŋŋiaġik- (i) to have a gentle
slope | +ŋŋIQ rn -aq2 nn
+[g]Ik- nv § sikkIk-
qutchigi- (t) to think or feel that it is too
high < quli1
qutchik- (i) to be high in elevation; (i) to
be in a high place or position
socially < quli1
qutchiksi- to become more and more
elevated < quli1
qutchiksisiiññaq- (i) to attain a higher
and higher elevation or position;
(t) to place or promote her/him/it
 to a higher and higher positon <
quli1
qutchimaraaq highland, elevated land,
mountainous region < quli1
qutiġuq- (i) to walk to the same
destination as others who are
traveling by boat; (t) to have
reached the same destination
(implies surprise)
qutliiraq Wooly Lousewort (Pedicularis
lanata)
¤Qutliq (Nu) a Siberian § Qulliq2
¤Qutliqsaq (Nu) something from
Siberia | +taq nn
qutqaaq sled rail
qutuk clavicle, collarbone § see Appendix
21
Qutugruk constellation of four stars
(thought to resemble a collarbone,
seen in winter); “Ko-tog-eu-in
‘The collar bones’ are the Twins,
Castor & Pollux, with two others
Capella & a small star which are
placed in pairs slightly inclined to
each other thus having a fanciful
resemblance to the slope of those
bones or rather the shoulders in
the human frame.” (Bockstoce:
351) | perhaps +ruk3 nn
qutqiñ ledge; shelf along side of
entryway (of sod house)
quu- [quġu] (i) to incline inward; (i) to
turn one’s feet inward
quġġuti- (t) to be caught between two
things closing in on it, as a boat
by icebergs; (t) to close in on
him/her/it | ‘ti- vv
quulliquraq- (i) to twinkle, flicker |
476
-llIq- vv :uraq- vv
quumigaq- (i) to shinny, climb up or
down using the hands and legs |
+mIk-1 vv +aq-1 vv
quumik- (i) to bring one’s legs
together tightly; (i) to climb a pole
or rope by shinnying; (t) to hold
her/him/it between one’s legs |
+mIk-1 vv
quumiŋa- (i) to be knock-kneed, to
fold inward | +mIk-1 vv ±ŋa- vv
quuŋa- (i) to be pigeon-toed,
knock-kneed | ±ŋa- vv
quupatchuŋa- (i) to be pigeon-toed |
-paq(-) vv, vn -t-2 nv -suk-2 vv
±ŋa- vv
quupatchuk- (i) to turn one’s knees
in | perhaps -paq(-) vv, vn -t-2 nv
-suk-2 vv
quuqłiġun stovepipe damper | +q-1 vv
+lIq- vv :un1 vn
quuqłiġutaiq- (t) to open it =damper
of a stovepipe; (i) to now be
opened (of stovepipe damper) |
+q-1 vv +lIq- vv :uti1 vn :Iq-2 nv
quuqłiq- (t) to close it =damper of a
stovepipe | +q-1 vv +lIq- vv
quuraġaaq- (Ti) (i) to walk
pigeon-toed; (i) to come together
by way of wave action (of ice)»
“iŋiullaġman kisianik siku
quuraġaaġluni nakiqsimman
imaq pisukataġnaqtuq siku
quuraġaaqtuaq” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [only when there are swells
does the ice converge together,
and when the ocean settles out,
can the ice which has been
coming together be walked upon] |
+raġaaq(-) vn vv
quut- (i) to close (of a gap); (t) to
make it narrower, close it =gap
between two parts of something @
quutchi- | -t-2 vv || +sI-3 vv
quulliquraq caribou ruff used on hunter’s
parka
quunġut canyon § natiġnaq, qattaġniq
quunniq(-) [quunnIQ] or (Nu)
quunnitchiaq(-) calm, still,
reflective water; to be calm,
smooth and glassy (of water)
quunniġuq- (i) to become calm (of
water); (t) to be now calm (of
water) | +uq-1 nv
quutquġaaq a mythical flying whale
(Kisautaq: 652)
*quvi (root) happiness, joy
quvianaq- (i) cause for happiness, joy
| -a-2 vv +naq-1 rv
quvianġu- (i) to be always joyously
contented, happy | -nġu- rv
quvianġun joy, great happiness |
-nġu- rv ‘n1 vn
quvianġuniq behavior full of love,
joy, and happiness | -nġu- rv
+niQ1 vn
quvianġutu- (i) to be jolly, happy »
naglignauraŋiññiqsuq quvian-
ġutummiuq you need not be
feeling sorry for him and on top of
that he seems so happy | -nġu- rv
+tu- vv
quviasaaġusiaq blessing (promoting
happiness) | +saaq-2 vv :usiaq vn §
ataniġnaqutiksriusiaq, nagliktuun,
anniqsuusiaq
quviasaaq- (t) to comfort, try to make
her/him/it happy | +saaq-2 vv
quviasugvik [lit. “a time to be
happy”] celebration | -suk-2 rv,
+vIk1 vn
quviasuk- (i) to be happy | -suk-2 rv
quviasuun happiness, joy, mirth;
celebration | -suk-2 rv :un1 vn
quviasuusiqi- (i) to celebrate |
-suk-2 rv :un1 vn ~Iqi-1 nv
477
quviasuutaiq- (i) to become unhappy
| -suk-2 rv :uti1 vn :Iq-2 nv
quviatchai- (t) to cause her/him to
become happy, joyful | -tchak- rv
quviatchak- (i) to become happy,
joyful » quviatchapaluktut
nuimman they became very
happy when she came into view |
-tchak- rv
quviiq- (i) to become unhappy, sad,
depressed | :Iq-2 nv § palu-
quviit- (i) to be unhappy, despondent |
:It-1 rv
quvyak- (i) to become happy, joyful |
-vyak- vv
quviq- (t) to catch her/him/it off guard; (t)
to surprise, startle her/him/it; (t) to
do something without her/his
knowledge; (t) to surprise
her/him/it
quviġusuk- (i) to be surprised that
something has happened | :u-2 vv
-suk-2 vv
quviqtaili- (i) to be watchful, alert,
vigilant, attentive | +tailI- vv
quviqtau- or quviqtit- (i) to be
caught off guard, surprised,
startled | +tau- vv or mtit-1 vv
quviqti white film over eye, cataract;
(Nu) white bead | +qti vn
quviqsiq- (i) to get cataracts, get a
white filmy growth on eye |
~Iq-1 nv
quvluliyait- (i) to not develop cracks
easily, quickly < qupi-
quvluula- (i) to crack repeatedly (esp., of
ice) < qupi-
quvsuk- (i) to get on one’s knees, kneel §
sitquq(-)
quvsuktaaq- (i) to get on one’s knees
with intention of remaining in that
position for a while | +taaq- vv
quvyuk- to be a whiteout (of weather) »
“quvyugman nalunaġmata
qayuqłait uvluġiatigun igliġ-
naġmiuq” (Matumeak 2009)
[when there is a whiteout and the
ripples on the surface of the snow
are hard to see, one can also travel
using the stars]
quvyugaġnaq whiteout weather
condition | +[ġ]aq vn, nn
+naq(-) rn
quvyugaġniq- (i) to be in a whiteout
situation (of weather) |
+[ġ]aq vn, nn +nIq-2 rv
quya- (i) to be thankful; (i) to celebrate
Thanksgiving (of many persons)
quyagi- (t) to be thankful, glad for
her/him/it | +[g]i- vv
quyailaq ungrateful person | :ilaq vn
quyali- (t) to make her/him thankful,
grateful, happy | -lI-1 vv
quyanaaġusiq- (t) to reward, to pay
her/him » “quyanaaġusiqługu
aitchuġaa” (Aiken 2009) [he
rewarded him with money] |
+naq(-) vn, .-q-2 nv :un1 vn
~Iq-1 nv
quyanaaq- (i) to say “thank you”; (t)
to say “thank you” to her/him; (t)
to be grateful to her/him |
+naq(-) vn, .-q-2 nv
quyanaġniq- (t) to give her/him/it
what is deserved, usually a just
reprimand or punishment |
+naq(-) vv, +nIq-2 vv
quyanaq- (i) to be worthy of thanks,
to deserve thanks | +naq(-) vv
quyanaq (excl.) thank you; good
riddance, you had it
coming!(when said sarcastically
and with a different inflection) »
quyanaqpak thank you very
much | +naq(-) vn
quyanaqsima- (i) to be a good
situation when one who deserves
478
to be told off or set straight or cut
down when acting too proud is
humbled; (t) to do something to
her/him/it to cut her/him down to
her/his size | +naq(-) vv,
+sima-1 vv
quyatchak- (i) to become thankful,
happy | -tchak- vv
quyyayyaq- (i) to go and attend the
Thanksgiving feast | ‘yyaq- vv
Quyyavik Thanksgiving; month of
November | ‘-vIk1 vn
quyyan gratitude, thankfulness |
‘n1 vn
S
saa or sa or cha (excl.) huh; what; what
did you say
°saa (stem) [sara] front of body or
garment; area immediately in
front of something; lap, the front
part of the lower trunk and thighs
of a seated person; seaward
saagaiq- (t) to take away or take over
her/his/its burden | ±aq1 vn :Iq-1 vv
§ tigumiagIq-
saagaq(-) something one brings
along, carries; to carry, bring
(her/him/it) with one; (Ti) (t) to
hold her/him on one’s lap »
saagaġaa ililgauraq he is holding
the child on his lap | ±aq1 vn §
kaluq-
¤saagau- or (Nu) saagatlakaaq- or
saagałłakaaq (i) to carry an
armload | ±aq1 vn -u-2 vv or
+aq- 4 rv perhaps -łłak- vv perhaps
+aaq(-) vv § tigumiaq-
saaġuaq(-) [saaġuraq] apron, bib; (i)
to put on an apron; (t) to put an
apron on her/him; (Nu) protective
enclosure, semicircular-shaped
windbreak made of small, felled
 trees with an openng where a fire
can be; (Nu) (i) to camp in a
protective enclosure | +ġuaq(-) nn
saaġuaqsiq- (Nu) (i) to be camping in
a protective enclosure |
+ġuaq(-) nn +[t]sIq- vv
saaġurri- to make an apron (for
her/him); (t) to make it into an
apron | +ġuaq(-) nn ‘=I-1 nv
saakkiq- (i) to have something to
take, carry, bring with one; (t) to
give her/him something to take,
carry, or bring | -aq1 vn ‘=Iq-1 vv §
tigumirrIq-
saakkit- (t) to give her/him something
to carry and deliver | -aq1 vn
‘=It-4 vv § tigumirrIt-
saakłi- (i) to become soft and pliable;
(i) become thin (of fabric); (t) to
make it soft and pliable | -kłI- or
(Ti) -glI- vv
saakutaq screen; clothing cover,
smock; overalls; skin cover of
door of skin tent; wind screen
over door » “saakutchiġuugaat
upkuaq aqłavaiñman” (Hugo
2009) [a wind screen is usually
placed over the door when it is too
drafty] | +kutaq nn
saamiutaq(-) something carried in
front of oneself; to keep, have
(her/him/it) in front of oneself |
÷miutaq nn
saammi- (Ti) to be facing (her/him/it)
| +mmI-1 vv
saaŋiq- (t) to pass in front of
her/him/it; (t) to get in front of
her/him and take her/his place in
line | +ŋIq- nv § sivulik-
saat-1 to face, turn toward
(her/him/it); (t) to challenge,
confront her/him/it » saałłuni
aġnanun
iglaġuksaaqłiirraqsiruq facing
the women, he began to try to
make them laugh | +t-2 nv
479
saatiq- to turn suddenly toward
(her/him/it); (t) to challenge
her/him/it without hesitation |
3
mt/liq- vv
saatit- (i) to be confronted
disparagingly | mtit-1 vv
saatmun (Nu) facing toward |
+nmun (term.) § sanmun
saatqut- to pass by in front (of
her/him/it)
saavaqi- (Nu) (t) to face her/him/it
angrily; (t) to go out and dance
with her/him | +vaq- vv -qi- vv §
saavviqi-
saavirviksraq boat dock | +vit- vv
+vIk1 vn +ksraq(-) nn, nv
saavit- (i) to proceed out to the sea or
on a river; (i) to go down to hunt
on the ice, beach, along coast; (i)
to go out in front of an audience,
to go out in front of a group, e.g.,
to dance, participate in
competitive games; (t) to put it
=boat out to sea | +vit- vv
saavrik- (i) to go quickly down to the
water | =vrik- vv
saavviaq launch site (for whaling
boat location dependent on ice
conditions near open water); path
or trail to open water » “siku
iluaġman saavirviksraq” (Aiken
2009) [a place to launch the boat
when the ice conditions are good];
saavviaġiitchuq the launch site is
not good (because ice conditions
near open water are not suitable);
“saavvialiuġnaqtuq
umiaqtuqtuni siku ipkiyaqługu
tuggautinik kigaqługu”
(Matumeak 2009) [one prepares
the launch site when whaling by
removing the sharp edges from
the ice by chipping them off with
large flensing knives] | +vit- vv
‘-aq2 vn
saavviqi- (t) to go out and dance with
her/him in an Iñupiaq dance; (t) to
go out and be her/his opponent in
a competitive game | +vit- vv
‘=Iqi-2 vv § saavaqi-
saġliaq(-) something or someone
sitting on one’s lap; to hold, rock
(her/him/it) on one’s lap | perhaps
-q-2 nv -liaq nn
saġvailaq a person whose body is
positioned sideways but whose
face is pointed toward the
observer | perhaps +q-2 vv
+vaq- vv :ilaq vn § qiviaq-
salliġun something placed in front of
object(s) to prevent movement |
+llIQ(-) rn, rv -un1 vn
salliñaaq area located north |
+llIQ(-) rn +naaq nn § see
Appendix 12
salliñiq north » Utqiaġviit
salliñġaniittut Anaqtuuvium
Barrow is to the north of
Anaktuvak Pass | +llIQ(-) rn
+niQ2 nn
salliq one in front; one farthest toward
the ocean; most northerly one |
+llIQ(-) rn, rv
salliqi- (i) to unintentionally put on
clothing with the front on the
back, backwards | iñuum nasaŋa
salliqiruq the person’s hood is
always getting to the front |
+llIQ(-) rn =Iqi-1 nv
salliu- (i) to be in front; (i) to be the
one closest to the ocean |
+llIQ(-) rn :u-1 nv
sanmi- or (Ti) saŋmi- to be facing
(her/him/it); (t) to be boldly facing
up to her/him/it »
“saŋmigaagguuq avruma
qiñiqpakługu” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [he is staring at him boldly]
| +t-2 rv +mmI-5 vv
480
sanmiraq- (t) to tease her/him; (t) to
confront and agrue with her/him,
often repeatedly | -t-2 rv
+mmI-5 vv +t/raq-1 vv
sanmuiññaq directly oceanwards,
away from shore » “Sanmuiññaq
Tikiġaq tunurruiññaqługu
sanmun nanuqqam
aullautigik.” (Ahvakana: 14)
[moving directly away from shore
leaving Point Hope, the small,
child’s waterproof mattress took
them out to the ocean] |
-nmun n-nc -iññaq nc
sanmuk- (i) to travel towards the
ocean | ÷muk- nv
sanmun oceanward; towards one’s
front area » sanmun qiviaġiñ;
tununmun qiviaġiñ look
frontwards; look backwards |
-nmun nnc
sarġut- or (Ti) salġut- to pass by in
front of (her/him/it) | +t-2 rv
-ġut- vv
sarruk- (i) to run toward, pass in front
of hunter (of caribou) | =rruk- rv
sarvaq- (i) to move forward or
oceanward; (t) to move it toward
the front | -t-2 rv +vaq- vv
sarvaqtaaq- (i) to move forward or
oceanward over a defined
distance; (t) to move her/him/it
forward or oceanward over a
defined distance | -t-2 rv +vaq- vv
+taaq- vv
sarvasik- (i) to lie far out in the
ocean, far from shore or edge of
ice | +t-2 rv +vaq- vv ~sIk-1 vv §
taunaniqpasik-
satchaaq- (i) to be out in front of a
group; (i) to take up space | -t-2 rv
+saaq- vv
satchik- (i) to be located far out in
front or far away in ocean (often
means that there is open water at
 a distance indicated by a cloud) |
+t-2 rv +sIk-1 vv
satqak chest (anatomical) | -t-2 rv
+qak vn
satqummiaq something kept handy,
easily accessible, not in storage |
-t-2 rv perhaps +qumak rn,nn
‘=Iq-1 nv +aq1 vn
satqummii- (i) to make something
handy, easily accessible |
satqummiiruq, niqi
piyumiñaqsivlugu she made
some meat handy for easier
accessibility | -t-2 rv perhaps
+qumak rn,nn ‘=Iq-1 nv -I-1 vv
satqummiq- (t) to set it out for
display; (t) to reveal, display,
disclose it | -t-2 rv perhaps
+qumak rn,nn ‘=Iq-1 nv
saaptaq- (i) to gamble; (i) to cast lots §
manigaq-
saat-2 [sagat] (i) to be soft, thin, pliable,
e.g., fabric or animal skin; (i) to
have thin hair » saattuat nunat
thin sods (not mineral soil) on
roof of sod house § see Appendix
22
saakłi- or (Ti) saagli- to become thin
(of ice); (i) to become soft and
pliable (of animal hide); (i) to
become thin and worn-out (of
wood or fabric); (t) to make it
=animal hide soft and pliable |
-kłI- vv or -glI- vv § maptukłi-
saalġuq thin area of something
(usually ice) | ±ġuq vn
saalġuuraq (Ti) thin piece of whale
meat on edge of fluke | -lġuq vn
:uraq nn
saatuquyaaq (Nu) something flat |
+tu- rv -quyak vn -aq2 nn
saapaqayait uyaġait stone tablets |
~paq(-)vv -qaq- vv -yak vn
481
saatuquyak or (Ti) saatuquyaak or
(Nu) saapaqayak thin, flat stone
(good for skipping on water); (Ti)
flat bone weight (used for bolas) »
“kuvraurrisuuruq uyaġak
taamna saatuquyaak” (S.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [the thin flat
stone weaves in and out across the
water in a series of small hops] |
+tu- rv -quyak vn
saatuuraq somethng thin, pliable;
(Nu) short-haired, summer skin |
+t/ruuraq vn
saatkailaq [ENG “shotgun”] one without
a shotgun | :ilaq(-) nn
saavġaq Common Snipe (Capella
gallinago) | [ġ]aq n
saggaq [saggaQ] or (Nu)
saggaatchauraq caribou with
new summer hair; summer animal
(sheep or caribou) skin with short
hair § saat-
saggutyaq (Nu) snow house made of soft,
new snow < sau-
saggutyi- (Nu) (i) to make a snow house
of soft, new snow < sau-
sagla- (Ti) (i) to be constantly busy,
working all the time § apta-,
savvaqtu
saglu- (i) to lie, not tell the truth
saglun a lie, falsehood | -n1 vn
sagluqi- (t) to lie to her/him; (t) to
fool, deceive her/him/it »
anitqusiññaqłuŋa
sagluqimaraani
naatiqtuuraġukługik
kamitchiaksrautika she lied to
me, I found out, just to get me out
of the house so she could finish
my new boots | -qi- vv
 sagluqipkaq- (i) to be deceived |
-qi- vv +pkaq-1 vv
sagluqiraq- (t) to continue to tell
her/him lies | -qi- vv +t/raq-1 vv
sagluqiraġaq- (t) to lie to her/him
more than several times »
“sagluqiraġaqługu qinnigaa”
(Matumeak 2009) [he made her
angry by lying to her one too
many times] | -qi- vv +t/raq-1 vv
+aq-1 vv
sagluqun a lie, deception | -qi- vv
-n1 vn
saglutu- (i) to tell lies frequently; (i)
to be a prolific liar » sagluturuq
asuuna oh, you tell too many lies
| +tu- vv
sagluuq- (i) to tell lies one right after
another | :uq-2 vv
sagluuraq- (i) to joke by telling
stories which are not true |
:uraq- vv
sagluviuq- (t) to accuse her/him of
lying @ sagluviuqłiq- | -viuq- vv
|| +kłIq- vv
sagniuq- (i) to suffer from an injury »
“Tulugaq qauriaqsiruq
sigguugmiñik sagniuqłuni.”
(Ahmaogak & Webster: 28) [the
raven begins to gain
consciousness with pain in his
beak from his injury]
sagniuliq- (i) to become sick »
“tavra aġnaal-lu qitunġaŋilu
kavyagaluaqtut
sagniuliġiñaġman Pisiksuġliq”
(Bergsland 1987: 302) [so his
wife and his children became
extremely worried when
Pisiksuġliq became sick] |
-lIq-3 vv
sagrat assembled pieces of ice traveling
with the current in ocean »
“saġvaqtuakun igliqtuat sikut;
482
niġrutit qakirvigisuugaat
ilaanni” (Matumeak 2009)
[pieces of ice traveling with the
current; animals sometimes climb
up onto them] § saġvaq(-)
sagraqsiuyuit whales that surface in
areas where there are small cakes
of ice in mostly open water
(Harcharek: 27) | -siuq- nv
yuk(-) vn -t nn
sagvi- [sagvI] (i) to be visible, in view §
saa2, satqummiaq
sagviq- (t) to let it become obvious;
(t) to bring it into the open; (t) to
take it out (e.g., out of a bag); (i)
to explain oneself; (i) to make a
point; (i) to appear, as in court; (i)
to come in view | +q-1vv §
salapqiq-, satqummiq-
saġaaluk- (i) to make a splashing sound
(of water); to make a crashing
sound (of ocean waves breaking
on shore)
saġġalliqsiq- to be making a slapping
noise (of water) | :Iq-1 nv +sIq-2 vv
¤saġayak- to be spoiled (of food) § au-,
maqu-, piluksi-
*saġima (root) appreciation
saġimasuk- (i) to feel appreciated |
-suk-2 rv
saġimasuutigi- (t) to be grateful for
her/him/it | -suk-2 rv :un1 vn
+[g]i- nv
saġmak- (i) to talk loudly » saġmaktuam
uvlaaq itiqtitkaatigut
siññaaġipayuktuani the one who
was talking loudly woke us all
from a sound sleep < *saq
saġmagvigi- (t) to talk loudly to
her/him/it < *saq
saġvaq(-) water current; (i) to have strong
current (of river or ocean); (t) to
drift with the current; (t) for it to
be carried away by ocean or river
current § see Appendix 14
saġvaluk- (i) to babble, gurgle (of
flowing water); (Ti) (i) to rumble,
growl (of stomach) »
saġvalugman, kuvraqtulaitchut
when the water is babbling, no
one sets a net | -luk- vv §
maqsraluk-, quluk-
saġvaluula- (i) to gurgle (of flowing
water); (Ti) (i) to growl, rumble
(of stomach) | -luk- vv -ula- vv
saġvaniq grass found floating on river
(dried and used to insulate a sod
house) » “maanna tupiqłuta
aasii saġvaniqsiuqłuta kuugmi
saġvaŋaruanik ivigruanik; aasii
imikpatitauraaġman tasamma
saġvaniq; ukiiviginaqtuq; aasii
katiłługit avałługu tupiq; aasii
sigraamik matummivlugu; aasii
apunmivlugu; uunnaaguuruq”
(Matumeak 2009) [then we would
pitch our tent and search for grass
floating on the river, looking for
ones that have been carried
downstream; and if it makes a rich
hollow sound it is grass that is
used for insulation; one can spend
a winter in it (a house with this
kind of insulation); then we gather
them and surround the tent; then
we cover it with a tarp; and we
also put snow on it; it is warm] |
÷niQ1 vn
saġvaqsiq- (i) to drift along with the
current | +[t]sIq- vv
saġvaqsiuraaq- or (Ti)
saġvaqsiiraaq- (i) to travel with
the ocean current | +[t]sIq- vv
-uraaq- vv
saġvaqsiuyuk Harlequin Duck
(Histrionicus histrionicus) |
483
+siuq- nv -yuk(-) vn
saġvauraq (Nu) rapids, shallow part
of river with swift water |
:uraq nn
*sai (root) relaxation
sailli- (i) to relax, recover after a
stressful experience » “sumik
isumaaluŋitchuq; suliqiŋitchuq”
(Aiken 2009) [he has no worries;
he is not doing anything] | :It-1 nv
+lI-2 vv § unaŋuiqsIq-
saima- (i) to be quiet, not crying; (i)
to mourn quietly | +ma-1 vv
saimmallaiq- (i) to be inconsolable,
continue to cry; (t) to be unable to
console her/him | +mmaq- rv
-lla- vv :Iq-2 vv § qiaŋaillaiq-
saimmaq- (i) to stop crying, to cease
crying; (i) to be consoled,
comforted | +mmaq- rv
saiġuq- (t) to build a willow stockade for
her/him/it; (t) to build it into a
stockade » “saiguqłutik uqpigñik
tupiq avaluqługu
pisikkumiñaiqłutik” (Matumeak
2009) [they build a stockade
around the tent to prevent
themselves from being hit (by gun
or bow and arrow)] |
saiġut stockade made of large
willows § iriġvik, iñuksuk | -t nn
*saiñġi (root) chagrin, regret; frustration
| +niQ1 rn :It-1 nv § *sai
saiñġisuk- or saiñġusuk- (i) to feel
frustration and regret for missing
an opportunity to get something;
(i) to be chagrined, frustrated |
+niQ1 rn :It-1 nv -suk-2 vv or
+niQ1 rn :u-1 nv -suk-2 rv §
qigluk-
saiñġisuun word or phrase used to
express regret, e.g., akłaa!,
 alakkaa!, yaqhii! | +niQ1 rn :It-1 nv
suk-2 vv :un1 vn § nunuuraq-
saiñġitchak- (i) to become regretful |
+niQ1 rn :It-1 nv -sak- vv
saiyu [RUSS “chay” (Jacobson: 345)] tea
saiyutuq- (i) to drink tea | +tuq-3 nv
sakiaguraq or sakiagauraq (Nu)
Labrador Tea (Ledum palustre
decumbens), (plant which grows
low among rocks)
sakiak sternum, front middle part of an
animal or human | ‘-k2 nn (poss.
dual mkr. § see Appendix 21
sakiat or sakiagit breastbone,
sternum; chest bones (excluding
ribs) | -t nn or :It nn
*saki (root) a shaving
sakiġmiat curved wood chips;
wooden shavings used to kindle
fire | +q-2 rv +mIk- vv -aq1 vn -t nn
sakiġmik- (i) to whittle wood into an
object or for kindling | +q-2 rv
+mIk- vv
sakikkaq wood shaving | -kkaq vn
sakimak wood shaving; a whale’s
“sakimak” which is at the back
end of the tongue | aġviġum
sakimaŋa niqillautaq, uqaŋata
kaŋiani the whale’s “sakimak” is
good to eat, which is at the back
end of the tongue | -mak rn
sakivit- (t) to scrape excess fat off it
=dried animal skin, hide, usu.,
seal (held with both hands, the
scraper is pushed up and down
the animal hide which is spread
over a scraping platform); (Ti) (t)
to scrape it =skin after hair is
removed @ sakivsi- | +vit- vv ||
+sI-3 vv § sakimak-, sakiaq
sakivrun or sakipsiñ forearm;
two-handed scraper for use on
484
dried animal skin, hide | +vit- vv
:un1 vn or +vit- vv +sI-3 vv ÷un1 vn
sakivsivik or sakipsivik long, narrow
piece of wood or root on which
skin is placed and scraped » qiruk
siqquqtuaq ikkiligaaq
sakivsigiksuq wood that is hard,
that is hardwood makes a good
surface for scraping | +vit- vv
=sI-3 vv +vIk1 vn
°sakim (dem. stem) out there in the arctic
entry (not visible) § °kan (dem.
stem), °un (dem. stem), °sam
(dem. stem)
sakimna [dual sakipkuak, pl.
sakipkua] that one out there in the
arctic entry (not visible) | +na
(dem. abs. pron. sg. mkr.)
sakiptuma or sakivsruma or
sakivruma [dual sakipkuak, pl.
sakipkua] that one out there in
arctic entry (not visible) | +tuma
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
sakiptumani or sakivsrumani or
sakivrumani [dual
sakipkugnagni, pl. sakipkunani]
located with that one out there in
the arctic entry (not visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +anI
(dem. loc.)
sakiptumaŋŋa or sakivsrumaŋŋa or
sakivrumaŋŋa [dual
sakipkugnaŋŋa, pl. sakipkunaŋŋa]
from that one out there in the
arctic entry (not visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.)
sakiptumatun or sakivsrumatun or
sakivrumatun [dual
sakipkugnaktun, pl.
sakipkunatitun] similar to that one
out there in the arctic entry (not
visible) | +tum (dem. rel. pron. sg.
mkr.) +atun (dem. sim.)
sakiptumiŋa or sakivsrumiŋa or
sakivrumiŋa [dual sakipkugniŋa,
pl. sakipkuniŋa] with that one out
there in the arctic entry (not
visible) | +tum (dem. rel. pron. sg.
mkr.) +iŋa (dem. mod.)
sakiptumuŋa or sakivsrumuŋa or
sakivrumuŋa [dual
sakipkugnuŋa, pl. sakipkunuŋa] to
that one out there in the arctic
entry (not visible) | +tum (dem.
rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +uŋa (dem.
term.)
sakiptumuuna or sakivsrumuuna or
sakivrumuuna [dual
sakipkugnuuna, pl. sakipkunuuna]
via that one out there in the arctic
entry; with that one out there in
the arctic entry (not visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +uuna
(dem. via.)
saŋma or sagma out there in the
arctic entry (not visible) | ‘a (dem.
adv. mkr.)
saŋmaliaġruk or sagmaliaġruk a
person with ancestors from
Shismaref, Alaska
saŋmani or sagmani located out
there in the arctic entry (not
visible) | +anI (dem. loc.)
saŋmaniit- or sagmaniit- (i) to be
located out there in the arctic entry
(not visible) | +anI (dem. loc.) it-
“to be”
saŋmaŋŋa or sagmaŋŋa from out
there in the arctic entry (not
visible) | +aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
saŋmaŋŋamiñ or sagmaŋŋamiñ
from that direction out there in the
arctic entry (not visible) | +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.) ÷miñ (abl.)
saŋmaŋŋaq- or sagmaŋŋaq- (i) to
come from out there in the arctic
entry (not visible) | +aŋŋa (dem.
abl.) +q-3 dv
485
saŋmuŋa or sagmuŋa to out there in
the arctic entry (not visible) | +uŋa
(dem. term.)
saŋmuŋanmun or sagmuŋanmun
towards out there in the arctic
entry (not visible) | +uŋa (dem.
term.) nmun (term.)
saŋmuŋaq- or sagmuŋaq- (i) to go
out into the arctic entry (not
visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.) +q-3
dv
saŋmuuna or sagmuuna via, through
the arctic entry (not visible) | uuna
(dem. via.)
saŋmuunnaaq- or sagmuunnaaq- (i)
via, through out there in the arctic
entry (not visible) | +uuna (dem.
via.) ‘.q-4 dv
*sakiq1 (root) sibling-in-law
sakialuk husband’s sister | -aluk nn
sakiġaq or sakiġauraq spouse’s
sibling, sister-in-law or
brother-in-law; older sister’s
husband; (Ti) in-law, member of
spouse’s family; (Ti) son-in-law |
+[ġ]aq nn or +[ġ]aq nn -uraqnn
sakiġatchauraq a new relation either
a brother-in-law or a son-in-law |
+[ġ]aq nn -tchauraq nn
sakiġatchauraġiik relationship where
one is a brother-in-law or
son-in-law | +[ġ]aq nn
-tchauraq nn +[ġ]iik(-) nv, nn
*sakiq2 (root) hard to do
sakiġi- (t) to feel unable to perform or
accomplish it =task | +[g]i rv §
sapiġi-
sakiġnaq- (i) to be hard to do » “uvva
siġġaġnaqtuq” (Aiken 2009) [it is
difficult to do] | +naq(-) rv, vn
sakiq side of mouth of bowhead whale
which is very oily and with thin
maktak § see Appendix 19
sakkiq- sakkIq] (i) to begin something; (i)
(Nu) to work hard; (i) to go away,
depart § aullaġnii-, isaguti-,
aullaq-
¤sakirraq tea [perhaps “that which has
been whittled like shavings”] §
saiyu
sakłataiyaq red squirrel (Tamiasciurus
hudsonicus) § siksrIk
sakniuq- (Nu) (i) to be sick § sagniuq-,
naŋit-, anniġñaq-
sakpak- (t) to elongate, make it long and
oval in shape
sakpaŋa- (i) to be oval and elongated
| ±ŋa- vv
sakpayaŋa- (i) to be flat, long and
oval |
-yak- vv ±ŋa- vv
sakpayak- (i) to be flat; (t) to flatten it
| -yak- vv
sakpayaqtaq oval ball, oval shape;
football | -yak- vv +qtaq nn
saksakiq [saksakiQ] or saksaŋiq or
saksaŋiuraq Redpoll (Carduelis
flammea); Hoary Redpoll
(Carduelis hornemanni)
¤saksagiaq or saksaŋiaq small gray
bird (perhaps a redpoll) | perhaps
+iaq3 n
saksranikut offal, waste, leftovers to be
discarded | -ku nn -t nn
sakuk- or sakuuk- (i) to be busy; (t) to
continue to work very hard on it;
(t) to continue to work intently on
it § savvaqtu
sakkuqtu- (i) to have persistence, to
be persistent by nature | ‘-qtu- vv §
piñilluġik-, nikatchalait-
486
salapqiq- [salapqIq] (i) to be exposed,
revealed, made known; (i) to
make a point; (t) to lay it open; to
expose, reveal it @ salapqii- ||
:I-4 vv § sagviq-
salapqiqsauruaq a revelation, a
vision | +t/raq vn :u-1 nv
+t/ruaq vn
salgiġruaq (Ti) stinkweed (Artemesia
tilesii) » salgiġruamik
niġipkaġaa anniġñaqtuaq she
fed the ailing person stinkweed §
sargiġruaq
salgu- (Ti) (t) to patch it, e.g., side of sod
house with animal skin »
“ammimik tuttum amianik
salgusuugaat iglu
aġlaŋaiqsillaglugu; ukiumikii
alappaa” (S. Tuzroyluke 2009)
[they usually patch a house
covering it with a skin, a caribou
skin to stop the draft; during the
winter it is very cold, you see] §
¤salva, ilaaq(-)
sali- [salI] (t) to cut it with scissors; (t) to
cut her/his hair; (i) to be now cut
with scissors; (i) to cut one’s hair
§ kivraq-
saliri barber | mt/ri vn § kivraqti
sallisik a pair of scissors; thin-bladed
scissors; hair clipper | ‘-n vn
-k2 nn § qiugautik
sallisilik (Nu) arrowhead with forked
point | ‘-n vn -lik nn
sallisit- (t) to cut, snip it with scissors |
‘-n vn +t-2 nv
saliguq- to remove blubber from (it =sea
mammal) | :uq-2 vv
salik- or saliktuq- to travel swiftly
 parallel to (her/him/it); Nu) (i) to
gesture, wave one’s arms, e.g.,
when sighting caribou |
-lik- rv or -lik- rv +tuq-1 vv
saliaq- (i) to traverse, walk along a
hillside, mountain slope, or
along a beach; (i) to drift along the
shore (of ice); (i) to follow the
shore (of boat) | -lik- rv -aq-1 vv
saliuġruk- (i) to slide sideways (of
sled or something being towed) |
-lik- rv :uq-2 vv +rruk- vv
salliġun something placed in front of an
object to prevent movement
< saa2
salliñaaq area located north < saa2
salliñiq north < saa2
salliq one in front; one farthest toward
the ocean; most northerly one
< saa2
salliqi- (i) to unintentionally put on
clothing with the front on the
back, backwards < saa2
salliu- (i) to in front, one closest to the
ocean < saa2
*salu (root) cleanliness
saluaq- (t) to wipe it clean or dry @
saluaqsi- | +aq-1 vv || +sI-3 vv
saluk- (t) to prepare it =an animal
skin by moistening it first with a
flour mixture, then rolling it
tightly and letting it set overnight,
then scraping it white; (Nu) (t) to
scrape it =animal skin, hide with a
scraper; (Ti) to use white powder
on (it =caribou skin) to soften it
during tanning @ saluksi- »
“saluqqaaġlugu
miġruġnaqsigaa” (C. Tuzroyluke
487
2009) [after softening it with
white pumice it is ready for
sewimg]; “imaqqaaqługu
palauvaliqługu imuvlugu
unnuipkaqługu aasii ikukługu”
(Matumeak 2009) [moistening it
first with a flour mixture, then
rolling it tightly and letting it set
overnight, then scraping it white]
| -k-4 rv || +sI-3 vv § ikuk-, kitik
saluksi- (i) to clean an animal skin
prior to tanning by hitting it with a
stick | -k-4 rv +sI-3 vv
saluksiñ stick that is used to beat an
animal skin in order to clean it
prior to tanning| -k-4 rv +sI-3 vv
-n1 vn § sakkuun. ikuun
saluma- (i) to be clean; (i) to be holy,
pure | +ma-1 rv
salumaili- (i) to become polluted; (t)
to pollute it | +ma-1 rv :Iq-2 vv
-lI-2 vv
salumait- (i) to be not clean, dirty; (i)
to be defiled, unclean; (i) to be
polluted | +ma-1 rv :It-1 vv
Salumaruaq Kiguunniq Holy Ark;
Covenant Box (which contains the
ten commandments)
salummaaq cleaned, tanned skin »
salummaaġa imma tuttu
paqillaiġiga I have not been able
to find the caribou skin I cleaned
and tanned | -mmaq- vv -aq1 vn
salummaksaq- (i) to tidy, clean up an
area; (t) to tidy, clean it =area »
tikiñŋaiñŋaisa
tuyuġmiaksrautivuk
salummaksaqtuuraġniaqtuŋa
I’ll make the house tidy before our
expected guests arrive | ‘-k-2 vv
3
msaq- vv
salummaq- (t) to clean it @
salummai- | -mmaq- vv || :I-4 vv
salummaun something with which to
clean, e.g., dishrag, cleaning
solution, etc. | -mmaq- vv :un1 vn
 saluun (Ti) a stone used for rubbing
white powder into caribou skin
during the tanning process |
:un1 vn § kitik
°sam1 (dem. stem) under here (not visible)
§ °un (dem. stem)
samani1 located under here (not
visible) | +anI (dem. loc.)
samaniit-1 (i) to be located under here
(not visible) | +anI (dem. loc.) it-
“to be”
samaŋŋa1 from under here (not
visible) | +aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
samaŋŋamiñ1 from the direction
under here (not visible) | +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.) ÷miñ (abl.)
samaŋŋaq-1 (i) to come from under
here (not visible) | +aŋŋa (dem.
abl.) +q-3 dv
samma1 under here (not visible) »
samma samani its down here | ‘a
(dem. adv. mkr.)
samma3 (excl.) let me see it | ‘a (dem.
adv. mkr.)
sammaami (excl.) let me see it then
(for verification) | ‘a (dem. adv.
mkr.) +mi (encl.)
sammakii (excl.) it is highly probable
considering the circumstances | ‘a
(dem. adv. mkr.) +kii (encl.)
samna1 [dual sapkuak, pl. sapkua] the
one down under here (not visible) |
+na (dem. abs. pron. sg. mkr.)
samuŋa1 to down under here (not
visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.)
samuŋanmun1 toward down under
here (not visible) | +uŋa (dem.
term.) +nmun (term.)
samuŋaq-1 (i) to go down under here
(not visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.)
+q-3 dv
samuuna1 via, through down under
here (not visible) | uuna (dem.
via.)
488
samuunatqut-1 (i) to pass under here
(not visible) | +uuna (dem.via.)
-tgut- nv
samuunnaaq-1 via, through down
under here (not visible) | +uuna
(dem. via.) ‘.q-4 dv
samuunnaaq-3 to roast (it =meat) in
oven | +uuna (dem. via.) ‘.q-4 dv
saptuma1 or savsruma1 or savruma1
[dual sapkuak, pl. sapkua] the one
down under here | +tuma (dem.
rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
saptumani1 or savsrumani1 or
savrumani1 [dual sapkugnagni,
pl. sapkunani] located with the
one down under here (not visible) |
+tum (dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
+anI (dem. loc.)
saptumaŋŋa1 or savsrumaŋŋa1 or
savrumaŋŋa1 [dual sapkugnaŋŋa,
pl. sapkunaŋŋa] from the one
down under here (not visible) |
+tum (dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
+aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
saptumatun1 or savsrumatun1 or
savrumatun1 [dual
sapkugnaktun, pl. sapkunatitun]
similar to the one down under
here (not visible) | +tum (dem. rel.
pron. sg. mkr.) +atun (dem. sim.)
saptumiŋa1 or savsrumiŋa1 or
savrumiŋa1 [dual sapkugniŋa, pl.
sapkuniŋa] with the one down
under here (not visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +iŋa
(dem. mod.)
saptumuŋa1 or savsrumuŋa1 or
savrumuŋa1 [dual sapkugnuŋa,
pl. sapkunuŋa] to the one down
under here (not visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +uŋa
(dem. term.)
saptumuuna1 or savsrumuuna1 or
savrumuuna1 [dual sapkugnuuna,
pl sapkunuuna] via, with the one
down under here (not visible) |
 +tum (dem. rel. pron. mkr) +uuna
(dem. via.)
°sam2 (dem. stem) down there, e.g., far
out on the ocean, downriver, or
downstairs (not visible) § °un
(dem. stem)
samani2 located down there, e.g., far
out on the ocean, downriver, or
downstairs (not visible) | +anI
(dem. loc.)
samaniit-2 (i) to be located down
there, e.g., far out on the ocean,
downriver, or downstairs (not
visible) | +anI (dem. loc.) it- “to
be”
samaŋŋa2 from down there, e.g., far
out on the ocean, downriver, or
downstairs (not visible) | +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.)
samaŋŋamiñ2 from that direction
down there, e.g., far out on the
ocean, downriver, or downstairs
(not visible) | +aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
÷miñ (abl.)
samaŋŋaq-2 (i) to come from down
there, e.g., far out on the ocean,
downriver, or downstairs (not
visible) | +aŋŋa (dem. abl.) +q-3
samma2 down there, e.g., far out on
the ocean, downriver, downstairs
(not visible); let me see it | ‘a
(dem. adv. mkr.)
samna2 [dual sapkuak, pl sapkua] that
one down there, e.g., far out on
the ocean, downriver, downstairs
(not visible) | +na (dem. abs. pron.
sg. mkr.)
samuŋa2 to down there, e.g., far out
on the ocean, downriver, or
downstairs (not visible) | +uŋa
(dem. term.)
samuŋanmun2 toward down there,
e.g., far out on the ocean,
downriver, or downstairs (not
489
visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.) +nmun
(term.)
samuŋaq-2 (i) to go down there, e.g.,
far out on the ocean downriver, or
downstairs (not visible) | +uŋa
(dem. term.) +q-3
samuuna2 via, through down there,
e.g., far out on the ocean,
downriver, or downstairs (not
visible) | uuna (dem. via.)
samuunatqut-2 to pass via the
shoreward (north) side of
(her/him/it); (i) to pass by further
out at sea | +uuna (dem. via.)
-tgut- nv
samuunnaaq-2 via, through down
there, e.g., far out on the ocean,
downriver, or downstairs (not
visible); to roast (it =meat) in
oven | +uuna (dem. via.) ‘.q-4 dv
saptuma2 or savsruma2 or savruma2
[dual sapkuak, pl. sapkua] that
one down there, e.g., far out on
the ocean, downriver, or
downstairs (not visible) | +tuma
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
saptumani2 or savsrumani2 or
savrumani2 [dual sapkugnagni,
pl. sapkunani] located with that
one down there, e.g., far out on
the ocean, downriver, or
downstairs (not visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +anI
(dem. loc.)
saptumaŋŋa2 or savsrumaŋŋa2 or
savrumaŋŋa2 [dual sapkugnaŋŋa,
pl. sapkunaŋŋa] from that one
down there, e.g., far out on the
ocean, downriver, or downstairs
(not visible) | +tum (dem. rel.
pron. sg. mkr.) +aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
saptumatun2 or savsrumatun2 or
savrumatun2 [dual
sapkugnaktun, pl. sapkunatitun]
similar to that one down there,
e.g., far out on the ocean,
 downriver, or downstairs (not
visible) | +tum (dem. rel. pron. sg.
mkr.) +atun (dem. sim.)
saptumiŋa2 or savsrumiŋa2 or
savrumiŋa2 [dual sapkugniŋa, pl.
sapkuniŋa] with that one down
there, e.g., far out on the ocean,
downriver, or downstairs (not
visible) | +tum (dem. rel. pron. sg.
mkr.) +iŋa (dem. mod.)
saptumuŋa2 or savsrumuŋa2 or
savrumuŋa2 [dual sapkugnuŋa,
pl. sapkunuŋa] to that one down
there, e.g., far out on the ocean,
downriver, or downstairs (not
visible) | +tum (dem. rel. pron. sg.
mkr.) +uŋa (dem. term.)
saptumuuna2 or savsrumuuna2 or
savrumuuna2 [dual sapkugnuuna,
pl. sapkunuuna] via that one down
there, e.g., far out on the ocean,
downriver, or downstairs; with
that one down there, e.g., far out
on the ocean, downriver, or
downstairs (not visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +uuna
(dem. via.)
samataq (Ti) a blue bead (Rainey: 264)
*samI (root) satisfied appetite
samiiq- (i) to develop an insatiable
appetite or need | :Iq-2 rv
samiit- (i) to have an insatiable
appetite or need | :It-1 rv
sammaalik small trout (Kisautaq: 652)
samnaaq- (i) to be unable to proceed
farther; (i) to meet a dead end or
an impasse and take another route
» “samnaaqtuni narvami,
uivaġnaqtuq suŋnanmulliqaa
tikisaksrautikitk
ullagnialagamiurruŋ” (Aiken
2009) [when one is unable to go
490
any further in a lake, one proceeds
around every bend trying to get to
one’s destination]
sana- to whittle, carve (it =wood,
soapstone, etc.)
sanaaksraq something that is to be
whittled; plug of chewing tobacco
» ulimaŋaruaq qiruk
sanaaksraun it is a piece of wood
that has been shaped for whittling
| ±aq1 vn -ksraq(-)1 vn
sanaaq something whittled | ±aq1 vn
sanalġun (Ti) one of a carpenter’s
tools; any kind of tool | -lġun vn §
savalġun
sanatu- (i) to be skilled in using one’s
mind and hands at making some-
thing, be skillful, clever »
sanaturuq nukaaluga my
younger sister is very skillful |
-tu- vv
sannan whittling knife | ‘n1 vn §
milligit
sannaq curved chip left over from
whittling | ‘-Q vn
sanagi- or sanaġi- (i) to prepare to leave,
get ready to go; (t) to get her/him
ready to go § itqanaiyaq-, paġna-
°sanI (root) broadside, side
saniġaaguaq- (i) to go, travel,
progress by on the side of
her/him/it » saniġaaguaqtuaguk
iglupta wed went along the side
of our house | ±[ġ]aq nn :a (poss.
3s-s) -kun nnc (via.) -aq-4 nv
saniġaakkuuq- (i) to pull sled by side
ropes to help it along (usu. of
men); (t) to pull it =sled via ropes
tied to its sides to help it along »
“uniat saniġaatigun qamuktuaq
ikayuqtuaq, ikayuqługit
qimmit” (Aiken 2009) [he was
pulling [the ropes] along side the
 sled helping, helping the dogs] |
±[ġ]aq nn :a (poss. end 3s-s) -kun
nnc (via.) ‘uq-2 vv § -kuaq
saniġaakkuutit sled side ropes |
±[ġ]aq nn :a (poss. end 3s-s) -kun
(via.) ÷uq-2 vv -:uti1 vn -t nn §
uniutat
saniġaaniñ side view | ±[ġ]aq nn :a
(poss. end 3s-s) ÷niñ (abl.)
saniġaanuk- (i) to go beside
her/him/it; (t) to place her/him/it
by something/someone » umiam
saniġaanuguŋ place it by the side
of the boat | +gaq2 nn :a nn (poss.
3s-s) -nuk- nv
saniġanŋu- (i) to have a pain in
one’s side | -nŋu- nv
saniġaq or (Ti) saniġviaq side of
something » “Tuuqtiġlugu
saniġviamigun qiliġlugu
tiŋŋutigaa.” (Kiligvuk: 4) [he
quickly poked a hole through it,
tied it to his side, and flew away
with it] | ±[ġ]aq nn or-viaq2 nn
saniġaqłiġiik(-) those situated side by
side, in juxtaposition; (i) to be
situated side by side, to be parallel
| ±[ġ]aq nn +llIQ nn ±[g]iik(-) nn
saniġaqłiq something to the side;
someone by one’s side | ±[ġ]aq nn
+llIQ nn
saniġatqut- to pass right on by
(her/him/it) | iñuum
saniġatqutkaa makitaruaq the
person went right on by the one
standing up; saniġatqunmatigut
qiñiġaqtaġa I took a picture of it
when it passed by us | ±[ġ]aq nn
-tqut- nv
sanimuktuun or [ENG “center-
board”] sanipuun centerboard (of
boat) » “umiuraqtuqtuni iluani
saviłhaq sanipuun;
ipuutaqaqłuni saviłhamiktauq”
(Matumeak 2009) [inside a
wooden whaling boat there is a
491
metal centerboard; its handle is
also metal] | +muk- rv +tuq-2 vv
:un1 vn
saniñmuiññaq movement sideways
(not deviating) | -nmun (term.)
-iññaq ncn
saniñmuk- (i) to move sideways; (t)
to move it sideways | perhaps
+nmuk- vv
saniñmuktaaq- to move her/him/it)
to the side | +nmuk- vv +taaq- vv
saniñmun sideways | -nmun n-nc
saniññiaq- (i) to travel in order to
trade, or to buy | +t-2 nv +niaq(-)
vv § tunisiñiaq-, qarġutaq-
sanipak- or sanigñiaq-(i) to pace
back and forth in front of a group
of people | -pak- vv, vn
sanipaktuq- to stagger, walk
unsteadily | -pak- vv, vn
+tuq-3 vv
sanipaktuġaq- (t) to be staggering |
-pak- vv, vn +tuq-3 vv +aq-1 vv
sanipaktuġayaaġaliq- (i) to begin to
stagger side to side »
sanipaktuġayaaġaliqhutik
imilgiññiqsuk oh, those two
drank until they were staggering |
-pak- vv, vn +tuq-3 vv +aq-1 vv
-yaaq-1 vv -lIq-3 vv
sanipkaaq- (i) to pace back and forth;
(i) to stagger while walking |
-pkaaq- vv
sanipkausiq- (i) to begin to pace back
and forth » uŋiarivaiłłuni
kiisaimmaa sanipkausiqpuq he
finally began to pace back and
forth from worrying too much |
-pkaaq- vv =un vv :Iq-1 nv
sanippi- (i) to walk back and forth |
-pak- vv, vn ‘=I-1 vv
saniqqak side walls (of house); east
and west walls (of traditional sod
house) | ±[ġ]aq nn ‘-k2 nn § see
Appendix 22
saniqqaŋiq- (Nu) to come up and be
alongside (her/him/it) »
“saniġaanugman iñuum” (Hugo
2009) [when one moves to the
side of another person] | ±[ġ]aq nn
±ŋiq- nv
saniqqi- to ignore (her/him/it) |
-qqi- vv
saniqqiŋŋaġik- (i) to look pleasing
from the side | -ŋŋaġIk- vn
saniqsaq(-) (Ti) door bolt; (t) to bolt it
=door @ saniqsai- | +q-1 rv +saq1
vn || :I-4 vv § kiluutchaq(-)
saniqsuk (Ti) slab of bacon; pig; pork
(Tuzroyluke 2009) | +q-1 rv
-suk vn
saniuġrugaq- (i) to fishtail (of vehicle
or sled) | :uq-2 +rruk- rv +aq-1 vv
saniuġruk- (i) to swerve, slide
sideways | :uq-2 +rruk- rv §
saniaġruk-
sanivaq- (i) to move to an
uninhabited place | +vaq- rv
sanniġuġiaq (Ti) piece of wood,
ivory, or bone tied to head of an
inflated sealskin float and used as
a plug to keep air in | ‘=Iq-1 rv
±ġuq n +iaq2 nn
sanniġutaq crossbar on door; boom
on boat; crosspiece on bed of sled;
(Ti) cross, crucifix | ‘=Iq-1 rv
-ġutaq vn § aŋarrauraq
sanniġutchiq- (i) to be blocked with a
crossbar or any type of door stop-
per (of door); (t) to place some-
thing against it =door to secure it |
‘=Iq-1 rv -ġutaq vn ‘=Iq-1 nv
sanniq- (i) to turn sideways, to lie on
one’s side; (Nu) (i) to go across,
e.g., a road; (t) to turn it sideways;
(Nu) (t) to go across it =road |
‘=Iq-1 rv
sanniqsaallak- (i) to move slightly to
the side; (t) to move it slightly to
the side » siqunġipakługu taima
irigmi iglua, niaquni sanniq-
492
saallagmagu, ilitchuġiruŋa
iqsiñaisilaaŋanik when he closed
one eye then moved his head
slightly to the side, I realized then
that he was not dangererous |
‘=Iq-1 rv +saaq- vv -llak-1 vv
sanniqsaq one of the crosspiece in
bed of sled; something shaped like
or marked with the letter X; log
cabin | ‘=Iq-1 rv +t/raq vn
sanik(-) speck of dust, lint; caribou hair
on clothing or floor; to have dust,
lint, dirt on it
sanikłuk dust | +łuk1 nn
sannak- (i) to get covered with
animal hair, lint or dust | ‘-k-2 nv
sanniqi- (i) to shed, lose hairs (of fur
parka, animal skin, skin,
fur-bearing animal); (i) to remove
hair or fur from an animal or skin
causing hairs to fly about | ‘=Iqi-
nv § mitqiliqi-, mitqiqi-
sanŋiyaq- (t) to remove lint, animal
hairs or dust from her/him/it @
sanŋiyai- | :Iyaq nv || :I-4 vv
sanŋiyautit (Nu) brush, hairbrush |
:Iyaq nv :un1 vn -t nn § illaigutit
sanŋu- (i) to be dusty, dirty, full of
animal hairs | :u-3 nv
sanipuun [ENG “centerboard”]
centerboard < sanimuktuun under
sani
sanmi- or (Ti) saŋmi- to be facing
(her/him/it); (t) to be boldly facing
up to her/him/it < saa2
sanmiraq- (i) to be bold, facing and
looking at something/someone
continuously for a long while; (t)
to confront and argue with
her/him; (t) to be bold and stand
facing her/him/it continuously for
 a long while; (t) to tease her/him
mercilessly < saa2
sanmuiññaq directly oceanwards, away
from shore < saa2
sanmun oceanward; towards one’s front
area| -nmun nnc < saa2
*saŋi (root) compulsive eating
saŋimmiq- to want more of (it, usu.
food) | +mmIq- vv
¤saŋipsi- (Ti) (i) to want to eat more
(not especially out of hunger) »
“kiikaasuli niġivsaaġuktuq;
pivsaaġuktuq” (C. Tuzroyluke
2009) [more and more he wants to
eat; he wants more] | perhaps
-vrI- vv § tapa-, mialuksi-
saŋiak- (i) to be sexually jealous
saŋiagi- (t) to be sexually jealous of
her/him | ±[g]i- vv
saŋiaktu- (i) to be extremely sexually
jealous | +tu- vv
saŋiatchak- (i) to become sexually
jealous | -tchak- vv
saŋik- (t) to delouse her/him/it §
kumaiqsuaq-
saŋiksuaq- (t) to delouse her/him/it in
a leisurely, relaxed manner |
+tuaq- vv
saŋma or sagma out there in the arctic
entry (not visible) < °sakim (dem.
stem)
Saŋmaliaq name of lagoon near Barrow,
Alaska » “4. Once, when Barrow
had a reindeer herd, a herdsman at
saŋmaleak, the lagoon, was
challenged to a race by a dwarf.”
(Spencer: 260)
493
saŋmani or sagmani located out there in
the arctic entry (not visible)
< °sakim (dem. stem)
saŋmaniit- or sagmaniit- (i) to be located
out there in the arctic entry (not
visible) < °sakim (dem. stem)
saŋmaŋŋa or sagmaŋŋa from out there
in the arctic entry (not visible)
< °sakim (dem. stem)
saŋmaŋŋamiñ or saŋmaŋŋamiñ from
that direction out there in the
arctic entry (not visible) < °sakim
(dem. stem)
saŋmaŋŋaq- or sagmaŋŋaq- (i) to come
from out there in the arctic entry
(not visible) < °sakim (dem. stem)
saŋmuŋa or sagmuŋa to out there in the
arctic entry (not visible) < °sakim
(dem. stem)
saŋmuŋanmun or sagmuŋanmun
towards out there in the arctic
entry (not visible) < °sakim (dem.
stem)
saŋmuŋaq- or sagmuŋaq- (i) to go out
there in the arctic entry (not
visible) < °sakim (dem. stem)
saŋmuuna or sagmuuna via, through out
there in the arctic entry (not
visible) < °sakim (dem. stem)
saŋmuunnaaq- or sagmuunnaaq- (i)
via, through out there in the arctic
entry (not visible) < °sakim (dem.
stem)
saŋniq- [saŋnIq]or sagniq- (i) to be
exhausted, bone weary after
 working hard for an extended
period of time
saŋniŋa- (i) to have sore muscles |
±ŋa- vv
saŋniuq- (i) to be sick or in pain |
-uq2 vv
saŋŋi- [saŋŋI] (i) to be strong, tight, or
taut
saŋŋiili- (i) to become weak | -ili- vv
saŋŋiit- (i) to be weak, lack strength;
((i) to be loose, not taut | :It-1 vv
saŋŋima- (i) for an animal, person, or
object to be determined by
someone to be tight, taut, or
strong; (Ti) (i) to be strong (of
animal or human) | +ma-1 vv
saŋŋiqsruq- (i) to exert great force,
e.g., a runner, someone engaged in
a competitive game of strength |
2
mqsruq- vv
saŋŋisaaq- (t) to tighten it a bit more |
±saaq-2 vv
saŋŋisi- (i) to become strong; (t) to
tighten it » saŋŋisipaluksimaruq
oh, it is apparent that he has gotten
quite strong | +sI-1 vv
saŋŋit-1 (i) to be now tightly, securely
fastened on; (i) to be pulled taut;
(Ti) (i) to tense up, tighten up
one’s muscles; (t) to fasten it on
tightly, securely; (t) to tighten,
pull it =drumskin taut; (t) to tie it
=knot securely @ saŋŋitchi- |
nuviyat saŋŋitchuatun pisuurut
anuqqagniaġman the clouds look
like they are taut when it is going
to become windy | +t-2 vv ||
+sI-3 vv § tuut-, qasut-
saŋŋit-2 (Ti) to form cirrus clouds
(indicating wind)
saŋŋitchuaq (Ti) cirrus cloud |
+t/ruaq vn § qiluqqiqsruq-
494
saŋut- (t) to gossip maliciously about,
speak ill of, defame, slander,
malign her/him; (t) to accuse
her/him (either directly or to a
third person) @ saŋutchi- ||
+sI-3 vv § pasi-
saŋutchiri a person who spreads
malicious gossip; a gossip |
+sI-3 vv mt/ri v n
sapaŋiak or sapaŋirraq piece of wood or
bone to hold when throwing seal
line » igiłqhat sapaŋiaŋat a
piece of wood or bone of the
retreiving hook
sapi- (t) to block, obstruct her/him/it; (t)
make passage unsuitable or
impossible for her/him/it; (i) to
dam it =river
sapiġi- (t) to feel that it =task is
impossible or so formidable that
one does not even try » taiktuma
iqiasuum nukatpiam sapiġigaa
savaaksrautini that lazy young
man over there is not able to do
the task assigned to him | +q-2 vv
+[g]i- vv
sapiġnaq- (i) to be formidable; (i) to
seem impossible to accomplish;
(i) to be a formidable adversary;
(i) to be the greater challenge |
+q-2 vv +naq(-) vv
sapiġnaqtuaq the formidable one |
+q-2 vv +naq(-) vv +t/ruaq vn
sapiktu- (i) to be overbearing,
obstinate | perhaps +k-4 vv +tu- vv
sapiktugi- (t) to feel doubtful about
her/him/it | perhaps +k-4 +tu- vv
+[g]i- vv
sapiliq- (i) to become discouraged
and be unable to accomplish the
task | -lIq-3 vv
sapimmi- (t) to block her/his/its exit
or movement forward |
+mmI-5 vv
sapiq- (t) to not do it =task feeling
that it is impossible or too
formidable to even try; (t) to be
fearful, wary of her/him/it |
+q-1 vv
sapiqsralait- (i) to be bold, confident,
daring | +qsraq- vv -lait-vv
sapiqsraq- (i) to be reserved, shy; (i)
to feel humble toward another,
and therefore not ask favors of
her/him | +qsraq- vv
sapnaaq- (Nu) (t) to not be able to
continue to travel | +naaq- vv
sapnautchiq- (Nu) (t) to set up an
obstacle for her/him/it | perhaps
~naq-1 vv :un1 vn ‘=Iq-1 nv
sappit- to give up on (her/him/it); (i)
to admit defeat, quit | ‘=It-2 vv
sapuġau- (i) to be unable to leave or
exit due to a barrier »
sapuġaururguuq amma
Ulġuniġmi taktukpaiłłu  ni it has
been reported that they are not
able to leave due to heavy fog in
Wainwright, Alaska | perhaps
+[ġ]aq vn, nn :u-2 nv
sapukutaq or sappun or sapuqutaq
barrier, blockade, dam, enclosure,
or fence | +kutaq vn or ~n1 vn or
+qutaq vn
sapunnaun obstacle, hindrance |
-nnaun vn
sapusiq- (i) to be now blocked,
barricaded, damned; (t) to erect a
barrier for it; (t) to build a dam in
it =river | ~un1 vn =Iq-1 nv
saputit fish weir (dam in river to trap
fish) | ~un1 vn -t nn
savluaq- or (Nu) sapluaq- or
sapluaqtuq- to set up an obstacle,
hindrance for (her/him/it) @
sapluaqtui- | =luaq-1 vv +tuq-1 vv
|| :I-4 vv
savri- (t) to block, prevent her/him/it
from proceeding | `rI-4 vv
495
saptaq- (i) to grope for something; (t) to
palpate, examine her/him/it by
touch (especially around the
abdomen) < savit-
saptuma [dual sapkuak, pl sapkua] that
one down there, e.g., far out on
the ocean, downriver, or
downstairs (not visible) < °sam2
(dem. stem)
saptumani [dual sapkugnagni, pl
sapkunani] located with that one
down there, e.g., far out on the
ocean, downriver, or downstairs
(not visible) < °sam2 (dem. stem)
saptumaŋŋa [dual sapkugnaŋŋa, pl
sapkunaŋŋa] from that one down
there, e.g., far out on the ocean,
downriver, or downstairs (not
visible) < °sam2 (dem. stem)
saptumatun [dual sapkugnaktun, pl
sapkunatitun] similar to that one
down there, e.g., far out on the
ocean, downriver, or downstairs
(not visible) < °sam2 (dem. stem)
saptumiŋa [dual sapkugniŋa, pl
sapkuniŋa] with that one down
there, e.g., far out on the ocean,
downriver, or downstairs (not
visible) < °sam2 (dem. stem)
saptumuŋa [dual sapkugnuŋa, pl
sapkunuŋa] to that one down
there, e.g., far out on the ocean,
downriver, or downstairs (not
visible) < °sam2 (dem. stem)
saptumuuna [dual sapkugnuuna, pl
sapkunuuna] via, with that one
down there, e.g., far out on the
ocean, downriver, or downstairs
(not visible) < °sam2 (dem. stem)

saput- (t) to protect, take care of
her/him/it
saqaŋa- (i) to be weak | ±ŋa- vv § qapaŋa-
pilguili-
saqi- or saqit- (t) to jostle, shove, push,
cast her/him/it aside, out of the
way
saqiraaġataq- (t) to give her/him/it a
little push or shove | -raaq- vv
-ataq-2 vv
saqiraksrauŋilaq or saqitchaksrau-
ŋilaq point of privilege (during
meeting) | +t/raksraq(-) vn :u-1 nv
±ŋilaq
saqiraq- (t) to give her/him/it a push,
shove; (t) to jostle her/him
repeatedly; (Nu) tap her/him to get
his attention @ saqirai- | -raq- vv
|| :I-4 vv
saqisaallak- (t) to nudge her/him/it to
the side | ±saaq-2 vv -llak-1 vv
saqisiq- or saqitiq- (t) to shove
her/him/it aside quickly |
3
mt/liq- vv
*saq (root) expulsion of air through
mouth
saġmagvigi- (t) to talk loudly to
her/him/it | +ma-1 vv -k-2 vv
+vIk1 v n +[g]i- nv § uqamayuuti-
saġmak- (i) to talk loudly |+ma-1 vv
-k-2 vv § saqłak-
saqłak- or (Nu) saqmak- (i) to shout,
call, holler, yell | -qłak- vv §
qalġuq-
saqłauti- (t) to shout at her/him/it |
-qłak- vv :uti- vv
saqpik(-) tail of whale; one whose feet
are turned outward; (i) to turn
one’s feet outward; (i) to begin a
game of Iñupiaq soccer by placing
the ball between two opposing
496
players, each attempts to then to
kick the ball toward the opposite
team’s goal » “saqpiksuk
aullaqisaġamitku ayuktaġnik”
(Aiken 2009) [they placed the
soccer ball between their opposing
feet to start the game] | -pIk nn, rn
§ saqit-
saqpiluksi- (i) to sit on the floor,
crossing one’s legs | -pik- rv
-luk- vv +sI-1 vv
saqpiluksimaaq- (i) to be sitting on
the floor cross-legged with knees
apart | -pik- rv -luk- vv +sI-1 vv
+maaq-1 vv
saqpiluktaaq- (i) to assume the
position of sitting with legs
crossed | -pik- rv -luk- vv
+taaq- vv
saqpiŋa- (i) to be splay-footed |
-pik- rv ±ŋa- vv
saqu- (i) to turn, changing direction »
“sivunmukkaluaqłuni saquruq”
(Matumeak 2009) [he made some
progress forward, then turned]
saquġun a small tributary of river |
+un1 vn
saquiq- or ¤(Ti) saquik- (i) to make a
sudden turn | -Iq-1 vv
saqulaqiiŋaruaq (Ti) that which is
not straight | -laqii- vv ±ŋa- vv
+t/ruaq 3s (Participle)
saquliq- (i) to turn quickly | -liq-2 vv
saqulupqutaq(-) appendix
(anatomical); to have an
appendicitis attack |
-lupqutaq(-) vn, vv
saquŋa- (i) to be crooked (of a line,
stitching, etc.)» tamanna
saquŋavaitchuq that one is too
crooked | ±ŋa- vv § iquŋa-
saquŋakavsak- (i) to be slightly
crooked | ±kavsak(-) nn, vv
saqut- (t) to turn her/him/it, changing
her/his/its direction | -t-1 vv
 saqutit- (t) to cause her/him/it to turn,
veer off | mtit-1 vv
saquuġaq- (i) to zigzag | -uq-2 vv
+aq-1 vv
saquulaqii- (Ti) (i) to be twisted,
crooked » “saquulaqiiŋaruq
apqusiaŋat; saquulaqiiġluni
qamutitaqłuni tikillaksimaruq”
(Kinneeveauk, 2008) [the trail
they’ve made is twisted; he finally
arrived although he had been
driving swerving to and fro] |
-uq-2 vv -la- vv perhaps -qi- vv
saquuppilugauraq rickrack, a narrow
decorative trim in a zigzag shape |
:u2 vv +ppI- vv -luk4 vn ±[ġ]aq nn
:uraq nn
saquupiluktat a series of zigzags |
:u-2 vv -piluk- vv +taq4 vn
-t nn
saquuq- (i) to turn or swerve
repeatedly, to meander, to weave
to and fro, to zigzag »
saquuqłuni aŋupkaŋisiqtuq by
swerving to and fro, he did not let
himself be caught | .-q-1 vv
saquutituq- (i) to fish with a net that
is put out from shore with a long
pole so that the net is positioned
concave due to the ocean current |
+un1 vn +tuq-3 nv
sargiq or sargiġruaq stinkweed, “Alaska
sage,” cotton wormwood
(Artemesia tilesii) | ±ruaq1 nn
sarġut- to pass by in front of (her/him/it)
(especially on a river) < saa2
sarri or (Ti) sarrik floating ice pack
located across from shore-fast ice
sarruk- or (Nu) satruk- to run toward,
past, in front of (him =hunter) (of
caribou) < saa2
497
sarvaq- (i) to move forward or
oceanward; to move (her/him/it)
forward or oceanward < saa2
sarvaqtaaq- (i) to move forward or
oceanward over a defined
distance; (t) to move her/him/it
forward or oceanward over a
defined distance < saa2
sarvasik- (i) to lie far out in the ocean,
out of reach < saa2
¤sasaġnilaaq- (i) to catch oneself doing
or saying something unexpectedly
satchaaq- (i) to be in front of a group of
elders and to listen intently; (i) to
take up space < saa2
satchik- (i) to be located far out in front
or far away in ocean (often means
that there is open water at a
distance indicated by a cloud) <
saa2
satku- to strike (it =whale) with a
harpoon or a shoulder gun
satkuq weapon | ‘-Q vn
satkusaq- (i) to strike with a weapon |
+saq-2 vv
satkut a collection of hunting
implements which are required to
properly hunt for an animal, such
as a whale | ‘-Q vn -t nn
satkuun1 cartridge bag, ammunition
case | -un1 nn § qaġruqaġvik
satkuun2 (Nu) skin scraper with long
handle and metal tip | perhaps
‘-un1 vn § ikuun, saluksiñ
satkuutaq- (Nu) to scrape it =animal
skin with a long-handled scraper »
satkuutaġaa she is scraping an
animal skin with a long-handled
scraper | ‘-un1 vn +[t]aq-2 nv

satqak chest (anatomical) < saa2
satqagiilaq Buff-breasted Sandpiper
(Tryngites subruficollis)
satqagruaq a high ridge that originates
from a mountain slope »
“satqagruaq manna tamarra;
pammalu tunuani Nullaġiuram
kaŋiŋiñi imnait” [ETA 22A]
[that one there is a high ridge, and
also in the headwaters of the
Nullaġiurat are sheep]
satqummiaq something kept handy,
easily accessible, not in storage <
saa2
satqummii- to make something handy,
easily accessible, not in storage
< saa2
satqummiq- (t) to set it out for display;
to reveal, display, disclose it
< saa2
sau- [sagu] to cover (her/him/it) with
snow, sand, or earth, layer by
layer; (t) to skirt it =traditional
house with snow
saggutyaq (Nu) snow house made of
soft, new snow | -yyaq vn §
apuyyaq
saggutyi- (Nu) (i) to make a snow
house of soft, new snow |
-yyaq vn ‘=I-1 nv
sautaaq anchor of wood for trap or
snare, then covered with snow |
+taaq vn
sauvaniq sod chinking (used to clauk
holes in traditional house
construction) | -vak- vv +niQ1 vn
saulluq(-) spinal cord (especially of
caribou); (i) to remove something
498
through a narrow opening, like
marrow from a bone; (t) to
remove its contents through a
narrow opening » “saulluqługu
patiġnaqtuq” (Matumeak 2009)
[one eats bone marrow by
extracting it through a narrow
hole]; “saulluġaa patiq; aarigaa”
(C. Tuzroyluke 2009) [he is
removing the bone marrow
through the narrow hole,
delicious!] | -lluQ vn ‘-k-1 nv
saulluun an implement, e.g., a piece
of wood, used to remove contents
through a narrow opening, such as
marrow from a bone | -lluQ vn
‘-k-1 nv :un1 vn
saulluutaq implement (usually long
and narrow) used in removing
marrow from a bone | -lluQ vn
‘-k-1 nv :utaq vn
saumik [saumIk] left hand; left-handed
person; left side or area to the left
saumiñmun umiamiñ port (nautical
term), left-hand side of boat when
facing forward | -nmun (term.) |
umiaq ÷miñ (abl.) § see Appendix
16
saumiñmuŋa- (i) to be left-handed |
-nmuk- vv ±ŋa- vv
sauniq bone; pit, seed in fruit | -niQ1 vn
saunaaŋilaaq (Ti) fig » saunġitchut
they have no bones | -aq2 nn
-It-1nv -laaq nn § asiaqpak,
siiġñaq
saunaaq eggshell; pit or seed of fruit;
small bone of fish | -aq2 nn
saunġik- (i) to be good to work with
(of bone); (i) to have a well-
proportioned frame (of boat,
qayaq); (i) to be well proportioned
(of body); (i) to have good bones,
no fractures | ±[g]Ik- nv
saunġit skeleton; boat frame | :It nn
 sauniġluk- (i) to have a bulky frame
(e.g., of boat); (i) to be big-boned;
(i) to have bad posture (of person)
| +luk-1 nv
sauniġlunaaq- (t) to make it =its
frame bulky | +luk-1 nv -naaq- vv
saunikiñaaq- (t) to make it =its frame
small, not bulky | -kIt- nv
-naaq- vv
sauniku(-) leftover bone; to leave
bones behind | -ku nn, nv
saunnak- (i) to harden (of children’s
soft bones) » natatquuŋaiqsuq
saunnaktuq it is no longer
cartilage, but it has become bone |
‘-k- nv
saunniqi- (i) to work with bones; (t)
to work on his/her/its bones |
‘=Iqi-1 nv
saunniqiri one who makes things
with bone; orthopedist | ‘=Iqi-1 nv
mt/ri vn
saunniqun file, rasp for bone for
working animal bones into
implements | ‘=Iqi-1 nv ~un1 vn
saunnit- (i) to have a bone stuck in
one’s throat | ‘=It-2 nv
saunniutaq fish bone; bone lodged in
the throat | ‘=It-2 nv -utaq vn
Sauyyaġluqaq (Ti) name of puppet
wearing Iñupiaq clothing used
during the ninth scene of the
Utuqqaqtuutit [an ancient
traditional ceremony containing
ten scenes with a story, songs,
actors, puppets, carved figures,
and special clothing for each
scene performed during Christmas
week] performed in Point Hope,
Alaska § Utuqqaqtuutit, uyalu
savaaq- (t) to feel, touch her/him/it lightly
on the body with the hands |
-aq-1 vv § savit-
499
savaiyaq- (i) to get ready to go; (t) to get
her/him/it ready to go | :Iyaq- vv
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it; (t)
to shape it; (t) to execute,
administer it; (i) to be working,
operating properly (of a machine);
(t) to prepare it =corpse for burial
savaaġik- (i) to have a good job |
+[g]Ik- nv
savaaġipasaŋit- (i) to not have it for a
job for long » savaaġipasaŋitkiga
I did not have it for a job for long |
±aq1 vn +[g]i- vv -pasaŋIt- vv
savaaksraun responsibility, duty |
±aq1 vn -ksraq(-) nn -un2 nn
savaałłik- (i) to work conscientiously,
industriously »
“savaałłiguraqsimaruq
savaluuraqtuaq” (Aiken 2009)
[the one doing odd jobs here and
there is an industrious worker] |
-ałłik- vv
savaaq job, work, employment; task;
business; piece of work; action
taken | ±aq1 vn
savaaq igliqtuaq business | ±aq1 vn
igliq- (stem) +t/ruaq vn
savagiaq- (i) to go to work; (t) to go
repair it | +iaq-1 vv
savagvik workplace, office, place of
employment | +vIk1 vn
savaġluk- (i) to be careless, slipshod
with one’s work | -ġluk- vv
Savaiññiq [lit: time when no work is
performed] Sunday; Sabbath |
:It-1 nv +niQ1 vn
savaiññiġum akunniŋa a week,
seven days | :It-1 nv +niQ1 vn
:um nn
savaiñŋaiñŋaisa this week | :It-1 nv
±ŋait- vv +ŋŋaisa Contemp
savaiñŋaiqpata next week | :It-1 nv
±ŋait- vv +kpata Conditional I
Savait- (i) to be Sunday »
savaitchugut it is Sunday | :It-1 nv
 savakti worker, employee »
savaktivut nakuurut our
personnel are wonderful; savaktit
qaunaksriŋat uqallautisaġiñ be
sure to tell the personnel director |
mt/ri vn -t nn
savaktuiññaq- (i) to work
continuously until finished |
+tuiññaq- vv
savalġun or savaluun or savaun tool
| -lġuti or -luk- vv :un1 vn or
:un1 vn
savalliq- to begin to work (on it) |
-llIq- vv
Savalliq- or (Ti) Savalliq- (i) to be
Monday » Savalliqtugut it is
Monday | -llIq- vv § Atautchiiq-,
Atausiŋŋuq-
savaluk- (i) to keep busy |-luk- vv
savałauraq- to work (on it) for a short
duration » savałauraqtuagni wed
worked a little bit, not for very
long | -łauraq(-) vv
savaŋillak- (i) to take a leave of
absence from work | ±ŋIt- vv
-llak-1 vv
savaqi- to ready the whaling
equipment, especially the whale
bomb or darting gun, and whaling
guns; (i) to make bullets; (i) to
load guns; (t) to make bullets for it
=gun; (t) to load it =gun; (Ti) to
operate, handle (it) »
savaqiŋaitlutik amma
saavinŋaitchut they have not
worked on the whale bomb so
they haven’t taken the boat out on
the ocean yet; “supputiniglu
qaġruuraqtuutinik
qaġruliuqłutik itqanaiyaqługu
aġviqsiutiksraq” (Matumeak
2009) [they prepare whaling
equipment rifles, shotguns, and
make bullets] | -qi- vv
500
savaunnaq work clothing, uniform »
savaunnatka iqaġiŋagai she has
washed my work clothes |
:unnaq vn
savauti- (t) to work for her/his/its
benefit or behalf » savautigaa
aapani he is working for his dad |
-uti- vv
savautik implements for making
bullets | :un1 vn -k2 nn
savayuili- (i) to lose the ability to do
excellent work; (t) to render, make
it =machine incapable of
operating properly | -ili- vv
savayunaq- (i) to be easy and
pleasing to work on | -yunaq- vv
savayuq- (i) does excellent work, is
talented; (t) operates it well,
knows how to do it excellently | -
yuq- vv
savvaġik- (i) to be neat and clever |
‘-Q vn +[g]Ik- nv
savvaqtu- (i) to work a lot, be
industrious; (i) be a hard worker |
‘-qtu- vv
saviġuunnaq round whitefish (lots of fat)
(Prosopium cylindraceum) §
sulukpaugaq
¤saviġuuraaq inner layer of breast meat
of bird
saviġuuraq1 or saviqquuraq grain of
rice (Aiken 2009); ¤frozen rain
saviqquuraqtit- to become covered
with crystals of frozen rain (of
ground) | +tit-2 nv
saviġuuraq2 fibula, narrow bone in the
hind legs » “amisuuraq sauniq
tuttullu tiŋmiallu niuŋisa
kiŋulliŋisa sauniŋit;
mitqutiliuġuuraŋit” (Aiken
2009) [narrow bone in the hind
 legs of caribou and birds; it was
made into sewing needles]
saviiġaviiq Gray-Cheeked Thrush
(Catharus minimus)
savik [savIk] or savik knife; metal
saviaqpaluk(-) clanging noise (of
metal); (i) to make clanging noise
(of metal) | -aq-4 nv -p/valuk- vv
savigaaq (Ti) scraped strip of baleen
(a gum-like substance found
between the baleen plates of a
bowhead whale scraped off) |
-gaq- vv ±aq1 vn
savigaq- (i) to cut baleen into thin
strips (suitable for lashing and
basket weaving); (t) to strip it
=baleen (for use in making
baskets, fishline, etc.) | +aq-1 vv
saviġuq- to trim or smooth it =piece
of metal or bone | +[ġ]uq-1 nv
savikkaq shaving of wood or baleen |
-gaq- vv ‘-Q vn § savvIQ
savikpagaq- (i) to use a sword »
savikpagaqtuat
qiñiqtuaġnaqtut the sword
fighters are interesting to watch |
+qpak(-) nn +[t]aq-2 nv
savilik (Ti) long rifle shells with metal
tip » “aniguqtaqtuq qaġruk” (S.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [the shell has a
protuberance] | -lik nn
savilikpak (Ti) .forty-five-.sixty
caliber rifle | -lik nn +qpak(-) nn
savilgit sled with metal runners |
-lik nn :It3 nn
saviligaq .forty-four caliber rifle |
-lik nn +aq2 nn
saviłhaq or (Ti) savilġaq iron, steel,
or any kind of metal » “Aasiiñ
Naluaġmiut tikinmata
tamatkuniŋa saviŋnik,
savilġanik, aġviuġusiuqpaktut
takiruanik saviliuġlutik.”
(David Frankson as reported by
501
Pulu, Sampson, Newlin: 74) [and
when the white people came, they
began to make long metal knives]
| -łhaq nn
saviuraqtuun long handled knife
used for flensing whale; machette;
snow knife | :uraq nn +tuq3- nv
un1 vn
savvi- to shave, make shavings (of it,
usu. baleen) (usually for insoles) |
‘=I-1 nv
savviq shaving (especially baleen or
wood) | ‘=I- nv ‘-Q vn
savinnaq- (i) to involve much time and
effort, be time consuming |
+naq(-)1 vn
savit- (t) to touch and feel her/him/it with
the hands » puuq savitkaluaġiga
sumik imaqaqtilaaŋanik
ilitchuġiŋiñmiuŋa although I felt
touched and felt the sack I did not
find out what it contained
saptaq- (i) to grope for something; (t)
to palpate, examine by touch
(especially around the abdomen) |
:aq-1 vv § aksik-
savaaq- (t) to touch her/him/it lightly |
-aq-1 vv
savitu- (i) to be competent at doing
things, to be handy | -tu- vv §
sanatu-
savituu- (i) to be sly, clever, cunning |
-tu- vv :u-3 vv
Saviuyuq a valley on the North Fork of
the Koyukuk River, which is the
next valley east of Anaktuvuk
Pass, Alaska
savluaq- to set up an obstacle, hindrance
for (her/him/it) @ sapluaqtui-
< sapi-
savri- (t) to block, prevent her/him/it from
proceeding < sapi-
savsruma or savruma [dual sapkuak, pl
sapkua] that one down there, e.g.,
far out on the ocean, downriver,
or downstairs (not visible) <
°sam2 (dem. stem)
savsrumani or savrumani [dual
sapkugnagni, pl sapkunani]
located with that one down there,
e.g., far out on the ocean,
downriver, or downstairs (not
visible) < °sam2 (dem. stem)
savsrumaŋŋa or savrumaŋŋa [dual
sapkugnaŋŋa, pl sapkunaŋŋa]
from that one down there, e.g., far
out on the ocean, downriver, or
downstairs (not visible) < °sam2
(dem. stem)
savsrumatun or savrumatun [dual
sapkugnaktun, pl sapkunatitun]
like that one down there, e.g., far
out on the ocean, downriver, or
downstairs (not visible) < °sam2
(dem. stem)
savsrumiŋa or savrumiŋa [dual
sapkugniŋa, pl sapkuniŋa] with
that one down there, e.g., far out
on the ocean, downriver, or
downstairs (not visible) < °sam2
(dem. stem)
savsrumuŋa or savrumuŋa [dual
sapkugnuŋa, pl sapkunuŋa] to that
one down there, e.g., far out on
the ocean, downriver, or
downstairs (not visible) < °sam2
(dem. stem)
savsrumuuna or savrumuuna [dual
sapkugnuuna, pl sapkunuuna] via
502
that one down there; with that one
down there, e.g., far out on the
ocean, downriver, or downstairs
(not visible) < °sam2 (dem. stem)
sayak health, strength
sayaiq- (i) to become weak, weary,
drained of energy, feel faint, to
tire | :Iq-2 nv
sayait- (i) to be weak, drained of
energy | :It-1 nv
sayaktu- or sayaqtu- (i) to be
healthy, strong, robust | ±tu- nv
sayyaaġik- (i) to have energy,
strength, be energetic | ‘-k- nv
±aq1 vn +[g]Ik- nv
sayyaaġiksi- (i) to gain strength,
become energetic | ‘-k- nv ±aq1 vn
+[g]Ik- nv +sI- 1 vv
sayyak- (i) to gain strength, grow
strong | ‘-k- nv
sayyiqsuq- (t) to build up her/his
strength with medical treatment or
an exercise routine | ‘=Iq-1 nv
+tuq-2 vv
sayuk- (i) to twitch (of bodypart) » iriga
sayukpakasaktuq; kiñakiaq
tautugniaġniqpigu my eye keeps
twitching; I wonder who I’ll see
sayuaġruaqtun wriggling and
moving in very large numbers
(like fish, worms, or maggots) |
±aq1 vn +ġruaq nn ÷tun nc (sim.)
sayugvik swivel joint where center
dog trace is attached to sled |
+vIk1 vn
sayuġġula- (Ti) (i) to quiver, like
gelatin » “titiliruq; uuliksiruq”
(C. Tuzroyluke 2009) [it is
shivering; it is shaking] |
-ġġula- vv
sayuŋa- (i) to be a flirt | ±ŋa- vv §
tiipaŋa-
sayuyuit- (i) to be a bad omen (of
twitching under the eye) » qulvik
 nalliak sayugman, qulvisik
sayuyuiññisuugait when the area
under the eye twitches, they say it
is a bad omen | -yuit- vv
sayuq- (i) to do a dance with fixed
Iñupiaq dance motions
sayuun song for a dance with fixed
motions (as opposed to a free
motion dance) | :un1 vn
sayyagiitkutaq log cribbing at exterior
sides of sod walls; sleeping
platform head beam (cross beam
of sleeping platform in sod house)
| +iitkutaq vn § akin, see Appendix
22
siak-1 (Ti) (i) to be scattered; (t) to scatter
them
siakkaat line of chain where dogs are
harnessed when not in use »
“qivliġnik siakkaaqaġuurugut
tikitchumiñaiqługit qimmit
avanmun” (Matumeak 2009) [we
use chains to tie the dogs up in a
line making sure they cannot
reach each other]
siakkaaq- (t) to scatter and lose them
» siakkaaġait he scattered them
and lost them; “siamittuat sut;
kataigamigi siavrigai” (Aiken
2009) [items that scattered; when
he dropped them, he made them
disperse] | -kaaq- vv
sialġi- (i) to slide on a slippery
surface, run and slide; (i) to slide
after having built up momentum,
to glide | -lġi- vv
siamit- (i) to spread, scatter; (t) to
spread, scatter, divide it @
siamitchi- » “siamitkamiuŋ
tammaigaa” (C. Tuzroyuke 2009)
[when he scattered them, he lost
it] | -mit- vv || :I-4 vv
503
siamġut pieces of driftwood scattered
along the beach | -mġuQ vn -t nn
siavsi- (i) to scatter things; (t) to
scatter things belonging to
her/him/it » siavsigaa nukaaluni
he scattered his younger sibling’s
things | -mit- vv :I-7 vv
siavyak- (Ti) (t) to scatter them |
-mit- vv =yak-2 vv
siak-2 (i) to be lined up in row; (t) to line
them up; (t) to look them over and
single one out, e.g., a criminal @
siaksi- || +sI-3 vv
siakłauri- (i) to be behind each other
and therefore making a long line
(e.g., of caribou following a lead
caribou) » tuttut siakłaurirut
the caribou are behind one another
and making a long line | -łak nn
perhaps :u-1 nv -ri-2 vv
siaksraaq one of several long horizontal
runners on the bottom of the
kayak frame § see Appendix 17 §
¤sianiq
siaksruk(-) a noise that is heard where
previously there was only silence;
(i) to be noisy » “tavra
qaummaġiksiuraġ-miuġlu
tusaagaqsiligitchuq
siakruatchiamik, qiviallag-
magu Maguulam tautukkaa…”
then at the first light of dawn, he
began to hear noises out of the
silence, when he turned his head
to look Maluula saw him…
(Bergsland 1987: 317)
siaksrit- (t) to frighten an animal
away with the noise of one’s steps
in packed snow or stepping on a
twig | ‘=It-2 nv § qikiġġIt- under
qiki-
 siaksruiq- to become, silent, calm,
peaceful, quiet (of environment) |
:Iq-2 nv
siaksruisaaġutik (Nu) a piece of
winter caribou skin attached to
boot bottoms with fur facing
down for stalking caribou in a
really cold day (fur pad quiets the
sound of boot crunching on cold,
dry snow) | :Iq-2 nv -saaq-1 vv
+un1 vn § aŋuniutik
siaksruisaaq- (i) to continue to
remain calm and peaceful |
:Iq-2 nv -saaq-1 vv
siaksruit- (i) to be silent, calm,
peaceful, quiet | :It-1 nv
siaksruktaq- (i) to make noise while
one is stalking prey or walking on
a surface, e.g. on snow, ice |
+t/raq-1 vv
sialuk- to rain § silaluk- under sila
sialuala- (i) to rain slightly, a few
drops | -ala- vv
sialualaaq(-) (Ti) drizzle; (i) to drizzle
| -alaaq- nv § miñik-
¤sianiq (Nu) one of several lengthwise
pieces in bottom of kayak frame
(Rasmussen, “sidelath”) | +niQ n
§ siaksraaq
siaqqa- (i) to mourn for a loved one; (t) to
mourn for her/him/it
siaqqaalaaqsi- (i) to begin to mourn
with loud crying | -ala- vv
-aqsI- vv
siarak (Nu) sugar
siarriq- (Nu) (i) to sugar one’s
beverage; (t) to sugar, put sugar
in/on it | ‘=Iq-1 vv
siatqik- (i) to be straight, not crooked, not
bent § qaiq-
504
siatqiŋit- (i) be crooked, bent, not
straight | ±ŋIt- vv § ilġiŋa-
*siga (root) a sizzling, gurgling, or
rushing sound
sigaala- (i) to sizzle (as a cooking
steak sizzles); (i) to make a tearing
sound; (Nu) (i) to make the noise
of running water e.g., of a river |
‘-q-1 rv -ala- vv
sigaallak- (Nu) (i) to begin to make
the noise of running water, gurgle,
e.g., river » utkusik
qalaullakami sigaallaguuruq
when the cooking pot begins to
boil it starts making noise | ‘-q-1 rv
-allak- vv
sigaatit- (i) to make a sound as it rips
or tears (of cloth) |‘-q-1 rv -aq-1 vv
+tit-2 vv
sigatit- (Ti) (i) to surface suddenly
while blowing air (of whale) »
“aġviq puillagruaġman
sigatinnisuugaat; aniqsaaġman
aġviq sigatinnisuugaat
imaqpaluulavluni” (Kinneeveauk
2008) [when the whale surfaces
suddenly they say it surfaces
suddenly blowing air; they say
when the whale breathes it is
surfacing suddenly blowing air
with the sound of water splashing]
|‘-q-1 rv +tit-2 vv
siggaġluilaq [lit. “one which does not
hiss loudly”] kerosene stove |
‘-q-1 rv ‘-q-1 vv +luk4 vn
:Ilaq(-) nn
siggaq- (i) to sizzle | ‘-q-1 vv
siggit- (i) to break or crack cleanly; (t)
to break or crack it cleanly
| ‘=It-2 vv
sigaaq(-) [sigaraq] [ENG “cigar”] or
(Ti) sikaaq(-) cigarette; to smoke
(it =cigarette)
 sigariiq [ENG ”cigarette”] (Ti)
cigarette | perhaps +Iq nn
sigaaġruaq cigarette butt | +ġruaq nn
sigaaqaġvik ashtray | -qaq- nv
+vIk1 vn
sigaaqpak or (Ti) sikaaqpak cigar |
+qpak(-) nn
sigak- (i) to smoke heavily, steadily;
to chain-smoke | -ak- vv
sigarri- (i) to roll a cigarette | =rrI-2 nv
sikaaġraq (Ti) tobacco | +ksraq(-) nn
§ uilaaq(-)
sigguk(-) one mandible of bird beak;
muzzle, mouth area; (i) to thrust
one’s lips out, showing
displeasure; (i) to pout; (t) to swell
when cold (of lips)
sigguġun muzzle | -ġun nn
siggukpaligauraq Dunlin (Erolia
alpina) | +qpak(-) nn +[ġ]aq nn
:uraq nn
sigguktaak or sigguktaq Iñupiaq
dance headdress with loon’s bill |
+taq(-) nn -ak2 n § qaqigluk
sigguktuvak (Nu) Bristle-thighed
Curlew (Numenius tahitiensis) |
-tu- nv +vak nn
sigguuk beak, bill, muzzle, protruding
mouth and lips of person or
animal | -k2 nn
sigiŋaaq- (i) to have a long gentle sloping
plane » “taavuŋa sigiŋaaqtuaq
amuŋa anmuŋaaqtuaq”
(Matumeak 2009) [a landform that
has a long gentle slope with a
downslope which extends quite a
ways] § siviinaaq
¤sigiruqisak or sigruqisak (Nu) shrub
birch; arctic dwarf willow;
prostrate growing willow with
round leaves
sigña- (i) to refuse to share, be stingy
505
sigñagi- or (Nu) sikñagi- (t) to refuse
to share, be stingy with her/him/it |
+[g]i- vv § anniġi-
sigñataiññiq generosity, ability to
share readily | ‘ti1 vn :It-1 nv
+niQ1 vn
sigñatait- (i) to be generous | ‘ti1 vn
:It-1 nv
sigñati- (t) refuse to share with
her/him | ’ti- vv
sigñatu- or (Nu) sikñatu- or (Ti)
siŋnatu (i) to be stingy, selfish |
-tu- vv § anniqsrautu-
sigraaq skin or canvas used to wrap and
protect load on sled or boat,
tarpaulin, skin placed on sled
before meat is piled on it
sigraġik- (i) to have a plane [as in a
landform] which is steep or
straight down »
”anmuŋŋaaġiksuaq
sigraġiksuamik taisuummigaat,
siñaa ikpium
anmuŋŋaaġiksuaq” (Matumeak
2009) [they called a landform that
has a steep plane sigraġiksuaq,
like a steep plane of a cliff]
¤sigraqutchiq needle-shaped leaf of fir
tree
siġluaq(-) underground ice or food cellar;
(t) to put it = usu. meat into an
underground ice cellar or cache
for storage @ siġluaqsi- || +sI-3 vv
siġlurriqi- (i) to clean out an ice
cellar; (t) to clean her/his ice
cellar | =rriqi- vn

siġmi [siġmI] sled runner (before there
were sled runners of steel or
plastic the Iñupiaq would coat the
bottom of the runners with moss
with water and this would ice up
and make the sled travel better) §
aglu
¤siġmiiyun (Ti) stick used to scrape
ice off boat | :Iyaq- nv =un1 vn
siġmik- (t) to apply a substance that
hardens on it » “uniat siġmikługit
piaksivlugit agluliuġuummigait”
(Aiken 2009) [sleds are also
coated making their runners slick]
| -k-4 nv
siġmilgit sled with filler applied on
runners, sled runners coated with
snow and water | -lik nn :It nn
siġmiq [siġmIQ] or (Ti) siġmiq(-)
substance that hardens and can be
used for patching; filler applied to
bottom of sled runners made of
frozen mixture of water and snow
used to increase slipperiness and
lessen friction; (Ti) ice which
forms on boat or sled; (t) for it
=boat or sled to get covered with
ice; ¤glacier» “umiam amiŋanun
nipitqataqtuaq” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [it is what sticks to the skin
of the boat]; “umiam silataa
apunmik ilaligaaq sikuliam
qaaŋaniittuaq nigliñaġmiuq
araa; qiqilaitkaa
qiiyanaqpailluni
taġiuġukkaqpailluni” (S.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [it is the new ice
topped with snow which is on top
of the skin of the boat which is
extremely cold; it does not freeze
because it is so cold and full of
salt]; “siġmiliqutigisuugaat suna
siqquqsiraġaqtuaq
ilaaqtuutigiruni” (Aiken 2009)
[they refer to any substance that
506
hardens as it is being used as a
patch]; “sikuttat siġmikługit
quppaŋi payaŋaiyaġuugait;
aasii suli siġmiutigisuugaat
aqaya qiku paniġmani
payaŋaiġuuruaq; iglumun
aqłaiyautigivlugu pagna qaaŋa
kusiquŋiłługu” [cracks in the ice
caches are filled with siġmiq
making them stronger structures;
and mud clay is used since upon
drying it becomes strong; it is
used to patch the roof of a house
to prevent drafts and also to
prevent it from dripping]
siġñigi- or (Ti) siġnigi- (t) to feel
protective of her/him who is being
scolded, punished and come to
her/his defense | +[g]i- vv
siġri(-) wax or scales in ear; (i) to remove
dried wax from one’s ear; (t) to
remove dried wax from her/his ear
siġvik (Nu) parka ruff § isiġvIk
sii1 ¤[ATHA] sheefish (Stenodus
leucichthys nelma)
¤sii2 (excl.) used when cold; used by old
folks from Nuvuk instead of
alappaa ‘it’s cold!’
sii- [siġi] (i) to gather one’s strength for an
all-out effort
siġġaġnaq- (i) to be demanding, hard
to convince (of a person who is
stubborn); (i) demands strong
motivation (of a job, a task) |
‘-q-1 vv +naq(-) vv
siġġaqi- (i) to have a hard time, to
struggle, to use all of one’s
strength, either physically or
mentally to do or overcome
something | ‘-q-1 vv -qi- vv
 siġliġnait- (i) to be easy, not difficult |
-lIq-3 vv +naq(-) vv :It-1 vv
siġliġnaq- or siiġliġnaq- (i) to be
difficult, requires hard work (of
task); (i) to be obstinate, stubborn |
-lIq-3 vv +naq(-) vv
siġliġniuġun hardship, difficulty |
-lIq-3 vv +naq(-) vv :iuq-2 nv
:un1 vn
siġliġniuq- (i) to experience hardship |
-lIq-3 vv +naq(-) vv :iuq-2 nv
siġliqi- (i) to have a hard time doing a
task, a chore or a job; (i) to toil,
struggle, labor | -liqi- rv
siġmaaġuti- (Nu) (t) to work hard on
it | +maaq(-) vv :uti- vv
siġmaaq- (i) to exert all of one’s
effort into winning; (i) to have
competitive spirit; (i) to expend
effort, work hard at something;
(Nu) (i) to be divided in opinion,
to be in disagreement (of persons)
| +maaq(-) vv
siima- (i) to be strong | +ma-1vv
siimasaaq- (t) to encourage her/him
to increase her/his effort; (t) to
goad her/him into extreme
aggression; (t) to instill
confidence, courage in her/him/it |
+ma-1 vv +saaq-2 vv
siimmai- (t) to stir her/him into action
or a more competitive spirit |
+ma-1 vv ‘-k-2 vv -I-6 vv
siimmak- (i) to become more
competitive, to be stirred into
action; (Ti) (i) to become
confident of one’s ability to
perform, to win a game | +ma-1 vv
‘-k-2 vv
¤siiġruaqtun like a crackling sound |
‘.q-1 vv +ġruaq-2 vn +tun nc (sim.)
¤siilak- (i) to sizzle, hiss | -la- vv § siiq-,
nilit-, puvlaiq-
507
siik- (t) to cut it lengthwise with an ulu
“Iñupiaq woman’s knife”, as in
skinning a seal » natchiq siikkaa;
pilaaqsigaa she is cutting the seal;
she is going to butcher it @ siiksi-
|| +sI-3 vv
sirraq split section of garment or
animal skin | =rraQ vn
sirruġaq- for it to tear from pressure
» sirruġaqtuq tugrutim putuŋa
the hole on the lashing rope tore
when pressure was applied |
=rruq- rv +aq-1 vv
sirruġaġniq separation or break in
continuum | =rruq- vv +aq-1 vv
+niQ1 vn § siñġaq
siili (Ti) can of tobacco
siilik northern pike (Esox lucius)
siimik- or siimiksuq- (t) to overload,
stuff it = container; (t) to press
her/him to the ground; (Nu) (t) to
grind one’s middle finger which is
bent at the middle joint and
protruding from the fist into
her/him to hurt her/him »
avataqpak siimikkaa; uqsrumik
silivittuq she is stuffing the seal
poke with blubber; it is full of
blubber. | +mIk-1 vv +tuq-2 vv
siimiaq- (Nu) (t) to continue to grind
one’s middle finger which is bent,
protruding from fist against
her/him to hurt her/him |
+mIk-1 vv -aq-1 vv
siimiun (Nu) first joint of middle
finger (when protruding from
one’s fist used to grind against
someone to cause pain) |
+mIk-1 vv :un1 vn
siimiutiksralik (Nu) bull caribou with
new spring antler stubs
(resembling small knobs) |
+mIk-1 vv :un1 vn +ksraq(-) nn
 -lik nv
siiq- (i) to ooze, seep (like a sore); (i) to
leak out (of air); (Ti) (i) to sweat,
perspire
siiġñiq liquid which has seeped or
oozed out | +niQ1 vn
siila- or siila- (i) to enter boot through
a small hole (of water); (i) to
make the sound of air escaping; (i)
to hiss | -la- vv
siiqsinnauraq small glacial area |
1 1
mtit- vv +niQ vn :uraq nn
siiqsinniq water flowing through
crack in ice; underground springs,
water flowing out of the ground;
frozen overflow on top of river
ice; glaciated stream (melts in
summer) | mtit-1 vv +niQ1 vn
siiqsipkaq- (i) to sweat, perspire |
+tipkaq- vv
siiqsit- (i) to ooze (of a wound); to
flow out through a small opening
or crack, seep onto surface of ice
(of water); (t) to let it =wound
ooze; let it =water flow out
through a crack or small opening;
(Ti) (i) to sweat, perspire | mtit-1 vv
*siiq (root) sour, sweet or tart
siiġlak- (t) for it to become sweet and
sour | -lak- vv
siiġlanŋu- (i) to have a sour taste in
one’s mouth; (i) to have heartburn
or a sour stomach » siiġlanŋuruq
he has heartburn | -lak- vv
-nŋu- vv
siiġliññaq(-) something sour or tart;
(i) to be sour or tart; (i) to be
sweet to the taste | -lIt- vv
+naq(-) vv
siiġlit- (i) to salivate from food that is
too sweet or too sour; (i) to make
a face when eating something sour
| -lIt- vv
508
siiġñaaq- (i) to be somewhat sweet to
the taste | +naaq- vv
siiġñaiyaun or (Ti) siiġnaiyaun
baking soda | +naq(-) vv vn
:Iyaq- vv un1 vn
siiġñaq(-) or (Ti) siiġnaq- fruit; (i) to
be sour, sweet, or tart |
+naq(-) vv. vn
siiġñaqaġvik vineyard; orchard |
+naq(-) vv vn -qaq- nv +vIk1 vn
siiġñit- to become sweet and sour; (i)
to suffer from eating something
which is too sour or sweet |
+naq(-) vn =It-2 nv
siisitiiq- (i) to make its characteristic
sound (of squirrel)
siitquq(-) or sitquq(-) knee; kneecap,
patella; hind flipper of seal; (i) to
kneel, get down on one’s knees;
(t) to put one’s knee on it | +quq n
§ see Appendix 21
siitqiñiq or siitqiññiq trouser knee
which has become baggy from
wear | +quq n ‘=I-1 nv +nIQ1 vn
siitquaq patella, kneecap; fat and
bone at knee of caribou | -aq2 nn
siitquaq- or sitquaq- to injure
(her/his/its) knee | +quq n ‘-aq3 nv
siitquġraq- (i) to flex one’s knees
(especially as part of a dance
done by women) | +quq n
+ġraq- nv
siitqi- or sitqi- (i) to sag at knees (of
pants, stockings); (t) to get
sagging knees in them =pants
from wearing them so long |
+quq n ‘=I-1 nv
sitquġiaq (Nu) knee | +iaq2 nn
sitquġmik- (t) to press her/him/it
down with one’s knees | +mIk- nv
sitqumiñuaglaaq- to reach or go as
far as one’s knee (of socks, or
insects) » aasivak
sitqumiñuaglaaġman
 avaallaġmi maksriktuaq when
the large spider went up to her
knees, she jumped up suddenly
startled | +quq n -mI4 nn
÷muk- nv -aglaaq- vv
sitqumiñuk- to one’s own knees |
+quq n -mI4 nn ÷muk- nv
sitquqsraq- (i) to move about on
one’s knees | +quq n +qsraq- nv
siituvak Whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus)
| -vak nn
sikauġruaq [ENG ”scow”] scow, barge |
+ġruaq nn § paatchiġruaq
¤sikkat- (i) to be rotten or soft (of core of
willow or any tree in general)
ilugiitchuaq qaaŋa manna
nakuugaluaqhuni uqpiq; suna
napaaqtuq ilua pigiiññami
sikkattuq a willow which has a
rotten core although the bark
remains good; a tree when its core
is rotten is said to be ‘sikkattuq’ §
auŋa-
siki- (i) to lower or hang one’s head
sikimmi- (i) to be holding one’s head
low for quite some time » sikim-
migaluaqamiasii aaġluqhuni and
then after keeping his head lower
for quite some time, he looked up |
+mmI-5 vv
sikit- (i) to bow, lower the head |
-t-2 vv § palluq-, put-
*sikkIk (root) catch a dream § siññaġluk-
sikkiqsiuq- or sikkiuma- (i) to recall,
remember, tell about a good luck
dream (especially for hunting) »
taġiuġmiutkii siññaktuqamiŋ
suna siññaktulluataqami
sikkiumanisuuruq the coastal
people when they have good
dreams they say they recall them;
509
aŋuraksrani tavra
sikkiummatigivlugu suna he
remembers his good luck dreams
about the game that he is to catch;
sikkiumaruaq uvagulli
sikkiksiuġniraqtugut we say
sikkiksiuq when another says
sikkiuma; “siññaktuqtuaq uvva
iqiiġami uqaqtuaq siññaktuni
quliaqtuaġmagu” (Matumeak
2009) [it’s when a person who had
a dream and upon waking talks
about his dream] | +siuq- vv or
-uma- vv
sikkik- [sikkIk] to be steep (of ground at
water’s edge) marra suna kuuk
iglua sitchaaqtuq iglua samuŋa
atmuŋatluataqami sikkiksuq
one river may have gently sloping
banks while another may have
steep banks § sitchaaq-,
sivaaŋaaq-
sikkutaq(-) sty on the eye; to get a sty
sikłaq(-) pickaxe; (Nu) incisor; to use the
pickaxe (on it)
siksrik(-) [dual siksrak, pl siksrigit] arctic
ground squirrel (Spermophilus
parryi); (i) to kill an arctic ground
squirrel » siksrak tautukkikka I
see the two arctic ground
squirrels; siksriitchuq maani
there are no squirrels around here;
upinġaaq iñuiññanik
siksriktuaŋa last summer I
caught twenty squirrels | +t-2 nv §
sakłataiyaq
siksraaq young ground squirrel |
-aq2 nn
siksrautiġuq- (i) to accummulate
many squirrel skins; (t) to
accummulate many squirrels for
her/him | -uti/un2 nn -[ġ]uq-1 nv
 siksrigaaq- (i) to wear an arctic
ground squirrel parka proudly
siksrigaaqtuaq
qiñiyunapaluktuq the one
wearing an arctic ground squirrel
parka proudly is so attractive to
look at | +aaq- nv
siksrikpak arctic marmot (Marmota
broweri) | +qpak(-) nn, nv
siku(-)1 ice; to freeze over; to become icy
sikkiqi- (i) to have floating ice, be
breaking up (of river) | ‘=Iqi-1 nv
sikkutitchiaq seal or other animal
that has been caught and left in
sea to freeze before it is retrieved
the next day »
“mayuaġaġnaiñman
sikkutitchiaġuurut nigami aasii
uvlaakumman
pisukataġnaqsimman aivlugu”
(Matumeak 2009) [when the ice
cannot sustain weight on it they
always let it (the harvested sea
mammal) freeze overnight in the
net and then the next day when
one can walk on it they go and get
it (the frozen catch)] | ‘-ti- vv
+[t]siaq vn
Sikkuvik or Sikuvik [lit. “time when
ice forms” ] month of October |
-vIk1 vn § Nuliaġvik
sikuaq(-) thin ice on body of water;
(Ti) ice on boat or sled; to become
covered with thin ice (of water);
(Ti) to ice over (of boat or sled) |
±aq1 vn § qinuaqtuliq- ukiaksraq-
Sikuaqtuġvik [lit. “time when thin
ice forms”] month of September |
±aq1 vn +tuq-3 nv +vIk1 vn
sikuatchiaq(-) newly formed thin ice |
±aq1 vn -tchiaq(-) nn nv
sikuatchiaq- (i) to go and borrow ice |
-atchiaq- nv
sikuayaaq(-) (Ti) new ice, young ice
on water; to have new ice, young
510
ice (of water) | -ayaaq nn §
sikutchiaq
sikuġaq [pl sikuqqat] (Nu) small
chunk of floating ice | +[ġ]aq nn,
‘-t nn
sikuġlak(-) or sikuġlalaaq frozen
rain and snow on ground;
hailstone; (Ti) icicle; (Ti) old
packed snow good for melting for
drinking water; to freeze over
ground or snow (of rain); to start
forming (of ice); to hail; (Ti) (i) to
form (of icicle); to get packed hard
so that it is good for melting for
drinking water (of snow)| -q-1 nv
+lak(-)1 nn or -q-1 nv +lak(-)1 nn -
laaq nn § natatquġnaq, kusulugaq.
sikuġlakavsaŋa- (i) to have ice
crystals inside which resulted
from partial melting then
refreezing (of meat or fish) |
-q-1 nv +lak(-)1nn,vv -kavsak- vv
±ŋa- vv
sikuġliñiq ice formed when water
spills on a freezing surface |-q-1 nv
+liñiQ rn, vn
sikuġralaaq (Nu) small piece of clear
substance (like ice) inside fish |
+ġralaaq nn
sikuiġvik ice break-up time | :Iq-2 nv
+vIk1 vn
sikuiyaun bone knife used to scrape
ice from sides of traditional boat |
:Iyaq- nv :un1 vn
sikulaaq- (i) to develop slush ice (of
fishing hole) | -laaq-1 vv
sikulġauraq (Nu) new thin ice |
-lġauraq nn
sikuliaġruaq ice which is more than
one and a half feet thick | -lI-2 nv
±aq1 vn -ġruaq nn
sikuliaq young ice formed around
edge of old solid ice on open lead |
-liaq nn
sikuliqi- or sikkiqi- to break up (of
ice in river) » sikuliqiruq;
 saġvaġaa siku the river ice is
breaking up and is being taken
toward sea | -liqi- nv or ‘=Iqi-1 nv
sikuliqsuq- (t) to fill it =water barrel.
with ice @ siluliqsui- | -liqsuq- nv
|| :I-4 vv
sikuliuraq newly formed ice | -lI-2 nv
:uraq vn
sikulluataq freshwater ice | -lluataq
sikunaq(-) ice fog, ice crystals which
settle out of extremely cold air; (i)
for there to be ice fog, ice crystals
in the air | +naq(-) nv
sikuqqaq (Ti) block of ice |
-qqaq nn,vn,rn
sikuqqat small icefloes | -qqaq nn, vn
-t nn
sikusuilaq place in river which never
freezes, body of water which
never freezes | -suilaq vn
sikut- (i) to be covered with floating
ice (of body of water) | -t-2 nv
sikutaq- (i) to cut and haul ice from
freshwater lake early in fall for
winter use (for her/him/it) »
sikutaġniaqpit qakugu when are
you going to go and get some ice |
+taq-4 nv
sikutchiaq new ice | +[t]siaq(-) nn
sikuttat1 cache made of ice blocks by
fishing hole; winter watering hole
made before the ice is too thick to
cut through and remove »
“sikunik tutquġviliuġuurut
iqalliqigamik maptusiŋaiñŋaan
miksraułługu 4 inches;
tiġiganniat
siqumitchumiñaitchaŋit”
(Matumeak 2009) [when they are
fishing, they build caches of ice
blocks before the ice gets thick,
about 4 inches thick; they build
them (the ice caches) so they
cannot be destroyed by white
foxes] | -taq(-) vn -t nn § nivirat
511
sikuyasi- to be about to turn to ice (of
seawater); ¤(Ti) to form (of ice in
fall or freeze-up) » “imaq
taġiuligaaq qiqiyaruq” (Aiken
2009) [salt water freezes easily] |
-yasI- vv § qinu(-)
siku2 drill bit; stone spearhead or
arrowhead; scraping edge »
ikuutiŋata sikua tautuŋaviuŋ
have you seen the scraping edge
of her skin scraper
sikkiq- (t) to provide it with an
arrowhead » “…pisiksilivlugu,
qaġrivlugu nagruŋnik
sikkiqlugich aŋmaanik…”
(Bergsland 1987: 21) [he made a
bow for him with arrow shafts
made from antlers and with
arrowheads of flint] | ‘=Iq-1 nv
sikkuk pair of board runners where
the sled bottom layers are attached
| -k2 nn § aglu, see Appendix 18
sikutaq2 rattle on net line (used in
rivers); rattling bone on seal net
which indicates when a seal has
been trapped | -taq(-) vn
siku3 one sledrunner (dual sikkuk) »
pagmapak sikkuk uniat ayalu-
yaitkusiġuugaik plywood-mik
nowdays plywood is used to give
support to the sled runners;
“sikkuk akłunaaliġviqaqtuk;
akłunaaq qulvirakługu”
(Matumeak 2009) [the sled
runners have holes to place rope
in; three strands of rope are
braided together (then inserted
into the holes to serve as load
lashings)] § see Appendix 18
silaappak (Ti) [ENG “slopbucket”]
drained 55 gallon oil drum into
which honey buckets are emptied
§ quqtaq

silammaayuun (Ti) old-style skin
tobacco pouch (originally made of
wolverine head) »
“taugaaqqiqaġvik” (S.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [a tobacco
pouch] § tilaammaayuun
¤silliŋñiq- deep water by shore | +niQ1 vn
sila weather; atmosphere, air
silagiit- (i) to be bad weather |
+[g]Ik- nv :It-1 vv
silagik- (i) to be good weather |
+[g]Ik- nv
silagisuktani tavra silagiliutigaa
(excl.) you got what you deserve
[lit. “this is the kind of weather
you wanted, you got it!”]
(Matumeak 2009)
silagiuti- (t) to be good weather for
her/him/it » silagiutigaa Aaŋa
Aaŋa is encountering good
weather | -uti- vv
silakkuaġun [lit. “something that
goes through the air”] radio |
-kkuaq- nc (vialis) +un1 vn
silali- to get a tan; to fade, become
lighter | -lI-2 nv
silaliqiri weather forecaster,
meteorologist, weatherman |
-liqi- nv mt/ri vn
silalugiitkun umbrella | :iitkun vn
silaluk(-) or sialuk(-) rain, rainy
weather; to rain | -luk(-)2 nn nv
silaluksiun or sialuksiun modern
raincoat | -luk(-)2 nn +[t]sIq- vv
:un vv § silaŋŋaaq
silannaaq- (i) to be good weather |
-t-2 nv -naaq- vv
silaŋŋaaq a rainsuit; waterproof parka
made from bearded seal intestine |
-ŋŋaaq nn
silaŋŋuq- (t) to become good weather
| +ŋŋuq-2 nv § allaQ
512
silaqłuk(-) storm; to be stormy |
+qłuk(-) nn vv
silaqłuuti- (t) to be stormy weather
for her/him/it » silaqłuutigai
imma umiaqtuqtuat they are
encountering bad weather |
-uti- vv
silasiun barometer; weather
thermometer | +siun nn §
anuġisiun
silatchiaq- (t) to leave it outside for
weather to cure, e.g., a skin |
+[t]sIq- vv -aq-1 vv
silatkutitaaq (Nu) snowshirt
(pullover fabric cover for parka) |
-tkutitaaq
*sila (root) adjacent section
silagauraq area, section, space
immediately adjacent (within one
foot) » “…silagauraŋanun
tamattuma naqtuġniŋan... Bill
isigaŋisutkiaq hamma ilivlugu
inillaktuaŋa.” (Bodfish: 238)
[…to the area immediately
adjacent of that crack…probably
from here to Bill’s (William
Schneider’s) foot I positioned
myself] | -gauraq nn, vn
silaliñauraq outskirts, adjacent area
around the main area | +liñiQ vn
:uraq nn
silaliñiq Arctic Slope (north of
Brooks Range) | +liñiQ rn, vn
silalliġaġvik first set of snares in a
caribou corral | +llIQ nn +aq-4 nv
+vIk1 vn
 silalliq next-door neighbor; outer part;
outermost door » silalliġma iglua
upkuitchuq my neighbor’s door
is open | +llIQ nn § uŋalliq
silan or silati exterior side (of fabric);
outside part of something;
immediate surroundings (of any
permanent structure); area outside
» silataa outside sod layer (of sod
house) | -ti3 vn
silatqut- to travel past via the area in
front of it =dwelling | -tqut-nv
silaavyak or (Ti) siliq pancake, hotcake;
(Ti) (i) to make pancakes;
silaavyiun skillet, frying pan | ‘=I-1 nv
:un1 vn
silaavyiuq- (i) to make pancakes |
‘=iuq-1 nv
sili- [silI] (t) to sharpen it with a
whetstone
silliñ whetstone, knife sharpener |
‘n1 vn § ipiksaun
siliak- to swoop down on (her/him/it); (i)
to be blown along with the wind,
glide » “Qalligamigi kiisiammaa
siliagvigivlugu ullaaqsivaa.”
(Ahvakana: 33-35) [when he got
closer to them, finally he begins to
approach swooping down upon
him]; “sialġiruatun anmun
siliaktuaq isaqqilagaluaġnani
tainna; qaugait anmuguuruat
anmuiññakavsak
tusaġnaġuurut unnii tamanna
siliagniŋat, sukavaiłłu
 tik”
(Matumeak 2009) [it’s similar to
sliding down as it swoops down
without flapping its wings; when
ducks that descend almost straight
down swoop down, one can hear
their flight because they descend
with great speed]
513
siliagaq- (i) to soar with wings
outstretched » siliagaġaqtuaq
tiŋmmiaqpak the eagle is soaring
| +aq-1 vv
silik- (i) to be wide § amit-
siliksi- (i) to gain weight; become
wider | +sI-1 vv § amikłi-
siliŋniq wide part of something |
+niQ1 vn
sillaq wide one | ‘-Q vn
sililisuqtuq Wandering Tattler
(Heteroscelus incanus) | +tuq2 n
*siliq (root) sense, cognizance
silaiġuti- (i) to lose one’s senses,
consciousness » “tavra
qaurimaŋaiqsuaq inna
silaiġutiruamik pisuugaat”
(Matumeak 2009) [they refer to
one that is no longer conscious as
one who has lost his senses] |
:Iq-2 nv :uti- nv
silaiq- (i) to pay no attention to
whether it is night or day | :Iq-2 nv
silaivyak (Ti) a very dumb and
ignorant person; something that is
flat and has no substance »
taamnauna naluruq sumik,
silaavyak that one doesn’t know
anything; he’s dumb and ignorant
silaivyaŋaaq(-) (Ti) fool; (i) to act
abnormal sometimes | ±ŋaaq- vv
silġatu- (i) to be wise, to be in one’s
prime | -tu- nv
silġiqsuiri counselor, therapist |
:Iq-1 nv +tuq-2 vv :I-4 vv mt/ri vn §
arakti, natqiksuiri
silġiqsuq- (t) to teach her/him the
consequences of his behavior (as a
warning); (t) to warn her/him; (t)
to exhort, urge her/him @
silġiqsui- | :Iq-1 nv +tuq-2 vv ||
:I-4 vv
silivit- or silvit- (i) to become full (of any
container); (t) to fill it completely
» “Aglaan kialiķaa iñugruiñ-
ñaum aŋalallasiyumiñaitkaa
pamiķsaatun uķaķ pigittchuaķ,
silivinŋaruaķ tuķunamik. But
no man has ever been able to tame
the tongue. It is evil and
uncontrollable, full of deadly
poison!” (Iñupiat New Testament:
James 3.8) | +vit- vv
silivla- (i) to overflow | =la- vv
silliq [sillIQ] snow made crusty and hard
by strong winds (most suitable for
making snow houses) § kukługaq
silliġruaq snow with a hard and shiny
surface, “slippery icy snow
conditions…” (Arnold Brower Sr.
as reported by Sturm: 34, 42) |
+ġruaq nn
silliqsruq super hard, old icy snow
(Arnold Brower Sr. as reported as
reported in Sturm: 42) | perhaps
+qsruq-1 nv
silu carcass of sea mammal drifted ashore
silut- or siluli- (i) to find a carcass
drifted ashore » paqinnami
siñaani tipiŋaramik tavra
siluliruq | -t-2 nv or +lI-3 nv
siluk- or siluktaq- (i) to swing the leg.
making attempts to kick
something (while suspended or
while holding onto something,
e.g., a house beam); (i) to propel
oneself across to the other side
while holding on to something
above, e.g., a house beam; (t) to
kick her/him/it » sumun tiguvluta
uumiŋa niuptinnik aqisaqaptigu
siluksaġikput when we take hold
of something for support and then
proceed to try to kick something
514
with one of our legs we are acting
thus | +t/raq-1 vv § aqi-
silvi or silviik (Ti) ventral surface of
whale, area around flippers
(between head and belly) »
“aġviġum kiataa niqituummaan
qalasiŋanuaglaan” (S.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [it’s the ventral
area of the whale with the meat
from the base of the head to the
belly button] § tapsiñaaq, satqak
silviiññak- (Ti) (i) to receive as a
share meat from the ventral
surface of the whale (of the crew
that reaches the struck whale) |
-nnak- nv § tapsiññak-, qaannak-
simik- (t) to stop it up with a plug of any
kind; (i) to be now plugged (of a
container) @ simiksi- || +sI-3 vv
simaaksraq felt or cardboard
wadding stuffed in a shotgun shell
between shot and powder during
reloading | ±aq1 vn -ksraq(-) nn
simaaksriuġunnaq a device used for
making wadding when reloading
shotgun shells or cartridges with
powder | ±aq1 vn -ksraq nn
‘=iuq- nv :unnaq vn
simaaq(-) gun wad (stuffed into bullet
on top of powder); (t) to push,
stuff it in | ±aq1 vn
simiutaq(-) a plug; to plug (it) |
-utaq(-)1 vv vn § puviutaq(-)
simiksuun stopper, cork, plug |
+suq-2 vv :un1 vn
simik [simIk](Nu) clavicle of caribou
(first rib)
simmiq- [simmIq] (i) to exchange or
swap items;(t) to exchange it for
something else @ simmiqsi- ||
+sI-3 vv
simmaun substitute | :un1 vn
 simmaun or simmiun or
simmaugauraq deuce (at cards) |
:un1 vn or +[ġ]aq nn :uraq nn
simmausiq- (t) to replace it with
something else | :un1 vn ~Iq-1 nv
simmii- (t) to trade something of
hers/his » simmiigaa naluŋŋaan
he traded something of hers
without her knowledge | -I-7 vv
simmiliq- (t) to replace it =something
borrowed with something else |
-lIq-3 vv
sinnaq (Ti) strait; channel from sea into
lagoon or bay | +[ġ]aq nn, vn §
¤siñiġaq
siñaaq [ENG] a circular fastener, a snap §
qivliġit
siñi shore; border; edge; fur trim on
bottom edge or cuffs of parka §
salva
¤siñaġaq or ¤siñiġaq (Ti) strait;
channel from sea into lagoon or
bay | +[ġ]aq nn, vn § sinnaq
siñaġlugun (Nu) objects all around
the shore » “tavraguuq
tuttusiuqpaanigataqamiŋ
taamna mannatchiaŋa
Tulukkam
siñaġlugusiqamirruŋ ukiupak
niġigumiŋ naamallasimman,
Saġġan iñiqtiġiniġai” so then
after they hunted caribou hard
and this side of Tuluġaq Lake
shore had [been] covered with
enough to last all winter for food,
Saġġan told them to stop
(Bergsland 1987: 371) | perhaps
-ġluk- vv +gun2 nc
siñaatkun (Ti) felt top on boot |
+atkun nc (vialis)
siñġaq inlet between two sandbars »
“siñġaq tapqam avgutaak;
aniñaqtuq tapqamiñ taġiumun”
515
(Aiken 2009) [an inlet divides a
sandbar; one can go out from the
sandbar into the ocean] | +[ġ]aq nn
siñiġun trim; rim; edge; hem | -ġun vn
siñiġutit (Nu) firepit where hot rocks
are kept in tent | +ġun nn
-t nn
siñiksraq part of fur which is stripped
and used for trim at parka bottom
and cuffs | +ksraq(-) nn
siñiqsraq- or (Ti) siniġraq- (i) to
travel along the beach, shore; (i)
to walk along the shore; (i) to go
in and out of a row of houses,
stopping very briefly in each; (t)
to walk along on it =beach,
immediate perimeter | +qsraq- nv
siññaq (Ti) inlet between two
sandbars (Tuzroyluke 2009) |
+[ġ]aq nn
siñik(-) sleep; (i) to sleep, be asleep; (t) to
spend it =day sleeping
siñaaqsi- (Ti) to fall asleep »
“puuvsiruq atkupauraq
siñaaqsiliqami” Tuzroyluke
2009) [he started his nap as soon
as he fell asleep] (S. | -aqsI-vv
siñaaqsruq- (i) to breathe audibly
while sleeping, to snore »
nallaqamik tasamma nukaalua
siñaaqsruqsaaniktiqtuq as soon
as he lay down, his younger
sibling began snoring | -aq-1 vn
2
mqsruq- nv
siñaavri- (i) to doze off repeatedly; (i)
to be half-conscious (as from
anesthesia) | -aq-1 vn -vrI- nv
siñignaq(-) sleeping pill; anesthetic;
(t) to administer a sleeping pill or
anesthetic gas to her/him/it |
+naq(-) vv vn
siñigviit or siñigvik bed »
siñigviitchuq he has no bed |
+vIk1 vn :It nn § tuttaat
siñikallaiq- (i) to take a long time to
fall asleep » siñikallaiqsuŋa I am
having difficulty falling asleep |
-kallaiq- vv § qivsi-, siqullaiq-,
pigaaq-
siñikpak- (i) to oversleep |
+qpak(-) vv, nn
siñiksaq- (i) to fall asleep | msaq-3 vv
siñiktaġuiqsaaġun one night to sleep
over (before moving on) | perhaps
+taq-4 vv +[s]uiq- vv +saaq-1 vv
+un 1 vn
siñiktaq- (i) to stay overnight, spend
the night away from home |
+taq-4 nv, vv
siñisugruk- (i) to sleep for a long
time | -sugruk- vv
siññaġik- (i) to be sound asleep, sleep
well | ‘-Q vn +[g]Ik- nv
siññaġliuq- (i) to have a nightmare |
‘-Q vn +luk(-)1 nv ‘=iuq-2 nv
siññaġluk- (i) to have a bad dream | ‘-
Q vn +luk(-)1 nv
siññaktuq(-) a dream; (i) to dream |
‘-k-2 nv +tuq-3 vv
siññaqtu- (i) to have a habit of
oversleeping, of sleeping too
much; to sleep a lot | ‘-qtu- vv
siññiq- (t) to cast a spell to put
her/him/it to sleep » “Aġnaq
uuma tavra siññiġñiagaqsigaa.”
(Nageak 1975: 59) [then he tried
to cause the woman to fall asleep]
| ‘=Iq-1 nv § siqupkaq-
siññiqsuun magical song which puts
one to sleep »
“siñaaqsipkaġniaġamiuŋ” (C.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [when he is
trying to put him to sleep] |
‘-Iq-1 nv +tuq-2 vv :un1 vn
siñŋunnak pair of pajamas |
:unnaq vn -k2 nn
siñŋunnaq nightgown, one piece
nightwear | :unnaq vn
516
siŋaiyau- (i) to be pregnant (of human), to
conceive | perhaps yak n :u-1 nv
siŋaiyyi- (Ti) (t) to impregnant |
perhaps yak n ‘=I-1 nv § narrak-
siŋaiyaaq human fetus | +yaaq2 vn
siŋiaqtalaaq (Ti) strip of bleached
sealskin on top edge of boot §
piñiġaq
siŋik- (t) to remove the contents of an
animal’s intestines; (i) to clean an
animal’s intestines of their
contents preparing them for food
@ siŋiksi- » imaġluiyairuaq
tavra siŋiksiruamik taisuugaat
tainnatun one who is removing,
scraping the contents of the
intestines is described as doing
thus || +sI-3 vv § kilit-
siŋiq(-) [siŋIq] shoestring, bootlace; (i) to
tie one’s own shoelaces or
bootlaces; (t) to tie her/his shoe or
bootlaces
siŋiġñiq ankle | +niQ1 vn
siŋiiq- (i) to become untied (of one’s
shoestrings); (t) to untie her/his
shoestrings » Saaŋiaq siŋiiqsuq
Saaŋiaq’s shoestrings are untied |
:Iq-2 nv
siŋit- (t) to immerse her/him/it into water
while holding her/him/it or to
immerse it while it is staked or
anchored to land; (t) to throw,
heave her/him/it into the water,
over a cliff, etc. @ siŋitchi- ||
+sI-3 vv § siŋik-
siŋnatu- (Ti) (i) to be stingy < sigñatu-
siŋŋiq [siŋŋIq] muscle calf of leg
(especially of caribou); calf meat
of caribou leg
siŋuk- (i) to strain while defecating; (i) to
strain during labor contractions (of
woman giving birth)
siŋŋuktit- (i) to become red in the
face from exertion or illness |
‘-k-2 vv +tit-2 vv
siŋulluq(-) a freshly laid egg; (i) to
strain, push down with abdominal
muscles » “iñuayaqaŋaitchuaq
mannik” (S. Tuzroyluke 2009)
[it’s the egg that has no life
stirring in it] | -lluQ(-) vn
sipaaq- (t) to enlarge it =fabric, clothing
by sewing on another section to it
sipaq(-) [ENG “zipper”] zipper; (i) to zip
one’s zipper; (t) to pull her/his
zipper up
¤sipi- (i) to change from male to female
in the womb or during birth (of a
fetus)
¤sipiniq a female who has changed
from being male | +niQ1 vn
*sipik (root) emergence; disconnection
sipiksaq- (i) to come undone, slip off;
to grow suddenly or quickly |
3
msaq- rv
sipigri- (t) for it to slip off his hands |
+rI-3 rv
sipiksaaġaq- or sipiksaaq- (i) to not
engage and fall off (of arrow on
bow) » sipisaaġaqtuq argaŋaniñ
he cannot get a grip on it; it keeps
falling off | msaq-3 rv -aq-1vv
+aq-1 vv or msaq-3 rv +aq-1 vv
¤sipik caudal fin, fishtail | -pIk nn §
papiġuq
sipit- (t) to exceed it =expected amount,
to get more than it =expected
amount; (i) to now be exceeded
(of expected amount)
517
sippakuulaaq- (i) to have some left-
over, to have more than enough of
what was needed | ‘-Q vn
-ku(-) nv perhaps -laaq-1 vv
sippaq or sippaku(-) surplus,
something leftover, remainder; to
have some (of it) leftover as
remainder; (t) to leave some for
her/him/it | ‘-Q vn -ku nv
sippiq- (i) to exceed the prescribed
amount, limit; (t) to exceed it
=prescribed amount, limit |
‘=Iq-1 nv
sipkiq- [sipkIq] (i) to burst out laughing;
(i) to sprout, emerge from the
ground (of plant); (i) to develop
buds (of plant); (i) to burgeon (of
plant)
sipuqtaq(-) (Nu) smoking pipe; (i) to
smoke a pipe
sipyaaq (Nu) rounded upper end of femur
at hip joint, the head § sivyaaq(-)
siqaniq(-) (Nu) frying pan
siqaniqtaq (Nu) fried meat |
+taq(-) nn
siqanġun frying pan | :un1 vn
siqi- [siqI]or siqiłła k- or siqiłhaq- (i) to
splash (of liquid); (t) to splash on
her/him/it once » “imiq
siqilhaġman
suurimmaaŋitchuq” [when
water splashes, it is unpredictable]
(S. Tuzroyluke 2009) | -łłak- vv or
-łhaq- vv § kusiġaq-
siqillaq- (Ti) to scatter about »
siqillaqtuq anauttaġami he
caused them to scatter around as
he chopped wood (Tuzroyluke
2009) | -łłak- vv
siqiłhatit- (i) to splash violently (of
liquid); (t) to splash a liquid on
 her/him/it » Saaŋiam nukaaluni
siqiłhatipalukkaa aqayamik
Saaŋiaq sure splashed mud on her
younger sibling | -łhaq- vv -tit-2 vv
siqiłła ktaq- or siqiłhaqtaq- (i) to
splash repeatedly; (t) to splash
water on her/him/it repeatedly |
-łłak- vv +t/raq-1 vv or -łhaq- vv
+t/raq-1 vv
siqqiłłaqtiq- (t) to sprinkle liquid on it
| -łłak- vv mtiq2- vv
siqiñiq sun » siqiñġum uutpatin is the
sun burning you | +niQ1 vn § siqi-
Siqiñġilaq [lit. “one with no sun”]
month of December | +niQ1 vn
:Ilaq(-) nn § Kaivirvik,
Aagruliġvik, Umigraġvik,
Umiqsraġvik, Uyaliġvik §
Uvluilaq
siqiñġuraq clock, watch | +niQ1 vn
:uraq nn
siqiñiq- (t) to spoil from exposure to
the sun, (of meat on carcass) |
+niQ1 vn =Iq-1 nv
siqiñiqsiaq- (i) to sit out in the sun,
sunbathe | +niQ1 vn =Iq-1 nv
+sIq-1 vv -aq-1 vv
siqiñiqsiq- (i) to stay in the sun and
get tanned | +[t]sIq- vv
siqiñiqsruktaq(-) sun breaking
through clouds, intermittently »
“tamarra nuviyalaaġman
siqiñiq qiñiġnauraqłuni
ilimman siqiñiqsruktuamik
taiguġuugaat” (Matumeak 2009)
[when it is partly cloudy and the
sun becomes visible
intermittently, they call it
siqiñiqsruktaq] | +niQ1 vn
siqiñiqtaq spoiled meat from over
exposure to sun | +niQ1 vn
=Iq-1 nv +t/raq vn
siqiññaaġik- (i) to be sunny (of
weather) | +niQ1 vn ‘-k- nv
+aq1 vn +[g]Ik- nv
518
Siqiññaatchiaq [lit. “bright new
sun”] month of February » “V.
1854, Jan. 28, Ir’-ra shu’-ga-run
sho-ke-nat’-si-a, great cold (and)
new sun.” (Simpson: 261) |
+niQ1 vn ‘-k- nv ±aq1 vn
-tchiaq nv
Siqiññaasugruk [lit. “bright sun”]
month of March »
“…sakin’aasuguruq, ‘Sun gets
high’” (Spencer: 475) | +niQ1 vn
‘-k- nv ±aq1 vn -sugruk nn §
Paniqsiqsiivik
siqiññak- to receive, get more sun (of
days as they lengthen) | +niQ1 vn
‘-k- nv
siqiññaraaq- or siqiññaraaġik- (i) to
be sunny (of weather) | +niQ1 vn
‘-k- nv ~raaq- vv +[g]Ik- nv
siqiññiaq- (Ti) (i) to wait for and
watch the sunrise (often of
whaling crew) » “nuilġataqpan
siqiñiq qiñiġukkaa” (S.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [he wants to
watch the sun when it finally
rises] | +niQ1 vn ‘=iaq-2 nv
siqqiak braided intestines filled with
blubber (a delicacy); contents of
stomach or intestines » “makua
qulivraŋaraanik imaiyaqługit
iŋaluŋiññik natchium uqsrumik
ilupaaliqługit siqqiagnik ilaŋisa
taisuugait” (Matumeak 2009)
[intestines of the seal after
removal of their contents and
filled with blubber and braided are
called siqqiak by some (people)]
siqpagi- (Ti) (t) to throw them around
indiscriminately
siqpagaala- (Ti) (i) to spurt forth (of
blood, water, oil) | +gaq-3 vv
-la- vv
siqpan or siqpati sea mammal blubber
used as stove fuel
siqpik eyelash |-pIk nn
siqqaq- (t) to throw them = objects out
into the water @ siqqai-1 || :I-4 vv
siqqai-2 (t) to throw her/his
belongings into the water | -I-7 vv
siqqiiq- to twist and wring excess
moisture out (of it) »
“Siqqiiqsuak Akłunaamik”
(Kaveolook 1975b: 8) [two
persons twisting and wringing out
excess moisture from rope] §
sivvuq-
siqquq- (i) to be hard, tough (of a person
or object); (i) to be opinionated;
(i) to be stubborn » iñuk
siqquqtuq; iñuk
qanuqsiġiitchuq; manimmilgu-
ruq the person is tough; the
person is hard to be affected; he
can withstand the situation
siqquqsi- (i) to tense up from fright or
anger; (i) to harden (of substance)
| +sI-1 vv
siqquqsima- (i) to be “tied up in
knots,” to be tense because of
impending unpleasantness; (i) to
be in a state of physical and/or
mental tension | +sima-2 vv
siqquqtaq hard wood | +taq n
siqqutit- (i) to snap with a loud noise;
(i) to make something snap
loudly; (t) to make it snap with a
loud noise | mtit-1 vv § mapkutit-
siqsu- (i) to be daring, be persistent
(especially when hunting); (i) to
have great fortitude; (i) to bear
pain nobly » iñuk siqsuruq;
nakkaummilguruq the person
has great fortitude; he can stay
519
underwater for a long time |
perhaps +tu- nv
siqu- (i) to fall asleep; (Ti) (i) to close
one’s eyes
siqua- or siquayaa- to fall asleep one
right after the other, en masse |
-a-1 vv -yaa- vv
siquapayaaq- or siquapayyi- (i) to
squint; (i) to close one’s eyes »
“siñaavriruaq siquapayyiruq”
(Aiken 2009) [the one who is
dozing off and on has his eyes
closed] | -aq-1 vv -pak- vv
-yaaq-1 vv or -aq-1 vv -pak- vv
-yaaq-1 vv =’I-3 vv
siqullak- (i) to eventually fall asleep |
-llak-1 vv
siquniaq- (i) to try to fall asleep |
+niaq(-) vv
siqunġipak- (i) to blink, wink |
+nġIq- vv -pak- vv
siqunġipaktaq- (i) to blink, wink
repeatedly; (t) to wink at
her/him/it repeatedly | +nġIq- vv
-pak- vv +t/raq-1 vv
siqunġiq- (i) to close one’s eyes |
+nġIq- vv
siqupak- or siquvyak- (Ti) (i) to
blink the eyes | -pak- vv
=yak- vv § siqunġipak-
siqupaktaq- (Ti) (i) to blink the eyes
repeatedly | -pak- vv +t/raq-1 vv
siqutqik- (i) to take a nap; (i) to go
back to sleep | -tqIk-1 vv
siqutqiksuuraq- (i) to take a short
nap | -tqIk-1 vv +tuuraq- vv
siquvyak- (i) to squint; (i) to blink |
-vyak- vv
siquvyaktaq- (i) to blink repeatedly;
(i) to flicker (as of a candle flame)
» “nannit qamiraġaqłutik
pimmata siquvyaktaqtuanik
pisuugait; irrak
siquvyaktaqłutuk pisuummiuk
uitqataqłutik” (Matumeak 2009)
 [when lights flicker they are also
said to siquvyaktaqtut; also eyes
are said to siquvyaktaqtuk when
theyd open and shut repeatedly] |
-pak- vv =yak- vv +t/raq-1 vv
*siqu (root) reduction to smaller elements
siqumit- (i) to be destroyed, crushed
to pieces, shattered, broken to
pieces; (t) to destroy, break, crush
it to pieces; (t) to cut it =animal
skin into several pieces » qavvik
uvva siqumitchausiitkiga
qiññaġikpaiłłuni I haven’t the
heart to cut up this wolverine skin
because it is so beautiful | +mit- vv
siqummaaq- to fragment, break (it)
up into pieces with prolonged
action | +mit- vv ‘-q-1 vv -aq-1 vv
siqummaq a fragment |
+mit- vv ‘-Q vn
siqummaq- (i) to shatter; (t) to break
or shatter it with repeated action
@ siqummai- | +mit- vv ‘-q-1 vv ||
:I-4 vv
siqummayaaq- (i) to fragment, break
into many pieces; (t) to break it
into many pieces | +mit- vv ‘-q- vv
-yaaq-1 vv
siqumniq chunks of broken ice;
crumbs of food, etc.; something
ground up, broken up; a coin |
=mniQ vn
siqumniurat or siqumniġit dimes,
nickels, any small change;
fragment | =mniQ1 vn :uraq nn or
=mniQ1 vn :It nn
siquptaq or siquvraq fragment;
shard, broken piece| +mit- vv
=t/raq vn
siqupsi- to destroy or break up; (Ti)
(i) to grind up, pulverize, chop it
into small pieces | +mit- vv
=sI3- vv § siqumit-
siqupsin (Ti) tallow grinder | +mit- vv
=sI3- vv -n1 vn § takuutik
520
siquptiq- (t) to break or crush it into
bits | +mit- vv =tiq-2 vv § arvik-,
parvik-, karumit-, siqumit-,
tuksruk-
siquvsi- (i) to destroy something,
taking a prolonged period of time
or to destroy more than one item;
(t) to destroy her/his things »
aŋutaiyaat siquvsiraat
piuraaŋiñik the boys destroyed
her toys | +mit- vv :I-7 vv
Siquvsiqqat or (Nu, Ti) Siqupsiqqat
[lit. “shattered ones”] constella-
tion Ursa Minor, Little Dipper (a
constellation which consists of a
number of closely spaced stars
that have the appearance of
something which has been broken
and shattered into several pieces] |
+mit- vv =sI3- vv +[ġ]aq vn ‘-t nn
§ Paatchuktuurat
*sirga (root) anxiety
sirgasuk- (i) to be anxious to wake up
early in order to go someplace or
do something » piyumalaaqtuq
sirgasuktuq he is anxious to do
something and wants to wake up
early | +suk-2 nv
sirraq1 split section of garment or skin <
siik-
sirraq2 [sirraQ]animal den, e.g., foxhole
§ sisi
sirraqtuq- to set a trap for (it
=animal) near its den or burrow |
+tuq-3 nv
sisamaq [sisamaQ] a fourth one
sisamaat or sisamaŋat the fourth
one (of a group) | :at nn
sisamailik (Nu) caribou corral with
four rows of snares | :It nn -lik nn
sisamait four groups of things, e.g.,
the four suits (in cards) | :It nn
 sisamakipiat number eighty |
-kipiaq nn
sisamakipiat qulit the number ninety
| -kipiaq nn
Sisamaŋŋuq(-) (Ti) Thursday; (i) to
be Thursday | ±ŋŋuq- nv
sisamat the number four | -t nn
sisamaut- (i) to be divided into
fourths; (t) to divide it into fourths
| -ut-2 vv
Sisammiq- (i) to be Thursday »
Sisammiqsugut it is Thursday |
‘=Iq-1 nv
sisi or (Nu) siñ burrow or den (of a
burrowing animal), bear’s lair »
Kuuvagmiut taamna sisi siñmik
taisuugaat the people of the
Kobuk say “siñ” for our word sisi
§ sirraq2
sisigaq dog house (hole) dug into a
snowbank | +gaq2 nn
sisiqutat a mound on the edge of a
river or a lake where burrowing
animals excavate their dens »
“Kiŋiaġmagnik, yai! Suagguuq
ukua sisiqutat.” (Nageak 1975:
81) [when they looked back,
wow! to their surprise they saw a
mound of squirrels burrows] |
+qutaq vn,nn -t nn
sisit-1 (t) to enter through a crack and
form a pile (of snow) | +t-2 vv
sisi- (i) to harden, become solid as a rock
sisit-2 (t) for it to harden, solidify |
-t-1 vv
sisuaq [sisuraq] [pl. sisurrat] white whale,
sisu- (i) to slide or glide down once
sisugiak- (i) to have a wet burp (of
baby); (Ti) (i) to burp up milk (of
baby); (t) to burp up milk on
her/him/it (of baby); (i) to vomit
(of overfed baby); (i) to
regurgitate food or drink; (t) to
521
vomit on her/him/it (of overfed
baby) | +iak(-) nn, vv, vn
sisuk- (t) to dive, swoop down and
catch it » “Puimman sisukkaa,
suaguuq uuma
qaŋattautivlugu.” (Ahvakana:
29) [when it (a whale) surfaced
he (the young man) dove and
snagged it; to his great surprise
he flew up with it] | -k-2 vv §
nakkaaġaq-
sisuqhaaġutik sled used for sliding
down a hill | -qhaaq-2 vv +un1 vn
-k2 nn
sisuqhaaq- or sisuġaaq- (i) to be
sliding down a hill | -qhaaq-2 vv
sisuuk(-) snowslide (especially snow
overhang over a creek);
avalanche; (i) to slide (esp., of
snow overhang over creek) |
perhaps -uk- vv vn
sisuuksraq (Nu) snow cornice; snow
build up posing a potential
avalanche threat | perhaps -uk- vv
+qsraq vn § uupkaaq-
¤sisuvit- (Ti) (i) to burp up milk (of
baby) | +vit- vv § sisugiak-
¤sitchuqit- (i) to vomit (of overfed
baby); (i) to regurgitate food or
drink; (t) to vomit on her/him/it
(of overfed baby) | ‘=It-2 nv,vv
sitchuutisuġnailaq a sheep that is
hard to take down the mountain
because of the great size of its
horns | ‘uti- vv +suq-1 vv
+naq(-) vv :ilaq nn
beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) »
“Sisuat taisuugait taġium
tiŋmiaŋiñik, qanuq
nivliraġuurut tiŋmiatun
puuvraqamiŋ imġum iluani. The
belugas are called the birds of the
ocean, because they make noises
like birds when they are
 swimming in the ocean.”
(Ahmaogak & Webster:) §
qilalugaq
sisuaqsiun beluga net | +siun nn
sitaakiq [sitaakIq] [ENG “stocking”]
stocking, sock
sitchaaq- (i) to have a long gently sloping
ocean floor » taunuŋaqpaaġruk
sivaaŋaaqhuni tainna itiruaq
uŋasikman sitchaaqtuġġuuq,
ikkatuuraq taunuŋa
ayaummimman they said that it
is thus when the deep part of the
water is quite a distance from
shore, when the shallow part
extends quite a ways out § sikkik-,
qutaŋŋiaġik-
sitchiq- or sitchiqsruuti- (i) to be
soaking through; (t) to soak
through it | mqsruq-2 vv :uti- vv
sitchuq- (i) to extend one’s legs while
sitting on the floor
sitchuŋa- (i) to sit with legs
outstretched | ±ŋa- vv
sitchuqsimaaq- (i) to sit on floor with
legs extended straight or crossed
at ankles | +sima-2 +aq-1 vv §
saqpiluksimaaq-
sitkiuma- (i) to dream of a good omen §
sikkik1
sitliq [sitlIq] (Nu) hard snow, windpacked
snow § sillIq
sitlisaqtaq ipiksaun (Nu) blade sharpener
§ silliñ
sitquq(-) [sItquq] knee; hind flipper of
seal; (i) to kneel, get on one’s
knees; (t) to put one’s knees on
her/him/it < siitquq
522
sitqiñ piece of wood attached to rear
flippers of sealskin poke |
‘=Iq-1 nv -n1 vn
sitquaq rear flipper of seal or walrus;
patella | -aq2 nn
sitquġiaq (Nu) knee < siitquq
sitquġmik- (t) to press her/him/it
down with one’s knees < siitquq
sitquġun knee warmer; waterproof
knee pad; knee pad » sitquġutaa
nauŋ where is his knee warmer|
-ġun nn
sitquġvigi- (i) to kneel before
her/him/it | +vIk1 vn +[g]i- nv
sitri- [sitrI] (Nu) (t) to immerse it =metal
into a mixture of snow and water
to temper it
siuġaq an expanse of fine sand; sandstone
used for sharpening of knives »
“qaviaraaq irakisuuraq
siuġamik pisuugaat” (Matumeak
2009) [they refer to very fine sand
as siuġaq]; “nanuutiuraqługu
irakisuuraq ipiksautigisuugait
sumun siqquqtaamun
ilillakługu” (Aiken 2009) [they
use the very fine sand as a
sharpener by rubbing it (the knife)
slowly over it (the fine sand) after
placing it (sand) on a hard surface]
§ qavia
siułik or siulik northern pike (Esox
lucius)
siun or siuti [dual siuttak] ear » siutimi
iglua itna ipsuktaqsiññaġmatun
qukisugaqani ipsuktaġmatun
sunaimña pipman,
silaqługniaqtuq when one ear
hears vibrations instead of
hearing a piercing sound, it
indicates that bad weather is
approaching; “ipsuluktaġuuruq
 siġriŋa” (Aiken 2009) [his ear
wax vibrates]
siunŋuraq ear cavity | ±ŋuraq nn
siurraaq- or siuttaaq- (i) to injure
one’s ear; (t) to injure her/his/its
ear | ‘-aq-2 nv
siusiqi- (i) to have an earache; (t) to
operate on her/his ear; (t) treat
her/his earache | ~Iqi-1 nv
siutaiyaq- (i) to have cold ears |
-iyaq- nv
siutigiit- (i) to have an earache |
+[g]Ik- nv :It-1 vv
siutiġun hearing aid; earring | -ġun nn
siutiġuq seashell; snailshell; container
for worms » “qupilġut puuŋit”
(Aiken 2009) [containers for
worms] | ±ġuq n -t nn § uviluq
siutiġutik pair of earrings; ear-flaps |
-ġun nn -k2 nn
siutiquyuk twisted, spiral-shaped
seashell with pointed end,
mollusk, shell | -quyuk
siunnaq(-) [siunnaQ] or (Nu) siutnaq(-)
Iñupiaq-style long smoking pipe;
(i) to smoke an Iñupiaq pipe »
“aakaga siunnaġman
qiñiŋagiga” (Tuzroyluke 2009)
[I have seen my mother smoking
a long pipe]
siunnauraq a short Iñupiaq-style
smoking pipe » kiŋmiaġniqsuaq
siunnauramiñik
avyualauraġniqami he was
biting on his pipe making him
look like he was smoking |
:uraq nn
siuq- (i) to make a whistling noise (of a
Arctic marmot)
siuġruk(-) camp stove; (i) to make a
distant, indistinct hissing or
whistling noise | +ruk nn
siuqhuutit- (i) to make a whistling
sound while whizzing by (of
523
something, like an Oldsquaw duck
swooping down to land on water) |
-qhuuq- vv −tit-2 vv
*siv (root) hipbone area
sivviaq(-) hipbone; (i) to injure one’s
hip | ‘-aq-2 nv
sivyaaq or (Nu) sipyaaq rounded
upper end of femur at hip joint;
hip joint | -yaaq2 rn § see
Appendix 21
sivaniq-1 (i) to sing in a high voice which
is unpleasing to the ear; (i) to be
high-pitched and irritating (of
sound); (Ti) (i) to echo »
nipatuvailluni sivaniqtugguuq
iñuk because he is so loud, the
man’s voice reverberates, echoes
sivanau- (i) to ring loud (of his ears)
» sivanauruŋa my ears are
ringing; “nipaġruaqtiġman siun
tavra sivanaunisuugaat”
(Matumeak 2009) [when the ear
makes a piercing sound it is said
to be ringing] | :u-2 vdv
sivaniqtaq- (i) to jingle (of a bell) |
+t/raq-1 vv
¤sivanuaq- (Ti) (i) to echo | =uaq- vv
sivaniq-2 for it =blubber to become old »
uqrut sivaniġait the blubber has
become old
sivanniq seal carcass buried so that
it can ferment and become a
delicacy | ‘-Q vn
sivaraq- to cook blubber; (Ti) to heat oil
» karuktuqqaaqługu
qiqumaŋŋaan aasi
silavyiunmun auktiłługit
uqsrukkuaqsiuġusiuġuurut after
chopping it down while it is
frozen, they melt it on the skillet
making oil for cooking doughnuts;
“niqigigmiuq sivaraq”
 (Matumeak 2009) [cooked
blubber is also good to eat];
“sivaraġaa uġruliuqtuq
igitillugu aasii immiqsuġlugu
mipkunik” (C. Tuzroyluke 2009)
[she is cooking the blubber
making it render into oil and then
filled it (the rendered oil) with
dried bearded seal meat]
sivaraaq (Ti) liquid from boiled fat or
blubber | ±aq1 vn
*sivii or sivaa (root) incline, slope
sivaaŋa- or sivaaŋaaq- (i) to be
slightly sloped | ±ŋa- vv or
±ŋaaq- vv § sikkIk-
siviinaaq a slope | -naaq nn
siviiŋa- (i) to be sloping gently (of
hill, snowbank) | ±ŋa- vv
siviiŋŋaġik- or siviŋŋaġik- (i) to be
steep, slippery, hard to climb |
‘-ŋŋaġIk- nv
siviŋaaq- (i) to slope | ±ŋaaq- vv
*sivI (root) duration
sivikisiq- (i) to surprisingly take a
short amount of time | -kIt- nv
3
mt/liq- vv
sivikisuuraq a short while, a short
duration | -kIt- nv mt/liq-3 vv
:uraq nn
sivikit- (i) to be of short duration; (i)
to take little time | -kIt- nv
sivisu- or sivisuuraq- (i) to be of long
duration; (i) to be lengthy | +tu- nv
or :uraq- vv
sivruuraq- (Nu) (i) to whisper §
isivruuraq-
°sivu (stem) front part of anything;
frontage, area in front of building;
bow of boat; front exterior wall of
house; time prior » sivua umiam
bow of a boat; sivuaniin-
niaqtuŋa qamutim I’ll
524
be in the front seat of the car;
sivuġaa iglum south wall (of tra-
ditional sod house); sivuvsigñi
tikitchuaq she arrived ahead of
youp | :a4 nn
sivuani before » sivuani tainna-
suitkaluaqtuaq she never used to
do that before | :a poss. +ni (loc.)
sivuaq incisor | -aq2 nn
sivuġaaguaq- (i) to travel by in the
area front of her/him/it »
sivuġaaguaġnak akkupak don’t
travel in front of him now | :ŋa
(poss. end 3s-s) -kun nnc (via.) -
aq-4 nv
sivuġaakkuuq- (i) to help pull a sled
» “sivuġaatigun qimmimik
qamuktuaq ikayuqługit
qimmit” (Aiken 2009) [he was
pulling in front of their dogs
helping them] | +[ġ]aq nn :a (poss.
end 3s-s) -kun nnc (via.) ‘uq-2 vv
sivuġaanuk- (i) to get in front of
her/him/it; (t) to place her/him/it
in front » | +gaq2 nn :a nn (poss.
3s-s) -nuk- nv
sivuġaata qilaŋa long pitch of roof
(south side of sod house) |
+[ġ]aq nn :ata nn (poss. rel. 3s-s) |
qilak -ŋa nn (poss. 3s-s)
sivuġaġluqun or sivuġaġlugun
foreleg sinew (of caribou, moose,
or wolf leg) » “tuttut niuŋi
sivuġaġluġutiqaġuurut
ivalugisuummigait” (Matumeak
2009) [caibou legs have foreleg
sinew which are used as thread] |
+[ġ]aq nn +lugun nn § iviġaaq
sivuġak (Ti) toe of shoe | +[ġ]aq nn
-k2 nn
sivuġaligaak(-) woman’s long hip
boots made of the summer leg
skins of a caribou with white
fronts and dark sides; (i) to wear
sivuġuligaak boots »
“sivuġaagun qatiqtaanik aasii
 saniġa maŋaqtaanik piliqługit
aġnat kamiŋit takkiit”
(Matumeak 2009) [women’s long
boots with white fronts and dark
sides] | +[ġ]aq nn +lik nn
+[g]aaq nn -k2 nn §
ilaaqtuutiligaak
sivuġaŋiuti- (i) to appear, make one’s
presence known, come forward |
+[ġ]aq nn +ŋIq- nv -uti- vv
sivuġaq promontory at end of ridge;
space or area in front; “front of the
leg” (Jenness 1928: 111); (Ti)
foreleg » “qimiġaq taikuŋa
qutchiksiŋavluni sivuġamik
taisuugaat” (Matumeak 2009) [a
ridge that has a raised point is
called a sivuġaq] | +[ġ]aq nn §
sivuliñaaq, nuvuġaq
sivuġaqłiq frontmost, foremost one;
ancestor | +[ġ]aq nn +llIQ nn
sivuġat front teeth (of human) |
+[ġ]aq -t nn
sivuġun bow of sled; trim on front top
(of boot) | +ġun nn
sivukkaiyuuq (Nu) stone with one
end wide and the other narrow,
good for using with sling (rises
when it hits water) | -kkak- vv
-I-6 vv -ayuuq vn
sivukki- (i) to point straight forward
(of feet) | -kkI- nv
sivukkiaq- (Nu) (i) to turn in the
desired direction, to turn onto the
right road; (t) to turn, drive it in
desired direction; (t) ¤for it to
come up out of the water right in
front of them | -kkI- nv perhaps
+aq-1 vv
sivukkiit- (i) to be crooked | -kkI- nv
:It-1 vdv
sivukkik- (i) for it to be straight; (i) to
point straight ahead (of road, line,
or purpose) » sivukkiqsuq it is
turned in the desired direction |
-kkI- nv -k-2 vv
525
sivukkiksi- (i) to become straight; (i)
to position oneself in direct line
with one’s destination; (i) to
position oneself straight ahead; (i)
to no longer be confused | -kkI- nn
-k-2 vv +sI-1 vv
sivukkiq- (i) to turn onto the right
road, in the desired direction |
-kkI- nv +q-1 vv
sivulik- (t) to do something before
she/he does; (t) to cut in line in
front of her/him » sivulikługik
tikisimaruguk aullaqqaaŋaruak
it seems that we arrived before the
onesd who left earlier did | -lik- vv
§ saaŋiq-
sivuliñaaq (Ti) incisor | -liñaaq nn §
sivuġaq
sivuliqqat or sivulliit (Nu) front teeth
| -liġaq nn ‘-t nn or -llIQ nn :It nn
sivulliaġruit (Nu) ancestors | -llIQ nn
-aġruk nn :It nn
sivulliġruq- (Ti) (i) to lead others
(of leader of warriors); to lead
dogs (of man by walking in front
of them) | -llIQ nn -ġruq- vv
sivulliq(-) first one; ancestor,
forefather; leader; foreleg, lower
section of foreleg; (i) to lead the
way; (t) to lead her/him/it along »
“….imma unipkaapiaġatauluni
inġitchuq, aglaan quliaqtuaq
ilisimaŋakkaŋat taipkua
sivullivsa.” (Ekowana: 15) [it is
not really a legend but a story that
was known to our ancestors] |
-llIQ nn
Sivulliq or Sivulliik [lit. “the first
two”] the two stars Arcturus and
Muphrid in constellation Bootes;
“67. Arcturus…. si-bwŭd’-li”
(Ray: 56); “Time is measured by
the sun when it is visible, or by
some of the stars at night. For
instance, they say ‘we started
when the sun was yonder (in the
 heavens) and travelled till it was
yonder.’ Arcturus, Sibwu’dli, is
the time-piece of the seal-netters.
When this star has passed over to
the east they know that dawn is at
hand and that netting is nearly
over.” (Murdoch 1890: 41) »
qauġaqsimman alliġiik
taapkuak qaŋattaaniktiġmagnik
qausuuruq when dawn is
approaching and when the two
[stars] that are one on top of the
other have risen, then dawn
occurs; “taapkuagguuq
qaŋattaaniktiġmagnik uvluq
nuirraqsisuuruq” (Matumeak
2009) [it is said that right after
those two (stars) rise the day
breaks]; “uvlum tuŋaani
nuisuuruq; qaum sivuuraŋani
qausaŋaiñŋaan nuisuuruq;
qulliġiiksuk aagruuk uvlumi
sivulliuguraġuuruq;
aŋiuraqtuaq sivulliusuuruq”
(Aiken 2009) [as daylight
approaches it becomes visible; it
becomes visible right before
daylight comes; the aagruuk are
one on top of the other; the bigger
(star) appears first] | -llIQ nn §
Aagruuk
sivulliq- (i) to lead the way; (t) to lead
her/him/it along; to coax them
=sled dogs along (when the dogs
have been travelling for a long
time, a person would take the lead
and break trail) | -llIQ- nn
‘=Iq-1 nv
sivulliqsi person who walks in front
of dogs | -llIQ nn ‘=Iq-1 nv
mt/ri vn
sivulliu- (i) to be first | -llIQ nn
:u-1 nv
sivulliuqti lead dog | -llIQ nn
‘=Iq-1 nv :uq-2 vv mt/ri vn
526
sivuluat front teeth, incisors; hair
hanging over forehead, bangs |
+luaq nn -t nn
sivumiuri (Ti) harpooner; navigator;
crew person in bow of whaling
boat | +miu- vv mt/ri vn § sivuqti
sivuniġi- (t) to advance toward
her/him/it; (i) to be the meaning of
it = word | +niQ1 nn +[g]i- nv
sivuniq meaning, purpose, direction;
future » sivuniŋat
nalupqinaqtuq their future is
uncertain | +niQ1 nn
sivuniqsi- to understand, comprehend
(it) | +niQ1 nn +sI-2 nv
sivuniqtuuq- (i) to be obstinate,
stubborn, headstrong | +niQ1 nn
+tuuq- nv
sivunmuktaq or sivutmuktaaq (Nu)
a long sod house with the entrance
at one end (Ingstad: 158) |
-nmuk- nv mt/raq1 vn or mt/raaq2 vn
§ akilliġii, iglupiaqtaqłik
sivunmun forward, to the future |
-nmun nc
sivunmuu- (i) to proceed despite
advice to the contrary; (i) to be
determined; (i) to be obstinate,
headstrong, stubborn, insistent; (i)
to move forward | +t-2 nv
-muk- nv -u-2 vv
sivunmuutu- (i) to be arrogant,
headstrong, stubborn, obstinate,
insolent as a behavioral strait |
+t-2 nv -muk- nv -u-2 vv +tu- vv
sivunniġvik (Nu) direction in which
one is heading | +niQ1 nn ‘=Iq-1 vv
+vIk1 vn
sivunniq- (i) to decide, make up one’s
mind; (Nu) (i) to head in a specific
direction, go a certain way; (t) to
outline her/his/its course of action;
(Nu) (t) to head, send her/him/it in
a certain direction | +niQ1 vn
‘=Iq-1 nv
sivunniqsa! call for question (during
meeting) | +niQ1 nn ‘=Iq-1 nv
+ta (3p Optative) § piksraqta!
sivunniuġutigi- (t) for them to be
making decisions concerning,
about her/him/it; plan a course of
action for handling her/him/it |
+nniuq- rv :un1 vn +[g]i- nv
sivunniun or sivunniuġun plan,
purpose; decision; agreement;
contract; negotiation; (Nu) goal,
destination »
sivunniuġutiksrautikput
naatqaaġlugu pigupta
nakuuniaqtuq it will be good for
us to complete our plan of action
first | +niQ1 nn ‘=Iq-1 nv :un1 vn
sivunniun nalutchiñikun plot, secret
plan | +niQ1 nn ‘=Iq-1 nv :un1 vn
sivunniuq- to plan (it); (i) to decide;
(i) to negotiate; (t) to explain it |
+niQ1 nn ‘=Iq-1 nv :uq-2 vv
sivunniuqatigiik- to plan, act, or
work together | +niQ1 nn
‘=Iq-1 nv :uq-2 vv ±qati vn
+[g]iik(-) nv
sivuŋiq- (t) to preempt or get in front
of her/him/it; (t) to get in front of
her/him (perhaps preventing,
delaying, or forestalling her/him
from doing something that she/he
will regret) @ sivuŋiqsi- |
+ŋIq- nv || +sI-3 vv
sivuqłiq or (Ti) sivuġli sailor
(because a sailor used to sleep in
bow of ship, sivu) umiaqpait
savaktiŋi sivuqłiñik
taiguġuumarait the workers of
the ships were called sivuqłit;
sivuani siñigviqaġnisuugai it is
said they slept in the bow of the
ships, sivu (Matumeak 2009) |
+llIQ nn
sivuqqaaq- to become visible in front
of (her/him/it) » “sivuġakkun
puiruq suruq qiñiġnaqsiruq”
527
(Aiken 2009) [it surfaces right in
front of her or whatever, it
becomes visible] | +[ġ]aq nn
‘-aq-4 nv
sivuqqiaq- (Nu) (i) to go on ahead of
others, to scout | -qqI- vv +aq-1 vv
sivut- (i) to navigate from the bow of
a boat, giving direction; (t) to
navigate it =boat from the bow of
boat | -t-2 nv
sivuti harpooner; (Ti) navigator »
“aġviqsiuġmata sivuti taamna
nauligaqti” (Kinneeveauk 2008)
[when they are whaling, the
navigator is the harpooner] |
mt/ri vn § sivumiuri
sivuuġa- (i) to be apprehensive; (i) to
dread being blamed or
reprimanded; (i) to be fearful, be
intimidated » “Sumik
sivuuġaŋaiġlugu itquvlugu.”
(Ahvakana: 22) [he wanted her to
not be apprehensive about
anything] | -uġa- nv
sivuuġagi- (t) to dread to facing
her/him/it, be apprehensive of
her/him/it;(t) to anticipate
her/him/it with reluctance,
anxiety, or alarm | -uġa- nv
+[g]i- vdv
sivuuġanaq(-) dread, doom, anxiety;
alarm; reluctance; (i) to be
foreboding, dreadful; (i) to cause
apprehension | -uġa- nv
+naq(-) vv
sivuuġasaaġun threat, intimidation |
-uġa- nv ±saaq-2 vv +un1 vn
sivuuġasaaq- (t) to intimidate, bully,
frighten, threaten or coerce
her/him/it into submission or
obedience | -uġa- nv ±saaq-2 vv
sivvuŋa- (i) to have a protruding mouth,
jaw, or lower face | ±ŋa- vv
sivvuq- (t) to wring it out @ sivvuqsi- »
“Aasii qipiaqsivlugu imuraq
akłunaaq sivvuqługu ivsaŋa.”
(Kaveolook 1975b: 7) [then they
begin to twist the coiled rope
wringing out its juice] || :I-4 vv §
siqqiiq-
su(-) (Interrog. stem to which many
suffixes may be added; entries
based on su(-) are integrated into
the S section) a what; (i) to do
what; (t) to do what to her/him/it »
suviñ what are you doing;
suŋitchuŋa I’m not doing
anything; suvauŋ what did he do
to her
*sua (root) intensity, strength, power
suallak- (i) to become excited over
something | -ala- vv ‘-k-2 vv
suama- (i) to be strong, resilient; (i) to
have fortitude, resilience, guts |
+ma- vv
suammak- (i) to become stronger,
revitalized: (i) to become more
emotional | +ma- vv ‘-k-2 vv
suaŋa- (i) to be strong, powerful; (i)
to be dynamic, full of energy |
±ŋa- vv
suaŋairrun ailment, mild sickness |
±ŋa- vv :It-1 vv -rrun vn
suaŋait- (i) to be weak | ±ŋa- vv
:It-1 vv
suaŋŋak- (i) to gain strength, become
healthy after an illness | ±ŋa- vv
‘-k-2 vv
suaŋŋan power, strength | ±ŋa- vv
suaŋŋatiqpak might, extraordinary
force or power | ±ŋa- vv ‘-k-2 vv
‘n1 vn +qpak(-) nn
sua (excl.) or sua una lo and behold; then
totally or partially unexpected;
unexpectedly (used with any
demonstrative pronoun and
528
together may take the place of a
verb in a complex sentence) sua
una isiqhuni then unexpectedly,
he came inside; sua ikkuak lo and
behold, there theyd were)
suagguuq perhaps, maybe, just
maybe | +gguuq (encl.)
¤suahii or suaqhii (Nu) (excl.) what’s
that | +hii (encl.)
suasiuna (excl.) lo, then again, it
appears unexpectedly| sua aasii
(conj.) una (dem. pron. sg), which
can be replaced by any other
demonstrative pronoun) | una
suasiavsruma lo, then again a
character in a story or a situation
which has also been a character in
a previous narrative or situation |
avsruma
suasiukua lo, then again, they who
are presently active in one’s
situation | ukua
suak- (t) to scold, rebuke, reprimand,
reproach her/him/it @ suakłiq- ||
+kłIq- vv
suaksiq- (i) to constantly be scolded;
(i) to presently be scolded |
+[t]sIq- vv
sualuk- (t) to scold her/him/it lightly |
perhaps -luk- vv
suanaguti- (t) to begin to scold
her/him/it | -naguti- vv
sualuk anything worn-out, tattered |
-aluk nn < su(-)
suaq- (i) to ask “what”; (t) to ask “what”
of her/him | +q-2 nv, dv < su(-)
suaqłuk litter, trash, something of no
value | +aqłuk nn < su(-)
suaqłuiq- (i) to become clean, clear of
litter | +aqłuk nn :Iq-2 nv
suaqłuu- (i) to be filled with rubbish,
trash, stuff; (i) to be dirty (of
 water) » “suaqłuukami imiq
suqłuiyaqługu” (Matumeak
2009) [when water is dirty, it is
filtered] § suaqłuk(-) | łuk nn
:u-3 nv
suaqłukuvik trash can | +aqłuk nn
-ku- nv +vIk1 vn
sugaluaq-1 (with Conditional endings)
sometimes quite unexpectedly one
would do something »
“…sugaluaġami
qargisuummivlunilu…”
(Ahvakana: 2) [once in a while
he would come to the meeting
house unexpectedly] |
+k/galuaq- vv < su(-)
sugaluaq-2 (with Consequential
endings) even if one does
something » sugaluaqpan
uqallagnak no matter what he
does, don’t say a word; |
+k/galuaq- vv
sugi- (interrog.) (t) to be a what to
her/him/it » sugiviuŋ taamna
iñuk what is that person to you |
+[g]i-nv < su(-)
sugiŋit- (t) for it to be of no
consequence, no concern, no
bother; (Ti) (t) to leave her/him/it
alone, not bother her/him/it »
aakaa sugiŋitkaa tainna
pigupku it does not matter to my
mother if you do it that way |
+[g]i- nv ±ŋIt- vv or +[g]i- nv
+nŋIq- vv
suginġiq- or suginŋiq- (t) for it to
become of no consequence »
“Suginŋiġigaak,
nalupqisunġiqsuk.” (Nageak
1975: 44) [it (their situation) is no
longer of consequence to them,
they understood their predicament
clearly] | +[g]i- nv +nġit- vv
529
suglut (Ti) half-masks made from tanned
white caribou hide; a group of
performances carried out during
“the sitting” aquppiyut » “The
next group of performances
carried out during “the sitting” is
call suglut, a term derived from
the skin masks made by men in
the two qalegis. Actually the
suglut are half-masks, made from
tanned white caribou skin…tied
over the forehead so that a fringe
of caribou hair attached to the
lower edge hangs down over the
face.” (Rainey: 249) § aquppiyut
°sugna (stem) direction | -k-3 vv +na
(dem. sg. mkr.) < su(-)
sugnamiñ (interrog.) from what
direction » sugnamiñ
tikiññiaġnasugivigi ipkua
uniaġaqtuat which direction do
you think the dogteams will be
arriving from | -k-3 nv +na (dem.
sg. ending) ÷miñ (abl.)
sugnamuk- (interrog.) (i) to be going
which direction » sugnamukpa
nukaaluiñ anikami which
direction did your younger sibling
go after she came out |
-k-3 nv +na (dem. sg. ending)
÷muk- nv
sugnamun (interrog.) to which
direction » sugnamun
aullaġniaġniva aŋaiyyuliqsi
uvlaaku which direction did the
preacher say he would be going
tomorrow | -k-3 nv +na (dem. sg.
ending) ÷mun (term.)
sugniqpa (interrog.) from what
direction is the wind blowing |
-k-3 nv +nIq-2 vv +pa (3p sg.
interogg) | -k-3 nv +nIq-2 rv
*suġ (root) aggression
 suġruk- (i) to go over to berate,
quarrel with, or attack someone;
(t) to go over to berate, quarrel
with or attack her/him | +rruk- rv
suġruit war party, group of fighters |
+rruk rn :It2 nn
suġuk- (i) to wrestle with each other;
(t) to fight, wrestle with
her/him/it; (t) tease her/him/it |
+uk rv
suġġiaq- (i) to go to wrestle |
‘=iaq- vv
suġuuraaq- (i) to wrestle playfully;
(t) to wrestle playfully, tease
her/him | +uk rv -uraaq- vv
*suġaq (root) fragment; an item |
+[ġ]aq vn
suġailaq something whole, uncut,
complete | :ilaq rn
suġaiñŋuġruaq very large mass of
pack ice (Harcharek: 15) | ‘-It-1 rv
+ŋuq nn +ġruaq nn
suġait- (i) to be whole (of something);
(i) to be healthy or doing well |
‘-It-1 rv
suġaliq property, wealth, treasure,
riches | -liQ nn
suġallak- (i) to become wealthy,
acquire property; (t) to acquire
much property for her/him |
-liQ nn ‘-k-2 vv § umiallak-
suġalliqpik warehouse | -liQ nn
‘=Iq-2 nv +qpik vn § suvvik
suġautaisuq- (i) to go and get
belongings, equipment | -utaq nn
:isuq- nv
suġauttaqaġvik warehouse |
-utaq nn -qaq- nv +vIk1 vn
suġautaq piece of property | -utaq nn
suġautat supplies, necessities;
possessions, belongings | -utaq nn
-t nn
suġliq Horned Grebe (Podiceps auritus)
530
suġlitchauraq Red-necked Grebe
(Podiceps grisigena)
suġlu nasal cavity | +lu nn
suġmik- (Ti) (i) to spurt, squirt out |
+mik rv § suvlik-
suġusiq implement, device, property;
part of another object | -ġun nn
:Iq nn < su(-)
suġutiksrait- (i) to come to the point of
not knowing what to do »
“suniaqtilaaksramiñik naluruq”
(Aiken 2009) [he does not know
what to do] | +un vn ~Iq nn
+ksraq(-)1 nn :It-1 nv
suiq- (i) to be emptied, depleted; (i) to no
longer have anything | :Iq-2 nv <
su(-)
suiġut- (t) to take all of his
possessions | +ut-2 vv
suiġuti- (i) to run out of supplies; (t)
to take all of her/his possessions |
:Iq-2 nv :uti2 vv
su iluqaan (excl.) everything < su(-)
suit- (i) to have nothing; (i) for there to be
nothing | :It-1 nv < su(-)
suilaq one who has nothing |
:It-1 vn -laq vn
suilauri- (i) to do something secretly;
(i) do something and then deny it;
(i) to keep something hidden |
:It-1 vn -laq vn:u-1 nv -rI-2 vv
suitchuq number zero |
:It-1 nv +t/ruq (Indicative 3s) §
kisitchisaġvik
suilli- (i) to relax after being busy, rest
| :illI- nv
*suk (root) presence | su(-) -k-1 vv
 sukpalliq- (i) to let one’s presence be
known by making noise |
+p/vallIq- nv
sukpaluiñŋataaġuraaq- (i) to
proceed slowly, intently without
making any noise » “Qiviaġama,
sua una nanuq!
Sukpaluiñŋataaġuraaqhuni
piruaq.” (Nageak 1976: 4) [when
I turned to look, there was a polar
bear; he had been coming slowly
but steadily without making any
noise] | -p/valuk- vv :It-1 vv
±ŋa- vv +taaq- vv :uraaq- vv
sukpaluk- or sukpaluktaq- (i) to
make noise (of unseen person or
thing) | -p/valuk- vv or
+p/valuk- vv +t/raq-1 vv
sukuiq- (t) to scrutinize and recognize
her/him/it in the distance, in fog,
etc.; (t) to recognize, distinguish
her/him/it | perhaps -kun (via.) rv
:Iq-2 vv
sukuiġi- (t) to finally recognize
her/him; (t) to perceive it perfectly
| perhaps -kun (via.) :Iq-2 rv
+[g]i- vv § ilitchuġi-, kisuiq-
sukuimmaġiksi- (t) to finally, really
ascertain what it is »
tautułauraqtilgitkaa
sukuimmaġiksimmiñagulu he
caught a glimpse of it but did not
really ascertain what it was |
perhaps -kun (via.) rv :Iq-2 vv
-mmaġIksI- vv
sukuiqsit- (i) to cause oneself to be
recognized | perhaps
-kun (via.) :Iq-2 rv mtit-1 nv
suka- (i) to be fast, be quick
sukait- (i) to be slow | : It-1 vv
sukapkaq- (t) to be fast (of pulse) »
“naŋirrutaa; tigliqtaaŋit
sukapkaġnisuugait” (Matumeak
2009) [it’s his sickness; they say
531
that his pulse becomes fast] |
-pkaq-2 vv
sukasaałłik- (i) to walk fast |
+saq-4 vv -ałłik- vv
sukasałauraq- (i) to be moving
quickly, but not too quickly |
+saq-2 vv -łauraq- vv
sukasaq- (i) to do something quickly,
move quickly » sukasaqpaiññak
pusikaqpiaqtutin don’t go too
fast, you might fall forward |
+saq-2 vv
sukasi- (i) to speed up, to accelerate;
(t) to increase its speed, to
accelerate it | +sI-1 vv
sukat- (i) to be fast, quick » sukattuq
siqiñġuraq the clock is fast | +t-2
vv
sukkaaġik- (i) to be going at a good
speed | ‘aq4 vn +[g]Ik- nv
sukaq a river flowing underground at the
base of a mountain » “suvliktuaq
ataramik nunam ataani iġġim
killiŋani” (Matumeak 2009) [it’s
one (a river) that is flowing all the
time underground at the base of a
mountain]
¤sukaqpaak or ¤ sukkak two
mountains with a river flowing
underground between them |
+qpak nn -k2 nn
sukkit- [sukkIt] (i) to take a step and get a
nail, thorn, tack in one’s foot
sukkiutaq splinter, thorn, nail in foot |
:utaq vn § qauqqutaq
¤sukłuu- (Nu) (i) to be dirty (of water) |
-qłuk nn :u-3 nv < su(-)
suksraaq- (t) to forsake, abandon, give up
on her/him/it; (i) to die during a
hunt while at sea »
“ikayuġumiñaiġaa; suksraaġaa”
(Matumeak 2009) [she is not able
 to help him now; she gives up on
him] | +ksraq(-) nn -aq-4 nv < su(-)
suksraaqtaupiallagniq desolation,
despair, loss of hope | +ksraq(-) nn
-aq-4 nv +t/raq vn :u-1 nv
-piallak- vv +niQ1 vn
suksraaqtaupiallak- (i) to be
desolate, forsaken, abandoned,
without friends; (i) to despair |
+ksraq(-) nn -aq-4 nv +t/raq vn
:u-1 nv -piallak- vv
suksraġinġiq- or sugraġiñġiq- (t) to
come to hold her/him in low
esteem, not think highly of
her/him; to not care for her/him
anymore » “Uvvaliqaagguuq
avsruma sugraġiñġiġaa
sugraġiñġiġik aapaŋakta,
allamik aġnamik
nakuaqsraqłuni.” (Ahvakana:
12) [she realizes then that he, the
father, no longer cared for her, no
longer cared for them (she and her
child) because he loved another
woman] | -ksraq(-) nn +[g]i- nv
+nġIq- vv
suksraġiŋit- (t) to hold her/him in
low esteem, have no respect for
her/him | -ksraq(-) nn +[g]i- nv
±ŋIt- vv
suksraq (excl.) what good is it; never
mind; it is of no consequence »
“Qaugait utkua suksrat,
nannum tavra
piyuaqsaġaluaġniġaaŋa.”
(Nageak 1976: 4) [the ducks
down there were of no
consequence; a polar bear had
been intending to harm me] |
-ksraq(-) nn
suksraq una (excl.) this one is good
for nothing | -ksraq(-) nn
suksraugaqsi- (i) to be about to die,
be killed, violently, such as being
crushed by ice; (t) to be about to
532
destroy her/him/it | -ksraq(-) nn
:u-1 nv -aqsI- vv
suksraunġiun condemnation; doom;
annihilation | -ksraq(-) nn :u-1 nv
+nġIq- vv :un2 vn
suksraunġiq- (i) to be completely
destroyed; (i) to become useless;
(t) to destroy, ruin, demolish
her/him/it completely; (t) to doom,
condemn her/him/it | -ksraq(-) nn
:u-1 nv +nġIq- vv
suksraunġiqsat destruction |
-ksraq(-) nn :u-1 nv +nġIq- vv
+t/raq vn
*suksraq (stem) an item | +ksraq (-) nn,
nv < su(-)
suksraisuq- (not used with indicative
endings)(i) to fetch something; (t)
fetch something for her/him/it »
suksraisuqpa what has he gone to
fetch; suksraisuqtiłługu-kiaq
imma tikitchuaq aapaŋa her
father arrived after she had gone
to fetch something, but I forget
what | +ksraq (-) nn, nv :Isuq- nv
sukuluk(-) a little bit of something;
expression including every little
bit; (with conditional or
consequential endings) (i) to do
whatever » sukulukkama
suaguugaaŋa whenever I do
anything, she scolds me |
±kuluk- vv, nn < su(-)
sukun (interrog.) which way; by what
means § su(-) -kun (via.)
suli (conj.) furthermore; and, also, more;
still in progress » savaktuq suli
she is still eating < su(-)
suli- (i) to make something; (t) to make it
into something | -lI-1 nv < su(-)
 suliġusiq (Nu) way of doing
something, a custom | -li-1 nv
-ġun vn :Iq vn § pilġusiq < su(-)
suliuġvik factory | -liuq- nv +vIk1 vn
sulliqsi- (i) to start being productive
(especially in making clothing by
sewing) | -lI-1 nv ‘-q-1 vv +sI1- vv
sulliqsu- (i) to be productive
(especially in making clothing by
sewing) | -lI-1 nv ‘-q-1 vv +su- vv
Sullivik or Sulivik [lit. “time to make
things”] months of October and
November » “I. 1853, Oct, 2.
Shud’-le- wing, sewing.”
(Simpson: 260) | -lI-1 nv +vIk1 vn
§ NippivIk, NuliaġvIk, Qiññuvik
Sullivium Aippaa [lit: “the other of
the time to make things”] month
of November » “II. [1853] Nov. 1,
Shud’-le-wing ai-pa, sewing.”
(Simpson: 260)
suliaq- (interrog.) (i) to go or come to do
what » suliaqpiñ why are you
here | -liaq- nv < su(-)
suliqi- (interrog.) (i) to be doing what
activity | -liqi- vv
suliqutauŋit- (i) to be unimportant,
insignificant | -liqi- nv ~un1 vn
:u-1 nv ±ŋIt- vv
suliqutigi- (with negative 2nd person
subordinative endings) (t) to have
nothing further to do with
her/him/it » suliqutiginagu don’t
pay any attention to her | -liqi- nv
~un1 vn +[g]i- nv
suliqutigiŋaiq- (t) to forgive her/him;
(t) to no longer pay attention to
her/him/it, ignore her/him/it | -liqi-
nv ~un1 vn +[g]i- nv ±ŋaiq- vv
suliqutigiŋaiġun forgiveness |
+[g]i- nv ±ŋaiq- vv :un
suliqutigiŋaiqsi- (i) to forgive
someone | -liqi- nv ~un1 vn
+[g]i- nv ±ŋaiq- vv +sI-3 vv
533
suliqutigiŋit- (t) to not pay attention
to her/him/it; (t) to ignore
her/him/it | -liqi- nv ~un1 vn
+[g]i- nv ±ŋIt- vv
Suliruk a practice of gift exchange held
during a period of trading »
“Another practice at this time was
call suliruk: a man who had a
partner in another qalegi sent him
a gift … requesting a specified
exchange.” (Rainey: 246) §
yuġaq(-)
sulliñiq (interrog.) what part of a whole »
taamnauna atigim sulliñġa what
part of a parka is that | -lliñiQ nn
sulliññauraq a relative who is one’s true
friend (C. Tuzroyluke 2009) §
avvasaaq
suluk(-) wing feather; (t) to shake off,
remove, e.g., snow, dust from
her/him/it @ sului- || :I-4 vv
suluksriuġvik a wooden lap work
table used to attach wing feather
to an arrow | +ksraq(-) nn
=iuq1- nv +vIk1 vn
suluktaatchialik Bohemian Waxwing
(Bombycilla garrulus)
suluktaq (Nu) feather for headdress,
(Ti) “…feather headdress called
suluk” worn by male performers
(Rainey: 250) | +taq nn
suluktat feather headdress | perhaps
+taq nn -t nn
suluktuq- (i) to shake one’s clothing;
(t) to shake it =clothing @
suluktui- » “ivsuktuqtuq
aputaulaaqłuni isiqtuni”
(Matumeak 2009) [one shakes
oneself when one comes in
covered in snow] | +tuq-2 vv ||
:I-4 vv
 suluktuun snow beater used to beat
snow off of something | +tuq-2 vv
:un1 vn
sulukpaugaq Arctic grayling
(Thymallus arcticus)
suluun dorsal fin; container for
storing arrow feathers; (Nu)
old-style wooden box used to
contain tools, etc. | :un1 vn
sułłaya- (i) to have strong emotions; to be
emotional | -łłak- vv -ya-1 vv
< su(-)
sum (interrog.) [dual suk, pl. sut] what;
what object’s noun » sum
igniqutaanik igniqutchiqpiuŋ
which object’s engine did you
built into it | ÷m (rel) < su(-)
sumi (interrog.) where, in what location |
÷mI (loc.) < su(-)
sumiliqaa everywhere | -liqaa (encl.)
sumipayaaq everywhere | ÷mI (loc.)
+payaaq nn, cv
sumiqsiuq- (interrog.) (i) to wander
whereabouts » “Tarva
…aimman niqsaŋiññiġman
iġñi… isiġman uqallautigaa,
sumiqsiuqługu pimmagaan,
suvluni niqsaŋiñmagaan.”
(Ahvakana: 38) [then…when he
came home without any game
meat… after he has entered, she
asks her son where he had been
and what he had done, and also
asked why he did not catch
anything] | ÷mI (loc.) +qsiuq- vv
sumik (interrog.) [sugnik (dl), sunik (pl)]
what item » sumik piqaġukpa
what does she want | ÷mik (mod.)
< su(-)
sumigliqaa anything, whatever |
-liqaa (encl.)
534
sunigliqaanik every kind | ÷nik
(mod.) +liqaa (encl.) ÷nik (mod.)
sumiñ (interrog.) whence, from where »
sumiñ paqitpiuŋ where did you
find it | ÷miñ (abl.) < su(-)
sumiñŋaq- come from where | ÷miñŋaq-
summagaaq- (t) to check on her/him/it to
find out what she/he/it is doing |
+mmagaaq- vv < su(-)
summan (interrog.) why | +mman (3s
conseq) < su(-)
summankiaq or summantakiaq I
wonder why | +mman (3s conseq)
-pta (encl.) +kiaq (encl.)
summaq (Ti) reindeer skin tobacco pouch
§ tilaammaayuun
sumun (interrog.) to where |
÷mun (term.) < su(-)
sumuaglaan or sumun aglaan
(interrog.) how far »
sumuaglaaqsimava how far has
he progressed | ÷mun (term.)
aglaan (conj.)
sumuaglaaq- (interrog.) (i) how far
did he/she/it go » sumuaglaaqpat
unnuaq how far did they progress
last night | ÷mun (term.)
-aglaaq- vv
sumuk- (interrog.) (i) to go where; (i0
to place it where | +muk- vv
sunun aglaan (adv.) continuously »
sunun aglaan uqaġuuruq he
talks continuously | ÷nun (term.)
aglaan (conj.)
suna or su (interrog.) what | +na (dem.
sg. mkr.) < su(-)
¤sunalikum (expression) guess what I
have | +na (dem. sg. mkr.) +likum
(encl.)
 sunapayaaq or supayaaq anything;
everything | +na (dem. sg. mkr.)
+payaaq nn § sunigliqaa
sunauvva (excl.) and all the while; lo
and behold » ivasugrulgiññiġiga
sunauvva aiganiŋaruaq
I searched for him everywhere,
and here he had already gone
home | +na (dem. sg. mkr.) uvva
sunakki- (i) to store food for future
use » “niqinik katitchiruat”
(Aiken 2009) [the ones storing
food for future use] | -kkI- nv
sunasuutit (Nu) bits of food scattered
around an animal trap | -t nn §
kanġaqsruutit, naġiutit
suniayuġattuq (excl.) it’s just as well; it
doesn’t matter | +niayuġat- vv
suniġluk (Nu) illness, disease < su(-)
suniuraq- (interrog.) (i) to do what
surreptiously | +nIt-1 vv-uraq- vv
sunŋu- (i) to hold a grudge | +nŋu- vv <
su(-)
sunŋun grudge; rancor | +nŋu- vv
-n1 vn
suŋaq gallbladder » “suŋaitchut tuttut;
nunamik niqiqaqtuat
suŋaitchut; niqipianik
niqiqaqtuat suŋaqaqtut” (Aiken
2009) [caribou do not have
gallbladders; those that eat grass
do not have gallbladders; those
that eat meat have gallbladders]
suŋaaq- (i) to be green | -aq-3 nv
suŋaaqtaaq something green; the
color green | -aq-3 nv +taaq vn
suŋaġniq fatty intestine of caribou,
moose, or deer » “iŋaluaŋit
qaunnaqpaligaat suŋaġniŋit
tamarra” (Aiken 2009) [the
535
intestines with a lot of solid fat are
the suŋaġniq] | +niQ2 nn
suŋaġnit- (i) to taste bitter; to taste or
smell of bile | +nIt-2 nv
suŋaqsruq- (i) to vomit a small
amount of bile | +qsruq-1 nv
suŋauraaq- (i) to be the color blue;
(Nu) (Ti) (i) to be the color green |
=uraaq- vv
suŋauraaqsi- (i) to become green (of
land) | -uraaq- vv +sI-1 vv
suŋauraaqtaaq something blue; color
blue | -uraaq- nv ‘t/raaq2 vn
suŋauraq bead | :uraq nn
suŋauraqpak (Nu) large, green bead |
:uraq nn +qpak(-) nn
suŋauravik (Nu) blue bead |
:uraq nn -vIk2 nn
¤suŋauraviŋñaq (Nu) type of bead,
bluish in color | :uraq nn
-vIk2 +naq
suŋaurriqi- (i) to do beadwork |
:uraq nn ‘=Iqi- nv
suŋŋiqi- (i) to vomit quantities of bile
| ‘=Iqi- nv
suŋaqpaluktuŋiq Yellow Warbler
(Dendroica petechia); Yellow-
Rumped Warbler (Dendroica
coronata) | +p/valuk- vv,nv
+tuŋiq vn
suŋnamun (interrog.) which direction §
sugnamun under su(-)
suŋŋuq (Nu) eyebrow ridge of caribou
¤suŋutlulluuq Varied Thrush (Ixoreus
naevius)
supasaġiŋit- (t) to not care for her/him/it;
(t) to feel contempt for her/him/it;
(t) to regard her/him/it as not
worthy of attention | -pasaq nv
+[g]i- nv ±ŋIt- vv < su(-)
supayaat everything | -payaaq nn -t nn <
su(-)
supi- (i) to break up and flow (of frozen
river); (t) to blow it =candle flame
out @ supisi- || +sI-3 vv
¤supikałłaktaq- or supiłhaqtaq-
(Nu) (i) to be gusty (of wind) |
-kaq- vv -łłak- vv +t/raq-1 vv or
-łhaq- +t/raq-1 vv §
anuqsraaġiksiraġaq-
supimaaq- (i) to blow lightly (of
wind) | +maaq(-) vv
supiniq or sumniq initial breakup
point of a river | -niQ1 vn §
sikkiqi-
Suppivik or (Nu) Supruġvik month
of May | ‘-vIk1 vn
suppun rifle; gun | ‘n1 vn
suppuqhiaq- (i) to spurt (of liquid);
(t) to spurt it out »
suppuqhiaqtuaq tautuktaġa
I saw it spurt out | ‘-q-1 vv
-qhiaq- vv
suppuqtaġvik exhaust pipe | ‘-q-1 vv
+t/raq-1 vv +vIk1 vn
suppuqtaq(-) ¤(Ti) long-stemmed,
old-style pipe; (i) to give off
exhaust (of any engine); (t) to give
off exhaust toward her/him/it (of
any engine) | ‘-q-1 vv +t/raq-1 vn
suppuqtaun exhaust pipe »
“suppuqtautiqaġuurut
igniligaurat qunmullu
saniñmullu” (Aiken 2009)
[engine boats have exhaust pipes
that bend upwards or sideways] |
‘-q-1 vv +t/raq-1 vn -un1 vn
suppurri yourp gun »
“….supputaiłaaġlusi
taunuŋaġuvsi qanuġlugu
suppurri nannum tikisiġniqpasi
aiñiaqpisiuŋ?” (Nageak 1976: 2)
[…if you go down on the ice
without a gun, how are you going
to fetch your gun when you
536
realize a polar bear has come upon
you] | +ri (poss. 3p-3s)
supputaiłaaq(-) one without a gun; (i)
to proceed, go without a gun |
:ilaaq(-) vv, vn
supputi- (t) to carry or force
her/him/it along (of river or air
current) | ‘-uti- vv
supputiligaaġuraaqusuu- (t) to want
her/him to bring along a gun for
protection just in case »
“Supputiligaaġuraaqusuugaaŋa
mapqallapqamik unnii ilaanni.”
(Nageak 1976: 2) [he would want
me to bring along a gun even one
that could barely shoot] | ‘-uti1 vn
-ligaaq(-) nv, nn :uraaq- vv -qu- vv
+[s]uu- vv
supputiqsruq- (i) to reach for and get
a gun » supputiqsruqpan
qimakkumausi when he reaches
for his gun, run | +qsruq-1 nv
supputit- (t) to shoot her/him/it with a
gun; (t) to strike it with a whaling
bomb | ‘-n vn -t-1 nv
supputitchaq- or supputisaq- (Nu)
(i) to shoot a gun | ‘-n vn -t-1 nv
-saq- vv
suvlaq- (t) to open it =a closed valve
(as of a primus stove, gas lantern,
etc.) | ~laq- vv
suvlaun pipe cleaner (traditionally
made of bone); primus stove or
gas lantern valve cleaner |
~laq- vv :un1 vn
suvlik- (i) to leak through a hole; to
gush out through a puncture; to
flow up through a hole in ice (of
water) | ~lik- vv
suvlu or (Nu) suplu pore; tiny hole;
barrel of gun | -lu vn
suvluaq- or (Nu) supluaq- (t) to blow
on her/him/it once; (i) to spout (of
whale) » suvluaqługu qamittaa
he blew it out | =luaq-1 vv
 suvluaqtunġaq flute, a woodwind
musical instrument | =luaq-1 vv
+tuq-2 vv -nġaqvn
suvluaqtuq- (i) to blow on
(her/him/it) with successive gusts |
=luaq-1 vv +tuq-2 vv
suvluġrak porous rock, bone, or ice |
-lu(q) vn +rak(-) nn
Suvluġvik or Suvligvik month of
May; “It was Suvluravik tatqiq,
‘the moon when rivers flow,’ a
season when everyone felt free
and happy.” (Nelson: 94) »
“Ikpikpaglu Kuulugruaġlu
atautchikun supisuumaruak;
sivuliksauraqługik
aisauraġnaqtuk” (Matumeak
2009) [Ikpikpak and Kuulugruaq
(rivers) begin flowing at the same
time; one has to begin returning
home before they begin (flowing)]
| ~luq-3 vv +vIk1 vn §
Nuġġiaqtuġvik
supi(-) aged butter or animal fat; (Ti) to
become moldy (of caribou fat) »
“qaunnaq supimman
tivluksisuuruq” (Matumeak
2009) [when caribou fat becomes
moldly, it becomes smelly];
“tipaaqsianiktiġman qaunnaq
supirugguuq tavra,
niġisuġnaitchuq” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [when the fat becomes
smelly, it is said to have become
moldy; it is not good to eat
anymore]
¤supik- (t) to turn it sideways § sanniq-
supiaġaq- (i) to tack, sail diagonally
to the wind, zigzag (of boat ); (i)
to ski diagonally »
“sanipuunġaqtuq” (Matumeak
2009) [he is using the centerboard
(to steer the boat)]; supiaġaqłuni
taŋmiġaqtuaq
537
qiñiyunapaluktuq the skier who
slalomed downhill looked good |
-pIk- vv -aq1 vn -q-2 nv +aq-1 vv
supiaq- (i) to travel in a diagonal line;
(t) to make a diagonal line on it |
-pIk- vv -aq1 vn -q-2 nv
supiaq diagonal line | -pIk- vv -aq1 vn
supiluqit- [supiluqIt] (i) to walk around
doing nothing, just passing time §
salipkak-, sanipkaaq-
suqaq- (i) to have something »
suqaqsimava what did she have |
-qaq- nv -sima- vv < su(-)
suqaġviuraq container for odds and
ends | -qaq- nv -vIk1 vn -uraqnn
suqłak- (i) to get dirty, become soiled |
‘-qłak- vv < su(-)
suqłiuq- (i) to be very sick, have much
pain | '-qłuk(-) nn, vv '=iuq-2 nv §
naŋit- < su(-)
suqłiuġun disease, sickness |
'-qłuk(-) nn, vv '=iuq-2 nv +un1 vn
suqłuk(-) impurity in water, e.g., dirt,
bugs, etc.; (i) to become impure,
dirty (of water) | '-qłuk(-) nn, vv §
ipiq < su(-)
suqłuu- (i) to be impure, dirty (of
water) |'-qłuk(-) nn, vv :u-1 vv
suqłuiyaq- (t) to filter it | ‘-qłuk(-) nn
:Iyaq- nv
suqłuiyaun filter | ‘-qłuk(-) nn, vv
:Iyaq- nv :un1 vn
°suqpa1 (stem) whereabouts | -qpa- nn <
su(-)
suqpani (interrog.) located
whereabouts | +nI (loc.)
suqpaniñ (interrog.) from
whereabouts | +niñ (abl.)
suqpanun (interrog.) to whereabouts |
+nun (term.)

*suqpa2 (root) shame, uncomfort
suqpanaq- (i) to be so badly behaved
that others feel uncomfortable,
shameful | +naq(-) rv
suqpasuk- (i) to be uncomfortable,
feel shame from worrying about
what others think of one |
=suk-2 rv
suqqaq [suqqaQ] baleen, whalebone »
suqqaŋi qiññaġipaluktut iis
baleen look so beautiful § see
Appendix 19
suqqalik whale that has baleen
(bowhead whale) | -lik nn § aġviq
suqqaaq- (t) to damage it =baleen by
cutting it badly when working on
it, or extracting it from whale |
‘-aq-2 nv
suqun one worthy of con-sideration or
attention » isiqami uqallautigaa
suqutigiŋaiġlugu iqsigiŋaiġlugu
itquvlugu when she entered, she
told him not to worry about her,
not to be afraid of her | +qun vn <
su(-)
suqutau- (i) to be helpful | +qun vn
:u-1 nv
suqutigi- (t) to take notice of, pay
attention to, be fond of her/him/it
| +qun vn +[g]i- nv
¤suqusiksrait- (i) to come to the point of
not knowing what to do | +qun vn
~Iq nn +ksraq(-)1 nn :It-1 nv
suqusiq habit; characteristic behavior of
person | +qun vn ~Iq nn § pilġusiq
< su(-)
suraġaq- to be doing something (to
her/him/it) | +t/raġaq- vv < su(-)
suraġaġniq an action verb; a person’s
characteristic behavior » iñuk
538
suraġaġniġmigun nalunaitchuq
a person is easy to recognize
through their behavior |
+t/raġaq- vv +niQ1 vn
suraġautchiq or suraġausiq
behavior, action | +t/raġaq- vv
:utchIq vn or =usIq vn
suraġruaq tobacco leaf | +ġruaq nn
suraksraq item to be worked on |
+t/raksraq vn < su(-)
suraksraqtu- (i) to require a lot of
work and bother »
suraksraqturuq asuuna; oh,
you are such a bother (requiring a
lot of attention) | +t/raksraq vn
-qtu- vv
suri one who does something » “takanna
takatkua aggaŋarut,
suriqalaiñmivlutiglu qaŋapak”
those who are downriver are
aggressive and there has been no
one to oppose them all this time
(Bergsland 1987: 329) | mt/ri vn
< su(-)
surratigiik- (i) to have influence over
each other | ‘ti vn +[g]iik(-) nv
surruiq- (i) to recover (of sick person or
animal) | -rrun vn :Iq-2 nv §
naŋinŋaiq-
*susaq (root) audible § *tusaq
susaa- (Ti) to hear (her/him/it); (i) to
hear news | -a-2 vv § tusaa-
susaarruġiit- or susaqsuit- (Ti) (i) to
be hard of hearing | -a-2 vv -rruq
vv +[g]Ik- vv :It-1 vv or -a-2 vv
+yuaq- vv or ±suit- vv
susaarruġik- (i) to have sharp hearing
| -a-2 vv -rruq vv +[g]Ik- vv
susaġnaq- (Ti) (i) to be audible »
“Taamnagguuq umialgat
Pamiuġyuksaaq, Tikiġaġmi
 iñuich uqaqtuat,
naalaġnaġisuugai, susaġnaġigai
ataramik.” (David Frankson as
reported Pulu, Sampson, Newlin:
94) [it is told that their leader
Pamiuġyuksaaq (leader of the
people living underground, and
taker of the dead) would listen to
the people of Tikiġaq talking, he
heard them all the time] |
+naq(-) vv § Itivyaat
susaq or susaqpak ace (in a deck of
cards) (Matumeak 2009)
*susaun (stem) action | +saq- vv -usIq vn
< su(-)
susausiiq- (i) to not know what to do;
be unable to make a choice; be
stumped » tavra susausiiqsuk,
aanġuaġiġmiuk then theyd do not
know what to do, theird amulet is
gone as well | +sausiiq- vv
susausiit- (i) to not know what to do |
+sausiit- vv
susi- (i) to buy; (t) to buy for her/him/it |
+sI-2 nv < su(-)
susisiksraq money to buy something
with | +sI-2 nv +un1 vn
+ksraq(-) nn
susiat- (Ti) (i) to limp § tusiat-
susialliq- (Ti) (i) to become lame
| -lliq- vv
susiġġuk- (Ti) (i) to walk with a limp,
to limp » “ayauppiaqtuqtuaq
susiġġuktuq” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [the person who is using a
cane is limping] | voiced
-qhuk(-) vv § tusiqhuk-
susuk- (interrog.) (i) to want to do what »
susukpiñ what do you want to do
| +[s]uk- vv < su(-)
539
susuksiu- (i) to long to do something
but have no means to do anything
| +[s]uk- vv +siu- vv
susunġiq- (i) to lose one’s
enthusiasm, become lethargic; (i)
be unwilling to do anything »
susunġiŋaruq uiñi piiġman she
no longer has any interests since
her husband passed away |
+[s]unġIq- vv
sutchiq (interrog.) which one |
+tchIq1 nn, dn < su(-)
sutchikun (interrog.) by, via which
means or way | +tchIq1 nn
+kun (via.)
sutqu- (interrog.) (t) to request her/him to
do what » sutquvatin uvlaaq
what did he want you to do this
morning | -tqu- vv < su(-)
sutqulait- (i) to be touchy, over
sensitive; (t) to not want her/him
to do anything; (t) to want nothing
to be done to her/him | +[t]qu- vv
-lait- vv
sutqut- (interrog.) (t) to go by which
way; in accordance with »
“Nigiġraiyaaġuqsimagaa
sutqunnagu uqalua.” (David
Frankson as reported by Pulu,
Sampson, Newlin: 96) [the wind
had started blowing slightly from
the east according to what he had
said]; sutqułługu
tautuŋisimavisiuŋ how is it that
you went that you did not see it |
-tqut- nv < su(-)
suu [ENG “soup”] soup
suu- (interrog.) (i) to be what » suuviñ
maani what is your function
around here | :u-2 nv
suuyumiñait- (i) to be worthless, use-
 less; (i) will not amount to any-
thing | :u-1 nv +yumiñaq- vv
:It-1 vv < su(-)
suummak small container »
“puuġurakkiuvva taugaaqqiñik
imaqaġuuruaq” (Aiken 2009)
[it’s a small bag which usually
had tobacco in it] § tuummaq
suunaaq (Nu) man’s male friend of same
age; close cousin; (Ti) relative
who was given away when young
to be raised by another family »
“ilauraaġiipiallaktuak iññuk;
simmiqsuutisuuruak
niġillaturamignik” (C.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [very close
relatives; persons who exchange
food they like to eat] § uuma
suunnaq something of consequence |
+unnaq nn < su(-)
suunnaġilait- (t) to not pay attention
to her/him/it » suunnaġilaitkaa
uqqaqtugaluaġman he does not
pay any attention to her since she
gossips so much | :unnaq vn +[g]i-
vv -lait- vv
suuŋilaq worthless item; number zero |
:u-1 nv ±ŋilaq vn < su(-)
suuŋilaġi- (t) to dishonor, feel
contempt toward her/him/it; (t) to
regard her/him/it as unimportant;
(t) to think her/him/it of no value,
worthless; (t) to discriminate
against her/him; (t) to neglect
her/him/it » suuŋilaġinagik
aŋayuqaakiñ do not dishonor
your parents | :u-1 nv ±ŋilaq vn
+[g]i- nv
suuramik unnii (excl.) definitely, without
any exception » suuramik unnii
isiġnasi don’t youp dare enter;
540
anuġaiññiġman suuramik unnii
makitiqtuq he got up when he
found that the air was very calm |
:uraq nn ÷mik (mod.) < su(-)
suuraq small item » “tavra tavraŋŋa
aullaligiññapta ataaqsaqhuta
suitchuq, iñuk iluqani
suuraiqsimaruq” then when we
departed again going
downstream, there was nothing;
everyone had run out of supplies
(Bergsland 1987: 382) | :uraq nn
< su(-)
suurimmaaq- (i) to be careful »
“pilluataġniuraqtuq”
(Matumeak 2009) [she is trying to
do her best (by being careful)]
suurraaq- (i) to become damaged,
broken (the damaged or broken
part is as yet unknown) |
:urraaq- nv < su(-)
suva (interrog.) why (used alone) §
summan
suvaata (interrog.) why; ‘how come’ |
+p/va (3s interrog) +ata (encl.)
< su(-)
suvak fish eggs
suvagrak core of ivory tusk (with
appearance of fish eggs) | +rak nn
suvait fish roe | :It nn
suvaluk- (i) to make sound when doing
something; (Nu) (i) to make a
crashing noise, as crushing ice |
-p/valuk- nv < su(-)
suvaluktaq- (Nu) (i) to make a
crashing noise repeatedly |
-p/valuk- nv +t/raq-1 vv
suvaluk (excl.) especially so; in
particular; thank goodness; more
importantly » tamannaasu-
manna uqqaqturuq, suvaluk
imiuraŋakami oh, that one talks
too much, especially when he has
had a bit to drink; “suvaluk
aptuma savakkamiuŋ
iluakkuaqsimagaa” (Aiken 2009)
[thank goodness that person
repaired it correctly];
“nuimałhaaqtuaq, unapiksuaq”
(Matumeak 2009)[one that is more
important, especially this one]
suvatit- (i) to make a banging noise when
it hits (of bullet); (t) to hit it
making a bang, noise »
“tusaġnallagruaġman suna”
(Aiken 2009) [when something is
very audible suddenly ] |
+p/vatit- vv
suvigrait- (Ti) (i) to be too much,
excessive; (i) to be everywhere »
“Taunuŋagguuq Itivyaalia-
ġamik savinnaqtuq araa.
Tautkuagguuq isiġniaqtuni
sanik suvigraitchuq. Araa
sanŋuruq” (David Frankson as
reported by Pulu, Sampson,
Newlin: 96) [it is said that when
they visit the Itivyaat (spirits of
the ancient people of Ipiutaak and
the deceased who live
underground near Point Hope)
requires a great deal of time and
effort; when one enters the
dwellings of those who live
down there (one finds) there is
dust everywhere; it is very dusty]
| +vigrait- vv < su(-)
suviksraiq- (i) to run out of time to do
an activity | +vIk1 vn +ksraq(-) nn
:Iq-2 nv < su(-)
541
suviŋñiq smell of meat or skin »
naimanaqsimman amiq suna
qanusiq ami niqi any kind of
meat or skin that has began to
smell
suviŋñit- (i) to smell of meat and skin
» “suviŋñiñman niqi nakuuŋit-
chuq; tipaa allaŋŋuqtuq”
(Matumeak 2009) [when the meat
smell of flesh it is not good; its
smell has altered] | ‘=It-2 nv
suviqsiq- [suviqsIq] (i) to be idle
suviñ why are you here (a greeting asked
of a child who enters) |
+p/vIn/t (interog.) 3s-2s < su(-)
suviu- (i) to sting (of a cut when medicine
is applied)
suviuq- (i) to smart, burn (of an
injury) | +q-1 vv
suvlaq- (t) to open it =valve (as of a
primus stove, gas lantern, etc.)
< supi-1
suvlaun pipe cleaner (traditionally made
of bone); primus stove or gas
lantern valve cleaner < supi-1
suvlik- (i) to leak through a hole; to gush
out through a puncture; (i) to flow
up through a hole in ice (of water)
< supi-1
suvlu or (Nu) suplu pore; tiny hole; barrel
of gun < supi-1
suvluaq- or (Nu) supluaq- (t) to blow on
her/him/it once; (i) to spout (of
whale) < supi-1
suvluaqtunġaq flute, a woodwind
musical instrument < supi-1

suvluaqtuq- (i) to blow on (her/him/it)
with successive gusts < supi-1
suvluġrak porous rock, bone, or ice
< supi-1
Suvluġvik or Suvligvik month of May
< supi-1
suvvik or suvviuraq storage alcove in
sod house entrance passageway;
small hut where things are kept;
small cache § see Appendix 22 <
su(-)
T aktumani
*ta(t) (prefix used with demonstratives
for emphasis or to indicate that
the entity in reference is closer to
the listener than the speaker) § see
demonstrative roots and stems:
°taag, °taakim, °taam, °taav,
°taik, °taim, °takan, °tamar,
°tasakim, °tasam1, °tasam2,
°tatkig, °tatkiv, °tatpag, °tatpakim,
°tatpam, °tatpik, °tatqa(g),
°tatqakim, °tatqam, °tatqav, °taun,
°tavr
°taag (dem. stem) (w/prefix *ta(t)) over
there across, e.g., a river, a street,
or a body of water (extended and
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener than the
speaker) < °ag (dem. stem)
taagagna [dual taakkuak, pl. taakkua]
that one over there across, e.g., a
river, a street, or a body of water
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener than the speaker) < agna
taagagnatchiq the other side, not this
side e.g., of a river, a street, or a
body of water (extended and
542
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener than the
speaker) <agnatchiq
taagaktuma [dual taakkuak, pl.
taakkua] that one over there
across, e.g., a river, a street, or a
body of water (extended and
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener than the
speaker) < aktuma
taagaktumani [dual taakkugnagnI,
pl. taakkunanI] located with that
one over there across, e.g., a river,
a street, or a body of water
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener than the speaker) <
taagaktumaŋŋa [dual taakkugnaŋŋa,
pl taakkunaŋŋa] from that one
over there across, e.g., a river, a
street, or a body of water
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener than the speaker) <
aktumaŋŋa
taagaktumatun [dual taakkugnaktun,
pl. taakkunatitun] similar to that
one over there across, e.g., a river,
a street, or a body of water
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener than the speaker) <
aktumatun
taagaktumiŋa [dual taakkugniŋa, pl.
taakkuniŋa] that one over there
across, e.g., a river, a street, or a
body of water (extended and
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener than the
speaker) < aktumiŋa
taagaktumuŋa [dual taakkugnuŋa,
pl. taakkunuŋa] to that one over
there across, e.g., a river, a street,
or a body of water (extended and
visible; entity in reference may be
 closer to the listener than the
speaker) < aktumuŋa
taagaktumuuna [dual taakkugnuuna,
pl. taakkunuuna] via with that one
over there across, e.g., a river, a
street, or a body of water; with
that one over there across, e.g., a
river, a street, or a body of water
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener than the speaker) <
aktumuuna
taagani located over there across,
e.g., a river, a street, or a body of
water (extended and visible; entity
in reference may be closer to the
listener than the speaker); (by
extension and visualization) the
contiguous United States or
Europe < aani
taagaŋŋa from over there across, e.g.,
a river, a street, or a body of
water (extended and visible; entity
in reference may be closer to the
listener than the speaker); (by
extension and visualization) from
the contiguous United States or
Europe < aaŋŋa
taagaŋŋamiñ from that direction over
there across, e.g., a river, a street,
or a body of water (extended and
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener than the
speaker); (by extension and
visualization) from the direction
of the contiguous United States or
Europe < aaŋŋamiñ
taagaŋŋaq- (i) to come from over
there across, e.g., a river, a street,
or a body of water (extended and
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener than the
speaker); (by extension and
visualization); (i) to come from
the contiguous United States or
Europe < aaŋŋaq-
543
taagaŋŋaqtaq or (Nu) taagakŋaqtaq
item obtained from the continental
United States; (Nu) someone from
across the river or south <
aaŋŋaqtaq
taagga over there across, e.g., a river,
a street, or a body of water
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener than the speaker) < agga
taaguŋa to over there, across, e.g., a
river, a street, or a body of water
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener than the speaker) < auŋa
taaguŋanmun towards over there,
across, e.g., a river, a street, or a
body of water (extended and
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener than the
speaker) < auŋanmun
taaguŋaq- (i) to go over there, cross,
e.g., a river, a street, or a body of
water; (i) to go to the lower 48 or
to Europe (extended and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener than the speaker) <
auŋaq-
taaguuna via, through over there
across, e.g., a river, a street, or a
body of water; via northside of
Tikiġaq (extended and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener than the speaker) <
auna
taaguunnaaq- (i) to go via, through
over there across, e.g., a river, a
street, or a body of water
(extended and visible) §
avuunnaaq-
taak- (i) to split into layers; (t) to split it
into layers @ taaksi- || +sI-3 vv
taaktiq- (t) to remove an outer piece
of clothing which is attached to
 another or covers another (e.g.,
parka cover sewn to the parka
lining) | mtiq-2 vv
°taakim (dem. stem) (w/prefix *ta(t)) over
there across (not visible) < °akim
(dem. stem)
taakimna [dual taakipkuak, pl
taakipkua] that one over there
across (not visible to speaker;
entity in reference may be closer
and visible to the listener) <
akimna
taakiptuma [dual taakipkuak, pl
taakipkua] that one over there
across (not visible to speaker;
entity in reference may be closer
and visible to the listener) <
akiptuma
taakiptumani [dual taakipkugnagni,
pl. taakipkunani] located with that
one over there across (not visible
to speaker; entity in reference may
be closer and visible to the
listener) < akiptumani
taakiptumaŋŋa [dual
taakipkugnaŋŋa, pl.
taakipkunaŋŋa] from that one over
there across (not visible to
speaker; entity in reference may
be closer and visible to the
listener) < akiptumaŋŋa
taakiptumatun [dual
taakipkugnaktun, pl.
taakipkunatitun] similar to that
one over there across (not visible
to speaker; entity in reference may
be closer and visible to the
listener) < akiptumatun
taakiptumiŋa [dual taakipkugniŋa,
pl. taakipkuniŋa] that one over
there across (not visible to
speaker; entity in reference may
be closer and visible to the
listener) < akiptumiŋa
544
taakiptumuŋa [dual taakipkugnuŋa,
pl taakipkunuŋa] to that one over
there across (not visible to
speaker; entity in reference may
be closer and visible to the
listener) < akiptumuŋa
taakiptumuuna [dual
taakipkugnuuna, pl.
taakipkunuuna] via with that one
over there across; with that one
over there across (not visible to
speaker; entity in reference may
be closer and visible to the
listener) < akiptumuuna
taaŋma over there across (not visible
to speaker; entity in reference may
be closer and visible to the
listener) < aŋma
taaŋmani or taaŋmaniit- located
over there across (not visible to
speaker; entity in reference may
be closer and visible to the
listener) < aŋmani
taaŋmaŋŋa from over there across
(not visible to speaker; entity in
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) < aŋmaŋŋa
taaŋmaŋŋamiñ from that direction
over there across (not visible to
speaker; entity in reference may
be closer and visible to the
listener) < aŋmaŋŋamiñ
taaŋmaŋŋaq- (i) to come from over
there across (not visible to
speaker; entity in reference may
be closer and visible to the
listener) < aŋmaŋŋaq-
taaŋmuŋa to over there across (not
visible to speaker; entity in
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) < aŋmuŋa
taaŋmuŋanmun towards over there
across (not visible to speaker;
entity in reference may be closer
and visible to the listener) <
aŋmuŋanmun
 taaŋmuŋaq- (i) to go over there
across (not visible to speaker;
entity in reference may be closer
and visible to the listener) <
aŋmuŋaq-
taaŋmuuna via, through over there
across (not visible to speaker;
entity in reference may be closer
and visible to the listener) <
aŋmuuna
taaŋmuunnaaq- (i) to go via, through
over there across (not visible to
speaker; entity in reference may
be closer and visible to the
listener) < ¤aŋmuunnaaq-
taakti [ENG “doctor”] medical doctor,
physician
taaktigu- (t) to give her/him/it
medical treatment | -u-2 nv
taalaġaq- (i) to go inland (of person);
(Nu) (i) to travel up to the
mountains
taalġaa- (i) to travel inland (of
people); (Nu) (i) to travel en
masse up to the mountains | -a-1 vv
taalġaat or (Nu) taalaġaat party of
people heading inland; (Nu)
travelers going up to the
mountains | -a-1 vv -t nn
°taam (dem. stem) (w/prefix *ta(t)) over
there (not visible) < °am (dem.
stem)
taamani located over there (not
visible to speaker; entity in
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) < amani
taamaniit- (i) to be located over there
(not visible to speaker; entity in
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) < amaniit-
taamaŋŋa from over there (not
visible to speaker; entity in
545
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) < amaŋŋa
taamaŋŋamiñ from that direction
over there (not visible to speaker;
entity in reference may be closer
and visible to the listener) <
amaŋŋamiñ
taamaŋŋaq- (i) to come from over
there (not visible to speaker; entity
in reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) < amaŋŋaq-
taamma over there (not visible to
speaker; entity in reference may
be closer and visible to the
listener) < amma
taammaliami (excl.) just let her/him
be over there (not visible to
speaker; entity in reference may
be closer and visible to the
listener); can’t do anything about
it, whatever happens happens
taamamna [dual taamapkuak, pl.
taamapkua] that one over there
(not visible to speaker; entity in
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) amna
taamamnatchiq the one in the next
room over (not visible to speaker;
entity in reference may be closer
and visible to the listener) §
amnatchiq
taamuŋa to over there (not visible to
speaker; entity in reference may
be closer and visible to the
listener) < amuŋa
taamuŋanmun towards over there
(not visible to speaker; entity in
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) <
amuŋanmun
taamuŋaq- (i) to go over there (not
visible); (t) to put or place it over
there, into another room (not
visible to speaker; entity in
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) < amuŋa-
taamuuna via, through over there
(not visible to speaker; entity in
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) < amuuna
taamuunnaaq- via, through over
there (not visible to speaker; entity
in reference may be closer and
visible to the listener); to go via,
through over there closer to the
listener than to the speaker (not
visible to the speaker but may or
may not be visible to the listener)
< amuunnaaq-
taamaptuma [dual taamapkuak, pl.
taamapkua] that one over there
(not visible to speaker; entity in
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) < aptuma1
taamaptumani [dual
taamapkuŋnaŋni, pl.
taamapkunani] located with that
one over there (not visible to
speaker; entity in reference may
be closer and visible to the
listener) < aptumani1
taamaptumaŋŋa [dual
taamapkuŋnaŋŋa, pl.
taamapkunaŋŋa] from that one
over there (not visible to speaker;
entity in reference may be closer
and visible to the listener) <
aptumaŋŋa
taamaptumatun [dual
taamapkuŋnaktun, pl.
taamapkunatitun] similar to that
one over there (not visible to
speaker; entity in reference may
be closer and visible to the
listener) < aptumatun
taamaptumiŋa [dual taamapkuŋniŋa,
pl. taamapkuniŋa] with that one
over there (not visible to speaker;
entity in reference may be closer
and visible to the listener) <
aptumiŋa
546
taamaptumuŋa [dual
taamapkuŋnuŋa, pl.
taamapkunuŋa] to that one over
there (not visible to speaker; entity
in reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) < aptumuŋa
taamaptumuuna [dual
taamapkuŋnuuna, pl.
taamapkunuuna] via that one over
there; with that one over there (not
visible to speaker; entity in
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) <
aptumuuna
taammak(-) game of checkers; checker
piece; (i) to play checkers
taammagvik checkerboard | +vIk1 vn
*taaniq (root) distant appearance
taanikit- (i) to be smaller than others |
-kIt- nv
taaniqtu- (i) to be larger than others;
to appear large, loom large |
+tu- nv
taaniqtunaq- (i) to make things
appear larger | +tu- nv +naq(-) vv
taaŋŋaq(-) liquor; (i) to drink liquor; (Nu)
(i) to drink alcohol and get drunk |
perhaps taaq(-) -ŋŋaq-1 vn §
taaq(-)
°taap (dem. stem) (w/prefix *ta(t)) that
there (restricted and visible; entity
in reference is closer to the
listener) < °tavr
taamna [dual taapkuak, pl. taapkua]
that one there near the listener
(restricted, visible); topic of
on-going conversation; recently
mentioned one < °tavr
taamnaasuuna [dual
taapkuakasuukuak, pl
taapkuasuukua] (excl.) you are
 impossible; he is impossible; oh,
you! < °tavr
taaptuma [dual taapkuak, pl
taapkuak] that one there near the
listener (restricted, visible) < °tavr
taaptumani [dual taapkugnagni, pl
taapkunani] located with that one
there near the listener (restricted,
visible) < °tavr
taaptumaŋŋa [dual taapkugnaŋŋa, pl
taapkunaŋŋa] from that one there
near the listener (restricted and
visible) < °tavr
taaptumatun [dual taapkugnaktun,
pl taapkunatitun] similar to that
one there near the listener
(restricted and visible) < °tavr
taaptumiŋa [dual taapkugniŋa, pl
taapkuniŋa] with that one there
near the listener (restricted and
visible) < °tavr
taaptumuŋa [dual taapkugnuŋa, pl
taapkunuŋa] to that one there near
the listener (restricted and visible)
< °tavr
taaptumuuna [dual taapkugnuuna ,
pl taapkunuuna] via, with that one
there near the listener (restricted
and visible) < °tavr
taaq(-) darkness; (i) to be dark (of day);
(i) to be dim (of light); (i) (Nu) to
be black; (t) to block her/his/its
light » taaŋaiŋŋa stop blocking
my light § maŋaq-, qiġñiq-
taaġmiu- (i) to be, stay in the dark |
+miu- vv
taaġniq dark place, darkness |
+niQ1 vn
taaġutaq an obstacle in the way of
direct light; lampshade, screen;
(Nu) curtain; (Nu) brow tine, a
large piece of antler which hangs
down in front of brow of bull
caribou | -utaqvn
547
taaġutchiq- (i) to be in the shade,
behind a screen, away from direct
light; (t) to place a screen, curtain
to shade her/him/it from direct
light | -utaqvn ‘=Iq-1 nv
taalu (Nu) shelter or hunting blind of
willows, snow, or stones where
hunters wait for caribou | -lu nn
taaluaq (Nu) first light of day which
appears during the dark winter
period of the year | -luaq nn
taalutaq(-) something blocking one’s
view, visual obstruction; a shade
from light; (i) to be blocking the
view; (t) to block her/his/its view;
to shade her/him/it; (i) to be
blocked from view; (Nu) (t) to be
blocked from her/his view |
-lutaq vn
taalutchiq- (i) for one’s view to be
blocked; (t) to block her/his view |
-lutaq vn ‘=Iq-1 nv
taaqsi- to become dark (of day) »
taaqsiŋaiñŋaan aiyumautin
come home before dark |
+sI-1 nv
taaqsilaaq- (t) to dim, reduce
her/his/its light | +sI-1 nv -laaq-1 vv
taaqsima- (i) to not be adjusted to
darkness (of one’s eyes) |
+sima-2 vv
Taaqsipaiyaaq African American
child; black child; person who is
part black or African American |
+sI-1 vn -pak2 nn -iyaaq nn
Taaqsipak African American person;
black person | +sI-1 vn -pak2 nn §
Pusrgiq, Puksripak
taaqsisuqsi- to be at the zenith of the
dark period of the year | +sI-1 nv
+suq-1 vv +sI-1 vv
taaqsisuusi- for the midnight sun
summer days to end | +sI-1 nv
+[s]uu- vv +sI1- vv
taaqsiulgu- (i) to be able to see well
in the dark » taaqsiulguitchuq
 she has difficulty seeing in the
dark | -lgu-1 vv
taaqsiulguit- (i) for one’s eyes to not
be adjusted to the dark, to have
difficulty seeing in the dark |
+siuq- nv -lgu-1 vvd :It-1 vdv
taaqsiuq- (i) to travel in the dark |
+siuq- nv
taaqsiuraviktuaġaqsi- (i) to begin to
get dark quickly » “Tavra,
aapiyaq uqallaktuq
taaqsiuravigtuaġaqsimmata,
“Uvluqauraŋŋaan uvaguk
tammaaniktuguk, uanmun
tamanna tuvraġlakpuk,
isukłitkuptigu
mayuġisimmigikpuk.” (Nageak
1975: 46) [then, the elder brother
said as the darkness began to
descend quickly “here we are lost
with a bit of daylight left, so why
don’t we follow this path
westward so that when we reach
its end we can always climb it
(the bluff)”] | +sI-1 vv :uraq- vv
+vik- vv +tuaq- vv -aqsI-vv
taaqsiuti- (t) to become dark (of
day) for her/him/it »
taaqsiutigaatigut it is now dark
and we are still at our task |
-uti- vv
taaqtaq something black; blue denim
| +taq nn
taaqtaq avu brown sugar | +taq nn
taaqtipkaq- (i) to faint | +tipkaq- vv §
qaurimaiq-
taaqtuliq- (i) to start to show signs of
darkness (of days in fall) |
+tuq-3 vv -lIq-3 vv
taatchaatun very black, very dark in
color | -tchaatun v-(sim.)
¤taaqtałuaq- (Nu) (i) to be wearing only
underwear
548
taasiŋiq [taaqsiŋIq] or taatchiŋiq
Common Loon (Gavia immer)
taat- (i) to break (of thread, esp. sinew)
taata (Nu) grandfather § ataata
taataak (Nu) set of grandparents §
ataataak under ataata
taataruaq (Nu) old man § ataataruaq
under ataata
taatchiŋiraq Junco (Junco hyemalis)
°taav (dem. stem) (w/prefix *ta(t)) over
there (extended and visible; entity
in reference may be closer to the
listener) | *ta(t) (dem. prefix) °av1
(dem. stem) < °av1 (dem. stem)
taavamna [dual taavapkuak, pl.
taavapkua] that one over there
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < amna2
taavani located over
there (extended and visible; entity
in reference may be closer to the
listener); “westward, or along the
coast towards Icy Cape or Point
Hope” < avani
taavaniit- (i) to be located over there
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < avaniit-
taavaniqpaaġruk located much
further over there; located way
over there (extended and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < avaniqpaaġruk
taavaniqpani located further over
there (extended and visible; entity
in reference may be closer to the
listener) < avaniqpani
taavaŋŋa from over there (extended
and visible; entity in reference
may be closer to the listener) <
avaŋŋa
taavaŋŋamiñ from that direction over
there (extended and visible; entity
in reference may be closer to the
listener); (Ti) from Kotzebue,
Alaska (perspective of Point
Hope, Alaska) < avaŋŋamiñ
taavaŋŋaq- (i) to come from over
there (extended and visible; entity
in reference may be closer to the
listener) < avaŋŋaq-
taavaptuma [dual taavapkuak, pl.
taavapkua] that one over there
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < aptuma2
taavaptumani [dual taavapkugnagni,
pl. taavapkunani] located with that
one over there (extended and
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener) < aptumani2
taavaptumaŋŋa [dual
taavapkugnaŋŋa, pl.
taavapkunaŋŋa] from that one
over there (extended and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < aptumaŋŋa
taavaptumatun [dual
taavapkugnaktun, pl.
taavapkunatitun] similar to that
one over there (extended and
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener) <
aptumatun2
taavaptumiŋa [dual taavapkugniŋa,
pl. taavapkuniŋa] that one over
there (extended and visible; entity
in reference may be closer to the
listener) < aptumiŋa2
taavaptumuŋa [dual taavapkugnuŋa,
pl taavapkunuŋa] to that one over
there (extended and visible; entity
in reference may be closer to the
listener) < aptumuŋa2
taavaptumuuna [dual
taavapkugnuuna, pl.
taavapkunuuna] via that one over
549
there; with that one over there
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < aptumuuna2
over there (extended and
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener) < avva
taavva taavani located to the west
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < avva avani
taavuŋa to over there (extended and
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener) < avuŋa
taavuŋanmun towards over there
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < avuŋanmun
taavuŋaq- (i) to go over there
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener); (t) to put or place it over
there (extended and visible; entity
in reference may be closer to the
listener) < avuŋaq-
taavuŋaqpaaġruk (to) way over
there (extended and visible; entity
in reference may be closer to the
listener) < avuŋaqpaaġruk
taavuuna via, through over there
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < avuuna
taavuunnaaq- via, through over there
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < avuunnaaq-
*tagi (root) feeling of not being welcomed
tagiala- (i) to feel unwelcomed,
uncomfortable, out of place; (i) to
not feel at home, relaxed | -ala- vv
§ tutqiit-
tagialanait- (i) to be hospitable,
friendly, making others feel at
home, welcomed | -ala- vv
 +naq(-) vdv :It-1 vdv
tagialanaq- (i) to be inhospitable,
unwelcoming | -ala- vv
+naq(-) vdv
tagiaqtuq- (i) to go away from home |
+tuq-2 vv
tagik- [tagIk] or tagiuqtuq- (i) to sneeze
several times in succession |
-uq(-)1 vv or +tuq-2 vv
tagiuq larva of throat botfly, smooth
(not fuzzy) edible worm found in
nasal cavity of caribou in spring |
:uq(-)1 vn
tagiuq- (i) to sneeze once » kiakiaq
imña itqakasakpaŋa;
tagiuġallaktuŋa uvlupak I
wonder who is thinking of me;
I’ve been sneezing all day |
:uq(-)1 vv
tagiq- [tagIq] (i) to go or move from
place to place; (i) to go calling at
or visiting many houses
taggiqsuaq- (i) to continually move
from place to place | ‘-q-1 vv
+tuaq- vv
tagiuti- (t) to show her/him around,
taking her/him from place to place
| :uti- vv
taglu snowshoe
taglukalgu- (i) to be able to use
snowshoes expertly | -kaq- nv
-lgu-1 vv
taglupiaq (Nu) snowshoe with
rounded front | -piaq(-)1 nn
tagraq- (i) to travel upriver; (t) to travel
upriver on it =river | *ati,
taalaġaq-
tagraaq person traveling upstream |
±aq1 vn
Tagraġvigmiut [lit. “upriver
people”] (Nu) Upper Kobuk
people; Indians of Arctic Village |
550
+vIk1 vn +miu nn -t nn
tagranmun or (Nu) tagratmun (adv.)
toward upstream, upriver | -nmun
(term.)
tagrauti- (t) to take her/him/it upriver
» tagrautigaa iglua umiami he is
taking his other boat upriver |
:uti- vv
tagrua- (i) to go out to the whaling camp
and help in the cutting of the
whale, thereby earning a share of
the meat and maktak (whale skin
with blubber)
*taġi (root) reflection of image
taġġaq shadow | ‘-Q rn
Taġġaqsiuġvik or Taġġaqtuġvik or
Taġġaqtuġviat [lit. “time to
follow one’s shadow”] (Nu)
month of November (when a ram
starts to follow his own shadow in
bright moonlight, it also becomes
interested in mating) »
“taġġamignik maliguurut;
paŋaligagniqsut tatpaani iġġiñi”
(Hugo 2009) [they (caribou) run
after their shadows; they run in the
mountains during this month] |
‘-Q rn +siuq- nv or +tuq-1 nv
+vIk1 vn § SullivIk, Nippivik,
Qiññuvik
taġġaqtuq- (i) to see one’s reflection,
to look in the mirror; (Nu) (i) to
make a shadow, cast a shadow |
‘-Q rn +tuq-3 nv
taġġaqtuun mirror | ‘-Q rn +tuq-3 nv
:un1 vn
taġġi- (i) to appear (of shadow) |
‘-Q rn ‘=I-1 nv
taġġiraq- (i) to lurk behind in the
shadows; (i) to view, watch
television | ‘-Q rn ‘=I-1 nv
-t/raq-1 vv
taġġiraun television | ‘-Q rn ‘=I-1 nv
~raq- vv :un1 vn
 taġġisimavik covered porch | ‘-Q rn
‘=It-2 nv msima- vv +vIk1 vn
taġġit- (i) to move into shade or a
cool place; (i) to be thin (like
paper); (i) to disappear into the
shadows, out of view, disappear
from sight; (i) to cast a shadow; (t)
to come into her/his/its view,
vision | ‘-Q rn ‘=It-2 nv
taġiatitaq- (i) to cast shadows |
+iaq-3 vv -tit-2 vv +aq-1 vv
taġigraq (Ti) belt § tiġiksraq
taġniq [taġniQ] (Nu) soul, life force |
perhaps ~niQ rn § *taġi
taġniġiq- (Nu) (i) to lose one’s life
force, die | :Iq-2 nv
taġutu- (i) to be fat (of person); (i) to be
wide | +tu- nv § quiñi-, niġutu-
taġiuq(-) [taġiruq] salt; ocean; sea; (i) to
use salt; (t) to salt it; (Ti) (i) to be
blue » taġium siñaa beach, coast,
land beside the sea
taġġitchii- (i) to soak something in
salt water | ‘=It-2 nv +[t]sII- vv
taġiiq- (i) to be no longer salty |
=Iq-2 nv
taġiitkun (Ti) boot made to be worn
on sea ice » “immami naakka
sikumi kamŋit; natchiqamik
uluglugu aasii natchium
uġruanik nanuglugu” (C.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [boots for either
at sea or on the ice; when they
catch a seal they soften (the boot)
by twisting and rubbing it, then
they rub it with seal oil] |
+iitkun nn
taġġirriq- to salt (it) |
‘=Iq-1 nv
taġirrit- to be thoroughly soaked in
ocean water | ‘=It- nv
551
taġiuġmiut coastal people | +miu nn
-t nn
taġiuqtiq- (i) to camp near the ocean
» taġiuqtiġniaqtugut upinġaaġu
we are planning to camp near the
ocean this summer | +tiq-1 nv
¤taġyaqpak (Nu) king salmon
(Oncorhynohus tschawytscha)
+qpak(-) nn,vv § iqalugruaq,
iqalukpak
tai- [tagI] (t) to pronounce, say or utter it
=word @ taisi- || +sI-3 vv
taggiñ term, name of something |
‘n1 vn
taggiqłuk- (t) to mispronounce it |
‘-qłuk(-) nn, vv
taiguaq(-) to read (it); a verse,
anything to read | :guq- vv
±aq1 vn -q-2 nv
taiguat a book | :guq- vv
±aq1 vn -t nn
taiguq- (t) to call them =names out |
:guq- vv
taimaqłuk- (t) to mispronounce it |
-maqłuk- vv
taiñġuraq a vowel | +niQ1 vn
:uraq nn
taiñiġruaq a consonant | =niQ1 vn
+ġruaq nn
taiñiq name of object; title,
appellation; pronunciation,
articulation of a word | +niQ1 vn
taisaġniq a syllable | +saq-2 vv
+niQ1 vn
taigruaq [ENG “tank”] oil drum |
+ġruaq nn
taigruaġauraq- (i) to be a participant
in a race where competitors roll
oil drums from start to finish with
their feet | +ġruaq nn +[t]aq-2 nv
-uraq- vv
°taik (dem. stem) (w/prefix *ta(t)) over
there (restricted, visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) | prefix *ta(t) (dem.
prefix) °Ik1 (dem. stem) < °Ik1
(dem. stem)
taigña [dual taikkuak, pl. taikkua] the
one over there (restricted, visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < igña
taikani or taikaniit- located over
there (restricted, visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < ikani
taikaniqpani located further over
there (restricted, visible) | +anI
(dem. loc.) +qpa nn +anI (dem.
loc.)
taikaŋŋa from over there (restricted.
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener) < ikaŋŋa
taikaŋŋamiñ from that direction over
there (restricted, visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < ikaŋŋamiñ
taikaŋŋaq- (i) to come from over
there (restricted. visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < ikaŋŋaq-
taikaŋŋauti- (t) to bring her/him/it
from there (restricted, visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < ikaŋŋauti-
taikka over there (restricted, visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < ikka
taikkaikka (excl.) there! over there!
(restricted, visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < ikkaikka
taiktuma [dual taikkuak, pl. taikkua]
that one over there (restricted,
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener) < iktuma
taiktumani [dual taikkugnagni, pl.
taikkunani] located with that one
552
over there (restricted, visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < iktumani
taiktumaŋŋa [dual taikkugnaŋŋa, pl.
taikkunaŋŋa] from that one over
there (restricted, visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < iktumaŋŋa
taiktumatun [dual taikkugnaktun, pl.
taikkunatitun] similar to that one
over there (restricted, visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < iktumatun
taiktumiŋa [dual taikkugniŋa, pl.
taikkuniŋa] that one over there
(restricted, visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < iktumiŋa
taiktumuŋa [dual taikkugnuŋa, pl.
taikkunuŋa] to that one over there
(restricted, visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < iktumuŋa
taiktumuuna [dual taikkugnuuna, pl.
taikkunuuna] via that one over
there; with that one over there
(restricted, visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < iktumuuna
taikuŋa to over there (restricted and
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener) < ikuŋa
taikuŋanmun towards over there
(restricted and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < ikuŋanmun
taikuŋaq- (i) to go over there
(restricted, visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < ikuŋaq-
taikuŋauti- (t) to take her/him/it to
over there (restricted, visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < ikuŋauti-
taikuuna via, through over there
(restricted and visible; entity in
 reference may be closer to the
listener) < ikuuna
taikuunnaaq- (i) via, through over
there (restricted and visible; entity
in reference may be closer to the
listener) < ikuunnaaq
taikuu [ENG “thank you”] (excl.) thank
you § quyanaq
°taim (dem. stem) (w/prefix *ta(t)) in the
aformentioned past | *ta(t) (dem.
prefix) °Im (dem. stem) < °Im
(dem. stem)
taimani1 located in the past; during,
at that time in the past; in the past |
°Im (dem. stem) +anI (dem. loc.)
taimalugguuqasu (excl. which
indicates that the status quo will
change usually in the negative) it
is inevitable; to be predestined; to
be a foregone conclusion »
“Taimalugguuqasu…
iñuugisiruq aŋutaugumi.”
(Ahvakana: 18-20) [it is
inevitable… that he (intruder) will
not be allowed to live if he is a
man] | °Im (dem) ‘a (dem. adv)
+lu (encl.) +gguuq (encl.) °asu
taimanigu or taimanigun in the
distant future | °Im (dem. stem)
+anI (dem. loc.) m[g]u(n) nn
taimaŋŋa qaŋa since that time | °Im
(dem. stem) +aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
taimma used when referring to a
past event » taimma
makitagaluaqami aquvittuq she
stood for a while and then sat
down | °Im (dem. stem) ‘a (dem.
adv. mkr.)
taimmaami (excl.) maybe that is the
situation | °Im (dem. stem) ‘a
(dem. adv. mkr.) +ami (encl.)
taimmaasii and so then | °Im (dem.
stem) ‘a (dem. adv. mkr.) aasii
(conj.)
553
taimmalikii so what, nothing
can be done, so let it be |
°Im (dem. stem) ‘a (dem. adv.
mkr.) +li (encl.) +kii (encl.)
taimmau- (i) to be lost forever |
°Im (dem. stem) ‘a (dem. adv.
mkr.) :u-1 nv § tammaq-
taimña [dual taipkuak, pl taipkua]
that one in the past, one
previously mentioned < imña
taimuŋa into the distant future;
forever, to the end of time | °Im
(dem. stem) +uŋa (dem. term.)
taimuŋaaq- to recite (it) from
memory | °Im (dem. stem)
+uŋa (dem. term.) -.q-3 dv
taimuurrauriŋaiq- (i) to no longer
keep as a secret |-u-2 vv +urraq- vv
:u-2 vv +rI-1 vv ±ŋaiq- vv
taiptuma [dual taipkuak, pl. taipkua]
that one in the past, the one
previously mentioned < iptuma
taiptumani [dual taipkugnagni, pl.
taipkunani] located with that one
in the past, the one previously
mentioned < iptumani
taiptumaŋŋa [dual taipkugnaŋŋa, pl.
taipkunaŋŋa] from that one in the
past, the one previously
mentioned < iptumaŋŋa
taiptumatun [dual taipkugnaktun, pl.
taipkunatitun] similar to that one
in the past, the one previously
mentioned < iptumatun
taiptumiŋa [dual taipkugniŋa, pl.
taipkuniŋa] that one in the past,
the one previously mentioned <
iptumiŋa
taiptumuŋa [dual taipkugnuŋa, pl.
taipkunuŋa] to that one in the past,
the one previously mentioned <
iptumuŋa
taiptumuuna [dual taipkugnuuna, pl.
taipkunuuna] via that one in the
past, the one previously
mentioned; with that one in the
 past, the one previously
mentioned < iptumuuna
taima (excl.) that’s true!, that’s it!; that’s
enough! stop! § tavra
taimaaq- or tavraaq- (i) to stop
wanting, to have had enough |
.q-2 dv
taimaiñaq or (Ti) taimmaŋŋaiññaq
or (Nu) taimakŋaiññaq (adv.) all
of a sudden, suddenly,
unexpectedly § tavraŋŋatchiaq(-)
tainna or (Nu) taitna or taimanna (dem.
adv) in that way or manner; (Nu)
thus; so-so, neither very good nor
very bad (idiomatic use as answer
to question qanuqitpiñ “how are
you”); (excl.) enough! | *ta(t)
(dem. prefix) it- vv +na (dem.
pron. sg. mkr.) < inna
tainnait- or taimait- (i) to be that
way; (t) to act thus toward
her/him/it, to treat her/him/it that
way » tainnailli let it be, leave it
alone; tainnaillugu uniññagu
don’t leave it like that, in that
condition | ta- (dem. prefix) or Im-
(dem. stem) it- or inna it- | it-
tainnaŋilaaq (excl.) not like that
tainnaq- or (Nu) taitnaq- (i) to say or
do thus; (t) to say or do thus to
her/him/it | -q-2 dv
tainnasiġaq- or (Nu) taitnasiġaq- (i)
to say or do thus repeatedly; (t) to
say or do thus to her/him/it
repeatedly | -siġaq- vv
tainnasiq or taimannasiq something
like that, such as that » tainnasi-
mik piqaġuŋitchuŋa I do not
want one like that | =sIq4 dv
tainna suli like previously, like before
» tainna suli makua pisaġitin do
these like you did [the ones]
before | suli
554
°taiñ (dem. stem) (w/prefix *ta(t)) over
there, across a flat area §
°iñ (dem. stem), °taig (dem. stem)
taiñña (Nu) over there, across a flat
area | ‘a (dem. adv. mkr.)
taiñani located in/at over there, across
a flat surface | +anI (dem. loc.)
taiñaniit- (i) to be located in/at over
there, across a flat surface | +anI
(dem. loc.) it- vv
taiñuŋa to over there, across a flat
surface | +uŋa (dem. term.)
taiñuŋaq- (i) to go over there, across
a flat surface | +uŋa (dem. term.)
°takan (dem. stem) (w/prefix *ta(t)) down
there, e.g., on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible) | *ta(t)
(dem. prefix) °kan (dem. stem) <
°kan (dem. stem)
takanani or takananiit- located
down there, e.g., on or near the
ocean, downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible; the entity
referenced may be closer to the
listener) < kanani
takanaŋŋa from down there, e.g., on
or near the ocean, downriver, or
by the door (restricted and visible;
the entity referenced may be
closer to the listener) < kanaŋŋa
takanaŋŋamiñ from that direction
down there, e.g., on or near the
ocean, downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible; the entity
referenced may be closer to the
listener) < kanaŋŋamiñ
takanaŋŋaq- (i) to come from down
there, e.g., on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible; the entity
referenced may be closer to the
listener) < kanaŋŋaq-
takanaŋŋauti- (t) to bring, transport
her/him/it from down there, e.g.,
 on or near the ocean, downriver,
or by the door (restricted and
visible; the entity referenced may
be closer to the listener) <
kanaŋŋauti-
takanna1 [dual katkuak or takatkuak,
pl. katkua or takatkua] that one
down there, e.g., on or near the
ocean, downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible; the entity
referenced may be closer to the
listener) < kanna1
takanna2 down there, e.g., on or near
the ocean, downriver, or by the
door (restricted and visible; the
entity referenced may be closer to
the listener) < kanna2
takanuŋa to down there, e.g., on or
near the ocean, downriver, or by
the door (restricted and visible;
the entity referenced may be
closer to the listener) < kanuŋa
takanuŋanmun towards down there,
e.g., on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible; the entity
referenced may be closer to the
listener) < kanuŋanmun
takanuŋaq- (i) to go down there,
e.g., on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible; the entity
referenced may be closer to the
listener) < kanuŋaq-
takanuuna via, through down there,
e.g., on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible; the entity
referenced may be closer to the
listener) < kanuuna
takanuunnaaq- (i) to go via, through
down there, e.g., on or near the
ocean, downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible; the entity
referenced may be closer to the
listener) < kanuunnaaq-
555
takattuma [dual takatkuak, pl.
takatkua] that one down there,
e.g., on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible; the entity
referenced may be closer to the
listener) < kattuma
takattumani [dual takatkugnagni, pl.
takatkunani] located with that one
down there, e.g., on or near the
ocean, downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible; the entity
referenced may be closer to the
listener) < kattumani
takattumaŋŋa [dual takatkugnaŋŋa,
pl. takatkunaŋŋa] from that one
down there, e.g., on or near the
ocean, downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible; the entity
referenced may be closer to the
listener) < kattumaŋŋa
takattumatun [dual takatkugnaktun,
pl. takatkunatitun] similar to that
one down there, e.g., on or near
the ocean, downriver, or by the
door (restricted and visible; the
entity referenced may be closer to
the listener) < kattumatun
takattumiŋa [dual takatkugniŋa, pl.
takatkuniŋa] that one down there,
e.g., on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible; the entity
referenced may be closer to the
listener) < kattumiŋa
takattumuŋa [dual takatkugnuŋa, pl.
takatkunuŋa] to that one down
there, e.g., on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible; the entity
referenced may be closer to the
listener) < kattumuŋa
takattumuuna [dual takatkugnuuna,
pl. takatkunuuna] via that one
down there, e.g., on or near the
ocean, downriver, or by the door;
 with that one down there, e.g., on
or near the ocean, downriver, or
by the door (restricted and visible;
the entity referenced may be
closer to the listener) <
kattumuuna
taki- (i) to be long
takiłhuyuk or takiłhuyaaq
something long; someone tall |
-łhuyuk vn, -yaaq2 vn, rn
takinaaq- or taŋnaaq-, (Nu)
taknaaq- (i) to be made long;
(Nu) (i) to be lengthened; (t) to
make it long; (Nu) (t) to lengthen
it | -naaq- vv
takiruaq long “minute” hand of a
clock | +t/ruaq vn
takitilaaq(-) or taktilaaq(-) length of
something; (t) to measure its
length » taktilaaŋa nalugikput
we do not know its length, how
long it is | -tilaaq(-) vv, vn
takitiŋa or takitilaaŋa end of story as
in expression tavra takitiŋa
“that’s its [the story’s] length” |
-tilaaq(-) vv, vn -ŋa (3s-3s poss)
takkiiq something long | ‘-.Q4 vn
takłi- or takisi- (i) to become long; (t)
to lengthen it » takłiruaq
tasiqsruqaptigu it got longer
after we stretched it | ~łI- vv
+sI-1 vv
taksruk long, narrow lake | ~sruk vn
takpik- [takpIk] (i) to have good
eyesight, good vision
takpiili- (i) to weaken (of one’s eyes) |
-pIk- vv :It- nv -lI-2 vv
takpiit- (i) to have poor eyesight |
-pIk- vv :It-1 nv
takpiilaaġruk Boreal Owl (Aegolius
funereus) | :It-1 nv :ilaq vn
-ġruk nn
takpiilaq one with poor eyesight |
-pIk- vv :It-1 nv :ilaq vn
556
taksaġnaq ocean current flowing directly
toward shore | msaq-3 vv +naq2 vn
taksi-1 [taksI] (Nu) (i) to win, e.g., in
cards; (t) to beat her/him in a
game; (Ti) (i) to win money from
cards or from a pool of money
¤taksi-2 [taksI] or taksiuq-1 (Ti) (i) to
bring home meat from the site of a
catch, e.g., whale meat from edge
of ice | -uq-2 vv
*taksIq (root) a summons song or call
taksiqsuq- (t) to call to it =animal so
it will come | +tuq-2 vv
taksiqsuun a hunter’s animal call
made to draw prey close | :un1 vn
taksiuq-2 (t) to sing a summons song
to entice her/him/it to come; (t) to
summon her/him/it with a song »
“taksiuqsiutigaa utiqtitkaa;
‘aakavit tavra
taksiutilgitkaatin’;
taksiutitkaaŋa; sunauvva
atuutigaaŋa utiquvluŋa”
(Matumeak 2009) [she sang a
summons song and made him
return; “your mother has made
you return once again with a
song”; she sang a summons song
for me; that is, she sang a song for
me wanting me to return] |
:uq-2 vv
taksraq (Nu) bull’s-eye, center of target
taksruq- (Nu) (i) to enter the village, after
arriving onshore; (i) to travel
inland, after arriving onshore; ¤to
return from whaling § qaksruq-
taktuk(-) fog; (i) to be foggy
taktugruaq thick fog; ice fog |
+ġruaq nn
 taktuguq- to become foggy | +uq-1 nv
taktuġayaq- (i) to be somewhat
foggy | +ġak- vn, nn -yaq- vv
taksaġnaq dark cloud over open
ocean water (often indicative of
bad weather) | +łuk1 nn
taktuksiun compass | +siun nn
taku- (t) to go and see how she/he is
faring; (t) to visit her/him in the
hospital; (t) to check on it @
takuri- or takusi- » takuraani
unnuaq he came to see how I was
last night; takugaa pamma
aapani naŋirvigmun he has gone
to see his father at the hospital ||
~rI-5 vv or || +sI-3 vv § tautuk-
takuiññaq- (t) to look longingly, stare
at her/him/it | :iññaq- vv
takunait- (i) to be invisible | +nait- vv
takunnaq- to stare (at her/him/it) |
-nnaq- vv § qiñiq-
takupqaŋa- (i) to derive a great deal
of pleasure from visiting with
each other after not having seen
each other for a long time; (t) to
experience pleasure from visiting
her/him/it after not having seen
her/him/it in a long time |
-pqaŋa- vv
°takkuq (stem) presence of | ‘-Q vn §
taku-, tautuk-
takkuani [dual takkuagni; plural
takkuanni] in the presence of
her/him | ‘-Q vn :anI (3s-3s poss.
abl.)
takkuaniñ [dual takkuagniñ; pl.
takkuanniñ] from her/his presence
» takkuaniñguuq piiġiñ he said
for you to remove yourself from
his sight | ‘-Q vn :aniñ (3s-3s poss.
abl.)
takkuġmuq- (i) to show up, appear in
one’s presence » “takkuanun
tavruŋa tautukkaa” (Aiken
557
2009) [he sees her right in front of
himself] | ‘-Q vn ¤+muq- rv
takkuġni [dual takkuvsigñi; pl.
takkuvsiññi] in your presence |
‘-Q vn +ŋnI (2s-s poss. loc)
takkuġniñ [dual takkuvsigñiñ; pl.
takkuvsiññiñ] from your presence
» takkugniñ piiquviuŋ do you
want her to be removed from your
sight | ‘-Q vn +ŋniñ (2s-s poss.
abl.)
takkumni [dual takkuptigni; pl.
takkuptinni] in my presence »
takkumni tainna uqallaktuaq
she said that in my presence |
‘-Q vn -mnI (1s-s poss. loc)
takkumniñ [dual takkuptigniñ; pl.
takkuptinniñ] from my presence |
‘-Q vn -mniñ (1s-s poss. abl.)
takkumnun [dual takkuptignun; pl.
takkuptinnun] to my line of
vision, to my person »
takkumnun uqallautiraani he
told me to my face | ‘-Q vn
-mniñ (1s-s poss. term)
takkun or takkugauraq pupil of eye;
line of vision; presence »
“Maguula takkuanun amiiġaa
saŋniuŋŋiñmiuq” he skinned
Maguula to the pupils of his eyes
but he was not in pain (Bergsland
1987: 318) | -n vn -gauraq nn §
tautuun
takkuqsraaq- (t) to witness an
incident | ‘-Q vn -qsraaq- nv
takuq- (i) to grind one’s teeth; (t) to chew
it
takuutik (dual) meat grinder | :un1 vn
-k2 nn § siqupsiñ
takuutitaq- to grind (it =meat or
anything that can be ground using
a meat grinder) | :un1 vn
+[t]aq-2 nv
takuyaq flag § taku-
 takuyaqhuuq- to welcome the
messengers of the Messenger
Feast by raising a flag and singing
a dance song (Kisautaq: 652) |
-qhuuq- nv
takuyyiġvik or takuyyiqpik flagpole
| ‘=Iq-1 nv +vIk1 vn or ‘=Iq-1 nv
-qpik vn
takuyyiq- (i) to raise a flag; (t) to
raise a flag on it | ‘=Iq-1 nv
talak (call to dogs) come!
taligvak Northern Killdeer (Charadrius
vociferus) | +vak nn
taliq(-) [talIq] arm, a limb attached to the
shoulder of the human body; hand
of clock; foreleg (one of two front
legs of four-legged animal); (i) to
dance in sitting position doing an
arm dance; an Iñupiaq arm dance
» tallik siqiñġuram
qiñiġnaitchuk the arms of the
clock are impossible to see
taliġaq (Nu) large bracelet worn on
forearm by women | +[ġ]aq nn §
tayaġniġun
taliġmik- (i) to compete in a game
where opponents lock arms and
then pull (the one who pulls the
other over making her/his
opponent’s arm extended wins) ;
(t) to compete with arms
interlocked with her/him and
pulling | +mIk- nv
taliġuq [dual taliqquk] fore flipper of
seal, walrus or whale | ±ġuq nn §
see Appendix 19
taliqpik right arm of human being;
right side | -qpIk vn
taliqpiñmun to the right | -nmun
(term.)
taliqpiñmun umiamiñ starboard |
-qpIk vn -nmun (term.) | umiaq
÷miñ (abl.) § see Appendix 16
558
taliunnaq (Nu) a song for a dance
where participants sit and gesture
with the arms and hands |
:unnaq vn § taliq(-)
talliaq- or taliurraaq- (i) to break
one’s arm; (t) to break her/his arm
» talliaqtuami tagmiġaqłuŋa I
broke my arm skiing | ‘-aq-2 nv or
-urraaq- nv
tallik- (i) to scratch oneself; (t) to
scratch or claw her/him/it | ‘-k-2 nv
§ kumik-, qitchuk-
tallimaat the fifth one of a series |
:Iq-1 nv -maq vn :at (3p-3s abs.
poss.)
tallimakipiaq the numeral one
hundred; the one hundredth one of
a series | :Iq-1 nv -maq vn
-kipiaq nn
tallimakipiat the number one
hundred | :Iq-1 nv -maq vn
-kipiaq nn -t nn
tallimalik 10’ x 12’ wall tent which
has five panels; five (at cards) |
‘=Iq-1 nv -maq vn -lik nn
tallimaq (Nu) a fifth one » tallimak-
sraqput tikitchuq a potential fifth
to our group (of four) has arrived |
‘=Iq-1 nv -maq vn
tallimat the number five; the numeral
five | ‘=Iq-1 nv -maq vn -t nn
tallimat malġuat the seventh one in a
series | ‘=Iq-1 nv -maq vn -t nn
malġuk “number two” :at (nnposs.)
tallimat malġuk the number seven;
the numeral seven | ‘=Iq-1 nv
-maq vn -t nn
tallimat malġuut- to divide (it)into
sevenths | -ut-2 vv
tallimat piŋasuat the eighth one in a
series | ‘=Iq-1 nv -maq vn -t nn
piŋasut “number three” :at (nnposs.)
tallimat piŋasut the number eight;
the numeral eight | ‘=Iq-1 nv
-maq vn -t nn
 tallimat piŋasuut- (i) to be divided
into eighths; (t) to divide it into
eighths | -ut-2 vv
tallimattaaq- (Nu) (i) to play the card
game “fives” | ‘=Iq-1 nv -maq vn
-t nn perhaps -taaq- nv
tallimaut- (i) to be divided into fifths;
(t) to divide it into fifths |
-ut-2 vv
Tallimmiġñiq or (Ti) Tallimaŋŋuq
Friday | ‘=Iq-1 nv -maq vn
‘=Iq-1 nv +niQ1 vn
tallimmiq- (i) to be now provided
with a fifth one; (t) to provide
her/him/it with a fifth one »
tallimmiqsut aġnaiyaamik with
the girl, they now number five |
‘=Iq-1 nv -maq vn ‘=Iq-1 nv
Tallimmiq- (i) to be Friday »
tallimmiqsugut it is Friday |
‘=Iq-1 nv -maq vn ‘=Iq-1 nv
talliŋñiq scratch mark | ‘-k-2 nv
+niQ1 vn § qitchugniQ
talit- [talIt] (i) to disappear from view; (t)
to conceal it
talu(-) (Nu) door covering (originally a
bear skin or caribou hide hung
over a tent opening); a cover to
hide something; ice shield or
hunting blind, e.g., a white
camouflage screen placed on the
edge of the ice used to conceal
whalers as they wait; (t) to cover
her/him/it from view; (Nu) (t) to
close it =door § paa, upkuaq(-)
taluiq- (i) to be now uncovered; (Nu)
(t) to open it =door | :Iq-2 nv
talukiyaaq(-) or talukuyaaq(-)
curtain; (Nu) mosquito net; (Nu)
hunting blind; (t) to pull the
curtains on her/him/it |
-kiyaaq(-) nv, nn
taluqutaq windbreak in front of
entrance of tent or house »
559
taluqutaqput tiŋisimaraa the
windbreak for our entrance was
blown away | -qutaq nn
taluqutchiq- (t) to secure a windbreak
for the entrance of tent or house |
-qutaq nn ‘=Iq-1 nv
taluuq- or talutuq- (Nu) (i) to hunt
bearded seals during spring using
a shooting sail, ice shield, or ice
piled as a blind | -uq-2 nv or
+tuq-3 nv
taluyaq(-) (Nu) fish trap; (i) to be
trapped (of fish); (t) to catch it
=fish swimming downstream |
-yaq(-) nn, nv
taluyaqtuq- (Nu) (i) to fish using a
fish trap | -yaq(-) nn, nv +tuq-3 nv
*taluq (root) sternness, intimidating
taluġi- (t) to feel that she/he is
unapproachable; (t) to feel
submissive toward her/him; (t) to
fear her/his wrath; (t) to be unable
to assert oneself against her/him;
(t) to revere her/him/it | +[g]i- rv
taluġnait- (i) to be friendly, kind,
communicative; (i) to smile
readily | +naq(-) vv :It-1 nv
taluġnaq- (i) to be stern, unfriendly,
uncommunicative; (i) to be
frowning; (i) to be solemn, grave;
(t) to be frowning at her/him/it |
+naq(-) vv
taluġnaqsi- (i) to frown; (i) to
become solemn, grave | +naq(-) vv
+sI-1 vv
taluqsrait- (i) to not be easily
intimidated | -qsraq- vv :It-1 nv
 taluqsralliaġi- (t) to browbeat, boss,
bully or intimidate her/him/it »
nukatpiam taluqsrailliaġivlugu
nukaaluni umiamun ikupkaġaa
the young man bullied his
younger sibling into the boat |
-qsraq- vv -llIq- vv ±aq1 vn
+[g]i- vv
taluqsraq- (i) to feel submissive
toward another; (i) to be
intimidated; (i) to fear someone’s
wrath and remain non-assertive;
(i) to be timid |
-qsraq- vv
taluqsratchak- (i) to become
intimidated, afraid to act |
-qsraq- vv -tchak- vv
taluqsrau- (i) to be easily intimidated,
scared | -qsraq- vv :u-2 vv
talva (Ti) (excl.) that’s all; it’s over §
tarva, tavra
tamala- (i) to be loosely woven; (i) to
scatter; (i) to not be compact
tamallaq- (i) to scatter (esp., of ocean
ice when it disperses) | ‘-q-1 vv §
siamit-
°tamaq (root) entirety, whole § °iluqaQ,
see Appendix 2
tamaan [dual tamaigñik, pl. tamaisa]
all of her/him/it (used only as obj)
» tamaan qairruŋ uvamnun give
me all of it |
:an (3s) [-igñik (3d); -isa (3p)]
tamaġma [dual tamamnuk, pl.
tamapta] my entirety | +ma (1s)[
-mnuk (1d); -pta (1p)]
tamaġmi [dual tamaġmik, pl.
tamaġmiŋ or tamaġmik]
her/his/its entirety (used only as
subj) » tamaġmi nakuuruq all of
it is good | +mI (3Rs)
tamaisigun through their entirety |
-isigun (3p-s rel. poss.in via.)
560
tamalguq (Ti) dollar » tamalgumik
aitchuġuŋ give him a dollar |
+guq nn
tamanġun a person whom one is
related to in several ways |
-nġuq nn =un2 nn
¤tamannałhaiññaq all the time,
repeatedly » tamannałhaiññaq
qiaruq she cries all of the time |
perhaps +nnaq nn -łhaiññaq2 nn
tamaqpiñ [dual tamavsik , pl.
tamavsi] yours entirety | +kpiñ (2s)
tamatigun (Nu) altogether, in all
respects, completely | -tigun (via.)
tamatkii- (i) to take everything one
owns (of another person); (t) to
take everything she/he owns »
tamatkiimaraa qaġruŋiññik
apiyaŋata her elder brother took
of her ammunition | -tkIq- nv
-I-7 vv
tamatkiq- (t) to take it all | -tkIq- nv
°tamar (dem. stem) (w/prefix *ta(t))
there (extended and visible;
entity in reference is closer to the
listener) | *ta(t) (dem. prefix)
°mar (dem. stem) < °mar (dem.
stem)
tamaani located here (extended and
visible; entity in reference is
closer to the listener); (idiomatic
answer to question suviñ “what
is it, can I help you”) “just
hanging out around here, that’s
all” < maani
tamaaniiqsuaq- to be with, spending
time with (her/him/it) »
“tamaniiqsuaqługu Uyuġuaq”
(Aiken 2009) [being around
Uyuġuaq spending time with him]
| .-q-1 vv +tuaq- vv
tamanna [dual tamakkuak, pl.
tamatkua] that one there
(extended and visible; entity in
 reference is closer to the listener)
< manna
tamaaŋŋa from there (extended and
visible; entity in reference is
closer to the listener) < maaŋŋa
tamaaŋŋaaglaan thereinafter; from
this moment forward <
maaŋŋaaglaan
tamaaŋŋamiñ from that direction
there (extended and visible;
entity in reference is closer to the
listener) < maaŋŋamiñ
tamaaŋŋaq- (i) to come from there
(extended and visible; entity in
reference is closer to the listener)
< maaŋŋaq-
tamarra there (extended and visible;
entity in reference is closer to the
listener) < marra
tamattuma [(dual tamakkuak, pl.
tamatkua] that one there
(extended and visible; entity in
reference is closer to the listener)
< mattuma
tamattumani [dual tamakkugnagni,
pl. tamatkunani] located with that
one there (extended and visible;
entity in reference is closer to the
listener) < mattumani
tamattumaŋŋa [dual
tamakkugnaŋŋa, pl.
tamatkunaŋŋa] from that one
there (extended and visible;
entity in reference is closer to the
listener) < mattumaŋŋa
tamattumatun [dual
tamakkugnaktun, pl.
tamatkunatitun] similar to that
one there (extended and visible;
entity in reference is closer to the
listener) < mattumatun
tamattumiŋa [dual tamakkugniŋa,
pl. tamatkuniŋa] that one there
(extended and visible; entity in
reference is closer to the listener)
< mattumiŋa
561
tamattumuŋa [dual tamakkugnuŋa,
pl. tamatkunuŋa] to that one there
(extended and visible; entity in
reference is closer to the listener)
< mattumuŋa
tamattumuuna [dual
tamakkugnuuna, pl.
tamatkunuuna] via that one there;
with that one there (extended and
visible; entity in reference is
closer to the listener) <
mattumuuna
tamauna via, through there
(extended and visible; entity in
reference is closer to the listener)
< mauna
tamaunnaaq- (i) to go via, through
there (extended and visible;
entity in reference is closer to the
listener) < maunnaaq-
tamaunnaaġiaq- (i) to go take the
route which runs through that
area (extended and visible; entity
in reference is closer to the
listener) »
tamaunnaaġiaqtuaguk wed
came to take the route which runs
though that area < maunnaaġiaq-
tamauŋa to there (extended and
visible; entity in reference is
closer to the listener) < mauŋa
tamauŋanmun towards there
(extended and visible; entity in
reference is closer to the listener)
< mauŋanmun
tamauŋaq- (i) to go there (extended
and visible; entity in reference is
closer to the listener); (t) to
put/place it here (extended and
visible;entity in reference is
closer to the listener) < mauŋaq-
tammaq- (i) to be lost; (i) to disappear; (t)
to lose it, not be able to find it
tammaa- (i) to be lost, lose one’s way
| -a-2 vv
 tammaġnauraq adopted child (Aiken
2009) | +niQ1 vn :uraq nn
tammaġniq lost person out on ice,
tundra | +niQ1 vn
tammaġvik [lit. “place of being
lost”] hell | +vIk1 vn
tammai- (i) to lose something; (t) to
lose her/him/it | -I-5 vv
tammaulliq- (t) to disappear quickly
with her/him/it » “Tavrakii,
kiggisiŋaiqsaġluqqaaqtuk,
avluqsaalukkaluaqtuq,
akkuaġaak! Taimma, avanmun
nuqirrutigiliqługu,
[t]ammaulliġaak.” (Nageak
1975: 36) [then as soon as they
(two polar bears) disengaged
their jaws from each other, he
(one of the boys) started to jump
but they (jaws of the polar bears)
caught him; they (polar bears)
quickly pulled him down and
immediately disappeared with
him] | -uti- vv -liq-2 vv
tamuq- to chew (it)
tammuġiksaq- (i) to chew something
well, chew cud; (t) to chew it well
| ‘-Q vn +[g]ik- nv msaq-3 nv
tamuaq a single bite of food;
something being chewed | ±aq1 vn
tamuluk- (i) to snack, eat a little (not
a whole meal) | -luk- vv § kigak-
tamuqasiraaq piece of tough meat or
hide to chew on | -qaq vn
-siraq(-) nv,vn ±aq1 vn
tamuqatchiaq something to chew;
gum | -qaq vn -tchiaq nn
tamurriq- (i) to put something in
one’s mouth to chew; (t) to put
something in her/his mouth to
chew » “Taimma tamaaŋŋa
kaakkaluaġami kiisaimma
tamurrillakpuq.” (Ahvakana:
18) [because she was hungry she
finally put something in her
562
mouth to chew from the plates of
food that were there] | ±aq1 vn
=rrIq-2 nv
tamuutailaq (Nu) a one-year-old
sheep with horn stubs | :un1 vn
:ilaq nn
Tanik Caucasian person; white person »
“…Tan-ning or Tan’-
gin….probably refers to the
Russians, who have regular bath
days at their posts, and is derived
from tan-ni’kh-lugo, to wash or
cleanse the person.”( Simpson:
271)
Taniayaaq white child; half-white
person | -iyaaq nn
Taniksi- (t) to translate it into English
| +sI-2 nv
¤Taniksiñ an English word | +sI-2 nv
‘-n vn
Taniksiñiq English name of Iñupiaq
person; English version of
something » “Taniksiñiġa Edna,
aasii Iñupiaqsiñiġa Paniattaaq;
my English name is Edna, and my
Iñupiaq name is Paniattaaq.”
(MacLean 2010);
“taniksiñiŋagun piuŋ” (Aiken
2009) [say it in English] | +sI-2 nv
+niQ1 vn
taniktaaluk (Nu) dog with hanging
ears | +qtaq nn -aluk nn
Taniktaq an object or clothing
belonging inherently to the white
man’s culture; non-Iñupiaq item;
(Nu) dog with hanging ears »
Taniktaiġutiŋarut they are out of
white man's food | +qtaq nn
Taniktun in English | +tun (sim.)
tanniqi- (i) to associate and be overly
friendly to white people (of
Iñupiaq person) | ‘=Iqi-1 nv
Tanŋuraaq- or tanŋurak- (i) to
speak English | :uraaq- nv
tanuġaksi- (i) to become dusk (of day) |
+sI-1 vv
taŋiq- [taŋIq]] (i) to eat the best part of
the food; (t) to eat it = best part of
the food; (Ti) bread, biscuit eaten
with tea or coffee »
“taŋiligaaġlugu niuqqaqtuŋa”
(Kinneeveauk 20008) [I am
drinking tea or coffee with
biscuits or doughnuts]
taŋiq [pl taŋiġIt] proof, concrete evidence
of a claim; residue, substance
leftover from a process (especially
fat remaining after blubber is
rendered)
taŋiku- (i) to have something
remaining (such as rendered
blubber strips after oil is made),
residue | -ku(-) nv, nn
taŋiġit- (i) to be false, incorrect |
:It-1 nv
taŋŋiq- (i) to become a reality; (i) to
be fulfilled (of a promise) »
“Aapaa alġaqsruutaa uvamnun
taŋŋilgitchuq.” (Nageak 1976: 6)
[once again my father’s words of
wisdom became reality for me] |
‘=Iq-1 nv
¤taŋŋiutaq truth | :utaq vn
taŋmik- [taŋmIk] (i) to swerve, turn
aside; (i) to ricochet, be deflected
taŋmigaq- (i) to ski downhill; (i) to
ski | +aq-1 vv § tatmigiaq-
taŋmigutaq a skid; board placed
under heavy object to make it
easier to slide along ground; ski |
-utaq vn
tapa- (Ti) (i) to want to do more of an
activity, like dancing, eating,
singing
563
tapagi- (Ti) (t) to enjoy someone’s
company, to like to be with
someone | +[g]i- rv
tapasi- (Ti) (i) to want more of
something; (i) to grow to like it;
(t) to want to do it »
“pivsaaġuktuq, kiikaasuli” (C.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [he wants more,
still more] | +sI-1 vv
tapiglak- or tavlik- (i) to go through,
pierce through to the other side, to
penetrate; (t) to pierce, penetrate
it; (i) to soak through »
“Qanuqługu tapiglaktilaaŋa
tapqaq nalugaat.” (Kaveolook
1974: 7) [they do not know how
they (Old Squaw ducks) emerged
through the sandbar]; natchiq
pisikługu tavlikkaa
he pierced the seal with his shot;
tavlikka atigiga sialukpailluni
my parka is soaked through
because of the heavy rain;
”sisuam uġruŋa tavliguuruq;
atuqulaitkaat kamignun;
immayuksisuugait”
(C. Tuzroyluke 2009) [beluga oil
soaks through; they do not want it
used on boots; it renders them
(boots) non-waterproof ]
| -lak- vv or =lik2 vv
tapiq(-) [tapiQ] an additional piece; (t) to
add to it to enlarge or complete;
(i) to lie alongside, be parallel to
each other; (t) to widen by adding
a piece to it @ tapiqsi- »
“tapiqsiġlugu piuŋ
saniġaqłiġiiksillugit,
naviyatquŋiłługu” (Aiken 2009)
[put an additional piece next to it
so that it does not break easily] ||
+sI-3 vv
tapiġiik (Nu) two things which
together form something
 complete; something and its
enlargement | +[g]iik nn
tapiqtaaġiik(-) two things doubled
over (e.g., clothing, when one is
wearing two pairs of pants); two
flat objects one on top of the
other; (i) to be one on top of the
other (of two flat objects):
overlapped objects; (i) to be
overlapped (of objects) | +taaq- vv
+[g]iik(-) vv
tapitaaġiiksit- to be situated abreast
of each other | +taaq- vv
+[g]iik(-) vv, vn mtit-1 vv
tappiq- (t) to side with, agree with
her/him; (t) to second, endorse it
=motion in parliamentary
procedure or nomination so that a
vote may be taken; (Nu) (t) to
complete, enlarge it by adding to
it; (t) to be a companion, friend to
her/him | ‘=Iq-2 nv § aippiq-,
sivunniqsa
tapit- (i) to be folded over; (i) to walk
abreast of each other, side by side;
(t) to shoot them =two animals or
things with one arrow or bullet;
(Ti) (t) for wet clothing to soak
her/his skin
tapqaq1 small island, sand bar off ocean
shore » qaviamik
tapqaqaġuuruq unuuna there
are usually small islands of sand
down on the ocean; tapqaq
kiktuġaummimman tavruuna
siñġamik pisuugaat when the
sand bar is segmented that area
where it is not connected is called
siñġaq § siñġaq
tapqaġnaq (Nu) island, sandbar in
lake | +naq1 nn
564
tapqaq2 (Nu) place on kayak where ropes
are tied (there are two, front and
back)
tapsi(-) [tapsI] (Nu, Ti) belt; to put a belt
on (her/him) § tavsi(-)
tapsiaq rawhide thong worn as belt or
used as strap on dog pack | ±aq1 vn
tapsiñaaq (Ti) strip of meat around
the underside, sides, and back
including the belly button of a
whale, below ventral area |
-naaq3 nn § silviit
taptayuġaq rib cartilage; ensiform
appendage between floating ribs |
-yuġaq n
taptau- (Nu) (t) to grab her/him (of player
who has her/his eyes covered in
the game of taptauraq) (then the
player with hood down raises the
hood to see who she/he has
grabbed)
taptauraq- (Nu) (i) to play a game
where one player who has pulled
down her/his parka hood, holding
it in her/his teeth so that she/he
cannot see, tries to grab others |
+t/raq-/ vv
taputi- (i) to be included; (t) to include
her/him/it § kiputi-
tapurrau- (i) to be included | ~raq vn
:u-1 nv
tapurri- (i) to influence someone; (i)
to include someone or something
» tapurriruq he influenced others
to join; malikkaat aullaqtuaq
they followed the one who
departed; “tuttupiat tavra
tapurriraġaqługit nunullakkait
qunŋit” Aiken 2009) [caribou (as
opposed to reindeer) by repeatedly
causing the reinder to join them
 have depleted them (absorbed
them into the herds)] | ~raq vn
=I-7 vv
taqak blood vessel, vein | -qak nn, vn
taqagluksi- (i) to suffer from varicose
veins | +luk(-)1 nv +sI-1 vv
taqakpak large blood vessel; vein;
artery | +qpak(-) nn, vv
taqalukisaq (Nu) or (Ti) taqalakisaq
butterfly (Lepidoptera)
taqalukisaksraq (Nu) brightly
colored tundra flower (believed to
turn into a butterfly) |
-ksraq(-) nn, vv
taqhammuq- or taqhammuk-, (Nu)
taqammuq- (i) to sink without a
large splash, fall cleanly into the
water with a slight plop; (t) to
cause it to sink without a splash
taqilakisaaq northern buttercup
(Ranunculus sp.)
taqit- (i) to give up
taqpa- (i) to be wide open |
taqpaq- (t) to open it wide; let it
remain wide open | +q-1 vv
taqpak nostril; (Ti) flare of nostril |
-pak2 n § qiŋŋak
taqtu kidney
taqtuġutit kidney fat from caribou or
whale | -ġun nn -t nn
taqtunak either side of body above
hip, toward front | -nak nn
taqtunaktu- (i) to be husky, heavy,
thick-flanked | -nak nn +tu- nv
taqtunnak pair of tenderloins |
-nak nn -k2 nn
taqtunnaq- (t) to hurt on one side of
the body (as from laughing hard) |
-nnaq- v
565
taqtuutut stars § uvluġiaq
taquaq(-) [taquraq] trail snack; food for
hunting; (i) to bring along a trail
snack, carry provisions
taquaqaġvik food and water box
taken on hunting trips | -qaq- nv
+vIk1 vn
taqurrit- (t) to supply her/him with
provisions | ‘=It- nv
taquuppik [taquuppIk] (Nu) beaded
earrings worn by women | siutiġun
tarraq- (t) to brush against her/him/it §
tatraq- under tati-
tarva (PB) or tavra yes, I know; that’s
right, true; that is all; that’s
enough, stop it < °tavr or °tarv
tarvaŋŋatchiaq or tavraŋŋatchiaq all of
a sudden, suddenly < °tavr or
°tarv
tarvauvvaa or tavrauvva at once,
immediately; right then and there
< °tavr or °tarv
°tasakim (dem. stem) (w/prefix *ta(t)) out
there in the arctic entry (not
visible; entity in reference may be
closer and visible to the listener) |
*ta(t) (dem. prefix) °sakim (dem.
stem) < °sakim (dem. stem)
tasakimna [dual tasakipkuak, pl.
tasakipkuak] that one out there in
the arctic entry (not visible; entity
in reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) < sakimna
tasakiptuma [dual tasakipkuak, pl.
tasakipkua] that one out there in
arctic entry (not visible; entity in
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) < sakiptuma
tasakiptumani [dual tasakipkug-
nagni, pl. tasakipkunani] located
with that one out there in the
arctic entry (not visible; entity in
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) <
sakiptumani
tasakiptumaŋŋa [dual tasakipkug-
naŋŋa, pl. tasakipkunaŋŋa] from
that one out there in the arctic
entry (not visible; entity in
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) <
sakiptumaŋŋa
tasakiptumatun [dual tasakipku-
naŋŋa, pl. tasakipkunatitun]
similar to that one out there in the
arctic entry (not visible; entity in
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) <
sakiptumatun
tasakiptumiŋa [dual tasakipkugniŋa,
pl. tasakipkuniŋa] with that one
out there in the arctic entry (not
visible; entity in reference may be
closer and visible to the listener) <
sakiptumiŋa
tasakiptumuŋa [dual tasakipkug-
nuŋa, pl. tasakipkunuŋa] to that
one out there in the arctic entry
(not visible; entity in reference
may be closer and visible to the
listener) < sakiptumuŋa
tasakiptumuuna [dual tasakipkug-
nuuna, pl. tasakipkunuuna] via
that one out there in the arctic
entry; with that one out there in
the arctic entry (not visible; entity
in reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) <
sakiptumuuna
tasaŋma out there in the arctic entry
(not visible; entity in reference
may be closer and visible to the
listener) < saŋma
566
tasaŋmani or tasaŋmaniit- located
out there in the arctic entry (not
visible; entity in reference may be
closer and visible to the listener) <
saŋmani
tasaŋmaŋŋa from out there in the
arctic entry (not visible; entity in
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) < saŋmaŋŋa
tasaŋmaŋŋamiñ from that direction
out there in the arctic entry (not
visible; entity in reference may be
closer and visible to the listener) <
saŋmaŋŋamiñ
tasaŋmaŋŋaq- (i) to come from out
there in the arctic entry (not
visible; entity in reference may be
closer and visible to the listener) <
saŋmaŋŋaq-
tasaŋmuŋa to out there in the arctic
entry (not visible; entity in
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) < saŋmuŋa
tasaŋmuŋanmun toward out there in
the arctic entry (not visible; entity
in reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) <
saŋmuŋanmun
tasaŋmuŋaq- (i) to go out there in the
arctic entry (not visible; entity in
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) <
saŋmuŋaq-
tasaŋmuuna via, through out there in
the arctic entry (not visible; entity
in reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) < saŋmuuna
tasaŋmuunnaaq- (i) via, through out
there in the arctic entry (not
visible; entity in reference may be
closer and visible to the listener) <
saŋmuunnaaq-
°tasam1 (dem. stem) (w/prefix *ta(t))
under there (not visible, closer to
the listener) | *ta(t) (dem. prefix)
 °sam1 (dem. stem) < °sam1 (dem.
stem)
tasamani1 located under there (not
visible, closer to listener) <
samani
tasamaniit-1 to be located under there
(not visible, closer to the listener)
< samaniit-
tasamaŋŋa1 from under there (not
visible, closer to the listener) <
samaŋŋa
tasamaŋŋamiñ1 coming from under
there (not visible, closer to the
listener) < samaŋŋamiñ
tasamaŋŋaq-1 (i) to come from under
there (not visible, closer to the
listener) < samaŋŋaq-
tasamma1 under there (not visible,
closer to the listener) < samma
tasamna1 [dual tasapkuak, pl.
tasapkua] that one down under
there (not visible, closer to the
listener) < samna
tasamuŋa1 to down under there (not
visible, closer to the listener) <
samuŋa
tasaptuma1 [dual tasapkuak, pl.
tasapkua] that one down under
there (not visible, closer to the
listener) < saptuma
tasaptumani1 [dual tasapkugnagni,
pl. tasapkunani] located with that
one down under there (not visible,
closer to the listener) < saptumani
tasaptumaŋŋa1 [dual tasapkugnaŋŋa,
pl. tasapkunaŋŋa] from that one
down under there (not visible,
closer to the listener) <
saptumaŋŋa
tasaptumatun1 [dual tasapkugnaktun,
pl. tasapkunatitun] similar to that
one down under there (not visible)
< saptumatun
tasaptumiŋa1 [dual tasapkugniŋa, pl.
tasapkuniŋa] with that one down
567
under there (not visible) <
saptumiŋa
tasaptumuŋa1 [dual tasapkugnuŋa,
pl. tasapkunuŋa] to that one down
under there (not visible) <
saptumuŋa
tasaptumuuna1 [dual tasapkugnuuna,
pl. tasapkunuuna] via that one
down under there; with that one
down under there (not visible) <
saptumuuna
°tasam2 (dem. stem) (w/prefix *ta(t))
down there, e.g., far out on the
ocean, downriver, or downstairs
(not visible;entity in reference
may be closer and visible to the
listener) | *ta(t) (dem. prefix)
°sam2 (dem. stem) < °sam2 (dem.
stem)
tasamani2 located down there, e.g.,
far out on the ocean, downriver,
or downstairs (not visible;entity in
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) < samani
tasamaŋŋa2 from down there, e.g.,
far out on the ocean, downriver,
or downstairs (not visible;entity in
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) < samaŋŋa
tasamaŋŋamiñ2 from that direction
down there, e.g., far out on the
ocean, downriver, or downstairs
(not visible;entity in reference
may be closer and visible to the
listener) < samaŋŋamiñ
tasamaŋŋaq-2 (i) to come from
down there, e.g., far out on the
ocean, downriver, or downstairs
(not visible;entity in reference
may be closer and visible to the
listener) < samaŋŋaq-
tasamma2 down there, e.g., far out on
the ocean, downriver, or
downstairs (not visible;entity in
 reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) < samma
tasamna2 [dual tasapkuak, pl.
tasapkua] that one down there,
e.g., far out on the ocean,
downriver, or downstairs (not
visible;entity in reference may be
closer and visible to the listener) <
samna
tasamuŋa2 to down there, e.g., far out
on the ocean, downriver, or
downstairs (not visible;entity in
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) <samuŋa
tasamuŋanmun2 toward down there,
e.g., far out on the ocean,
downriver, or downstairs (not
visible;entity in reference may be
closer and visible to the listener) <
samuŋanmun
tasamuŋaq-2 (i) to go down there,
e.g., far out on the ocean,
downriver, or downstairs (not
visible;entity in reference may be
closer and visible to the listener) <
samuŋaq-
tasamuuna2 via, through down there,
e.g., far out on the ocean,
downriver, or downstairs (not
visible;entity in reference may be
closer and visible to the listener) <
samuuna
tasamuunnaaq-2 or tasamuunaaq-
(i) to travel via, through down
there, e.g., far out on the ocean,
downriver, or downstairs (not
visible;entity in reference may be
closer and visible to the listener) <
samuunnaaq-
tasaptuma2 [dual tasapkuak, pl.
tasapkua] that one down there,
e.g., far out on the ocean,
downriver, or downstairs (not
visible;entity in reference may be
closer and visible to the listener) <
saptuma
568
tasaptumani2 [dual tasapkugnagni,
pl. tasapkunani] located with that
one down there, e.g., far out on
the ocean, downriver, or
downstairs (not visible;entity in
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) < saptumani
tasaptumaŋŋa2 [dual tasapkugnaŋŋa,
pl. tasapkunaŋŋa] from that one
down there, e.g., far out on the
ocean, downriver, or downstairs
(not visible;entity in reference
may be closer and visible to the
listener) < saptumaŋŋa
tasaptumatun2 [dual tasapkugnaktun,
pl. tasapkunatitun] similar to that
one down there, e.g., far out on
the ocean, downriver, or
downstairs (not visible;entity in
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) <
saptumatun
tasaptumiŋa2 [dual tasapkugniŋa, pl.
tasapkuniŋa] with that one down
there, e.g., far out on the ocean,
downriver, or downstairs (not
visible;entity in reference may be
closer and visible to the listener) <
saptumiŋa
tasaptumuŋa2 [dual tasapkugnuŋa,
pl. tasapkunuŋa] to that one down
there, e.g., far out on the ocean,
downriver, or downstairs (not
visible;entity in reference may be
closer and visible to the listener) <
saptumuŋa
tasaptumuuna2 [dual tasapkugnuuna,
pl. tasapkunuuna] via that one
down there, e.g., far out on the
ocean, downriver, or downstairs;
with that one down there, e.g., far
out on the ocean, downriver, or
downstairs (not visible;entity in
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) saptumuuna
tasi- [tasI] (i) to stretch, to extend
tasit- [tasIt] (t) to stretch it @
tasitchi- | +t-1 vv || +sI-3 vv
tasitchaq- (t) to work on it, to stretch
it @ tasitchai- » “tasitchaisuurut
ailaqtuaqługu
aglipkaġniuraqługu atigiksraq”
(Aiken 2009) [they work on
potential parka skins by stretching
them gently after moistening
them] | +t-1 vv +saq-2 vv
tasiqsruq- (i) to stretch one’s arms;
(t) to stretch it @ tasiqsrui- |
+t-1 vv mqsruq-2 vv || :I-4 vv
tasiraġaaq or tasiraġaq rubber band,
elastic | +raġaaq(-) vv or
-raġaq vn
tasirruk- (t) to make it bigger by
stretching | =rruk- vv
tasiuk- (t) to stretch it = skin with
hide scraper » “tasiuguugaa
paniŋaiñŋaan” (Aiken 2009) [she
stretches it (moistened skin)
before it dries] | +uk- vv
*tasI (root) linkage
tasikuaġun dog leash, lead, trace »
“akłunaaq amisuurat qimmiñun
atuqtuaq” (Hugo 2009) [a thin
rope used with dogs] | -kuaq- nv
+un1 vn
tasikuaq- to lead (her/him/it) with a
leash | -kuaq- nv
tasiuq- (i) to hold hands; (t) to hold
her/his hand | :uq-2 vv
tasiuqtuaq- (i) to hold hands while
leisurely walking; (t) to hold
her/his hand while leisurely
walking | :uq-2 vv +tuaq- vv
tasiq [tasIq] or tatchiq lagoon, inlet, bay
tasiġaaġruk lagoon | +[g]aq2 nn
-aq2 nn -ġruk nn
tasiġaq or tasiġauraq pond; small
narrow lake | +[g]aq2 nn or
+[g]aq2 nn :uraq nn
569
tasuq- (t) to repossess, take back, reclaim;
redeem or to ransom her/him/it @
tasui- || :I-4 vv § tatuq-
tasuqsaqti one who pays the ransom;
redeemer | m saq-3 vv mt/ri vn
tasuqtauniq redemption, salvation |
+t/raq vn :u-1 nv +niQ1 vn
tasuun ransom | :un1 vn
*tata (root) extreme apprehension,
anxiety
tataigi- (t) to be fearful of, be wary of
her/him/it | :It-1 vv m[g]i- vv
tataiñaq- (i) to cause extreme
apprehension, fear »
“iqsilauraġnaqtuq
tuquġautiŋaruat sauniŋit
Qayaiqsiġvium qaniani iġġit
killiŋanni iluuraŋanni”
(Matumeak 2009) [it is extremely
scary to be amongst the bones of
those who have killed each other
near Qayaiqsiġvik somewhat in
the mountains] | :It-1 vv +naq(-) vv
tatamaa- (i) to be terrified, paralyzed
with fear | +mit- vv -a-2 vv
tatamaanaq- (i) to be terrifying,
frightful | +mit- vv -a-2 vv
+naq(-) 1 vn
tatamit- (i) to become frightened
enough to quit; (i) to become
aware of the detrimental
consequences of an experience
and choose not to repeat it; (i) to
“learn a lesson” | +mit- vv
tatamnaq- (i) to be terrible, very
frightening | +mit- vv
=naq(-) vv
tatamni- (t) to frighten her/him/it
enough so that she/he/it will not
dare to do the action again |
+mit- vv :I-7 vv
tatasuk- (i) to be easily frightened |
-suk-2 vv
 tatavrua- (i) to react fearfully (almost
in panic) to loud noises | +mit- vv
=rruk- vv -a-2 vv
tatavrualatchi- (t) to terrify
her/him/it with a loud noise |
+mit- vv =rruk- vv -a-2 vv -la- vv
+tchI- vv
tatavsaq- (t) to punish her/him/it; (t)
to “teach him a lesson”; (t) to
chastise her/him @ tatavsai- |
+mit- vv =saq3- vv || :I-4 vv
tatavsaun punishment | +mit- vv
=saq3- vv :un1 vn
tati- (i) to be too tight (of clothing); (t) to
brush against, lean against, touch,
squeeze up next to her/him/it
tarraq- (t) to brush against her/him/it
repeatedly | ~raq-1 vv
tatimmi- (i) to be closely packed
(esp., of caribou on hot days); (t)
to be touching her/him/it |
+mmI-5 vv
tatimmiraq- (i) to be closely packed
in a group | +mmI-5 vv -raq- vv
tatimmirat closely packed herd of
caribou | +mmI-5 vv +t/raq nn
-t nn
tattalauraq- (i) to be a tight fit |
-lauraq- vv
tattuq- (i) to be stuck in a narrow
space; be too narrow; to be too
small (of clothing) | ‘-q-1 vv
tattuqit- (i) to be closed in, cramped,
be restricted by crowding; (i) to be
stuck in a narrow space; (t) to be
smack against it | ‘-q-1 vv -It-2 vv
tattuqun a wedge used for tightening
or securing | ‘-q-1 vv :un1 vn
tattuqusiq- (t) to place a wedge in it
to make it close tighter »
tattuqusiqługu kisian
umiguuruq upkuaq the door
closes only when a wedge is
placed to make it tighter | ‘-q-1 vv
:un1 nv ~Iq-1 nv
570
tatumiaq- (t) to be in contact with,
touching her/him/it as one moves |
+miaq(-) vv
tatigi [tatigI] frame cache (usually
constructed of long, large whale
bones) built high off ground to
keep umiak safe from dogs §
ikiġġat
tatiġila- (Ti) (i) to chatter from the cold
(one’s teeth) » “uuliktuq
qiiyavaqilluni” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [he is shaking because he is
so cold]
tatirgak Lesser Sandhill Crane (Grus
canadensis)
tatitu- (i) to be sensible, level-headed,
unexcitable | +tu- vv
°tatkIg (dem. stem) (w/prefix *ta(t)) area
outside (restricted and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) | *ta(t) (dem.
prefix) °kig (dem. stem) < °kig
(dem. stem)
tatkiani located out there (restricted
and visible; entity in reference
may be closer to the listener) <
kiani
tatkianiit- (i) to be located out there
(restricted and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < kianiit-
tatkiaŋŋa from out there (restricted
and visible; entity in reference
may be closer to the listener) <
kiaŋŋa
tatkiaŋŋamiñ from that direction out
there (restricted and visible; entity
in reference may be closer to the
listener) < kiaŋŋamiñ
tatkiaŋŋaq- (i) to come from out
there (restricted and visible; entity
 in reference may be closer to the
listener) < kiaŋŋaq-
tatkiaŋŋauti- (t) to bring her/him/it
inside from out there (restricted
and visible; entity in reference
may be closer to the listener) <
kiaŋŋauti-
tatkigga out there (restricted and
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener) < kigga
tatkigña [dual tatkikkuak, pl.
tatkikkua] the one out there
(restricted and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < kigña
tatkiktuma [dual tatkikkuak, pl.
tatkikkua] that one out there
(restricted and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < kiktuma
tatkiktumani [dual tatkikkugnagni,
pl. tatkikkunani] located with that
one out there (restricted and
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener) < kiktumani
tatkiktumaŋŋa [dual tatkikkugnaŋŋa,
pl. tatkikkunaŋŋa] from that one
out there (restricted and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < kiktumaŋŋa
tatkiktumatun [dual
tatkikkugnaktun, pl.
tatkikkunatitun] similar to that one
out there (restricted and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < kiktumatun
tatkiktumiŋa [dual tatkikkugniŋa, pl.
tatkikkuniŋa] that one out there
(restricted and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < kiktumiŋa
tatkiktumuŋa [dual tatkikkugnuŋa,
pl. tatkikkunuŋa] to that one out
there (restricted and visible; entity
in reference may be closer to the
listener) < kiktumuŋa
571
tatkiktumuuna [dual
tatkikkugnuuna, pl.
tatkikkunuuna] via that one out
there; with that one out there that
one out there (restricted and
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener) <
kiktumuuna
tatkiuŋa to out there (restricted and
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener) < kiuŋa
tatkiuŋanmun towards out there
(restricted and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < kiuŋanmun
tatkiuŋaq- (i) to go out there
(restricted and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < kiuŋaq-
tatkiuna via, through out there
(restricted and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < kiuna
tatkiunnaaq- (i) to go via, through
out there (restricted and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < kiunaaq-
°tatkIv (dem. stem) (w/prefix *ta(t)) in
there, or up the coast (extended
and visible; entity in reference
may be closer to the listener) |
*ta(t) (dem. prefix) °kIv (dem.
stem) < °kIv (dem. stem)
tatkimña [dual tatkipkuak, pl.
tatkipkua] that one in there, or up
the coast (extended and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < kimña
tatkiptuma [dual tatkipkuak, pl.
tatkipkua] that one in there, or up
the coast (extended and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < kiptuma
tatkiptumani [dual tatkipkugnagni,
pl. tatkipkunani] located with that
 one in there, or up the coast
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < kiptumani
tatkiptumaŋŋa [dual tatkipkugnaŋŋa,
pl. tatkipkunaŋŋa] from that one in
there, or up the coast (extended
and visible; entity in reference
may be closer to the listener) <
kiptumaŋŋa
tatkiptumatun [dual
tatkipkugnaktun, pl.
tatkipkunatitun] similar to that one
in there, or up the coast (extended
and visible; entity in reference
may be closer to the listener) <
kiptumatun
tatkiptumiŋa [dual tatkipkugniŋa, pl.
tatkipkuniŋa] that one in there, or
up the coast (extended and
visible; entity in reference may
be closer to the listener) <
kiptumiŋa
tatkiptumuŋa [dual tatkipkugnuŋa,
pl. tatkipkunuŋa] to that one in
there, or up the coast (extended
and visible; entity in reference
may be closer to the listener) <
kiptumuŋa
tatkiptumuuna [dual
tatkipkugnuuna, pl.
tatkipkunuuna] via that one in
there, or up the coast; with that
one in there, or up the coast
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < kiptumuuna
tatkivani located in there or up the
coast (extended and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < kivani
tatkivaŋŋa from up the coast
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < kivaŋŋa
572
tatkivaŋŋamiñ from up the coast
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < kivaŋŋamiñ
tatkivaŋŋaq- (i) to come from up the
coast (extended and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < kivaŋŋaq-
tatkivaŋŋauti- (t) to bring her/him/it
from up the coast (extended and
visible; entity in reference may
be closer to the listener) <
kivaŋŋauti-
tatkivuŋa to up the coast (extended
and visible; entity in reference
may be closer to the listener) <
kivuŋa
tatkivuŋanmun towards up the coast
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < kivuŋanmun
tatkivuŋaq- (i) to go up the coast
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < kivuŋaq-
tatkivuuna via, through up the coast
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < kivuuna
tatkivuunnaaq- (i) to go via, through
up the coast (extended and
visible; entity in reference may
be closer to the listener) <
kivuunnaaq-
tatkivva in there, or up the coast
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < kivva
tatmigiaq- (Nu) (i) to use a stick to steady
oneself in snow, ice (often of
hunter on snowshoes); to ski §
taŋmigaq-
tatmigiaġutik (Nu) skis | :un1 vn
-k2 ni
°tatpag (dem. stem) (w/prefix *ta(t) up
there on the wall, the ceiling, in
the sky above eye level, away
from the ocean, or upriver
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) | *ta(t) (dem. prefix)
°pag (dem. stem) < °pag (dem.
stem)
tatpagna [dual tatpakkuak, pl.
tatpakkua] that one up there on the
wall, the ceiling, in the sky above
eye level, away from the ocean, or
upriver (extended and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < pagna
tatpaani or tatpaaniit- located up
there on the wall, the ceiling, in
the sky above eye level, away
from the ocean, or upriver
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener); “south, or landward”
(Simpson: 261) < paani
tatpaaŋŋa from up there on the wall,
the ceiling, in the sky above eye
level, away from the ocean, or
upriver (extended and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < paaŋŋa
tatpaaŋŋamiñ from that direction up
there on the wall, the ceiling, in
the sky above eye level, away
from the ocean, or upriver
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < paaŋŋamiñ
tatpaaŋŋaq- (i) to come from up
there on the wall, the ceiling, in
the sky above eye level, away
from the ocean, or upriver
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < paaŋŋaq-
tatpagga up there on the wall, the
ceiling, in the sky above eye level,
573
away from the ocean, or upriver
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < pagga
tatpagga tatpaani location south;
up there, located up there on the
wall, the ceiling, in the sky above
eye level, away from the ocean, or
upriver (extended and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) § see Appendix 3
tatpaktuma [dual tatpakkuak, pl.
tatpakkua] that one up there on the
wall, the ceiling, in the sky above
eye level, away from the ocean, or
upriver (extended and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < paktuma
tatpaktumani [dual tatpakkugnagni,
pl. tatpakkunani] located with that
one up there on the wall, the
ceiling, in the sky above eye level,
away from the ocean, or upriver
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < paktumani
tatpaktumaŋŋa [dual tatpakkug-
naŋŋa, pl. tatpakkunaŋŋa] from
that one up there on the wall, the
ceiling, in the sky above eye level,
away from the ocean, or upriver
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < paktumaŋŋa
tatpaktumatun [dual
tatpakkugnaktun, pl.
tatpakkunatitun] similar to that
one up there on the wall, the
ceiling, in the sky above eye level,
away from the ocean, or upriver
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < paktumatun
tatpaktumiŋa [dual tatpakkugniŋa,
pl. tatpakkuniŋa] that one up there
on the wall, the ceiling, in the sky
 above eye level, away from the
ocean, or upriver (extended and
visible; entity in reference may
be closer to the listener) <
paktumiŋa
tatpaktumuŋa [dual tatpakkugnuŋa,
pl. tatpakkunuŋa] to that one up
there on the wall, the ceiling, in
the sky above eye level, away
from the ocean, or upriver
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < paktumuŋa
tatpaktumuuna [dual
tatpakkugnuuna, pl.
tatpakkunuuna] via that one up
there on the wall, the ceiling, in
the sky above eye level, away
from the ocean, or upriver
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < paktumuuna
tatpauna via, through up there on the
wall, the ceiling, in the sky above
eye level, away from the ocean, or
upriver (extended and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < pauna
tatpaunnaaq- (i) to go via, through
up there on the wall, the ceiling, in
the sky above eye level, away
from the ocean, or upriver
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < paunnaaq-
tatpauŋa to up there on the wall, the
ceiling, in the sky above eye level,
away from the ocean, or upriver
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < pauŋa
tatpauŋanmun towards up there on
the wall, the ceiling, in the sky
above eye level, away from the
ocean, or upriver (extended and
visible; entity in reference may
574
be closer to the listener) <
pauŋanmun
tatpauŋaq- (i) to go up there on the
wall, the ceiling, in the sky above
eye level, away from the ocean, or
upriver (extended and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < pauŋaq-
°tatpakim (dem. stem) (w/prefix *ta(t)) up
there on roof (not visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) | *ta(t) (dem. prefix)
°pakim (dem. stem) < °pakim
(dem. stem)
tatpakimna [dual tatpakipkuak, pl
tatpakipkua] that one up there on
the roof (not visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < pakimna
tatpakiptuma [dual tatpakipkuak, pl.
tatpakipkua] that one up there on
roof (not visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < pakiptuma
tatpakiptumani [dual
tatpakipkugnagni, pl.
tatpakipkunani] located with that
one up there on roof (not visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < pakiptumani
tatpakiptumaŋŋa [dual
tatpakipkugnaŋŋa, pl.
tatpakipkunaŋŋa] from that one up
there on roof (not visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < pakiptumaŋŋa
tatpakiptumatun [dual
tatpakipkugnaktun, pl.
tatpakipkunatitun] similar to that
one up there on roof (not visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < pakiptumatun
tatpakiptumiŋa [dual
tatpakipkugniŋa, pl.
tatpakipkuniŋa] that one up there
 on roof (not visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < pakiptumiŋa
tatpakiptumuŋa [dual
tatpakipkugnuŋa, pl.
tatpakipkunuŋa] to that one up
there on roof (not visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < pakiptumuŋa
tatpakiptumuuna [dual
tatpakipkugnuuna, pl.
tatpakipkunuuna] via that one up
there on roof; with that one up
there on roof (not visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < pakiptumuuna
tatpaŋma up there on roof (not
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener) < paŋma
tatpaŋmani or tatpaŋmaniit- located
up there on roof (not visible; entity
in reference may be closer to the
listener) < paŋmani
tatpaŋmaŋŋa from up there on roof
(not visible; entity in reference
may be closer to the listener) <
paŋmaŋŋa
tatpaŋmaŋŋamiñ from that direction
up there on roof (not visible; entity
in reference may be closer to the
listener) < paŋmaŋŋamiñ
tatpaŋmaŋŋaq- (i) to come from up
there on roof (not visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < paŋmaŋŋaq-
tatpaŋmuŋa to up there on roof (not
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener) < paŋmuŋa
tatpaŋmuŋanmun toward up there
on roof (not visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < paŋmuŋanmun
tatpaŋmuŋaq- (i) to go up there on
roof (not visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < paŋmuŋaq-
575
tatpaŋmuuna via, through up there
on roof (not visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < paŋmuuna
tatpaŋmuunnaaq- (i) to go via,
through, by way of up there on
roof (not visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < paŋmuunnaaq-
°tatpam (dem. stem) (w/prefix *ta(t)) up
there, e.g., inland, upriver,
upstairs (not visible; entity in
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) | *ta(t)
(dem. prefix) °pam (dem. stem) <
°pam (dem. stem)
tatpamani or tatpamaniit- located
up there, e.g., inland, upriver,
upstairs (not visible; entity in
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) < pamani
tatpamaŋŋa from up there, e.g.,
inland, upriver, upstairs (not
visible; entity in reference may be
closer and visible to the listener) <
pamaŋŋa
tatpamaŋŋamiñ from that direction
up there, e.g., inland, upriver,
upstairs (not visible; entity in
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) <
pamaŋŋamiñ
tatpamaŋŋaq- (i) to come from up
there, e.g., inland, upriver, upstairs
(not visible; entity in reference
may be closer and visible to the
listener) < pamaŋŋaq-
tatpamma up there, e.g., inland,
upriver, upstairs (not visible;
entity in reference may be closer
and visible to the listener) <
pamma
tatpamna [dual tatpapkuak, pl.
tatpapkua] that one up there, e.g.,
inland, upriver, upstairs (not
 visible; entity in reference may be
closer and visible to the listener) <
pamna
tatpamuŋa to up there, e.g., inland,
upriver, upstairs (not visible;
entity in reference may be closer
and visible to the listener) <
pamuŋa-
tatpamuŋanmun toward up there,
e.g., inland, upriver, upstairs (not
visible; entity in reference may be
closer and visible to the listener) <
pamuŋanmun
tatpamuŋaq- (i) to go up there, e.g.,
inland, upriver, upstairs (not
visible; entity in reference may be
closer and visible to the listener) <
pamuŋaq-
tatpamuuna via, through up there,
e.g., inland, upriver, upstairs (not
visible; entity in reference may be
closer and visible to the listener) <
pamuuna
tatpamuunnaaq- (i) to go via,
through, up there, e.g., inland,
upriver, upstairs (not visible;
entity in reference may be closer
and visible to the listener) <
pamuunnaaq-
tatpamuunatqut- (i) to pass by
further inland unseen; (t) to pass
by her/him/it further inland
unseen < pamuunatqut-
tatpaptuma [dual tatpapkuak, pl.
tatpapkua] that one up there, e.g.,
inland, upriver, upstairs (not
visible; entity in reference may be
closer and visible to the listener) <
paptuma
tatpaptumani [dual tatpapkugnagni,
pl. tatpapkunani] located with that
one up there, e.g., inland, upriver,
upstairs (not visible; entity in
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) <
paptumani
576
tatpaptumaŋŋa [dual
tatpapkugnaŋŋa, pl.
tatpapkunaŋŋa] from that one up
there, e.g., inland, upriver, upstairs
(not visible; entity in reference
may be closer and visible to the
listener) < paptumaŋŋa
tatpaptumatun [dual
tatpapkugnaktun, pl.
tatpapkunatitun] similar to that
one up there, e.g., inland, upriver,
upstairs (not visible; entity in
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) <
paptumatun
tatpaptumiŋa [dual tatpapkugniŋa,
pl. tatpapkuniŋa] that one up
there, e.g., inland, upriver, upstairs
(not visible; entity in reference
may be closer and visible to the
listener) < paptumiŋa
tatpaptumuŋa [dual tatpapkugnuŋa,
pl. tatpapkunuŋa] to that one up
there, e.g., inland, upriver, upstairs
(not visible; entity in reference
may be closer and visible to the
listener) < paptumuŋa
tatpaptumuuna [dual
tatpapkugnuuna, pl.
tatpapkunuuna] via that one up
there, e.g., inland, upriver,
upstairs; with that one up there,
e.g., inland, upriver, upstairs that
one up there, e.g., inland, upriver,
upstairs < paptumuuna
°tatpIk (dem. stem) (w/prefix *ta(t)) up
there (restricted and visible; entity
in reference may be closer to the
listener) | *ta(t) (dem. prefix) °pIk2
(dem. stem) < °pIk2 (dem. stem)
tatpigña [dual tatpikkuak, pl.
tatpikkua] that one up there
(restricted and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < pigña
tatpikani or tatpikaniit- located up
there (restricted and visible; entity
in reference may be closer to the
listener) < pikani
tatpikaŋŋa from up there (restricted
and visible; entity in reference
may be closer to the listener) <
pikaŋŋa
tatpikaŋŋamiñ from that direction up
there (restricted and visible; entity
in reference may be closer to the
listener) < pikaŋŋamiñ
tatpikaŋŋaq- (i) to come from up
there (restricted and visible) <
pikaŋŋaq-
tatpikka up there (restricted and
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener) < pikka
tatpiktuma [dual tatpikkuak, pl.
tatpikkua] that one up there
(restricted and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < piktuma
tatpiktumani [dual tatpikkugnagni,
pl. tatpikkunani] located with that
one up there (restricted and
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener) < piktumani
tatpiktumaŋŋa [dual tatpikkugnaŋŋa,
pl. tatpikkunaŋŋa] from that one
up there (restricted and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < piktumaŋŋa
tatpiktumatun [dual
tatpikkugnaktun, pl.
tatpikkunatitun] similar to that one
up there (restricted and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < piktumatun
tatpiktumiŋa [dual tatpikkugniŋa, pl.
tatpikkuniŋa] that one up there
(restricted and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < piktumiŋa
tatpiktumuŋa [dual tatpikkugnuŋa,
pl. tatpikkunuŋa] to that one up
577
there (restricted and visible; entity
in reference may be closer to the
listener) < piktumuŋa
tatpiktumuuna [dual
tatpikkugnuuna, pl.
tatpikkunuuna] via that one up
there; with that one up there
(restricted and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < piktumuuna
tatpikuŋa to up there (restricted and
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener) < pikuŋa
tatpikuŋanmun towards up there
(restricted and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < pikuŋanmun
tatpikuŋaq- (i) to go up there
(restricted and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < pikuŋaq-
tatpikuuna via, through up there
(restricted and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < pikuuna
tatpikuunnaaq- (i) to go via, through
up there (restricted and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < pikuunnaaq-
°tatqa(g) (dem. stem) (w/prefix *ta(t)) out
there (extended and visible; entity
in reference may be closer to the
listener) | *ta(t) (dem. prefix) °qag
(dem. stem) < °qag (dem. stem)
tatqaani located out there (extended
and visible; entity in reference
may be closer to the listener) <
qaani
tatqaaŋŋa from out there (extended
and visible; entity in reference
may be closer to the listener) <
qaaŋŋa
tatqaaŋŋamiñ from that direction out
there (extended and visible; entity,
 in reference may be closer to the
listener) < qaaŋŋamiñ
tatqaaŋŋaq- (i) to come from out
there (extended and visible; entity
in reference may be closer to the
listener) < qaaŋŋaq-
tatqagga out there (extended and
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener) < qagga
tatqagna [dual tatqakkuak, pl.
tatqakkua] that one out there
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < qagna
tatqaktuma [dual tatqakkuak, pl.
tatqakkua] that one out there
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < qaktuma
tatqaktumani [dual tatqakkugnagni,
pl. tatqakkunani] located with that
one out there (extended and
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener) < qaktumani
tatqaktumaŋŋa [dual
tatqakkugnaŋŋa, pl.
tatqakkunaŋŋa] from that one out
there (extended and visible; entity
in reference may be closer to the
listener) < qaktumaŋŋa
tatqaktumatun [dual
tatqakkugnaktun, pl.
tatqakkunatitun] similar to that
one out there (extended and
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener) <
qaktumatun
tatqaktumiŋa [dual tatqakkugniŋa,
pl. tatqakkuniŋa] that one out
there (extended and visible; entity
in reference may be closer to the
listener) < qaktumiŋa
tatqaktumuŋa [dual tatqakkugnuŋa,
pl. tatqakkunuŋa] to that one out
there (extended and visible; entity
578
in reference may be closer to the
listener) < qaktumuŋa
tatqaktumuuna [dual tatqakkug-
nuuna, pl. tatqakkunuuna] via that
one out there; with that one out
there (extended and visible; entity
in reference may be closer to the
listener) < qaktumuuna
tatqauŋa to out there (extended and
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener) < qauŋa
tatqauŋanmun towards out there
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < qauŋanmun
tatqauŋaq- (i) to go out there
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < qauŋaq-
tatqauna via, through out there
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < qauna
tatqaunnaaq- (i) via, through out
there (extended and visible; entity
in reference may be closer to the
listener) < qaunnaaq-
°tatqakim (dem. stem) (w/prefix *ta(t))
out there in the shed or the
neighbor’s house (not visible to
speaker who is in another house;
visible to listener on the phone in
the shed or the neighbor’s house)
or (not visible to speaker and
listener when emphasis is placed
on the referent) | *ta(t) (dem.
prefix) °qakim (dem. stem) <
°qakim (dem. stem)
tatqakimna [dual tatqakipkuak, pl.
tatqakipkua] that one out there in
the shed or in the neighbor’s
house (not visible to speaker who
is in another house; visible to
listener on the phone in the shed
or the neighbor’s house) or (not
 visible to speaker and listener
when emphasis is placed on the
referent) < qakimna
tatqakiptuma [dual tatqakipkuak, pl.
tatqakipkua] that one out there in
the shed or in the neighbor’s
house (not visible to speaker who
is in another house; visible to
listener on the phone in the shed
or the neighbor’s house) or (not
visible to speaker and listener
when emphasis is placed on the
referent) < qakiptuma
tatqakiptumani or
tatqakiptumaniit- [dual
tatqakipkugnagni, pl.
tatqakipkunani] located with that
one out there in the shed or in the
neighbor’s house (not visible to
speaker who is in another house;
visible to listener on the phone in
the shed or the neighbor’s house)
or (not visible to speaker and
listener when emphasis is placed
on the referent) < qakiptumani
tatqakiptumaŋŋa [dual tatqakipkug-
naŋŋa, pl. tatqakipkunaŋŋa] from
that one out there in the shed or in
the neighbor’s house (not visible
to speaker who is in another
house; visible to listener on the
phone in the shed or the
neighbor’s house) or (not visible
to speaker and listener when
emphasis is placed on the
referent) < qakiptumaŋŋa
tatqakiptumatun [dual
tatqakipkugnaktun, pl.
tatqakipkunatitun] similar to that
one out there in the shed or in the
neighbor’s house (not visible to
speaker who is in another house;
visible to listener on the phone in
the shed or the neighbor’s house)
or (not visible to speaker and
579
listener when emphasis is placed
on the referent) < qakiptumatun
tatqakiptumiŋa [dual tatqakipkug-
niŋa, pl. tatqakipkuniŋa] with that
one out there in the shed or in the
neighbor’s house (not visible to
speaker who is in another house;
visible to listener on the phone in
the shed or the neighbor’s house)
or (not visible to speaker and
listener when emphasis is placed
on the referent) < qakiptumiŋa
tatqakiptumuŋa [dual tatqakipkug-
nuŋa, pl. tatqakipkunuŋa] to that
one out there in the shed or in the
neighbor’s house (not visible to
speaker who is in another house;
visible to listener on the phone in
the shed or the neighbor’s house)
or (not visible to speaker and
listener when emphasis is placed
on the referent) < qakiptumuŋa
tatqakiptumuuna [dual
tatqakipkugnuuna, pl.
tatqakipkunuuna] via that one out
there in the shed or in the
neighbor’s house; with that one
out there in the shed or in the
neighbor’s house (not visible to
speaker who is in another house;
visible to listener on the phone in
the shed or the neighbor’s house)
or (not visible to speaker and
listener when emphasis is placed
on the referent) < qakiptumuuna
tatqaŋma out there in the shed or the
neighbor’s house (not visible to
speaker who is in another house;
visible to listener on the phone in
the shed or the neighbor’s house)
or (not visible to speaker and
listener when emphasis is placed
on the referent) < qaŋma
tatqaŋmani or tatqaŋmaniit- located
out there in the shed or the
neighbor’s house (not visible to
 speaker who is in another house;
visible to listener on the phone in
the shed or the neighbor’s house)
or (not visible to speaker and
listener when emphasis is placed
on the referent) < qaŋmani
tatqaŋmaŋŋa from out there in the
shed or the neighbor’s house (not
visible to speaker who is in
another house; visible to listener
on the phone in the shed or the
neighbor’s house) or (not visible
to speaker and listener when
emphasis is placed on the
referent) < qaŋmaŋŋa
tatqaŋmaŋŋamiñ from the direction
of the shed or the neighbor’s
house (not visible to speaker who
is in another house; visible to
listener on the phone in the shed
or the neighbor’s house) or (not
visible to speaker and listener
when emphasis is placed on the
referent) < qaŋmaŋŋamiñ
tatqaŋmaŋŋaq- (i) to come from the
shed or the neighbor’s house (not
visible to speaker who is in
another house; visible to listener
on the phone in the shed or the
neighbor’s house) or (not visible
to speaker and listener when
emphasis is placed on the
referent) < qaŋmaŋŋaq-
tatqaŋmuŋa to the shed or the
neighbor’s house (not visible to
speaker who is in another house;
visible to listener on the phone in
the shed or the neighbor’s house)
or (not visible to speaker and
listener when emphasis is placed
on the referent) < qaŋmuŋa
tatqaŋmuŋanmum towards the shed
or the neighbor’s house (not
visible to speaker who is in
another house; visible to listener
on the phone in the shed or the
580
neighbor’s house) or (not visible
to speaker and listener when
emphasis is placed on the
referent) < qaŋmuŋanmun
tatqaŋmuŋaq- (i) to go out there
visible or close to listener (not
visible to speaker who is in
another house who is in another
house; visible to listener on the
phone in the shed or the
neighbor’s house) or (not visible
to speaker and listener when
emphasis is placed on the
referent) < qaŋmuŋaq-
tatqaŋmuuna by way of the shed or
the neighbor’s house (not visible
to speaker who is in another
house; visible to listener on the
phone in the shed or the
neighbor’s house) or (not visible
to speaker and listener when
emphasis is placed on the
referent) < qaŋmuuna
tatqaŋmuunnaaq (i) to go by way of
the shed or the neighbor’s house
(not visible to speaker who is in
another house; visible to listener
on the phone in the shed or the
neighbor’s house) or (not visible
to speaker and listener when
emphasis is placed on the
referent) < qaŋmuunnaaq-
°tatqam (dem. stem) (w/prefix *ta(t)) in
there (not visible to speaker who
is outside; entity in reference may
be visible and closer to listener) |
*ta(t) (dem. prefix) °qam (dem.
stem) < °qam (dem. stem)
tatqamani or tatqamaniit- located in
there (not visible to speaker who is
outside; entity in reference may be
visible and closer to listener) <
qamani
tatqamaŋŋa from in there (not visible
to speaker who is outside; entity in
 reference may be visible and
closer to listener) < qamaŋŋa
tatqamaŋŋamiñ from in there (not
visible to speaker who is outside;
entity in reference may be visible
and closer to listener) <
qamaŋŋamiñ
tatqamaŋŋaq- (i) to come from in
there (not visible to speaker who is
outside; entity in reference may be
visible and closer to listener) <
qamaŋŋaq-
tatqamma in there (not visible to
speaker who is outside; entity in
reference may be visible and
closer to listener) < qamma
tatqamna [dual tatqapkuak, pl.
tatqapkua] that one in there (not
visible to speaker who is outside;
entity in reference may be visible
and closer to listener) < qamna
tatqamuŋa to in there (not visible to
speaker who is outside; entity in
reference may be visible and
closer to listener) < qamuŋa
tatqamuŋanmun towards in there
(not visible to speaker who is
outside; entity in reference may be
visible and closer to listener) <
qamuŋanmun
tatqamuŋaq- (i) to go in there (not
visible to speaker who is outside;
entity in reference may be visible
and closer to listener) <
qamuŋaq-
tatqamuuna via, through in there (not
visible to speaker who is outside;
entity in reference may be visible
and closer to listener) < qamuuna
tatqamuunnaaq- (i) via, through in
there (not visible to speaker who is
outside; entity in reference may be
visible and closer to listener) <
qamuunnaaq-
tatqaptuma [dual tatqapkuak, pl.
tatqapkua] that one in there (not
581
visible to speaker who is outside;
entity in reference may be visible
and closer to listener) < qaptuma
tatqaptumani [dual tatqapkugnagni,
pl. tatqapkunani] located with that
one in there (not visible to speaker
who is outside; entity in reference
may be visible and closer to
listener) < qaptumani
tatqaptumaŋŋa [dual tatqapkug-
naŋŋa, pl. tatqapkunaŋŋa] from
that one in there (not visible to
speaker who is outside; entity in
reference may be visible and
closer to listener) < qaptumaŋŋa
tatqaptumatun [dual
tatqapkugnaktun, pl.
tatqapkunatitun] similar to that
one in there (not visible to speaker
who is outside; entity in reference
may be visible and closer to
listener) < qaptumatun
tatqaptumiŋa [dual tatqapkugniŋa,
pl. tatqapkuniŋa] that one in there
(not visible to speaker who is
outside; entity in reference may be
visible and closer to listener) <
qaptumiŋa
tatqaptumuŋa [dual tatqapkugnuŋa
pl. tatqapkunuŋa] to that one in
there (not visible to speaker who is
outside; entity in reference may be
visible and closer to listener) <
qaptumuŋa
tatqaptumuuna [dual
tatqapkugnuuna, pl.
tatqapkunuuna] via that one in
there; with that one in there (not
visible to speaker who is outside;
entity in reference may be visible
and closer to listener) <
qaptumuuna
°tatqav (dem. stem) (w/prefix *ta(t)) up
the coast (extended and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
 to the listener); in Canada or
Greenland (not visible; entity in
reference may be closer and
visible to the listener) | *ta(t)
(dem. prefix) °qav (dem. stem) <
°qav (dem. stem)
tatqamna [dual tatqapkuak, pl.
tatqapkua] that one up the coast
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener); that one in Canada or
Greenland (not visible at the
moment but seen or observed
previously) < qamna
tatqaptuma [dual tatqapkuak, pl.
tatqapkua] that up the coast
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener); that one in Canada or
Greenland (not visible at the
moment but seen or observed
previously) < qaptuma
tatqaptumani [dual tatqapkugnagni,
pl. tatqapkunani] located with that
one up the coast (extended and
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener); located
with that one in Canada or
Greenland (not visible at the
moment but seen or observed
previously) < qaptumani
tatqaptumaŋŋa dual
tatqapkugnaŋŋa, pl.
tatqapkunaŋŋa] from that one up
the coast (extended and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener); from that one in
Canada or Greenland (not visible
at the moment but seen or
observed previously) <
qaptumaŋŋa
tatqaptumatun [dual
tatqapkugnaktun, pl.
tatqapkunatitun] similar to that
one up the coast (extended and
visible; entity in reference may be
582
closer to the listener); similar to
that one in Canada or Greenland
(not visible at the moment but
seen or observed previously) <
qaptumatun
tatqaptumiŋa [dual tatqapkugniŋa,
pl. tatqapkuniŋa] that one up the
coast (extended and visible; entity
in reference may be closer to the
listener); that one in Canada or
Greenland (not visible at the
moment but seen or observed
previously) < qaptumiŋa
tatqaptumuŋa [dual tatqapkugnuŋa,
pl. tatqapkunuŋa] to that one up
the coast (extended and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener); to that one in
Canada or Greenland (not visible
at the moment but seen or
observed previously) < qaptumuŋa
tatqaptumuuna [dual
tatqapkugnuuna, pl.
tatqapkunuuna] via that one up the
coast; with that one up the coast
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener); with that one in Canada
or Greenland (not visible at the
moment but seen or observed
previously) < qaptumuuna
tatqavani or tatqavaniit- located up
the coast (extended and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener); further up the
coast or in Canada or Greenland
(not visible at the moment but
seen or observed previously) ;
“eastward, or towards the Colville
or Makenzie rivers…” (Simpson:
261) < qavani
tatqavaŋŋa from up the coast
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener); from Canada or
Greenland (not visible at the
 moment but seen or observed
previously) < qavaŋŋa
tatqavaŋŋaat recent arrivals from the
east
tatqavaŋŋamiñ from up the coast
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener); from Canada or
Greenland (not visible at the
moment but seen or observed
previously) ; (Ti) from Anaktuvak
Pass, Alaska (perspective of Point
Hope, Alaska) < qavaŋŋamiñ
tatqavaŋŋaq- (i) to come from up the
coast, from Canada or Greenland
< qavaŋŋaq-
tatqavva up the coast (extended and
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener); in Canada
or Greenland (not visible at the
moment but seen or observed
previously) < qavva
tatqavva tatqavani location east;
“it/they are there, in the east”
tatqavuŋa to up the coast (extended
and visible; entity in reference
may be closer to the listener); to
Canada or Greenland (not visible
at the moment but seen or
observed previously) < qavuŋa
tatqavuŋanmun towards the east;
towards up the coast (extended
and visible; entity in reference
may be closer to the listener);
towards further up the coast
towards Canada or Greenland (not
visible at the moment but seen or
observed previously) <
qavuŋanmun
tatqavuŋaq- (i) to go up the coast,
east (extended and visible; entity
in reference may be closer to the
listener); to go further up the coast
or to Canada or Greenland (not
visible at the moment but seen or
observed previously) < qavuŋaq-
583
tatqavuuna via, through up the coast,
east (extended and visible; entity
in reference may be closer to the
listener); via, through further up
the coast, via Canada or
Greenland (not visible at the
moment but seen or observed
previously) < qavuuna
tatqavuunnaaq- (i) go via, through
up the coast, east (extended and
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener); via, through
further up the coast, via Canada or
Greenland (not visible at the
moment but seen or observed
previously) < qavuunnaaq-
tatqiq moon; month | perhaps +qqIq n
tatqiaġik- (i) to shine brightly (of
moon) | perhaps -aq-3 nv
+[g]Ik- vv
tatqiaq or titqiaq visor on a cap for
shading the eyes | -aq2 nn
tatqigun wick raiser knob used to
adjust a lamp’s flame height |
-k-4 nv -un1 vn
tatqiġluk- to be barely visible (of the
moon) » “nuviyaliġman tautug-
nuaraġmivlunilu” (Matumeak
2009) [it is barely visible because
it is overcast] | +luk(-)1 nv
tatqik- (t) to adjust, trim its=lamp
wick » tatqiguŋ adjust its wick |
-k-4 nv § nikuappak-
tatqilitqikkupta next month |
-lIq-1 vv -tqIk-1 vv +kupta
Conditional Unrealized
tatqimi mattumani this month |
+mI loc.
tatqimi aqulliġmi last month |
+mI loc
tatqiñik- (i) to be a new moon; to be
another month | -nik-1 nv
¤Tatqitchiaq (Nu) month of October |
-tchiaq(-) nn § NuliaġvIk
 tatqiun wick raiser knob used to
adjust a lamp’s flame height |
-k-4 nv :un1 vn
tatqivluq name of wooden mask with
ivory eyes, labrets, and ear
pendants » (Ti) “In Ungasiksikaq
qalegi [qalgi “community
house”]….the chief qologogoloq
was a wooden mask known as
tatqevluq…equipped with ivory
eyes, lip plugs (labrets), and ear
pendants and was also suspended
over the lamp in the qalegi
during ‘the sitting’” [aquppiyut]
(Rainey: 248) | perhaps +lu(q) n
tattui- (Ti) (i) to be constipated
tatuq- (Ti) (t) to take it back from
someone, repossess § tasuq-
tatui- (Ti) to take back, repossess
something (from her/him) | -I-7 vv
taugaaqiq(-) or taugaaqqiq(-) or (Ti)
tauġaaqqiq(-) tobacco (Nicotiana
sp); (i) to smoke tobacco | perhaps
+qqIq n
tauġaaqqipiaq (Ti) leaf tobacco;
chewing tobacco | -piaq(-)1 nn
°taun (dem. stem) (w/prefux *ta(t)) down
there, e.g., on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) | *ta(t) (dem. prefix) °un
(dem. stem) < °un (dem. stem)
taunani or taunaniit- located down
there, e.g., on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener); north or seaward
(Simpson: 261) < unani
taunaŋŋa from down there, e.g., on
or near the ocean, downriver, or
584
by the door (extended and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener)
taunaŋŋamiñ from that direction
down there, e.g., on or near the
ocean, downriver, or by the door
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < unaŋŋamiñ
taunaŋŋaq- (i) to come from down
there, e.g., on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < unaŋŋaq-
taunna1 down there, e.g., on or near
the ocean, downriver, or by the
door; that down there, e.g., on or
near the ocean, downriver, or by
the door (extended and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < unna2
taunna2 [dual tautkuak, pl. tautkua]
that one down there, e.g., on or
near the ocean, downriver, or by
the door (extended and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < unna1
taunna taunani location north;
there, down there < unna unani
taunnatchiq the one farthest down or
the one closest to the door or the
ocean < unnatchiq
taunuŋa to down there, e.g., on or
near the ocean, downriver, or by
the door (extended and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < unuŋa
taunuŋanmun towards down there,
e.g., on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < unuŋanmun
taunuŋaq- (i) to go down there, e.g.,
on or near the ocean, downriver,
 or by the door (extended and
visible; entity in reference may be
closer to the listener); to go on the
ice to hunt (t) to put or place
her/him/it down there »
ilaanigguuq ukiaksraaqtuami
…qitikhutiŋ aaparik
tautulgitkaat, taunuŋaqtuaq
one day during early fall…while
playing they see their father going
down to the ocean < unuŋaq-
taunuuna via, through down there,
e.g., on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener); via the southside of
Tikiġaq < unuuna
taunuunnaaq- (i) via, through down
there, e.g., on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < unuunnaaq-
tauttuma [dual tautkuak, pl. tautkua]
that one down there, e.g., on or
near the ocean, downriver, or by
the door (extended and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < uttuma
tauttumani [dual tautkugnagni, pl.
tautkunani] located with that one
down there, e.g., on or near the
ocean, downriver, or by the door
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < uttumani
tauttumaŋŋa [dual tautkugnaŋŋa, pl.
tautkunaŋŋa] from that one down
there, e.g., on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < uttumaŋŋa
tauttumatun [dual tautkugnaktun, pl.
tautkunatitun] like that one down
585
there, e.g., on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < uttumatun
tauttumiŋa [dual tautkugniŋa, pl.
tautkuniŋa] that one down there,
e.g., on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < uttumiŋa
tauttumuŋa [dual tautkugnuŋa, pl.
tautkunuŋa] to that one down
there, e.g., on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(extended and visible; entity in
reference may be closer to the
listener) < uttumuŋa
tauttumuuna [dual tautkugnuuna, pl.
tautkunuuna] via that one down
there, e.g., on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door; with
that one down there, e.g., on or
near the ocean, downriver, or by
the door (extended and visible;
entity in reference may be closer
to the listener) < uttumuuna
tauqsiq- [tauqsIq] to buy (it)
tauqsiaq something bought or traded |
±aq1 vn
tauqsiġialiktuq- to take the time to
go and buy (it) quickly |
-liktuq- vv
tauqsiġiaq- to go and buy (it) |
+iaq-1 vv
tauqsiġñiaqti storekeeper |
+niaq(-) vv mt/ri vn
tauqsiġñiaġvik or tauqsiġiaġvik
store | +niaq(-) vv +vIk1 vn
tauqsiqsuġiaq- (i) to go shopping |
+tuq- vv +iaq-1 vv
tausaqsiŋaasuuna! or tausaqsiŋa-haa!
or tausaqsiŋaqhaa ukaŋŋayaq-
 tuvauna! (excl.) a swear word of
displeasure or disgust used to get
attention before one scolds; said
when one is offended or some-
thing goes wrong (Matumeak
2009)
tautchikun (Nu) together § atautchikun
tautuk- to see (her/him/it)
tauttugik- (i) to look healthy, well,
sturdy | perhaps ‘-Q vn +[g]Ik- nv
tauttugiiq- (i) to look unhealthy, not
well; (i) to have a bad appearance |
perhaps ‘-Q vn +[g]Ik- nv :Iq-2 vv
tauttuġik- (i) to see well, to have
good eyesight | ‘-Q vn+[g]Ik- nv
tauttuġiiq- (i) to be nearly blind, have
bad eyesight | ‘-Q vn +[g]Ik- nv
:Iq-2 vv
tauttuġluk- (t) to see or find
her/him/it unexpectedly or sick |
‘-ġluk- vv
tautugiaq- (t) to visit her/him/it |
+iaq-1 vv
tautugnaiq- (i) to vanish from sight;
(t) to cause her/him/it to vanish
from sight | +naq(-) vv :Iq-2 vv
tautugnaq- (i) to be visible |
+naq(-) vv
tautuktinniapiaq- (i) to really try to
be seen; (t) to really try to let
her/him/it be seen; to really try to
let her/him/it see her/him/it |
mtinniapiaq- vv
tautuniqłak- to see (her/him/it)
unexpectedly, suddenly |
-niqłak- vv
tautuŋnammaġik- to be clearly
visible | +naq(-) vv -mmaġIk- vv
tautuktuuraaq- to envision
(her/him/it) | +t/ruuraaq- vv
tautuŋa- (Nu) (t) to be able to see
her/him/it; (t) for her/him/it to be
visible to one | ±ŋa- vv
586
tautuun pupil of eye | :un1 vn §
takkun
tautuyuġnaq- or tautuyunaq- (i) to
be beautiful, good-looking |
-yuġnaq- vv
tavlik- (t) to penetrate it; (Ti) (i) to soak
through, penetrate through
something < tapit-
tavlu chin § see Appendix 20
tavluġun chin tattoo | -ġun nn
tavlumiaq- (i) to protrude or extend
the chin repeatedly (of dancer) |
+mIk- vv -aq-1 vv
°tavr or °taap (dem. stem) (w/prefix
*ta(t)) that there (restricted and
visible; entity in reference is
closer to the listener) | *ta(t) (dem.
prefix) °uv2 (dem. stem) < °uv2
(dem. stem)
taamna [dual taapkuak, pl. taapkua]
that one there (restricted and
visible; entity in reference is
closer to the listener); topic of
on-going conversation, recently
aforementioned one » taamna
savaaq uqausiġiran nakuuruq
the work that you are talking
about is good | +na (dem. abs. sg.
mkr.) § una
taamnaasuuna (excl.) [dual taapkuak
asuukuak, pl. taapkua suukua]
(excl.) you are impossible!; he is
impossible!; oh, you! § unaasuuna
taaptuma [dual taapkuak, pl.
taapkuak] that one there
(restricted and visible; entity in
reference is closer to the listener) |
+tum (dem. rel. sg. mkr.) § uuma
taaptumani [dual taapkugnagni, pl.
taapkunani] located with that one
there (restricted and visible; entity
in reference is closer to the
 listener) | +tum (dem. rel. sg.
mkr.) +anI (dem. loc.) § uumani
taaptumaŋŋa [dual taapkugnaŋŋa, pl.
taapkunaŋŋa] from that one there
(restricted and visible; entity in
reference is closer to the listener) |
+tum (dem. rel. sg. mkr.) +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.) § uumaŋŋa
taaptumatun [dual taapkugnaktun,
pl. taapkunatitun] like that one
there (restricted and visible; entity
in reference is closer to the
listener) | +tum (dem. rel. sg.
mkr.) +atun (dem. sim.) § uumatun
taaptumiŋa [dual taapkugniŋa, pl.
taapkuniŋa] with that one there
(restricted and visible; entity in
reference is closer to the listener) |
+tum (dem. rel. sg. mkr.)+iŋa
(dem. mod.) § uumiŋa
taaptumuŋa [dual taapkugnuŋa, pl.
taapkunuŋa] to that one there
(restricted and visible; entity in
reference is closer to the listener) |
+tum (dem. rel. sg. mkr.) +uŋa
(dem. term.) § uumuŋa
taaptumuuna [dual taapkugnuuna,
pl. taapkunuuna] via that one
there; with that one there
(restricted and visible; entity in
reference is closer to the listener) |
+tum (dem. rel. sg. mkr.) +uuna
(dem. via.) § uumuuna
tavra or (PB) tarva there (restricted,
visible); (excl.) yes, I know; that’s
right; that’s true; that is all; that’s
enough, stop it § aaŋ, aaglukiaq,
aillukiaq, iaqi, ñiaq, aŋŋuu(ŋ)
tavraaq- (i) to stop, having had
enough, or having reached one’s
limit | .q-2 nv
tavraasiiñ (conj.) and then as a
result, consequently | aasiiñ (conj.)
tavrakiaq (excl.) I think, guess that is
it | +kiaq (encl.)
587
tavrakii for instance; because of the
fact; as is customary; (excl.) it
happened, couldn’t be avoided
and can’t be helped! | +kii (encl.)
tavraliasii and then consequently | +lI
(encl.) aasii (conj.)
tavraliqaa (excl.) oh yes, that is what
happened (remembering); now I
understand the situation | +liqaa
(encl.)
tavrani located there (restricted and
visible; entity in reference is
closer to the listener); right then;
(Ti) right now, this minute | +anI
(dem. loc.) § uvani
tavraŋŋa from there (restricted and
visible; entity in reference is
closer to the listener); from this
time forward | +aŋŋa (dem. abl.) §
uvaŋŋa
tavraŋŋamiñ from the direction there
(restricted and visible; entity in
reference is closer to the listener) |
aŋŋa (dem. abl.) ÷miñ (abl.) §
uvaŋŋamiñ
tavraŋŋaq- (i) to come from there
(restricted and visible; entity in
reference is closer to the listener) |
+aŋŋa (dem. abl.) +q-3 dv §
uvaŋŋaq-
tavraŋŋa qaŋa from that time on |
+aŋŋa (dem. abl.) qaŋa (adv.)
tavraŋŋatchiaq or tarvaŋŋatchiaq
suddenly; all of a sudden | +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.) +tchiaq nn
tavrapayaaq (excl.) that is better;
that’s more like it | -payaaq(-) vn
tavrapiallak (excl.) precisely!
exactly! | +piaq nn -llak-1 nv
tavraqiatchiaq just over there
(restricted and visible; entity in
reference is closer to the listener);
not very long ago | -qi- vv
+tchiaq nn
tavraqiuraq right there very close to
the listener or actor | -qi- vv
 :uraq vn
tavra suli (conj.) and then
furthermore | suli
tavra tainnaviiññaq it’s always like
that | +viiññaq nn
tavra tavrani at that very moment
tavratualuk or tavratuaq (excl.)
that’s all, that was the last one;
ending of something | -tualuk or
-tuaq nn
tavrauvvaa or tarvauvvaa at once,
immediately, suddenly, right away
| uvva (dem. Adv.)
tavruŋa to there near the listener
(restricted and visible; entity in
reference is closer to the listener) |
-uŋa (dem. term.) § uvuŋa
tavruŋanmun towards there
(restricted and visible; entity in
reference is closer to the listener) |
-uŋa (dem. term.) -nmun (term.) §
uvuŋanmun
tavruŋaq- (i) to go there near the
listener; (t) to put or place
her/him/it there near the listener
(restricted and visible; entity in
reference is closer to the listener) |
-uŋa (dem. term.) +q-3 dv §
uvuŋaq-
tavruŋatchauraq(-) (i) to be blowing
hard causing limited visibility of a
few feet (of snow and wind) | -uŋa
(dem. term.) +q-3 dv
-tchauraq(-) nn, nv
tavruuna via, through there
(restricted and visible; entity in
reference is closer to the listener) |
-uuna (dem. via.) § uvuuna
tavruunnaaq- (i) to go through, via
there (restricted and visible; entity
in reference is closer to the
listener) | -uuna (dem. via.) ‘.q-4 dv
§ uvuunnaaq-
tavrun or tavrutaq braided sinew
cord/trim which is sewn onto the
588
body of the boot as it is attached
to the leather sole (the stitches
penetrate the leather sole and the
boot body and curl over the cord
attaching it to the boot;the cord
reinforces the soft boot uppers
which may tear as they are being
attached to the harder leather
soles) » “tavrutchiqługit
atuŋaksigamik pisuurut;
pilġaŋaruaq ivalułhiñaq
sirruġaaquŋiłłu  gu miquġniŋa
saŋŋiññamirruŋ;
sirruġaaquŋiłłu  git saattuat
ammit” (Aiken 2009) [they attach
a braided sinew cord when they
attach a leather sole to the boot
body; (they do so) because they
do not want the braided sinew
thread to pull apart as they tighten
it; and also to prevent the soft
skins used to make the body of the
boot from tearing as they tighten
the stitches on soft skins]
tavsi(-) [tavsI] belt; strip of maktak and
meat from the ventral waist area
of whale saved for the captain to
do what he wants to do with,
usually served at village feast; to
put one’s belt on (her/him/it) §
tiġiksraq, see Appendix 19
tavsiaq loins; waistband; a strip of
caribou skin wrapped around the
belly of a dog to protect it when
traveling in cold weather
(especially a bitch during the time
they are feeding the pups) »
“qimmit ipiaŋi qiqitiqtuġuugait
ukiumi irriliġman;
ukiulliviñiġmik tavsiaġuugait”
(Aiken 2009) [the harnesses of the
dogs freeze quickly and hard
when it is extremely cold during
the winter; they usually put on a

belly wrap made of caribou on
them (dogs)] | -aq2 nn
tavsiñaaq (Ti) one-foot-wide strip of
maktak and meat around belly
and back of whale taken by fourth
boat that arrives and assists in the
catch | -naaq3 nn
tavsiñiq waist | +niQ1 vn § qitiq
tayaq or tayaġun wrist; bracelet | -ġun nn
tayaġmiutaq (Nu) wristwatch |
+miutaq rn § siqiñġuraq
tayaġnailisaq (Ti) fur cuff on sleeve »
“tuttunik
tayaġnailisiliuġnaqtuaq” (C.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [in times before
one used to make cuffs for sleeves
out of caribou] | +niQ2 rn
-ilisaq vn
tayaġniġun or (Ti) tayaġnaun
bracelet; wrist | +niQ2 rn -ġun nn
tayaġniq or tayaġniġun wrist |
+niQ2 rn or +niQ2 rn -ġun nn § see
Appendix 21
tayaġniġutik fur wristlets (used when
traveling) | +niQ2 rn -ġun nn
-k2 nn
tayyat (Ti) bracelet | ‘-t nn
tiansauraq [ENG “ten cents”] dime |
:uraq nn
tiggak or tiggagniq male seal in rut |
+niQ2 nn
tiggak- (i) to catch a breeding male
seal | +k-1 nv
tiggagnit- (i) to taste or smell like a
rutting seal | +nIt-2 nv
tiggaq- (i) to be stiff | perhaps -q-1 nv
tiglik- to steal (her/him/it)
tigligai- (t) to steal from, rob
her/him/it | +aq-1 vv -I-7 vv
tigligaqti or tigligayukti thief,
robber, plunderer | +aq-1 vv
589
1
mt/ri vn or +aq- vv -yuk(-) vv
mt/ri vn § tigguyuk
tigliyuk(-) (i) to steal regularly,
habitually; thief, shoplifter |
-yuk(-) vv
tigliq- (i) to beat, pulsate once | perhaps
-lIq-3 vv
tigliqtaat pulse | +taaq vn -t nn
tigliqtaq- (i) to beat, pulsate, throb (of
heart or artery) | +t/raq-1vv
tigluk- (t) to strike her/him/it with side of
fist
tigluaq- (t) to hit her/him/it repeatedly
with fist | -aq-1 vv
tigluktuq- (i) to knock; (t) to knock at
her/his door | +tuq-2 vv
tigluun side of the fist, below little
finger | :un1 vn
tigluuralaqi- or tigluuraqi- (Ti) (t) to
bruise her/him/it; (t) to give
her/him a black eye | , vv -laqi- vv
tigluuraaq(-) color purple; to be
purple | - uraaq(-)2 vn, nn
tigluuraq(-) bruise; black eye (i) to
get bruised | :uraq vn
tigluuri- (Ti) (t) to give her/him a
black eye | :uraq vn ‘=I-1 nv
tigri- [tigrI] (t) to frighten it =bird into
flight § tiŋi-
tigu- (i) to take hold and hang on; (t) to
take, capture, grab, or arrest
her/him/it @ tiguri-1 || -rI-5 vv
tigguġlugaq- (i) to touch the ball with
the hands in soccer thereby
breaking a rule | ‘-gluk- vv
+aq-1 vv
tigguġluk- (t) to grab, seize her/him/it
roughly » “…aasii tigguġlukługu
Paul ķaġġisiŋagaat
uķaķsitaaġviŋmun. …[and]
seized Paul and took him to
 court.” (Iñupiat New Testament:
Acts 18:12) | ‘-gluk- vv
tigguk- to take or grab (them)
repeatedly | ‘-k-2 vv
tiggun potholder | ‘-n vn
tigguti- (i) to take each other as
partners in a union, e.g., marriage |
‘-ti- vv
tigguvik handle of anything |
‘-vIk1 vn
tigguyuk thief, robber | ‘-yuk(-)1 vn §
tigligaqti
tiguaq(-) [tiguraq] adopted child; to
adopt (a child) | ±aq1 vn
tiguġiq handle; doorknob | perhaps
-q-1 vv -Iq vn
tiguġliq doorknob; hole in upper bow
of kayak used as a handle; (Ti)
handle, as on bucket or suitcase |
perhaps -q-1 vv -liQ vn,nn
tigula- to grab for (it) but be unable to
hold onto (it) | -la- vv
tigumiaq(-) [tigumiraq] something
carried in one’s arms; to carry
(her/him/it) in one’s arms or hands
» tigumiani kataimaraa it seems
that he dropped whatever he was
carrying | +miaq(-) vn
tigumirriq- (i) to take something to
carry, take with one; (Nu) (i) to
take or grab something; (t) to give
her/him something to carry or take
along; (Nu) (t) to take something
away from her/him |
+miaq(-) vn,vv ‘=Iq-2 nv
tigumirrit- (t) to give her/him
something to carry, take |
+miaq(-) vn ‘=It- nv
tigummi- (i) to hold on to something
or someone; (t) to be holding onto
her/him/it | +mmI-5 vv
tigummin or tigummivik (Ti) loop
on a hunting sling through which
one’s middle finger is passed |
+mmI-5 vv ‘-n vn or +mmI-5 vv
+vIk1 vn
590
tigummiraq- (i) to take hold, grab on
to something and not let go; (t) to
take hold of, grab on to her/him/it
and not let go | +mmI-5 vv
-t/raq-1 vv
tiguniqłak- (t) to seize, grab
her/him/it | -niqłak- vv
tigurau-1 (i) to be a policeofficer |
2
mt/ri vn :u- nv
2
tigurau- (i) to be caught and jailed;
(i) to be in jail | +t/raq vn
:u-2 nv
tiguri policeofficer | mt/ri vn § isiqsiri
tiguri-2 (t) to take, confiscate
something of hers/his/its »
tigurigaat supputaanik they
confiscated his rifle | ~rI-4 vv
tigurriq- (t) to give her/him a child to
adopt | ±aq1 vn ‘=Iq-2 nv
tigusi- (i) to select something |
+sI-3 vv
tigusiññaaq(-) one available,
accessible; (i) to be available,
accessible | ±siññaaq(-) vv, vn
tigutaaġvik prison, jail | -taaq- vv
+vIk1 vn
tigutaaq- (t) to jail her/him |
-taaq- vv
tigutaaqtaq prisoner | -taaq- vv
+t/raq vn
tiguullaq- to grab (them) one by one |
-llaq- vv
tiguuvik adoptive parent | :u-2 nv
+vIk1 vn
¤tigvaq- (i) to come all the way inside, to
the back of the house; (t) to put it
behind one’s back or place it in
the back of a room § kiluvaq-
¤tigvasik- (i) to be well inside a house
| -sIk-1 vv
¤tigvauti- (t) to take her/him/it out of
danger or harm | :uti- vv
tiġiganniaq arctic white fox (Alopex
lagopus)

*tiġik (root) silence
tiġii- (i) to try not to make noise while
doing something, e.g., a hunter
stalking game | perhaps -I-3 rv
tiġiigaq- (i) to stalk an animal,
crouching; (t) to stalk it =animal,
crouching | perhaps -I-3 rv
+aq-1 vv (“g” is inserted to
prevent a three vowel cluster)
¤tiġiksruq- (i) to advance toward an
animal in a crouching position; (t)
to advance toward it =animal or
enemy in a crouching positon |
2
mqsruq- vv § auq-, piyugaq-
tiġiksraq belt for pants § tavsi
tiġitqiñ (Nu) main sheet of sailboat
tiġitquq corner » igalaam tiġitquagun
itchuaqtuġnisuugait they say
that one could usually look in
through the corner of the skylight |
-tquq rn § kaŋiġalluk
tiġri (Ti) white scales found in human ear;
dry ear wax § siġri(-)
tiġriŋŋuat (Ti) rolled oats | -ŋŋuaq nn
-t nn § matchaaq
tii [ENG “tea”] tea
tiiġruaq tea leaves | -ġruaq nn
tiiliuġun teapot | -liuq- nv :un1 vn
tiitchiġiiyaun (Ti) tea strainer | -q-2 nv
+[t]sIq- vv +[g]iit- vv =Iyaq- vv
:un1 vn
tiituqsiññaq- (i) to simply drink tea;
(i) to drink tea without anything to
eat | +tuq-3 nv msiññaq-1 nv
tiipak a flirt | -pak2 n
tiipaktaq- (i) to act coquettish, flirt |
+t/raq-1 nv
tiipaktayuk- (i) usually acts
effeminate | +t/raq-1 nv -yuk(-) vv
591
tiipaŋa- (i) to be coquettish,
promiscuous | ±ŋa- nv
tiiqtala- (i) to move about excitedly
tikalaaq the foramen in spinal column |
-laaq rn
tikiq [tikiQ] index finger; thimble
tikalaak a pair of three-fingered
mittens | -laaq rn -k2 nn
tikalauraq- (i) to shake one’s index
finger sternly; (t) to point a finger
at her/him/it sternly | -lauraq- nv
tikiġaq or tikiġauraq point of land |
+[ġ]aq nn
Tikiġaq village of Point Hope, Alaska
| +[ġ]aq nn
tikiġilaq- (i) to not use a thimble
when sewing | :ilaq- nv
tikiġmik- (i) to finger-pull with the
index finger | +mIk- nv §
qaqauġmIk-
tikiġun protector for index finger,
(used by carvers) | -ġun nn
tikiqtuq- (i) to use a thimble when
sewing | +tuq-3 nv
tikkivik thimble holder | ‘-vIk1 nn
tikkuaġaun pointer, rod used to direct
attention; a pistol | ‘-k-2 nv
-aġaq- vv :un1 vn
tikkuaġuti- (t) to point out something
to , her/him | ‘-k-2 nv -aq-1 vv
-uti- vv
tikkuaq- (i) to point to, or aim; (t) to
point to or aim at her/him/it @
tikkuaqsi- | ‘-k-2 nv -aq-1 vv ||
+sI-3 vv
tikkuaqtuq- (i) to continue to point
(at her/him/it) | ‘-k-2 nv -aq-1 vv
+tuq-2 vv
tikkuk- or tikkuutit- (i) to bristle,
stand on end, stiffen (of hair) |
‘-k-2 nv or ‘-k-2 nv -u-2 vv -tit-2 vv
tikkuun signpost, indication at trail
junction | ‘-k-2 nv :un1 vn
 tikkuusiq- (t) to mark it =trail or
road | ‘-k-2 nv :un1 vn ~Iq-1 nv
tikkuutiŋŋaġik- (i) to be nicely
pointed | ‘-k-2 nv :un1 vn
-ŋŋaġIk- vv
tikit- [tikIt] (i) to arrive at, reach one’s
destination or goal; (t) to reach
her/him/it
tikilġataq- (i) to finally arrive; (t) to
finally reach her/him/it |
-lġataq-2 vv
tikillaa- (i) to arrive at a series of
places, villages on one’s journey;
(i) to arrive one by one | -llaa- vv
tikiñġaaq newly arrived visitor |
+nġaq-1 vv ±aq1 vn § iglaaq
tikiññaq- (i) place or goal which can
be reached » tikiññaqtuq
qamunmik it can be reached by
car | +naq(-) vv
tikiññiġluk- (i) to arrive upon a sad
situation » tikiññiġlukpiaqtutin
you might come to a sad arrival |
+niqłuk- vv
tikirruaq- (i) to arrive despite the
slim odds that one would; (t) to
reach her/him/it despite the slim
odds | +ġruaq-1 vv
tikirviksraq goal, destination |
+vIk1 vn -ksraq(-) nn
tikisaaq- (i) to arrive en masse |
-saaq-1 vv
tikisaksraq goal, objective | +t/raq vn
-ksraq(-) nn
tikisiq- (i) to arrive quickly and
safely; (t) to reach her/him/it
without mishap | mt/liq-3 vv
tikitchumaaq- (i) intend to arrive; (t)
intend to reach her/him/it
|+sumaaq- vv
tikitqaurraq- (i) to race | +qqaaq- vv
=urraq- vv
tikiut-¤ or tikiuti- or tikirruti- (t) to
reach one’s destination bringing
her/him/it with oneself @
592
tikirrurri- | -ut-2 vv or :uti- vv or
+ruti- vv || +ruti- vv -rI-4 vv
tikkiġluk- (i) to arrive in a bad way,
disposition (e.g., sick, angry) |
‘-ġluk- vv
tikkivik goal, destination | ‘-vIk1 vn
tiktaq someone carried out to sea on an
icefloe or swept out to sea < tiŋit-
tilaammaayuun traditional tobacco
pouch of wolverine head skin »
“The tobacco-bag, or ‘del-la-mai-
yu’ is the constant companion of
men, women, and even children,
and is kept also at the inner belt.”
(Simpson: 243) § silammaayuun
tilaammaayuutnaq (Nu) gun powder
flask | +naq1 nn
tilaaqiaq Labrador tea (Ledum sp.)
tilaiññiit [sg. tilaiññIQ ] (Nu) caribou
skin tent cover for summer willow
tent frame, made of six skins with
hair removed § itcha, itchat
tilak- to mop or scrub (it =large surface
area)
tilagvik mop bucket | +vIk1 vn
tilaġġi- (i) to sweep | -ġġI- vv
tilai- to sweep (it =large surface
area) with a broom or brush »
tilaigguuŋ natiq sweep the floor |
perhaps :I-4 vv
tilaġġisit broom » makua tilaġġisit
atukki tatkiani use this broom to
sweep out there | -ġġI- vv ‘-ti1 vn
-t nn
tilakkumaaq- intend, plan to mop,
wash (it) | +kumaaq- vv
tilaktuq- (t) to wipe it dry @ tilaktui-
| +tuq-2 vv || :I-4 vv
tilautit mop | -un1 vn -t nn § iġġuutit
tili- [tilI] (t) to send her/him on an errand;
(t) to tell her/him to do something
@ tiliri- or tilisi-
tilirau- (i) to be sent on an errand |
+t/raq vn :u-1 nv
tilirauruaq delegate » tilirauruat
Iñuit Circumpolar Conference-
mun pilluatapaluktut the Iñuit
Circumpolar Conference
delegation did a fine job |
+t/raq vn :u-1 nv +t/ruaq vn
tilisuġnaq- (i) to not be difficult to
send on an errand (is always
willing) | +suġnaq- vv
tiliuq- (t) to order, command her/him
repeatedly | -uq-2 vv
tilliñ command, order | ‘-ti1 vn
tiluk- or tiluktuq- (t) to clean it =e.g.,
rug or bedding by beating @
tiluksi- or tiluktui- | +tuq-2 vv ||
+sI-3 vv
tiluun or tiluktuun beater, stick used to
beat rugs or fox skins for
removing dirt | -un1 vn or +tuq-2 vv
-un1 vn
timi human or animal body; the hull of a
boat; part of boot above the sole »
timim sauniŋi skeleton
timaqsiq- to let the body heal »
“Tavra Christmas-
ŋiaġataqtillugit hospital-
miittuq tavrani timaqsiqłuni.”
(Harold Itta 1985:1B. 11) [then
he stayed in the hospital until
after Christmas to let his body
heal] | +q-2 nv +sIq-1 vv
timaut- (t) to shoot her/him/it in the
upper part of body; (t) to carry it
=kayak between two bodies of
water, to portage | +ut-1 nv
timaagun physically » timaagun
piyuksimaraa he abused her
physically | :a4 nn m[g]u(n) nn
593
timim iluaġniŋa health | -m nn
timmaaq- (t) to shoot it =animal in
the upper part of the body @
timmaaqsi- | ‘-aq-2 nv || +sI-3 vv
tivli- (i) to sew the body of the
boot to the sole | ~lI-1 nv
timmaala- (i) to have a rumbling or
buzzing sound in one’s ear; (i) to
make a whirring sound (when
slung, sling and stone make a
whirring sound)
timmaallaayuuq (Nu) long, flat stone
used as ammunition for sling |
-ayuuq vn
tinit- (Nu) (i) to be almost empty; (i) to
contain a small amount of water
(e.g., of pail); (i) to be at ebb tide
(of sea), to be low (of river)
tinnik bearberry (Arctostaphylos alpina)
tinniq- [tinnIq] (t) to touch her/him softly
in silent communication to silence
or warn @ tinniqsi- ||
+sI-3 vv
tinniqsuq- (t) to nudge her/him to call
his/her attention to something or
someone | +tuq-2 vv
tinu- (t) to push, shove her/him/it
tinuniqłak- to push her/him/it quickly
and with force | -niqłak- vv
tinuraq- continue to push (her/him/it)
@ tinurai- | +t/raq-1 vv || :I-4 vv
tiŋak pubic hair
tiŋauraq dried black moss used for
tinder | :uraq nn
tiŋaurat lichen | :uraq nn -t nn
tiŋayuq or (Nu) tiŋayuk long white
hair hanging under chin of
reindeer, caribou or moose »
“takiruaq tamanna ataani
tavluata” (Aiken 2009) [it’s the
 long one (beard) under its chin] |
+yuq nn
tiŋi- (i) to take flight, to fly away; (i) to
become airborne (of airplane,
helicopter, rocket)
tiksiq- (i) to drift in a boat |
+[t]sIq- vv
tiksiqsit- (t) to let her/him/it drift in a
boat | +[t]sIq- vv mtit-1 vv
tiksri- or tigri- (t) to frighten it =bird
into flight | ~srI- vv or ~rI-3 vv
tiktaq someone carried out to sea on
an ice floe; something swept out
to sea | ~t/raq vn
tiktau- (i) to be carried out to sea on
floating ice or in a drifting boat |
~t/raq vn :u-1 nv
tiŋilġai- (i) to travel with the use of a
sail » “…aasii tiŋilġaigaqsivlutiŋ
siñiqsraķługu Crete… …and
sailed as close as possible along
the coast of Crete.” (Iñupiat New
Testament: Acts 27: 13) | +t-1 vv
+[ġ]aq- vv -I-6 vv
tiŋilġannaaq- (i) to sail with a
favorable wind | +t-1 vv
+[ġ]aq- vv -nnaaq- vv
tiŋilġaqsiq- (i) to sail » “…aasii
tavraŋŋa tiŋilġaķsiķłutiŋ
ķiķiķtamun Cyprus-mun. …and
sailed from there to the island of
Cyprus.” (Iñupiat New Testament:
Acts 13:4) | +t-1 vv +[ġ]aq- vv
+sIq-1 vv
tiŋilġautaq or tiŋilġaun a sail |
+t-1 vv +[ġ]aq- vv -utaq vn or
+t-1 vv +[ġ]aq- vv :un1 vn
tiŋilġautaqtuqtuaq sailboat | +t-1 vv
+[ġ]aq- vv -utaq vn +tuq-3 vv
+t/ruaq vn
tiŋilġautchiq- (i) to raise a sail; (t) to
raise a sail on it » taima
tiŋilġutchiqłuta aullaqtugut
then we raised our sail, and left |
+t-1 vv
594
+[ġ]aq- vv -utaq vn ‘=Iq-1 nv
tiŋilġautitaq- (i) to operate, sail a
sailboat | +t-1 vv +[ġ]aq- vv
:un1 vn +[t]aq-2 nv
tiŋinnaaq- (i) to sail » “Tavra
tiŋinnaaķsaŋaruķ Ephesus-miñ.
And so he sailed from Ephesus.”
(Iñupiat New Testament: Acts
18:21) | -nnaaq- vv
tiŋipqaułłik- (i) to barely take flight |
-pqaułłIk- vv
tiŋiqqammiaq or tiŋiqqammialaaq
fledgling | ±qqammIq- vv -aq1 vn
-laaq nn
tiŋit- (t) for it to be blown away by
the wind; (t) for it to be carried
away by the ocean or river current
» tiŋitkaa unna umiaq the boat is
drifting away | +t-1 vv
tiŋmi- (i) to be in flight, be flying |
~mmI-6 vv
tiŋmiaġniaqti fowler, a professional
bird catcher | +niaq-2 vv mt/ri 3 vn
tiŋmiaġruk or tiŋmiaġruuraq small
bird; sparrow | ~mmI-6 vv +aq1 vn
-ġruk nn or :uraq nn
tiŋmiaġruum kirgavia Merlin (Falco
columbarius)
tiŋmialugruaq (Ti) small bird with
long beak (usually seen in fall) |
~mmI-6 vv +aq1 vn -lugruaq nn
tiŋmiaq medium-sized bird (e.g.,
dove, robin); fowl; bird of prey,
e.g., gull, hawk, jaeger |
~mmI-6 vv +aq1 vn
tiŋmiaqpak American Golden Eagle
(Aquila chrysaetos); large bird |
~mmI-6 vv +aq1 vn +qpak(-) vv, nn
tiŋmiaqpauraq Wheatear (Oenanthe
oenanthe) | ~mmI-6 +aq1 vn
+qpak(-) :uraq nn
tiŋmiġala- (i) to fly in every direction
(of a bird or bird flock from
confusion or fright) | ~mmI-6 vv
+[ġ]aq- vv -la- vv
 tiŋmiluk small bird » “Tavraasii
tiŋmiluk mitchaaġman,
piyugaqtuq tiŋmiluŋmun. So
then, when the small bird lands he
[the boy] stalks toward the small
bird.” (Ahmaogak & Webster: 10)
| +luk4 vn
Tiŋmirrat Tatqiat [lit. “month of
birds”] month of April
tiŋmiukaktaq- (i) to fly over
something and land on the other
side, as a sled going over a ditch
or bump | ~mmI-6 vv -u-2 vv
+kaktaq- vv
Tiŋŋivik [lit. “time to take flight”]
month of August | ‘vIk1 vn §
Amiġiksivik, AmiġaiqsivIk
tiŋŋulliq- (t) to fly quickly away
taking her/him/it | ‘-ti- vv ~liq-2 vv
tiŋŋun airplane | ‘-n vn
tiŋŋusiq- or tiŋŋusit- (i) for an
airplane to land in their
community » tiŋŋusiqsuagut
unnuaq a plane arrived last night |
~Iq-1 nv or’=It-2 nv
tiŋŋut- or tiŋŋuti- (t) to fly away
taking her/him/it | ‘-t- vv or
‘-ti- vv
tiŋŋutitaq- (i) to fly an airplane; (i) to
travel by airplane »
tiŋŋutitaġluni
Ulġuniġniaġniruaq he said he is
going to go to Wainwright by
plane | +[t]aq-2 nv
tiŋŋiq- (i) to be full to bursting, stuffed
full
tiŋŋiqsi- (i) to be stuffed from eating;
(t) to stuff it full | +sI-1 vv
tiŋuk liver; egg yolk
tiŋugaq small pieces of liver and
tendons stuffed in the rumen of a
caribou and allowed to aged |
+[ġ]aq nn § niġukkaq
595
tiŋukpalaaq the color brown |
+palaaq nn
tiŋuŋnaq (Nu) the color brown |
+naq1 nn
tipi1 odor, smell
tipaaq- (i) to stink | -aq-3 nv
tipaaqpak (Ti) block of tobacco
(chopped up to be used for pipe
tobacco) | -aq3 nn +qpak(-) nn
tipaiq- (i) to become odorless |
:Iq-2 nv
tipaiyaun deodorizer, deodorant |
:Iyaq- nv -un1 vn
tipayyaaq(-) meat which has been
aged slightly and then cooked; (i)
to become slightly aged (of meat) |
+yyaaq(-) nn
tipigik- (i) to smell good, have a good
odor | +[g]Ik- nv
tipigiit- (i) to smell foul | +[g]Ik- nv
:It-1 vv
tipigiksaun room deodorizer |
+[g]Ik- nv msaq-3 vv -un1 vn
tipigluk(-) strong, unpleasant odor; (i)
to have a strong, unpleasant odor |
-gluk(-) nv, nn
tipitu- (i) to have a strong odor |
+tu- nv
tippak- (i) to develop a strong odor |
‘-k-2 nv
tippaqtu- (Nu) (i) to stink | ‘-qtu- nv
tivliq- (i) to become aged and smell
foul (of meat) | ~lIq-3 nv
tivluk- (i) to taste bad | +luk-1 vv
tivraġik- (i) to smell good; (i) to taste
good, delicious | +raq nn
+[g]Ik- nv
tivraġiksaun incense, perfume |
+raq nn +[g]Ik- nv msaq-3 vv
-un1 vn
tivraġluk- (i) to be too bitter to eat (of
meat) | +raq nn -ġluk(-) nv
tipi-2 (t) to be washed ashore
 tipisaġniq(-) shoreward current; (i) to
flow toward shore (of ocean
current) | msaq-3 vv +nIQ3 vv
tivrak- (i) to find something drifted
ashore | ~raq nn ‘-k-1 nv
tivraq driftwood; something drifted
ashore | ~raq nn
tivri- (Ti) (i) to find something
washed up on the beach »
“qaggaġuġman tivrimaruaq
aiviġmik” (Kinneeveauk 2008)
[he found a walrus carcass washed
ashore when the waves started
breaking onshore] | -vrI- vv
tipisia- (i) to be short of breath, to have
difficultly breathing § tipsulliq-
ipisia-, aniqsaallaIq-
tippik longitudinal rib of kayak frame §
akuq, apummaq
tippiq [tippIQ] one piece of bent (usually
willow) wood used to form one of
the transverse ribs of a kayak
frame; rib of kayak frame §
tulimaaq
tippun small net (for catching whitefish)
» “…besides that I had a tippun
net, for small whitefish. …I got
almost one hundred fish with that
net…I got qaaktaq [arctic cisco],
pikuktuuq [broad humped
whitefish], and small aanaakłiq
[broad whitefish], and grayling
too.” (Bodfish: 91)
tipsisaaq- (Ti) (i) to joke | ±saaq-2 vv §
tivsi-
tipsulliq- [tipsullIq] (Nu) or tuvsulliq- (i)
to hiccough; to get something
stuck in one’s throat § tivit-,
tupit-, igusiġaq-
596
tiptuyaaluk extremely large whale with
nostrils withered from old age
(these whales are not hunted)
(Harcharek: 27)
tipuk whitefish (Coregonus autumnalis)
tiqituġaq young caribou | +[ġ]aq rn §
tuttu
tiqituġaurat or tiqittut herd of
caribou cows and calves |
+[g]aq1 rn :uraq nn -t nn or -t nn
tiqqala- to fly around, blowing about in
the air » “Makuagguuq
tiqqalahaviñaurakkaŋii
saluaqhirrutitik
aqpaliġaalaliqtuaqsiñiġai
aapaŋan.” (Ericklook as reported
by MacLean 1995: 43) [then her
father began to run to and fro after
the ones (skins) that they had set
out for weather cleansing as they
were suddenly sent flying about];
“tiqqalasuurut anuqqagman
anuqsraaġiksimman” (Aiken
2009) [they (light weight things)
fly about when it becomes windy,
when the breeze becomes strong] |
-la- vv § tiŋmiġala-
tira- (t) to make cuts into it =usu. fish
across the width for drying; (t) to
make an incision in her/him/it
=body part for bloodletting,
perform phlebotomy @ tirasi- »
“tirasuugai kavraŋisigun iñuk
niaquġiitpaiñman” (Aiken 2009)
[they make an incision to relieve
pain on the crown of a person who
is experiencing too many
headaches] || +sI-3 vv
¤tirraġiiq (Ti) fresh cooked maktak §
uunaalik
 tirraġiigraq (Ti) ventral flank of
whale behind jaw | -ksraq(-) nn
tirraq narrow sandbar | ‘-Q vn § tapqaq
tiriq- (i) to make the sound of something
rubbing against something once;
(i) to gnash one’s teeth
tiriiqila- (i) to continue to creak (of
floor) | .-q-1 vv –qi- vv -la- vv
tiriqsruq- (i) to make a rubbing
sound (over a period of time); (i)
to make a whistling sound |
2
mqsruq- vv
tiriqtaq- or tiriqtitaq- (i) to squeak;
to gnash one’s teeth | +t/raq-1 vv
or +tit-2 vv +aq-1 vv
¤tiritchiq monstrous, mythical reptile
with four (or six) short legs,
alligator-like tail, rock-like scaled
skin, long neck, and small head
tirruksi- (i) to experience anxiety from
imagining possible predicaments
emerging from one’s present
circumstances | +sI-1 vv
titiġila- (Ti) (i) to chatter from cold (of
one’s teeth) » “uuliktuq
qiiyavailluni” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [he is shivering from being
so cold] | -la- vv
¤titili- (Ti) to shiver
titiq(-) a mark or dot; (i) to be now
marked with a dot or a line; (t) to
mark it with a dot or a line; (t) to
cut a notch in it; (t) to mark it to
indicate where one is to cut, carve
@ titiqsi- || +sI-3 vv
titiġaq one month of a twelve-month
calendar; mark, scratch mark |
+aq1 nv
titiġniq a mark or a line | +niQ1 vn
597
titiqqat calendar | +aq1 vn ‘-t nn
titiqtuġniq groove carved in wood |
+tuq-2 +niQ1 vn
titiqtuq- (t) to carve a notch or groove
in it, to put scratch marks on it @
titiqtui- | +tuq-2 vv || :I-4 vv
titiqtuun (Nu) ruler; (Ti) a marker |
+tuq-2 vv :un1 vn § uuktuun,
miŋuaqtuun
titquti- to record, mark it, e.g., an
ownership mark, a tally mark onto
something » “tainna qiruuramik
titqutillaavlugu” (Harold Itta
1982) [recording it by marking a
mark with a stick onto something]
| :uti- vv
tittaq something that has been
marked; a dot; a line | ‘-Q vn
titqiaq(-) or tatqiaq visor of cap; (Nu) (i)
to shade one’s eyes § tatqiq
tittaaliq [tittaalIq] burbot, mudshark; ling
cod (Lota lota)
Tittaaliurat [lit. “small burbots’]
place name (where there are
usually a lot of burbot) | :uraq nn
-t nn
tivit- or (Ti) tuvit- (i) to choke on
something while eating § tupit-,
tuvsulliq-, uliqtitchi-
tivirrun something lodged in one’s
throat | +ruti vn
tivrusiq- or tivrutchiq- (i) to have
something lodged in one’s throat |
=ruti1 vn ~Iq-1 nv or =ruti1 vn
‘=Iq-1 nv
tivrutaq something lodged in one’s
throat | =rutaq vn
tivli(-) [tivlI] bit of food left or remaining
near the mouth after eating; (i) to
dribble water or fluid from one’s
mouth
 tivliiyaq- (i) to wipe one’s mouth; (t)
to wipe her/his mouth | :Iyaq- nv
tivliiyaun napkin | :Iyaq- nv :un1 vn
tivlili- (i) to leave a bit of food near
one’s mouth after eating | -lI-2 nv
tivli- (i) to sew the body of the boot onto
the sole § timi
tivliq- (i) to become aged and foul
smelling (of meat) < tipi-
tivluk- (i) to taste bad < tipi-
tivraġik- (i) to smell good; to taste good,
delicious < tipi-
tivraġiksaun incense, perfume < tipi-
tivraġluk- (i) to be too bitter to eat (of
meat) < tipi-
tivri- (Ti) (i) to find something washed up
on the beach § tipi-
*tivsI (root) mirth, humorous
tivsigi- or (Nu) tipsigi- (t) to find
her/him/it so humorous that one
has to laugh just looking at
her/him/it; to laugh at, mock
her/him/it | +[g]i- rv
tivsiñaq- (i) to be humorous (of a
person) | +naq(-) vv
tivsitchai- (t) to make her/him burst
out laughing | -tchak- vv -I-6 vv
tivsitchak- (i) to burst into
uncontrollable laughter |
-tchak- vv
tivvuk- to spit (it) out
tivvuaq(-) saliva, mucus; to spit (it)
out; (t) to spit on her/him/it |
-aq1 vn
tuaġilaaq- (t) to strike and kill it =whale
with one blow, usually in a
598
vulnerable spot just behind the
head @ tuaġilaaqsi- || +sI-3 vv
*tuak (root) rowdiness
tuaksruit- (i) to be very calm and
quiet | mqsruq-2 rv :It-1 nv
tuavaala- (i) to have boisterous fun |
-vit- rv -ala- vv
tuavaallak- (i) to become very
excited; (i) to riot | -vit- rv -ala- vv
‘-k-2 vv
tuavallan tumult, riot | -allak-vv
-n1 vn
tuavit- (i) to cheer, whoop it up at a
celebration; (i) to have a wild,
noisy party | -vit- rv
tuapak coarse gravel | -pak2 n § maġġaq
tuapauraq slightly less coarse gravel
than tuapak | :uraq nn
*tug (root) hidden, out of sight
tugluaqsima- (t) to protect, keep
her/him/it from harm by hiding
her/him/it | +luaq-1 rv or +luaq- rv
+sima-2 vv
tugvaq- (i) to be now put away; (t) to
put it behind oneself, away; (i) to
come all the way inside to the
back of the house @ tugvai- »
“tugvaġaa; anayanaitchuamun
iligaa” (Aiken 2009) [he placed it
away in a safe place; he placed it
where it will not come to harm] |
+vaq- rv || :I-4 vv
tugaq- to poke (her/him/it) with a stick
< tuuq(-)
tuggaq- (t) to prod, poke, push her/him/it
away or off with a pole or stick <
tuuq(-)
tuggaun or (Nu, Ti) tuggautaq large
flensing knife for butchering
 whale or cutting sod § aġviuġun <
tuuq(-)
tuggayuk wasp, hornet, yellow jacket
(Hymenoptera: Vespidae) <
tuuq(-)
tugguq(-) small piece of ice; (t) to chop it
=ice with an ice chisel < tuuq(-)
tugli1 [tuglI] braided hair, braid
tugliġun barrette, hairclip | -ġun nn
tugliliqsuq- (i) to braid one’s hair; (t)
to braid her/his/its hair | -lIq-1 nv
+tuq-2 vv
tugli2 the next one in order; the other; the
second one
tugliġiik a vowel pair or dipthong |
+[g]iik nn -k nn
tugliqsruuti- (i) to be in second
position, e.g., to be behind the
runner who is in first place |
2
mqsruq- vv -uti- vv
tugliu- (i) to be the one next in order
| :u-1 nv
tugnaaq or tuŋnaaq connecting strip
sewn between the body and sole
of a boot, made of caribou or seal
leather | +naaq3 rn § tugrun
tugrut- (t) to lash, secure it with rope @
tugrutchi- || :I-4 vv § tuut-,
tugnaaq
tugrun bearded sealskin rope used for
lashing skin covering to umiaq
“umiak” frame; rope with which
skin covering is lashed to boat
frame » “tugrutiqaġuurut
pagmapak aglunaapianik”
(Kinneeveauk 2008) [nowadays
sealskin rope is used for securing
the skin cover onto to the boat
frame] | ‘-ti1 vn
599
tuiġaq or tuiqqaq or tui [dual tuiqqak]
shoulder | +[ġ]aq nn, vn
tukaqti rope used to secure sealskin floats
and toggling spear head
» “akłunaaŋa avataqpaum”
(Aiken 2009) [rope attached to the
float] § kiŋu, avataqpak
tukiq- (i) to hatch (of a bird); to extend
one’s legs; (t) to push, kick
her/him/it with bottom of one’s
foot; (i) to kick out backwards
propelling oneself forward (of
swimmer or sea mammal) »
“Tukiqsallagruaġami tavra
tatpikuŋanmun saquvluni
tavruŋa puktallagniqsuq.”
(Bodfish: 240) [when it kicked
backwards, it had propelled itself
swerving towards land and then
surfaced there]
tukala- or tukalauraq- to kick one’s
legs (at her/him/it) | -la- vv or
:uraq- vv or -lik- vv
tukalignaq treadle sewing machine |
-lik- vv +naq(-) vn
tukalik- (Ti) (i) to kick one’s legs |
-lik- vv
tukiġnik- (i) to kick someone with the
bottom of one’s foot | +nnik- vv
tukiqtuun (Nu) boom of sailboat |
+tuq-2 vv :un1 vn § qauqqiñ
tukkaq- to push (her/him/it) with
one’s feet, repeatedly | ‘-q-1 nv
tukku- (i) to stay as a guest
tukkiq- (t) to provide her/him with a
place to stay | ‘=Iq- 1 vv
tukkiqsuq- (t) to offer her/him
hospitality, accommodations |
‘=Iq- 1 vv +tuq-2 vv
tukkuġi- (t) for her/him to be her/his
host | ‘-Q vn +[g]i- nv
tukkuġik- (i) to feel comfortable and
well taken care of (of a guest) »
 “Tarva tukkuġiksitkaa
ippaksraapak...” (Ahvakana: 22)
[he made her feel welcome and
cared for for a long time] | ‘-Q vn
+[g]Ik- nv
tukkuġmiu- (i) to remain a house
guest » “Tarvaasi
tukkuġmiupkaaqsigaa
taavsruma aŋutim.” (Ahvakana:
21-22) [so then the man made her
feel welcomed in his home] |
‘-Q vn +miu- vv
tukkuilaq outcast, homeless person |
‘-Q vn -ilaq(-) nn
tukkuiq- (i) to become an outcast; (i)
to lose one’s home | ‘-Q vn :Iq-2 nv
tukkuit- (i) to be an outcast, have
nowhere to live | ‘-Q vn :It-1 nv
tukkuliiñiq hospitality | ‘-Q vn
-lIq-1 nv :I-4 nv +niQ1 vn
tukkumavik hotel room, apartment |
+ma- vv +vIk1 vn
tukkuq host, one whom one stays
with | ‘-Q vn
tukkuqaq- (i) to have shelter, a
place to stay, a host | ‘-Q vn
-qaq- nv
tukkunaq- (Ti) (i) to be tender (of walrus
or bull caribou meat) »
“tukkunaqtugguuq aiviq suli
tuttupiaq” (C. Tuzroyluke 2009)
[they say a walrus has tender
meat, also a caribou]; “aivġum
narraaŋa naakka pagniġruam
naarraaŋa tukkunaqtugguuq;
aqitchuq suli uġriñŋunaiñmiuq”
(C. Tuzroyluke 2009) [they say the
belly section of the walrus or the
belly section of the bull caribou is
tender meat; it is soft and it does
not produce an oil-based
heartburn]
tukkuun bottom portion of fur on a
wolverine’s neck § tulugauraq
600
tuksiq- [tuksIq] (t) to beg her/him
tuksiaq- (i) to plead that something
happen; (i) to beg in prayer; (i) to
ask for something » “atuutimiñik
tuksiaqtuq” (Matumeak 2009)
[he asked for his family song or a
song he composed] | -aq-1 vv
tuksruk- (i) to be crushed, crumbled; (t)
to crush, crumble it § arvik-,
parvik-, karumit-, siqumit-,
siquptiq-
tuktaq a slab of walrus skin (with meat
and blubber still attached) folded
and sewn together, often left
outside to ferment, then cached in
underground meat cellar for
winter use; (Ti) bearded seal meat
and blubber sewn or tied in a bale
for storage | +t/raq rn
tuksisuu- (Ti) (i) to make tuktaq |
‘=I-1 nv +[s]uu- vv
tulak- (i) to reach shore, come ashore
tulagiaq or tulagvik landing place for
a boat; dock | +iaq1 vn or +vIk1 vn
tulapqaułłik- or tulapqauraq- (i) to
just barely reach shore, when
almost prevented by severe
weather conditions | -pqaułłIk- vv
or -pqauraq- vv
tulasaaq- (i) to land on shore en
masse | -saaq-1 vv
tulauti- or ¤tulaut- (t) to bring
her/him/it ashore @ tulaurri- |
-ut-2 vv or :uti- vv || ~rI-5 vv
tullaqi- (t) to come ashore for
her/him/it | ‘-qi- vv
tulimaaq [tulimaraq] rib; vertical,
traverse wood support of a
traditional umiak frame; rainbow
§ see Appendices 16, 17, & 21
tulimaq or tulimmaq rainbow §
kinnaum nigaŋa, kinnaq niggiqsuq
tullik (Nu) American Golden Plover
(Pluvialis dominica)
¤tullignaq Ruddy Turnstone
(Arenaria interpres)
tullisugruk or tullivak (Nu) Black-
bellied Plover (Pluvialis
squatarola) | -sugruk(-) nn or
-vak nn
tulluataq- (i) to land smoothly (of
airplane, parachuter, someone
jumping on a mapquq “blanket
toss”) < tut-
tulugaq Raven (Corvus corax); Crow
(Corvus sp.) § tuluq-
tulugaaq- (Nu) (i) to make a cry like
the raven’s call to inform others
one has sighted caribou (short call
for few caribou, long call for
many) | -q-2 nv
tulugagnauraq or ¤tulukkatun ittuq
Rusty Blackbird (Euphagus
carolinus)
tulugaġnaq Bank Swallow (Riparia
riparia); Cliff Swallow
(Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) |
+naq1 nn
tulugaġnauraq Tree Swallow
(Iridoprocne bicolor) | +naq1 nn
:uraq nn, vv
tulugaayaaq or (Nu, Ti) tulukkaaq
young raven | -ayaaq nn ‘-aq2 nn
tulukkam asiaŋa (Nu) any berry of
various types considered inedible
for humans, e.g., juniper berry,
soapberry, highbush cranberry
tulukkam nauligaaŋa [lit. “raven’s
spear”] northern groundcone,
parasitic plant on alder roots
(Boschniakia rossica)
tuluŋiksraq creator of the world
according to Iñupiaq legend »
“Men say that the world was made
by tuluŋixiraq, The Raven. He is
601
a man and he has a raven’s bill on
his head.” (Spencer:384)
tulugauraq striped wolverine ruff on
parka taken from the bottom
portion of fur on a wolverine’s
neck § tukkuun
tuluq- (t) to butt, hit her/him/it with
head or tusk; (t) to attack
her/him/it (of a bird); (t) to reach
it =shore (of ice,boat, etc.)
tuluaġaq- (i) to dive toward someone
or something (of bird or plane); (t)
to dive toward her/him/it (of bird
or plane) » tiŋmiaqpak
tuluaġaqtuq qayyanun an eagle
is diving at the kayaks | -aġaq- vv
tuluġiaq [tuluġiraq] canine tooth »
tuluġirrak canine teeth | +iaq3 n
tumanŋu- (i) to feel one’s food has not
gone down completely and one
needs to wash it down with a
drink | -nŋu-2 vv § tivrutaq
tumanŋuiyaq- (i) to wash food down
one’s throat with liquid | -nŋu- vv
:Iyaq- vv
tumaq- (i) to heal (of broken bone); (t) to
repair it § mamit-
tumaqsruq- (t) to fit it together,
repair it @ tumaqsrui- |
2 4
mqsruq- vv || :I- vv
tumi track, trail, footprint
tumitchiat trail, path, track |
-tchiaq(-) nn -t nn
tuvli- (i) to make tracks; (i) to break
trail | ~lI-1 nv
tuvliġaq- (i) to leave footprints; (t) to
leave footprints on it =surface »
“tavra uvlaakumman aapiyaa-
kisa ivaġaluaġaak aputaitchuq,
tuvliġaġnaitchuq apigaluaqtin-
nagu” then when morning came,
 his older brothers look for him but
there is no snow, no way to leave
footprints since there was no snow
on the ground (Bergsland 1987) |
~lI-1 nv +[ġ]aq- vv
tuvlisaun (Nu) gland below caribou’s
front toes whose print is visible
only when the animal is frightened
and toes are spread | ~lI-1 nv
3 1
msaq- vv :un vn
tuvraakkiuti- (t) to begin to follow,
track her/him/it » “uvva ukiak-
rami piuk, tuvliġaġnaqtuami,
tuvraakiutiniġaak” it was fall
and tracks were visible so they
began to follow her tracks
(Bergsland 1987: 329) | -aq-1 vv
+[g]i- rv ‘uti- vv
tuvraaksrat guidelines, plan of
action | ~raq- vv -aq1 vn
-ksraq(-) nn -t nn § piraksriun
tuvraaksriun example, model |
~raq- vv -aq1 vn -ksraq(-) nn
‘=Iq-1 nv :un1 vn
tuvraq- (t) to follow, track her/him/it;
(t) to imitate, portray, copy
her/him/it; (t) to follow it =e.g., a
sewing pattern, instructions for
building something; (i) to copy
something; (i) to imitate someone
or something; (t) to resemble
her/him in character | ~raq- vv
tuvsi- or (Nu) tupsi- (i) to find
footprints, tracks; (t) to find
her/his/its tracks, footprints |
~sI-2 nv
tuvsiuq- (i) to be out looking for
tracks | +siuq- nv
tumiŋŋuaq (Ti) diamond (suit in cards) §
kapuun, argalaq, iqquk
tumitchauraq three (in cards)
tummak (Nu) palm of hand § utummak
602
¤tungaum asiaŋa ¤nagoonberry (Rubus
arcticus) (occurs widely in the
Arctic, and present in the Brooks
Range)
tuni-1 [tunI](i) to be now sold; (t) to sell it
@ tunisi- or tuniri- || +sI-3 vv or
~rI-5 vv
tuniuqqaq- (t) to sell them @
tuniuqqai- | -uq-2 vv perhaps
+qaq- nv || :I-4 vv
tunnisaq something offered for sale »
“tunnisaġisuugait
tuniyumaatchiġamisigiŋ sut”
(Aiken 2009) [items are put up for
sale when the decision is made to
do so] | ‘-saq1 vn
tuni-2 [tunI](i) to give oneself up; (i) to
give up » “Patiktiłłuni,
patiktiłłuni, tunigaluaqtuq.”
(Nageak 1975: 92 [pressed
(against the wall), pressed
(against the wall), he gave
himself up, but…];
“qaitkaluaqtuq; qaitchuq;
iglutuġumiñaiññami tuniruq;
qaitchuq” (Aiken 2009) [he gave
himself up, but…; he gave
himself up; he gave up because
he could not withstand it; he gave
himself up]
tuniugaqsi- (i) to begin to explain
oneself, in the process of giving
up » “Kiggisiraġaqhutik,
kiggisiraġaqhutik[.]
[A]ŋayuqaksrauraq
tuniugaqsigaluaqtuq.” (Nageak
1975: 92) [opening and closing
its (killer whale) jaws, opening
and closing its (killer whale)
jaws; the little old man
desperately began to explain
himself as he abandons his
motives] | -ugaq- vv -aqsI- vv
tuniġi- (Ti) (t) to go directly to her/him/it |
+[g]i- rv § tuŋaaġi-
tuniq (Nu) thick webbing joined to
snowshoe frame
tuniksraq (Nu) wide leather thong
used for snowshoe webbing |
-ksraq(-) nn
tunniq- (Nu) (t) to tie webbing to it
=snowshoe frame @ tuniqsi- |
‘=Iq-1 nv || +sI-3 vv
*tuniq (root) endurance, fortitude;
hardness of surface
tuniqtaq soapstone; stone lamp |
+qtaq nn § see Appendix 22
tuniqtu- (i) to be emotionally stable,
enduring; (i) to be solid; (i) to be
strict » “… ķanuķ ilisimaruni
uvagut ilisaurriruaguut
isivġiusiaķaġniaqtugut
tuniķtulluktuamik allaniñ.
…for you know that we teachers
will be judged with greater strict-
ness than others.” (Iñupiat New
Testament: James 3. 1) | +tu rv
tuninŋuq- (i) to become tired of lying
on a hard surface or of walking on
hard ground | -nŋuq- rv §
tunŋanŋuliq-
tuniqsima- (i) to be faithful,
enduring; (i) be hard to persuade;
(i) to be firm in one’s opinion |
+sima-2 vv
tuniqsimman endurance, persistence,
resoluteness | +sima-2 vv ‘n1 vn
tunmaluk- or tuŋmaluk- to step all over,
tread, trample (it) < tuti-
tunmaq- or tuŋmaq- or tugmaq- (t) to
step upon, tread on her/him/it
repeatedly < tuti-
tunmavik or tunmiġaq rug, carpet; entry
step < tut-
603
¤tunmiġaq1 (Ti) share of whale meat
which a new whaling captain
receives from whaling boats 1 and
2 after they have taken their share
from the whale’s rear ventral
flanks (uatit), which the new
whaling captain distributes to the
villagers (Frankson as reported by
Pulu, Sampson, Newlin, 25) § uati,
qimiġluk
tunmiġaq2 or tutipqiq or tuŋmiġaq
stepstool a step located at the
entrance of a traditional sod
house, originally a whale vertebra;
doorstep; rung of a ladder; a single
stair; rug < tuti-
tunmiġautat or tuŋmiġauttat stairs,
ladder < tuti-
tunmiqqat or tutipqit or tuŋmiqqat
stairs; steps in entry or exit hole of
sod house < tuti-
tunŋa- (i) to be based on the facts; to be
resting firmly on something; to be
dedicated, intended for someone
or something; (t) to be pertinent to
her/him/it; to be resting firmly on
her/him/it < tut-
tunŋaraq tanned caribou hide used for
mattress (with fur downward);
pad, mat, rug < tut-
tunu back (of human body); back area;
back exterior wall
tunnuq back fat of caribou or moose
» “Tunnuugnik, tuttum qaun-
naagnik, iglugiignik saakkit-
kaat.” (Kiligvuk: 1) [they give
him the two sides of the back fat
of a caribou to take with him] |
‘-Q nn
tunua north wall of traditional sod
house | :a nn (3s-s) § see Appendix
22
tunuaguaq- (i) to travel behind
another person or vehicle; (i) to
rravel via the back area of a
person or object | :a (poss. end
3s-s) -kun nnc (via.) -aq-4 nv
tunuallak- or tunuiłłak- (i) to fall
backward, slip and fall on one’s
buttocks | -aq-2 nv -llak-1 vv or
-It-1 nv -llak-1 vv § niviġiaq-
tunuanuk- (i) to get, position oneself
behind her/him/it; (t) to place
her/him/it behind her/him/it »
umiam tunuaanuguŋ put it
behind the boat | :a nn (poss. 3s-s)
-nuk- nv
tunuata qilaŋa short pitch of roof
(north side of sod house) | :ata nn
:ŋa nn
tunuillak- (Ti) (i) to fall on one’s
back | :It-1 nv -llak-1 vv
tunuiyaq- to be cold (of one’s back) |
:Iyaq- nv
tunulliġiik(-) one with another
behind; (i) to be one behind the
other, lined up; (i) to be sequential
| +llIQ nn +[g]iik(-) nn, nv
tunulliġiiksit- (i) to line up | +llIQ nn
+[g]iik(-) nv +tit-2 vv
tunulliliq- (t) to support, back
her/him up | +llIQ nn -lIq-1 nv
tunulliq hindmost one | +llIQ nn
tununmuk- (t) to position it with the
back facing front | +nmuk- nv
tununmun (adv.) with the back
facing front | +nmun vv (term.)
tununmuŋa- (i) to be positioned with
the back in front; (t) to be
positioned with one’s back to
her/him/it | +nmuk- nv ±ŋa- vv
tunuqsruq- (i) to keep one’s back
turned | +qsruq-1 nv
tunusiġaq a longitudinal umiak frame
outer side runner (outside of
604
tuurvik, “a longitudinal boat
frame inner side runner”) of
umiak frame | -siq vn -aq2 nn §
see Appendix 16
tunusuk rounded area at back of
head, occiput; nape of neck |
+suk2 nn § see Appendices 20 &
21
tunut- (i) to turn to face the opposite
way, to turn one’s back; (t) to turn
one’s back to her/him/it | -t-2 nv
tunutqut- to traverse behind
(her/him/it) | -tqut- nv
tunuvaq- (i) to back up, go to the rear
| -vaq- nv
tunuunagun (Nu) harness webbing
which runs down dog’s back |
+uuna (dem. via.) +gun (via.)
tunusisaq elongated, oval-shaped
abdominal organ (attached to the
stomach of caribou) » “tuttum
aqiaġuata ilaŋa aqvaluuraqtuaq
takiłhuaŋaaq” (Aiken 2009) [part
of a caribou’s stomach which is
elongated and oval in shape];
tuttut tunusisaqaġnisuugait,
ataruq aqiaġupiaŋanun they say
caribou have these elongated oval
shaped abdominal organs which
are attached to the real stomach
tunuiġun or tunuunaġun slough »
“ikkalġuq tunuiġunmik
taiguġuugaat” (Aiken 2009)
[shallow water is called a slough]
tuŋautqutaq- (t) to not speak it =dialect
correctly | -tqut- nv -taq-1 nv
°tuŋi (stem) direction of
tuŋaaġi- (t) to travel toward
her/him/it » “Taima qallivlugu
suagguuġamna nuna
tuŋaaġiniġaak.” (Ahvakana: 14)
[then as they got closer to it she
 excitedly realized they were
heading towards land] | +aq1 vn
+[g]i- nv
tuŋiġuġnaq- (i) to be approachable |
+[ġ]uq-1 rv +naq(-) vv, vn
tuŋiġuq- (t) to come near, pass close
to her/him/it | +[ġ]uq-1 rv §
saniġatqut-
tuŋiun bed sheet
tuŋiusiuq- or tuŋiutiliuq- (i) to
prepare a bed; (t) to prepare, make
her/his bed | ~iuq-1 nv
tuŋiutit bedding, traditionally
sleeping skins; bed | -t nn § tuttaat
tuŋnaaq or tugnaaq connecting strip
sewn between the body and sole
of a boot, made of caribou or seal
skin | +naaq3 rn § *tug
tuŋuq- (i) to be blue (from overwork or
being cold); (i) to be blue (of a
bruise) § suŋauraaq-, uŋuraġaaq-
tuŋuaqtaaq something purple |
-aq-1 vv +t/raaq1 vn
tuŋiqsi- to become blue in the face |
+sI-1 vv
tuŋuqtaaq something purple; the
color purple | +t/raaq1 vn
tupak- or tupakaq- (i) to be surprised,
startled; (i) to wake from sleep to
full wakefulness | -kaq- vv
tupaaq- (t) to cause her/him/it to
wake up frequently; (t) to keep
her/him/it awake with noise; (t) to
awaken her/him/it accidently by
making noise @ tupaaġnik- or
tuppaaqłiq- | -aq-1 vv || +nik-1 nv
or +kłIq- vv
tupai- (t) to startle, surprise her/him/it
| -I-6 vv
tupaummi- (i) to be in a state of
shock, surprise | -u-2 vv +mmI-5 vv
605
tupi(-) small tattoo, facial tattoo line; (t)
to tattoo her/him § kakI-
tupiniq tattoo » “qauġmigun
tupiniqaqtuq tapiqtaġiiñik
tupiniġnik, iñuaqtuqpailluni
piyuaqtimiñik” on his forehead
he had two overlapping tattoes,
because he had killed so many of
his tormentors (Bergsland 1987:
328) | +niQ1 vn
tupiq(-) [tupiQ] [dual tuppak, pl. tupqit]
tent; to raise, set up a tent (for
her/him/it)
tupaaluk an old tent | -aluk nn
tupaatchiaq- or tupiatchiaq- to
borrow a tent | -atchiaq- nv
tupiksraq canvas, fabric used for
making tents | -ksraq(-) nn, nv
tupiqtuq- (i) to live in a tent »
tupiqtuġniaqtuŋa upinġaapak I
will live in a tent all summer |
+tuq-3 nv
tupiqtuun or tupqutaq (Nu)
lengthwise roof beam of tent,
ridgepole of tent | +tuq-3 nv
:un1 vn or :utaq vn
tuppi- to make a tent (for her/him/it) |
‘=I-1 nv
tuppiraq- (i) to travel bringing a tent |
‘=Iraq- nv
tuppiuq- (i) to make a tent; set up a
tent; (t) to make a tent for
her/him/it; to set up a tent for
her/him/it | ‘=iuq-1 nv
tupqilaq(-) one without a tent; (i) to
be without a tent | :ilaq(-) nv, nn
tupqiq- (t) to take away her/his tent |
:Iq-1 nv
tupqisuq- or tupiksraisuq- to go and
get a tent | :Isuq- nv or
+ksraisuq- nv
tupqit- (i) to not have a tent »
tupqitchuq tauqsiġñiaġvigmi
there are no tents in the store |
:It-1 nv
 Tupqit (Nu) [lit. “tents”] a (the four
stars of the bowl of the Big Dipper
said to be four tents to which three
hunters on foot are running) »
tuviġġat airut tupiġnun the three
hunters [stars] are said to go home
to the houses | :It nn § Tuttuġruk,
Tuvaat
tupqiyaq- (i) to take a tent down and
pack it; (t) for the storm to flatten
her/his tent | :Iyaq- nv
tupqiyauti- (t) to take a tent down
and pack it for her/him | :Iyaq- nv
-uti- vv
tupqutat tent poles | :utaq vn
-t nn
tupit- (i) to have food stuck in one’s
throat § tivit-
*tupit (root) apprehension, uneasiness,
spookiness
tupinŋa- (i) to be tense, apprehensive,
jumpy | ±ŋa- vv
tupinŋasi- or tupinŋatchak- (i) to
become apprehensive or jumpy |
±ŋa- vv +sI-1 vv or ±ŋa- vv
-tchak- vv
tupitqaq fetish or charm worn on body or
clothing » “All men who hunted
on the ice wore their tupitqaq
(charms or fetishes, such as an
animal tail, or nose skin, beads,
etc.,) attached to their clothing.”
(Rainey: 253) | perhaps +kaq nn §
aanġuaq
tupquraak hyoid bones; two bones near
larynx § ikauraak
tupquraanŋuliq- (i) to be unable to
say anything because one is
deeply affected by circumstances
which move one to deep emotion |
-nŋu-1 nv -lIq-3 vv
606
tuqłuk windpipe, trachea
tuqłuq- (t) to call her/him directly by
name or kinship term | -q-2 nv
tuqłuġaq- (t) to repeatedly call
outside (as from inside a tent), or
call outside (as from inside a tent)
to her/him =unseen person asking
them to identity herself/himself |
-q-2 nv +aq-1 vv
tuqłuaq spyglass, telescope; drinking
straw | -aq2 nn
tuqłuaġaq- (i) to look through a
spyglass; (t) to look through a
spyglass at her/him/it »
tuqłuaġaqtuq qayaqtuqtuanun
she is looking at the kayakers
through a spyglass | -aq2 nn
+aq-4 vv
tuqpallak- (i) to experience a jolt or
shock, either physical or
emotional
tuqsruġmiutaq a gray stain (made from
stone used in woodwork)
(Kisautaq: 652)
tuqsruk or tuqługauraq entryway, cold
porch; tunnel (to a sodhouse) »
tuqługauraqaġniqsugguuq una
imani; tuqługauraqaġniqsuq;
qanitchauraqaġniqsuq he had a
small storm entry this time; he had
a small storm entry; he had a
small arctic entry (Nageak 1975:
83) § qanitchat
tuqsruuk narrow portion of sod
house entryway; hallway |
perhaps -k2 nn
tuqu- (i) to die, perish, expire, pass away,
pass on
tuqqun death; cause of death, e.g., an
organ which malfunctions »
tuqqutaa ilitchuġiŋillakkaat
 they never did learn the cause of
his death | ‘-ti1 vn
tuqquti- (t) to die without
accomplishing something; (t) to
die in her/his stead | ‘-ti- vv
tuqqutigi- (t) to die from it =injury,
disease | ‘-ti vn +[g]i- nv
tuqua spot on body where a being can
be fatally wounded; term
functions as the word “death” in
certain expressions |
:a (poss. abs. 3s-s)
tuquanŋu- (i) to feel faint |
:a (poss. abs. 3s-s) +nŋu- nv
tuquanŋuq- (t) to stun, stupify
her/him/it | :a (poss. abs. 3s-s)
+nŋuq- nv
tuquġaq- (i) to die en mass, in large
numbers; (t) to slaughter, kill
many of them | +[ġ]aq- vv
tuquliŋa- (i) to wilt (of plants) |
-lI-2 vv ±ŋa- vv
tuquliŋaruaq dead plant, grass |
-lI-2 vv ±ŋa- vv +t/ruaq vn
tuqulisuu- (i) to be mortal, subject to
death | -lI-2 vv +[s]uu- vv
tuqunaq(-) poison; (i) to be
poisonous; (t) to poison her/him/it
| +naq(-) vn
tuquŋaraġri- (i) to act like one dead |
-ġrI- vv
tuquŋaraġriaqsi- (i) to begin to act
like a dead person »
aulatchailiaqsiruq taamna
nukatpialuk;
tuquŋaraġriaqsiruq he begins to
try not to move; the young boy
begins to act dead | ±ŋa- vv
+t/raq vn +ġrI- nv -aqsI- vv
tuquŋaraq dead animal, person |
±ŋa- vv +t/raq vn
tuquŋarraq- (i) to find an animal
carcass | ±ŋa- vv +t/raq vn
‘-q-2 nv
607
tuquŋarri- (i) to be stillborn; (t) to
give birth to it =stillborn child |
±ŋa- vv +t/raq vn ‘=I-1 nv
tuquŋarriruaq a stillbirth | ±ŋa- vv
+t/raq vn ‘=I-1 vn +t/ruaq vn
tuqusaq- (t) to make sure a wounded
animal is killed | msaq-3 vv
tuqusia- or tuqusiala- (i) to be dying,
be in death throes; (i) to feel faint |
+sia- vv or +sia- vv -la- vv
tuqut- (t) to kill her/him/it @
tuqutchi- » tuqunŋagaat they’ve
killed it | -t-1 vv || +sI-3 vv
tuqutaq murdered victim; someone
or something which has been
killed | mtaq4 vn
tuquġaq (Nu) cutting edge of blade |
+[ġ]aq vn § kiiñaq
tuqutchigayuk- (i) to be good at
killing; (i) to kill frequently |
-t-1 vv +sI-3 vv -gayuk- vv
tuquvsitchak- (i) to become deathly
afraid, apprehensive; (i) to feel a
delayed shock from almost being
killed; (t) to cause her/him to
become deathly afraid,
apprehensive | -vsI-2 vv -tchak- vv
tuqurmiutaq soot mixture used for the
facial markings of whaling
captain, harpooner, and the wife
of the whaling captain (Spencer:
344) | +miutaq nn
turġu- (i) to be thick (of fur or hair)
turġuaq- to become longer and
thicker (of caribou fur) » “ammit
turġuaġmata takisiuraaqtut
mitquŋi; uqumailisuurut”
(Aiken 2009) [when the skins
become really thick is when the
fur becomes longer; they get
heavy] | -aq-3 vv
turraaturaq Pacific Godwit; Bar-tailed
Godwit (Limosa lapponica)
turvik bleached seal or caribou skin
backing used to support a
woman’s sunburst parka ruff §
isiġvikpagaaq
*tusaq (root) audible § *susaq
tusaa- [tusaga] to hear (her/him/it) |
-a-2 vv
tusaalait- (i) to be deaf; (t) to not be
able to hear her/him/it | -a-2 vv
-lait- vv
tusaammati- (i) to be in
communication with each other |
-a-2 vv -mmati- vv
tusaanġaiqi- (i) to hear and want to
hear more | -nġaq- vv -iqi-2 vv
tusaaniġluk- to hear bad news (about
her/him/it) | -a-2 vv -niġluk(-) vv
tusaaraġaliq- or (Nu) tusakraliq- (i)
to begin to hear something
repeatedly » “tavra
tusakraliqsuk nipimik
tusaara[ġa]liqsuq Maguula;
ilisakriŋitchuq” then they begin
to hear sounds; Maguula begins
to hear sounds; he cannot make
out what they are (Bergsland
1987: 317) | -a-2 vv +raġalIq- vv
or +ksraq(-) vv -lIq-3 vv
tusaarraġiit- or tusarraġiit- (i) to be
hard of hearing, be partially deaf »
tusarraġiiłłunuk ayalaitchuguk
atuġaaqtuanun wed do not attend
singspirations because we are hard
of hearing | -rraq vn +[g]Ik- nv
:It- vv
tusaaruuraaq- to imagine hearing
(her/him) say what (she/he)
usually, customarily says |
-ruk- vv -uraaq- vv
tusaayugaaġiksuaq gospel; that
which is good news | -yugaaq- vn
+[g]Ik- nv +tuaq (part)
tusaayugaaq(-) news; to receive
news, information about
(her/him/it) | -yugaaq(-) vv, vn
608
tusaggan rim of external ear, the
helix; something used to facilitate
hearing, hearing aid | -‘n1 vn
tusaġnaq- (i) to be audible, can be
heard; (t) to be able to hear
her/him/it » tusaġnaqtuq
qikiġġaqpaluak qakipkuak
iññuk isiġiaqtuak the sound of
snow crunching under the
footsteps of the two outside who
about to enter is audible |
+naq(-) rv
tusaqłiġaq- (t) to complain or make
an offensive remark about her/him
with the intention of letting
her/him overhear or know by the
gossip of others @ tusaqłiġai- |
+łiġaq- vv || :I-4 vv
tusaqłiġaun an offensive remark
intended to be heard by the person
being offended | +łiġaq- vv
:un1 vn
tusaqsiuġniq public hearing |
+siuq- nv +niQ1 vn
tusaqsraġi- (t) to be able to hear
her/him/it | +qsraq vn +[g]i- nv
tusillaq- (i) to become deaf |
+illaq- vv
tutchaġik- (i) to be cause for good
news | ‘-Q rn +[g]Ik nv
tutchaġiksi- (i) to be doing well (of a
sick person) | ‘-Q rn +[g]Ik nv
+sI-1 vv
tutchaġluk- (i) to hear bad news |
‘-Q rn nv '-ġluk(-) nv
tutchaq oral account, news »
“tusaapkaġaa iñuum
tusaaŋaisaŋanik” (Matumeak
2009) [she gave him what no
other person had not heard] |
‘-Q vn
tusaq or tusaqpak or tutchaq ace (suit in
cards) (Matumeak 2009)
*tusiQ (root) limping

tusiat- (i) to limp, be lame »
tusiałłuni isiqtuq aŋuyuqaksraq
the old man came in limping |
-a-2 vv +t-2 rv § susiat-
tusialluk or tusiqhuk lame person or
animal | -a-2 vv -lluk vn or
-qhuk- vv
tusiqhuk- or tusiqhuktaq- or
tusiapiktaq- (i) to limp |
-qhuk(-) vv +t/raq-1 vv or -a-2 vv
+t-2 rv -piktaq- vv § tuyyapiktaq-
tusu- to envy, covet (her/him)
tusunaq- (i) to be desirable, cause
envy | +naq(-) vv
tutchun envy, jealousy, covetousness
| ‘-n vn
tut- (i) to touch ground, bottom; (i) to
land on one’s feet; (i) to lie down;
(t) to cause her/him/it to touch
ground » tuttut they’ve reached
the bottom
tulluataq- (i) to have a smooth
landing (of airplane, parachuter,
or someone jumping on a
mapquq, “blanket toss”) |
-lluataq- vv
tunŋa- (i) to be based on the facts; (t)
to be resting firmly (on it
=surface) ; (i) to be dedicated,
intended for someone or
something; (t) to be pertinent to
her/him/it » tamatkua maqpiġaat
tunŋarut panimñun those papers
are intended for my daughter |
±ŋa- vv
tunŋaraq tanned, caribou hide used
for mattress (with fur downward);
sleeping pad; mat, rug | ±ŋa- vv
+t/raq vn
turviatchiaq solid ground | +vIk1 vn
-atchiaq nn
tutilluataq- (t) to let her/him/it settle
down well; (t) to let it =
information take root well |
609
1
mtit- vv -lluataq(-) vv, nn
tuti- to step, tread on (her/him/it)
tunmaluk- or tuŋmaluk- to step all
over, tread, trample (it) |
~maq- vv -luk- vv
tunmaq- or tuŋmaq- or tugmaq- (t)
to step upon, tread on her/him/it
repeatedly | ~maq- vv
tunmavik or tunmiġaq rug, carpet;
entry step » tunmiqqat
kataŋmun steps up to the
entryhole (into the sod house from
the entryway) | ~ma-1 vv +vIk1 vn
§ tuŋmigautaq, see Appendix 22
tunmiġautat or tuŋmiġauttat stairs,
ladder | +mmIq- vv +[ġ]aq vn
-utaq nn
tunmiġaq2 or tutipqiq or tuŋmiġaq
a step located at the entrance of a
traditional sod house, originally a
whale vertebra; doorstep; rung of
a ladder; a single stair; rug »
tutipqiŋa igluġruam paqittaat
they found the step of the old sod
house | +mmIq- vv +[ġ]aq vn or
-pqI- vv ‘-Q vn § see Appendix 22
tunmiqqat or tutipqit [tutipqIt] or
tuŋmiqqat stairs, steps in entry
or exit hole of sod house |
+mmIq- vv +[ġ]aq vn ‘-t 3 nn
tutigiññaaq(-) or tutisiññaaq(-)
light, slip-on footwear; (t) to wear
light, slip-on footwear »
tutigiññaakiñ marra here are
your slippers | -giññaaq vn
tutiġiq a step outside door of house |
perhaps +q-1 vv +Iq nn
tutik or tutaaluk grandchild,
grandnephew, or grandniece »
tutkiñ tikisimaruq oh, your
grandchild did arrive; tutka
tikiñŋaitchuqsuli my grandchild
still has not arrived; “tutik
atausiumman, tutaaluit
 iñugiaŋmata” (C. Tuzroyluke
2009) [the word is tutik when
there is one (grandchild) and
tutaaluit when there are many
(grandchildren)] | -aluk nn §
iñġutaq, ilulik
tutaaluk grandchild; great-nephew or
great-niece | -aluk nn § iñġutaq
tutigiik grandparent and grandchild |
+[g]iik nn
tutitchauraq youngest grandchild |
-tchauraq nn
tutitchiaq or (Nu) tutiłaaq
grandchild | -tchiaq nn, -łaaq nn
tutitchiatqiun or (Ti) tutitqiun or
(Ti) tutaalutqiun great-
grandchild | -tchiaq nn -tqIk-1 nv
:un1 vn –tqIk2- nv :un1 vn § amau
tutqaaq- or tutqaasuk- (i) to feel ill at
ease, remorse about something
one has done or something which
others with direct ties to oneself
has done; (i) to feel bad that one is
not able repay a favor, pay for a
service | -suk-2 vv
tutqaagi- (t) to be concerned and
ashamed for what she/he/it is
doing, usually to the disadvantage
of others; (Ti) (t) to be concerned
about taking something, work, or
favors from her/him without
proper compensation | +[g]i- vv
tutqaanaq- (i) to cause feelings of
concern and shame by acting
immature, inhospitable,
inconsiderate; (i) to do shameful
acts | -naq(-) vv
tutqaasaaq- (t) to try to make her/him
feel uncomfortable, sorry about
what she/he has done | ±saaq-2 vv
tutqaatchai- (t) to cause her/him to
feel ill at ease, uncomfortable |
-tchak- vv -I-6 vv
tutqaatchak- (i) to start feeling ill at
ease, sorry, remorseful | -tchak- vv
610
tutqaatu- or tutqaaq- (i) to be
careful to repay favors, pay for
services, not accept things for free
| -tu- vv
tutqik- [tutqIk](i) to be content, peaceful,
at ease
tutqigñaq- (i) to be a good host, be
comfortable for others to be with,
be comforting | +naq(-) vv
tutqiili- (i) to become uncomfortable,
begin to feel unease; (i) to
experience discomfort | :It-1 vv
-lI-2 vv
tutqiiq- (i) to become uncomfortable;
lose one’s peace of mind | :Iq-2 vv
tutqiit- (i) to be uncomfortable, not at
peace | :It-1 vv
tutqiksaq- (t) to make her/him
comfortable; (t) put her/him at
ease, peace | msaq-3 vv
tutqiksi- (i) to become content, find
peace of mind | +sI-1 vv
tutqiksit- (t) to make her/him
comfortable, feel at home |
1
mtit- vv
tutqiun peace, contentment | :un1 vn
tutquq- (t) to put it away for future use;
to store it @ tutquqsi- ||
+sI-3 vv
tutquqsivik storage space; (by
extension) savings bank | +sI-3 vv
+vIk1 vn
tutquqtuq- (t) to put them away for
safe keeping @ tutquqtui- |
+tuq-2 vv || :I-4 vv
tutquqtui- (t) to put her/his things
away for safe keeping | +tuq-2 vv
:I-7 vv
tuttaaq- (i) to go to bed » tuttaaġiñ go to
bed § iññaq-
tuttaaqtit- (t) to put her/him to bed |
1
mtit- vv
 tuttaaqtitaq- (t) to force her/him to
bed | mtitaq(-) vv
tuttaat bed, bedding | -t nn § tuŋiutit,
siñigviit
tuttu caribou (Rangifer tarandus) §
qunŋiq
tuttuġaurat a few caribou | -gaq2 nn
:uraq nn -t nn
tuttuġaaġruit or tuttusalait herd of
caribou | -ġaaġruit nn or -salak nn
:It nn § kanŋut under kanŋuq-
tuttuġaviñiq rawhide caribou thong,
used for binding or lacing on
snowshoe | +[ġ]aq nn -viñiQ nn
tuttuġluayaaq (Ti) corned beef |
+ġluk(-) nn -ayaaq nn
tuttuġri- (i) to act like a caribou |
-ġrI- nv
Tuttuġruk constellation Ursa Major,
Big Dipper » “Ursa major (tail)…
tǔ’k-tu-o-ru-ǐn.” (Ray: 56), so
named because the handle of Big
Dipper resembles a single caribou
horn extending from the head or
ladle of the dipper; constellations
Tupqit and Tuvaat are contained
in this constellation” | -ġruk nn
tuttuġunaaq- (i) to sight caribou |
+[ġ]unaaq- nv
tuttuliaq- (i) to go caribou hunting |
-liaq- nv
tuttuligaak or tuttullak a pair of
boots with soft caribou skin soles |
-ligaaq(-) nn -k2 nn or -lik nn
-k2 nn
tuttuliqi- (i) to hunt caribou; (i) to
prepare caribou for consumption |
-liqi- nv
tuttuliqiniq caribou hunting » tuttu-
liqiniqput kiitaaġutaiłłuta
pisigivlugu tiguniaġniraatigut
they said that they were going to
arrest us because of the fact that
we did not have a permit for
hunting caribou | -liqi- nv
611
+niQ1 vn
tuttunniaq- (i) to hunt caribou |
-t-2 nv +niaq(-) vv
tuttuqłuk or tuttuġluk pig |
‘-qłuk(-) nn, vv § saniqsuk
tuttuqpaiyaat caribou calves |
+qpak(-) nn, vv -iyaaq nn -t nn
tuttuqpak horse | +qpak(-) nn, vv
tuttut- (i) to kill a caribou » | +t-2 nv
tuttutaaq a harvested caribou |
2
mt/raaq vn
Tuttut Amiiqsiviat or Amiiqsivik
(Nu) month of September
tuttutchiaq (Nu) summer caribou
skin | -tchiaq(-) nn
tuttuvak moose (Alces alces) |
-vak nn
tuttuuraq breast of bird; inner layer of
breast meat of bird » tuttuurat
niqigiksut breast meat of birds is
delicious
tuttuuraq- (i) to crouch down to hide
from prey (of hunter) | -q-2 nv
tuttuuraŋa- (i) to be in a crouching
position; (i) to have a curvature of
the spine | -q-2 nv ±ŋa- vv
tuugauraq jib (a triangular sail in front of
the mast on a sailing ship) »
“sivuani taikani tiŋilġautaq
tuugauramik taiguġuugaat”
(Aiken 2009) [the sail at the bow
is called a jib]
tuullik or (Nu) tuutlik Yellow-billed
Loon (Gavia adamsi); Golden
Plover (Pluvialis dominica) §
taasiŋiq, tullik
tuullikpak Black-bellied Plover
(Pluvialis squatarola) |
+qpak(-) nn
tuummaq small container, e.g., for
tobacco § suummak, ikłiġvIk
tuunġaq(-) shaman’s helping spirit;
power spirit; invisible spirits; by
extension and influence of
Christianity:satan, devil, or
demon; (t) to frighten her/him by
pretending to be a devil »
“Invisible spirits (sing. turn’-gak;
plural, turn’-gain) people [,] the
earth, the air, and the sea; and to
them they [Iñupiat] apply similar
notions of equality, attributing to
none superior power, nor have
they even a special name for any
that we could learn. These turn’-
gain are very numerous, some
good, some bad; they are
sometimes seen, and then usually
resemble the upper half of a man,
but are likewise of every
concieveable form.” (Simpson:
273)
tuunġaqtalik shaman supplied with a
helping spirit or a power spirit |
+talik nn
¤tuunġauraq an Iñupiaq game
tuunġauraqsaaġaq(-) whirlwind; water
devil (usually moving across
water); to become darkened and
windblown caused by a whirlwind
(of waters)
tuunġaaġruk Surf Scoter (Melanitta
perspicillata); (Nu) White-winged
Scoter (Melanitta fusca) §
ailuqtuq, aviluqtuq
tuunġaaġrupiaq Common Scoter
(Melinitta nigra) | -piaq(-)2 nn
tuuniq cracked ice made by force of main
pack ice (Harcharek: 15)
tuuq(-) [tuguq] ice chisel, ice pick; to
work or pierce (it) with a chisel or
ice pick; (Ti) to chop ice with an
612
ice chisel or ice pick »
“Suutuanikkapta (Ii.)
niġiqqaaqhuta tuuġiaqtaqput.”
(Bodfish: 240) [after having had
soup and at the conclusion of
eating we went to break the ice
with ice chisels]
tuggaq- or tugaq- to prod, poke, push
(her/him/it) away or off with a
pole or stick » tuggaqługu
umiaqhiuraq aullaqtitkaa he
made the rowboat leave by
pushing it repeatedly with a pole |
‘=aq-1 vv
tuggaun or tuggautaq (Nu, Ti) large
flensing knife for butchering
whale, or cutting sod | ‘=aq-1 vv
:un1 vn or perhaps ‘=aq-1 vv
-utaq vn § aġviuġun
tuggayuk wasp, hornet, yellow jacket
(insect) | ‘=aq-1 vv -yuk2 vn
tugguq(-) small piece of ice; (t) to
chop it =ice with an ice pick »
“tugguqługu siku tuuguraqługit
aŋiŋaiqługit
apqusiuġuugaluaqtut
tugguqłutiŋ” (Aiken 2009) | [they
made trails by chopping the ice
into small pieces] ‘-Q1 vn
tuugaaġmik- or tuggauti- (i) to fight
with tusks, of walrus or elephant;
(t) to repeatedly strike her/him/it
with a tusk | -gaq2 nn -aq2 nn
-q-2 nv +mIk-1 nv or -uti- vv
tuugaalik [dual tuugallak, pl.
tuugaalgit] narwhal | -gaq2 nn
-aq2 nn -lik nn
tuugaaq [tuugaraq] walrus tusk;
ivory; white of eye » tuugarrat
paqisimarai he found the walrus
tusks | perhaps -gaq2 nn -aq2 nn
tuugarrak- (Ti) (i) to acquire walrus
tusks | -gaq2 nn -aq2 nn ‘-k-1 nv
tuugarriqi- (i) to carve ivory |
-gaq2 nn -aq2 nn ‘=Iqi-1 nv
tuugarriqun large rasp, file for use
 in carving ivory | -gaq2 nn -aq2 nn
‘=Iqi-1 nv :un1 vn
tuuġiaqsri- (i) to pinch (of toe in
footwear that is too small) |
+iak(-) nn nv +qsrI- nv
tuuġniq dot | +niQ1 vn § titiq, tittaq
tuukkaq toggle head of harpoon or
spear; “Walrus Harpoon Head
(tú-kû)…Detachable harpoon
head, made of ivory and iron or
brass, like seal harpoon but
larger.” (Murdoch as reported by
Ray: 73) perhaps -kkaq vn
tuuqtaksriaq a mark made on the ice
indicating where a block is to be
cut out with an ice chisel | mtaq4 vn
-ksraq nn ‘=I-1 nv +aq1 vn
tuutaq lip plug, labret; mole on face |
-taq vn
tuutauraq button | :uraq nn
tuutauraġvik buttonhole | :uraq nn
-q-2 nv +vIk1 vn
tuusiuraq deuce (in cards) | :uraq nn §
simmiun
tuut- (t) to lash skin cover to umiak frame
» aputinik tuutchisuurut
amianigmatigik
miġruanigmatigik they §
amiq(-), tugrut-
tuurraq or (Nu) tuutraq ridgepole,
longitudinal ceiling beam (in
house or in the long entryway of a
sod house) | +raq vn § see
Appendix 22
tuurvik or (Ti) tuulvik interior,
longitudinal runner situated
perpendicular to the ribs of umiak
frame (upon which the iksuġiq
seats are placed); (Ti) inner
“brace board” running length of
the umiak frame inside the boat |
+vIk1 vn § see Appendix 16
613
tuutalluk igniqauqtuq Steller’s Eider
(Polysticta stelleri)
tuuyuq Downy Woodpecker
(Dendrocopus pubescens)
tuuyuqpak Hairy Woodpecker
(Dendrocopus villosus); Northern
three-toed Woodpecker (Picoides
tridactylus) | +qpak(-) vv, nn
tuvaq(-) [tuvaQ] or (Ti) tugaq shore-fast
ice; to come in to shore (of ice);
(Ti) shore ice » “tuvvami
naŋiaġnaitchuq; pituqqaq
mapturuaq siku” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [there is no danger of
falling through the ice on shore-
fast ice; the shore-fast ice is thick]
tuvaaq [tuviġaq] [pl. tuviġġat] or (Ti)
tugaaq [pl. tigiġġat] hunter on
foot (usually on shore-fast ice) »
tuviġġat qiñiġnaqsirut the
hunters are now in sight;
“tugaamik pisukataaqtuaq
pisuugaat” (S. Tuzroyluke 2009)
[they call a hunter on foot a
tugaaq] | -aq2 nn
tuvaaq- to attract (it =caribou) by
shouting; (t) to chase it =caribou
in the direction one wants, toward
corral or hunters | -aq-1 vv
tuvaaqan companion, mate, partner;
spouse | -aq-1 vv -qan vn § ui,
aŋunnuniq, ilaqan
tuvaaqatchiq- (i) to get a spouse, a
partner | -aq-1 vv -qan vn ~’Iq-1 nv
tuvaaqtuq- (Nu) (i) to holler, to
shout, to cry out when chasing
caribou trying to drive them
towards hunters | -aq-1 vv
+tuq-2 vv
tuvaaqsiit- (i) to not be able to holler
loud enough to drive caribou in
the desired direction »
“tuvaaqsiitchuam
 qaipkalaitkai; tuvaatqiksuam
qaipkaġuugai” (Hugo 2009)
[one who cries out inadequately
chasing caribou does not bring
them (the caribou) in; the one who
cries out well chasing caribou
brings them in] | ~sIk-1 vv :It-1 vv
§ tuvaatqik-
Tuvaat or Tuviġġat or Tuvaatchiat
[lit. “hunters”] a combination of
three stars which make up the
handle of the constellation Ursa
Major; Tuttuġruk “Big Dipper” |
-t nn § Tupqit, Tuttuġruk
tuvaatqik- (i) to be able to holler
loud enough to drive caribou in
the desired direction when chasing
caribou » “tuvaatqiksuam
qaipkaġuugai tuttut” (Hugo
2009) [one able to holler loud
enough when chasing caribou will
be able to guide them in] |
-tqIk-2 vv
tuvaġruaq old shore fast ice |
+ġruaq nn
tuvaiq- (i) to become free of shore-
fast ice (of shoreline when
shore-fast ice breaks free and
floats away) | :Iq-2 nv
tuvaiyagaaq- for shore-fast ice to
begin floating away due to strong
wind (Harcharek: 15) | :Iyaq- nv
-aaq(-) vv
tuvaiyaq- to break off inside lead (of
shore-fast ice) | :Iyaq- nv
tuvaiyauti- (t) to carry her/him/it
away (of ice) as it breaks free; (t)
to break free (of ice) to her/his
disadvantage (i.e. so that she/he
cannot travel any further on ice
now) | :Iyaq- nv :uti- vv
tuvaqtaq shore-fast ice covering only
a portion of the beach
(Harcharek: 15) | +qtaq nn
Tuvaurat or Tuviġġat
[lit.“hunters”] a constellation of
614
three stars of Orion’s belt »
“71. Orion’s Belt… tǔ-at-san”
(Ray: 56) | :uraq nn -t nn §
Paatchuktuurat
tuvit- (Ti) (i) to choke on something
while eating § tivit-
tuvli- (i) to make tracks, break trail < tumi
tuvliġaq- (i) to leave footprints in a soft
surface < tumi
tuvlisaun (Nu) gland below caribou’s
front toes whose print is visible
only when animal is frightened
and toes are spread < tumi
tuvraakkiuti- (t) to begin to follow, track
her/him/it < tumi
tuvraaksrat guidelines, plan of action <
tumi
tuvraaksriun example, model < tumi
tuvraq- (t) to follow, track her/him/it; (t)
to imitate, portray, copy
her/him/it; (t) to follow it =e.g., a
sewing pattern, instructions for
building something; (i) to copy
something; (i) to imitate someone
or something; (t) to resemble
her/him in character < tumi
tuvsi- (i) to find footprints, tracks; (t) to
find her/his/its tracks, footprints <
tumi
tuvsiuq- (i) to be out looking for tracks <
tumi
tuvsulliq- or (Nu) tipsulliq- (i) to get
something stuck in one’s throat |
perhaps ‘=Iq-1 nv § tivit-, tupit-
tuyuq- (i) to write a letter; (t) to send
her/him/it something; (t) to write a
letter to her/him/it » tuyuġuŋ
send her a letter
tuyuġi- (t) to send her/him/it
somewhere » tuyuġigaa paniñi
aanaaŋigñun she sent her
daughter to her grandparents |
+[g]i- vv
tuyuġmi- (i) to be a guest | +mmI-5 vv
tuyuġmiu- (Nu) (i) to be an outsider,
foreigner | +miu- vv
tuyuġmiaq a house guest »
tuyuġmiatka iñugipiallaktut my
house guests are very pleasant |
+mmI-5 vv +aq1 vn
tuyuġmiaqsaq- (i) to invite someone
to stay with one; (t) to invite
her/him to stay as one’s guest in
one’s home @ tuyuġmiaqsai- |
+mmI-5 vv +aq1 vn +saq-1 nv ||
:I-4 vv
tuyuun something sent via mail »
tuyuutit tammaqsimarai he lost
the mail | :un1 nv
tuyuusiaq something received
through a courier or through the
mail » tuyuusiaġa imma
paqillaiġiga uvuŋa
tutquġnasugigaluaqtaġa I cannot
find my mail which I thought I
placed here for safe keeping | :un1
vn ~I-1 nv +aq1 vn
tuyuusiaqaġvik mailbox »
tuyuusiaqaġvigmun imña
ikutqitpiuŋ maybe you placed it
back into the mailbox | :un1 vn
~I-1 nv +aq1 vn –qaq- vv +vIk1 vn
tuyyapiktaq- (i) to limp | perhaps
-yyak- vv -pik- vv +t/raq-1 vv §
tuti-
U
615
°ua1 (stem) westerly
uali- (i) to be growing late (of the
day); to be at the west (of sun) |
-lI-2 rv
ualiñaaq area located west | +liñaaq
nn § see Appendix12
ualiñiq southwest » Ulġuniq
ualiñġani ittuq Utqiaġviit
Wainwright is to the southwest of
Barrow | +liñiQ rn, vn
ualisaq- (i) to be setting (of sun) |
-lI-2 rv +saq-2 vv
Ualliit (Ti) those persons or houses
situated furthest southeast from
Point Hope, Alaska down the
coast
ualliq westernmost; west wall (of
house); (Ti) front room of house
(nearest front door), living room |
+llIQ rn
uani (Ti) in the cold porch, the
qanitchat | +nI (loc.)
uanmuk- (i) to travel down the coast
in a southwesterly direction |
+nmun rnc -k-3 ncv
uanmun to the west; (Ti) to the east |
+nmun rnc
uaŋnaaġruk(-) or uagnaaġruk or
(Nu) uaknaaġruk(-) strong winds
from the northwest accompanied
by severe, sharp, dry cold; (Nu)
west wind; (Nu) (i) to blow (of
light west wind) | -k-3 rv +naq2 vn
-aġruk nn § see Appendix 15
uaŋnaq or uagnaq or (Nu)
uaknaq(-) or (Nu) uaknaqpak(-)
west wind; (Nu) (i) to blow (of
west wind); (Ti) southeast wind »
“uaŋnamiñ saġvagman
niġrutiqaġuuruq” (S. Tuzroyluke
2009) [when the current is from
the southeast, there is game] |
-k-3 rv +naq2 vn § see Appendix
15b
 uaŋniġluk- (Ti) (i) to blow from
southeast (of wind), bringing rain
and bad weather | -k-3 rv +nIq-2 vv
-ġluk- vv
uaŋŋamiñ from the west
uaŋniq- (i) to blow from west (of
wind); (Ti) for the wind to blow
from southeast bringing rain and
bad weather | -k-3 rv +nIq-2 vv
*ua2 (root) exuberance
uamipiaġun traditional Iñupiaq dance
where everyone joins in (as
opposed to a sayuun where only
those who know the dance
motions may dance) | +mit- rv
-piaq(-)1 vv +un1 vn
uamit- or (Ti) uamipiaq- (i) to dance
Iñupiaq style (of a man); (Nu) (i)
to dance Iñupiaq style (of woman
or man) | +mit- rv or +mit- rv
-piaq(-)1 vv, nn
uayuk- (i) to play loudly, make loud
noises | -yuk- rv
uałhun or (Nu) uaługuun sack to hold
woman’s pipe; (Nu) skin bag for
tobacco pipe | +łhun n
uan or uati (Ti) area of torso below waist,
i.e. hips and pelvis; hind part of
any animal; ventral flank of
bowhead whale § see Appendix 19
uasiqi- (i) to haul the whale’s hind
meat and maktak ashore (of
whaling crew) » “uatinik
agrairut siġluamun” (C.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [they are
hauling the whale hind meat
onshore into the ice cellars] |
~Iqi-1 nv § taksiuġaq-
uatit (Ti) sides of whale’s ventral
surface toward the tail (taken by
crew when its captain gets his first
whale) | -t nn § ¤tunmiġaq
616
uattak- (Ti) (i) to receive the uatit
share of whale » “uattaktulguut
amma aġvanġaqtuamiñ”
(Kinneeveauk 2008) [it is said that
they have received the uatit share
from a whaling captain who
caught his first whale] | ‘-k-2 nv
uaq- (t) to cleanse, rinse it; (t) to be
washed away by the waves
uaġi- (i) to fade, lose color | +[g]i-vv
uaġniq part of something which water
has washed over; something
washed out to sea | +niQ1 vn
uaġun rinse water | :un1 vn
uaqtiġun dish rag » uaqtiġun
aatiqtuuraġun aakaŋnun take
the dishrag to your mother quickly
| mtiq-2 vv :un1 vn
uaqtiġvik animal skin tanning tub;
rinsing tub | mtiq-2 vv +vIk1 vn
uaqtiq- to rinse (it) | mtiq-2 vv §
tilaktuq-
ugaak- (i) to tilt, lean to one side; to
urinate (on it) (of a dog)
ugaaŋa- (i) to be lopsided | ±ŋa- vv
ugaaqhataaq- (i) to waddle |
-qhataaq- vv
ugayulaq (Nu) whirlwind » ugayulaq
tautukkiga I see the whirlwind §
uyalunaq, uŋayulaq
uggisaġi- (t) to be overly concerned,
preoccupied, anxious, or worried
about her/him/it < ui-
uggisaq something that one is anxious
about < ui-
ugik- [ugIk] (i) to fight viciously (of
dogs); (t) to maul, bite her/him/it,
to fight her/him/it (of dog, bear,
etc.)
 ugiala- or ugialla- to snarl, growl
threateningly (at her/him/it)
threateningly; (i) to roar | -la- vv
ugianiraaq- (Nu) (i) to snarl (of dog) |
-aq-1 vv ¤-niraaq- vv
ugiaq- (i) to fight (of animals); (t) to
maul her/him/it (of animal) |
-aq-1 vv
ugiayuk(-) any animal that is fierce
and tends to maul others; (i) to be
fierce (of an animal) | -aq-1 vv
-yuk(-) vn
ugiġñaq (Nu) sea lion (Eumetopias
jubatus) | -q-1 vv +naq1 vn
uggiqi- (i) to have a disposition to
maul (of animals) | ‘=Iqi-1 vv
ugiihiq Baldpate; American Widgeon
(Mareca americana)
uglik- to shrink, decrease in size (of fabric
or animal hide)
ugligaq elastic; something that shrinks;
sweater | +gaq vn
uglikłuk- to wrinkle or crinkle (esp.,
of hide) | -kłuk(-) vv
uglivit- (t) to turn it inside out | +vit- vv
uglivitaq item turned inside out |
+vit- vv ±aq1 vn
uglu or ugluutit bird’s nest; perch on
mast, “crow’s nest”
uglupak (Nu) today § uvlupak
ugruk(-) bearded seal (Erignathus
barbatus); (i) to catch a bearded
seal | +t-2 nv
ugruayaaq infant bearded seal |
-ayaaq nn
ugrugaq a young bearded seal
(perhaps a year or two years old) |
+[ġ]aq nn
ugrugaviñiq piece of dried bearded
sealskin | +[ġ]aq nn -viñiQ nn
617
ugrugunaaq- (i) to spot, see a
bearded seal | +[ġ]unaaq- nv
ugruit iŋaluaŋit [lit. bearded seal
intestines] skylight membrane | :It
nn | iŋaluaq -ŋIt nn (poss. 3p-p)
ugruligaak or ugrullak knee-high
boots with a hard sole of bearded
sealskin | -ligaaq nn -k2 nn or
-lik nn -k2 nn
ugriñġaq oil from rendered, bearded
seal blubber | ‘=Iñġaq nn
ugrukpalaq something varicolored
(like caribou fur) | -paq(-) nn, vn
-laq vn
ugruŋnaq shrew (Sorex spp.)
ugruŋnaqpak giant shrew
(mythological creature)
ugruuraq [lit: “fat bearded seal”]
(Ti) cumulus cloud »
“ugruuraliqimmata tavragguuq
silagiitpagniaŋilgitchuq aasii
takimmata uitchuuruq” (S.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [when
cumulus clouds are seen, it is a
signal that the weather will not be
bad much longer; and when they
(the clouds) are long it means the
ocean will swell] | :uraq nn §
iqłapqutaq, nuviya
uġġaq or uqhaq lead; tip of bullet
uġġuk- to become damp with an
accompanying grayish
discoloration (of animal hide,
clothes,or stored food); to become
covered with dew » uġġugniġai
paniqtat taktuum the fog
covered the dried meat with dew
uġġuksraaq(-) dew, moisture; (t) to
dampen it =skin for conditioning
during tanning | +qsraq vn -aq2 nn
uġġuu- (i) to be wet from dew |
-u-2 vv
uġiaq- (i) to spit something out from the
mouth; (t) to force it out of one’s
mouth with the tongue; (t) to spit
it out; (Ti) (t) to release it from
one’s clenched teeth »
“kiŋmiaqtani uġiaġaa” (C.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [he released the
item he was carrying with his
clenched teeth]
uġiaqtuġvik spittoon | +tuq-2 vv
+vIk1 vn
uġniksruq- (i) to hurry, do quickly; (t) to
hurry her/him | mqsruq-2 §
qilamiksruq
uġliuti- (t) to take aim at her/him/it »
“suppunmik uġliutigiga” (Aiken
2009) [I took aim at it with a gun];
“Tavra saniġaanun
igliqsimaliqtuurallaguugiga
aġviq samma
puiñiagaqsimman uġliutimman
Matummiaq.” (Harold Itta
1985:12b) [then I proceed to
travel cautiously along the side
as the whale begins to surface
and as Matumiaq takes aim]
uġru spongy moss (Sphagnum spp.) dried
and used for a diaper liner in
traditional times (Kisautaq: 652)
uġruq1 moss from swampy ground
(used as emergency food for
dogs) § misuqupak
uġuliaq- (Nu) (i) to drool § quġliaq(-)
uġruq2 (Ti) seal oil; oil, gasoline,
petroleum < uqsruq
uġruqtiġun (Ti) slab of seal blubber
< uqsruq
uġruqaġvik (Ti) five-gallon gasoline
can < uqsruq
uġruun (Ti) poke [bag] containing
blubber for making seal oil <
uqsruq
618
ui husband § tuvaaqan, aŋunnuniq,
ilaqan, iigu
uiguraq (Nu) or (Ti) uiŋŋuaq
boyfriend | :uraq nn
uikkaluaq former husband |
-kkaluaq1 nn
uiksraun bride groom, fiancé |
-ksraun nn
uilgaġniq or (Ti) uilgaġniq widow |
-lgaq- nv -niQ1 vn § nuliigñiq
uilgaq- (i) to lose one’s husband,
become widowed | -lgaq- nv
uilgasuk a spinster; unmarried
woman who refuses to marry |
-lgasuk nn
uiluaqtaq woman who refuses to take
a husband | +luaq-1 nv +t/raq vn §
nuliilgasuk
uiñik- (i) to marry a man, take a
husband (of a woman) | +nik-1 nv
§ nuliaq(-)
uiŋuraqor uiŋŋuaq common-law
husband; a man a woman lives
with though not married to him |
±ŋuraq nn or ±ŋŋuaq nn
Uiŋuraq(-) (Ti) “…a masquerade
dance…called wingeruk…Both
men and women went from their
own qalegi to the other qalegi
dressed in odd or old garments,
or as members of the opposite
sex, usually masked…crawling
slowly through the entrance
hole…then danced alone before
his or her uma, a person who
bears the same name as one’s
wife or husband.” (Rainey: 252);
(Ti) spirit of ghost which appears
in the form of a person; (i) to hold
the masquerade dance »
“uumamignun
aitchuqtuisuurut
ilisaġnaiyaġlutik Christmas-
week igluŋiñun ullaglugit
uumatik atuutivlugit; ilaanni
 suli uamitlutik
annuġaaqtuŋavlutik
ilisaġnaiyaġlutik” (C.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [during the
Christmas week masquerade,
they give presents to the spouse
of their namesake going to their
namesake’s spouse’s home,
sometimes unrecognizable in
their costumes singing to the
spouse of their namesake] |
±ŋuraq(-)1 nn, nv § yuġaq(-)
uiŋuraq(-)2 (Ti) a masked dancer;
masquerade dance; (i) to hold a
dance where dancers wear masks
uiŋuraun (Ti) song sung during the
Uiŋuraq “the masquerade dance”
| ±ŋuraq(-)1 nn :un1 vn
ui- [ugi] (i) to panic, overreact; (i) to be
too eager
uggisaġi- (t) to be overly concerned,
preoccupied, or worried about
her/him/it » “piŋigiruni
isumamiñ piillaiġñaqtuq;
uggisaġigaa” (Aiken 2009) [when
one is worried about something,
one cannot stop thinking about it;
one is overly preoccupied with it] |
‘-ti-1 vn +[g]i- nv
uiġuala- (i) to yell, holler in distress »
aġnaq uiġualaruq kappiagiv-
lugu panni kataktuaq iglumiñ
the woman is yelling in distress
because of her daughter who fell
off the house | +[ġ]uq-1 vv
-ala- vv
uima- (i) to be quick, fast | +ma-1 vv
uimait- (i) be slow | +ma-1 vv :It-1 vv
uisu- (i) to be overexcited, eager |
+sI-1 vv
*ui (root) uncooked
uilaq(-) raw, uncooked meat; (i) to eat
raw, uncooked meat; (t) to eat it
raw and uncooked |-laq rn
619
uipasulaaq(-) meat that is cooked
rare; (i) to be cooked rare (of
meat); (t) to cook it =meat rare |
-paq(-) vn -suk-2 vv -laaq v n
uipayaaq (Ti) rare meat |
-payaaq(-) rn
uigu(-) or iigu(-) an extension; suffix
(e.g., ending or enclitic); (i) to
now be lengthened; (t) to
lengthen, extend it; to add a suffix
to it =word § ui1
uiguligiit items in line | -lik nn
+[g]iik nn -t nn
uiguliktit- (i) to occur steadily in
succession; (t) to let them occur in
succession | -lik-i nv mtit-1 vv
uiguqłiq farthest extension of
something | +llIQ nn
uilaaq(-) [uilaraq] chewing tobacco; (i) to
chew tobacco § uilaq(-)
uilaaksraq chewing tobacco |
-ksraq(-) nn
uilarriq- (i) to put chewing tobacco in
one’s mouth | ‘=Iq-1 nv
*uiq (root) drawn to; strong inclination
uiġak- (t) to almost recognize
her/him/it | -ġak- rv § ilisakunat-
uiġit- (i) to get in the habit of doing
something enjoyable or fulfilling |
+It-2 rv
uiġñaaq- (i) to do something
frequently that one has learned to
enjoy; (i) to go and be with
someone frequently that one likes;
(i) to eat food frequently that one
has come to enjoy; (i) to
frequently take advantage of
someone or something who/which
is easily accessible » qamma
aññaamiñun uiġñaaqtuq he has
been going to be with his female
cousins quite frequently |
+naaq- vv

uisa-1 (i) to go without eating | +sa- vv §
niġi-, ii-3
uit- to break away from shore ice forming
an open lead (of pack ice); (i) to
open one’s eyes » nukatpiaġruk
uitchuq iqiiqami the little boy
opened his eyes when he woke up
» uitchuq unna taġiuq there’s a
lead opening up in the ocean
uiñġaq- (i) to be sleepy | perhaps
-nġaq- vv
uiñġayaaq- (i) to be overcome by
sleepiness »
uiñġayaaŋaliġaqhutik
qaunakłaanŋiqsuk once in a
while being overcome by
sleepiness, theyd became careless |
perhaps -nġaq- vv -yaaq-1 vv
uiñiq lead, open water between shore
ice and pack ice | -niQ1 vn
uiññiałaŋit- (i) to not even think
about opening one’s eyes »
“Tavra nakkaqsaaluktut
nakkaġman aquuraagun
siqunŋiqłutik uiññiałaŋitchut.”
[so they (Old Squaw duck young)
eagerly dove in right after she
(Old Squaw duck mother) dove
with their eyes shut; they do not
even think of opening their eyes]
(Kaveolook 1974: 7) | +niala- vv
±ŋIt- vv
uiñŋa- for there to be a lead (of ice in
ocean), to have open water; (i) to
have one’s eyes open | ±ŋa- vv
uiri- (i) to open eyes for the first time
(of newborn animal) | -rI-2 vv
uisa-2 (i) to have one’s eyes open |
-sa- vv
uisaq a person adrift on an ice floe |
+t/raq vn
uisau- (i) to be adrift on an ice floe; (i)
to be carried out to sea, drift out to
sea | +t/raq vn -u-2 nv
620
uisauniq experience of being adrift
on an ice floe » uisauniq
iñugiaktuat iglutuŋagaat many
hunters have experienced, endured
being stranded on ice that the
wind blew away from shore |
+t/raq vn -u-2 nv +niQ1 vn
uitqayaq- (i) to almost open one’s
eyes | +qayaq- vv
uitqayaa- (i) to almost open one’s
eyes en masse » “Suna
pigaluaqpan uitqayaanasi.”
(Kaveolook 1974: 3) [no matter
what happens, do not even almost
open your eyes] | +qayaq- vv
-a- vv
uitchak- (Nu) (i) to start to rush, become
excited, be in a rush § tuavit-,
qilamiqsruq-
uivaq- or uivvaq- (i) to come around a
point or promontory; (t) to go
around, skirt it
“uivaġaasi” [lit. “it is going around
the point”] (Ti) an utterance said
by a man who stood watch every
afternoon “at the entrance of each
qalegi…When the sun passed a
prescribed point at the end of the
spit he called, ui.vegasi (it is going
around the point). At that
moment, each of the men put his
work and all the bits of shavings
under his seat on the platform
around the walls…The old men
then began to tell stories.”
(Rainey: 244)
uivaqsaaq- (i) to round a point of
land (when traveling by boat); (t)
to travel around it =point of land |
+saaq-1 vv
¤Uivaqsaaq Whiskey Point
Uivvaq (Ti) Cape Lisbourne, Alaska
(located 40 miles northeast of
Tikiġaq, Point Hope, Alaska)
 uivvaqsaat [lit. “those who go
around and come back to the
place where they started”
(Spencer: 296)] the dead who
would return some day; “…the
dead circled around the world and
then returned to the land of the
living. After death, a soul flies
about the world and then returns,
entering the body of a living
person when the latter bears the
name of the dead.” (Spencer: 296)
| +saaq(-) vn -t nn § itivyaat
uivraluktaq- (i) to tumble, do a
somersault | -luk- rv ±taq-1 vv
*uivI (root) astute, judicious,
discriminating, discerning
uiviilaq one who does not mind
selling one’s own things at low
cost or buying expensive items |
:ilaq(-) rn
uiviili- (i) to become habituated to an
action or behavior because of
repeated good feelings associated
with that action or behavior; (i) to
continue do something because it
is pleasant or beneficial | :It-1 rv
-lI-2 vv
uiviit- or uivisuŋit- (i) to be willing
to go to great lengths to get what
one wants | :It-1 rv or suk-2 rv
±ŋIt- vv
ukalliaġaq- (Ti) (i) to do the high kick,
jumping with two feet, then
kicking high towards a suspended
skin ball with one foot and
landing on the same »
“atautchimik aġraqtuq” (S.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [he is kicking
with one (foot)] | -aġaq- vv
621
ukalliq [ukallIq] or ukalliatchiaq or
ukałłiatchiaq snowshoe hare
(Lepus americanus) | -atchiaq nn
ukallisugruk Alaska hare (Lepus
othus) | -sugruk(-) nn, vv
ukamaq- to tow (it) in shallow water
while walking along the shore »
umiani immiqqaaqługu
tuttutamiñik airuq ukamaqłuni
kuukun after filling his boat with
the caribou he killed, he went
home towing it [the boat] down
the river
ukamaun tow rope for pulling
something along the shore in the
water | :un1 vn
¤ukammaqsruq- (i) to shoot here and
there indiscriminately, never in
one place or at one thing
ukaŋŋaaq- to contradict (her/him/it) »
“Aapiyaqtiŋ ukaŋŋaaŋitkaat;
maliaqsigaat; aŋiqtut.”
(Nageak 1975: 29) [they did not
contradict their eldest brother;
they followed him; they said
“yes”]
¤ukayaŋa- (i) to be inclined to do bad or
evil deeds | -ya-1 vv ±ŋa- vv §
pimaqłuk-
¤ukayaŋałaqpuġluqauna! (excl.) of
pleasure and excitement used
when one sees a friend or relative
unexpectedly
*ukI (root) winter
ukiaġu this coming fall | m[g]u(n) nn
ukiaksraaq- or (Ti) Ukiagraaq(-)
early autumn, month of
September; (t) to be early autumn
» “ukiagraaġman
sulukpaukkanik niksiksuġuurut
 kuuŋmi” (Kinneeveauk 2008)
[during early autumn they fish for
grayling in the river] | +aq1 rn
-ksraq(-) nn -aq2 nn
ukiaksraq early fall, autumn | +aq1 rn
-ksraq(-) nn § ukigraaq
ukialliġñiaq- (i) to hunt during the
fall, autumn | +aq1 rn -llIQ nn
+niaq-2 nv
ukialliksiuq- (i) to conduct fall
whaling | -siuq- nv
ukialliq autumn animal skin; game
animal caught in autumn | +aq1 rn
-llIQ nn
ukiaq autumn, fall season; last fall;
(Ti) last year » “…the Point
Barrow people divide the year into
four seasons, which they call O’-
ki-ak, including October,
November, and December; O’-ki-
ok, January, February, and March;
O-pen-rak’-sak, April, May, and
part of June; and O-pen-rak’, the
remaining part of June, together
with July, August, and
September.” (Simpson: 260) |
±aq1 rn
ukiaqsiq- (Nu) to spend the fall, be in
fall | +aq1 rn +[t]sIq- vv
ukiatqigu fall after this coming fall |
-tqIk nn m[g]u(n) nn
ukiatqik fall before last fall | -tqIk nn
ukiaviuraq(-) late autumn, fall; to be
late autumn, fall »
“Aahaalliayaat
tiŋillasiŋaiññiqsut
ukiaviuraŋavlugu suli
qiiyanaqsivlugu.” (Kaveolook
1974: 1) [the young Old Squaw
ducks had not learned to fly and it
was late autumn and it had gotten
cold] | -vIk- vv :uraq nn +q-2 nv
ukii- (i) to spend the year or the
winter » “ukiiyyaqłutiŋ
iqaluqaqtuamun” (Matumeak
622
2009) [they went to spend the
winter where there is fish] |
-uq(-)1 rn =I-3 nv
ukiuġu this coming winter » ukiuġu
Hawaii-muŋniaqtuguk we will
go to Hawaii this coming winter|
-uq(-)1 rn mgu[n] nn
ukiulliq winter skin of caribou |
-uq(-)1 rn -llIQ nn
ukiuni in the years | -uq(-)1 rn ÷nI
(loc.)
ukiupaiqługu throughout the year »
“tulugagnaurak iñuuruk maani
iñuiññat ukiut ukiupaiqługu”
(Aiken 2009) [two blackbirds have
lived here year after year for
twenty years]
ukiupak or ukiuġniñ during this
winter or this year » ukiupak
tautugnaġuuruq during this past
year, it was not unusual to see her
| -uq(-)1 rn -pak nn
ukiuq(-) [ukiuQ] winter; last year;
year; (t) to come (of winter) »
“…the Point Barrow people
divide the year into four seasons,
which they call O’-ki-ak,
including October, November,
and December; O’-ki-ok, January,
February, and March; O-pen-
rak’-sak, April, May, and part of
June; and O-pen-rak’, the
remaining part of June, together
with July, August, and
September.” (Simpson: 260) |
-uq(-)1 rn
ukiuqsiutik (Ti) a pair of white-man’s
style lined winter boots | -uq(-)1 rn
+siun nn -k2 nn
ukiuqsiutit winter clothing |
-uq(-)1 rn +siun nn -t nn
ukiuqtaq or kirgavik ukiuqtaq [lit.
“that of the winter”] (Nu)
Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus) |
-uq(-)1 rn +taq nn
 ukiuqtutigi- (i) to be a certain age »
ukiuqtutigiviñ qanutun how old
are you | +tun (sim.) ~tigi-1 nv
ukiutchiaq new year; (Nu) month of
January | -uq(-)1 rn -tchiaq(-) nn
ukiutqigu next year | -uq(-)1 rn
-tqIk nn mgu[n] nn
ukiutqik year before last | -uq(-)1 rn
-tqIk nn
ukiutqiksaq last year’s item »
ukiutqiksanik aitchuqtatka
I gave them the things that were
made last year | +qtaq nn, vn
ukiłhaaq or ukilhaaq canvas, cloth,
fabric
ukiłhaaġiksuaq linen cloth |
+[g]Ik- nv +t/ruaq vn
ukit- [ukIt] (t) to cut an oblong hole in it
@ ukitchi- || +sI-3 vv
ukiññiq something with an oblong
hole cut in it | +niQ1 vn
ukhiukhiuq (Nu) Mallard (Anas
platyrhynchos)
Ukkuałuk inhabitant of Wainwright,
Alaska | perhaps ukkua (dem.
pron. pl) +łuk1 nn § Ulġuniq
ukkulik- to split lengthwise »
“ukkuliksuaq qiruk taavuŋa;
tamanna uliġman uniavut
uqumaitpaiłłutiŋ ukkuliksut”
(Matumeak 2009) [the wood split
lengthwise; when that one
cracked, our sled split lengthwise
because it (the load) was so
heavy]
ukpan hindquarter, hip § kuutchiñaak
ukpik Snowy Owl (Nyctea scandiaca) |
-pIk nn
ukpaaq young snowy owl | -pIk nn
623
-aq2 nn
Ukpiaġvik (another name for
Barrow, Alaska) Barrow, Alaska |
-pIk nn =iaq- nv +vIk1 vn
ukpiq- (i) to believe; (i) to be convinced
that something is a fact
ukpiġi- (t) to believe, trust her/him/it |
m[g]i- vv
ukpiġnait- (i) to be unreliable,
untrustworthy; (i) to be unfaithful;
| +naq(-) vn, vv :It-1 vv
ukpiġnaqtilaaq fidelity, faithfulness,
trustworthiness, loyalty |
+naq(-) vn, vv mtilaaq(-) vn, vv
ukpiġun faith; trust; belief; religion |
:un1 vn
ukpiġutairrun unbelief | :un1 vn
:It-1 nv -rrun nn
ukpiġutait- (i) to not have faith,
belief, trust | :un1 vn :It-1 nv
ukpiŋŋuaqtuaq hypocrite |
±ŋŋuaq(-) vv, nn +t/ruaq vn
ukpiqqutiqaġniq spirituality, belief,
trust | ‘+un1 vn -qaq- nv +niQ1 vn
ukpiqqutiqaq- (i) to have faith, trust
| ‘+un1 vn -qaq- nv
ukpiqsaaq- (t) to jokingly try to get
her/him to believe something @
ukpiqsaaqłiq- or ukpiqsaaqłii- |
2
msaaq- vv || +kłIq- vv or +kłIq- vv
:I-4 vv
ukpiqtau- (i) to be easily convinced |
+tau- vv
ukpiqtuaguŋitchuaq heathen, non-
Christian | +t/ruaq vn :u-1 nv
±ŋIt- vv +t/ruaq vn
ukpiqtuaq a Christian, a believer in
Christ | +t/ruaq vn
ukpit- (t) to hem it @ ukpitchi- || +sI-3 vv
ukpinniq or (Ti) ukpiññiq hem |
+niQ1 vn
ukpitaala- (i) to overflow; (i) to boil over
| mt/raq-1 vv -ala- vv
 ukpitaq- (i) to cross at the highest
point of a hill and begin to
descend; (i) to tumble; (t) to reach
its highest point and begin to
descend from it; (t) to tumble over
it | mt/raq-1 vv
ukuaq or ukuaġaaluk sister-in-law
(brother’s wife); daughter-in-law;
wife of grandchild § niŋau
ukuakkit- (i) to stay with husband’s
family | -kkIt- nv
ukurviksraq time to do something |
+vIk1 vn -ksraq(-) nn § piviksraq
ulamiq- [ulamIq] (t) to braid them =seal
intestines in preparation for
cooking by boiling
ulapit- (i) to become confused, get
distracted, mixed up in what one
is doing; (t) to be confused, mixed
up about her/him; (t) to lose it
=one’s place in a book @
ulapitchi- | +t-2 vv || +sI-3 vv §
alapit-
ulamnaa- (i) to lose one’s way |
=niq-2 vv -a-1 vv
ulapisaaq- (i) to distract oneself (of a
person); (t) to distract her/him/it
from whatever she/he/it is doing
@ ulapisaaqłii- | +t-2 vv
2 4
msaaq- vv || +kłIq- vv :I- vv
ulapitit- (t) to confuse her/him | mtit-1
vv
ulapniq-(Nu) or ulamniq- (i) to go
the wrong way, lose one’s way; (t)
to take it =wrong way when
traveling | =niq-2 vv
ulavri- (i) to become confused; (t) to
confuse her/him | =rI-3 vv
*ulgia (root) feeling of being different
ulgiagi- (t) to find it different,
changed » “allagigaa;
624
tutqaanaqtugguuq kanŋugigaa;
allagivlugu simmiġukkaluaġaa”
(Tuzroyluke 2009) [she found it
different; she said it is
disconcerting, and embarrassing;
and she wishes to exchange it] |
+[g]i- rv
ulgianaq- (Ti) (i) to be missed, to
cause a feeling of loss »
“ulgianaqtuq piitchiñaġmatun
aullaġman naakaa tuqumman”
(Kinneeveauk 2008) [he is missed
when he leaves or when he dies,
because (we) were so used to
having him around] | +naq(-) vv
ulgiasuk- (Ti) (i) to find something
changed, different; (i) to feel the
loss of someone who has died |
-suk-2 rv
ulġu- (i) to fall, topple, or tip over
ulġusia- or ulġusiala- (i) to stagger
(of a person about to fall down
[but not because she/he is
inebriated]) | -sia- vv or -sia- vv
-la- vv
ulġusiññaaq object ready to topple
over | ±siññaaq vn
ulġut- (t) to push her/him/it so that
she/he/it falls, topples, or tips over
@ ulġutchi- | +t-1 vv || +sI-3 vv
ulġuuq- (t) to topple, knock them over
| -uq-2 vv
Ulġuniq Wainwright, Alaska §
Ukkuałuk
ulik(-) [ulIk] blanket; cataract (of eye); (i)
to cover oneself with a blanket; (t)
to cover her/him/it with a blanket
uligaaq shawl or cape | +aaq(-) nn
uligaq(-) mucus-like film on the eye;
snipe net; (t) to snare it =bird with
a net attached to a rope (net falls
when rope is pulled) »
“auksrualiqunnaq;
uligaqtuqtugut naakka
 matutaqtuqtugut” (Matumeak
2009) [it’s for catching snipes; we
use either the uligaq or the
matutaq (synonyms)] | +[ġ]aq nn
-q-2 nv § matutaq(-)
uligaqtau- (i) to be caught in a snipe
net (of snipe) | +[ġ]aq nn -q-2 nv
+t/raq vv
uligaqtuq- (i) to use the snipe net for
catching snipe; (i) to have a
mucus-like film on the eye |
+[ġ]aq nn +tuq-3 nv
uligruaq heavy blanket or cover |
+ġruaq nn
ulikataq shawl; fat around animal ribs
» “ulikatalignik tulimaanik
kukiuruŋa” (Aiken 2009) [I am
cooking ribs with fat around them]
| -kataq(-) nn
uliksiq- (i) to get a mucus-like film on
the eye | +sIq4- vv
ulipquaq (Ti) full-length, one-piece
article of clothing, like one-piece
long underwear | -pquaq vn §
ataraak, ilupiġuk
ulima- (i) to use an adze; (t) to cut it with
an adze
ulimaun mattock, adze | :un1 vn
ulimmaq(-) chip of wood or flint; to
use an adze to cut (it) » “Anigami
Qayaiyaqtualuum,
ulimmaġumaalliqsuq.
Tuuqtiġlugu saniġviamigun
qiliġlugu tiŋŋutigaa.” (Kiligvuk:
4 ) [when Qayaiyaqtualuk went
out, he decided to use an adze; he
quickly hooked it to his side and
flew off with it] | ‘-Q vn
¤uliptaaqi- (i) to become confused »
“Uliptaaqiruq tavra
isumamiñi; aŋayukłium
utiġasugalugu
kinnaksaqtualigaa
aŋayukłium.” (Nageak 1975:
625
64) [he (the old man) is
confused; the eldest brother
thinks he (the old man) is
mistaken and would return] |
-qi- vv
uliq-1 (t) to hear it =faraway noise; (t) to
glimpse it =something lurking in
the distance » uliġaa
taġiatitaqtuaq iñuk imnani he
glimpsed a shadow of a person
lurking among the cliffs
¤uliqqa- (i) to imagine something |
-qqa- vv § qiñiqtuuraaq-
uliqqataq- (t) to continue to repeat it
=word unintentionally |
+qataq-vv
uliqtiq- to glimpse, take a glimpse of
(her/him/it) » uliqtiġuuruq
allayuaqtiqtuaq one who senses
something unusual usually takes a
glimpse | mt/liq-3 vv
uliq-2 [ulIq] (i) to crack, chip; (t) to crack,
chip it @ uliqsi- || +sI-3 vv
ulliq chip in china or enamel utensil |
‘-Q vn
ulliaq- to chip (of an enamel utensil) |
‘-aq-2 nv
¤uliqtitchi- (i) to cause one to recall or
remember an event or story |
1 3
mtit- vv +sI- vv § itqaqtit-
uli or ulinniq high tide, flood | -t-2 rv
+niQ1 rn
ulipkaaq- (i) to become completely
full; (t) to fill it completely |
-pkaaq- rv
ulit-1 to rise, flood (of water) » kuuk
ulinniqsuq unnuapak the water
level of the river has risen
overnight | -t-2 rv
ulitit- (t) to be blocked by it =flood »
ulurrutigaa iglu kuuŋmiuni siku
apuġami suli alla apuġami the
 house among the river dwellers
was blocked by the flood waters
as the ice crashed upon itself |
1
mtit- vv
ulivla- (i) to overflow | -la- vv
ulivragaq(-) (Nu) a large ocean swell
with an overhanging crest on the
verge of breaking (considered
dangerous); (i) to form breakers
(of wave) with large overhanging
crests | -vrak- nv +aq-1 vv
ulivrik(-) rolling crest of wave on
ocean; (Nu) (t) to turn it inside out
| =vrik- vv
ulluti- (t) to be adversely affected by
flood | ‘-ti- vv
ulit-2 (t) to turn it inside out @ ulitchi- ||
+sI-3 vv
¤ulinnaak below calf length fur
trousers § kamikłuuk, quliksak
ulitchuilaq [lit. “one that cannot be
turned inside out”] knee-high
waterproof caribou or sealskin
boot with fur inside » ulitchuilak
a pair of knee-high waterproof
Iñupiaq boots | +suit- vv :ilaq vn
ulittaq- (i) to retch from hunger or
from smelling a foul odor |
1
mt/raq- vv
uliusiñiq or uliun one of two sinews
along animal’s back [note: to
remove the sinew from the back of
a caribou, first use an ulu
“Iñupiaq woman’s knife “ to
remove the meat from the sinew;
then place the sinew on cardboard
and scrape it flat with an ulu;
finally let it dry before using as
thread] | -siñiq nn
uliusiñaak two tenderloins of a
ruminant which run the length of
the back | -siñiq nn -k2 nn
ullak- (t) to approach, go to her/him/it
626
ullaqattaaq- (t) to visit her/him/it |
-qattaaq- vv
ullauti- (i) to go and meet, approach
someone or something; to come |
:uti- vv
ullaq or ullauraq or uliq tuft of plant
(used to build fires); fluff,
“cotton” from plant or tree, e.g.
from cottonwood § uliq
¤ulluk (Nu) goose with red bill § niġlivik,
niġliq
ullun (Nu) horn, or piece of antler
hollowed out and used to carry
small articles, e.g. fish hooks;
“Box for Harpoon Blades (úd-
lun)…Wooden box, with cover
attached by strings, for holding
spare slate blades for harpoons.
Made in shape of whale, walrus,
or large seal.” (Murdoch as
reported by Ray 1885: 73) §
nagruk
ullutiksralik (Nu) medium-sized ram,
four years old | -ksraq(-) nn
-lik nn
uluksralik four- or five-year-old
sheep, not quite fully grown |
-ksraq(-) nn -lik nn § niglaaksralik
ulu or uluuraq crescent-shaped knife
(traditionally made of ground
slate in the shape of a quarter
circle with a handle usually made
of bone or ivory placed over the
sharp inner point; modern ulus
are made of stainless steel) |
:uraq nn
 uluaġniġit sawdust | -aq-4 nv
+niQ1 vn :It nn
uluak [ulurak] upper cheek, side of
cheekbone | perhaps -ak2 nn §
iqsraq, ulunnaaq
uluaqtuq- to saw (it) | -aq-4 nv
+tuq-2 vv
uluaqtuutiġruaq two-man saw, a
type of crosscut saw | -aq-4 nv
+tuq-2 vv :un1 vn +ġruaq nn
uluksraq or (Ti) ulugraviñiq slate »
“Isiŋnanik savilianik
aġviuġutiqaġnisuugaluaġmi-
gaich, aglaan iñugialluktut
ulugraviñiġniglu aŋmaaniglu.”
(David Frankson as reported by
Pulu, Sampson, Newlin: 74)
[it is said they had jade whaling
knives but the ones made of slate
and flint were more numerous]
-ksraq(-) nn
ulunnaaq (Ti) cheek | perhaps
-naaq3 nn § iqsraq
uluqqaq particle of sawdust |
-qqaQ nn
uluun or uluaqtuun saw | -aq-4 nv
+tuq-2 vv :un1
uluuraluk or uluurauraq or (Ti)
uluŋuuraq small sewing ulu |
:uraq nn +luk nn
uluġuak- (t) to carry her/him/it under
one’s arm § uniġmik-, saagaq-
uluġuakataq- (t) to carry her/him/it
under one’s arm for a while |
-kataq(-) vv
uluk- to rub and twist (it =usually
clothing when handwashing, or
animal hide to soften when
tanning) » ulukkaa
pannaqłuŋaruaq amiq
tiggaŋaiqsaqługu she is softening
the dried up skin by rubbing and
twisting it
627
ulluuŋa- or (Ti) ulluaŋa- (i) to be
crumpled | -uq-2 vv or ‘-aq-1 vv
±ŋa- vv
ulluaq- (Ti) (t) to crumple it @
ulluaqsi- | ‘-aq-1 vv || +sI-3 vv
ulluk- or ulluuq- (i) to become
crumpled, wrinkled; (t) to crumple
or wrinkle it | ‘-k-2 vv or ‘-k-2 vv
‘.-q-1 vv
Uluksralik name of a place near Barrow,
Alaska » “tatkiva tatchim
siñaani ittuq Uivaqsaam
maanitchiani
pauŋanmuksaġniŋani
qatchiksuaq” (Aiken 2009)
[it is there highly visible to the
east along the coast of the bay this
side of Uivaqsaaq as you begin to
go inland]
uluq- (i) to turn sideways in order to pass
through a narrow passage; (i) to
turn one’s shoulder forward; (i) to
turn aside; (i) to bend to the side,
move aside; (i) to lie down on
one’s side; (t) to pass through it
=passageway sideways; (t) to turn
or move it aside
uluġiagi- (t) to be apprehensive about
her/him/it; (t) to flinch from, draw
back from her/him/it | +iak(-) nn
+[g]i- vv § sivuuġagi-
uluġiak- (i) to participate in a
ceremonial game of duel where
one man tries to shoot the other
with a bow and arrow in an exit
procession during the Messenger
Feast, Kivgiq (the one without the
bow and arrow moves about
quickly and with precision
preventing the other from taking
careful aim; after a while the gtwo
switch places) » “Aasii
aniayaammata tavrani qargimi
naatchivlutik aniayaammata,
 aapaa uqallautigaaŋa samma-
gguuq uluġiaktuaŋnik
tautuktuaġniaqtut.” (Harold
Itta 1985: 2A. 8) [then as they
(participants) began to exit after
the activities in the community
house, my father told me that they
(the participants including us)
would watch two persons duel
with bows and arrows] | +iak(-) vv
-pak- vv
uluġiapak- (i) to wince in fear, flinch,
covering one’s face and eyes
protectively with the arms |
+iak(-) vv -pak- vv
uluġiasaaq- (t) to do something to try
to make her/him/it flinch in fear |
+iak(-) nn, vv, vn vv -saaq-2 vv
uluġiasuk- (i) to flinch, draw back
wary | +iak(-) nn, vv, vn -suk-2 vv
uluġiasuuralait- (i) to be daring,
bold, straightforward, forthright |
+iak(-) nn, vv, vn vv -suk-2 vv
:uraq- vv -lait- vv § kiiñaġnIq-
uluġiatuaq- or uliġiattuq- (i) to
move one’s upper body to avoid
being hit; to sidestep (her/his)
arrows aimed at one | +tuaq- vv
uluġiit- (i) to act boldly, fearless
before an opponent | +iak(-) nn,
vv, vn vv :It-1 vv § naŋiit-, nauma-,
kiiñaġnIq-, sivuuqqatait-,
qapiŋairrutiqaq-
uluġmik- or uluġmigaq- (i) to turn
one’s shoulder forward as one
walks into the wind | +mIk-1 vv or
+mIk-1 vv +aq-1 vv
uluŋaaq- (i) to be sideways, slanting
» “Tautuniaġiksi maŋuktaq
apunmun takiruaq amisuuraq
qiruk naagga suqqaq
uluŋaaqtuaq qattam tuŋaanun.
Tamarra tamanna kusiġvia
imġum qattamun. Sukulliqaa
kusilaitchuq.” (Kaveolook
1975a: 12) | ±ŋaaq(-) vv [you will
628
see a long thin piece of wood
placed in the snow or a piece of
baleen placed sideways facing the
water container; that is the
implement that directs the flow of
water from snow/ice melt into the
water container; it does not drip
every which way] | ±ŋaaq(-) vv, vn
*uluq (root) unsteadiness
uluqhuqtaaq- (i) to walk rocking
from side to side, waddle | +qhuq-
vv +taaq- vv § uvigaaq-
uluqtaaq- (i) to stagger; (t) to rock it
back and forth | +taaq- vv
umiaq(-) [umiġaq] a boat; (i) to go
hunting in an umiak for sea
mammals; (Ti) (i) to be out at
whaling camp or in a whaling
umiak § qayaq
umiaġaluk or umiaġaluuraq small
one-man seal hunting boat, about
six feet long which can be carried
on sled; a rowboat | +aluk nn or
+aluk nn :uraq nn § umiaqhiuraq
umiaġi- (t) for the boat to be hers/his |
+[g]i- nv
umiaġluk(-) raft; ice floe used to
cross open water; (i) to ride on a
raft; (i) to cross open water on an
ice floe | +luk(-)1 nv, nn
umiakuvik place to leave a boat |
-ku(-) nn, nv +vIk1 vn
umialgu- (i) to reign, be king; (i) to
be rich | -lik nn :u-1 nv
umialgun kingdom, rule; source of
wealth | -lik nn :un2 nn
umialguniqsraq or umialiguniqtaq
richest person | -lik nn :u-1 nv
+niqsraq vn
umialik [lit. “the one with an
umiak”] whaling captain; rich
person; king; boss; foreman; king
(suit in cards) | -lik nn
umialikpak or (Nu) umialiŋniqsraq
very wealthy person | -lik nn
+qpak(-) nn, vv -lik nn
+niqsraq n?
umialignaq or umialiŋnaq ruling
church elder; (Nu) fairly rich man
| -lik nn +naq1 nn
umiallak- (i) to become rich, wealthy;
(t) to make her/him rich, wealthy |
-lik nn ‘-k-2 nv
umiam sauniŋi boat frame | :m (rel) |
sauniq -ŋI nn (poss. 3s-p)
umiapiaq umiak, a large, open
whaling boat with a wooden
frame covered with five dehaired,
specially treated bearded sealskins
and traditionally propelled by sails
or oars now powered by outboard
motor | -piaq(-)1 nn
umiaqhiuraq or umiqhiuraq or (Ti)
umiaġiuraq small, open umiak
made of one or two skins used for
seal hunting; rowboat |
-qhiruaq nn
umiaqhiuraqtuq- (i) to use a rowboat
| -qhiuraq nn +tuq-2 nn
umiaqpak ship | +qpak(-) nn
umiaqpauraq(-) tugboat; toy boat; (i)
to play with a toy boat |
+qpak(-) nn :uraq nn
umiaqpiq- (i) to have a ship arrive
and drop its anchor in front of
village or town (of villagers,
village); (t) to arrive and drop
anchor in front of them =villagers,
village (of ship) »
umiaqpiġaatigut North Star-m
the North Star [Bureau of Indian
Affairs vessel] has dropped
anchor in front of our village;
umiaqpiqsugut there is a ship
anchored in front of our village |
+qpak(-) nn ‘=Iq-1 nv
umiaqpit- (i) to sight a ship that has
been expected to arrive |
-qpak(-) nn ‘=It-2 nv
629
umiaqqa- (i) to go out whaling, go to
whaling camp | -qqa- nv
Umiaqqavik months of April and
May | -qqa- nv +vIk1 vn § Qaugait
Anniviat, Suvluġvik, Nutaqsivik,
Qargiliġvik
umiaqtuq- (i) to travel by boat; (i) to
be out whaling » umiaqtuqłuta
ikaaqtuani we crossed over by
boat | +tuq-3 nv
umiaqtuuraaq- (i) to be boating
leisurely; (Ti) (i) to hunt sea
mammals (not whale) by boat »
“umiaqtuuraaqtut
niġiugutigillaġmik niġrutinik”
(Kinneeveauk, 2008 [they are
leisurely boating while hoping to
encounter mammals]) | +tuq-3 nv
:uraaq- vv
umiavak (Ti) large, open sailboat
covered with nine bearded
sealskins | -vak nn
umiavauraq (Ti) sailboat covered
with seven bearded sealskins
(Frankson as reported by Pulu,
Sampson, Newlin, 105) | -vak nn
:uraq nn
umiġġiq- (i) to organize a whaling
crew » umiġġiqsuat they have put
together a crew for whaling |
‘=Iq-1 nv
umiġġiqsaq- (i) to make preparations
to go whaling | ‘=Iq-1 nv +saq- vv
umii- or umiġġi- (i) to make a boat
(for her/him/it) | =I-1 nv
umiilliuq- or umiagilliuq- (i) to need
a boat and not be able to find one |
:illiuq- nv
umiiqi- or umialiqi- (i) to prepare
one’s boat | =Iqi-1 nv or -liqi- nv
umiirautit sledge used to haul boat »
“uniat asiġñikitchuat aasii
qaaŋagun qilġiqaqtuat;
umiirautit” (Matumeak 2009)
[the sleds that have a low bent
bow and has lashing rope on their
 tops; (they are) sleds used for
hauling boats] | =Iraq- nv :un1 vn
-t nn § see Appendix 18
umiisuq-1 (i) makes a good boat |
=I-1 nv +suq-1 vv
umiisuq-2 (i) to go and get a boat |
=isuq- nv
umiivik a skin tent or windbreak in
which imiak frames were made;
(Ti) posts where boat frame is
placed so that skin may be lashed
to frame | ‘=I-1 nv +vIk1 vn
umiu- (i) to capsize in a boat | =u-2 nv
umiuraq wooden whaling boat;
sailboat | =uraqnn
umiut- (t) to cause it to capsize |
=u-2 nv -t-1 rv
umiiyaġnaq an area in the sea where
a boat can get wrecked | =Iyaq- nv
+naq(-) vn
umiiyaq- (i) to wreck a boat; (t) to
wreck her/his boat | =Iyaq- nv
umik(-)1 cover, lid (Nu) (i) to collapse (of
a house); (i) to close the store (of
owner); (i) to now be closed (of
store); (t) to close it; (Nu) (t) to
trap it =bear in its den by
blocking the entrance so it can be
killed @ umiksi- | +si-3 vv
umigaq (Nu) covering of hard snow
for concealing the pit trap |
+aq7 vn § matuaq
umiksraq (Nu) pieces of crossed
willows used to trap a sleeping
bear in its den so it can be killed |
-ksraq(-) vn
umiktaq- (Ti) (t) to close it =damper
on stovepipe | mt/raq-1 vv §
quuqłIq-
umiktaun (Ti) stovepipe damper |
1 1
mt/raq- vv :un vn § quuqłiġun
uminŋatchi- (i) to have a plugged-up
nose; to talk funny because one’s
nose is stuffy | -ŋatchI- vv
630
umiŋniq sod house ruins | +niQ1 vn §
igluġruaq
ummaq ruin of an old building |
‘-Q vn
umŋiq- (i) to now have its cover or
lid removed; (t) to remove its
cover or lid (e.g., cover from ice
cellar or gate from fence) | :Iq-2 nv
umŋit- (i) to be now open; to have its
cover or lid off | :It-1 nv
umŋuti- (i) for an animal to go into
burrow or den in fall; (t) to shut
her/him/it in or out @ umŋurri- |
:uti- vv || ~rI-5 vv
umik2 whiskers, beard
umikturuat [lit. “those with much
facial hair”] (Ti) soccer team
made up of older people who kick
the ball toward the point at Pt.
Hope (the team competes against
the umŋilaurat) | +tu nv +t/ruat
(part 3p) § umŋilaurat
umilġuaq walrus’s muzzle | -lġuq nn
-aq2 nn
umilġuq or umilġuuk muzzle, snout
of animal; lower half of man’s
face | ±ġuq nn
umiŋmak musk ox (Ovibus
moschatus) | +mak nn
ummak- (i) to grow a beard or
moustache | ‘-k-2 nv
umŋilaurat [lit.”those without facial
hair”] (Ti) soccer team of youths
who kick the ball landward from
Pt. Hope (the team competes
against the umikturuat) | :ilaq nn
:uraq nn -t nn
umŋiyaq- to shave (her/his) beard @
umŋiyai- | :Iyaq- nv || :I-4 vv
umŋiyaun razor, electric shaver |
:Iyaq- nv :un1 vn
umiq- (t) to scrutinize at her/him/it
umiġuq- (t) to scrutinize it , trying to
make one’s choice | +uq-2 vv

¤Umiqsraġvik or Umigraġvik month of
December § Kaivirvik,
Aagruliġvik, Uyaliġvik,
Siqiñġilaq, Uvluilaq
umni- [umnI] (i) to be a quick eater
umniit- (i) to be a slow eater | :It-1 vv
umnisaq- (i) to eat quickly, fast |
3
msaq- vv
°un (dem. stem) down there, e.g., on or
near the ocean, downriver, or by
the door (extended and visible)
§ °kan (dem. stem)
unani located down there, e.g., on or
near the ocean, downriver, or by
the door (extended, visible);
“north or seaward” (Simpson:
261) | +anI (dem. loc.)
unaniit- (i) to be located down there,
e.g., on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(extended and visible) | +anI (dem.
loc.) it- “to be”
unaŋŋa from down there, e.g., on or
near the ocean, downriver, or by
the door (extended, visible) |
+aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
unaŋŋamiñ from that direction down
there, e.g., on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(extended, visible) | +aŋŋa (dem.
abl.) ÷miñ (abl.)
unaŋŋaq- (i) to come from down
there, e.g., on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(extended and visible) | +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.) +q-3 dv
unna1 [dual utkuak, pl utkua] that one
down there, e.g., on or near the
ocean, downriver, or by the door
(extended, visible) | +na (dem. abs.
pron. sg. mkr.)
unna2 down there, e.g., on or near the
ocean, downriver, or by the door
631
(extended, visible) | ‘a (dem. adv.
mkr.)
unna unani location north § see
Appendix 13
unuŋa to down there, e.g., on or near
the ocean, downriver, or by the
door (extended, visible) | +uŋa
(dem. term.)
unuŋanmun towards down there,
e.g., on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(extended and visible) | +uŋa
(dem. term.) nmun (term.)
unuŋaq- (i) to go down there, e.g., on
or near the ocean, downriver, or
by the door (extended and visible);
(i) to go on the ice to hunt; (t) to
put or place her/him/it down there
| +uŋa (dem. term.) +q-3 dv
unuuna via, through down there, e.g.,
on or near the ocean, downriver,
or by the door (extended, visible);
via the southside of Tikiġaq | uuna
(dem. via.)
unuunnaaq- (i) via, through down
there, e.g., on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(extended and visible) | +uuna
(dem. via.) ‘.q-4 dv
uttuma or utsruma or urruma [dual
utkuak, pl utkua] that one down
there, e.g., on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(extended, visible) | +tuma (dem.
rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
uttumani or utsrumani or
urrumani [dual utkugnagni, pl.
utkunani] located with
that one down there, e.g., on or
near the ocean, downriver, or by
the door (extended, visible) |
+tum ( dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
+anI (dem. loc.)
uttumaŋŋa or utsrumaŋŋa or
urrumaŋŋa [dual utkugnaŋŋa, pl.
utkunaŋŋa] from that
 one down there, e.g., on or near
the ocean, downriver, or by the
door (restricted, visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.)
uttumatun or utsrumatun or
urrumatun [dual utkugnaktun,
pl. utkunatitun] similar to that one
down there, e.g., on or near the
ocean, downriver, or by the door
(extended, visible) | +tum
(dem.rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +atun
(dem. sim.)
uttumiŋa or utsrumiŋa or urrumiŋa
[dual utkugniŋa, pl utkuniŋa] that
one down there, e.g., on or near
the ocean, downriver, or by the
door (extended, visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +iŋa
(dem. mod.)
uttumuŋa or utsrumuŋa or
urrumuŋa [dual utkugnuŋa, pl.
utkunuŋa] to that one down there,
e.g., on or near the ocean,
downriver, or by the door
(extended, visible) | +tum (dem.
rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +uŋa (dem.
term.)
uttumuuna or utsrumuuna or
urrumuuna [dual utkugnuuna, pl.
utkunuuna] via, with that one
down there, e.g., on or near the
ocean, downriver, or by the door
(extended, visible) | +tum (dem.
rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +uuna (dem.
via.)
una- to be playful (with her/him/it) (of
animals)
una this one here < °uv2
¤una (excl.) no way! you are full of
baloney! < °uv2 (dem. stem)
unaasuuna (excl.) oh, you are so
exasperating, so infuriating! | loss
632
of word boundary between: una
asu una
*una (root) tiredness, crankiness
unaŋuq- (i) to become tired | perhaps
=[ġ]uq-1 nv § pilaiq-
unaŋuiqsiq- (i) to rest » | perhaps
=[ġ]uq-1 nv:Iq-2 vv -[t]sIq- vv
unaŋusuk- (i) to feel tired | perhaps
=[ġ]uq-1 nv +suk-2 vv
unasuk- (i) to be cranky, sensing that
her/his mother is pregnant with a
second child (of child) | +suk-2 vv
unaaq staff with ice pick on one end and
hook on the other, often used for
testing the stableness of ice or
snow when hunting; “Seal Spear
(ú-nú)….For stabbing seals at their
breathing holes.” (Murdoch as
reported by Ray 1885: 72) § see
Appendix 17b
unaaqpak “Walrus Harpoon,…(ú-
nak-pûk)….Heavy harpoon with
short ‘loose-shaft’ and detachable
‘toggle-head,’ for harpooning
walrus from boat.” (Murdoch as
reported by Ray 1885: 72) |
+qpak(-) nn
unaaqpauraq lightweight spear used
for seals, walrus and bearded
seals; pole with ice pick on one
end and hook on the other »
nauligaunli manna aġviġnun
aasiillimanna unaaqpauraq
natchiġnun aiviġnun ugrugnun
the whaling harppon, nauligaun,
is used for whales and the
lightweight spear, unaaqpauraq,
is used for seal, walrus and
bearded seal | +qpak(-) nn
:uraq nn § nauligaun
¤unalliqsat (Nu) dance songs of the
Coastal Eskimos
unaqsiq [unaqsIq] (Ti) hard, flexible
wood » “ninŋuqtaaq; ikkiq
ikuutit qiuġvik” (Tuzroyluke
2009) [one that is hard to break,
resilient; hard wood (for) skin
scrapers (and for) wooden boards
used to scrape hair from animal
skins] § qiruk
unaqsiqsaq (Nu) stock of rifle |
+taq nn
¤unataun club, an implement to beat
something with § qiqsiñ
unataġniq bruise, mark from beating |
+niQ1 vn
unataq- to persist, refuse to give up (on
her/him/it)
*unI (root) behind, time prior
unik- (i) to stay behind | +k-1 nv, rv
uniktit- (i) to stay behind for a reason
e.g., to take care of grandparents;
(i) lag behind, be unable to keep
up | +k-1 nv, rv mtit-1 vv
uniktuuma- (i) to be lower in quality;
(i) to have less ability than
someone else; (t) to be better in
ability than her/him | +k-1 nv, rv
+tuuq- vv -ma-1 vv
unipkaaġun that which is told,
recounted | +pkaq-1 vv -aq-1 vv
-un1 nn
unipkaaq(-) [unipkaraq] or
ulipkaaq(-) or unipkaq legend,
old story, fable, myth; (i) to tell a
legend, fable or myth; (t) to tell it
= mythical story | +pkaq-1 - vv
-aq-1 vv -aq1 vn § uqaluktuaq,
quliaqtuaq
unipkaaqti storyteller, historian |
+pkaq-1 vv -aq-1 vv -aq1 vn
mt/ri vn
unipkarrak- (i) to receive a story for
one’s own to tell | +pkaq-1 vv
-aq1 vn ‘-k- nv
633
unipkautigik- (i) to contain a good
story or message »
“Unipkautigiksuamik
quliaqtuaġiksuamik…”
(Harold Itta 1985:Track 1) [one
with a good story or a good
message…] | +pkaq-1 vv -uti1 vn
+[g]Ik- nv
unisinniapiaq- (i) to really try to be
left behind; (t) to really try to
have her/him/it be left behind |
mtinniapiaq- vv
unisuġi- (t) to progress far ahead of
her/him/it » “Taavsrumakiuvva
utuqqanaam unitkaa samma
qanutun sivisutigiruamik
uqilapayaaŋŋuqhuni imma
unisuġivlugu.” (Ekowana: 13)
[so it was that the elder man left
him behind quite a distance, since
he (the boy) could run so much
faster he (the elder man) pro-
gressed far ahead of him] | +tuq2
vn +[g]i- vv
unit- [unIt] (t) to leave her/him/it
behind; (t) to abandon her/him/it
@ unitchi- | +t-2 nv || +sI-3 vv
uniaq- [unigaq] to tow, drag, pull (it, esp.,
sled or seal) by means of a rope
around one’s chest or over one’s
shoulder < perhaps uniQ
uniaġaak lower jaw, mandible |
+[ġ]aq nn -k2 nn
uniaġaġviit sled trail or tracks |
+[t]aq2- nv +vIk1 vn :It nn
uniaġaq- (i) to travel using a dogteam
» uniaġaġlunuk uvlaakun
aullaġniaqtuguk wed will leave
by dogsled tomorrow | +[t]aq-2 nv
uniaġġaurat (Ti) small sled for
carrying seals, etc., with ivory
runners, used where a sledge
cannot go | perhaps -qhak vn
:uraq nn -t nn § ikamġaq
uniaġruat large sled | +ġruaq nn
 -t nn
uniak sled runners | -k2 nn § sikkuk
under siku
uniaqhaurat small sled; child’s sled |
perhaps -qhaq vn :uraq nn
-t nn
uniat a single sled or three or more
sleds | -t nn § qamutit, see
Appendix 18
unii- to make a sled (for her/him/it) |
=I-1 nv
uniisuq-1 (i) makes a good sled |
=I-1 nv +suq-1 vv
uniisuq-2 (i) to go and get a sled |
-isiq- nv
uniiyaq- (i) to break apart (of sled) |
=Iyaq- nv
uniqqat toboggan; (Nu) little sled
pulled by hunters on sea ice |
-qqaQ vn -t nn
uniqqiuti- (t) to pull, drag it as one
would pull a sled with a rope
strapped around one’s shoulders »
“….tavra niptailisimmatiŋ
uniqqiutivlugu uniaksriuqługu
aisaqsauraaqsirut,
anuqqautiaqsimmatiŋ.”
(Nageak 1975: 17) [….when the
fog cleared, they made it (the
seal carcass) so that they could
pull it (seal carcass) like a sled
and they begin to travel home, as
the wind began to increase] |
-qqaq vn ‘=Iq-1 nv :uti- vv
unirraq- (Ti) (i) to travel by a sled
drawn by reindeer | =rraq- vn §
qimuksiraq-
unirrat (Ti) reindeer sled | =rraQ nv
-t nn
unirraun (Ti) sled reindeer | =rraq- vn
:un1 vn § qunŋiq
uniutaq towline, drag line | =utaq1 vn
uniutaqtuq- (i) to use the towline or
the dragline » “uniutaqtuqłuta
akłunaaq pitukługu
umiirautinun” (Matumeak 2009)
634
[we used the towline attaching the
rope to the sled used to haul
whaling boats] | =utaq1 vn
+tuq-3 nv
¤Unigmiġvik month of January §
Siqiññaatchiaq
uniq [uniQ] axilla, armpit, underarm §
natmautaġiaq, uniaq-
¤unġuagułik or unġuagun (Nu)
traditional style dog harness |
:uaq- nv :un1 vn -lik nn § anu,
anupiaq
unġuagusiqsuq- (Nu) (t) to harness
them =dogs @ unġuagusiqsi- |
:uaq- nv :un1 vn :Iq- nv +tuq-2 vv ||
+sI-3 vv
unġuaq- (Nu) (t) to carry it under the
arm | :uaq- nv § uniq
uniġluk- (i) to have underarm odor | -
ġluk(-) nv
uniġmik- (t) to carry it under one’s
arm | +mIk- nv § uluġuak-
uniqsugnit- (i) to have armpit odor |
+sugnIt- nv
uniuq- (i) to miss a destination; (t) to fall
short in her/his search; (t) to miss
it =target; (t) fail to attain it
=goal; (t) to overlook her/him/it
while searching @ uniuqsi- ||
+sI-3 vv
uniuŋa- (i) to be not in place; to be
out of order (during meeting) |
±ŋa- vv § asivaq-
uniuqtit- (i) to become out of place;
to fall short; (t) to cause it to
become out of place; to cause
her/him/it to fall short, fail to
attain something (as a goal or
target) | mtit-1 vv
uniuŋasirusi (excl.) point of order!
(parliamentary procedure)
±ŋa- vv +sI-1 vv +t/rusi (indic 2p)
unniġluktuq- (i) to complain about
someone | +luk- vv +tuq-2 vv
unniġluktuun complaint | +luk- vv
+tuq-2 vv :un1 vn
unniqsuq- (t) to promise, vow, swear to
her/him; (t) to warn her/him; (t)
teach, show her/him the right way
@ unniqsuqłii- »
unniqsuqłiimaruaq she made a
promise || +kłIq- vv :I-4 vv
unniqsuqłiun a promise; assurance |
+kłIq- vv -un1 vn
unniqsuun a promise, a vow | -un1 vn
unnuk(-) evening; (i) to become dark; (t)
it is becoming dark
unnuaġruaq late night » “Tasaŋma
sukpalliġaluaqtuq iñuk
unnuaġruaġmagu.” (Ahvakana:
7) [then down in the entranceway
a person arrives late at night] |
+ġruaq nn
unnuaġu tonight | +ku(n)2 nc (vialis)
unnuaq(-) night; last night; (Ti)
yesterday; to become night |
±aq1 vn
unnuapak during this night, tonight;
all night » unnuapak
iglauniaqtugut we will travel all
night; unnuapak
tikiññiaġugnaqtut they will
probably arrive during this night |
±aq1 vn -pak1 nn
unnuaqsii- (i) to wait for night |
±aq1 vn -q-2 nv +[t]sii- vv
unnuaqtutilaatun all night long |
±aq1 nn +tu- nv mtilaaq(-) vn
-tun nc (sim.)
unnuatqigu night after tonight,
tomorrow night | ±aq1 nn -tqIk nn
+ku(n)2 nc (via.)
unnuatqik night before last night;
(Ti) day before yesterday | ±aq1 nn
-tqIk nn
635
unnuatuaq(-) every night; (i) every
time it became night » “Tainna
unnuatuaq, anaqatuaq
piitqataliqsuq.” (Ahvakana: 2)
[so every night every evening, he
began to be absent] | -tuaq(-) nn
unnugman yesterday; when evening
came | +mman (conseq 3s) §
ikpaksraq
unnugmatqik day before yesterday |
+mman (conseq 3s) -tqIk nn
unnui- (i) to keep vigil; (i) to work
during the night, have the
nightshift; (i) to spend the night
with a net for seals set through the
ice during middle of the winter |
-aq1 vn =I-3 nv § uvlumiiq-, uvlI-
unnuiqi- or (Ti) unnuaqsiuq- (i) to
stay up all night long, stay up past
one’s usual bedtime; (i) stay out
all night | -aq1 vn ‘=Iqi- nv or
+siuq- nv
unnuksraaq- (t) to become late
afternoon, early evening |
-ksraq(-) nn -aq-3 nv
unnurri (Ti) night worker | perhaps
‘rrI- vv ~ri vn (rrr→rr)
unnuuti- (t) to worsen as night
progresses (of sick person) |
:uti- vv
¤unŋasi- to be situated oceanside of
her/him/it » tai nukatchiam
piliġaa….
unŋasianiktiġnikkaqtiik, “Ya!
Pikka igalaaq!” (Nageak 1975:
69) [then his younger brother
said to him…. coming up from
the ocean towards it (mound seen
previsouly), “Ya! There’s a
skylight up there!”] | perhaps °un
(dem. stem) ±ŋa- vv +sI-1 vv
unŋuq [unŋuQ] or (Nu) utŋuq wart; rifle
bolt; hardened resin; (Nu) knot in
 wood § quġliaq(-), ivsaq,
urratchiaq
unŋulik or (Nu) utŋulik bolt-action
rifle | -lik nn
utŋułuk (Nu) old, hard spruce gum |
-łuk1 nn
unuŋa to down there, seaward or by the
door (visible and extended, dem.
term adv) < °un (dem. stem)
unuŋaq- (i) to go out to an open lead in
the ocean to hunt; (i) to go down
to shore | +q-3 dv < °un (dem.
stem)
unuuna via down there, along the shore,
via the ocean (dem. via adv) < °un
(dem. stem)
unuunaaq- (i) to go via down there, by
the shore, via the ocean < °un
(dem. stem)
uŋa- (i) to act as if one wants to be loved
and cuddled (esp., of a child)
uŋaaq(-) person who lets others do
his work; person or animal that
acts babyish; (i) to let someone
else do the work one should do; (i)
to act babyish » uŋaturuaq
uŋaamik tailiqataġuugaat one
who acts babyish is frequently
called an “uŋaaq”; uŋaturuaq
ililgaak-kiuvva suna
qimmiaġrukkaluaq one who acts
babyish a lot, usually a child or
even a puppy | +aq1 rn
uŋaugak- (i) to act babyish for a
while | -ugaq- vv
uŋŋayyak- (i) to regress temporarily
to infantile behavior to get
attention or in response to
prompting from parent (of child);
(i) to be cranky, sensing that
636
her/his mother is pregnant with a
second child (of child) | ‘+yyak- rv
*uŋa (root) distant area
uŋalaġluk(-) (Ti) strong south wind;
(i) to be blowing strongly from
south (of wind); (Ti) southeast |
-laq rn -ġluk(-) nv, nn
uŋalaq(-) or uŋalaaq west wind;
southwest wind; “west or
southwest wind” (Jenness 1928:
130); (i) to blow from the west (of
wind; (Nu, Ti) south wind; south »
“uaŋŋamiñ saġvagman
niġrutiqaġuuruq” (Kinneeveauk
2008) [when the current is flowing
from the south, there are animals
around] | -laq rn, vn § see
Appendix 15
uŋalaq qatchiksuq southwest wind §
see Appendix 15
Uŋalaqłiq Unalakleet, Alaska |
-laq rn +llIQ rn
uŋalaqłuk southwesterly storm, storm
originating in the southwest |
-laq rn -qłuk(-) nn, vv
uŋalaqpak- (Nu) (i) to blow from the
south (of wind) | -laq rn
+qpak(-) vv, nn
uŋaliagu or (Nu) uŋalliagu day after
tomorrow | +llIQ rn :a (poss.
3s-3s) m[g]u(n) nn
uŋaliani or (Nu) uŋalliani day before
yesterday | +llIQ rn :a (poss.
3s-3s) ÷nI (loc.)
uŋallam kiluliñaaŋa area located
southwest § see Appendix 12
uŋallam salliñaaŋa area located
northwest § see Appendix 12
uŋalliq outer door | +llIQ rn § silalliq
¤uŋamun a very long way away |
+mun (term.)
uŋarvani in an area down the coast to
the west some distance away »
“uŋarvani taavaniqpani”
(Matumeak 2009) [in an area
 down the coast, further down];
“avaniqpani ittuaq uŋasiuraq-
tuami” (Aiken 2009) [in an area
to the west some distance away] |
+n rn ~vak nn -nI (loc.)
uŋasigi- (t) to think she/he/it is too far
away » uŋasivlugu
ullaŋitchaqput we did not go to
it, thinking it was too far |
~sIk-1 vv +[g]i- vv
uŋasik- (i) to be far away; (t) to be far
away from her/him/it | ~sIk-1 vv
uŋasiktit- (t) to keep her/him/it at a
distance | ~sIk-1 vv mtit-1 vv
uŋasiñġiq- (i) to be imminent, about
to happen, looming »
tikirviksraŋa uŋasiñġiqsuq his
arrival is imminent | ~sIk-1 vv
+nġIq- vv
uŋataagun via, through the area
beyond it | perhaps -n2 n
+agun (dem. via.)
uŋataani in the area beyond it | +n rn
+ani (dem. loc.)
uŋataaniñ from the area beyond it |
+n rn +aniñ (dem. abl.)
uŋataanun to the area beyond it |
+n rn +anun (dem. term.)
uŋatqut- to go around, skirt
(her/him/it) | -tqut rv
uŋavaq- (i) to stray to the side; (t) to
set it aside | +vaq- rv
Uŋasiksikaat an association or a
community of men (whose
membership was primarily
determined by birth and by
whaling crew membership) in
Point Hope, Alaska »
Uŋasiksikaalli atuutiŋit
uvamnili ittut the songs of the
Uŋasiksikaat are with me
(Kiligvak: 62) § Qaġmaqtuut
uŋayulaq (Nu) whirlwind § ugayulaq
637
uŋayut- (i) to cut it out, extract it
(Jenness 1928: 130)
uŋayuun lancet (Jenness 1928: 130)|
-un1 vn
uŋi- [uŋI] (Nu) (i) to develop a rash
uŋilak- (i) to develop a rash, pimples,
or hives that itch (of one’s skin) |
-lak- vv § paumit-
uŋŋi- (i) to develop a rash, pimples or
hives that itch (of one’s skin) |
‘=I-1 vv § paumit-
*uŋi (root) gathering into small folds
uŋigauraq storage bag with a
drawstring »
“Niqiksraqsruqummagik
taamna uŋigauramiñ taavaŋŋa,
… uilgasuk taamna niviaqsiaq
tutaalua ataataluuram
pakauraviaqsiruq.” (Nageak
1975: 53) [when she was told to
get some food for them, the
young unmarried woman began
to search in the storage bag with
a drawstring…] | :uraq vn
uŋiq- (i) to tie one’s drawstring of
boot with drawstring on top; (t) to
tie drawstring of another person’s
boot; to pull it = drawstring; (i) to
gather, pucker (of fabric) @
uŋiqsi- » “tapitqatauraqługu
uŋirauraqługi” (Matumeak
2009) [pleating it (fabric) thus
gathering them (the pleats)] |
+q-1 rv || +sI-3 vv
uŋiġun drawstring | :un1 vn
uŋiġvik top edge of fur boot where
drawstring goes; drawstring
casing | +vIk1 vn
uŋiraq- or (Ti) uŋirraq- (i) to
become ruffled, gathered, pleated,
puckered (of fabric); (t) to ruffle,
gather, pleat, pucker it =fabric @
uŋirai- or (Ti) uŋirrai- | +q-1 rv
-raq- vv
 uŋirviaġun leather strip between
body and hard sole of boot |
+t-2 rv +vik1 vn -aq2 nn -ġun nn
uŋiari- [uŋiarI] (i) to worry
uŋiariŋaiq- (i) to stop, cease
worrying | ±ŋaiq- vv
uŋiarriqsu- (i) to worry all of the
time; be a worrywart | ‘-qtu- vv
uŋiarrisaġi- (t) to worry about
her/him/it | ‘-saq1 vn +[g]i- nv
uŋiarrisaq object of one’s worry |
‘-saq1 vn
uŋiaritchak- (i) to begin to worry,
become nervous, anxious,
unsettled » uŋiaritchaguuruq
nipaalavaiñmata she becomes
nervous when they are making
too much noise | -tchak- vv
uŋu- or uŋuraq- (t) to drive it =animal
into entrapment, usually a corral
or a waiting hunter; reindeer
herder or reindeer dog driving a
lone reindeer back to the herd @
uŋuri- | -t/raq-1 vv || ~rI-5 vv
uŋŋuqi- (t) to startle them =animals
toward a waiting hidden hunter by
letting oneself be seen by the
animals » “aŋuniaġamiŋ
piñiġlivlugit taikuŋatchianun
allamun aŋuniaqtuamun
uŋŋuqigai” (Matumeak 2009)
[when hunting, they startled them
and drove them towards another
hunter] | ‘-qi-1 vv
uŋulġusaaq- (t) to frighten it
=attacking animal away | +t-2 vv
perhaps +ġut- rv ±saaq-2 vv
uŋullaq- (t) to drive it away |
-llaq- vv
uŋurrivik an area into which hunters
drive game for entrapment; corral
| -rI-3 vv ‘-vIk1 vn § kaŋiġaq
uŋut- (t) to chase it away | +t-2 vv
638
uŋuullaq- (t) to drive, chase it away |
-llaq- vv
uŋuuq- (t) to chase, drive it =animal
in front of one, usually toward
waiting hunter | -uq-2 vv
uŋuraġaaq- (Nu) (i) to be blue §
suŋauraaq-, tuŋuq-
uŋuyut- (t) to perform bloodletting, a
phlebotomy (healing practice) on
her/him/it
upak- or upaktuq- to rush directly (to
her/him/it); to charge (her/him/it)
(of an animal) » nanuq upaktuq
qimmiñun the polar bear charged
the dogs | +tuq-1 vv § upit-
upaluaŋa- (i) to rush to do something
| -luq-3 vv -ak- 1 vv ±ŋa- vv
upaluġiitkutaq emergency provision;
extra food or clothing taken along
in case of emergency | -luq-3 vv
-iitkutaq vn
upalui- (t) to catch her/him/it by
surprise, unawares | -luq-3 vv
-I-7 vv
upaluŋa- (i) to lack some things, e.g.,
food to offer other; (i) to be
unprepared | -luq-3 vv ±ŋa- vv
upaluŋailaaq someone prepared,
ready to perform; something
ready, complete | -luq-3 vv ±ŋa- vv
-ilaaq vn § pisiññaaq
upaluŋait- (i) to have everything
ready, prepared; (i) to be well-
supplied, have everything needed,
e.g., the right tools, equipment |
-luq-3 vv ±ŋa- vv :It-1 vv
upaluŋaiyaq- (i) to gather the
necessary supplies for one’s trip;
(t) to get the necessary supplies
ready for her/him for a trip |
-luq-3 vv ±ŋa- vv :Iyaq- vv §
paluŋaiyaq-
 upaluq- (i) to move to action swiftly,
hurriedly; (t) to rush to her/him to
check on her/his welfare |
+luq-2 vv
upinġaq- (Ti) or upinġaaq(-) or (Ti)
upinŋaaq- to come (of summer);
summer; last summer » “…the
Point Barrow people divide the
year into four seasons, which they
call O’-ki-ak, including October,
November, and December; O’-ki-
ok, January, February, and March;
O-pen-rak’-sak, April, May, and
part of June; and O-pen-rak’, the
remaining part of June, together
with July, August, and
September.” (Simpson: 260)
upinġaaġu this coming summer |
m[g]u(n) nn
upinġaapak during this summer; all
summer long | -pak1 nn
upinġaatchiaq beginning of summer |
-tchiaq(-) nn
upinġaatqigu summer after this
coming summer | -tqIk nn
m[g]u(n) nn
upinġaatqik summer before last
summer | -tqIk nn
upinġaksraġu this coming spring |
-ksraq(-) nn m[g]u(n) nn
upinġaksralliq spring caribou,
reindeer; spring caribou skin; any
game caught in spring |
-ksraq(-) nn -llIQ nn §
kumaksralliq
upinġaksraq(-) or (Ti)
upinŋaksraq(-) spring; last
spring; to come (of spring) »
“…the Point Barrow people
divide the year into four seasons,
which they call O’-ki-ak,
including October, November,
and December; O’-ki-ok,
January, February, and March; O-
pen-rak’-sak, April, May, and
639
part of June; and O-pen-rak’, the
remaining part of June, together
with July, August, and
September.” (Simpson: 260) |
-ksraq(-) nn
upinġaksratqigu spring after this
coming spring | -ksraq(-) nn
-tqIk nn m[g]u(n) nn
upinġaksratqik spring before this
past spring | -ksraq(-) nn -tqIk nn
upinġalimauraq(-) every summer; (i)
to happen every summer »
“Kuuvaum kaŋianun kuuŋata
napaaqtunun aŋuniaġiaġaqtut
upinġalimauraġman” to the
headwaters of the Kobuk river in
the trees they would go hunting
every summer (Bergsland 1987:
314) | -limauraq(-) vv, vn
upinġalliq summer caribou skin |
-llIQ nn
upinġi- or (Nu) upinġai- (i) to spend
the summer | =I-3 nv
upinġiaq one who spends the summer
» “upinġirraqtuaq tavra
upinġiaq” (Matumeak 2009) [one
who goes to spend the summer is
an upinġiaq] | =I-3 nv +aq1 vn
upit- (i) to rush eagerly to do something;
(i) to get excited; (i) to pay heed
suddenly, as to a noise or what
one sees § upak-
upisalak- (i) to rush eagerly to do
something; (i) to be roused to
action; (i) to take sudden notice, to
pay attention suddenly | -salak- vv
upkaġanak packed snow on top and soft
snow underneath
*upku (root) barrier
upkuaq(-) or ukkuaq(-) door; (i) to
be now closed (of door); (t) to
close it =door | ±aq1 vn
upkuaqpak gate | ±aq1 vn
 +qpak(-) nn
upkuiq- or (Ti) upkiiq- or ukkuiq-
(i) to be now opened (of door); (t)
to open it =door | ±aq1 vn =Iq-2 nv
upkuit- or ukkuit- (i) to be open (of
door); (i) to have the door open
(of house, car, plane) »
upkuiñŋuraaġuuruq anaqami
she/he leaves her door open
during the evening | ±aq1 vn
=It-1 nv
upkulik- (i) to collapse (of sled runner
causing sled to collapse) »
“upkulignivlugit uniapiat
pisuugait tamanna alua
iglaaŋiññun saniuġrugman,
patiktitiġman, ayalumman”
(Aiken 2009) [they say that a sled
collapses when one of its
runners collapses flat against the
crosspieces] | -lik-vv
¤upkutaq (Nu) convolution of small
intestine | -taq vn
upsitqik- (Ti) (i) to be finely woven (of
cloth); (i) not highly porous, hard
(of bone) » “uglilaiyaaq” (C.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [one that does
not shrink] | -tqIk-2 rv
upummiq- (i) to close one’s mouth and
keep it closed with lips sealed §
ipummIq-
uputi- (i) to suddenly pay attention as to a
noise one hears; (Nu) (t) to cause
her/him to take heed § upit-
upyak- or upyauq- (Nu) (t) to talk, call to
her/him at a distance | -uq-2 vv §
uvyauq-
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of
leg-hold trap which when stepped
640
on trips the trap; (i) to talk, speak;
(t) to continue to talk to her/him
for the purpose of advising
her/him on the proper way to live
» “uqaġuugaluaġiga tavra
uqaqsiġiitchuq” (Aiken 2009)
[I talk to him, but he is still
disobedient]
uqaġaaq- (i) to discuss, talk a great
deal about something seriously,
solemnly; (i) to debate the
information | +aaq(-) vv
uqaġniaq- (i) to try to talk |
+niaq(-) vv
uqaala- (i) to complain, talk loudly »
“Uqaalaruq tasama igalaakkun
naalaġniaqsigaa uqaalaruaq.”
(Ahvakana: 18) [he is
complaining loudly down there;
through the open window she
listens to him complaining
loudly] | -ala- vv
uqaaq- (i) to talk at length; (i) to
speak with sadness, sorrow; (i) to
argue | -aq-1 vv § uqavaaq-
uqaaqsimmi- (with past indicative
endings)(i) to be about to talk, and
something detrimental is
happening or is about to happen »
uqaaqsimmiruaq nannit
qamilġatalgitchut oh, he is about
to begin talking and the lights just
went out | -aqsI- vv +mmI- 3 vv
uqaatavik- (i) to talk non-stop,
incessantly » “Igluuragguuq
igña. Uvlum tuŋaani
tautukkaak. “Igluikka!”
uqaataviaqsiruk.” (Nageak
1975: 47) [over there is a little
house; they see it in the direction
of daylight; “there is a house,”
theyd said over and over again] |
-atavIk- vv
uqaaqtuaq(-) (Ti) a story; (i) to tell a
story » “[Una] uvva
titiġniŋagun aġviġum
 qapiqsiġiirrutivlutik piruak
malġuk iññuk
uqaaqtuaŋuruq.” (David
Frankson as reported by Pulu,
Sampson, Newlin: 88) [this is a
story of two men who argued
about the division of a whale] |
-aq-1 vv +t/ruaq vn
uqaġaaq- (i) to have a talk session |
+aaq(-) vv
uqaġnaqutau- (i) to be the cause of
repeated reprimands | +naq(-) vv
-quti-1 vn :u-1 nv
uqaġunġiq- (i) to become silent, not
wishing to talk | +[s]uk-vv
+nġIq- vv
uqaġuk- (i) to want to talk, speak |
+[s]uk-1 vv
uqaġuvyuaq- (i) to not want to talk,
finding it not desireable |
-vyuaq- vv
uqaksraqtu- (i) to be long-winded,
to have a lot to say, to be
verbose, wordy | +ksraq(-) nn, nv
+tu- nn |
uqalait- (i) to be mute, unable to talk |
-lait- vv
uqalaurakuaqtaq uvular consonant |
-lauraq nn or :uraq nn -kuaq- nv
+t/raq vn
uqalauraq or uqauraq uvula |
-lauraq nn or :uraq nn
uqalgu- (i) to be a great speaker; (i) to
make long speeches » igña aġnaq
uqalguruq that woman over there
makes long speeches | -lgu- vv
uqallak-1 (i) to speak | -llak-1 vv
uqallak-2 (i) to speak nonstop | -llak-2
vv
uqallaqłuun curse | ‘-qłuk(-) nn, vv
:un1 vn
uqallausigi- (t) to speak of, confess it
| :un1 vn +[g]i-nv
uqallauti- (t) to inform, tell or warn
her/him @ uqallaurri- | -llak-1 vv
:uti- vv
641
|| ~rI-5 vv
uqallaya- (i) to habitually blurt things
out thoughtlessly | -llak-1 vv
-ya-1 vv
uqalugaaq(-) (i) to tell a story;
proverb | -luk1 nn +aaq(-) nv
Uqalugiksuat the Bible | -luk nn -
[g]Ik- nv +t/ruaq vn -t-3 nn
uqaluk(-) word; (i) to talk | -luk nn
uqaluktuaq historical account of
events which happened during the
past two or three generations |
-luk3 nn +t/ruaq vn § unipkaaq,
quliaqtuaq
uqaluktuaqti storyteller | -luk3 n
+t/ruaq vn mt/r3 vv
uqalutu- (i) to be talkative, talk a lot |
-luk3 nn -tu- nv
uqalutusi- (i) to build up a
vocabulary (of child) | -luk3 nn
-tu- nv +sI-1 vv
uqamaqługvigi- (t) to swear at, curse
her/him/it | -maqłuk- vv +vIk1 vn
+[g]i- nv
uqamaqłuk- (i) to use foul language,
swear words; to curse |
-maqłuk- vv
uqamaqłuun curse, swearword |
-maqłuk- vv :un1 vn
uqamaqłuuti- (t) to curse her/him/it |
-maqłuk- vv -uti- vv
uqamayuk- (i) to complain; to
murmur | :ma-1 vv -yuk(-) vv
uqamayuun complaint; cause of
complaining | :ma-1 vv -yuk(-) vv
:un1 vn
¤uqanayuk- (i) to grumble |
-nayuk- vv
uqanni- (i) to caucus (in parliamen-
tary procedure); (i) to discuss |
+nnI- vv
uqaqpagaaq- (i) to talk with
exaggeration, to boast |
+qpak(-) vv +aaq(-)vv
uqaqsiġiaq- (i) to be obedient; (i) to
behave | +siġiaq- vv
uqaqsiġiit- (i) to be disobedient; (i) to
misbehave | +siġiaq- vvd =It-1 vv
uqaqsitaaq- (i) to hold a trial in a
court of law | +sitaaq- vv
uqaqsitaaqtitchiri judge | +sitaaq- vv
1 3
mtit- vv +sI- vv mt/ri vn
uqaqsitaaqtitchirit council members,
board members, governing board |
+sitaaq- vv mtit-1 vv +sI-3 vv
mt/ri vn -t nn § atanaurat
uqaqsiun (Ti) telephone | +siun nn
uqaqti interpreter; prophet;
commentator; spokesperson |
mt/ri vn
uqaqtitaq- (t) to force her/him to talk
| mtitaq- vv
uqaun microphone; (Nu) what
someone said | :un1 vn
uqauraqtuuraġiaġniq caucus, a
closed meeting of a group of
persons | :uraq- vv +tuuraq- vv
+iaq-1 vv +niQ1 vn
uqauraqtuuraq- (i) to caucus |
:uraq- vv +tuuraq- vv
uqausiaq information, advice, words
of wisdom received verbally »
uqausiatka piigulaitkitka I
never forget advice I receive |
:usiaq vn
uqausiġi- (t) to talk about her/him/it »
:uti1 vn ~Iq nn +[g]i-nv
uqausiq manner of speech; choice of
words; dialect; language; advice;
topic or subject of discussion |
:uti1 vn ~Iq nn
uqausiusiaq or uqallausiaq words of
wisdom received | :un1 vv ~Iq nn
:usiaq nn
uqautchit dialects; languages |
:uti1 vv ~Iq nn -t nn
uqaut-¤ or uqauti- (t) to speak, talk
to her/him | -ut-3vv or :uti- vv
uqautigi- (t) to talk about, discuss,
tell, gossip about her/him/it |
:un1 vn +[g]i- nv
642
uqautikłiq- or uqautigluk- (i) to
slander, speak ill, badly of
someone or something | :uti- vv
+kłIq-1 vv
uqautisuġnaq- (i) to be receptive to
counsel, advice | +suġnaq- vv
uqautitaq- or (Nu) uqautituq- (i) to
call on the telephone, speak on the
telephone | :un1 vn +[t]aq-2 nv §
ququula-
uqautitaun telephone; telegraph |
:un1 vn +[t]aq-2 nv :un1 vn
uqavaallak- (i) to speak loudly at the
same time (of several persons) |
-vaaq- vv -łłak- vv
uqavaaq- (i) to have a debate; (i) to
discuss, talk a great deal about
something seriously, solemnly »
“qanaakavsaktuatun
sivuniqtinŋavluni igluata
natqigñialagaluaġaa”
(Matumeak 2009) [almost
quarreling since one knows
her/his information is correct and
is confident of it and is trying to
convince the other] | -vaaq- vv
uqavallataġi- (t) to shout angrily
about her/him/it and issue dire
warnings » “Taimña naviktaŋa
aŋuun uqamaqłuutigiraa
uqavallatagiraa
suqutigitquŋiłługu.”
(Ahvakana: 21) [he told her not
to worry about the oar that she
had broken and that he had
shouted and lamented about so] |
-vak- vv -llak-2 vv +t/raq vn
+[g]i- nv
uqavigaaq- to boast »
uqavigaaqpaitchuaq
piliaġnaqtuq the one who boasts
a lot is so tiring to listen to |
-vik- vv +aaq(-) vv
uqaviksuuti- (t) to speak sternly to
her/him/it » “uqaviksuutigaa;
suamasivluni uqautigaa”
 (Matumeak 2009) [she is speaking
sternly to him; raising her ire she
spoke to him] | -vik- vv +tuq-1 vv
-:uti- vv
uqaviluk- (i) to bitch, complain,
grumble » uqavilugnak don't
bitch | -:viluk- nv § qaniġviluk-
uqayaŋa- (i) to speak unclearly, with
frequent mispronunciations; (i) to
speak with an accent | -yaŋa- vv §
kutak-
uqayu- (i) to speak clearly,
intelligibly | -yu-1 vv
Uqayuilat Siberian and Southwestern
Eskimos; (Nu) includes Seward
Peninsula Iñupiat | -yuilaq- vv
uqayuit-2 (i) to speak unintelligibly,
not clearly| -yuit-2 vv
uqayuit-1 (i) to not be able to speak at
all, be mute; (i) to not have the
tendency to talk, gossip; (i) to be
discreet, tactful; (i) be able to keep
a secret | -yuit-1 vv
uqayunaq- (i) to be easy to talk to; (i)
to be receptive to advice |
-yunaq- vv
uqayut- (t) to persuade, convince
her/him with words @ uqayutchi-
| -yu-1 vv +t-1 vv || +sI-3 vv
uqqaaġik- (i) to be talkative, be a
good conversationalist; (i) to have
a lively conversation | ‘-.q- vv
+[g]Ik- nv
uqqaqtu- (i) to be a gossip; be a
chatterbox; to talk too much »
uqqaqturuq samma taamna you
should know that that one talks a
lot, gossips | ‘-qtu- vv
uqhaq or uġġaq lead (metal) § saviłhaq
uqit- [uqIt] (i) to be light (in weight) §
*uquma
uqigi- (i) to find oneself light, in
feeling, emotion; (t) to find
her/him/it light, in weight »
643
uqigigiga I find it light, in weight
(implying that something has been
removed from it, thus reducing its
weight or that someone has lost
weight) | +[g]i- vv
uqigli- or uqikłi- (i) to lose weight;
(i) to become happy, joyous,
exalted as when a burden is lifted
or when a worrisome situation is
resolved | -kłI- vv § paniq-
uqigyuummiq- (i) to feel light of
body, giddy (especailly when
worries abate or vanish, or when
one is eager to do something one
enjoys doing) »
“piyumitchaktuq;
uqugyuummiġami iñuk
suyumaatchillagruaġuuruq”
(Aiken 2009) [one who becomes
eager to proceed; when a person
becomes lighthearted, she or he
decides all of a sudden to do
something] | perhaps -k-2 vv
+yuk(-) vv :uq-2 vv -mmIq- vv
uqila- (i) to be a fast runner | perhaps
-la- vv
uqilait- to be a slow runner | perhaps
-la- vv :It-1 vv
uqilaruunnaq fast runner »
uqilaruaq uqilaruunnaq one
who runs fast is a uqilaruunnaq |
perhaps +t/ruq 3s (indic) -unnaq
nn
uqiłhaaq (Nu) heavy material, canvas
| -łhaaq vn § ukiłhaaq
uqłaqtaq (Nu) Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis
macularia)
uqpatik (Nu) entire rear section of
animal, including hindquarters §
ukpatik under ukpan
uqpik willow bush (Salix rotundifolia)(its
leaves are added to seal oil for
 preservation) | -pIk nn § akutuak,
qimmiuraq, palliksraq
uqpigauraq (Nu) medium-sized
willow | +aq2 nn :uraq nn
uqpigluk- (i) to have hard-to-bend
willows (of an area) »
“takiruanik akullakisuuranik
uqpiqaġman; Uqpiqsuu
uqpiġluktuq akunnaaġnaitchuq
kivluqqaaŋaunnagu”
(Matumeak 2009) [it’s when there
are long and closely situated
willow bushes; Uqpiqsuu has
hard-to-bend willows and it is
impossible to go amongst them
without cutting them down] |
+luk(-)1 nv
uqpiksat a small net snare for
catching ptarmigan (Kisautaq:
653)
uqpiksiuġayuk Savannah Sparrow
(Passerculus sandwichensis) |
+siuq- nv +aq-1 vv -yuk(-) vn
uqpiksiuq- (i) to make one’s way
through a thicket of willows |
+siuq- nv
uqpiksiuyuk [lit. “one that frequents
willows”] Redpoll (Acanthis
flammea) | +siuq- nv -yuk(-) vn
uqpiŋñaq (Nu) highbush cranberry
plant (Viburrium edule) | +naq1 nn
uqpivik (Nu) ptarmigan willow (Salix
alaxensis) | -vIk2 nn § akutuak,
kanuŋŋiq
uqsiq [uqsIQ] or uqsi loop or bone ring
on lasso through which rope is
passed; loop of snare »
“akłunaaq saŋŋillasivlugu
uqsiliqługu pisuugaat;
sauniġnik iqsiliuġuumaruat
qunŋilaat; ilaŋit tainna
sauniġnik piqaġuumaruat”
(Aiken 2009) [a loop is made in
the rope enabling it to tighten;
reindeer herders made their (lasso)
644
rings out of bone; some of them
had bone rings]
uqsruq or (Nu) uqruq or (Ti) uġruq
blubber; seal oil; oil, gasoline,
petroleum
uġruqtiġun (Ti) slab of seal blubber |
+tiq-1 nv +un1 vn
uġruqaġvik (Ti) five-gallon gasoline
can | -qaq- nv +vIk1 vn
uġruun (Ti) skin bag (a poke)
containing blubber for making
seal oil | :un3 nn
uqsrak- (i) to accumulate a lot of
blubber, to be used in the winter;
(i) to gain weight |
=ak-1 nv § quiñisi-, quivsit-
uqsri- (i) to cut blubber into strips to
render into seal oil; (t) to render it
=blubber into oil | ‘=I-1 nv
uqsriñŋu- (i) to feel queasy after
eating fatty food or too much seal
oil | ‘=It-2 nv -nŋu- vv
uqsriq- (i) to put gas in one’s vehicle;
(t) to put gas in it =vehicle or
outboard motor; (t) to put oil in it
=stove or oil lamp @ uqsriqsi- »
uqsriġiaqtuuraġuŋ qamun go
quickly and fill up the car with
gas | ‘=Iq-1 nv || +sI-3 vv
uqsriqsuun or (Ti) uġriqsivik funnel
| ‘=Iq-1 nv +tuq-2 vv :un1 vn or
+sI-2 nv +vIk1 vn
uqsrisaq something oil stained,
soaked in oil | ‘=It-2 nv ±aq1 vn
uqsrit- to become oil-soaked, stained
(of object); (i) to feel sick to one’s
stomach after eating too much fat;
(t) to stain, soak it (with oil) |
‘=It-2 nv
uqsruaġnit- (i) to taste like it has seal
oil in it | ±aq1 vn +nIt-2 nv
uqsrualaqi- (i) to leave a trace of oil
on top of the water after being
shot (of sea mammal) | perhaps
-q-2 nv -ala- nv -qi- vv
uqsruġaaq or uqsruġaq strip of
rendered blubber in seal oil |
+[ġ]aq nn
uqsruġiak- (i) to drain, seep out (of
pus or liquid in a sore) | +iak(-) nv
uqsruġun fine oil such as gun oil, 3-
In-One oil | -ġun nn
uqsruġrualiuġvik oil refinery |
+ruaq1 nn -liuq-1 nv +vIk1 vn
uqsruġruaq gasoline; diesel oil; fuel
oil, petroleum | +ruaq1 nn
uqsruiyaq- (t) to scrape oil or blubber
from skin @ uqsruiyai- |
-Iyaq- nv || :I-4 vv
uqsrukkuaqsiuġun oil for cooking
doughnuts | -kuaq- nv +siuq- vv
+un1 vn
uqsrukuaqtaq doughnut | -kuaq- nv
+t/raq vn
uqsrupiaq oil prepared from animal
blubber | -piaq(-)1 nn
uqsruqłuk kerosene | -qłuk(-) nn
uqsruqtiġun oil, oinment; seal blub-
ber rubbed on stitches where
animal skins are sewn together to
prevent water from coming into
boat, kayak, or boot; oil at base of
duck tail feathers which it rubs on
self » qilalukkam agliġuaniñ
uqsruqtiġutiksraqtuni
nakuuruq, uvsilaitchuq,
puyausuitchuq the blubber from
the jaws of a beluga is good for
oiling something; it does not
become gummy | +tiq-1 nv :un1 vn
uqsruqtiq- (i) to rub oil on oneself;
(t) to apply or rub oil on her/him/it
@ uqsruqtiġii- | +tiq-1 nv || :I-4 vv
:I-4 vv
uqsruqtuuq herring | +tuuq nn
uqsruu- (i) to be fat; (i) to be greasy,
oily, fatty | :u-3 nv
uqsruulaaq(-) oily or greasy person
or object; (i) to be greasy or oily
» uqsruulaaq aquppiutaq
tilaktuġaluaqtaġa I wiped the
645
chair that had the blubber grease
on it, but to no avail [the grease
did not come off] |
-ulaaq(-) nn, nv
¤uqsruutilik (Nu) soup made with
fat, with blood as well | :un3 nn
-lik nn
¤uqsruuraq (Nu) quartz | :uraq nn
uquk(-) mold, mildew; to become moldy
uquaq- (Nu) (i) to be blue or green |
-aq-3 vv
uquaqtaaq (Nu) something blue or
green | -aq-3 vv +t/raaq1 vn
*uquma (root) weightlessness | perhaps
:uma- vv § uqit-
uqumaigi- (t) to find her/him/it too
heavy | :It-1 rv +[g]i- vv § uqigi-
uqumaili- (i) to become heavier, gain
weight; (t) to add weight to
her/him/it » uqumailisuurut
turġummata amiŋit tuttut
caribou skins become heavier
when the fur grows thick | :It-1 rv
-lI-2 vv
uqumailliraq- (i) to be overloaded (of
vehicle); (i) to be troubled by a
heavy emotional or physical
burden | :It-1 rv -lI-2 vv ‘=Iraq- vv
uqumailliraun oppression, burden |
:It-1 rv -lI-2 vv ‘=Iraq- vv :un1 vn
uqumailutaq a weight, load; burden;
“Harpoon Fore-Shaft (u-ku-mái-
lu-ta)….Bone or ivory cap for end
of pole, with socket for ‘loose-
shaft.’” (Murdoch as reported by
Ray 1885: 72) | :It-1 rv mlutaq vn
uqumaiq- (i) to become thick and
heavy, of fur » ammit
turġuaġmata when the fur on the
skins gets thick | :Iq-2 vv
uqumaisilaaġun a scale, instrument
for weighing | :It-1 rv mtilaaq vn
-q-2 nv :un1 vn
 uqumaisilaaq(-) weight; (i) to weigh
oneself; (t) to weigh her/him/it |
:It-1 rv mtilaaq vn -q-2 nv
uqumait- (i) to be heavy (in weight);
(i) to be heavy-hearted | :It-1 rv
uqumaŋia- or qumaŋia- (i) to have a
nightmare; (i) to leave one’s body
while asleep and hover over it or
fly away, then to “re-enter” the
body, waking oneself by moving
one’s body or by making a loud
noise; if one does not wake up, the
nightmare begins § itivli-
uqummiq- [uqummIq] (i) to tightly close
one’s mouth; (t) to put it in one’s
mouth @ uqummiqsi- | perhqps
-mmIq- vv || +sI-3 vv
uqummiaq(-) something kept in the
mouth; to have (it) in one’s
mouth; (Ti) snuff | -aq1 vn
uqummirriq- (i) to put something in
the mouth | -aq1 vn =rrIq-2 nv
uquq- (i) to have warm winter clothes; to
be well insulated and therefore
warm (of clothing, house)
uqqit- (i) to take shelter in a storm |
‘=It-2 nv
uqqirvik temporary shelter from
wind, i.e. bank, ditch | ‘=It-2 nv
-vIk1 vn
uqquaġik- (i) to be wearing warm
winter clothes, be warmly dressed
» “…uqquaġiksaaqhutiŋ
iñuuniaqtuaguniqsut taipkua”
…the people who lived long ago
were always dressed warmly
(Bergsland 1987) | ±aq1 vn
+[g]Ik- nv
uqqunmugaaq- or (Nu) uqumigaaq-
or uqqunmuuq- (i) to travel with
the wind at one’s back | -nmun nn
-k-3 nv +aaq(-) vv
646
uqqunmuk- or (Nu) uqutmuk- or
uqqunmuktuq- or (Nu)
uqutmuktuq- (i) to travel with
the wind | -nmun nn -k-3 nv
uqqunmun or (Nu) uqqutmun to the
lee, away from, not facing the
wind; with the wind | -nmun nn
uqquq sheltered place, lee | -Q vn
uqquuk- (i) to be a good shelter from
wind; (i) be windproof | -uk- nv
uquit- (i) to have no warm winter
clothes | :It-1 vv
uquksraq- (i) to obtain skins to make
warm fur winter clothing |
-ksraq(-) vv
uquksriaq- (i) to go hunt for caribou
at a time when the fur is just right
for a parka liner | -ksraq(-) vn, vv
=iaq-1 nv
uqumman caribou skin used for
clothing or part of bedding |
-ma-1 vv ‘-n vn
uqummatit bedding | -ma-1 ‘-n vn
-t nn § tuŋiutit
uquqłak (Nu) skin with long, thick
fur, e.g., winter skin | +łak vn
uquqsrait- (i) to have no skinss for
warm winter clothes | -ksraq(-) vn
:It-1 vv
uquqsriuq- to make warm winter
clothes | -ksraq(-) vn ‘=iuq-1 nv
uquqsaq- (i) to put on warm winter
clothing; (t) to put warm clothes
on her/him; (t) to put more
insulation on it | msaq-3 vv
uqut (Nu) warm winter clothing |
-t nn
uquutchiq- to provide with a
windbreak | -uk- nv
-ttaQ(-) vn ‘=Iq-1 nv
uquuttaġi- (t) to use it for a
windbreak | -uk- nv -ttaQ(-) vn
+[g]i- nv
uquuttaq windbreak | -uk- nv
-ttaQ(-) vn
urgalaq- (i) to wait beside the whalers’
homeward path in anticipation of
receiving a piece of whale meat or
maktak (of old women) (after a
successful hunt, the whalers
stopped at the old women waiting
along the sled path and gave them
whale meat and maktak from their
shares on the sled) | perhaps
~laq- vv
urgallit- (t) to give a piece of whale
meat or maktak to her = old
woman as she waits by the sled
path from whaling camp to village
| perhaps ~laq- vv ‘=It-2 nv
*urgia (root) onset of illness
urgiasuk- (i) to feel an illness coming
on; (i) feel some physical pain »
“qiunŋuliqłunilu pigami,
urgiasuktuq” (Matumeak 2009)
[when one is also experiencing
chills, then one is feeling an
illness coming on] | -suk-2 rv
urgiiliq [urgiilIq] or urgiiłiq birch tree
(Betula neoalaskana)
urraq [urraQ] fermented meat and
blubber (usually walrus or seal
flippers, or walrus skin with
blubber)(a delicacy) »
urraqtullatupiallaktugut we
really love to eat fermented meat
and blubber
urratchiaq gummy substance of
hardened resin; good, chewable
spruce gum » urratchiaq una
kaviaqsikami aarigaa
qiñiyunaqsisuuruq when resin
becomes reddish, it is beautiful;
nakuaġigaat tamatkua
kutchuqtuġuuruat tamatkuniŋa
those who chew it as gum enjoy it
| -tchiaq nn § quġliaq(-), unŋuq
647
*urrIq (root) guidance, instruction
urriqa- (i) to use arm signals to
communicate, to demonstrate |
-qqa- vv
urriqat- (i) to make certain
movements trying to imitate
something or someone; (t) to
imitate it | -qqa- vv -t-2 vv
urriqutigi- (t) to use her/him/it as an
example | -quti vn +[g]i- nv
urriqsuq- (t) to give direction,
instruction to her/him @ urriqsui-
| +tuq-2 rv || :I-4 vv
urriqsuun instruction, example,
direction | +tuq-2 rv +un1 vn
urriqsuuti- (t) to give her/him
directions; to show her/him the
way | +tuq-2 rv :uti- vv
¤urraaq- (i) to gesticulate, express
through gestures | perhaps -aq-1 vv
Uruusiq or Ruusiq [RUSS] a Russian
usii (excl.) you remember, you know
usiiñ (interrog excl.) don’t you
remember?
usiuvva (excl.) oh, I thought so... »
usiuvva unnuaq tikitchusi I
thought you arrived last night;
usiuvva makua pitka I thought
these were mine | uvva (dem. adv)
usiġaq- or usiġaqtuq- or usiġaala- or
usiġaula- (i) to spill over,
overflow (as when carrying a full
cup of liquid) »
“immiqpaiñŋakami
usigaqtuqtuq utkusik
silivlagami” (Matumeak 2009)
[when a pot is filled too full then it
overflows ] | +[ġ]aq- nv or +[ġ]aq-
nv +tuq-2 vv or +[ġ]aq- nv -ala- vv
or +[ġ]aq- nv -ula- vv
usiġaqtuġniq spilled liquid |
+[ġ]aq- nv +niQ1 vn
usiq1 [usIq] [pl. utchit] (Nu) load,
something/someone carried in
sled, boat, or vehicle
usiagukkaq- or (Ti) usiaŋukkaq- (i)
to be overloaded, have big load (of
vehicle) | :ukkaq- nv
usiaq(-) load, cargo; to haul, transport
(her/him/it) in a vehicle | -aq2 nn
usiaqsiluu- (i) to ride onboard a sled
once in a while »
usiaqsiluummaġmi igliqtuq he is
travelling on, once in a while,
riding on his sled | -luu- vv
usiaqsiq- (i) to be a passenger, be
onboard a mode of transport »
tiŋŋunmi-gguuq usiaqsiqsut it is
now known that they are onboard
the airplane | -aq2 nn -q-2 nv
+[t]sIq- vv
usiiq- (i) to overturn and therefoe spill
load (of sled); (t) to remove its
cargo | :Iq-2 nv
usiiyaq- (t) to be unloading, removing
its cargo @ usiiyai- | :Iyaq- nv ||
:I-4 vv
usikataq- to carry (her/him/it) as a
load | -kataq(-) nv
usilliq- (t) to load it =a mode of
transport @ usillii- » sunikkiaq
usilli qparruŋ qamutaa what did
they loaded in her car | -laq vn
‘=Iq-1 nv || :I-4 vv
usiŋmigauraq- (i) to have an overly
full load | usiŋmigauraqhunuk
uqpiġñik airuaguk wed came
home with a full load of willows |
-k-2 nv +migaq- vv :uraq- vv
utchikit- (i) to have a small load
capacity | -kIt- nv
utchiqsu- (i) to have a large load
capacity | ‘-qtu- nv
utchiqsruula- to boil over | ‘=Iq-1 nv
2 2 1
mqsruq- nv -uq- vv -la- vv
utchiukkaq- (Ti) (i) to be heavily
loaded, overloaded (of vehicle) |
:ukkaq- nv
648
usiq-2 [usIq] or usillaq- (i) to take off
one’s own pants; (t) to remove
her/his pants | =illaq- vv
usillaaq- (i) to be naked below the
waist | =illaq- vv -aq-1 vv
usiŋŋuaq large bowhead whale
usiŋŋuaġaaluk (Ti) mature male
bowhead whale » ”... samma
malġukipiaq qulit naaggaqaa
piŋasukipianik isigaŋniġnik
aktigiqaqtut tamatkua
usiŋŋuaġaaluich.” (David
Frankson as reported by Pulu,
Sampson, Newlin: 69) [the ones
that are usually fifty to sixty feet
long are called usiŋŋuaġaaluk] |
+aaluk nn
usiŋŋuagrauraq (Ti) newborn male
bowhead whale | +ksraq nn :uraq
nn § aġvaaq
usiŋŋuaġruaq (Wainwright, Alaska)
large male bowhead whale with a
large head longer than the body,
with a tongue usually twenty feet
in length (this whale is usually
fifty-seven to sixty-five feet in
length) (Harcharek: 27) |
+ġruaq nn
usiŋŋuatchiaq (Ti) medium-sized,
male bowhead whale (12-18
months old); (Ti) young male
whale » “Aasiiñ alġaiŋich…
uumaŋŋa iŋuttumiñ amillutik
tamatkua mikiruat, tamarra
usiŋŋuatchianik atiqaġaich.”
(David Frankson as reported by
Pulu, Sampson, Newlin:, 69) [then
the other (whale)… smaller in
girth than the iŋutuq (young
female whale) is called the
usiŋŋuatchiaq] | -tchiaq nn
usiŋŋuatchiasugruk (Ti) very large,
male bowhead whale (Harcharek:
27) | -tchiaq nn -sugruk nn
 usiŋŋuatchauraq male bowhead
whale | -tchauraq nn
usuk penis
usuŋnaq (Ti) sausage | +naq1 nn
usuuraq clitoris | :uraq nn
utaqqi- [utaqqI] to wait for (her/him/it)
utaqqiataq- or utaqqilġataq- to wait
a long time for (her/him/it) |
-ataq-1 vv or -lġataq-1 vv
utaqqigisi- (i) should plan to, expect
to wait | +k/gisi- vv
utaqqiġliq- (i) to wait patiently,
hopefully » “utaqqiġliqsuq
niġiukłuni qaillaiġmata”
(Matumeak 2009) [he is patiently
waiting, expecting those who have
not come yet] | perhaps -ġlI- vv
+q-1 vv
utaqqik- (i) to continue to wait |
-k-2 vv
¤utaqqilaaq- to wait a long time for
(her/him/it) | -laaq-1 vv
utaqqiñŋuliq- to become tired of
waiting (for her/him/it) | -nŋuq- vv
-lIq-3 vv
utaqqiñŋuq- to be tired of waiting for
(her/him/it) | -nŋuq- vv
utaqqisi- (t) to save or keep
something for her/him/it »
utaqqisitchi you all wait | ‘ti- vv
utaqqisiraq that which has been kept
and saved | ‘ti- vv +raq vn
utaqqivik bus stop, train station;
waiting room | +vIk1 vn
utchik whale’s tongue § see Appendix 19
utchuk vulva
utchutchaakiq, or utchutchaaqiq dark
gray bird with a pointed forked
tail (when they hover, they spread
their tail feathers outward); Arctic
Tern (Sterna paradisaea) »
649
“mitqutailat tamatkua
maŋaqtauraqaqtuat
niaqumigun pamiuqpaligaurat
malġugnik” (Matumeak 2009)
[it’s the arctic terns with a dark
spot on their heads and with a
long tail forked in two] §
mitqutailaq
uti- (i) to fall out (of hair); to grow bald,
become hairless
utiniq or unniq bald spot | +niQ1 vn
utitaq a hairless skin | +taq vn
utitchiaq(-) a skin being soaked to
remove hair; (t) to soak it =skin to
prepare it for removing hair |
+[t]sIq-vv ±aq1 vn
utiq- to return, go back (for her/him/it);
(t) to return to her/him =spouse
after a separation » pualugni
unisimaragni utiġaik he went
back for his fur mittens, which he
forgot
utaa- to return en masse | -a-1 vv
utiġmik- (i) to go back and forth; (i)
to go in and out of the house, i.e. a
restless young boy going in and
out | +mIk- vv
utiġrak- (i) to bounce back (of
object); (i) to make a round trip
(usually in the same day) |
+rak- vv
utikallaŋit- to not return early (to
her/him/it) | ±kallaŋIt- vv
utinmuk- (i) to travel back (i) to wane
(of moon) | -nmuk- vv
utinmun reverse, back again,
returning | -nmun vnc
utiqqiak- (i) to make a complete turn
around | +iak(-) nn, vv § qipuit-
utiqtaq- to go back and forth (of
her/him/it) | +t/raq-1 vv
utiqtit- (t) to return it after borrowing
@ utiqtitchi- | mtit-1 vv || +sI-3 vv
 utquti- (t) to take her/him/it back |
=:uti- vv
uttaqi- (t) to return to her/him/it |
‘-qi- vv
utkusigauraq1 (Ti) whirlpool (in rivers
or ocean) » “anmun saġvaqtuq;
killaqaġmatun ittuq; iluanmun
ittuq nunaptauq kiavinmatun”
(S. Tuzroyluke 2009) [its
(whirlpool’s) current flows down;
it looks like there is a hole; it is
positioned inwards following the
revolutions of the earth] |
-[g]aq1 nn :uraq nn § uyalunaq
utkusik or ukkusik cooking pot; bucket
§ niqłiuġun; kuviqpik
utkusigauraq2 or ukkusigauraq tin
can | -[g]aq1 nn :uraq nn
utkusiutaq rope and hook apparatus
used to hold cooking pot over fire
| :utaq nn
utkutchiġvik grill used over open fire
or camp stove; (Ti) stand which
holds cooking pot above fire |
‘=Iq-1 nv +vIk1 vn
utkutchiqpik cooking grate on camp
stove; hook for hanging a pot over
an open fire | ‘-qpIk nn
utkutchiri potter, maker of pots |
‘=I-1 nv mt/ri vn
utŋulik (Nu) bolt-action rifle < unŋuq
utŋułuk or utŋuq (Nu) old, hard spruce
gum < unŋuq
utŋuq [utŋuQ] (Nu) wart; rifle bolt <
unŋuq
utqiq (Ti) potato; edible root | perhaps
+qqIq n § masu
Utqiaġvik or Utqiaġviit Barrow,
Alaska | =iaq-1 nv +vIk1 vn §
Ukpiaġvik
650
uttuma or utsruma or urruma [dual
utkuak, pl utkua] that one down
there, e.g., on or near ocean,
downriver, by the door (extended,
visible dem. rel. pron.) < °un
(dem. stem)
uttumani or utsrumani or urrumani
[dual utkugnagni, pl utkunani]
located with that one down there,
e.g., on or near ocean, downriver,
by the door (extended, visible
dem. rel. loc. pron.) < °un (dem.
stem)
uttumaŋŋa or utsrumaŋŋa or
urrumaŋŋa [dual utkugnaŋŋa, pl
utkunaŋŋa] from that one down
there, e.g., on or near ocean,
downriver, by the door (restricted,
visible dem. abl rel. pron.) < °un
(dem. stem)
uttumatun or utsrumatun or
urrumatun [dual utkugnaktun, pl
utkunatitun] like that one down
there, e.g., on or near ocean,
downriver, by the door (extended,
visible dem. rel. sim pron.) < °un
(dem. stem)
uttumiŋa or utsrumiŋa or urrumiŋa
[dual utkugniŋa, pl utkuniŋa] that
one down there, e.g., on or near
ocean, downriver, by the door
(extended, visible dem. rel. mod
pron.) < °un (dem. stem)
uttumuŋa or utsrumuŋa or urrumuŋa
[dual utkugnuŋa, pl utkunuŋa] to
that one down there, e.g., on or
near ocean, downriver, by the
door (extended, visible dem. rel.
term pron.) < °un (dem. stem)
uttumuuna or utsrumuuna or
urrumuuna [dual utkugnuuna, pl
utkunuuna] via, with that one
down there, e.g., on or near
ocean, downriver, by the door
(extended, visible dem. via rel.
pron.) < °un (dem. stem)
utummak palm of hand § tummak
utuqqaq [utuqqaQ]something old
utuqqaġuaq- (Ti) (i) to grow old »
“Uvagut aanavut Kataliuraq
ilisimagiga; qiñiŋagiga.
Utuqqaġuaġman aglaan.”
(David Frankson as reported by
Pulu, Sampson, Newlin: 95) [I
knew our grandmother
Kataliuraq; I have seen her; (I
knew her) until she became very
old]
Utuqqaġmiut people of Utukok
River area | -:miu(q) nn -t nn
utuqqali- (i) to grow old, become
aged | -lI-2 nv
utuqqanaaq elder, senior citizen |
-naaq3 nn
Utuqqaq former village site between
Wainwright and Barrow; also
name of river in same location
utuqqaqtuun ancient, traditional
performance with ten scenes
including stories, songs, actors,
puppets, special carved figures,
and special clothing; ceremony
held during Christmas week (the
performance takes approximately
one hour and ninety minutes)
(Kineeveauk, 2008) § yuġaq(-)
utuqqau- (i) to be old | :u-1 nv
utuqqauniñani (Neg Sub) despite
her/his/its being old | -nIq-3 vv
+nanI (neg sub 3s)
utuqqauniqsraq the oldest one |
:u-1 nv +niqsraq vn
utuqqautaktuaq- (i) to be very old
651
» “Samma taamna
quliaqtuakkaġa
utuqqautaktuaqpagluni
inġitchuq,…” (Ekowana:15)
[this story that I have told is not
so very old,…] | :u-1 nv
-taktuaq- vv
utuqqavialuk a rather old one »
“tavra tavruŋa aglaan
quliaqtuaġiga taamna
utuqqavialuk” then that is the
end of my telling of this rather
old story (Bergsland 1987: 373) |
-vIk2 nn -aluk nn
utuqqaviñiq piece of old, shore-fast
ice which has broken off; chunk
of thick shore ice | -viñiQ nn
¤utuvik scalp, skin under hair | -vIk2 rn
*uu (root) heat, warmth
uummaġiksaaq- to cook (it =meat)
until well done | -t-2 vv
-mmaġiksaaq- vv
uunaalik boiled, fresh maktak and
whale meat »
uunaaliktullatupiallaktut
Iñupiat Iñupiat really like to eat
boiled fresh maktak and whale
meat | -naaq-2 rn -lik nn
uunalaaq(-) (Ti) piece of meat of a
freshly killed animal; (i) to be
freshly killed (of animal) |
+naq(-) vn -laaq nn
uunaq- (i) to be hot | +naq(-) vv
uunaqpaŋakłi- to lessen, decrease in
temperature (of hot weather, high
fever) » aarigaa,
uunaqpaŋakłigaa imma
wonderful, it has cooled down
quite a bit | +naq(-) vv -qpak(-) vv
±ŋakłI- vv
uunaqsaaqtiqi- (i) to try hard to get
warm » “Tavragguuq
uunaqsaaqtiqilgiññamik
apuyyauraqtiŋ tainna
 kiavalukługu aqpamik,
qiġġaiyaqhutiŋ.” (Nageak 1975:
19) [then to warm up they would
run circles around their little
snowhouse, trying to become
limber ] | +saaq-1 vv mtiq-2 vv
-qi- vv
uunaqsi- to become hot » uunaqsiva
is it hot now | +sI-1 vv
uunaqsii- to heat (it =food, water) |
+naq(-) vv +[t]sii- vv
uunaqsiivik or uunaqsitchiivik tea
kettle | +naq(-) vv +[t]sII- vv
+vIk1 vn § niuqqiun, niuqqiuġun
uunaqtilaaġun thermometer for
measuring body temperature |
+naq(-) rv mtilaaq- vv :un1 vn
uunaqtilaaq- to meaure body
temperature | +naq(-) rv
mtilaaq- vv
uunnaagun source of heat; heater »
uunnaagutaat qamimaruaq
their source of heat went out |
+naq(-) nv,vv -ak- vv +un1 vn
uunnaak- (i) to be tepid, moderately
warm, e.g., water, food |
+naq(-) nv,vv -ak- vv
uunnaaqsruqtaq- (i) to experience a
physical reaction to fear or worry
(heart pounds, one becomes
flushed, feels warm) | +naq(-) vv
‘-k-2 vv ±ak-1 vv mqsruq-2 vv
1 uutiq- (t) to get burned, scorched; to
mt/raq- vv
uunnaġuq- to become hot (of
weather) | ‘-Q rn +[ġ]uq-1 nv
uunnait- or uunnautait- (i) to not
have a fever | +naq(-) vv ‘-Q rn
:It-1 nv
uunnaksraligaaq slightly, warm
wind | +naq(-) vv ‘-Q rn
-ksraq(-) nn -ligaaq nn
uunnaksaun heater, oil stove used for
eating | +naq(-) vv ‘-k-2 vv
3 1
msaq- vv :uti vn
uunnaq heat, very hot weather |
652
+t-2 vv +naq(-) vv ‘-Q rn
uunnaqłuk(-) hot wind; (Nu) (i) to
have a fever | +t-2 vv +naq(-) vv
‘-qłuk(-) nn, vv § uunnaun
uunnaqłuqun or uunaġnaqun
cumulus cloud created by hot
weather | +t-2 vv +naq(-) vv
‘-Q vn -łuk1 nn +qun nn
uunnaun fever » uunnautiqaqtuq
miqłiqtuuraq the child has a
fever | +t-2 vv +naq(-) vv
‘-k-2 vv :un1 vn
uunnautiqpak high fever | +t-2 vv
+naq(-) vv ‘-k-2 vv :un1 vn
+qpak(-) nn
uunniq cooked part of meat; a burn
(on any surface) | +t-2 vv +niQ1 vn
uunniqi- or (Ti) uunaqsi- (i) to suffer
from heat; (Ti) (i) to perspire from
heat, get hot | +t-2 vv +naq- vv
‘=Iqi-1 vv
uunŋait- (i) to be undercooked, not
done | +t-2 vv ±ŋait- vv
uuq- (i) to have a diaper rash, heat
rash | perhaps +q-1 rv
uuruq boiled mscorcheat | +ruq rn
uut- (t) to be cooked (of meat);(t) to
cook it =meat; (i) to become
sunburned | +t-2 vv
uutiġniq scar from a burn; shriveled,
scorched animal hide | +t-2 vv
3 1
mt/liq- vv +niQ vn
cook quickly | +t-2 vv mt/liq-3 vv
uutiqtinniq burn on skin | +t-2 vv
1 1
mt/liq- vv m tit- vv +niQ vn
uutiqtit- (i) to get burned; (t) to cause
her/him/it to get burned | +t-2 vv
1
mt/liq- vv mtit- vv
uutqik- (i) to be well-done (of meat);
(t) to cook it well-done | +t-2 vv
-tqIk-1 vv
uutqiksii- (t) to cook it well-done |
+t-2 vv -tqIk-1 vv +[t]sii- vv
uugaq Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida);
tomcod (Microgadus proximus)
uugiyaaq- (t) to threaten her/him/it with a
weapon @ uugiyaaqłiq- ||
+kłIq- vv § iqsisaaq-
uuk- (t) to sample, try, taste it =food @
uuksi- || +sI-3 vv
uuksiraġaq- to continue to take a
taste (of it)/ uuksiraġaqłutiŋ
nuŋullaktaat they finished it by
nibbling at it again and again |
-t/raġaq- vv
uuktuaq- (i) to test, try something out
for a while; (t) to try, test, taste, or
attempt it | +tuq-3 vv +aq-1 vv
uuktuq- (t) to continue to try, test,
taste it; (t) to measure it | +tuq-2 vv
uuktuun measuring device, ruler;
example; parable | +tuq-2 vv
:un1 vn
uukkaq- or uukkaaq- or (Nu) uupkaq-
or uupkaaq- (i) to fall, slide (of
hanging, unstable ice, snow, or
sod on a slope) » upkaaq- §
mapsaġruk
¤uukkali- (i) to become full of dents
» qamutikpuk uvva
uukkalikami apuqtitkaluamii
our car is full of dents from being
hit time and time again | +lI-2 nv
uukkalik- (i) to break (of crosspieces
on sled) » “uukkaliktuanik
taiguġuugait sanniġutaŋi uniat
navigmata” (Matumeak 2009)
[when the crosspieces of a sled
break they call it (sled) an
uukkaliktuat] | -lik- vv
uupkaaġnaq (Nu) snow with hard
and soft snow underneath |
+naq(-) vn
uukłi- [uukłI] to cut (it =meat) up for
cooking § *uu (root)
653
uukłiaq cut-up meat ready to be
cooked | ±aq1 vn
uukłivik cutting board; place in house
near stove where frozen meat
thaws | +vIk1 vn
uukłiqpik grate inside oven | -qpIk vn
¤uuktuġniq kutchuq (Nu) white gum
obtained from interior of spruce
tree in spring
uulik- (i) to shiver, tremble, shake
uuligruit- (i) to be steady; (i) to be
patient with fine, detailed work |
+rruk- vv :It-1 vdv
uulikuvsuaq- (i) to shiver from a
sudden chill | -kuvsuaq- rv
uuligruk- (i) to be frustrated, upset |
+rruk- vv
uuligruktaq- (i) to act frustrated,
upset | +rruk- vv mt/raq-1 vv §
qiiligruk-
uuma namesake’s wife; (Ti) namesake’s
spouse; married couple’s
namesake friend; sweetheart’s
namesake § qumŋaluk <perhaps
*uu
uuma- (i) to be alive (of an animal) |
+ma-1 vv § *uu-
uumalaaq- (i) to be lively (of child) |
+ma-1 vv -laaq-1 vv
uumaruuraq stuffed (preserved as
would a taxidermist) animal |
+ma-1 vv +ruq vn :uraq nn
uummai- [lit. “cause to become
alive”] (i) to get an erection; (t) to
cause him to get an erection |
‘-k-2 vv -I-6 vv
uummaġmiu forest dweller, one who
lives where there are trees
Uummaġmiut people of the
Mackenzie River Delta,
NorthWest Territories, Canada |
+miu(q) nn -t nn § Iñuvialuit
 uummak- (i) to become alive, be
revived | ‘-k-2 vv
uumman heart | ‘-n vn
uummaq fresh green plant; green
wood; live tree | ‘-Q vn
uummasiqi- (i) to have a heart attack
| ‘-n vn ~Iqi-1 nv
uummatitchiaq- (i) to beat fast and
furious (of heart) »
uummatitchiaqtuq his heart is
beating fast | ‘-n vn +tchiaq- nv
uummau- (i) to be green (of tree) |
‘-Q vn :u-1 nv
uumaa (excl.) hey, you!; hey, don’t! <
°uv (dem. stem)
uumaaq woman’s female cousin;
woman’s female friend of same
age § aññaq, suunaaq, qumŋaluk,
uuma < perhaps *uu
*uumI (root) anger, hatred, dislike <
perhaps *uu
uumigi- (t) to hate, dislike her/him @
uumikłiq- | +[g]i- rv || +kłIq- vv
uumigiik- (i) to be in conflict, be
enemies, hate each other |
+[g]iik(-) rv, rn
uumigipiallak- (t) to intensely dislike
or hate, despise her/him/it |
+[g]i- rv -piallak-vv
uumigiri enemy | +[g]i- rv mt/ri vn
uumikkiuti- (t) to begin to hate
her/him/it | +[g]i- rv ‘uti- vv
uumikkun hatred, dislike | +[g]i- rv
‘-n vn
uumikkuti- (i) to hate, dislike each
other | +[g]i- rv ‘ti- rv
uumikkutigiik two people who hate
each other | +[g]i- rv ‘-n2 vn
+[g]iik nn
uumikłiq- (i) to dislike, hate someone
| +[g]i- rv +kłIq- vv
uumila- (i) to make a face, as when
displeased or eating something
654
which tastes bad; (i) to become
mad, angry | -la- rv § kiiñaġiiliuq-
under kii-
uumiñałak frustrating person, object,
or event | +naq(-) vv, vn
-łak nn,vn
uumiñaq(-) one who causes
annoyance, frustration,
aggravation, or irritation; (i) to be
annoying, irritating, aggravating,
frustrating, maddening |
+naq(-) vv
uumisaaq- (t) to try to provoke
her/him into anger or rage @
uumisaaqłiq- | ±saaq-2 vv
|| +kłIq- vv
uumisuk- (i) to be angry, feel mean |
-suk-2 vv
uumitchak- (i) to become angry, mad
| -tchak- vv § qinnalIq-
uumitchai- or uumitchaktit- (t) to
make her/him/it angry, enrage |
-tchak- vv -I-6 vv or mtit-1 vv
uumitchauti- (t) to get angry with
her/him/it | -tchak- vv -:uti- vv
uumitchaya- (i) to become angry
easily, quickly » taigña aġnaq
uumitchayapiallaktuq oh, that
woman over there gets angry too
quickly | -tchak- vv -ya- 1 vv
uunaqpaŋakłi- to become a bit less hot
(of hot weather, high fever) < uu-
uuñuŋuu (excl.) oh, how little, small! §
aañuŋuu, uutukuu, aatakaa,
aatukuu
uupkaaġnaq (Nu) snow with hard and
soft snow underneath < uukkaaq-
uupkaaq- or (Nu) uupkaq- (i) to come
crashing down (of hanging,
unstable ice or snow on a slope) §
uukkaaq-
uusuk- (Nu) (i) to smooth, straighten
wood by rubbing it (with another
piece of wood); (t) to smooth,
straighten it =wood by rubbing it
(with another piece of wood)
uusuutit (Nu) piece of wood used for
straightening arrow shaft,
smoothing wood on snowshoe |
:un1 vn -t nn
uutkummiq- [uutkummIq] (i) to react
excitedly to news | perhaps -
mmIq- vv § piallak-
uutukuu or (Nu) uutukuhuu (excl.) how
little, small! § aatukuu, uuñuŋuu
uuyuliaq- (i) to dodge arrows; (t) to
dodge her/his arrows (i.e. during
an event in Messenger Feast) <
kivgiq-, uligiaq-
*uv1 (root) now, today § °uv2 (dem. stem)
uvlaaġu in the morning, tomorrow
morning | -laaq rn +[g]u(n) nn
uvlaaġuaq- (i) to do something in the
early morning | -laaq rn +ġuaq- nv
uvlaaku or uvlaakun tomorrow |
-laaq rn -ku(n) nn (via.)
uvlaakutaaq- to postpone, to put off
doing (it) until the next day |
-laaq nn -ku(n) nn +taaq- nv
uvlaakutchi- (i) to leave or put
something off for tomorrow
because it is not now time to work
on | -laaq rn -ku(n) nn perhaps
+tchI- vv
uvlaakutqigu day after tomorrow |
-laaq rn -ku(n) nn -tqIk nn
m[g]u(n) nn
uvlaapak during this morning »
uvlaapak itqanaiyallaktuŋa I
made preparations all morning |
-laaq rn -pak1 nn
uvlaaq(-) morning, this past morning;
to become morning | -laaq rn
655
uvlaatchiaq dawn; early this morning
| -laaq rn -tchiaq nn
uvlaatchauraq very early this
morning | -laaq rn -tchiaq nn
=uraqnn
uvlaatqigu morning after tomorrow
morning | -tqIk nn +[g]u(n) nn
uvlaatqik yesterday morning |
-tqIk nn
uvli- (i) to spend the day; (i) to stop
and take a day’s rest while
traveling or working » uvlisuuruq
maani he spends the day around
here | =I-3 nv § unnui-
uvluayaaq(-) dawn; to begin at the
first light of day | +lu(q) rn
-ayaaq nn
uvluġiam anaŋa shooting star;
meteorite | +lu(q) rn +iaq1 nn
-m nn (rel. mkr)
uvluġiaq star | +lu(q) rn +iaq1 nn
Uvluġiaqpak [lit. “big star”] star
Vega in constellation Lyra (its
first appearance above the
horizon in late December signals
the start of increasing daylight
hours) | +lu(q) rn +iaq1 nn
+qpak(-) nn
Uvluġiasugruk North Star (from Pete
Sovalik) | +lu(q) rn +iaq1 nn
-sugruk(-) nn, vv § Aulasuilaq
uvluġirriq- (i) to come out and
appear (of celestial stars) |
+lu(q) rn +iaq1 nn =rrIq-2 nv
uvluilaaġuq- (i) to wane (of daylight)
in winter | +lu(q) rn :ilaq nn
:aq6 nn +[ġ]uq-1 nv
Uvluilaq [lit. “one which lacks
daylight”] month of December |
+lu(q) rn :ilaq nn < Siqiñġilaq
uvluilgit- to completely wane (of
daylight) | +lu(q) rn :Iq-2 nv
-lgIt- vv
uvlukłi- to wane (of daylight) |
-kłI- nv
uvluk piŋayuak [lit. “the third of the
two days”] third day | +lu(q) rn
-k2 nn
uvlumi during the day | +lu(q) rn -mI
(loc.)
uvlumiiq- (i) to work on a day shift |
+lu(q) rn -mI (loc.) perhaps
-.q-1 ncv
uvlumiñiñ everyday | +lu(q) rn
-mI (loc.) perhaps +niñ nnc (abl.)
uvlupaiqługu all day long;
throughout the day | +lu(q) rn
-pak1 nn perhaps :Iq-2 nv +lugu
(Contemporative 3p-3s)
uvlupak today | +lu(q) rn -pak1 nn
uvluq(-) day; daylight; to begin to
grow light (of day) | +lu(q) rn
uvluqsiutik two stars that appear,
signaling the beginning of longer
daylight » uvluġiak nuisuuruak
ukiumi aasii aŋuniaġniq
isagutivaallukłuni two stars
appear in the winter, and that is
when hunting begins | +lu(q) rn
+siun nn -k2 nn
uvluqtu- (i) to be long in duration (of
daylight in a day during an Arctic
summer) | +tu- nn
uvluqtusi- to get longer in duration
(of daylight following the dark
period of winter) | +lu(q) rn
+tu- nn +sI-1 nv
uvluqtutilaaq(-) amount of daylight;
(t) to measure the amount of
daylight » uvluqtutilaatun all day
long | +lu(q) rn +tu- nn +tilaaq nn
+tun (sim.)
uvlutuaq(-) everyday; every time it
became day » “…tainna
uvlutuaġman aŋuniaqtuat
qargimun
niġġiyyaqtaġmivlutik
aiyaagamik…” (Ahvakana: 1)
[everyday, the hunters came to the
meeting house to eat when they
came home] | -tuaq(-)1 nn, nv
656
uvluu- (i) to be daylight | +lu(q) rn
:u-1 nv
uvluun source of daylight (in
reference to a legend which
involves the raven spirit and his
quest for the source of light) |
+lu(q) rn -q-2 nv :un1 vn
°uv2 (dem. stem) here (restricted and
visible) § °mar (dem. stem), °tavr
(dem. stem), °taap (dem. stem)
una [dual ukuak, pl. ukua] this one
here (restricted, visible) | +na
(dem. abs. pron. sg. mkr.)
uuma [dual ukuak, pl ukua] this one
here (restricted, visible) | +tuma
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.)
uumani [dual ukugnagni, pl ukunani]
located with this one here
(restricted, visible) | +tum (dem.
rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +anI (dem.
loc.)
uumaŋŋa [dual ukugnaŋŋa, pl.
ukunaŋŋa] from this one here
(restricted and visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.)
uumatun [dual ukugnaktun, pl.
ukunatitun] like this one here
(restricted and visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +atun
(dem. sim.)
uumiŋa [dual ukugniŋa, pl ukuniŋa]
with this one here (restricted and
visible) | +tum (dem. rel. pron. sg.
mkr.) +iŋa (dem. mod.)
uumuŋa [dual ukugnuŋa, pl ukunuŋa]
to this one here (restricted and
visible) | +tum (dem. rel. pron. sg.
mkr.) +uŋa (dem. term.)
uumuuna [dual ukugnuuna, pl
ukunuuna] via, with this one here
(restricted and visible) | +tum
(dem. rel. pron. sg. mkr.) +uuna
(dem. via.)
uvani located here (restricted, visible)
| +anI (dem. loc.)
uvaniit- (i) to be located here
(restricted and visible) | +anI
(dem. loc.) it- “to be”
uvaŋŋa from here (restricted, visible)
| +aŋŋa (dem. abl.)
uvaŋŋamiñ from this direction here
(restricted, visible) | +aŋŋa (dem.
abl.) +miñ (abl.)
uvaŋŋaq- (i) to come from here
(restricted and visible) | +aŋŋa
(dem. abl.) +q-3 dv
uvuŋa to here (restricted, visible) |
+uŋa (dem. term.)
uvuŋanmun towards here (restricted
and visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.)
nmun (term.)
uvuŋaġmik- (t) to carry her/him/it
close to one’s chest | +uŋa (dem.
term.) +q-3 dv +mIk vv § uluġuak-
uvuŋaq- (i) to go here; (t) to put or
place her/him/it here (restricted
and visible) | +uŋa (dem. term.)
+q-3 dv
uvuŋatchauraq- (i) to be blowing
hard with visibility limited to a
few feet (of snow and wind) | -uŋa
(dem. abl.) -tchauraq- vv
uvuuna via, through here (restricted,
visible) | uuna (dem. via.)
uvuunnaaq- (i) to go via, through
here (restricted and visible) |
+uuna (dem. via.) ‘.q-4 dv
uvva here (restricted, visible) | ‘a
(dem. adv. mkr.)
uvva (excl.) here! take it!
uvvaasiiñ or uvvaasii (conj.) and so
now | ‘a (dem. adv. mkr.) aasiiñ or
aasii
uvvahii or uvvii (excl.) here is the
situation; here are the facts; look!
here it is! | ‘a (dem. adv. mkr.)
uvvakii for instance; because of the
fact that; as is customary | ‘a (dem.
adv. mkr.) -kii § atakkii
657
uvvaliqaa (excl.) oh yes, here it is!
(remembering); now, I understand
the situation | ‘a (dem. adv. mkr.)
+liqaa (encl.)
uvvapak (Ti) right now, this minute |
‘a (dem. adv. mkr.) -pak1 dn
uvvasuli (conj.) and then this; here is
another one | ‘a (dem. adv. mkr.)
suli
°uva (stem) for first person personal
pronouns § °uv2 (dem. stem),
Appendix
uvamni [dual uvaptigni, pl.
uvaptinni] with me; in my
opinion » uvamni nakuuruq I
find it satisfactory, good; uvamni
ittuq she is with me | +mnI (1p
sg. mkr. in loc.)
uvamnik [dual uvaptignik, pl.
uvaptinnik] by myself; myself »
uvamnik savagniaġiga I will
work on it myself | +mnik (1p sg.
mkr. in mod.)
uvamniñ [dual uvaptigniñ, pl.
uvaptinniñ] from me; compared to
me » uvamniñ mikiłhaaqtuq she
is shorter than me | +mniñ (1p sg.
mkr. in abl.)
uvamnun [dual uvaptignun, pl.
uvaptinnun] to me » uvamnun
aattaŋa she brought it over to me
| +mnun (1p sg. mkr. in term.)
uvaŋa [dual uvaguk, pl. uvagut] I,
me; my » uvaŋa savaaġiniaġiga I
will work on it | -ŋa (1p sg. mkr.
for abs. and rel.)
uvapkun [dual uvaptikkun, pl.
uvaptigun] with me; by myself »
uvapkun usiaqsiqsuak theyd rode
with me; uvapkun piñiatuŋa I
will go by myself | +pkun (1p sg.
mkr. in via.)
uvaptun [dual & pl. uvaptiktun] like
me; by myself » uvaptun
qamutiqaqtuq she has a car just
 like mine; uvaptun tainna
piruaŋa I was by myself | +ptun
(1p sg. mkr. in sim.)
uviluq or iviluq or (Ti) uvilluq seashell;
clamshell
uviłłik(-) fool, stupid person; (i) to be
foolish
uviłłiktaq- (i) to act foolish |
1
mt/raq- vv
uviłłiŋa- (i) to be foolish, stupid |
±ŋa- vv
¤uviłłuq (Ti) long clam
¤uviñauyuk Common Scoter (Melanitta
nigra)
uviñiq [uviñiQ] or uviñik or (Ti) uvinik
skin (of human); epidermis
uviñġuq undershirt; t-shirt | ±ġuq nn §
qitauraq
uviñiġuq (Ti) dress | ±ġuq nn <
qitauraq
uviññak- (i) to become fat, fleshy |
‘-k-2 nv
uviññiraaq- (i) to have holes in
clothes through which skin can be
seen | ‘-Iraaq- nv
*uviñŋi (root) a whistling
uviñŋiaq- or uviñŋiuq- (i) to whistle |
perhaps -aq-1 vv or :uq-2 vv
uviñŋiaqtuq- or uviñŋiuġaq- or (Ti)
uviñŋiaġruk- to whistle (at
her/him/it) | -aq-1 vv +tuq-2 vv or
:uq-2 vv -aq-1 vv or -aq-1 vv
+rruk- vv
¤uviñŋiaġayuk insect song |
-aġaq- vv -yuk vn
uviñŋiuqsraq- to whistle (at
her/him/it); (t) to whistle it =tune |
-uq-2 vv +qsraq- vv
uviñŋiuqsraun a whistle | -uq-2 vv
+qsraq- vv :un1 vn
658
¤uviñŋuayuuq (Nu) Lesser Yellowlegs
(Tringa flavipes)
uviq- (i) to tilt, list, dip one side lower
than the other; (t) to tilt, list it
uvaagaq- (i) to rock, roll sideways
repeatedly (of boat); to urinate
with leg up (of canine); (t) to
urinate on it with one leg up (of
canine) | -ak- vv +aq-1 vv
uvaagiitkutaq [lit.“item for
prevention of rocking to and fro”]
lower longitudinal runner for side
of umiak frame | +iitkutaq vn §
see Appendix 16
uvaagniq or uvaaŋaniq mountain
base with gradual slope | -ak- vv
+niQ1 vn; or -ak- vv ±ŋa- vv
+niQ1 vn
uvaak(-) dog urine; (i) to tilt, list, lean
to one side; (i) to urinate with leg
up (of canine); (i) to swerve; (t) to
lean, tilt, list it over; (t) to urinate
on it » “Tuttut uvaaŋasikamiŋ
tuvaam tuŋaanun
kaivaluisaaġaat. As the caribou
swerve toward the hunter, they
eventually run around him.”
(Ahmaogak & Webster: 28) |
-ak- vv
uvaaŋa- (i) to be lop-sided, tilted,
sloping | -ak- vv ±ŋa- vv
uvaaŋatilaaġun or uviŋatilaaġun
level used in carpentry | ±ŋa- vv
+tilaaq(-) vv, vn +un1 vn
uvaaŋatilaaq- or uviŋatilaaq- (t) to
check it to see if it is level |
±ŋa- vv mtilaaq- vv
uvaaya- (i) to rock, roll, tilt, list easily
(of boat) | -ak- vv -ya-1 vv
uviġaaq- (i) to walk, rocking from
side to side | +aaq(-) vv §
uluqhutaaq-
uvluyuilaq brass (Matumeak 2009)

¤uvru- (Ti) (i) to be thick (of ice) <
maptu-
uvsik- [uvsIk] (i) to be dense, compact;
(i) to be closely grouped (of a
herd); (i) to be tightly woven |
perhaps ~sIk-1 rv
uvsigi- (t) to be too dense, compact
for him/her | perhaps ~sIk-1 nv, rv,
vv +[g]i- vv
uvsiit- (i) to be sparse, not compact;
(i) to be open, widespread; (i) to
be widely separated | perhaps
~sIk-1 nv, rv, vv :It-1 vv
uvsiqsruq- (t) to fill it =crack up with
something; (t) to chink or caulk it |
perhaps ~sIk-1 nv, rv, vv
2
mqsruq- vv
uvyak- (t) to call attention to it=object
seen in distance; (t) to react
suddenly to it =object seen in the
distance (usually expressed
verbally) § upit-
uvyaqi- (t) to call her/his attention to
something | -qi- vv
uvyauq- or uvyak- (t) to call
attention to her/his antics in hopes
of discouraging her/him; (t) to
mock, ridicule, deride, embarrass
her/him » “uvyauġaa;
tautukkaa; quliaqtuġaa suna
tautukkani” (Matumeak 2009)
[he ridicules her; he sees her; he
reports anything that he sees (that
she does] | -uq-2 vv
uyaġak stone; rock; fishnet sinker
Uyaġaaġmiut (Nu) Chandalar Indians
| -aq2 nn -miu2 nn -t nn
uyaġaaq- (t) to cache it =game
animal in rocks; (t) to cover it
with rocks | -aq2 nn -q-2 nv
uyaġaaqtaq something cached in
rocks (especially caribou ) |
659
-aq2 nn -q-2 nv +t/raq vn
uyaġait hearth stones (of kitchen in
sod house) | :It nn
uyaġak ikualaruaq lava § ikuala-,
+t/ruaq vn
uyaqqiqutiksraq a hand-made fork
of caribou antlers that is used to
lift rocks from an outdoor fire into
a shelter, skin tent, snow shelter |
‘=I-1 nv -quti vn +ksraq(-) nn
uyaqqiuġutilik apuyyaq snow house
kept warm by hot rocks | ‘=I-1 nv
:uq-2 vv :un1 vn -lik nn
uyaqqiuġutit hot rocks used for
cooking or heat | ‘=I-1 nv :uq-2 vv
:un1 vn -t nn
uyaqqiuq- (i) to heat rocks used as
heat source in tent | ‘=I-1 nv
:uq-2 vv
uyaqqiuġuti- (t) to cook it using hot
rocks | ‘=I-1 nv :uq-2 vv :uti- vv
uyak- (Nu) (i) to hover near the surface of
water (of seal with head coming in
and out of water) § puuvruq-
uyagruaq- (Nu) (i) to raise head out
of water (of seal) | +ġruaq-2 vv
uyaktaq- (i) to tread water, raise head
out of water repeatedly (of seal);
(t) to bob up and down in water
(of seal) in his =hunter’s line of
fire, sight | mt/raq-1 vv
uyalu (Ti) man dressed as a woman
(during the 10th scene of
Utuqqaqtuutit “Old Custom
Dances”) who dances as a woman
with masks § qakummisaaq,
nuliaġiaq-
uyalunaq(-) or (Ti) uyalulaq(-)
whirlwind; tornado; (i) for there to
be a whirlwind or a tornado §
ugayulaq, uŋayulaq, utkusigauraq
uyamik [uyamIk] needle case carved of
bone; hollow core of a tube;
interior of a gun barrel; hollow of
a cylinder § ikpiaġruk
uyamitquq (Nu) hair hanging under
lower jaw of cow moose; earring |
-tquq nn
uyamitquaq necklace; (Nu) earring |
-tquq nn -aq2 nn § nuġluġun,
quŋusiġugauraq
*uyaq (root) activity of
Uyaliġvik month of December |
-lIq-3 nv +vIk1 vn § Kaivirvik,
Aagruliġvik, Umigraġvik,
¤UmiqsraġvIk, Uyaliġvik,
Siqiñġilaq, Uvluilaq
¤Uyaġmata during the activity which
occurs after Christmas
uyaut- (Ti) (i) to bring an umiak up to
where the whaling feast will take
place; (t) to haul it =umiak to the
place where the whaling feast will
take place @ uyautchi- || +sI-3 vv
uyaulvik (Ti) place where whaling
umiaks are beached, signaling that
the whaling feast will begin next
day | +vIk1 vn
uyavgaq- to check on, look at (her/him/it)
§ alatkaq-, taku-
uyuġu niece, nephew (of a man) §
nuaġaaluk
uyuk- (i) to dance Iñupiaq style (of
woman)
uyukłuuk wooden snow goggles;
sunglasses (Aiken 2009)
uyupqaq- (Nu) (i) to dance, holding a
fanlike object and moving the
660
arms from one side to the
other (of woman)
uyupqaun (Nu) song for the
uyupqaq- dance | :un1 vn
uyumiq(-) mirage created by heat; heat
waves over land; refractory layer
of atmosphere through which
shamans must pass to reach the
moon; (i) to shimmer from heat
(of atmosphere) | -q-2 nv
uyumiŋa nunam air; atmosphere
next to earth | :ŋa (3s-3s)
V
vasrak (Nu) scoundrel; bad or useless
thing; jack (suit at cards)
vasrau- (Nu) to be bad, useless | Edna MacLean User! 8/23/11 12:33 AM
Comment:
:u-1 nv
Y
yaa (excl.) of displeasure, disbelief,
surprise
yaayyuksaaq- (i) to be poor, in need §
iliappau-
yaġa- (i) to be lame, crippled in legs; (i)
to be without energy § yapu-,
niugallak-
yaġałhaq or yaġiłhaq or yaġalġaq or
(Nu) yaġarqhaq knife sheath »
tiġiksraġmiutaq tavra taamna
it’s the one held on the belt §
kiiñailisaq
yai1 or yaiy or yach (excl.) wow! very
nice! just right! § chach
yai2 (excl.) too bad! alas!
¤yałłaala- or yałłak- (i) to snap and bark
yapu(-) sick, weak, unhealthy or crippled
person or animal; poor person; (i)
to become physically weak §
yaġa-; niugallak
yapupkaq- (t) to cause (her/him) to
become physically weak (of
disease) | +pkaq-1 vv
yaqhii (excl.) my goodness!; oh, no!, too
bad! § alakkaa, yai, akłaa
yuayuk- (i) to point upward (of waves
resulting from the crashing of the
ocean current against waves
driven by the wind) » “imaq
anuġi paaqługu;
igliqsausiqaġnaitchuq;
nuvuġayyuaġiksivlutiŋ; iiqinii
yuayukłuni” (Matumeak 2009)
[it’s when the water moves against
the prevailing wind; it is
impossible to travel on; they are
very pointed; it is very frightening
when they (the waves) stand
straight up pointing upwards]
¤yugayulaq whirlwind
¤yuggaqtaq- (i) to pump something
repeatedly | mt/raq-1 vv
yuggaqtaun pump | mt/raq-1 vv
:un1 vn
yugit- (i) to travel about, around §
aġiyuk-, kukiluk-
yugirruti- (t) to take her/him/it as one
travels or visits homes | :uti- vv
yuggiqsuuq person who goes around
visiting constantly; person who
travels a lot | ‘=Iq-1 nv ‘-qtu- vv
‘-.Q vn
yugluktaak or yuġluktaak wooden snow
goggles
661
yuguyuaġaq- (Nu) (i) to use a loud, noise
producing oblong device tied to a
long, strong string, a “wolf scarer”
(this noise making device is
twirled overhead primarily to
scare wolves) | -aq-4 nv
yuġaq(-) (Ti) or yuġaliq(-) [yuġalIq]
competition games of endurance
and skill among men of different
community house; “The first of a
series of ceremonies, games,
dances, and feasts, called yowak,
was held in the qalegis during the
fall. The series was begun soon
after the qalegi was opened, while
the men worked on the winter
gear….A period of trading,
apparently lasting a few days,
followed the yowak ceremony.
(Rainey: 245-246); (i) to hold the
series of yuġaq ceremonies,
games, dances and feasts; (i) to
dance together alone (of a married
couple) to their kimmun
“ancestral song” » yuġaġlutik
maġlaktuutisuurut as they
celebrate various dances they give
each other gifts § Utuqqaqtuutit,
maġlak(-), Uiŋuraq, tuksiaq-
yuġri- (i) to be undecided, unable to make
up one’s mind; (i) to be restless »
“nutqaŋautaiqsuaq
sumupasuuqtiqłuni tainna”
(Aiken 2009) [it’s one who is
constantly in motion going from
here to there]; “ittuaŋitchuq;
isumaalupiaġataqtuq,
ittuaqausiiqsuaq tutqiiligami”
(Matumeak 2009) [he is restless;
he is very worried; he is not able
to stay still when he is not at
peace] | perhaps +ġrI- nv, rv, vv
yuġrigiññaq- or yuġavit- (i) to talk
about things one never will do; (i)
 to make plans one will never
fulfill | perhaps +ġrI- nv
+giññaq- vv or -vit- rv

yuqłuktaq “wolf scarer”, a device used to

scare wolves consisting of an
oblong piece of wood or baleen
tied to a long, strong string; when
whirled overhead the device
makes a loud noise »
“amaqqumun iqsisautiŋi” (S.
Tuzroyluke 2009) [things used to
scare wolves with]

¤yuukiik- (i) to proceed unevenly instead

of in a straight line as intended; (i)
to be mismatched

yuukkaaq [RUSS ”yu'pka”] (Ti) skirt

yuuqqaq(-) (Ti) hot beverage; (i) to drink

a hot beverage; (t) to drink it =hot
beverage § niuqqaq(-)

yuvġuq(-) (Ti) fish slime; (i) to be slimy

(of fish) § nivguq

662
Iñupiatun Akunniġutit
Iñupiaq Postbases

663
664
Introduction to Postbases

A postbase in Iñupiaq is a derivational suffix which may be added to a verb or a

noun stem. Postbases do what adjectives, prefixes, and suffixes do in English. Iñupiaq
postbases modify the stem or create new lexical items, i.e., convert a noun stem into a
verb stem or vice versa.

The following format for a postbase entry is generally followed throughout the
presentation of postbases. Sometimes the postbase entry has a capital I indicating
palatalization of alveolar consonants immediately following the capital I. At times the
postbase entry contains a capital Q which is not removed when combining with a suffix
containing a morphological connector symbol ÷, the division sign.

Postbase (word type)(distribution) definition | etymology § related stems and references

stem with definition stem with suffix entry and definition or
an Iñupiaq sentence example with an
English translation

Here are two examples.

-a-1 vv (limited) to V en masse, all together § -ayaa-

(weak i changes to a in word form VCiq-)
aggiq- [aggIq] (i) to arrive; (i) to come aggia- (i) to arrive en masse (used in pl)
home
ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be ania- (i) to leave as a group
born; (i) to emerge from the den in
spring (of hibernating animal)
ayak-2 (i) to begin moving ahead, ayaa- (i) to proceed ahead together
proceed ahead, start toward destination,
depart; (i) to push off in a boat; (t) to
push, launch it = boat to sea
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isaa- (i) to enter in larger numbers; to
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it come in all at once, together; (t) to enter it
inside, to place it inside in large numbers

The categories of presentation are similar to those used in the presentation of verb
stem and noun stems (Main Entries) except for the categories of “word type” and
“distribution.”

A postbase may be attached to a noun or a verb stem. When a postbase is attached

to a noun and it remains a noun, the marker “nn” follows the postbase entry indicating the
word retains the noun status. When a postbase changes the word type from a noun to a
verb stem, the marker “nv” is used to convey that information.

665
 Some postbases have “free” distribution and some have “limited” distribution. The
term “limited” in italics and in parentheses indicates a restricted distribution for the
postbase, i.e., cannot be used with all stems of that category. An effort has been made to
include all the stems to which a “limited” distribution postbase attaches.

The combination of a postbase to a stem is a unique phenomenon which creates a new

meaning. This dictionary offers a “generalized” definition which attempts to capture the
uniqueness of each creation. Some entries lack definitions indicating lack of sufficient
data to determine their meanings.

666
 A

-a-1 vv (limited) to V en masse, all together § -ayaa-

(weak i changes to a in word form VCiq-)
aggiq- [aggIq] (i) to arrive; (i) to come aggia- (i) to arrive en masse (used in pl)
home
ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be ania- (i) to leave as a group
born; (i) to emerge from the den in
spring (of hibernating animal)
ayak-2 (i) to begin moving ahead, ayaa- (i) to proceed ahead together
proceed ahead, start toward destination,
depart; (i) to push off in a boat; (t) to
push, launch it = boat to sea
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isaa- (i) to enter in larger numbers; to come
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it in all at once, together; (t) to enter it in large
inside, to place it inside numbers
itiq- (i) to wake up itaa- (i) to wake up (of a group of people)
itqaq- to recall, call to mind, remember itqaa- to remember (her/him/it) in
(her/him/it) (her/his/its) entirety
siqu- (i) to fall asleep; (Ti) (i) to close siqua- or siquayaa- to fall asleep one right
one’s eyes after the other, en masse
utiq- to return, go back (for her/him/it); utaa- to return en masse, together
(t) to return to her/him = spouse after a
separation

-a-2 vv (limited) to V with intensity, or with emotion § +sia- nv, vv

aksik- [aksIk] to touch (her/him/it); (t)
to graze her/him/it with a bullet or an
arrow
ivvaġluk- (t) to not find it; (t) to search ivvaġlua- to overlook (it = object) that one
and not find it, maybe because one did
not search thoroughly
ivaqłiq- (i) to search, to look for
something or someone
naŋaq- to skirt around, avoid
(her/him/it)
nivliq- (i) to utter a sound, express
oneself audibly, make a vocal noise: (i)
to speak; (i) to cry out
aksia- (t) to touch her/him/it lightly; to touch
her/him/it as one gropes about; to move
her/him emotionally; to have an effect on
her/him/it
is looking for
ivaqłia- (i) to be searching intently
everywhere, seek
naŋaa- (Ti) to avoid (her/him/it)
nivlia- (i) to cry out feebly; (i) to mutter

+aaq(-) vv, nv, vn to V leisurely or slowly for a while, usually in repetition or in alternating
fashion; N where the action is done, usually in repetition or in continuous action; N
which involves the repetitious action § -t/raġaaq(-) vv, nv, vn

667
+aaq- nv (limited) to wear a N with pride
atikuluk man’s dress boot with fringe, atikulugaaq- (i) to wear a pair of man’s
knee-high, made of dark and light furs dress boots with pride
sewn in a decorative pattern
siksrik(-) [dual siksrak, pl.siksrigit] siksrigaaq- (i) to wear an arctic ground
arctic ground squirrel (Spermophilus squirrel parka with pride
parryi); (i) to kill an arctic ground
squirrel

-aglaaq- vv (limited primarily to stems with suffix -muk- or its possessed form -nuk- nv) as
far as | aglaan perhaps +q-3 dv
ataanuk- (i) to position oneself under it; ataanuaglaaq- (i) to reach the area under it
(t) to set or place her/him/it under it
iglu(-) house, dwelling; (t) to build a iglumuaglaaq- (i) to reach the house
structure over it
°qaku (stem) future time qakuaglaaġnaq- (i) to be so close to death
that it is expected at any time
qitqanuk- (i) to go to its midpoint or its qitqanuaglaaq- (i) to reach its midpoint or
center; (t) to set or place her/him/it at its its center
midpoint or center
sitqumiñuk- (t) to place it on one’s sitqumiñuaglaaq- (used with Consequential
knees endings) (i)for it to go as far as one’s knee,
e.g., water
sumuk- (interrog.) to go where; to place sumuaglaaq- (interrog.) (i) to go how far
it where

+agnaq rn, nn (limited) wind (elemental force) originating from a certain direction or
position | perhaps +ak- vv, rv +naq2 vn
°Ik1 (dem. stem) over there (restricted ikagnaq(-) or ikaŋnaq northeast wind; north
and visible) wind (Jenness 1928: 32); to be windy from
the northeast; (Nu) wind that crosses over
from the headwaters of a river in a pass; (Ti)
west; west wind
°kan (dem. stem) down there, on or near kanagnaq or kanaŋnaq north wind
the ocean, downriver, or by the door (Jenness 1928: 48); (Nuvuk) northwest;
(restricted and visible) northwest wind; wind from downriver; wind
from ocean
kilu1 part of house or tent opposite door; kiluagnaq south wind (with one’s
south (with one’s geographical position geographical position being Barrow,
being Barrow, Alaska) Alaska); to be windy from the south (with
one’s geographical position being Barrow,
Alaska); “a wind from the land” (Jenness
1928: 53)
°pam (dem. stem) up there, e.g., inland, pamagnaq (Ti) east
upriver, upstairs (not visible)

668
 °ua1 (stem) westerly uaŋnaq or uagnaq or (Nu) uaknaq(-) or
(Nu) uaknaqpak- west wind; (Nu) (i) to
blow (of west wind); (Ti) southeast wind

-agliaq nn suffix added to names of numbers to indicate that it is multiplied by 400

§ -kipiaq nn
malġuk malġuagliaq
2 2x400 = 800
piŋasut piŋasuagliaq
3 3x400 = 1200
sisamat sisamaagliaq
4 4x400 = 1600
tallimat tallimaagliaq
5 5x400 = 2000
qulit quliagliaq
10 10x400 = 4000
akimiaq akimiagliaq
15 15x400 = 6000

-aġaq- vv (limited) to V repeatedly or to prolong V-ing or being V | -aq-1 vv +aq-1 vv §

-t/raġaq- vv

-aġruk or -ġruk nn, vn (limited) a younger, smaller, or similar version of the N

a. examples with -aġruk
aŋayukłiq firstborn, eldest one, aŋayukłiaġruk (Nu) two-year-old caribou
someone’s elder; two-year-old caribou
bull
iglu (-) house, dwelling, building; (t) to igluluaġruk site (usually a mound) of an
build a structure over it ancient house
ikpiaġruk small sack to hold belongings;
sewing kit; woman's handbag; jellyfish
3
*ili (root) ¤tenderness iliaġruk an orphan
imaq1(-) [imaQ] liquid, fluid; non- Imaġruk name of a lagoon behind the
potable water; lake; sea, ocean; lagoon; village of Wainwright, Alaska
(t) to moisten it = animal hide to ready it
for scraping
imġusiq or imġusiuraq or imiun sheep imġusiaġruk wooden barrel, keg
horn dipper; wooden drinking cup
imnaq1 high, steep cliff imnaġruit canyon
iñuk person; owner; core of boil; iñuaġruk orphan or degraded person
resident spirit; embryo of an egg
Itqiliq American Indian Itqiliaġruit Kobuk River people
r
kuuk [ku ik] river; tributary kuugaaġruk small river, channel on flat
tundra
1
natchiq(-) [natchIQ] ring seal (Pusa natchiaġruk small seal
hispida); (i) to catch a seal

669
 *qaġlik (root) one leg of a pair of pants
qailliq(-) wave on ocean; (i) to have
waves (of ocean)
qimmiq [qimmIq] dog (Canis lupus
forma familiaris)
sivulliq(-) first one; ancestor, forefather;
leader; foreleg, lower section of foreleg;
(i) to lead the way; (t) to lead her/him/it
along
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what;
(t) to do what to her/him/it
tuunġaq (-) shaman's helping spirit;
devil; (t) to frighten her/him by
pretending to be a devil
uaŋnaq west wind: also ikaŋnaq
b. examples with -ġruk
akkusaaq a long while ago
niaquqtu- to have a big head
niviaqsiaq young woman of
marriageable age
nukatpiaq young man of marriageable
age; gander
qattaq water barrel with lid
qikiqtaq island
tuttu caribou (Rangifer tarandus)
uaŋnaq west wind
-ak- or +ak- or ‘= ak- or ~ak- vv, rv (limited) to be V; to accomplish V; to be V-ing
*ik2 messy; disorderly; dirty
imik- (i) to resound, reverberate well; be imiak- (i) to transmit sound well
stereophonic; to have a good sound,
resound (of drum); to have a rich, hollow
sound, of a drum
*iqIk (root) laziness; lack of initiative;
lethargy; boring; uninspiring; lack of
eagerness, unwillingness
**ka1(deep root) descending
670
qaġliaġruuk (Ti) waterproof sealskin
breeches
qailliaqsruk(-) or qailliaġruk(-) ripple on
water
qimmiaġruk puppy
sivulliaġruit ancestors
suaġruk a possession
tuunġaaġruk common scoter (Oidemia
nigra)
uaŋnaaġruk severe, dry cold weather, with
strong southwesterly winds
akkusaaġruk a long while ago, quite a
while ago, much earlier in the day
niaquqtuġruk hawk owl (Surnia ulula)
niviaqsiaġruk girl (before puberty)
nukatpiaġruk boy (before puberty)
qattaġruk barrel, keg
qikiqtaġruk island
qimuagruk high snowdrift; snowdrift
blocking trail or located in lee of high
building
Tuttuġruk Big Dipper (constellation)
uaŋnaaġruk northwesterly wind
ikak- (i) to be dirty
iqiagi- (t) to not feel like doing it
katak(-) entrance hole in floor of sod house
(leading to subterranean tunnel or
passageway); (i) to fall off
 kii- [kIgI] (i) to clench one’s teeth; (i) to
bite oneself; (t) to bite her/him/it
maki- (i) to come loose (of a patch)
naqit- (i) to be low, positioned close to
the ground; (t) to press her/him/it down
°pam (dem. stem) up there, e.g., inland,
upriver, upstairs (not visible)
*pik1 (root) upward movement
*piq (root) bend, curve
sigaaq(-) [sigaraq] [ENG “cigar” ] or
(Ti) sikaaq(-) cigarette; to smoke (it =
cigarette)
uqsruq or (Nu) uqruq or (Ti) uġruq
seal oil; oil, gasoline, petroleum
uunaq- (i) to be hot
-ak n (limited) N resembling or derived from, or source of the N or the V § +iak (-)
*akutuq (root) leaf
kapit- (i) to be tight-fitting; (t) to fit an kapitak (Ti) outer fur parka
outer piece over an inner one, e.g.,
snowshirt over parka
qakuq- to turn white, be bleached by
weather
ulu or uluuraq traditional Iñupiaq
woman’s knife (in the shape of a quarter
circle with a handle usually made of
bone or ivory affixed to the sharp inner
point)
671
kigak- (i) to nibble on food
makłuak- (i) to fly open
magluaq- (Ti) (i) to come off, come loose
(of a part of something); (t) to take off,
break off an attached part of it
naqitak- (t) to be a hindrance to her/him/it
pamagnaq (Ti) east
¤pikak- (Nu) (i) to break through thin ice to
breathe (of whale, seal); (t) to break it = thin
ice to breathe (of whale, seal)
piqak- (t) to be pushed up and cracked by
pressure from below (of ice)
sigak- to be smoking
uqsrak- (i) to gather and store a great
quantity of blubber, to be used in the winter;
(i) to gain weight
uunnaak- (i) to be tepid, moderately warm,
e.g., water, food
akutuak (Nu) a short reddish willow found
along rivers in mountains and tundra
ipak grain in wood; fiber in meat; ring in tree
kipak (Ti) dirt, food on the face
pukak granular snow found under hard
packed snow, good for melting into water
qakuak frost on ground
qatak child by other than one’s spouse
conceived through the formalized spouse
exchange
uluak upper cheek, side of cheekbone
-akkuuq- (limited) to travel via the N | :a (poss end 3s-s) -kun nnc (via.) ‘uq-2 vv
sivuġaq promontory at end of ridge; sivuġaakkuuq- (i) to pull a sled via the front
space or area in front; “front of the leg”
saniġaq side of something saniġaakkuuq- (i) to pull a sled by side
ropes to help it along (usu. of men); (t) to
pull it = sled via ropes tied to its sides to
help it along

±aksraq(-) or ‘-aksraq(-) vn vn something to be V-ed; to get something to V | ±aq1

or ‘-aq vn +qsraq(-) nn, nv § +t/raksraq(-) or = t/raksraq(-) or ~raksraq(-) vn, vv

±aksrIq- or ‘-aksrIq- vn vv to designate a task/something for one to V | ±aq1

or ‘-aq vn +qsraq(-) '= Iq-1 nv § +t/raksrIq- or = t/raksrIq- or ~raksriq- nv

±aksrIt- or ‘-aksrIt- nv (t) to give, assign her/him/it something to V | ±aq1

or ‘-aq vn +qsraq(-) '= It-1 nv § +t/raksrIt- or = t/raksrIt-or ~raksrIt- vv

-ala- or :ala- or ‘-ala- vv, rv (limited) to V a lot; to V at an intense level; to V

disrespectfully | perhaps -a-2 vv -la- vv
apyuq(-) or apyula- (Nu) steam; dust; apyuala- (Nu) (i) to swirl and rise (e.g., of
(i) to steam, to make steam clouds, steam, dust)
*ava (root) yelling avaala- (i) to yell
*iġI1 (root) uvular sound iġiala- (i) to be hollering, shouting
2
iki- (i) to burn ikuala- (i) to blaze, burn brightly
imiq(-) [imiQ] drinking water; a imiala- to drink heavily
beverage; an alcoholic drink; potable
liquid, broth; amniotic fluid; to drink (it)
iqsitchak- (i) to become frightened, iqsitchaala- (i) to become intensely afraid
afraid
isiq(-) smoke; haze, mist, or cloud which itchiala- (i) to smoke, burn, smoulder (of
forms over open water; (i) to be smoky; stove or heater when flue is inadvertently left
(i) to form mist, to form a cloud over closed)
open water
kalluk(-) thunder, thunderstorm, kalluala(-) rolling thunder; (i) to roll (of
thunderclap; (i) to thunder (of weather) thunder)
*kappia (root) feeling of fright, danger kappiala- (i) to feel oneself in extreme
danger and call out in fright
*kumma (root) need kummaala- (i) to be frantically looking for
something; to be in need of something
desperately
*maġ (root) canine vocal sound; howl maala- (i) to howl with pain (of dog)
mayuq- (i) to climb, ascend; (i) to mayuala- (i) to rush inside via a
move to a higher position (of person), subterranean entrance into a sodhouse or up
e.g., to a better job; (t) to climb, ascend the stairs in a modern building (of cold
it; (t) to set her/him/it on or in a higher air); (i) to rise, swirl in the air (e.g., of
place smoke, steam)

672
minŋiq- or (Nu) mitŋiq- (i) to jump up
and land on the same level as one
started; (t) to jump over her/him/it
nau- [nagu] (i) to grow (of a plant or
wart); (i) to wax (of moon); (i) to
increase
nipat- (i) to make a sound
nillaq- (i) to fart repeatedly
niviq- (i) to shift position so as to lie on
one’s back; (t) to turn it upside down; (i)
expose its underside
nuttagaq- (i) to keep hopping, leaping,
jumping
paksrak- to dig (it = hole) with claws or
paws
*pati (root) process involving the palm
of the hand
pi(-) [pI] (t) to take, get, procure, acquire
her/him/it; (t) to do it; (t) to say to
her/him; an entity
pikit- (i) to move constantly; to be
unable to keep still
piksigaq- or piksikataq- (i) to jump,
bounce repeatedly
puyuq(-) smoke from chimney; insect
repellent powder; (i) to smoke, make
smoke (of fire)
qanikłuk(-) (Nu) to blow with light
snow (of wind)
qasak- or qasala- or qatchala- (i) to
burst out yelling “Uu! Uu! Ugu! Ugu!”
followed by cheering (when dancing or
herding or coming home from a
successful hunt usually when returning
in a boat with a walrus kill or having
struck and retrieved a whale)
qinnak- (i) to be angry, fighting; (t) to
fight her/him/it
qiñiq- to look at, watch (her/him/it)
qugluk- (i) to wince when startled or
suddenly frightened; to fold (it in half)
quġmi- (i) to drip extensively; to flow
rapidly
quġmiattuq- (i) to urinate accidentally
673
minŋala- (i) to jump up and down
excitedly
nauġala- or nauġallak- (i) to flare up (of
fire)
nipaala- (i) to scream, holler, make a lot of
noise
nillaalaruq (i) to be farting a lot
nivġala- (i) to be on one’s back moving
arms and legs about
nuttagaala- (i) to crackle (especially of a
fire)
paksrala- (i) to dig furiously
patala- (i) to feel one's way in the dark; to
get ready in a hurry; (Ti) (i) to clap hands
piala- (i) to carry on noisily, be rowdy,
rambunctious, disorderly
pikaala- (i) to writhe in pain; to move
around constantly
piksagaala- (i) to shatter to pieces flying in
every direction;(i) to bounce off when
broken
putchuala- (i) to smoke, make smoke
qanikłuala- (Nu) (i) to snow lightly
qasak- or qasala- or qatchala- (i) to burst
out yelling “Uu! Uu! Ugu! Ugu!” followed
by cheering (when dancing or herding or
coming home from a successful hunt usually
when returning in a boat with a walrus kill
or having struck and retrieved a whale)
qinnaala- (i) to be furiously mad
qiñiala- to be staring (at her/him/it)
qugluala- (i) to have spasms while asleep
quġmaala- (i) to urinate in small amounts at
frequent intervals
quġmiattuala- (i) to uncontrollably urinate
 (in undergarment) in one’s pants
siaqqa- (i) to mourn for a loved one; (t) siaqqaala- (i) to mourn with loud crying
to mourn for her/him/it
*siga (root) a sizzling, gurgling, or sigaala- (i) to sizzle;(i) to make a tearing
rushing sound sound; (Nu) (i) to make the noise of running
water (e.g., of a river)
*tagi (root) feeling of not being tagiala- (i) to feel unwelcomed,
welcomed uncomfortable, to feel out of place, to not
feel at home, relaxed
ugik- [ugIk](i) to fight viciously (of ugiala- to snarl, growl threateningly (at
dogs); (t) to maul, bite her/him/it (of dog, her/him/it)
bear, etc.)
ukpitaq- (i) to cross the highest point of ukpitaala- (i) to overflow, boil over
a hill and begin to descend; to tumble; (t)
to reach its highest point and begin to
descend from it; to tumble over it
ulġusia- or ulġusiala- (i) to stagger (of a ulġusiala- (i) to stagger (of a person about
person about to fall down [not because to fall down [not because she is inebriated])
she/he is inebriated])
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of uqaala- (i) to complain, talk loudly
leg-hold trap which when stepped on
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live

-alaaq(-) nv, nn (limited) to resemble, be like, be similar to N; a representation of N §

-laaq-1 vv
kirgavik goshawk (Accipiter gentilis);
peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus);
gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus)
qannik(-) [qannIk] snowflake; falling
snow; (i) to snow
silaluk(-) or sialuk(-) rain, rainy
weather; to rain
kirgavialaaq- (i) for there to be both
altocumulus and cirrus clouds
qannialaaq(-) light snowfall; (i) to snow
lightly
sialualaaq- drizzle; to drizzle

¤-alla- vv (Nu) (limited) to do the prelude to really V-ing § -ala- vv

silaluk(-) or sialuk(-) rain, rainy sialualla- (Nu) (i) to rain slightly, a few
weather; to rain drops

-allak- vv (limited) to begin to V at an intense level | -ala- vv '-k-2 vv

avaala-(i) to yell avaallak- (i) to burst out yelling
ikuala- (i) to be on fire ikuallak- (i) to burst into flames, to blaze
kanuk- (Ti) (i) to be angry kanuallak- (Ti) (i) to become angry
maġaala- (i) to yelp, howl; (i) to yell in maġaallak- (i) to begin to yelp in pain
pain

674
 mayuala- (i) to rush in via a subterrean
entrance into a sodhouse or up the stairs
in a modern building (of cold air); (i) to
rise, swirl in the air (e.g., of smoke,
steam)
nauġala- (i) to flare up (of fire)
nipaala- (i) to scream, holler, make a lot
of noise
nivġala- (i) to lie on one's back moving
arms and legs
piala- (i) to carry on noisily, be rowdy,
rambunctious, disorderly
putchuala- (i) to smoke, make smoke
sigaala- (i) to sizzle; (i) to make a
tearing sound; (Nu) (i) to make the noise
of running water, e.g., a river
suala- (i) to act excitedly
tuavit- (i) to cheer, whoop it up at a
celebration; (i) to have a wild, noisy
party
-aluk nn an old N, usually worn out, not in proper form; (idiomatic use) an N that is
cherished or held dear
+aaluk restricted to bases with -VVC final
-gaaluk alternate form for bases with n final
a. examples with -aluk
atigi(-) parka, traditional fur-lined,
pullover-style with fur ruff; (i) to put on atigaalugmik qarraaliġuŋ put an old parka
a parka; (t) to put a parka on her/him
iglu(-) house, dwelling, building; (t) to
build a structure over it
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil;
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
iri [dual irrak] eye
kamik(-) [dual kammak, pl.kamŋit]
boot; mukluk; Iñupiaq-made fur boot;
dog booty; shoe; (i) to put one’s boots
on; (t) to put boots on her/him/it
kinnaq [kinnaQ] crazy person, a fool;
(excl.) you fool!
qamun car, truck
675
mayuallak- (i) to begin to rush in and up
(of cold air into building); to rise higher (of
moon)
nauġallak- (i) to flare up (of fire)
nipaallak- (i) to increase the volume of
one’s shouting, yelling, noise making
nivġallak- (i) to land on one's back; (t) to set
her/him/it in a horizontal position
piallak- (i) to become enthusiastic; to
become carried away
putchuallak- (i) to become intense (of
smoke)
sigaallak- (Nu) (i) to begin to make the
noise of running water, gurgle, e.g., a river
suallak- (i) to become excited over
something
tuavaallak- (i) to become very excited; (i) to
riot
atigaaluk an old parka »
under her as a mat
iglualuk an old house or building »
iglualukput taikka that is our old house
over there
iñuaqłuk person who does not conform to
norm, mistreats others and is therefore
shunned
iraalua his misshapen eye
kamaalik an old boot » kamaalua qairruŋ
give me his old boot
kinnaaluk crazy old person
qamutaaluk an old car or truck »
qamutaaluga tauqsiqsaa he bought my old

suppun rifle; gun
tupiq(-) [tupiQ] [dual tuppak, pl. tupqit]
tent; to raise, set up a tent for (her/him/it)
utuqqaQ something old
car
supputaaluk an old gun » supputaaluni
tunimaraa he sold his old gun
tupaaluk an old tent » tupaalukput
igittaqput we threw away our old tent
utuqqaaluk the real old one

b. examples with +aaluk so far restricted to bases with -VVq final, q→ġ
puuq(-) [puguq] sealskin poke; a
container; a sac; a covering (e.g., young
grass leaf covering stem); top edge of
boot where drawstring is inserted; (t) to
wrap it; (t)(Ti) to bandage her/him/it
umiaq(-) [umiġaq] a boat; (i) to go
hunting in an umiak for sea mammals;
(Ti) (i) to be out at whaling camp or in a
whaling boat
uniaq- [unigaq] to tow, drag, pull (it,
esp., sled or seal) by means of a rope
around one's chest or over one's shoulder
c. examples with -gaaluk for bases with n final
qamun car, truck
suppun rifle; gun
tiŋŋun airplane
d. idiomatic use indicates endearment
aaka mother; grandmother (modern use) aakaaluk grandmother
aapa father; grandfather (modern use)
aapiyaq older brother
aŋak or aŋaaluk uncle
ayak (Ti) or ayaaluk or atchaaluk
paternal aunt
illuq or illualuk cross-cousin; joking illualuk cross-cousin
partner
nayak1 younger sister (of man)
nuka or nukaq or nukatchiaq or
nukaaluk younger sibling
*sakiq1 (root) sibling in-law
puuġaaluk an old container »
puuġaalugmik atuġiñ use an old container
umiaġaaluk an old boat » umiaġaalugmik
paqittuagut we found an old boat
uniaġaaluit old sled » uniaġaaluit atukkit
use the old sled
qamugaaluk an old car or truck »
qamugaaluga tauqsiqsaa he bought my old
car
suppugaaluk an old gun » suppugaaluni
paqittaa he found his old gun
tiŋŋugaaluk an old airplane » tiŋŋugaaluk
tautuktaqpuk wed saw the old plane
aapaaluk grandfather
aapiyaaluga my older brother
aŋaaluga my dear uncle
ayaaluk paternal aunt
iññaaluk son
nayaaluk younger sister (of boy)
nuaġaaluk niece or nephew (of woman)
nukaaluk younger sibling
sakialuk husband's sister

676
-ałłik- vv (limited) to V with abandon
nasaq(-) hood; (i) to put one's hood up;
(t) to put her/his hood up
suka- (i) to be fast
sukasaq- (i) to be going fast
nasaallik- or nasaałłik- (i) to have one's
snow shirt hood slide off the parka hood
sukasaałłik- (i) to go, progress very fast

¤+ałłIQ rv § -liQ nn, vn, rn

±anik-2 vv to have V-ed previously; to have already V-ed (weak i remains i)

+kanik- (restricted to verb stems ending in consonant t)
ai-2 [agi] (i) to go home, to come home aiganik- (i) to have already arrived at home
aqpat-(i) to run (of a human) aqpatanik- or aqpatkanik- (i) to have
already ran
ii-1 [igi] (t) to swallow it iiganik- (i) to have already swallowed it
imiq(-) [imiQ] drinking water; a imianik- to have already drunk (it)
beverage; an alcoholic drink; potable
liquid, broth; amniotic fluid; to drink (it)
iriq- (i) to hide oneself; (t) to hide irianik- to have already hidden (it)
her/him/it
mamit- (i) to heal (of a wound, sore, mamitanik- or mamitkanik- (i) to have
injured body part); (i) to fuse, come already healed (of a wound, sore, body
together part)
pilak- (i) to butcher a carcass; (t) to pilaanik- (i) to have already butchered a
butcher it = a carcass carcass; (t) to have already butchered it = a
carcass
puuq(-) [puguq] sealskin poke; a puuġanik- (i) to be already in a container;
container; a sac, covering (e.g., young (t) to have already placed it in a container
grass leaf covering stem); top edge of
boot where drawstring is inserted; (t) to
wrap it; (t)(Ti) to bandage her/him/it
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savaanik- to have already worked (on it); (t)
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it; to have already prepared it = corpse for
(i) to be working, operating properly (of burial
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial
supi- (i) to break up and flow (of frozen supianik- to have already broken-up and
river); (t) to blow it = candle flame out begun flowing (of river with ice); (t) to have
already blown it out
umiaq(-) [umiġaq] a boat; (i) to go umiaganik- or umiaġanik- (i) to have
hunting in an umiak for sea mammals; already gone hunting in a boat as a crew for
(Ti) (i) to be out at whaling camp or in a sea mammals
whaling boat
uuk- (t) to sample, try, taste it = food uuganik- (t) to have already tasted it
1
+aq- or -aq-1 or :aq-1 or ‘+aq-1 or ‘-aq-1 or ‘= aq-1vv (limited) to V repeatedly or to
prolong V-ing or being V § under +t/raġaq- vv; -q-1 vv, '-q- vv, +uq-2 vv

677
'-aq-2 or -aq-2 or +ggaaq- nv (limited use with body part names) to injure, damage the V
(usually some part of the body); to injure, damage his/its N (usually some part of the
body); to undo its N § '= I- nv, -urraaq- nv
examples with '-aq-
iqłak(-)1 hook used to fish or “snag” iqłaaq- to crack, split (of wood, fingernail);
burbot through ice; (i) to catch a burbot (t) to crack, split it = wood
iqquk(-) buttock; to thrust one’s iqquaq- (t) to slap her/him on the buttocks,
buttocks out (at him/her/it) in jest; hearts derriere once
(suit in cards)
iqsraq cheek iqsraaq- (t) to slap her/his cheek
isagak foot isikkaaq- to hurt (her/his/its) foot
isaġuq wing isaqquaq- to injure (her/his/its) wing
isuma(-) mind; thought; idea; (i) to think isummaaq- (t) to please her/him; to treat
her/him kindly, well; to do her/his will; to do
something he/she likes
naaq(-) [naraq] (Ti) abdomen; (i) to narraaq- (i) to have stomach or abdominal
have a full stomach, be full from eating pains
niaquq head, skull niaqquaq- to injure, hurt (her/his/its) head
2
nuluq buttock, back of the thigh under nulluaq-1 (i) to fall and hurt one’s buttocks
the buttocks
pamiuġayuk tailbone, sacrum pamiuġayyuaq- to injure (her/his/its)
tailbone
qiŋarraaq or ¤qiŋaraq shinbone; qiŋarraaq- (i) to injure one’s shinbone; (t)
plateau, ridge which is flat on top; (Nu) to injure her/his shinbone
ridge that runs vertically down front of
nose
taliq(-) [talIq] arm, a limb attached to talliaq- or taliurraaq- (i) to break one’s
the shoulder of the human body; hand of arm; (t) to break her/his arm
clock; foreleg (one of two front legs of
four-legged animal); (i) to dance in
sitting position doing an arm dance; an
Iñupiaq arm dance
siun ear siuttaaq- (i) to injure the ear; (t) to injure
her/his/its ear
2
examples with -aq-
ilu(-)2 interior, inside; abdominal cavity; iluaq-2 (i) to have diarrhea
(t) to surround her/him/it
kilu2 seam, stitch kiluaq- (i) to rip, become undone (of seam);
(t) to rip its seam
siitquq(-) or sitquq(-) kneecap, patella; siitquaq- to injure (her/his/its) knee
hind flipper of seal; (i) to kneel, get
down on one’s knees; (t) to put one’s
knee on it
suqqaq [suqqaQ] one piece of baleen suqqaaq- (t) to damage it = baleen by
cutting it badly when working on it, or while

678
 extracting from whale
examples with +ggaaq- and -urraaq-
argak(-) or (Ti) algak finger; hand; to argaurraaq- (i) to break, injure one’s hand;
dig (in it) with hands or paws; to use (t) to break, injure her/his hand
an ice scratcher (a tool made of seal
claws mounted in a wooden handle
used to simulate the scratching of a
seal to lure it to its breathing hole)
niu leg niuggaaq- to break (her/his/its) leg

-aq-3 nv, vv (limited) to become V or resemble a N § +[ġ]uq-1 nv, -ŋŋuq-2 nv

aaquk old woman aaquaq- to become an old woman
aġnaġuq- (i) to become a woman aġnaġuaq- (Ti) to become an old woman
aŋayuqak old man aŋayuqaaq- to become an old man
kaviq- [kavIq] (i) to be red kaviaqtaaq pink, something pink
nipit- (i) to adhere to a sticky substance nipitaq- (i) to mate, copulate (of animals);
(t) to become stuck during coitus (of
animals when mating)
suŋaq gall bladder suŋaaq- (i) to be green
supik- (t) to turn it sideways supiaq- to be a diagonal line
turġu- (i) to be thick (of fur or hair) turġuaq- to become longer and thicker, of
caribou fur
uquk(-) mold, mildew; to become moldy uquaq- (Nu) (i) to be blue, green

-aq-4 or ‘-aq-4 or +aq-4 nv nv (limited) to V via or using or involving a N > +[t]aq-2 nv

±aq1 or ‘-aq vn (limited) that which is being or has been V-ed; recipient, end product, or
result of V-ing § '-Q or ‘-.q vn , +qsraq vn, +t/raq vn
akiilaq(-) debt; to buy (it) on credit akiilaaq something free, without cost or
bought on credit
amaq- (t) to put her/him/it on one's back amaaq something or someone carried on
in order to to carry her/him/it one's back
aŋarraq- (t) to behead it = animal; (t) to aŋarraq or aŋarraaq a structure formed of
cross them = two upright poles near two poles crossed at a ninety degree angle
upper end near the upper end
akuqtuq- (t) to accept, acknowledge akuqtuaq(-)a resolution, a formal intent or
her/him/it; to adopt, accept it (of an opinion voted by an official body or
amendment, motion) formally and put assembly; anything or anyone accepted
into effect
akut- (t) to mix in, stir it in akutaq bread dough
anit- (t) to put, throw her/him/it out; (t) anitaq an outcast; one who has been sent
to expel her/him/it; (t) to place it outside; away, cast out
(t) to thrust it outside; (t) to begin it =
speech or song; (Ti) (t) to be carried out
to sea, drift out to sea
aqpat- (i) to run (of a human) aqpataq participant in a marathon run

679
 representing one of several villages in a race
to the Kivgiq (Messenger Feast)
aqvaluq- (i) to be round aqvaluaq upperarm muscle
iga(-) kitchen; (t) to cook it = food igaaq boiled food, cooked food; food which
is being cooked
igliq- or iglau- (i) to be travelling; (i) to iglaaq traveller, newly arrived guest
be running, idling (of a machine/engine);
(t) to travel it = distance
iġisaq- or iġitchaq- to pluck (it = a dead iġisaaq plucked bird
bird); to remove (it) fur from a spring
pelt
iigu(-) or uigu(-) an extension; an iiguaq or uiguaq new ice attached to shore
additon; an attachment; an appendix; a ice (an addition to the previous edge)
suffix (e.g., ending or enclitic); (i) to
now be lengthened; (t) to lengthen,
extend it; (t) to add a suffix to it = word
iligrak(-) sunburn; a burn; scaly skin iligraaq browned, roasted flour
from sun or windburn; pimple; (t) to get
sunburned (of skin); to become scaly (of
skin from exposure to sun or wind)
iluli- (i) to create a cavity; to build an iluliaq bay
interior (for it)
imu- (i) to become stooped with age; (i) immuaq rolled rope (for the float)
to crouch down; (t) to fold it; (t) to roll it
up; (t) to wind it = string, yarn, etc. into
a ball
iva- (i) to bear a litter; to whelp; lay eggs ivaaq young offspring of an animal
and sit on them; (Ti) to feed and care for
young (of animals); (t) to care for them=
young
kaat- (i) to be now split into two layers; kaataq maktak which has thick blubber
(t) to cut, slice it = walrus hide into two sliced off; block of hard snow for building a
layers to be used for boat cover; (Ti) (t) snow house
to slice it = layer of blubber from whale
skin, leaving the maktak; (i) to slice
blocks of snow for snow shelter
kammi- to make boots (for her/him); (t) kammiaq handmade boot
to make it = animal hide into boots
kiiraq- to crimp (it = boot sole) kiiraak pair of crimped soles

kiŋuvaq- (i) to move toward the rear; (t) kiŋuvaat inheritance; knowledge passed
to miss, be late for her/him/it down from ancestors;
kiŋuvaaq (Nu) descendant
kisit- (i) to be in the process of being kisisaq something included in the count
counted; to count; (t) to count them
kurri- to make a river, a rivulet of kurriaq drainage ditch

680
 running water, as dripping water makes a
stream when flowing on (it, e.g., ice)
miquq- to sew (it) miquaq something sewn
*naku (root) goodness, pleasure nakuaq item loved, cherished
naliġak- (i) to make a choice, weighing naliġaaq chosen one
the possibilities; (i) to call for question
(in parliamentary procedure); (t) to
evaluate her/him/it in comparison to
others
napit- (i) to become snared, trapped; (i) napitaq animal caught in trap or snare
to become fastened; (t) to trap, snare it
naqit- (i) to be low, positioned close to naqitaq bread dough
the ground; (t) to press her/him/it down
naqsik(-) pug nose; (i) to have a pug naqsiaq face mask, muffler used for
nose; (i) to wrinkle one’s nose; (i) to protection against extreme cold, usually
push one’s nose up, e.g., by running into made of wolf's tail or very thick winter
a taut rope; (t) to wrinkle one’s nose at caribou hide
her/him/it
nulik- [nulIk] to copulate with nuliaq(-) wife; female mate (for animal); (t)
(her/him); (i) to mate (usu. of animals) to marry her; (i) to take a wife
nutaq- (t) to repair, renew it nutaaq something new, fresh
qaat- (t) to cut it = sod in thin pieces for qaataq thin piece of sod for house roof
house roof
qilak- to knit (it) qilaaq knitted item
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savaaq job, work, employment; business;
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it; piece of work; action taken
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial
savigaq- (i) to cut baleen into thin strips savigaaq cut strip of baleen
(suitable for lashing and basket
weaving); (t) to strip it = baleen (for use
in making baskets, fishline, etc.)
tiglik- to steal (her/him/it) tigliaq stolen item
tigu- (i) to take hold and hang on; (t) to tiguaq adopted child
take, capture, grab, or arrest her/him/it
tikit- [tikIt] (i) to arrive at, reach one's tikisaq object or person reached or arrived
destination or goal; (t) to reach her/him/it at » tikisani iñuit nalunirai he said that he
did not know the people that he came upon
uglivit- (t)to turn it inside out uglivitaq item turned inside out »
uglivitaŋa qairruŋ give me the one that he
turned inside out

-aq2 or '-aq2 or +aq2 or :aq2 or = aq2 nn, rn (limited) that related to the N or R § -iyaaq nn
aġviq [aġviQ] [dual aġvak, pl. aġviġit, aġvaaq newborn whale; whale calf
archaic pl. aavġit; archaic rel. form

681
aavġum] bowhead whale (Balaena
mysticetus); Pacific right whale
(Balaena glacialis)
aippaq [aippaQ] one of a pair (persons, aippaaġu during the year after next
objects, seasons, years, or ages);
co-wife (woman with whom one
shares a husband)
akuq(-) skirt, hem, lower part of akuaq (Ti), (Nu) lower belly
garment; outer keel of an umiak frame;
board placed on one side of the keel of
an umiak frame; sheer line of kayaq; to
put a skirt on (her/him/it); to place the
two boards on either side of it = keel of
an umiak frame
allu seal’s breathing hole in sea ice alluaq seal's breathing hole, ice fishing hole
avalu(-) edge, rim; fence; ring around avałuaq (Nu) a wave formed on each side of
the sun or moon; wind shelter for tent; bow of ship as it moves through the water
(i) to be bordered, fenced in (this refers
only to the moment of completion of the
border or fence); (t) to fence her/him/it
in; (t) to put a border around it; (t) for a
ring to form around it = sun
igaliq skylight, window; seal net placed igalaaq skylight, window; four (at cards);
horizontally under a seal's breathing seal net
hole; (Nu) four (at cards)
iġñiq [iġñiQ] son iġñaaq core of wood, shoot of plant, heart
of tree
ikpaksraq yesterday; recent past ikpaksraaq a few days ago
ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or ilaaq patch, addition
name; companion, friend, partner; part
of a whole; (i) to get a co-participant,
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
imnaq1 high, steep cliff imnaaġuq cliff area which lies parallel to
the coast
iŋaluk sea mammal intestine; cleaned, iŋaluaq or iŋaluat small intestines of human
dried and stretched intestine of a and terrestrial mammals
bearded seal; raingear or window made
from the lining of bearded seal
intestines
iqaluk fish; (i) to catch a fish iqaluaqpak lake trout
irri severe, cold weather Irraasugruk February
°isu (stem) end, e.g., of a word, book, isualik type of hunting bow with straight

682
 long stick ends; (Nu) bow with bent ends which are in
line with each other
kaviq- [kavIq] (i) to be red kavviaq red fox (Vulpes fulva)
kii- [kIgI] (i) to clench one’s teeth; (i) to kigiaq (Nu) beaver (Castor anadensis)
bite oneself; (t) to bite her/him/it
natatquq soft bone; cartilage; egg white natatquaq soft bone
nau- [nagu] (i) to grow (of a plant or naunġaq fresh plant
wart); (i) to wax (of moon); (i) to
increase
nauniq(-) descendant; growth; (i) to be
long-lived
nauyaq seagull nauyyaaq1 young gull
niġliq [niġliQ] general term for goose niġlaaq gosling
(female) or gander (male)
nuġġaq calf (less than one year old) nuġġaaq newborn fawn
nuvuk pointed tip of anything nuvvuaġik- to have a sharp point
saatuquyak thin, flat stone (good for saatuquyaaq something flat
skipping on water); (Ti) flat bone
weight (used for bolas)
sauniq bone; pit, seed in fruit saunaaq eggshell
savilik (Ti) long shells with metal tip saviligaq .44 rifle
siksrik(-) [dual siksrak, pl.siksrigit] siksraaq young ground squirrel
arctic ground squirrel (Spermophilus
parryi); (i) to kill an arctic ground
squirrel
siitquq(-) or sitquq(-) kneecap, patella; sitquaq knee cap, patella; rear flipper of
hind flipper of seal; (i) to kneel, get seal or walrus
down on one’s knees; (t) to put one’s
knee on it
°sivu (stem) front part of anything; sivuaq incisor tooth
frontage, area in front of building; bow
of boat; front exterior wall of house;
time prior

-aq(-) or +aq(-) vn (limited) instrument or agent for V-ing or for the N

agik- [agIk] or agiaq- to rub, smooth, or agiaq(-) a grindstone, whetstone; to rub,
cut (it) away with a file smooth or cut (it) away with a file; to
sharpen (it) with a grindstone
aksralik- or (Nu) aksralui- to roll (it) aksraligaq wheel, tire
away; (Nu) (i) to roll over and over,
tumble down
argak(-) or (Ti) algak finger; hand; to argaaq glove
dig (in it) with hands or paws; to use an
ice scratcher (a tool made of seal claws
mounted in a wooden handle used to
simulate the scratching of a seal to lure

683
 it to its breathing hole)
ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or ilaaq(-) patch on clothing; addition to a
name; companion, friend, partner; part of house; (t) to patch it; (t) to build an addition
a whole; (i) to get a co-participant, on it = house
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
kaki- [kakI] (i) to prick oneself; (t) to kakiaq hook at end of fish spear
tattoo her/him/it; (t) to prick her/him/it
kiavsak- (i) to spin kiavsaaq spinning top (child’s toy)
kii- [kIgI] (i) to clench one’s teeth; (i) to kigiaq(-) (Nu) chisel; to chisel (it)
bite oneself; (t) to bite her/him/it
natiq(-)1 [natiQ] floor; to construct a nataaġnaq arctic flounder (Liopsetta
floor (on it) glacialis)
nataaq(-)(t) to attach a bottom to it
simik- (t) to plug it; (i) to be now simaaq gun wad (stuffed into shell on top of
plugged powder)
umik(-) cover, lid (Nu) (i) to collapse (of umigaq (Nu) cover of hard snow for pit trap
a house); to close the store (of owner); to
now be closed (of store); (t) to close it;
(Nu) (t) to trap it = bear in its den by
covering the entrance so it can be killed

-aqłuk nn (limited) an undesireable or not in prime condition N | perhaps -aq2 nn

-qłuk(-) vv, nn § -aluk nn
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil; iñuaqłuk a person who does not conform to
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to the norm; a person who mistreats others and
surprise her/him/it is therefore shunned
kamik(-) [dual kammak, pl.kamŋit] kamaaqłuk non-dressy shoe, everyday shoe
boot; mukluk; Iñupiaq-made fur boot;
dog booty; shoe; (i) to put one’s boots
on; (t) to put boots on her/him/it
nasautaq(-) hat, cap; (i) to put a hat or nasautaaqłuk old worn out hat
cap on; (t) to put a hat or cap on
her/him/it
niqi food, meat niqaaqłuk old meat
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what; suaqłuk trash, something unusable, of no
(t) to do what to her/him/it value

-aqqIq (limited) item of the N | see -qqiq

-aqsI- vv to be about toV; to begin toV and continue toV

+kaqsI- (restricted to verb stems which end in t)
aqpat- (i) to run (of a human) aqpatkaqsi- (i) to be about to run; (i) to

684

atuq- to sing (it)
katak(-) entrance hole in floor of sod
house (leading to subterranean tunnel or
passageway); (i) to fall off
miquq- to sew (it)
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it)
begin running and continue to run
atuaqsi- (i) to be about to sing; (i) to begin
singing and continue to sing » makitiqami
atuaqsiruq standing up, she began to sing
kataaqsi- (i) to be about to drop; (i) to drop
and continue to drop
miquaqsi- to be about to sew (it); to begin
and continue to sew (it) » aquvitiqami
miquaqsiruq sitting herself down, she
began to sew
niġiaqsi- to be about to eat (it); to begin
eating and continue to eat » niġiaqsirugut
we are going to begin eating

-aqsimmipkaq- vv (plus affirmative subordinative endings) just when she/he/it is about

to V (anther she/he/it begins to V)
+kaqsimmipkaq- vv (restricted to verb stems which end in t)
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isiaqsimmipkaqługu just when she/he/it is
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it about to enter » aŋaayyuliqsi
inside, to place it inside isiaqsimmipkaqługu sugiaqtarraqsiruq
nipatutilauramisun he began to swear as
loud as he could, just as the preacher was
about to enter
tikit- [tikIt] (i) to arrive at, reach one's tikitkaqsimmipkaqługu just when she/he/it
destination or goal; (t) to reach her/him/it is about to arrive » tikitkaqsimmipkaqługu
tiŋŋun qamun kalvittuq mitchaaġviŋmun
just when the plane is due to arrive, the car
got stuck on the runway
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of uqaaqsimmipkaqłuŋa just as I was about to
leg-hold trap which when stepped on begin speaking » uqaaqsimmipkaqłuŋa
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep quiqsualarraqsiruq he began to cough
talking to her/him for the purpose of uncontrollably and loudly, just as I was
advising her/him on the proper way to about to begin talking
live

-ataq-1 or -lġataq-1 vv toV for a long time § -atavIk- vv

qiñiq- to look at, watch (her/him/it) qiñaataq- or qiñilġataq- to stare at
(her/him/it) for quite a while
siñik(-) sleep; (i) to sleep; (t) to spend it = siñaataq- or siñilġataq- (i) to sleep for a
day sleeping long time
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of uqaataq- or uqalġataq- (i) to talk for a
leg-hold trap which when stepped on trips long time
the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep talking to
her/him for the purpose of advising

685
 her/him on the proper way to live
utaqqi- [utaqqI] to wait for (her/him/it) utaqqiataq- or utaqqilġataq- to wait a long
time for (her/him/it)

+ataq-2 vv to finally or without fanfare V

+ataq- (restricted to verb stems which end in k or q)
-lġataq-2 (restricted to verb stems which end in t or a vowel)
ai-2 [agi] (i) to go home, to come home ailġataq- to finally arrive home
aliuq- (i) to be amazed, astonished, aliuġataq- (i) to experience a hallucination,
astounded, to marvel supernatural event without conjuration
itiq- (i) to wake up itiġataq- (i) to finally wake up » qaŋa
itiġataqpa when did he finally wake up
1
naat- (i) to now be complete; (t) to naalġatgaq- to finally finish (it) » qaŋa
finish, complete it naalġataqpauŋ when did she finally finish
it
tautuk- to see (her/him/it) tautugataq- (t) to finally see her/him/it »
akku tautugataġiga I finally saw her a
while ago
tikit- [tikIt] (i) to arrive at, reach one's tikilġataq- (i) to finally arrive; (t) to finally
destination or goal; (t) to reach her/him/it reach her/him/it » uniaġaqtuat
tikilġataqtut the ones who went by dogsled
finally arrived
tilak- to mop or scrub (it = large surface tilagataq- to finally scrub (it = large
area) surface area) » uvlaaq tilagataqtuaŋa I
finally scrubbed the floors this morning
1
uqallak- (i) to speak uqallagataq- (i) to finally speak »
uqallagataqtuam tupaktittaatigut the one
who spoke so unexpectedly, startled us

+atavIk- vv to continue V-ing | -vik- vv § +lġatavIk- vv

+lġatavIk- (restricted to verb stems which end in t or a vowel)
+atavIk- vv (restricted to verb stems which end in q or k)
aqpat- (i) to run (of a human) aqpalġatavik- (i) to continue running »
aqpalġataviksuaq tautuktaqput we saw
the one who is running and had been for a
long while
qanaaq- to quarrel (with her/him) qanaaġatavik- (i) to continue to quarrel »
qanaaġataviksuak aŋuravuk wed caught
themd while they were still arguing

-atchak- vv (limited) to begin to V | perhaps -a-2 vv +t-2 vv +sak- vv § -rraqsI- vv,

-tchak- nv
aqpaliġaq- (i) to run to and fro aqpaliġaatchak- (i) to begin to run to and
fro » aqpaliġaatchaktut tautukkamirruŋ
they began to run to and fro when they saw
him

686
 ilimasuk- (i) to be apprehensive, ilimasuatchak- (i) to become apprehensive,
suspicious suspicious » ilimasuatchakpata
aniyumautin if they become suspicious,
leave
qalġuq- (i) to make its characteristic call qalġuatchak- (i) to begin to make its
(of animal) characteristic call (of animal)

-atchiaq- nv to go and ask for, borrow N from another household § attaqsi-

aŋuun short oar, paddle; one of paired aŋuutaatchiaq- (i) to go borrow an oar »
fins on a fish, especially a pectoral or aŋuutaatchiaġiñ Aaŋamiñ go borrow an
pelvic fin oar from Aaŋa
avu(-) sugar; an ingredient (i) to add avuatchiaq- (i) to go and borrow sugar »
sugar to something one is eating or avuatchiaqtuuraġiñ go quickly and borrow
drinking (t) to add sugar to it; to add an some sugar
ingredient to it
niqi food, meat niqaatchiaq- (i) to go and ask for meat
which one is out of »
niqaatchiaġniaqtuŋa qagmuŋa I will go
and ask for some meat from our neighbors
piatchiaq- (i) to go and ask for something
which one is out
qamun car, truck qamutaatchiaq- (i) to borrow a car »
qamutaatchiaqqaaqłunuk aullaqtuaguk
we left after we borrowed a car
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what; suatchiaq- (i) to go and borrow something
(t) to do what to her/him/it t » suatchiaġutivauŋ what has he gone to get
for her

-atchiaq nn (limited) a different version, manifestation of N

aaka mother; grandmother (modern use) aakatchiaq elder sister
aaquk aaquluk old woman aaquluatchiaq little old woman
aquaksraq old woman aaquaksraatchiaq little old lady
aŋayuqak aŋayuqaksraq (nu) old man; aŋayuqaksraatchiaq little old man
(Nu) arctic char
akłunaaq [akłunaraq] or (Ti) aglunaaq akłunaatchiaq (Nu) or (Ti) aglunaatchiaq
harpoon line, rope (originally of animal braided rope used by hunters; (Ti) string
skin)
aŋun man, an adult human male aŋugaatchiaq old man
apqun road, street, trail apqugaatchiat sidewalk
katit- (i) to gather, congregate, assemble; katinġaatchiak newly married couple
(i) to marry, wed; (i) to merge; (t) to
gather them together; (t) to harvest it =
crop
kuuk [kurik] river; tributary kuugaatchiaq stream linking lake to river

687
-atchiaq(-) vn, vv (limited) to V making a special effort, or splendidly
aniraġaq- (i) to go in and out aniraġaatchiaq- (Ti) (i) to play a game
where one jumps through one's arms with
hands clasped in front
aqsraq- to kick (her/him/it) repeatedly aqsraatchiaq(-) high kick competition; to
participate in “aqsraatchiaq”
argaun wrist; ice scratcher used by seal argaugaatchiaq(-) game in which a
hunters jumping rope is turned by two people while
a third person jump the twirling rope; (i) to
participate in “argaugaatchiaq”
avluġaq- (i) to take steps repeatedly, avluġaatchiaq(-) broad jump; to participate
walk in “avluġaatchiaq”
kirrak- (i) to be lukewarm (of liquid) kirratchiaq- (i) to be sunny weather
qilamiqsruq- to hurry (her/him/it) up qilamiqsruatchiaq- (i) to hurry, rush
qulvaq- or qurvaq- (i) to move further qulvaukatchiaq- (i) to walk in a bouncy
into the room away from the door; (i) to manner
roll one’s sleeves up; (t) to move
her/him/it further into a room away from
the door

¤-atkun (limited) nn item involving the N

siñi shore, border, edge; fur trim on siñaatkun (Ti) felt trim on top on boot
bottom edge or cuffs of parka

-ayaa- vv (limited) to V en masse § -a-1 vv

-yaa- (restricted to bases with -VV(C) final syllable)
a. examples with -ayaa-
aquvit- (i) to sit up or sit down; (t) to sit aquviayaa- (i) to sit down en masse; (t) to
down on it sit down on her/him/it en masse
1
iki- or iku- (i) to position or place ikuayaa- (i) to board en masse
oneself into a container or a conveyance;
(t) to place or put her/him/it into a
container or conveyance
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isiayaa- (i) to enter en masse
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside
tikit- [tikIt] (i) to arrive at, reach one's tikiayaa- (i) to arrive or reach one’s
destination or goal; (t) to reach her/him/it destination or goal en masse; (t) to reach it
= one’s destination en masse
b. examples with -yaa-
ikaaq- to go across (it) ikaayaa- (i) to go across en masse
g
niu- [ni u] (i) to get out of a conveyance niuyaa- (i) to disembark en masse
or a container; (t) to take her/him/it out
of a conveyance or a container
qai- [qaġI] to come (toward her/him/it) qaiyaa- (i) to come en masse

688
-ayaaq1 nn (limited) a juvenile N; a person of mixed race
-iyaaq (used with nouns which end in a k, Q or n)
(Nu) aatchausiayaaq nestling, newly
hatched bird
aguummak or aguummaq woven aguummaayaaġiik twins [lit. the onesd of
basket the same basket]
aġnaq woman; an adult human female; aġnaiyaaq girl (pre-teen); a female human
queen (suit in cards) baby
aniqqammiaq newborn; infant (human aniqqammiayaaq newborn; infant (human
or animal) or animal)
aŋun man, an adult human male aŋutaiyaaq boy (pre-teen); a male human
baby
aqaluk (Ti) fish aqaluayaaq (Ti) sardine
r
asiaq(-) [asi aq] berry; (Nu) blueberry asiayaaq (Ti) raisin
(Vaccinium uliginosum); (Ti) crowberry
(Empetrum nigrum); fruit in general; (i)
to pick berries
iġñiq [iġñiQ] son iġñiayaaq stillborn child
nanuq polar bear (Ursus maritimus) nanuayaaq polar bear cub
napaaqtuq tree, spruce tree napaaqtuayaaq vine
1
natchiq(-) [natchIQ] ring seal (Pusa natchiayaaq infant seal
hispida); (i) to catch a seal
pi(-) [pI] (t) to take, get, procure, acquire piayaaq young animal, baby animal
her/him/it; (t) to do it; (t) to say to
her/him; an entity
Puksripak black person puksripaiyaaq person who is part black
qaqqulaaq pilot bread; a large, hard, flat qaqquliayaaq (Ti) cookie; soda cracker
cracker
siku(-)1 ice; to freeze over; to become sikuayaaq(-) new ice, young ice on water;
icy to have new ice, young ice (of water)
Taaqsipak African American person; Taaqsipaiyaaq person who is part black
black person
Tanik Caucasian person; white person Taniayaaq person who is part white
tuttuġluk (Ti) pig; pork, bacon tuttuġluayaaq (Ti) corned beef
ugruk(-) bearded seal (Erignathus ugruayaaq young bearded seal
barbatus); (i) to catch a bearded seal
uvluq(-) day; daylight; to begin to grow uvluayaaq(-) dawn; to begin the first light
light (of day) of day

-ayaaq2 nn a member or employee of N (used in combination with -tkuk/t; or -miu)

Aaŋatkut family of the man, Aaŋa
North Slope Borough-tkut the
institution of the North Slope Borough
Aaŋatkuayaaq a member of the family of
the man, Aaŋa »
Aaŋatkuayaak nukatpiak tautuktaka I
saw the two young men of Aaŋa's family
North Slope Borough-tkuayaaq an
employee of the North Slope Borough »

689
 North Slope Borough-tkuayaat
savaŋitchut uvlupak the North Slope
Borough employees are not working today

-ayuuq vn (limited) one that Vs; one that resembles a V-ing or causes a V-ing; one
resembling a N | -yuk vn perhaps-.q-1 vv
aqpaqsruq- (i) to run very fast aqpaqsruayuuq sanderling (Crocethia
alba); red-breasted merganser; red necked
grebe (Mergus serrator)
avaala- (i) to yell avaalaayuuq one who is always making
irritating, crying noises
aviŋŋaq or (Ti) (PB) aviñŋaq aviŋŋaurayuuq (Nu) insect with long snout
[aviŋŋaQ] or aviñŋauraq lemming
(Lemmus sibiricus);
iksrik- (i) to bend over with one's iksriktaayuuq spotted sandpiper (Actitis
buttocks in the air; (t) to bend over with macularia); yellow wagtail (Motacilla flava)
one's buttocks raised towards her/him/it
in jest; to "moon" her/him/it
iraiyaq- (t) to remove its eyes iraiyayuuq shrike (Lanius excubitor)
mavrayuuq moth
qayuuttaaq pine grosbeak (Pinicola qayuuttaayuuq slate-colored junco (Junco
enucleator) hyemalis)
quvluq- (t) to split it into many pieces quvluayuuq fabric with striped pattern
lengthwise
timmaala- (i) to have a rumbling or timmaallaayuuq (Nu) long stone used with
buzzing sound in one's ear; (i) to make a sling, which makes a whirring sound
whirring sound
uviñŋuayuuq (Nu) lesser yellowlegs
(Tringa flavipes)

+[g]aaq or ~[g]aaq nn (limited) one involving or having an association with N §

-ligaaq(-) nn
aglak(-) a letter character; print pattern;
(Ti) a letter sent by mail; to write (it); (i)
to vote by secret ballot
apqun road, street, trail
atittuġun tusk-shaped design strip on
front and back of parka yoke
iġviaq tanned leather
Ipnalik (Nu) old style woman's parka
with tails
iri [dual irrak] eye
aglagaaq design, pattern, stripe
apqugaatchiat sidewalk
atittuġutiligaaq parka with tusk-shaped
design strips on front and back of yoke
iġvialigaak slippers or moccasins with soft,
tanned leather soles
ipnaligaaq (nu) old style woman's parka
with tails
irgaaq(-) monocle; to put eyeglasses on

690

isiġvik parka ruff
kanak length of human leg from crotch
to heel, inner leg; inseam
kanayuq sculpin, fourhorn slimy
(Myoxocephalus quadricornis Cottus
cognatus)
manu upper front of shirt or parka
niġrutiġuq- (i) to become an animal (of
a human)
ulik(-) [ulIk] blanket; cataract (of eye);
(i) to cover oneself with a blanket; (t) to
cover her/him/it with a blanket
(her/him/it)
isiġvikpagaaq(-) woman’s parka hood face
ruff of wolf sewn around wolverine fur sewn
on bleached seal skin; (i) to wear a parka
with an isiġvikpagaaq
ivik or ivigaaq blade of grass; grass; sedge
(Carex)
(Nu) kanagaaq shin bone, shank, shin, tibia,
lower leg
kanayuġaałik [pl.kanayuġaałigIt] (Nu)
small freshwater fish
manusiñiligaaq a parka with two tusk
design white strips on front of parka yoke
niġrutiġuġaaq one capable of turning into
an animal
uligaaq shawl or cape

~[g]ak or -[g]ak nn (limited) that associated with N; final suffix of some nouns
iri [dual irrak] eye irgaak or irgak a pair of eyeglasses;
goggles; (Ti) wooden snow goggles
isik [pl. itkIt] leg skin of caribou isigak or isigait foot (appendage)
algak (Ti) finger
argak(-) or (Ti) algak finger; hand; to dig
(in it) with hands or paws; to use an ice
scratcher (a tool made of seal claws mounted
on a wooden handle used to simulate the
scratching of a seal to lure it to its breathing
hole)
qatik breast of bird qatigak front part of animal with rib cage
and surrounding parts
qau qau call of a duck qaugak duck
tatirgak lesser sandhill crane (Grus
canadensis)

-gaq- vv (limited) to V using the means provided by the N or the action indicated by the V §
+[t]aq-2 nv, -t/raġaq- or -aġaq- or +aq-1 vv, +[ġ]aq- vv
aki(-)1 [akI] corresponding value, akigaq- to bear, carry (it,e.g., a bucket) from
equivalence; cost, price, value; wage; both sides (of more than one person); to
opposite side, other side; (Ti) north side bear, carry (it) on or across one’s shoulders,
of the point (Point Hope); (t) to respond, e.g.,with a yoke
acknowledge, or answer her/him with
gestures (of one who is far away but
visible)

691
 perhaps amit- [amIt] (i) to be narrow,
slim, slender
ipu(-) a long handle; (t) to attach a
handle to it
kaki- [kakI] (i) to prick oneself; (t) to
tattoo her/him/it; (t) to prick her/him/it
kalit- to drag, tow (her/him/it)
katak(-) entrance hole in floor of sod
house (leading to subterranean tunnel or
passageway); (i) to fall off
kilik- (t) to scrape it off of something; (t)
to scrape it = fat from something, e.g.,
intestine; (t) to scrape it = inner layer off
of skin
nivi(-) [nivI] place where animals and
insects gather; to be attracted (to it = bait
or food) (of game animal); to flock
around, hover over (her/him/it) (of birds,
mosquitoes, bees, etc.); (t) to cling,
adhere to her/him/it
tiġii- (i) to try not to make noise while
doing something, e.g., a hunter stalking
game
amigaq- (i) to be insufficient
ipugaq- to push or propel (it = usu., a boat
or raft) with a long pole and travel; to turn,
move a boat with an oar (by pushing); (i) to
use ski poles to gain speed
kakivyugaun small sharp side pain, "stitch"
when running
kaligaq- to snag and drag (it) accidentally
katagaq- (i) to fall, drop one by one; (t) to
drop them one by one
kiligaq- to scrape fat off a skin; to scrape
baleen to desired size
nivigaq- to be lingering, standing around
something or someone
tiġiigaq- (i) to stalk an animal, crouching; (t)
to stalk it = animal, crouching

+gasugi- or +gasuga- vv to think that § +k/gasugi- vv

-gauraq nn,vn (limited) one (usually a smaller version) possessing the qualities of N |
perhaps +[ġ]aq vn, nn :uraq nn
aliitkun pastime, hobby, entertainment aliitkugauraq source of pleasure, that which
makes one happy; affectionate term for
someone who makes one happy
aŋmagauraq (Nu) smelt
aŋun man, an adult human male aŋugauraq small boy
atuun song; record; piece of music atuugauraq fast Iñupiaq dance song
avatalik (Ti) snow bunting, snowbird avataligauraq snow bunting, snowbird
ignilik motor propelled vessel, motor- igniligauraq inboard motor boat
driven ship
illak- (i) to become tangled up, mixed illagauraq (siku) ice which has begun to
up; (t) to tangle it up melt and although solid, is spongy and
dangerous
ilulik container; something with an inner iluligauraq bowl
part; great grandchild
imġun a supply of water; drinking glass; imġugauraq a small supply of water; water
water pitcher cup

692
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil;
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
iñuqułłik or (Ti) iñuqullik dwarf;
legendary "little person"
iqaluk(-) or (Nu) qaluk(-) fish; (i) to
catch a fish
isivruġaq metal spring, mattress spring;
pointed rods of baleen, approximately
six inches in length (the baleen rods are
doubled up, wrapped in meat or fat and
frozen; when swallowed by a wolf or
bear they straighten out, thus piercing
the stomach and causing death)
kaki- [kakI] (i) to prick oneself; (t) to
tattoo her/him/it; (t) to prick her/him/it
kapi- (i) to stab oneself once, to give
oneself a shot; (t) to stab, pierce
her/him/it once; (t) to give a shot, an
injection to her/him/it
kuuk [kuruk] river
makkaqpalik one with a big diaper
nuqaqtilik stringed instrument, guitar
piu- (i) to be “it”; (i) to be the “one”
(during the playing of a game)
puyyuun tweezers
qallun cup, dipper, ladle; bailer; water
pump
qauqqiñ boom of sailboat
qiġñiq- (i) to be black, dark
qilaun drum used in Iñupiaq dancing
saquuq- (i) to turn or swerve repeatedly,
to meander, to weave to and fro, to
zigzag
sigguk(-) one mandible of bird beak;
muzzle, mouth area; (i) to thrust one’s
lips out, showing displeasure; (i) to pout;
(t) to swell when cold (of lips)
simmaun substitute
693
iñugaq or iñugauraq or (Ti) iñugaŋŋuaq
digit (finger or toe) one of the four small
toes; metatarsal bone
iñuqułłigauraq or iñuqułłik or (Ti)
iñuqullik dwarf; legendary "little person"
iqalugauraq small fish
¤isivraagauraq(-) (Nu) trap spring; (i) to be
wound (of trap spring)
kakkigauraq small safety pin, straight pin
kappun or kappugauraq hypodermic
needle; lancet, small knife for bloodletting;
bodkin, small dagger; spear
kuugaluk or kuugauraq or kuuġuuraq
stream, creek
makkaqpaligauraq (Ti) wild baby
nuqaqtiligauraq violin
piugauraq food that is set aside for special
occasions or for someone special
puyyuugaurak tweezers
qallugauraq cup
qalugauraq (Nu) a rounded muscle like the
biceps
qauqqigauraq (Nu) gaff of sailboat
qiġñiqtulik or (Nu) qiġñiqtuligauraq sheep
about three years old (with black stubs on
medium-sized horns)
qilaugauraq (Ti) eardrum
sakiaguraq or sakiagauraq (Nu) low-
growing plant found among rocks
saquuppilugauraq rickrack (sewing, fabric
trim)
siggukpaligauraq [lit., “one with a big
beak”] dunlin (Erolia alpina)
simmaun or simmiun or simmaugauraq

taku- (t) to go and see how she/he is
faring; (t) to visit her/him in the hospital;
(t) to check on it
uqpIk willow (Salix)
utkusik or ukkusik cooking pot
deuce (at cards)
takkun or takkugauraq pupil of eye
uqpigauraq (Nu) medium-sized willow
utkusigauraq or ukkusigauraq tin can

+gayaq- vv would V § +k/gayaq- vv

-ggaaq- nv (limited use with body part names) to injure, damage the V (usually some part
of the body); to injure, damage herhis/its N (usu. some part of the body); to undo its N
§ '-aq-2 nv

= ggun nn,vn (limited) the means, cause or the reason for V-ing; or result of V-ing §
+un1 or +uti1 vn

+[g]i- or :[g]i- nv, rv, vv (limited) (t) to have her/him/it for one's N; rv to feel V towards it;
to think, consider her/him/it to be V; for the object to be V for the subject
agliq- (Ti) (i) to menstruate agliġi- (t) to avoid her/him/it in
(menstruating women were seen as accordance with taboo, e.g., avoidance
taboo and isolated; the word agliq- in of an ill person
turn is associated with other terms
relating to taboo)
aglu(-) coating or layer put on underside aglugi- (t) to run over her/him/it with a
of sled runner (usually made of hard vehicle
wood, whale jaws, or metal); whale
jawbone; (t) to put a coating or layer on
bottom of sled runners
aġlik- (t) to leave behind a portion of a aġligi- to feel bad at being unable to take
load part of her/his/its load
aliuġun one held in awe aliuġutigi- (t) to be in awe of her/him/it
alla another one, different one; allagi- (t) to feel or sense that she/he/it is
something strange different, changed, unfamiliar or
unrecognizable
allayuaq- (i) to feel shy, bashful among allayuaġi- (t) to feel uneasy because of
strangers (of small children); to feel her/him/it, not knowing what to expect; to
uneasy, apprehensive in an unfamiliar feel uncomfortable with someone unfamiliar
situation; to see something strange,
different from what one has seen before,
to see something unrecognizable, have a
vision
*anaya (root) wariness, caution anayagi- (t) to be wary of her/him/it or to
feel concern for her/him
*anmik feeling of superiority anmigi- to feel one is more capable than
another; to feel that one can beat another in
competition

694
aŋi- 1 (i) to be big, large
*aŋŋi (root) denial
*apiq (root) inquiry
aqit- [aqIt] (i) to be soft, tender to the
bite or touch
aqpik-1 (i) to find an object or a task not
entirely desirable; (i) to not want to carry
a heavy load in one’s boat or sled
*attaq (root) unapproachable,
intimidating
avilaitqan friend
*iglik (root) loveable, endearing, cute,
cuddly
iglu(-) house, dwelling, building; (t) to
build a structure over it
iġlik- (i) to be selfish, stingy
ikłik- (i) to desire, covet something
*ikpik source of discomfort
ilisaq- to study or practice (it)
ilit- [ilIt] (i) to learn; (t) to learn of ilitchuġi- to become aware, cognizant of
her/his ways, habits; (t) to learn it
*iñaviq (root) a hindrance
ilak- (t) to shove her/him/it aside with a
sweeping motion
ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or
name; companion, friend, partner; part of member or a relative
a whole; (i) to get a co-participant,
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
ilunŋu- (i) to feel compassion; (i) to
have abdominal pains
iłuit- or iluit- (i) to not be correct, not iłuigi- to find it ill-fitting, inappropriate, not
proper, not right
ipkit- to be dull, blunt, not sharp (of
knife, axe, etc.
*iqIk (root) laziness; lack of initiative;
lethargy; boring; uninspiring; lack of
eagerness, unwillingness
*kama (root) awe, respect
695
aŋigi- to be too big for her/him/it
aŋŋigi- to deny knowledge of it
apiġi- to ask her/him
aqigi- to be too soft for her/him/it
aqpigi- (t) to find his/her/its presence
undesirable; (t) to not want her/him/it along
and send her/him/it away
attaġi- (t) to consider her/him to be
unapproachable, intimidating; to hesitate to
ask a favor of her/him; (Ti) (i) to not expect
to live; (t) to not expect her/him to live
because of a serious illness
avilaitqatigi- (t) to be her/his/its friend
igligi- to express or show affection or
endearment for her/him/it
iglugi- to be his/her house
iġligi- to be selfish, stingy about her/him/it
ikłigi- (t) to desire, covet it
ikpigi- to feel slight pain from it
ilisaġi- to recognize her/him/it
(her/him/it); (t) to become acquainted with
her/him/it
iñaviġi- (t) to hinder, slow her/him down
ilakługi- t) to swipe, shove, throw it/them
around and leave it/them in disorder
ilagi- (t) to include, to have her/him/it as a
ilunŋugi- (t) to feel sorry for her/him/it
right
ipkigi- to be too dull for her/him/it
iqigi- (t) to feel that she/he has no initiative
kamagi- (t) to obey, honor her/him/it; (t) to

*kanŋu (root) feeling of shame,
embarrassment; feeling of shyness
*kappia (root) feeling of fright, danger
kasimman purpose of a meeting; reason
for holding a meeting
kaviq- [kavIq] (i) to be red
kayumik- (i) to be fast, swift, speedy; (i)
to be appetizing, palatable (of food)
kaviuq- (i) to covet, desire, long for
someone or something strongly; (t) to
covet, desire it
killuq [killuQ] wrong one
*kipa (root) source of one’s hilarity,
teasing
kipaun one mocked
*kipiq (root) desire for an optimun
outcome
malik- to follow, accompany
(her/him/it)
*maluka (root) inferior
*mamia (root ) feeling of distress,
offense
*miġvi (root) dislike
miki- (i) to be small
*misik (root) expectation of a
happening
*munaq (root) caretaking
*naglik (root) compassion, mercy,
sympathy, pity
naġġu- (i) to dislike, not want, reject,
refuse something
°nali (stem) even, in line, straight
forward; (Ti) south side of Point Hope,
Alaska; price
*nigvik (root) vertical alignment
nika- (i) to avoid eye contact with
others; to be still, silent; (i) to be a
696
be overwhelmed, awed by her/him/it; (t) to
be amazed, impressed by her/him, especially
by an action she/he has performed
kanŋugi- to be ashamed of her/him/it
kappiagi- to feel worried for her/him; to feel
that you do not want her/him= your
companion, relative, etc. to leave
kasimmatigi- (t) to hold a meeting about
her/him/it
kaviġi- to think it is too red
kayumigi- to like the food
kaviuġi- to covet, desire her/him/it
killuġi- to oppose him/her/it
kipagi- (t) to mock, tease, make fun of
her/him; (t) to hold contempt for her/him; (t)
to scorn her/him/it
kipautigi- to mock him/her/it
kipiġi- to be anxious, persistent about doing
or obtaining it
maliġi- (t) to follow her/him/it
malukagi- to feel that what she/he has done
is of inferior quality
mamiagi- to have hurt feelings, be offended
by her/his criticism or scolding
miġvigi- (t) (Nu) to dislike her/him
mikigi- to be too small for her/him/it
misigi- to be expecting her/him/it
munaġi- to watch over her/him/it
nagligi- to feel sorry, compassionate towards
her/him/it
naġġugi- to not want her/him/it; to reject
her/him/it
nakuaġi- (t) to love, like him/her/it
naligi- to be equal to her/him in ability
nigvigi- to be in line with her/him/it
vertically
nikagi- to have no confidence in her/him/it
non-participant due to one's
embarrassment, lack of confidence or
fear of authority
nipatu- (i) to be noisy, loud nipatugi- (t) to find her/him/it too loud, too
noisy
nuna land, tundra, earth; inland; country, nunagi- (t) to be her/his/its land; (t) to be a
territory, a citizen’s nation-state citizen of it = country
*nuyu (root) timidity, fearfulness, nuyuaġi- (t) to be wary, afraid of her/him/it
wariness
*paquq (root) contamination, taboo paquġi- (t) to shun her/him= sick person,
for fear of being contaminated; (t) to regard
her/him/it with fear or caution
piluk- (i) to be a bad person; (i) to be of pilugi- (t) to dislike her/him/it
poor quality
piqpak- (i) to make a fuss; (t) to fuss piqpagi- (t) to love her/him/it dearly
over her/him/it
*qaunak (root) carefulness qaunagi- (t) to watch over, take care of
her/him/it; (i) to be on the alert for her/him/it
quiñi- [quiñI] or quivsit- or (Ti) quiñigi- (t) to think she/he/it is too fat
quivtit- (i) to be fat
qutchik- (i) to be high in elevation; (i) to qutchigi- (t) to think or feel that it is too
be in a high position (physically or job- high
wise)
saŋiak- (i) to be sexually jealous saŋiagi- (t) to be sexually jealous of her/him
sapiq- (t) to not do it = task feeling that sapiġi- (t) to feel that it = task is impossible
it is impossible or too formidable to even or so formidable that one does not even try
attempt; (t) to be fearful, wary of
her/him/it
sigña- (i) to refuse to share, be stingy sigñagi- or (Nu) sikñagi- (t) to refuse to
share, be stingy with her/him/it
sivuuġa- (i) to be apprehensive, afraid of sivuuġagi- (t) to be afraid to face her/him/it,
being blamed or reprimanded be apprehensive of her/him/it, to anticipate
her/him/it with reluctance, anxiety, or alarm
*taluq (root) sterness, intimidating taluġi- (t) to feel that she/he is
unapproachable; (t) to feel submissive
toward her/him; (t) fear her/his wrath; (t) to
be unable to assert oneself against her/him
ġ
umiaq(-) [umi aq] a boat; (i) to go umiaġi- (t) for it to be her/his boat
hunting in an umiak for sea mammals;
(Ti) (i) to be out at whaling camp or in a
whaling boat
uŋasik- (i) to be far away; (t) to be far uŋasigi- (t) to think she/he/it is too far away
away from her/him/it
uquuttaq windbreak uquuttaġi- (t) to use it for a windbreak
*uumI (root) anger, hatred, dislike uumigi- (t) to hate, dislike her/him

697
+[g]iik(-) nn, nv a relationship where one or several has another as her/his/its/their N; (i)
to have a relationship where one or several has another as her/his/its/their N
aaka mother; grandmother (modern use) aakagiik mother and child
aakagiik- to be mother and child
aapiyaq older brother aapiyaġiik older brother and sibling
aatauraq older sister aatauraġiik older sister and sibling
aki(-)1 [akI] corresponding value, akigiik- (i) to be across from each other;
equivalence; cost, price, value; wage; opponents
opposite side, other side; (Ti) north side
of the point (Point Hope); (t) to respond,
acknowledge, or answer her/him with
gestures (of one who is far away but
visible)
aniqan sibling aniqatigiit siblings
aniqatigiik- to be siblings
aŋak or aŋaaluk uncle aŋagiik uncle and nephew or uncle and
niece
aŋayuqaaq parent aŋayuqaaġiit a family
atchak aunt atchagiik aunt and nephew or niece
avilaitqan friend avilaitqatigiik two friends
ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or ilagiit relatives
name; companion, friend, partner; part of ilagiik- to be related
a whole; (i) to get a co-participant,
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
iglu(-) the other, the mate, as in a pair of iglugiik(-) paired items; (i) to be a pair
mittens or boots; (i) to be provided with
a companion or a partner; (t) to provide
her/him/it with a partner, companion, or
a complement
iññaq (Nu) appearance, demeanor, iññaġiik(-) similar items; (i) for two things
condition to be alike
kapit- (i) to be tight-fitting; (t) to fit an kapitaaġiik- to be inside the other
outer piece over an inner one, e.g.,
snowshirt over parka;
kapitak (Ti) outer fur parka
kayyaaq, (Nu) katyaaq intersection, kayyaaġiik two roads or rivers which
fork, crossroads, junction of two rivers; intersect
branch of a river
kiŋuġaqłiq one furtherest behind kiŋuġaqłiġiik(-) a pair with one behind the
other; (i) to be in line, one behind the other
malik- to follow, accompany maligiik- (i) to be close in age (of siblings)
(her/him/it)

698
 naammak- (i) to be of the right amount
or size, to fit right; (i) to be adequate,
enough
nuka or nukaq or nukatchiaq or
nukaaluk younger sibling
qalliq(-) outermost part, top part,
topmost one; (i) to be now covered; (t) to
cover, top her/him/it with something
sakiġatchauraq a new new brother-in-
law or a son-in-law
saniġaqłiq something to the side, one by
one's side
tuvaaqan companion, mate, partner,
spouse
*uumI (root) anger, hatred, dislike
+[g]iiksit- nv (i) to enter into a relationship where one or several has another as her/his or
their N; (t) to cause them to enter into a relationship where one or several has another as
her/his or their N | +[g]iik(-) nn, vn +sit- vn
akilliq opponent, competitor; opposite;
enemy; (Nu) side platform in sod house
(one of two platforms opposite each
other)
ilaaluq partner
tuvaaqan companion, mate, partner,
spouse
+[g]iilI- nv (i) to have one's N deteriorate; (t) to impair, damage or cause to deteriorate
her/his/its N
aġnaq woman; an adult human female;
queen (suit in cards)
aŋun man, an adult human male
irrusiq behavior, appearance
kigun tooth
mapkuq bearded seal skins sewn
together and used for blanket toss at
699
naammiaġiik(-) beings or objects of the
same size; (i) to be of the same size (of two
or more beings or objects)
nukaġiik siblings; brother and sister
qalliġiik(-), (Nu) qalliġIk- two things lying
one on top of the other; (i) to lie one on top
of the other
sakiġatchauraġiik relationship where one
or the other is a brother-in-law or a
son-in-law
saniġaqłiġiik(-) the beings or objects side by
side; (i) to be situated side by side
surratigiik- (i) to have influence over each
other
tuvaaqatigiik man and wife
tuvaaqatigiik- to be man and wife
uumigiik- (i) to be in conflict, be enemies,
to hate each other
akilliġiiksit- to become opponents now
ilaaluġiiksit- to become partners
tuvaaqatigiiksit- to get married
aġnaġiili- to lose one’s beauty (of a woman)
aŋutigiili- (i) to become less handsome; (t)
to render or make him less handsome »
aŋutigiiligaa kivramaqłukługu he looks
terrible with the awful haircut she gave him
irrusiġiili-(i) to become irrational from
worrying too much
kigutigiili- (i) to develop a toothache »
kigutigiiliruami unnuaq I developed a
toothache last night
mapkuġiili- for the mapkuq to become
“loose, no longer taut” during the
 Nalukataq “whaling festival” Nalukataq “whaling festival”
savausiq quality of workmanship savausiġiili- to have the quality of work
deteriorate

+[g]iit- nv (i) to have a bad N; to have pain in one’s N | +[g]Ik- nv :It-1 vv

iri [dual irrak] eye irigiit- (i) to have poor eyesight
irrusiq behavior, appearance irrusiġiit- (i) to have a bad disposition
niaquq head, skull niaquġiit- (i) to have a headache
niu leg niugiit- (i) to have a lame leg
qamun car, truck qamutigiit- (i) to have a car, truck which
runs poorly
savik [savIk] or savik knife; metal savigiit- (i) to have a dull knife

+[g]Ik- nv to have a good N or be a N with good attributes

aaka mother; grandmother (modern use) aakagik- (i) to have a wonderful mother
aġnaq woman; an adult human female; aġnaġik- (i) to be pretty, attractive (of a
queen (suit in cards) woman)
aŋun man, an adult human male aŋutigik- (i) to be a handsome man
argak(-) or (Ti) algak finger; hand; to argagik- (i) to have beautiful hands
dig (in it) with hands or paws; to use an
ice scratcher (a tool made of seal claws
mounted on a wooden handle used to
simulate the scratching of a seal to lure
it to its breathing hole)
kamik(-) [dual kammak, pl.kamŋit] kamigik- (i) to have a pair of beautiful boots
boot; mukluk; Iñupiaq-made fur boot;
dog booty; shoe; (i) to put one’s boots
on; (t) to put boots on her/him/it
kilu2 seam, stitch kilugik- (i) to be a skilled seamstress
niqi food, meat niqigik- (i) to be tasty and tender (of meat)
qiññaq appearance qiññaġik- (i) to look good and pleasing to
the eye

+[g]iksaq- nv (limited) to fix, make nice, make presentable or beautify a N | +[g]Ik- nv

+saq3-vv
aġnaq woman; an adult human female; aġnaġiksaq-(i) to put make-up on; (t) to put
queen (suit in cards) make-up on her
aŋun adult male human, man aŋutigiksaq- (i) to groom oneself; (t) to
groom him
kigun tooth kigutigiksaq- (i) to brush one’s teeth
qavlu eyebrow qavlugiksaq- (i) to pluck one’s eyebrows;
(t) to pluck her eyebrows

+giññaaq item easily V-ed § msiññaaq vn

700
-giññaq- vv to V once; to merely, only V § msiññaq-1 vv

+[g]ipasaŋIt- nv to not have it for one’s N for very long | +[g]i- nv *pasaq vv ±ŋIt- vv
aimaaġvik or aimmivik home aimaaġvigipasaŋit- (t) to not have it for a
home for long
savaaq job, work, employment; savaaġipasaŋit- (i) to not have it for a job
business; piece of work; action taken for long

+gisi- vv indicates that the action will be done in the future § +k/gisi- vv

-glI- vv to become V; to be V-ed § -kłI- vv

+[g]luk(-) nn, nv (limited) a rough version of a N; to be or have the rough or undesireable

version of N § +luk(-)1 nv ‘-ġluk- vn, ‘-qłuk1 nn; -kłuk-vv; -łuk(-)1 nn -pałłuk- vv
amiq(-) [amIQ] animal hide, pelt; skin
covering on boat or kayak frame; (t) to
put a hide covering on it = boat or
kayak frame
argak(-) or (Ti) algak finger;
hand; to dig (in it) with hands or
paws; to use an ice scratcher (a
tool made of seal claws mounted
on a wooden handle used to
simulate the scratching of a seal
to lure it to its breathing hole)
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil;
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
imaq1(-) [imaQ] liquid, fluid;
non-potable water; lake; sea,
ocean; lagoon; (t) to moisten it =
animal hide to ready it for
scraping
isigak or isigait foot (appendage)
°isu (stem) end, e.g., of a word, book,
long stick
isuŋŋaq [isuŋŋaQ] long-tailed jaeger
(Stercorarius longicaudus)
ivalu(-) thread; sinew; dental floss; (t) to ivaluġluk (Ti) whale sinew
thread it
kilu2 seam, stitch
manu upper front of shirt or parka
amiġluk(-) chapped skin, scab; (i) to
be rough, chapped (of skin); (i) to be
scarred (of skin); (i) to form a scab;
(Nu) old tree bark
argagluk- (i) to have unhealthy or
chapped hands
iññuġluk- or (Ti) iñugluk- (i) to be a bad
person
imaġluk- (Ti) (i) to be rough,
choppy (of body of water)
isigagluk- (i) to have foul smelling
feet
isugluk end of a bone, loaf of bread, etc; (Ti)
end of loaf of bread, etc.
isuŋŋaġluk or isuŋŋaaluk pomarine jaeger
(Stercorarius pomarinus)
kilugluk- (i) to sew uneven or big
stitches, to be sewn with uneven or
big stitches
manuġluk(-) or (Ti) manuġli(-) frost from
breath; (i) to become frosted from breath

701

nausaaq(-) omen or sign; a good luck
sign; (i) to receive, experience an omen;
(Nu) (i) to experience a good sign, omen
nuna land, tundra, earth; inland; country,
territory, a citizen’s nation-state
qakiq-2 (t) to hit her/him/it on
chin with fist
qaliq(-) top covering; rust; (i) to rust
qiŋaq nose; house ventilator; blowhole
of whale
sauniq bone; pit, seed in fruit
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what;
(t) to do what to her/him/it
tipi odor
tutchaq oral account, news
uaŋnIq- (i) to blow from west (of wind)
umiaq(-) [umiġaq] a boat; (i) to go
hunting in an umiak for sea mammals;
(Ti) (i) to be out at whaling camp or in a
whaling boat
uniq [uniQ] armpit, underarm
uŋalaq(-) or uŋalaaq southwest wind;
(Nu, Ti) south wind; (i) to blow from the
southwest (of wind)
-guaq- nv (restricted to singular possessed nouns) and -tiguaq- (restricted to dual and
plural possessed nouns) to go by means of, way of N’s N § -kuaq- nv
°aqu (stem) behind, rear, back of an
object; trunk of car, bed of truck, stern of aquaguaqtugut taaptuma we performed
boat; final chapter of story; some time
after; downriver end of an island
taliqpik right arm; right side
tunu back (of human body); back area;
back exterior wall of house
m[g]u(n) cn (limited) (used when referring to the next interval of time) § -ku(n)2
°aanna (stem) today’s time beyond or
702
(of parka ruff)
nausaaġluk(-) bad sign or omen; (i) to have
a bad sign or omen
nunagluk(-) rough terrain; (i) to be
undesireable, dry land
qakiġluk(-) jowls
qaliġluk(-) scab; (i) to form a scab
qiŋaġluk porcupine
sauniġluk- (i) to have a bulky frame (e.g., of
boat); to be big-boned; have a bad posture
(of person)
suqłuk- to become impure, dirty (of water)
tivraġluk- (i) to be too bitter to eat (of meat)
tutchaġluk- (i) to hear bad news
uaŋniġluk- (Ti) (i) to blow from southeast,
bringing rain and bad weather
umiaġluk(-) raft; ice floe used to cross open
water; (i) to ride on a raft; (i) to cross open
water on an ice floe
uniġluk- (i) to have bad underarm odor
uŋalaaġluk- (Ti) (i) to be blowing strongly
from the south (of wind)
aquaguaq- (i) to happen after »
ours right after that one did
taliqpiaguaq- (i) to travel via another
person’s or object’s right side
tunuaguaq- (i) to travel behind another
person or vehicle; (i) to travel via the back
area of a person or object » tunuaguaqłuŋa
iglum tautuŋitchaani he did not see me
because I came via the back of the house
aannagu (excl.) or aatnagu wait; wait a
 before this moment
aaqan or aaqagu or aaqagun (excl.)
wait; wait a minute; in a moment,
shortly, in a while, in a little while, after
a while, later on
aippaq [aippaQ] one of a pair (persons,
objects, seasons, years, or ages);
co-wife (woman with whom one
shares a husband)
°anaqa (stem) evening
ikpaksraq yesterday; the recent past
ilaanni sometimes, once in a while
ukiuq(-) wintertime; last year; (t) to
come (of winter)
unnuaq(-) night; last night; (Ti)
yesterday; to become night
upinġaq- (Ti), upinġaaq(-) to come (of
summer); summer; last summer
upinġaksraq spring; last spring
uvlaaq(-) morning, this past morning; to
become morning
uvlaatchauraq very early this morning
guq nn (limited) final suffix of some nouns
pamiuq tail (of mammal); (Nu) odd card
not part of a pair (in card game of
“fives”)
°qaġlik (root) one side of pants
°takkuq (stem) presence of
-ġaaġruit nn (limited) many Ns | :It nn § -salak nn :It nn
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil;
703
minute; in a moment, shortly, in a while,
later on, in a little while, after a while
aaqan or aaqagu or aaqagun (excl.) wait;
wait a minute; in a moment, shortly, in a
while, in a little while, after a while, later on
aippaaġu during the year after next,
indefinite time in the future
aippaanigu sometime in the distant future
akku a while ago, some time ago
anaqapak or (Nu) anaqagu tonight, this
evening
ikpaksraaġu in a few days
ilaannigu at some future date
ukiuġu this coming winter or year
unnuaġu this coming night; tomorrow night
upinġaaġu this coming summer
upinġaksraġu this coming spring
uvlaaku tomorrow
uvlaatchauraġu early this coming morning
pamiguyaaq (Ti) tailbone
puguq (Ti) carved figure made each year at
the time of the aquppiyut “sitting,” then
burned at a special place at the conclusion of
the ceremony (Rainey, 248)
putuguq big toe, the hallux
¤qaġligugaurak (Ti) man’s skin underpants
(traditionally with fur inside)
quniguq thick webbing (made too thick to
be used)
tamalguq (Ti) dollar (U.S. currency)
iñuġaaġruit a crowd of people
 resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
qimmiq [qimmIq] dog (Canis lupus qimmiġaaġruit many, many dogs
forma familiaris)
tuttu caribou (Rangifer tarandus) tuttuġaaġruit or tuttusalait herd of caribou

-ġak-vv, rv (limited) to undergo a process involving a V-ing

au- (i) to rot or decay (of tooth, wood, auġak- or auġaŋasI- (i) to become bent
etc.); (i) to ferment or age (of meat, fish); with age
(i) to become partially melted and
dangerous underfoot (of ice); (i) to
decompose
*ayuq (root) behavioral pattern, habit ayuġak- (i) to develop a habit; (i) to become
accustomed to something
iviq- to fit (it) iviġak- (i) to be pleased; (t) to please
her/him
°nali (stem) even, in line, straight naliġak- (i) to make a choice, weighing the
forward; (Ti) south side of Point Hope, possibilities; (i) to call for question (in
Alaska; price parliamentary procedure); (t) to evaluate
her/him/it in comparison to others
taktuk(-) fog; (i) to be foggy taktuġayaq- (i) to be somewhat foggy
*uiq (root) drawn to; strong inclination ¤uiġak- (t) to almost recognize her/him/it

+[ġ]aq vn, nn (limited) one that V-s, is V-ed, resembles a N, is a product of the N, is used
for the N (also used with names of body parts or land designations; indicates a young,
juvenile, new or a smaller version of N; depicts bird, animal and plant names; final
suffix in names of food delicacies and some tools) § -nġaq vn, nn
aayuġaq crack in sea ice kept open by
shifting currents
aiġaq plant with edible roots
aki gaff, barb on hook; curved hook- ¤akigaq1 (Ti), (Nu) large hook, gaff with
shaped slough off river shaft, e.g., for retrieving bearded seals
1
aki(-) [akI] corresponding value, akiłuk or akiługaq echo, something
equivalence; cost, price, value; wage; flashing on and off
opposite side, other side; (Ti) north side
of the point (Point Hope); (t) to respond,
acknowledge, or answer her/him with
gestures (of one who is far away but
visible)
aksralik- or (Nu) aksralui- to roll (it) aksraligaq wheel
away; (Nu) (i) to roll over and over,
tumble down
alliq one on the bottom alliġaq bottom fur skin of multi-layered
bedding, used with fur side down; by
extension, rubberized cloth
alliq one on the bottom allimġaq any bottom tooth

704
amiq(-) [amIQ] animal hide, pelt; skin amiġaq bark of tree
covering on boat or kayak frame; (t) to
put a hide covering on it = boat or kayak
frame
amiq(-) [amIQ] animal hide, pelt; skin amiġaq sewing stitch used especially in the
covering on boat or kayak frame; (t) to making of umiaks
put a hide covering on it = boat or kayak
frame
amit- [amIt] (i) to be narrow, slim, amilġaq or amirġaq ulna, fibula
slender
aŋayukłiq firstborn, eldest one, aŋayukłiġaq one-year-old caribou bull
someone’s elder; two-year-old caribou
bull
arguq- (i) to travel against the wind arguġaq point of land open to the wind
auk(-) blood; (i) to bleed; (Ti) to have a augavIk blood vessel
nosebleed
igliq- or iglau- (i) to be travelling; (i) to igliġaq shrimp
be running, idling (of a machine/engine);
(t) to travel it = distance
iksiva- (i) to be sitting iksuġaq seat in an umiak
iki-1 or iku- (i) to position or place ikuvġaq mattress, mat, pad
oneself into a container or a conveyance;
(t) to place or put her/him/it into a
container or conveyance
imaq1(-) [imaQ] liquid, fluid; non- imaġaq broth
potable water; lake; sea, ocean; lagoon;
(t) to moisten it = animal hide to ready it
for scraping
imaq1(-) [imaQ] liquid, fluid; non- imaġauraq puddle of water
potable water; lake; sea, ocean; lagoon;
(t) to moisten it = animal hide to ready it
for scraping
imiq(-) [imiQ] drinking water; a imiġaq broth from boiling meat, fish
beverage; an alcoholic drink; potable
liquid, broth; amniotic fluid; to drink (it)
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil; iñugaq phalange of human or animal
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
ipiq [ipIq](Nu) small, thin root; chain or ipiġaq wick
rope
iqaluk(-) or (Nu) qaluk(-) fish; (i) to iqalugaq tomcod, codfish
catch a fish
iqit(-) a fist; (i) to contract (e.g., of iqirġaq corner
worm, fist);(i) to embrace each other; (t)
to embrace her/him/it
isavgaq young walrus

705
isivit- (i) to be extended fully, flattened isivruġaq metal spring, mattress spring;
out; (i) to stand up straight from a pointed rods of baleen, approximately six
stooped position; (i) to stretch out from a inches in length (the baleen rods are
fetal position; (i) to be laid out (like wet doubled up, wrapped in meat or fat and
clothing); (i) to unwind (of thread); (t) to frozen; when swallowed by a wolf or bear
extend, stretch it out fully; (t) to lay it all they straighten out, thus piercing the
out stomach and causing death)
°isu (stem) end, e.g., of a word, book, isuġaq individual dog harness rope; trace of
long stick a dog harness
kanak length of human leg from crotch kanagaq shinbone, shank, shin, tibia, lower
to heel, inner leg; inseam leg
kaŋiq [kaŋIq] root, source; headwater, kaŋiġaq(-) hunting blind, hiding place
source of a river; (Nu) head of a bay; where hunter waits for animal to pass by,
foot of mountain; place where peninsula then gives chase; corral (for caribou); (t) to
joins mainland; (Nu) tributary river; corral them= caribou, reindeer)
bone or ivory barb on toggle harpoon
line
kigmiaq(-) [kigmiraq] to hold, carry (it) kiŋmiġaq mouthpiece of bow drill
in one’s teeth; something carried in the
teeth, e.g., animal’s young, bridle
kiŋu(-) rear part of any item; rear kiŋuġaq calf of leg; back of boot
sealskin poke in a boat (Kisautaq: 650);
(Ti) three-quarter inch manila rope used
with whaling harpoon; large float
fastened at end of harpoon line; (i) to be
late; (i) to be over (of an activity); (i) to
be gone, have moved on (of animals); (t)
to be late for her/him/it
kurugaq pintail duck (Anas acuta)
kuuk [kurik] river; tributary kuugaluk stream
kukuvyuġaq broth made of tomcod and sea
sculpin
kuyak(-) one of lumbar vertebrae; sides kuyapigaq backbone, spine, vertebrae
of lower back where there are no ribs;
(Ti) lower back just above buttocks; to
have sexual intercourse
maniq(-) maniQ] tussock; moss maniġaq rounded hill, small dome
(Dicranun rugosum), used as wick with
stove lamps; clump of grass; (t) to
bury, enclose it with tussocks, clumps
of grass
matu(-) lid, cover; sod house skylight matuġaq trap door
shutter; (i) to be now covered; (t) to
cover it
mau- [maġu] (i) to sink into soft mauraġaq(-) small ice floe used as
ground, mud, or snow as one takes a stepping stone; (i) to cross open water by

706
step; (t) to sink into it = soft ground,
mud, or snow as one takes a step
miki- (i) to be small
naksi- [naksI] (Ti) to try to kill (it = a
wounded animal); (t) to strike (it = a
wounded animal) again
nanuq polar bear (Ursus maritimus)
nasaq(-) hood; (i) to put one's hood up;
(t) to put her/his hood up
naulik- (t) to harpoon it = whale, seal,
walrus; (t) to spear it
nauniq(-) descendant; growth; (i) to be
long-lived
niksik(-) [niksIk] fishhook or lure; a
device to hook something with; to hook
(it)
niu leg
niviaqsiaq young woman of
marriageable age
nuka or nukaq or nukatchiaq or
nukaaluk younger sibling
nutaaq something new, fresh
nuvu pointed tip of anything
pauk-2 (t) to stretch and stake it = skin to paugaq stake, tent peg
the ground; to stake it = tent to the
ground; (t) to drive it = stake in
pisiksi an archer’s bow
pisiksuq- (i) to shoot expertly, on target pisiksuġaq target
707
jumping from one piece of ice to the next;
to sink as one walks in mud, snow
mikilġaq ring finger, fourth finger
misikaaġaq black-capped chickadee (Parus
atricapillus)
mikigaq raw whale meat and maktak
fermented in the whales’s blood forming a
sweet broth mixture
naksiġaq target for shooting practice
nanuġaq piece of polar bear skin
nasaġaq kerchief
nauligaq harpoon smaller than a
nauligaun= "whale harpoon" which is used
for seals
naunġaq young tree or willow growing
from an old root; a bud
niksigaq(-) hook with a handle, used for
carrying meat; to hook (it) with a grapple
niuliñġaq leg sinew of a ruminant
niviaqsiġaq young unmarried woman; girl
nukaġaq (Nu) second wife (concurrent)
nukatagaq young caribou bull
nukasiġaq Great Horned Owl
nutaġaq young person, teenager
nutaġgiñġaq fresh blubber
nuvuġaq small promontory of land or ice
paunġaq crowberry, blackberry
(Empetrun nigrum)
piigaq Gray-cheeked Thrush (Hylocichla
minima)
pisiksiġaq small bow used to operate a bow
drill
puyuġaq the middle circle of fur on a
woman’s isiġvikpaaq “sunshine ruff” made
from the belly skin of a wolf (located
between the wolverine piece which is next to
the face and the longer wolf fur on the

qilak sky; heaven
qimiq2 [qimIq] a hill
qitiq [qitiQ] waist; midpoint; middle;
middle seat in umiak
qulliq one on top; lamp
*sakiq1 (root) sibling-in-law
°sanI (root) broadside, side
saqu- (i) to turn, changing direction
siku(-)1 ice; to freeze over; to become
icy
siñi shore, border, edge; fur trim on
bottom edge or cuffs of parka
siñi shore, border, edge; fur trim on
bottom edge or cuffs of parka
siquvsi- (i) to destroy something, taking
a prolonged period of time, or to destroy
more than one item; (t) to destroy her/his
things
sisi or (Nu) siñ burrow or den (of a
burrowing animal), bear's lair
°sivu (stem) front part of anything;
frontage, area in front of building; bow
of boat; front exterior wall of house;
time prior
tasiq [tasIq] or tatchiq lagoon, inlet,
bay
tiŋuk liver; egg yolk
708
outside)
qianġaq cross fox
qilagaq roof of mouth, palate
qilalugaq beluga whale (Delphinapterus
leucas); narwhal
qimiġaq hill
qitiġaq spinal cord; (Nu) front, flat area of
breastbone, sternum
qitunġaq offspring, child; (Nu) individual
dog trace which is attached to the main
harness trace
quaġaq sourdock, sourgrass, wild spinach
(Rumex arcticus)
qullimġaq any upper tooth
quqtuġaq thigh
saavġaq Common Snipe (Capella
gallinago)
saggaq [saggaQ] or saggaatchauraq
caribou with new summer hair; summer
animal (sheep or caribou) pelt with short hair
sakiġaq older sister's husband
saniġaq side of anything
saquupilugauraq rickrack (fabric trim)
sikuġaq small chunk of floating ice
siñaġaq (Nu) strait, (Ti) channel from sea
into lagoon or bay
siñġaq inlet
Siquvsiqqat or (Nu, Ti) Siqupsiqqat Little
Dipper, Pleiades (a constellation which
consists of a number of closely spaced stars
that have the appearance of something
which has been broken and shattered into
several pieces] [lit "shattered ones"]
sisigaq dog house made of snow
siuġaq fine sand; an expanse of sand
sivuġaq promontory at end of ridge
tasiġaq pond
tiŋugaq liver and tendons stuffed in caribou
stomach and aged (a delicacy)

titiq(-) a mark or dot; (i) to be now
marked with a dot or a line; (t) to mark it
with a dot or a line; (t) to cut a notch in
it; (t) to mark it to indicate where one is
to cut, carve
tuti- to step, tread on (her/him/it)
uglik- to shrink, decrease in size (of
fabric or animal hide)
ugruk(-) bearded seal (Erignathus
barbatus); (i) to catch a bearded seal
ulik(-) [ulIk] blanket; cataract (of eye);
(i) to cover oneself with a blanket; (t) to
cover her/him/it with a blanket
+[ġ]aq- or = [ġ]aq- vv (limited) to V with repetition or duration § +t/raq-1 vv, -t/raġaq- or
-aġaq- or +aq-1 vv, -gaq- vv
isaa- (i) to enter in larger numbers; to
come in all at once; (t) to enter it in large and out of them= houses
numbers
**ka1(deep root) descending
kuvi- [kuvI] to spill (on her/him/it); (t) to kuviġaq- to spill it repeatedly
spill, pour it out
mikini- to say that (she/he/it) is small
naksi- [naksI] (Ti) to try to kill (it = a
wounded animal); (t) to strike (it = a
wounded animal) again
nau- [nagu] (i) to grow (of a plant or
wart); (i) to wax (of moon); (i) to
increase
nikuvit- (i) to sit on a stool (waiting for
a seal to emerge through a hole in the
sea ice)
tiŋmi- (i) to be in flight, be flying
tuvli- (i) to make tracks; (i) to break trail tuvliġaq- (i) to leave footprints; (t) to leave
tuqu- (i) to die, perish, expire, pass
away, pass on
uit- to break away from shore ice,
709
tiqituġaq young caribou
titiġaq titiqqat calendar
tulugaq raven
tunmiġaq step stool, step made of whale
head bone placed at entrance of sod house
ugligaq elastic; sweater; anything that
shrinks or expands then shrinks again
ugriñġaq oil from rendered, bearded seal
blubber
uligaq(-) mucus-like film on the eye; snipe
net; (t) to trap it =bird with a net attached to
a rope (net falls when rope is pulled)
isaaġaq- (i) to go house to house; (t) to go in
kanġaq- (i) to leak (of a sack, container
filled with flour, sand, something which
flows but is not a liquid); (t) to leak; (t) to
have something solid, such as flour, flow
onto it
mikiniġaq- (t) to say disparagingly that
she/he/it is small
naksiġaq- (i) to fire at a target
nauġala- or nauġallak- (i) to flare up (of
fire)
nikuvġaq- (i) to squat down on a stool
tiŋmiġala- (i) to fly in every direction
footprints on it = surface
tuquġaq- (i) to die en masse, in large
numbers; (t) to slaughter, kill many of them
uiñġaq- (i) to be sleepy
 forming an open lead (of pack ice); (i) to
open one’s eyes

-ġġI-1 vv (limited) to V in duration

*ilak (root) distraction, confusion; ilaġġi- (i) to persist in doing when told not
discord; not aligned, dissonance, to2
disharmony
tilak- to mop or scrub (it = large surface tilaġġi- (i) to sweep
area)

-ġġula- vv (limited) § perhaps -qhuk- vv -la- nv

sayuk- (i) to twitch (of bodypart) sayuġġula- (Ti) (i) to quiver, like gelatin

+[ġ]it- rv (limited) to become V § ‘= It-2 nv

*ayuq (root) behavioral pattern, habit
*piya1 (root) waning in strength
ayuġit- (i) to form a habit, a behavioral
pattern; (i) to get into the habit of doing
something one enjoys, e.g., visiting someone,
eating something
piyaġittuq- (i) to wane and rise later than
usual, to fall lower in the sky, come around
more slowly (of moon)

-ġlI- vv (limited) to experience a V-ing § -ġrI- vv, +nnI- vv

manu upper front of shirt or parka manuġluk(-) or (Ti) manuġli(-) frost from
breath; (i) to become frosted from breath
(of parka ruff)
mumik- [mumIk] or [mumik] (i) to mumiġli- or mumiġri- (Ti) or mumiqłiq-
turn over; (i) undergo a character (i) to sleep late and stay up late
reversal; (t) to turn her/him/it over; (t)
to translate it
utaqqi- [utaqqI] to wait for (her/him/it) utaqqiġliq- (i) to wait patiently, hopefully

-ġluk- or '-ġluk- vv (limited) to V badly or without finesse § -[g]luk- nn, nv +maqłuk- vv

isuq- (i) to be turbid, murky, or muddy isuġluk- (Ti) (i) to be dark and murky as
(of water) before a storm (of sky or sea), to be murky,
of water
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; itchaġluk- (i) to enter suddenly, abruptly
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside
ivaq-1 (t) to search for her/him/it ivvaġluk- (t) to not find it; (t) to search and
not find it, maybe because one did not search
thoroughly
naalak- (i) to listen with a purpose; (t) to naallaġluummi- (i) to be apprehensive,
listen to it = her/his chest, heart with a fearing to hear the worst
stethoscope; (t) to auscultate her/him/it
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it) niġġiġluk- or niġġiqłuk- (i) to contract food

710
 poisoning
pirraq (root) capability pirraġluk- to do (it) wrong unintentionally,
in spite of efforts to do it right
quiq- (Ti) (i) to cough quiġluk- (Ti) (i) to have a cough, to keep
coughing
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savaġluk- (i) to be careless, slipshod with
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it; one’s work
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial
siñik(-) sleep; (i) to sleep; (t) to spend it siññaġluk- (i) to have a bad dream
= day sleeping
tautuk- to see (her/him/it) tauttuġluk- to see or find her/him/it
unexpectedly or sick
tigu- (i) to take hold and hang on; (t) to tigguġluk- (t) to grab her/him/it roughly
take, capture, grab, or arrest her/him/it
tikit- [tikIt] (i) to arrive at, reach one's tikkiġluk- (i) to arrive in a bad way,
destination or goal; (t) to reach her/him/it disposition, e.g., sick, angry

+ġralaaq nn (limited) the smaller N § +sraaq(-), +sralaaq(-) nn, nv

pukak granular snow found under hard
packed snow, good for melting into
water
siku(-)1 ice; to freeze over; to become
ice
pukagralaaq small pieces of clear scales
found on fish
sikuġralaaq ice crystals inside meat; (Nu)
small piece of clear material (like ice) inside
fish

-ġrI- nv, rv, vv (limited) to act like a N; to become like a N; to come into a situation where
one Vs § +qsrI- nv, -rI-2 rv, -ġlI- vv
aġnaq woman; an adult human female; aġnaġri- (i) to act like a woman (of a man)
queen (suit in cards)
*attaq (root) unapproachable, attaġri- (Ti) (i) to be hesitant to ask
intimidating someone for something; (i) to think one is
about to die
ayuq- to be in desperate need of (it); (t) ayuġri- (Ti) (t) to be unable to reach, buy, or
to be unable to obtain it by reaching for catch up to it
it; (t) to be unable to reach, keep up with
her/him/it; (t) to be unable to buy it for
lack of money
ilu(-)2 interior, inside; abdominal cavity; iluġri- (i) to become concave
(t) to surround her/him/it iluqsri- or iluġri- (Ti) (i) to develop a
depression, concave place; (t) to make a
depression in it
kinnaq [kinnaQ] crazy person, a fool; kinnaġri- (i) to act crazy
(excl.) you fool!
mumik- [mumIk] or [mumik] (i) to mumiġli- or mumiġri- (Ti) or mumiqłiq-

711
 turn over; (i) undergo a character
reversal; (t) to turn her/him/it over; (t)
to translate it
*qau (root) consciousness, awareness,
alertness
tuquŋaraq dead animal, person
tuttu caribou (Rangifer tarandus)
(i) to sleep late and stay up late
qauġri- (i) to regain consciousness
tuquŋaraġri- (i) to act like one dead
tuttuġri- (i) to act like a caribou
yuġri- (i) to be undecided, unable to make
up one’s mind

-ġru- vv (limited) to experience V-ing § mqsru- rv

*anu (root) emotional security, fortitude anuqsru- (i) to be able to bear great pain or
sorrow with fortitude; to be stoic
inuq- (i) to fail to reach one’s inuġru- (i) to yearn for someone or
destination; (i) to undershoot, fall short; something; to long to be in another place
(i) to be insufficient; (t) to fail to reach it
= goal, destination; (t) to undershoot it =
target; (t) to fall short of it = runway in
landing an airplane; (i) to not be enough

+ġruq- nv, vv (Ti) (limited) to provide a N or a V-ing < +qsruq-1 nv

aki(-)1 [akI] corresponding value,
equivalence; cost, price, value; wage;
opposite side, other side; (Ti) north side
of the point (Point Hope); (t) to respond,
acknowledge, or answer her/him with
gestures (of one who is far away but
visible)
igvik (Ti) pocket
iluaq- or iłuaq- (i) to be fitting, proper;
(i) to be correct, right; (i) to feel fine
illuq or illualuk cross-cousin; joking
partner
naluk-1 (t) to throw it underhand; to toss nalluġruq- (Ti) (t) to give out, toss them =
it up; (i) to swim (of walrus)
g
qau- [qa u] (i) for day to break
akiġruq- (Ti) to buy (it) on credit
igviġruq- (Ti) (i) to reach into one’s pocket;
(t) to reach into her/his pocket
iluaqsruq- or iłuaqsruq- or (Ti) iluaġruq-
(i) to be in the process of being fixed; (t) to
correct her/him/it; (i) to straighten it out; (t)
to fix, redo, correct, adjust it
illuġruq- (Ti) (i) to joke
treats out at a give-away, e.g., during the
Nalukataq (whaling festival) from behind
the wind shelters (a wall of wind breakers
forming a circle around the Nalukataq
grounds) to the people who are sitting on the
ground watching the Nalukataq and being
served food
qautchiġruq- (t) to wait for it = daybreak,
dawn, sunrise

712
 *qii (root) convulsion
sivulliq(-) first one; ancestor, forefather;
leader; foreleg, lower section of foreleg;
(i) to lead the way; (t) to lead her/him/it
along
+ġruaq nn a larger or rougher version of N
amaullik or (Ti) amaulligaaluk male
common eider
aŋmailaq (Ti) .45-70 rifle [lit. "one with
no hole"]
aqaluk (Ti) fish
asiaq(-) [asiraq] berry; (Nu) blueberry
(Vaccinium uliginosum); (Ti) crowberry
(Empetrum nigrum); fruit in general; (i)
to pick berries
atigi(-) parka, traditional fur-lined,
pullover-style with fur ruff; (i) to put on
a parka; (t) to put a parka on her/him
avyuq(-) cloud of dust, smoke, mist,
steam; hot humid weather (after a rain
storm) (i) to smoke, steam; (i) be dusty
(of air)
iglu(-) house, dwelling, building; (t) to
build a structure over it
iri [dual irrak] eye
irri severe, cold weather
Itqiliq American Indian
ivik or ivigaaq blade of grass; grass;
sedge (Carex)
kaliku [ENG] calico, fabric
kaniq(-) [kaniQ] frost; (i) to be covered
with light frost; (t) to have light frost
cover it = ground, house or any object
kigiunniq(-) [kigiunniQ] or
kiguunniq(-) or (Nu) kigiutniq(-) trunk,
box; coffin; (t) to box it; (t) to put
her/him/it in a coffin
killiq cut on skin; sore
kivviq caribou stomach filled with fat,
then cooked, dried, and eaten
713
qiuġruq- (Ti) (i) to have a convulsion, fit
sivulliġruq- (Ti) (i) to lead others (of leader
of warriors); to lead dogs (of man by
walking in front of them)
aktuġruaq (Nu) full-grown male animal
amaulligruaq commom eider (Somateria
mollissima)
aŋmailaġruaq (Nu) .45-70 rifle
aqalugruaq (Ti) salmon
asiaġruaq potato
atigiġruaq (Nu) eider duck parka
avyuġruaq ice fog, thick fog
igluġruaq old sod house
iriġruaq telescope, spyglass
irriġruaq extremely cold weather
itqiliġruaq (Nu) wooly lousewort
(Pedicularis lanata)
ivigruaq blade of dead grass
kalikuġruaq heavy, colored canvas,
tarpaulin
kaniġruaq(-) heavy frost; (i) to form a thick
layer of frost
kigiunniġruaq or kiguunniġruaq large box
killiġruaq bad wound, impetigo sores,
leprosy
kivviġruaq the mesentry apron, fat around
the caribou’s intestines stuffed with contents
of the rumen (a delicacy)
kutchuq resin, spruce gum; chewing kutchuġruaq hard, sticky ear wax
gum
maniq(-) maniQ] tussock; moss maniġruaq old or huge tussock, hummock
(Dicranun rugosum), used as wick with
stove lamps; clump of grass; (t) to
bury, enclose it with tussocks, clumps
of grass
natchiq(-)1 [natchIQ] ring seal (Pusa natchiġruaq (Nu) sealskin parka
hispida); (i) to catch a seal
niaquq head, skull niaquġruaq old skull
nukatagaq young bull nukatagaġruaq large bull, just matured
paatchiġruaq or (Ti) paatchaq [ENG
barge] barge, scow
paippaġruaq [ENG pipe] pipe (for
transporting liquid, gas, etc.)
puuq(-) [puguq] sealskin poke; a puuġruaq old sealskin poke
container; a sac, covering (e.g., young
grass leaf covering stem); top edge of
boot where drawstring is inserted; (t) to
wrap it; (t)(Ti) to bandage her/him/it
qaummaq light from a distinct source qaummaġruaq something very bright
(as from sun or lightbulb), brightness
qiġñiqtulik or (Nu) qiġñiqtuligauraq qiġñiqtuligruaq (Nu) (aŋusalluġuŋailaaq)
sheep about three years old (with black big sheep with black horn stubs
stubs on medium-sized horns)
qupilġuq(-) maggot; to become maggot qupilġuġruaq sea worm (edible, without
infested » amiq qupilġuqsimaraa the spines)
skin is infested with maggots
sargiq or sargiġruaq stinkweed sargiġruaq stinkweed
(Boykinia); Alaska sage (Artemisia
tilessi elatior)
sigaaq(-) [sigaraq] [ENG “cigar” ] or sigaaġruaq cigarette butt
(Ti) sikaaq(-) cigarette; to smoke (it =
cigarette)
sikuliaq young ice formed around edge sikuliaġruaq ice which is about one and a
of old solid ice on open lead half feet thick
suraġruaq tobacco leaf
taiñiq name, title, appellation; a taiñiġruaq a consonant
pronunciation, an articulation
taliq(-) [talIq] arm, a limb attached to taliġruaq large arm (of a bear)
the shoulder of the human body; hand of
clock; foreleg (one of two front legs of
four-legged animal); (i) to dance in
sitting position doing an arm dance; an
Iñupiaq arm dance
uniaq- [unigaq] to tow, drag, pull (it, uniaġruat large sled

714
 esp., sled or seal) by means of a rope
around one's chest or over one's shoulder

+ġruaq-1 vv (limited) to V despite the odds or expectation that one would

aqit- [aqIt] (i) to be soft, tender to the aqirruaq- (i) to be soft despite its
bite or touch appearance
ii-1 [igi] (t) to swallow it iiġruaq-(t) to finally swallow it, although it
looked doubtful that one could accomplish
the act
ilisaġi- (t) to recognize her/him/it ilisaġiġruaq- (t) to recognize her/him/it
despite the odds » ilisaġiġruaġaa aakani
tautuŋaisani mikinimiñiñ he finally
recognized his mother whom he had not
seen since childhood
naat-1 (i) to now be complete; (t) to naarruaq- (t) to complete it, despite the
finish, complete it odds that one would » naarruaġaa
atigiliani she finished the parka she was
making although it looked doubtful that she
would
tikit- [tikIt] (i) to arrive at, reach one's tikirruaq- (i) to arrive against all odds; (t) to
destination or goal; (t) to reach her/him/it reach her/him/it against all odds

+ġruaq-2 vv (limited) to V in a big way

kaviq- [kavIq] (i) to be red
qiñiq- to look at, watch (her/him/it)
uyak- (Nu) (i) to hover at the surface of
water (of seal with head coming in and
out of water)
kaviġruaq- (i) to be very red, bright red
qiñiġruaq- to stare at, glare at (her/him/it)
sternly
uyagruaq- (Nu) (i) to raise head out of water
(of seal)

+ġruiññaq nn only, merely, just a N

iqaluk(-) or (Nu) qaluk(-) fish; (i) to
catch a fish
qimmiq [qimmIq] dog (Canis lupus
forma familiaris)
savik [savIk] or savik knife; metal
iqalugruiññaq just a fish
qimmiġruiññaq merely a dog, nothing
unusual
savigruiññaq merely a knife

-ġruk nn vn (limited) a younger, smaller, or similar version of the real N § +aġruk nn

-ġruq- (limited) to V what is necessary to accomplish the objective < mqsruq-2 nv,

+[ġ]uaq nn (limited) one with the qualities of the N | +[ġ]uq-1 nv +aq1 vn § kutaq
alu sole of foot or of footwear aluġuaq(-) piece of skin attached to sole of
boot to provide traction on slippery surfaces;
(t) to put a piece of skin on sole of boot to
prevent slippage

715

1
killi or killiq [killI(Q)] limit (of time or
space); due date; border, line, edge of
land which has been cleared; source of
river; area next to wall or floor; stopping
point, goal, destination, limit; crucial
reason
naniq lamp
¤paamiq- (i) to keep oneself close to the
ground, floor; (t) to keep her/him/it close
to ground or floor by force or
circumstance
qaliq(-) top covering; rust; (i) to rust
quli top area; gunwale, gunnel, the top
edge of a boat’s sides
°saa2 (stem) [sara] front of body or
garment; area immediately in front of
something; lap, the front part of the
lower trunk and thighs of a seated
person; seaward
+ġuaq- or = ġuaq- vv (limited) to undergo a process where N or a V-ing is involved §
+[ġ]uq-1 nv
aġnaq woman; an adult human female;
queen (suit in cards)
imaq1(-) [imaQ] liquid, fluid; non-
potable water; lake; sea, ocean; lagoon;
(t) to moisten it = animal hide to ready it
for scraping
kiamit- (t) to push it = boat off into
water; to shove it in; (Nu) to throw it =
spear
malik- to follow, accompany
(her/him/it)
pi(-) [pI] (t) to take, get, procure, acquire piġuaq- (t) to smear, make a spot on
her/him/it; (t) to do it; (t) to say to
her/him; an entity
utuqqaq [utuqqaQ] something old
uvlaaq(-) morning, this past morning; to uvlaaġuaq- (i) to do something early in the
716
isaġuaq stomach lining
killiġuaq or (Ti) killiġauraq connecting
strip between body and sole of boots, made
of caribou or seal leather
naniġuaq kerosene lantern
paamġuaq creeping, crawling animal; seal
stranded on top of ice, its breathing hole
having frozen over
qaliġuaq outer clothing, outer cover; shawl;
sweater; fabric blanket, quilt, bedspread
qasaġuaq or qisaġuaq caribou gut filled
with caribou fat that can be cooked in water
and set overnight to harden and eaten as a
cracker
quliġuaq (Ti) first level of ice cellar
saaġuaq(-) [saaġuraq] apron, bib; (i) to put
on an apron; (t) to put an apron on her/him;
(Nu) protective enclosure, semicircular-
shaped windbreak made of small, felled trees
with an openng where a fire can be; (Nu) (i)
to camp in a protective enclosure
aġnaġuaq- (Ti) (i) to grow old (of a woman)
imaġuaq- (i) to get water on oneself; (t) to
get water on her/him/it
kiamġuaq- (i) to push a sled while holding
onto the handlebar
maliġuaq- (t) to keep following,
accompanying her/him; (t) to follow it =
trail
her/him/it
utuqqaġuaq- (Ti) (i) to grow old
 become morning morning

-ġun nn (limited) ornament or something for the N § -lġun vn, :un1 vn

akunniq interval of time or space akunniġun gland between hoofs of sheep,
between two events or objects good to eat; a postbase in Iñupiaq grammar
alu sole of foot or of footwear aluġun sandal
°aqu (stem) behind, rear, back of an aquġun sled bag
object; trunk of car, bed of truck, stern of
boat; final chapter of story; some time
after; downriver end of an island
asiq(-) [asIq] sleeve; (i) to put one’s asiġun sleeve cuff
arms into the sleeves of a garment; (t) to
help her/him put her/his arms into the
sleeves of a garment
atiq [atiQ] name; namesake; someone atiġusiq given name (rarely used)
who shares the same name with another
atittuġun tusk-shaped design strip on front
and back of parka yoke
avalu(-) edge, rim; fence; ring around avaluġun halo, ring around sun or moon
the sun or moon; wind shelter for tent; (i) which occurs during severe cold weather
to be bordered, fenced in (this refers only
to the moment of completion of the
border or fence); (t) to fence her/him/it
in; (t) to put a border around it; (t) for a
ring to form around it = sun
avan or avati appendage, extremity; ¤avatiġun (Ti) or avasiġun ring around the
border, surrounding area sun
iñuiññaq twenty iñuiññaġutailaq nineteen
iqiq or (Nu) iqi corner of mouth iqiġun tattoo at corner of mouth
iqsraq cheek iqsraġutilik Canada goose (Branta
canadensis)
iri [dual irrak] eye iriġutilik dog with circles around eyes
kayuaġun tusk-shaped design on either side
of parka shoulders
kiavrak or ¤kaivrak or (Nu) kaivraun kiavraġun or kaivraġun halo around sun
or (Nu) kaivraun grindstone
kii- [kIgI] (i) to clench one’s teeth; (i) to kigmiġun or kiŋmiġun connecting strip
bite oneself; (t) to bite her/him/it between body and sole of boots, made of
caribou or seal leather
1
killi or killiq [killI(Q)] limit (of time or killiġun snow shelter made of snow blocks
space); due date; border, line, edge of covered with tarpaulin
land which has been cleared; source of
river; area next to wall or floor; stopping
point, goal, destination, limit; crucial
reason
manu upper front of shirt or parka manuġun bib, wide necklace; pin

717

niaquq head, skull
nuġlu buckle; knot at end of rope; rope
loop, noose; neck opening of dog
harness; bowline; (Ti) heavy rope used
for anchoring a pulley on ice
qatigaaġun armor
qauq forehead
qipi- (i) to toss and turn in bed; (i) to
writhe, to twist the body, usually in pain;
(t) to wind it (of a clock); (t) to twist,
screw it = lid on or off
qitiqłiq middle finger; middle one
quli top area; gunwale, gunnel, the top
edge of a boat’s sides
qulliq one on top; lamp
quŋusiq [quŋusIq] human neck
sigguk(-) one mandible of bird beak;
muzzle, mouth area; (i) to thrust one’s
lips out, showing displeasure; (i) to pout;
(t) to swell when cold (of lips)
siñi shore, border, edge; fur trim on
bottom edge or cuffs of parka
siŋiġñiq ankle
siitquq(-) or sitquq(-) kneecap, patella;
hind flipper of seal; (i) to kneel, get
down on one’s knees; (t) to put one’s
knee on it
siun ear
°sivu (stem) front part of anything;
frontage, area in front of building; bow
of boat; front exterior wall of house;
time prior
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what;
(t) to do what to her/him/it
taqtu kidney
tavlu chin
tayaġniq or tayaġniġun wrist
tikiq [tikiQ] index finger; thimble
718
nanuġun good luck charm, usually a rock
niaquġun crown, headband
nuġluġun necklace
nukuġun middle section of a pair of caribou
antlers
qatigaak or qatikkak front part of animal
with rib cage; breast of human
qauġun (Nu) tattoo on forehead
qipiġun (Nu) interwoven pattern of braided
sinew on back of bow providing extra
strength
qitiqłiaġun a ring
qulaaġun trim on top of boots
quliġun top trim of boots
qulliġun or quliġun (Nu) raised platform,
rain shelter with flat top
quŋusiġun collar; anything that is worn
around the neck
sigguġun sigguġutik dog muzzle
siñiġun trim, rim, edge, hem
siñiġutit (Nu) rock fireplace where hot coals
are kept in tent
siŋiġñiġun ankle ornaments
sitquġun knee warmer; waterproof kneelets;
knee pads
siutiġun earring
sivuġun bow of sled; trim on front top (of
boot)
suġusiq implement, device; property; part of
another object
taqtuġutit kidney fat from caribou or whale
tavluġun chin tattoo
tayaġniġun bracelet
tikiġun protector for index finger (used by
carvers)
 tugli1 [tuglI] braided hair tugliġun hair barrette, hairclip
uqsruq or (Nu) uqruq or (Ti) uġruq uqsruġun fine oil such as gun oil, three-in-
seal oil; oil, gasoline, petroleum one oil

+[ġ]unaaq- nv (i) to spot, sight a N; (t) to see her/him/it and think that it is a N
aaġlu killer whale (Orcinus orca) aaġluġunaaq- (i) to sight, see a killer whale
aġviq [aġviQ] [dual aġvak, pl. aġviġit, aġviġunaaq- (i) to spot, see a whale
archaic pl. aavġit; archaic rel. form
aavġum] bowhead whale (Balaena
mysticetus); Pacific right whale (Balaena
glacialis)
natchiq(-)1 [natchIQ] ring seal (Pusa natchiġunaaq-(i) to spot, see a seal
hispida); (i) to catch a seal
tuttu caribou (Rangifer tarandus) tuttuġunaaq-(i) to sight caribou
ugruk(-) bearded seal (Erignathus ugrugunaaq-(i) to spot, see a bearded seal
barbatus); (i) to catch a bearded seal

+[ġ]uq-1 nv to become or grow into a N § -ŋŋuq-2 nv, +ġuaq- vv

aapa father; grandfather (modern use) aapaġuq- (i) to become a father
agniq(-) [agnIq]or aŋniq(-) blizzard, agniġuq- to develop into a blizzard, a
snowstorm, blowing snow; (i) to have a snowstorm
blizzard
aġnaq woman; an adult human female; aġnaġuq- (i) to grow into a woman
queen (suit in cards)
amaġuq wolf, gray wolf (Canis lupus) amaġuġuq- (i) to become a wolf
°asI (stem) a non-specific place; asiġuq- (i) to become useless, worthless
everywhere; nowhere; someplace else;
away from the village; something
insignificant
igniq fire igniġuq- (i) to become fire
1
imaq (-) [imaQ] liquid, fluid; non- imaġuq- to melt into water, of snow or ice;
potable water; lake; sea, ocean; lagoon; for an expanse of water to be formed, as
(t) to moisten it = animal hide to ready it from spring melting
for scraping
kinnaq [kinnaQ] crazy person, a fool; kinnaġuq- (i) to go mad, crazy
(excl.) you fool!
*naa (root) dimension when stretched naaġuq- (i) to be at in one's prime; to be full
out (of moon)
niġrun large animal niġrutiġuq- (i) to become an animal (of a
human)
piqsiq(-) [piqsIq] wet snow storm; (i) to piqsiġuq- (i) to become windy and wet, with
be stormy with wet blowing snow snow and rain mixing
qailliq(-) wave on ocean; (i) to have qailliġuq- to form (of ocean waves)
waves (of ocean)
qalaliaq(-) air bubbles coming from a qalaliaġuq- (Nu) (i) to churn the water (e.g.,
mammal moving underwater; (i) to form of paddle, oar, ship, whale)

719
 air bubbles
qaukłiq head person, president, leader, qaukłiġuq- (i) to become a boss
chief, boss
qavvik(-) [qavvIk] wolverine (Gulo qavviguq- (i) to turn into a wolverine
gulo); (i) to kill a wolverine
quppaq open crack; one piece of quppaġuq- (i) to grow (of a crack)
something split lengthwise
quunniq(-) [quunnIQ] or (Nu) quunniġuq- (i) to become calm (of water);
quunnitchiaq(-) calm, still, reflective (t) to be now calm (of water)
water; to be calm, smooth and glassy (of
water)
uunnaq heat; hot weather uunnaġuq- to become hot (of weather)
Uvluilaq month of December [lit. "one uvluilaaġuq- (i) to wane (of daylight) in
which lacks daylight"] winter

+ġuq-2 nv (limited) to V involving the N or R or V

iri [dual irrak] eye
°nali (stem) even, in line, straight
forward; (Ti) south side of Point Hope,
Alaska; price
qai- [qaġI] to come (toward her/him/it)
°tuŋi (stem) direction of
iraġuq- or iraġuaq- (i) to hit or hurt one's
eye; (t) to hit or hurt her/his/its eye
nalġuq- or nalġuqtiq- (i) to take a shortcut;
(t) to straighten it
qaiġuq- (i) to make a loud, echoing sound
qalġuq- (i) to make its characteristic vocal
sound (of animal)
qutiġuq- (i) to walk to the same destination
as others who are traveling by boat; (t) to
have reached the same destination (implies
surprise)
tuŋiġuq- (t) to come near, pass close to
her/him/it

±ġuq or +guq or +quq vn, nn (limited) part or product of or for an entity § +lu nn
(stem final t→l in combination with ġuq)
agliġuq jawbone
akiġuq knot in wood
amit- [amIt] (i) to be narrow, slim, amilġuq narrow part of something
slender
aqiaq or (Ti) aqiak upper belly above aqiaġuq stomach
waist and below the ribs (of human)
aqit- [aqIt] (i) to be soft, tender to the aqilġuq soft area
bite or touch
iġġi [iġġI] or iġġiq mountain iġġiilġuq a clearing in the mountains [lit.“an
area with no mountains”]
ikkat- (i) to be shallow e.g., a body of ikkalġuq submerged sandbar, shallow water
water
ikpik [ikpIk] bluff; steep bank of river; ikpiilġuq a low area along a bluff or a steep

720
cliff bank
¤ikiipkuk foreleg
ilu(-)2 interior, inside; abdominal cavity; ilupiġuk or ilupiqquk pair of longjohns
(t) to surround her/him/it
imnaq1 high, steep cliff imnaaġuq cliffs which extend for several
miles
iqitquq little finger iqitquq or iqitquuraq or iqitquluuraq little
finger
iquq(-) tar remaining in smoking pipe; iqquk(-) buttock; to thrust one’s buttocks
(i) to wipe oneself after defecating; (t) to out (at him/her/it) in jest; hearts (suit in
wipe her/him after she/he has defecated cards)
isa(-) moulting duck (incapable of isaġuq wing
flight); (i) to moult
itiq anus; southern, inland end of lake; itiġuq sour urine
sea anemone
kian or kiati torso, upper front part of kiapiġuq vest
body; blouse
kiiñaq or (Ti) kigiñaq face; blade of axe kiiñaġuq mask
kimmik(-) [kimmIk] heel; (i) to kick, kimmitquq top muscle of heel, heel skin,
push with the heel; (t) to hit it with one's heel bone
heel; (t) to tap one's heel to it or on it; (t)
to hold it with one's heel; (t) to hit, push,
tap, hold it with one’s heel
kumak louse (Pediculus humanus kumaġuq worm which lives in ponds
capitis); maggot, larva of caribou botfly;
(Nu) smooth, white bug found in tree
trunks (eaten by woodpeckers)
kuuk [kurik] river; tributary kuuġuq valley, furrow, ditch, tributary river,
brook
kuvlu thumb kuvluġuq dewclaw
mIt- (i) to land from flight (of bird, mitquq feather
airplane)
naqit- (i) to be low, positioned close to naqilġuq lower part of mountain top or hill
the ground; (t) to press her/him/it down top
natatquq soft bone
natquq arrowhead; bullet tip
niaquq head
nuka or nukaq or nukatchiaq or nukaunġuq spouse's younger sibling's
nukaaluk younger sibling spouse
nukik [nukIk] muscle; ligament; nukiġuq nerve
strength
papik bird's tail; top rear edge (of papiġuq fishtail
traditional skin pants); the length of the
backside of a parka or snowshirt
qaiq- (i) to be smooth, flat, level; (i) to qaiġilġuq (Nu) ripple on ice
be straight (of hair)

721
 qilu(-) rope attached to side of tent (used qilġuq or qiluġuq scar
in securing tent to stake); (i) to have a
muscle cramp; (t) to attach tent ropes to
it = stake in ground or to tent side frame
(wooden stakes secured into the
permafrost standing upright about four
feet above the ground and joined
together horizontally by a long two-by-
four piece of lumber); (t) to draw it =
bow; (t) to pull it up, to stretch it taut
qupilġuq(-) maggot, bug; to become maggot
infested
saat-2 [sagat] (i) to be soft, thin, pliable, saalġuq thinner area of something,
e.g., fabric or animal skin; (i) to have especially of ice
thin hair
siamit- (i) to spread, scatter; (t) to siamġuq small broken off piece of
spread, scatter it; (Ti) (t) to lose it driftwood
siitquq(-) or sitquq(-) kneecap, patella; hind
flipper of seal; (i) to kneel, get down on
one’s knees; (t) to put one’s knee on it
siun ear siutiġuq seashell
taliq(-) [talIq] arm, a limb attached to taliġuq front flipper of seal or walrus
the shoulder of the human body; hand of
clock; foreleg (one of two front legs of
four-legged animal); (i) to dance in
sitting position doing an arm dance; an
Iñupiaq arm dance
umik whiskers, beard umilġuq or umilġuuk muzzle, snout of
animal; lower half of man’s face
uviñiq [uviñiQ] or uviñik or (Ti) uvinik uviñġuq undershirt
skin (of human); epidermis

+ġusuk- (limited) to be absolutely V-ed or about to V | perhaps -uk(-)2 vv -suk-2 rv

aliuq- (i) to be amazed, astonished,
astounded, to marvel
ataniq source of connection; isthmus;
lord, master, king; god; supreme being;
higher power
iglaq- (i) to laugh
*quvi (root) happiness, joy
quviq- (t) to catch her/him/it off guard;
(t) to surprise, startle her/him/it; (t) to do something has happened
something without her/his knowledge;(t)
to surprise her/him/it
*saiñġi (root) chagrin, regret;
aliuġusuk- (i) to be amazed, in awe,
impressed by something unexpected
atanġusuk- (i) to be bossy, willful,
demanding
iglaġusuk- (i) to grin; to be unable to keep
from smiling
quviaġusuk- to be happy now
quviġusuk- (i) to be surprised that
saiñġisuk- or saiñġusuk- (i) to feel

722
 frustration frustration and regret for missing an
opportunity to obtain something; (i) to be
chagrined, frustrated

-ġut- rv (limited) to travel or do via the N § -ut-1nv, -tqut- nv

°nali (stem) even, in line, straight naliġut- (i) to be undecided or unable to
forward; (Ti) south side of Point Hope, decide; (i) to have difficulty deciding
Alaska; price
qaa(-) or qaaq (Nu) [qara] top side; qarġut- (i) to go over the top surface; (t) to
roof; surface; outer side of fabric; cover; go over its top surface
dorsal area of fish; (t) to put a top surface
on it
°saa2 (stem) [sara] front of body or sarġut- to pass by in front of (her/him/it)
garment; area immediately in front of
something; lap, the front part of the
lower trunk and thighs of a seated
person; seaward

'= I-1 or -I-1 or ~I-1 nv to make, work on, cook or to fix § -liuq- nv

'= I-2 nv (limited) (i) to V (injure, damage) one's N; (t) to injure, damage or strike her/his/its
N § '-aq-2 nv, -urraaq- nv § -I-7 vv
niaquq head, skull niaqqi- (i) to injure one’s head; (t) to injure
her/him/it on the head
qaqasaq or qaqisaq brain qaqatchi- (i) to injure one's occiput, the
back part of the head; (t) to injure her/his/its
head; (t) to hit her/him/it soundly on the
head

= I-3 nv (limited) to spend or experience the N (restricted to names of time of day, season or
year)
anaqaksraq evening anaqaksri- to spend the evening
ukiuq(-) wintertime; last year; (t) to ukii- to spend the winter
come (of winter)
unnuaq(-) night; last night; (Ti) unnui- to work the night shift
yesterday; to become night
upinġaksraq spring; last spring upinġaksri- to spend the spring
upinġaq- (Ti), upinġaaq(-) to come (of upinġi- to spend the summer
summer); summer; last summer
uvluq(-) day; daylight; to begin to grow uvli- (i) to spend the day; to stop and take a
light (of day) day’s rest while traveling or working

:I-4 vv intransitivizer § +sI-3 vv

723
-I-5 or :I-5 vv (limited) for object to V to the disadvantage of the subject
aggaq- (i) to come loose, come off, slip aggai- (i) to have something come loose; (t)
off; (t) to cause it to come loose, slip off to have it come loose
akpak- (i) to reach the summit when akpai- (t) for she/he = obj. to reach the top
climbing; (i) to take a step up; (i) to before one = subj. does
climb up through the entrance hole into a
traditional subterranean sod house; (i) to
come through the door of a communal
house (of a dancer in a dance); (i) to
push one’s way through a crowd,
navigate through a crowded place; (i) to
overcome a personal problem, crisis; (t)
to reach its summit when climbing; (t) to
overcome it = a personal problem or
crisis
annak- (i) to escape danger annai- (t) for her/him/it to escape from one
aullaq- (i) to leave, go away, depart; (i) aullai- (t) for her/him/it to flee from one
to start (of engine)
ayuuq- to make headway, progress (on ayuuqqi- (t) to let whatever was supposed to
it); (i) to go far (of something thrown) have been finished drag on
katak(-) entrance hole in floor of sod katai- (t) to drop her/him/it
house (leading to subterranean tunnel or
passageway); (i) to fall off
muġruk- (i) to sink into soft ground, muġrui- (t) for it = (obj) to flee from one =
snow; (i) (by extension) to sink into sin; (subj.) under the snow or ice
(Ti) (i) to enter a sod house through an
entryway tunnel; (Ti) (i) to pass
through a tunnel, hole in the snow; (t)
to put it into a covered hole, e.g., into a
cellar
tammaq- (i) to be lost; (t) to lose it, not tammai- (t) to lose, cannot find her/him/it
be able to find it

-I-6 vv (t) to cause her/him/it to V § +rI-3 vv

:I-7 or = I-7vv to V to (her/his/its) disadvantage § ~rI-4 vv, +sI-4 vv

+iak(-) nn, vv, vn (limited) one with N; one that has been V-ed; one that V-s; to undergo a
process of V-ing § +iaq-3 vv
imaq1(-) [imaQ] liquid, fluid; non- imaġiak(-) liquid, fluid in body organs,
potable water; lake; sea, ocean; lagoon; joints, etc.; (i) to be wet (of game meat at
(t) to moisten it = animal hide to ready it site of bullet hole); (i) to be oozing (of a
for scraping sore)
isiq(-) smoke; haze, mist, or cloud which isiġiak- to be hazy due to a fire in the
forms over open water; (i) to be smoky; distance

724
 (i) to form mist, to form a cloud over
open water
kaki- [kakI] (i) to prick oneself; (t) to
tattoo her/him/it; (t) to prick her/him/it meat on a spit for roasting; (Nu)
kiki- (t) to make a notch in it = wood; (t) kikiak(-) [dual kikirrak, pl.kikiagIt] metal
to break off a piece from it = wood
qivliq- (i) to be shiny
sisu- (i) to slide or glide down once
uluq- (i) to turn sideways in order to
pass through a narrow passage; (i) to
turn one’s shoulder forward; (i) to turn
aside; (i) to bend to the side, move aside;
(i) to lie down on one’s side; (t) to pass
through it = passageway sideways; (t) to
turn or move it aside
uqsruq or (Nu) uqruq or (Ti) uġruq
seal oil; oil, gasoline, petroleum
kakiak(-) (Ti) roasting spit; (t) to put it =
two-pronged fish spear, leister (dual)
nail; (t) to nail it down
qivliqiak silk, shiny material; galvanized
metal
sisugiak- (i) to have a wet burp (of baby);
(Ti) (i) to burp up milk (of baby); (t) to burp
up on her/him/it (of baby); (i) to vomit (of
overfed baby); (i) to regurgitate food or
drink; (t) to vomit on her/him/it (of overfed
baby)
uluġiak- or uluġiapak- (i) to wince in fear,
flinch, covering one’s face and eyes
protectively with the arms
uqsruġiak- (i) to drain, seep out (of pus or
liquid in a sore)

+iaq-1 or '= iaq- vv to go and V § -liaq- nv

+iaq- or ‘= iaq- restricted to verb stems which end in k or q
+saqtuaq- or +saqtuq- restricted to verb stems which end in t or a vowel
+yaqtuaq- or +yaqtuq- or +yyaq- restricted to verb stems which end in a vowel
'yyaq- restricted to verb stems with the word form (C)VCV
aqpat- (i) to run (of a human) aqpatchaqtuaq- (i) to go and run
ikayuq- to help (her/him/it) ikayuġiaq- to go and help (her/him/it)
nasiqsruq- (i) to crane one’s neck; (i) to nasiqsriaq- or nasiqsruġiaq- (i) to go and
look for game in the distance look for game from a vantage place
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it) niġġiyyaq- or niġisaqtuq- or niġiyaqtuq-
(i) to go and eat
qia- [qira] to cry, weep, shed tears (for qiasaqtuaq- or qiayaqtuaq- (i) to go to a
her/him/it) particular place and cry
savaġluk- (i) to be careless, slipshod savagiaq- (i) to go to work; (t) to go repair it
with one’s work
suġuk- (i) to wrestle with each other; (t) suġġiaq- to go and wrestle (her/him)
to fight, wrestle with her/him/it; (t) tease
her/him/it

'= iaq-2 nv to go and do what one normally does with N § -liaq- nv

725
+iaq-3 vv (limited) to undergo a process of V-ing § +iak(-) nn, vv, vn
itiktaq- (i) to have diarrhea itikpaługiaq- (i) to spurt out very soft stool
itiq- (i) to wake up itiġiaq- (i) to wake up early
napi- (i) to break in half; (t) to cut, break napigiaġniQ vertebra
it in half
niviq- (i) to shift position so as to lie on niviġiaq- (Ti) (i) to fall backward
one’s back; (t) to turn it upside down; (i)
expose its underside
*pik1 (root) upward movement pikiaq- [pikiraq] (i) to jump up suddenly
and go out, bolt, run suddenly out, rush out
abruptly; (i) to gush out (of water)

+iaq1 or ‘-iaq vn (limited) place, entity, or time where, by whom, or when V occurs
akpak- (i) to reach the summit when akpagiaq (Nu) doorsill (on ground),
climbing; (i) to take a step up; (i) to doorstep
climb up through the entrance hole into a
traditional subterranean sod house; (i) to
come through the door of a communal
house (of a dancer in a dance); (i) to
push one’s way through a crowd,
navigate through a crowded place; (i) to
overcome a personal problem, crisis; (t)
to reach its summit when climbing; (t) to
overcome it = a personal problem or
crisis
°anaqa (stem) evening anaqasaaġiaq late afternoon, early evening
ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be aniyaġiaq traditional sod house passage
born; (i) to emerge from the den in foundation floor
spring (of hibernating animal)
igliq- or iglau- (i) to be travelling; (i) to igliġiaq route
be running, idling (of a machine/engine); (Ti) igliġiaq krill, small shrimp
(t) to travel it = distance
ii-1 [igi] (t) to swallow it iggiaq throat, gullet, esophagus; (Nu) narrow
entry (neck) of fish trap
imiqtaq- to haul, obtain, buy water (for imiqtaqtuġiaq trail used to fetch fresh water
her/him)
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isiġiaq mouth of river; (Nu) entry, door
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside
itchuaq- (i) to peek, look in; (t) to peek itchuaġiaq rear sight on gun
at her/him, to look in on her/him
kii- [kIgI] (i) to clench one’s teeth; (i) to kigiaq (Nu) beaver (Castor canadensis)
bite oneself; (t) to bite her/him/it
mayuq- (i) to climb, ascend; (i) to mayuġiaq upward path
move to a higher position (of person),

726
 e.g., to a better job; (t) to climb, ascend
it; (t) to set her/him/it on or in a higher
place
miluk(-) nipple of breast; breast; (Ti) milugiaq solitary wasp; (Ti) bee; sucker
milk (commercial or human); (i) to fish (Catastomus catastomus)
nurse, of child; (t) to suck it = breast,
thumb, etc; to take a puff on it =
cigarette, cigar or pipe
naniq- (i) to be caught in a trap (t) to pin naniġiaq leg-hold trap
her/him/it down with weight; to travel
directly over her/him/it (of moving
conveyance); to catch it in one's trap
napa- (i) to be standing upright, e.g., a napaġiaq vertical support; post holding
house, pole, tree something up; one of many vertical pieces
(stanchions) which support side rails of sled;
something which stands upright
naqsraq(-) a ridge which divides naqsraġiaq an approach to a summit
watersheds of rivers; a pass, a valley or Naqsraġlugiaq (place name) a summit
passage in the mountains; low point of a
hill; (i) to travel via the lowest point; (t)
to travel via its lowest point
nimiq- or nimiqsruq- (t) to wrap it with nimiġiaq arctic lamprey (Lampetra
something; to wind something around it japonica), water worm; eel; snake; serpent
puyyuk- (t) to pinch her/him/it puyyugiaq crab
qaaq(-) marijuana (i) to burst, explode; qaaġiaq hernia
to smoke marijuana; (Nu) (i) to crash qaġiaq storage hole in hallway of sod house
against the shore (of wave, sea), to break
(of waves); (t) to make it pop or burst
qiñiq- to look at, watch (her/him/it) qiñiġiaq vision
qugluk- (i) to wince when startled or quglugiaq (Nu) small water worm (swims
suddenly frightened; to fold (it in half) forward using a twisting motion); a fold, a
crease
tulak- (i) to reach shore, come ashore tulagiaq or tulagvik landing place for a boat

tuluq- (t) to butt, hit her/him/it with head tuluġiaq canine tooth
or tusk; (t) to attack her/him/it (of a
bird); (t) to reach it = shore (of ice,boat,
etc.)
uvluq(-) day; daylight; to begin to grow uvluġiaq star
light (of day)

+iaq2 or ‘= iaq nn, vn, rn (limited) one associated with a N

aaka mother; grandmother (modern use) aakiaq eldest sister
aapa father; grandfather (modern use) aapiaq eldest brother
auk(-) blood; (i) to bleed; (Ti) to have a augiaq clotted blood
nosebleed

727
 nanmautaq or natmautaq (Nu)
shoulder strap for carrying a gun or
backpack; backpack
qayaq one person skin kayak
*qiiqi (root) creaking
°sani (root) broadside, side
siitquq(-) or sitquq(-) kneecap, patella;
hind flipper of seal; (i) to kneel, get
down on one’s knees; (t) to put one’s
knee on it
nanmautaġiaq area of arm just below
shoulder
qayaġiaq canoe
qiiqiġiaq [qiiqiġiraq] metal hinge
sanniġuġiaq (Ti) piece of wood, ivory, or
bone tied to head of an inflated seal skin
float and used as a plug to keep air in
sitquġiaq (Nu) knee

+iaq3 [iraq] n final suffix of some Ns > perhaps +iaq2

aagiaq or (Nu) aagiuraq prong of an antler;
tine
iqirgagiaq sabine's gull (Xema sabini)
kiktuġiaq mosquito
mikłiaq umbilical cord
qaġiaq storage hole in hallway of sod house
qamuġiaq (Ti) canine tooth
qasigiaq spotted seal; harbor seal (Phoca
vitulina)
qimiġiak eyelashes of both eyes
qalugiaq(-) or qalugiaqtuun whaling
harpoon with flint or iron spearhead in
foreshaft; (t) to harpoon it = whale
qupquġiaq or (Nu) qupquġaq mythical ten-
legged polar bear
saksagiaq or saksaŋiaq small gray bird
(perhaps a redpoll)

+iatchi- vv (limited) | perhaps +iaq-3 vv -tchI- vv

ivaq-1 (t) to search for her/him/it ivaġiatchi- to miss (her/him) who has left

:Iġuti- nv (i) to not have any more N; (t) to deplete her/his/its N | :Iq-2 nv :uti- vv
aitchuun offering, sacrifice; donation
gift ġiven
ivsa juice of fruit, meat, vegetables;
saliva, bodily fluid; sap of tree; dew
niqi food, meat
*siliq (root) sense
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what;
(t) to do what to her/him/it
aitchuutiksraiġuti- (i) to run out of things
to give
ivsaiġuti- (t) to be icebound (of OBJ)
niqaiġuti- (i) to run out of food; (t) to
consume or take all of her/his/its food
silaiġuti- (i) to lose one’s senses
suiġuti- (i) to run out of supplies; (t) to take
all of her/his possessions

728
:Iġutiuraq- nv (limited) to become completely devoid of N | :Iq-2 nv -uti-vv -uraq- nv §
:Iġuti- nv
atigi(-) parka, traditional fur-lined, atigaiġutiuraq- (i) to become so engrossed
pullover-style with fur ruff; (i) to put on in what one is doing that one remove one’s
a parka; (t) to put a parka on her/him parka to continue the activity
nipi voice, sound nipaiġutiuraq- (i) to become completely
quiet

+iiksit- nv (i) to enter into a relationship where one or several has/have another as her/his or
their N; (t) to cause them to enter into a relationship where one or several has
another as her/his or their N § +[g]iiksit- nv

+iitkutaq or +iitkun vn (limited) something used to prevent V-ing |:It-1 rv +kun vn

aggaq- (i) to come loose, come off, slip aggaġiitkutaq barb on a spear which keeps
off; (t) to cause it to come loose, slip off the spearhead from slipping out of the
quarry, e.g., seal, whale; any object used to
keep something from slipping off; groove
aksrak- (i) to roll; (i) to roll and slide aksragiitkutaq barrier to keep something
down a slope (e.g., of an animal when from rolling
shot); (t) to roll it, e.g., barrel
*alia (root) lonliness; dullness; aliitkun past time, hobby, entertainment
humorlessness
anniq- [annIq] (i) to become injured; (t) anniitkutaq or anniyaitkutaq means of
to hurt her/him/it protection against hurt or injury i.e, pad used
for protection from injury (such as a recoil
pad on stock of a shotgun that dampens
recoil against shoulder)
apuq- to bump or crash (into her/him/it); apuġiitkutaq rounded bow of sled
(i) to reach shore
katak(-) entrance hole in floor of sod katagiitkutaq object used to prevent
house (leading to subterranean tunnel or something from falling
passageway); (i) to fall off
°saa2 (stem) [sara] front of body or sayyagiitkutaq log cribbing at exterior sides
garment; area immediately in front of of sod walls; sleeping platform head beam
something; lap, the front part of the
lower trunk and thighs of a seated
person; seaward
silaluk(-) or sialuk(-) rain, rainy silalugiitkun umbrella
weather; to rain
taġiuq(-) [taġiruq] salt; ocean; sea taġiitkun (Ti) boot made to be worn on sea
water; (i) to use salt; (t) to put salt on it; ice
(Ti) (i) to be blue
upaluŋa- (i) to be unprepared; (i) to lack upaluġiitkutaq emergency provision; extra
something, e.g., food to offer others food or clothing taken along in case it may
be needed in a contingency

729
-Ik- vv (limited) to V continuous
mumik- [mumIk] or [mumik] (i) to mumiiŋa- (i) to keep a nocturnal routine
turn over; (i) undergo a character
reversal; (t) to turn her/him/it over; (t)
to translate it
qumik- [qumIk] (i) to put one’s arms qumiik- (i) to keep one’s arms inside one’s
inside the body of one’s parka; (t) to put parka; (t) to keep her/him/it inside one’s
her/him/it inside one’s parka parka

+ilak rn
*ilisI (root) spirit, energy ilisiilak sorcerer, one who casts spells
(considered stronger than a shaman)

:ilaq(-) or = ilaq(-) or :ilaaq(-) nn, vn, rn, nv (limited) one without an N; area which lacks
N; one who is not V; to be or do without N | :It-1 vn -laq vn
aki(-)1 [akI] corresponding value, akiilaq financial debt
equivalence; cost, price, value; wage; akiilaaq something bought on credit
opposite side, other side; (Ti) north side
of the point (Point Hope); (t) to respond,
acknowledge, or answer her/him with
gestures (of one who is far away but
visible)
*anaya (root) wariness, caution anayailaq one who is not cautious
r
asiaq(-) [asi aq] berry; (Nu) blueberry asiagilaq area which lacks berries
(Vaccinium uliginosum); (Ti) crowberry
(Empetrum nigrum); fruit in general; (i)
to pick berries
atiq [atiQ] name; namesake; someone atqilaq one that does not have a name
who shares the same name with another
*aula (root) incompleteness, not whole aulailaq or suġailaq whole, complete, or
entire thing, not broken nor cut up
igalauraq glass window; four (at cards); igalaurailaq one without windows
lens of eye; (Nu) eardrum
igniq fire igniġilaq sailing vessel (one without a fire)
irgaak irgaagilaq or irgailaq the one without
glasses
ipik- (i) to be sharp (of an implement or ipkilaq the dull one
of one’s mind); (i) to be sharp-tongued
ipu(-) a long handle; (t) to attach a ipuilaq the one without a handle
handle to it
kamik(-) [dual kammak, pl.kamŋit] kamŋilaq the one without boots
boot; mukluk; Iñupiaq-made fur boot;
dog booty; shoe; (i) to put one’s boots
on; (t) to put boots on her/him/it
kaniq(-) [kaniQ] frost; (i) to be covered kanġilaq smooth frostless ice
with light frost; (t) to have light frost

730
 cover it = ground, house, or any object
*kanŋu (root) feeling of shame, kanŋuilaq one that does not know the
embarrassment; feeling of shyness meaning of embarrassment
natiq(-)1 [natiQ] floor; to construct a natqilaq one without a floor
floor (on it)
naviksiġiaq- to be easily broken naviksiġiilaq one not easily broken
nika- (i) to avoid eye contact with nikailaq one who is bold, confident
others; (i) to be still, silent; (i) to be a
non-participant due to one's
embarrassment, lack of confidence or
fear of authority
puqik- [puqIk] (i) to be smart, quick to puqiilaq the dumb one
learn
qupak(-) decorative, fancy trim; to trim qupailaq one without any trim
or decorate (it)
saŋŋi- [saŋŋI] (i) to be strong, tight, or saŋŋiilaq a weakling
taut
*suġaq (root) fragment; an item suġailaq something whole, uncut, complete
suka- (i) to be fast sukailaq the slow one
tupiq(-) [tupiQ] [dual tuppak, pl. tupqIt] tupqilaq(-) one without a tent; (i) to be
tent; to raise, set up a tent for (her/him/it) without a tent
uqaqsiġiaq- (i) to be obedient uqaqsiġiilaq one who usually does not obey

-ili- vv (limited) to lose the capability or ability to be V; (t) to cause to make it incapable of
V-ing properly or being V | :It-1 vv -lI-2 vv
ayuġit- (i) to form a habit, a behavioral ayuġiili- (i) to get into the habit of doing
pattern; (i) to get into the habit of doing certain socially unacceptable things; (i) to
something one enjoys, e.g., visiting get a bad habit; (i) to get carried away,
someone, eating something become excessive; (t) to cause, influence
her/him to acquire socially unacceptable
habits
ipik- (i) to be sharp (of an implement or ipkiq- or ipkili- (i) to become dull; (t) to
of one’s mind); (i) to be sharp-tongued cause it = cutting device to become dull
kiiñaq or (Ti) kigiñaq face; blade of axe kiiñaġiili- (i) to grimace, wince, contort
one’s face
puqik- [puqIk] (i) to be smart, quick to puqiili- (i) to become less smart
learn
saŋŋi- [saŋŋI] (i) to be strong, tight, or saŋŋiili- (i) to become weak
taut
savayuq- (i) does excellent work, is savayuili- (i) to lose the ability to do
talented, does a good job; (t) operates it excellent work; (t) to render, make it =
well, knows how to do it excellently machine incapable of operating properly
takpik- [takpIk] (i) to have good takpiili- (i) to weaken (of one’s eyes)
eyesight, good vision
tutqik- [tutqIk](i) to be content, tutqiili- (i) to become uncomfortable, begin

731
 peaceful, at ease
*uivI (root) astute, judicious,
discriminating, discerning
*uquma (root) weightlessness
to feel unease, to experience discomfort
uiviili- (i) to become habituated to an action
or behavior because of repeated good
feelings associated with that action or
behavior; (i) to keep doing something
because it is pleasant or beneficial
uqumaili- (i) to become heavier, gain
weight; (t) to add weight to her/him/it

-ilisaq vn, nn (limited) item for the N or the V-ing

argaun wrist; ice scratcher used by seal argautailisaq wristlet worn during cold
hunters weather
arguq- (i) to travel against the wind arguilisaq shelter from the wind
attuQ something worn-out, used attuilisaq something that is worn
abusively; old, used clothing; one who excessively; someone taken advantage of
has been married before
kusiq- [kusIq] to drip (on her/him/it) kutchiilisaq receptacle to catch dripping
liquid

-illaq- also = illaq- nv, rv (limited) to remove N or the V-ing § :ilaq1 nn, -ŋIq- nv, :Iyaq- nv
kamik(-) [dual kammak, pl.kamŋit] kamillaq- (i) to become barefoot; to take
boot; mukluk; Iñupiaq-made fur boot; one’s pants and boots off, to undress below
dog booty; shoe; (i) to put one’s boots the waist; (t) to make her/him barefoot; to
on; (t) to put boots on her/him/it remove her/his pants and boots
*tusaq (root) audible tusillaq- (i) to become deaf
usiq-2 [usIq] or usillaq- (i) to take off one’s
own pants; (t) to remove her/his pants

:illi- nv, vv (limited) to lack a N and taking advantage of the situation | :It-1 nv +lI-3 vv
aana or aanaaluk grandmother; aanailli- (i) to behave in ways that one
great-aunt usually does not do when an authority figure
is present
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what; suilli-(i) to relax
(t) to do what to her/him/it

:illiuq- nv, vv to have difficulty finding N for one’s use, consumption; to experience the lack
of N; (t) to need, have difficulty in providing N for her/him/it | :It-1 nv +lI-3 vv
:uq-2 vv § -killiuq-
atigi(-) parka, traditional fur-lined, atigailliuq-(i) to need a parka but can not
pullover-style with fur ruff; (i) to put on find one
a parka; (t) to put a parka on her/him
iluaq- or iłuaq- (i) to be fitting, proper; iluilliuq- or iłuilliuq- or (Ti) iluilliuq- (i) to
(i) to be correct, right; (i) to feel fine be troubled; (i) to be miserable,
wretched, distressed; (i) to be unwell,
afflicted; (i) to be grieved, sorrowful; (i) to
be in trouble

732
 ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or ilailliuq- (i) to have a hard time finding
name; companion, friend, partner; part of others to join her/him
a whole; (i) to get a co-participant,
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
imiq(-) [imiQ] drinking water; a imġilliuq- (i) to lack water
beverage; an alcoholic drink; potable
liquid, broth; amniotic fluid; to drink (it)
manik(-)3 [manIk] [ENG “money”] maniilliuq- (i) to lack money
money; (i) to “strike it rich”; (i) to be
rich
qaiq- (i) to be smooth, flat, level; (i) to qaiġilliuq- (Ti) (i) to travel over rough
be straight (of hair) terrain, bounce, jolt along

'= Iñġaq nn (limited) oil product from a process involving N | perhaps ‘= It-2 nv +[ġ]aq nn
aġviq [aġviQ] [dual aġvak, pl. aġviġit, aġviñġaq oil from rendered, whale blubber
archaic pl. aavġit; archaic rel. form
aavġum] bowhead whale (Balaena
mysticetus); Pacific right whale (Balaena
glacialis)
natchiq(-)1 [natchIQ] ring seal (Pusa natchiñġaq oil from rendered, seal blubber
hispida); (i) to catch a seal
ugruk(-) bearded seal (Erignathus ugriñġaq oil from rendered, bearded seal
barbatus); (i) to catch a bearded seal blubber

-iññaq- vv, nv (limited) indicates steady progress or prolonged action of V-ing §

msiiññaq-1 vv
agli- (i) to grow in size, become large, agliiññaq- (i) to become, grow bigger and
big bigger
*aŋI (root) failure aŋiiññaq- (i) to fail to procure game, attain a
goal, or get a job
iigu(-) or uigu(-) an extension; additon; iiguiññaq- (i) to continue without stopping
attachment; appendix; suffix (e.g.,
ending or enclitic); (i) to now be
lengthened; (t) to lengthen, extend it; (t)
to add a suffix to it = word
mikłi- (i) to become smaller; (t) to mikłiiññaq- (i) to become, grow smaller and
decrease it in quantity or size smaller
nuŋu- (i) to be depleted, used up; (i) to nuŋusaiññaq- (i) to wane (of moon)
get a worn spot; (i) to be an old moon,
i.e., no moon
qalli- [qallI] to get near, close (to qalliiññaq- to keep getting closer (to
her/him/it); (Nu) (t) to be approaching her/him/it)

733
 her/him/it
qimak- (i) to escape, flee; (t) to leave
her/him/it behind
taku- (t) to go and see how she/he is
faring; (t) to visit her/him in the hospital;
(t) to check on it
qimaiññaq- to leave (her/him/it) without a
second thought
takuiññaq- (t) to look longingly, stare at
her/him/it

-iññaq nn (limited) totally and utterly

akkupak right now akkupaiññaq right at that moment,
immediately, right away, shortly thereafter,
quickly
ilaiññaq (expression used when the situation
looks hopeless, but one does something
about it anyway knowing that the action
might not work to remedy the situation) may
be to no avail; regardless
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil; iñuiññaq the number twenty
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
aurivik summer place aurivigiññaq place only used to spend the
summer

'= Iq-1 or ~’Iq- nv, vv to provide with N or with process described by V §-lIq-1 nv

:Iq-2 or = Iq- nv, vv, rv (i) to no longer have N; there is no N; (t) to remove, take away
her/his/its N
iri [dual irrak] eye iraiq- (t) to remove her/his/its eye
kamik(-) [dual kammak, pl.kamŋit] kamŋiq- to take (her/his) boots off
boot; mukluk; Iñupiaq-made fur boot;
dog booty; shoe; (i) to put one’s boots
on; (t) to put boots on her/him/it
kayumik- (i) to be fast, swift, speedy; (i) kayumŋiq-(i) to have one’s appetite abated
to be appetizing, palatable (of food)
miqłiqtuq child miqłiqtuiq-(t) to take children away from
her/him
1
natiq(-) [natiQ] floor; to construct a natqiq- (t) to remove her/his/its floor
floor (on it)
niqi food, meat niqaiq- (t) to remove her/his/its food; (i) to
be depleted (of food)
nuliaq(-) wife; female mate (for nuliiq- (i) to lose one’s wife, to be widowed;
animal); (t) to marry her; (i) to take a (t) to take, steal his wife
wife
nuna land, tundra, earth; inland; country, nunaiq- (t) to take her/his land away
territory, a citizen’s nation-state
nukik [nukIk] muscle; ligament; nukigiq- or nukiiq- (i) to become weak,
strength become unable to move

734
 puuq(-) [puguq] sealskin poke; a
container; a sac, covering (e.g., young
grass leaf covering stem); top edge of
boot where drawstring is inserted; (t) to
wrap it; (t)(Ti) to bandage her/him/it
*quvi (root) happiness, joy
savik [savIk] or savik knife; metal
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what;
(t) to do what to her/him/it
tupiq(-) [tupiQ] [dual tuppak, pl. tupqIt]
tent; to raise, set up a tent for (her/him/it)
by extension:
argak(-) or (Ti) algak finger; hand; to
dig (in it) with hands or paws; to use an
ice scratcher (a tool made of seal claws
mounted in a wooden handle used to
simulate the scratching of a seal to lure
it to its breathing hole)
iggiaq throat, gullet, esophagus; (Nu)
narrow entry (neck) of fish trap
~Iq or :Iq or ‘~Iq or ‘+Iq or ‘= Iq rn, nn, vn (limited) that which has a close connection to
the N or the V-ing § -siq nn, vn
alġaaq afterbirth, placenta
ata- (i) to be attached, connected
atiq [atiQ] name; namesake; someone
who shares the same name with another
atiq [atiQ] name; namesake; someone
who shares the same name with another
aula- (i) to move around, show
movement, be in motion
ayaqhaaq(-) string game; (i) to play a
string game, e.g., “cat’s cradle”; (t) to
tell it = story using string figures
ilitqun spirit, essence (of a being)
imġun a supply of water; drinking glass; imġusiq or imġusiuraq or imiun sheep
water pitcher
iñġaun pan to catch drippings, e.g.,
under seal oil lamp
735
puugiq- (t) to remove its container
quviiq- to become unhappy, depressed
saviiq- (t) to take her/his knife away
sukuiq- (t) to understand, recognize,
distinguish her/him/it
tupqiq- (t) to take away her/his tent
argaiq- to have a severe infection on one’s
hand
iggiiq- or iggiagiq- (i) to be hoarse, barely
able to talk, to lose one's voice, develop
laryngitis
alġaaġusiq large flat part of caribou’s
digestive system (good to eat)
atausiq [atausIq] the number one
atiġusiq given name rarely used
atiqausiq noun
aullasiq instinct
ayaqhaakkiiq a spirit that plays string
games with its own intestines, drawing them
out of its mouth (it is said that if a young
person plays string games to the extent that
they ignore their chores, the ayaqhaakkiq
will appear; this story is told to discourage
such indulgent play)
ilitqusiq spirit, soul
horn dipper; wooden drinking cup
iñġausiq piece of blubber suspended above
lamp which melts and drips into lamp
providing a source of replenishing fuel
 iñuuniun or iñuuniaġun item
indispensable in one’s livelihood;
provision, tool, weapon; item one uses in
everyday life
it- (i) to exist; (i) to be; (i) to be present;
(i) to stay
malik(-) a wave, swell on a large body
of water; (i) to have swells (of a large
body of water)
malġuk number two
*nak (root) attachment
nusaq or nuyaq strand of head hair
pi(-) [pI] (t) to take, get, procure, acquire pilġusiq habit, customary activity
her/him/it; (t) to do it; (t) to say to
her/him; an entity
pitqun request
pituġaq- (i) to arrive at a body of water
after or during a journey of some
distance overland; to travel down to the
coast; to go out to a lead, an open body
of water next to ice edge
suli- (i) to make something; (t) to make
it into something
suġun item
suqun that which is worthy of
consideration or attention
uqaun microphone; (Nu) what someone uqausiq manner of speech; choice of words;
said
iñuuniusiq (Nu) way of life
irrusiq personality, disposition, character,
behavior
ilġusiq (Ti) habit, custom
malliq(-) tidal wave; (i) to be rough (of
water); to rise (of the sea)
malġuilik something with a double seam
naktuġiq clothes hook; small, wooden peg
set in wall for hanging clothes; button,
wooden or metal catch or hook
nuyaġiq tonsure, shaved place on top of
head
piraġausiq custom
pitqusiq behavior
pituqqiq flat, secure ice at edge of ocean
lead (where whaling camp can be set up at
the end of the trail that’s been made)
suliġusiq (Nu) way of doing, custom
suġusiq implement, device; property; part of
another object
suqusiq habit; characteristic behavior of
person
dialect; language; advice

= Iqi-1 or ~Iqi- nv having to do with hunting, preparing, repairing, cleaning, associating,

“messing around with” N [the meaning of the long form -lIqi- differs somewhat from the
meaning of the short form '= Iqi-; the words containing the short form are more
specific, often lexicalized] § -lIqi- nv

'= Iqi-2 vv (limited) to V without hesitation

makit- (i) to stand up; (i) to get out of
bed; (i) to arise; (t) to set it upright
misik- (i) to leap straight up, to jump
down from a low height; (t) to jump
across her/him/it
pui- [pugi] (i) to emerge, surface; (t) to
makkiqi- to stand up in front of her/him/it in
defense
mitchiqi- (t) to pounce, jump on her/him/it
puggiqi- (t) to surface upon her/him/it

736
 surface “in front of” her/him/it
saavit- (i) to proceed out to the sea or on saavviqi- to go out to dance with
a river; (i) to go down to hunt on the ice, her/him/it
beach, along coast; (i) to go out in front
of an audience, to go out in front of a
group, e.g., to dance, participate in
competitive games; (t) to put it = boat
out to sea

‘= Iqsuq- vv, nv,rv (limited) provide with § -liqsuq- rv,nv

:isuq- or = isuq- nv (limited) to go and get, fetch N § +taq-4 nv, +ksraisuq- nv

niqi food, meat
suġautaq a piece of property
*suksraq an item
tupqiq- (t) to take away her/his tent
umiaq(-) [umiġaq] a boat; (i) to go
hunting in an umiak for sea mammals;
(Ti) (i) to be out at whaling camp or in a
whaling boat
niqaisuq- to fetch some meat
suġautaisuq- to fetch something
suksraisuq- to fetch something
tupqisuq- to fetch a tent
umiisuq- to fetch a boat

:It-1 or = It- or '-It- nv, vv, bv (i) to lack N; to not be V

aglitchik- (i) to have the capability to aglitchiit- (i) to grow slowly
grow steadily
agliġi- (t) to avoid her/him/it in agliġit- (Ti) (i) to not be subject to taboo
accordance with taboo, e.g., avoidance
of an ill person
*anaya (root) wariness, caution anayait- (i) to be not aware of the danger
involved
iluaq- or iłuaq- (i) to be fitting, proper; iłuit- or iluit- (i) to not be correct, not
(i) to be correct, right; (i) to feel fine proper, not right; be sick
ipik- (i) to be sharp (of an implement or ipkit- (i) to be dull, blunt, not sharp (of knife,
of one’s mind); (i) to be sharp-tongued axe, etc.
2
ipiq [ipiQ] dirt ipqit- (i) to be clean
iqaluk(-) or (Nu) qaluk(-) fish; (i) to iqaluit- (i) to not have fish
catch a fish
*iqIk (root) laziness; lack of initiative; iqiit- (i) to be industrious
lethargy; boring; uninspiring; lack of
eagerness, unwillingness
kamanaq(-) bossy person; authoritative kamanait- (i) to not be held in awe
person; (i) to have greater authority than
others; (i) to be awesome, great (i) to be
worthy of respect, honor; (i) to be bossy;
(i) to be strong, large (of animal)
*kanŋu (root) feeling of shame, kanŋuit- (i) to be forward, bold; (i) to be
embarrassment; feeling of shyness shameless

737
 kiiñaq or (Ti) kigiñaq face; blade of axe
manik-1 [manIk] (i) to be smooth (e.g.,
of ice)
*manŋa (root) tension
naŋiaq- (i) to be afraid of falling from a
high place, to have acrophobia; (i) to be
afraid of falling through ice into deep
water
nika- (i) to avoid eye contact with
others; (i) to be still, silent; (i) to be a
non-participant due to one's
embarrassment, lack of confidence or
fear of authority
puqik- [puqIk] (i) to be smart, quick to
learn
qimmiq [qimmIq] dog (Canis lupus
forma familiaris)
*quvi (root) happiness, joy
saŋŋi- [saŋŋI] (i) to be strong, tight, or
taut
*suġaq (root) fragment; an item
suka- (i) to be fast
tupqiq- (t) to take away her/his tent
tuttu caribou (Rangifer tarandus)
uqaqsiġiaq- (i) to be obedient
'= It-2 or nv, vv (limited) to come into a situation where N is present
aġra or aġraq ashes; gunpowder; fire
pail (used by whaling crew for cooking
prior to the modern campstove)
aġviq [aġviQ] [dual aġvak, pl. aġviġit,
archaic pl. aavġit; archaic rel. form
aavġum] bowhead whale (Balaena
mysticetus); Pacific right whale (Balaena
glacialis)
amigaq- (i) to be insufficient
aniqsaapak(-) a sigh (i) to sigh once
aqaya or aqiya mud
iglaaq traveler, newly arrived guest,
stranger
ikkalġuq submerged sandbar, shallow
738
kiiñait- (i) to be dull, blunt, not sharp (of
knife, axe, etc.)
maniit- (i) to be rough, uneven (esp., of ice
when there are ice piles)
manŋait-(i) for it to be tough (of meat)
naŋiit- (i) to be daring, brave when doing
something risky
nikait- (i) to be confident
puqiit- (i) to be dumb
qimmiit- (i) to not have dogs
quviit- (i) to be despondent
saŋŋiit- (i) to be weak, lack strength; ((i) to
be loose, not taut
suġait- (i) to be whole (of something); (i) to
be healthy or doing well
sukait- to be slow
tupqit- (i) to not have a tent
tuttuit-(i) for there to be no caribou
uqaqsiġiit- (i) to be disobedient; (i) to
misbehave
aġrit- to be covered with ash
aġviñġaq oil from rendered, whale blubber
amikkit- (i) to run short of something, e.g.,
skins for the making of a boat
aniqsaappit- (i) to catch one's breath
aqayyit- (i) to become stuck in mud,
become covered with mud
iglait- (i) to have visitors come upon one
ikkalġit- (i) to get stuck in shallow water
water
imiq(-) [imiQ] drinking water; a
beverage; an alcoholic drink; potable
liquid, broth; amniotic fluid; to drink (it)
imnaq1 high, steep cliff
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil;
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
iri [dual irrak] eye
isukłiq farthest extension of something
itiġuq sour urine; ammonia
kaŋilliq innermost one of a group;
rearmost one; origin; descendant
kiniq- (i) to be thick (of a liquid); (i) to
not slide easily (as a sled with sticky
runner base)
malik- to follow, accompany
(her/him/it)
nakasuk bladder
nipit- (i) to adhere to a sticky substance
nuna land, tundra, earth; inland; country,
territory, a citizen’s nation-state
papa (English) pepper
saagaq(-) something one brings along,
carries; to carry, bring (her/him/it) with
one
sapi- (t) to block, obstruct her/him/it,
make passage unsuitable or impossible
for her/him/it; (i) to dam it = river
sauniq bone; pit, seed in fruit
siaksruk(-) a noise that is heard where
previously there was only silence; (i) to
be noisy
*siga (root) a sizzling, gurgling, or
rushing sound
739
immit- (i) to come upon water (e.g., of a
traveler); (i) to be waterlogged; (t) to soak it
in water
imnit- (i) to be unable to climb higher
because of high cliffs
iññit- (i) to come upon a person or persons;
(i) to have many visitors; (i) to reach a place
where there are people (of a traveler); (t) to
re-populate it (old village, abandoned place)
irrit- to get something in the eye
isukłit- (i) to come to the end of something;
(i) for the end of something to be reached; (i)
by extension, to die; (t) to come to the end of
it
itiqqitchiaq urine which has turned to
ammonia
kaŋillit- (i) to arrive, reach one's destination;
(i) to reach the limit, e.g., to eat as much as
one can
kinatchit- (i) to come to a stop, in terrain
through which travel is difficult
mallit- (i) to be unable to keep up, fall
behind; (t) to be unable to keep up with
her/him/it
nakatchit- (i) to have a full bladder
nipitchit- (Nu) (i) to become stuck to any
type of adhesive
nunnit- (i) to come upon land
pappit- (i) to sneeze because of inhaling
pepper
saakkit- (t) to give her/him something to
carry and deliver
sappit-(t) to give up on her/him/it
saunnit- (i) to have a bone stuck in one’s
throat
siaksrit- (t) to frighten her/him/it away with
the noise of one's steps in snow
siggit- (i) to break or crack cleanly; (t) to
break or crack it cleanly
 siiġlak- (t) for it to become sweet and
sour
ugruk(-) bearded seal (Erignathus
barbatus); (i) to catch a bearded seal
umiaqpak ship
siiġlit- (i) to salivate from too sweet or too
sour food; (i) to make a face when eating
something sour
ugriñġaq oil from rendered, bearded seal
blubber
umiaqpit- (i) to sight, come upon a ship

:It nn (plural mkr)

'= iuq-1 or ~iuq- nv to make, work on, cook or fix § -liuq- nv

'= iuq-2 nv, vv (limited) to experience V or N § +lI-3 vv, +nniuq- nv, +siuq-1 nv
alianaq- (i) to be boring, not enjoyable, alianniuq- (i) to be lonesome
dull
anayanaq- (i) to be dangerous; (i) to anayanniuq- (i) to experience the
require caution; (i) to be unsafe; (i) to be dangerous; (i) to show anxiety
risky
ikkat- (i) to be shallow e.g., a body of ikkalġiuq- (i) to travel through shallow
water water, sometimes grounding the boat
iŋiulik(-) wave or swell on ocean; (i) to iŋiulliuq-(i) to be rocking back and forth
have swells or waves (of ocean) because of waves
iqianaq- (i) to be boring, uninspiring iqianniuq- (i) to have a hard time waking up
iqsiñaq- (i) to be dangerous, frightening, iqsiññiuq- (i) to have a frightening
fearsome experience; (i) to be afraid, terrified
kamanaq(-) bossy person; authoritative kamanniuq- (i) to marvel, be amazed
person; (i) to have greater authority than
others; (i) to be awesome, great (i) to be
worthy of respect, honor; (i) to be bossy;
(i) to be strong, large (of animal)
*kipiq (root) desire for an optimun kipiġniuq- (i) to be longing, yearning for
outcome something; to be anxious to hunt
malik(-) a wave, swell on a large body malliuq- (i) to go up and down on
of water; (i) to have swells (of a large the waves
body of water)
nutqaq- (i) to stop; to die nutqiuq- (i) to stop at a place for a certain
time
qaggaq(-) wave which breaks on shore, qaggiuq- (i) to travel through rough water,
a breaker; (i) to break on shore (of wave) waves
suqłuk- to become impure, dirty (of suqłiuq- (i) to be very sick, have much pain
water)

-iyaaq or -ayaaq nn (limited) a young, juvenile N § +aq2 nn, vn

aġnaq woman; an adult human female; aġnaiyaaq girl (pre-teen); a female human
queen (suit in cards) baby
aġviq [aġviQ] [dual aġvak, pl. aġviġit, aġvaaq baby whale; whale calf
archaic pl. aavġit; archaic rel. form

740
 aavġum] bowhead whale (Balaena
mysticetus); Pacific right whale (Balaena
glacialis)
aŋun man, an adult human male aŋutaiyaaq boy (pre-teen); a male human
baby
imnaiq dall sheep, mountain sheep imnaiyaaq lamb
Tanik Caucasian person; white person Taniayaaq half-white/half-Alaska Native
person

:Iyaq- or -Iyaq- nv, vv (i) to remove, take off one's N; (t) to remove, take off her/his/its N
from off her/him/it
allaq1 a perforation, hole, a rip allaiyaq- (t) to mend or patch its hole
amiq(-) [amIQ] animal hide, pelt; skin amiiyaq- (t) to remove it’s (boat) skin
covering on boat or kayak frame; (t) to covering
put a hide covering on it = boat or kayak
frame
*aŋŋI (root) denial aŋŋiiyaq- (i) to resolve a situation; (i) to
find a solution to a problem
*ilisI (root) spirit, energy ilisiiyaq- (t) to cut a hole in her/his clothing
to cause her/his death (of shaman) (the
intended victim must discover and repair the
hole before putting on the pierced garment
to avoid death; (t) to put a hex or curse on
her/him
kamik(-) [dual kammak, pl.kamŋit] kamŋiyaq- to take (her/his/its) boots off
boot; mukluk; Iñupiaq-made fur boot;
dog booty; shoe; (i) to put one’s boots
on; (t) to put boots on her/him/it
kilu2 seam, stitch kiluiyaq- (i) to come apart at the seams; (t)
to rip a seam
tupiq(-) [tupiQ] [dual tuppak, pl. tupqIt] tupqiyaq- (i) to take a tent down and pack
tent; to raise, set up a tent for (her/him/it) it; (t) to take a tent down for her/him/it; (t)
for the wind to flatten her/his tent
upaluŋa- (i) to be unprepared; (i) to lack upaluŋaiyaq- (i) to gather the necessary
something, e.g., food to offer others supplies for one’s trip; (t) to get the
necessary supplies ready for her/him for a
trip
idiomatic uses
argak(-) or (Ti) algak finger; hand; to argaiyaq- to have cold hands
dig (in it) with hands or paws; to use an
ice scratcher (a tool made of seal claws
mounted in a wooden handle used to
simulate the scratching of a seal to lure
it to its breathing hole)
igniqutit outboard motor; car engine; igniqutaiyaq- (i) for one’s engine to break
power plant

741
 isigak or isigait foot (appendage)
qamun car, truck
siun ear
tunu back (of human body); back area;
back exterior wall of house
isigaiyaq- to have cold feet
qamutaiyaq- (i) to get a broken car
siutaiyaq- to have cold ears
tunuiyaq- to have a cold back

’-k-1 nv (limited) (i) to acquire N (usually by hunting in its natural environment) § +t-2 nv
aġviq [aġviQ] [dual aġvak, pl. aġviġit,
archaic pl. aavġit; archaic rel. form
aavġum] bowhead whale (Balaena
mysticetus); Pacific right whale (Balaena
glacialis)
aiviq [aiviQ] [dual aivvak, pl.aivġit]
walrus (Odobenus rosmarus)
ikilik one with a wound; wounded or
dead animal
nanuq polar bear (Ursus maritimus)
niaquq head, skull, cranium
piña the one
tipi-2 (t) to be washed ashore
r
tuugaaq [tuuga aq] walrus tusk;
ivory; white of eye
aġvak-2 or (Ti) aġvaaq- (i) to kill a
whale in a whale hunt
aivvak- (i) to kill a walrus
ikillak- (i) to catch a wounded animal; to
find a wounded or dead animal
nannuk- to kill a polar bear
niaqquk- (Ti) (i) to receive, acquire the head
share of whale (of last boat arriving at kill)
piññak- (i) to acquire something
tivrak- (i) to find something drifted ashore
tuugarrak- (Ti) (i) to get walrus tusks

’-k-2 also -.k-2 nv, vv, rv (limited) (i) to acquire, grow N in abundance; (i) to become V; to V
more, to increase V-ing quickly or with intensity
agak(-) a tease; a mischief-maker; (i) to aggaktit- (i) to become mischievious; (i) to
be mischievous; (i) to be a tease; (i) to be begin teasing others
belligerent, want to fight, be
argumentative; (i) to fight; (t) to tease
her/him; (t) to fight with her/him
amu- (i) to be pulled out; (i) to slide ammuktuq- (t) to pull it (e.g., a net) from
back into water after beginning to under the ice with a rope line
surface (of a seal); (t) to pull her/him/it
out; (i) to withdraw money from a bank;
(t) to pick up a C.O.D. from the post
office
anuġi wind anuqqak- to become windy
au- (i) to rot or decay (of tooth, wood, (perhaps) auk- to be melting
etc.); (i) to ferment or age (of meat, fish);
(i) to become partially melted and
dangerous underfoot (of ice); (i) to
decompose

742
aulaya-(i) to be easily moved, not aulayyak- (i) to move suddenly; (t) to move,
securely fastened shift or budge it
avaala- (i) to yell avaallak- (i) to begin yell (usually in pain or
when in danger)
ikak-2 (i) to be dirty ikkak- (i) to become messy, untidy
ikuala- (i) to blaze, burn brightly ikuallak- (i) to burst into flames
1
imaq (-) [imaQ] liquid, fluid; non- immak(-) pus; infection; (i) to develop an
potable water; lake; sea, ocean; lagoon; infection; (i) to accumulate liquid (e.g., pus
(t) to moisten it = animal hide to ready it in a wound); (i) to get water in one’s boots;
for scraping (i) to become saturated with water (of
object); (i) to take in water (of boat)
iñuguq- (i) to become an adult, grow up; iñukkuk- (t) to nurture her/him/it into
to "come back to life," regain health (of a maturity
sick person); (t) to raise, nurture
her/him/it
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil; iññuk- to form a living being (usu. of an
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to egg)
surprise her/him/it
ipiq2 [ipiQ] dirt ippak- to get (it) dirty
kayumik- (i) to be fast, swift, speedy; (i) kayummak- (i) to speed up, accelerate, get
to be appetizing, palatable (of food) energized
kigun tooth kiguttak- (i) to teethe, cut teeth
kinnaq [kinnaQ] crazy person, a fool; kinnaksaq- (i) to misunderstand, be
(excl.) you fool! confused
kivik- (i) to lift oneself; (t) to lift kivvak- to lift (her/him/it) repeatedly
her/him/it
maġaala- (i) to yelp, howl; (i) to yell in maġaallak- (i) to begin to yelp in pain
pain
maliġi- (t) to follow her/him/it; to maliqquk- (t) to follow her/him/it
follow her/his/its directions constantly, everywhere
naama- (i) to be enough, adequate, naammak- (i) to be of the right amount or
sufficient, complete; (i) to have a size, to fit right; (i) to be adequate, enough
quorum for a meeting; (i) to be perfect,
flawless; (i) to be well-supplied, have
everything needed, e.g., the right tools,
equipment
naaq(-) [naraq] (Ti) abdomen; (i) to narrak- (i) to become pregnant; to get a
have a full stomach, be full from eating distended belly
naluk-1 (t) to throw it underhand; to toss nalluk- (t) to toss it up and down repeatedly
it up
nau- [nagu] (i) to grow (of a plant or nagguksaun fertilizer; something to
wart); (i) to wax (of moon); (i) to promote maturity (e.g., words of wisdom)
increase
nui- [nugi] (i) to come into view, appear; nuik- or nuilatu- (i) to have a large neck
to rise (of sun, moon); (t) to be able to opening (of garment)
see, observe her/him/it; (Ti) (i) to look

743
 outside, e.g., to see if someone or
something is coming
nusaq or nuyaq strand of head hair
nutik- to leap (over it)
piala- (i) to carry on noisily, be rowdy,
rambunctious, disorderly
sanik(-) speck of dust, lint; caribou hair
on clothing or floor; to have dust, lint,
dirt on it
sauniq bone; pit, seed in fruit
sayak health, strength
siŋuk- (i) to strain while defecating; (i)
to strain during labor contractions (of
woman giving birth)
siqiñiq sun
suama- (i) to be strong; (i) to have
fortitude, resilience
umik whiskers, beard
utaqqi- [utaqqI] to wait for (her/him/it)
uuma- (i) to be alive (of an animal)
uviñiq [uviñiQ] or uviñik or (Ti) uvinik
skin (of human); epidermis
-k-3 v (limited) indicates movement § +muk- nv, rv
avanmun reciprocal, reciprocity; to each avanmuk- (i) to part from one another and
other go in different directions; (t) to take them in
different directions
sugnamun which direction sugnamuk- to which direction
-k-4 nv, rv (limited) to apply or use a N or R
aglak a letter character
*anaya (root) wariness, caution
*argua (root) audacious, bold
iñuk person; owner; core of boil;
resident spirit; embryo of an egg
ipu(-) a long handle; (t) to attach a
handle to it
iri [dual irrak] eye
744
nutchak- (i) to grow hair; to let one’s hair
grow long
nuttagaq- (i) to keep hopping, leaping,
jumping
piallak- (i) to become enthusiastic; to
become carried away, rowdy, rambunctious
sannak- (i) to get covered with dust, lint or
animal hair
saunnak- (i) to harden (of children’s soft
bones)
sayyak- (i) to gain strength, grow strong
siŋŋuktit- (i) to become red in the face from
exertion or illness
siqiññak- to receive, get more sun (of days
as they lengthen)
suammak- (i) to become stronger,
revitalized; (i) to become more emotional
ummak- (i) to grow a beard or moustache;
grow whishers
utaqqik- (i) to continue to wait
uummak- (i) to become alive, be revived
uviññak-(i) to get fleshy, fat
aglak- to write (it)
anayaktuq- or anayaktuaq- (Ti) (i) to be
cautious, careful in a dangerous place; to get
up carefully, move cautiously (of a sick
person)
arguaktit- (i) to become audacious, bold
iñuk- (t) to surprise her/him/it
ipuk- (t) to lift it with a lever; (t) to cock the
lever of it (rifle)
irigmik- to wink (at her/him)
 isa(-) moulting duck (incapable of
flight); (i) to moult
isi [isI] drum skin
ivsa juice of fruit, meat, vegetables;
saliva, bodily fluid; sap of tree; dew
kali something being dragged, towed
qalu(-) dipnet; (i) to get something using
a dipnet; (t) to bail water out of it = boat
*salu (root) cleaniness
siġmiq [siġmIQ] or (Ti) siġmiq(-)
substance that hardens and can be used
for patching; filler applied to bottom of
sled runners made of frozen mixture of
water and snow used to increase
slipperiness and lessen friction; (Ti) ice
which forms on boat or sled; (t) for it =
boat or sled to get covered with ice;
¤glacier
sivukki- (i) to point straight forward (of
feet)
+k1 nn (limited) item of N § +łłIQ
°isu (stem) end, e.g., of a word, book,
long stick
killi or killiq1 [killI(Q)] limit (of time or
space); due date; border, line, edge of
land which has been cleared; source of
river; area next to wall or floor; stopping
point, goal, destination; limit; crucial
reason
nuvu pointed tip of anything
qala wake of boat, churning water
behind paddle or propeller
‘-k2 nn (dual mkr)
-kaaq nn that which one usually or regularly has as one's N
aġvak-2 or (Ti) aġvaaq- (i) kill a whale
in a whale hunt
ikayuqti assistant, helper; intercessor
745
isak- (t) to reach and get it; (i) to obtain it =
a C.O.D. package at the post office
isik- or isiaq- (t) to put a skin on it = drum
ivsak- (i) to moisten it
kaliksIq- to be towed, dragged
qaluŋniQ (Nu) small "bowl" or cirque in
mountains
saluk- (t) to prepare it = an animal skin by
moistening it first with a flour mixture, then
rolling it tightly and letting it set overnight,
then scraping it white; (Nu) (t) to scrape it =
animal skin; (Ti) to use white powder on (it
= caribou skin) to soften it during tanning
siġmik- (t) to apply a substance that hardens
on it
sivukkik- (i) for it to be straight; to point
straight ahead (of road, line or purpose)
isukłiq farthest extension of something
killik heelprint in earth, snow where person
drives heel in for support
nuvuk point, tip; promontory (of land);
pointed mountain peak
qalak(-) a bubble, burp; (i) to burp, clear
one's throat; (t) to burp it = gas bubble out
aġvaksakaaq the type of whale one usually
caught
ikayuqtikaaq one’s usual helper
 ini place; room; (by extension) one’s inikaaq one’s usual place
presence
miŋuaqtuġvik school miŋuaqtuġvikaaq one’s former school
piiguq- or puiguq- to forget (her/him/it piiguitkaaq lesson taught in such a manner
that one won’t forget it; memento, souvenir
piqan companion piqatikaaq one’s usual partner

+kaaq- or -kaaq- vv (limited) to V exceedingly, completely § -pkaaq- vv

kaak- (i) to be hungry kakkaaq- (i) to never have enough to eat; to
starve to death

paałłak- (i) to fall forward suddenly,
landing face down
siak-1 (Ti) (i) to be scattered; (t) to scatter
them
paałłakaaq- (i) to stumble, falling forward
siakkaaq- (t) to scatter and lose them
uupkaaq- or uukkaaq- or (Nu) uupkaq- (i)
to come crashing down, fall, slide (of
hanging ice or snow on a slope)

±kallaiq- vv to not V as early as usual, or as often | :Iq-2 nv,vv

niġi- [niġI] to eat (it) niġikallaiq- (i) to eat not as early as one
used to
siñik(-) sleep; (i) to sleep; (t) to spend it siñikallaiq- (i) to take a long time to fall
= day sleeping asleep

±kallaŋIt- vv (limited) to not V early | ±ŋIt- vv

ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be anikallaŋit- (i) to not come out right away
born; (i) to emerge from the den in
spring (of hibernating animal)
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isikallaŋit- (i) to not come in right away; (t)
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it to not bring it in right away
inside, to place it inside
pi(-) [pI] (t) to take, get, procure, acquire pisakallaŋit- to not start early, be late
her/him/it; (t) to do it; (t) to say to starting or beginning (it)
her/him; an entity
qai- [qaġI] to come (toward her/him/it) qaikallaŋit- (i) to not come right away
utiq- to return, go back (for her/him/it); utikallaŋit- to not return early (to her/him/it)
(t) to return to her/him = spouse after a
separation

+k/galuaq- vv with Interrogative endings: is it for certain, without doubt that she/he/it V-ed
(her/him/it)
ilisaġi- (t) to recognize her/him/it » ilisaġigaluaqpauŋ is it for certain that he
recognized her
ilisima- to know (her/him/it) » ilisimagaluaqpiuŋ are you sure you know
her

746
 isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside;
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside
tautuk- to see (her/him/it)
» isiġaluaqpa is it for certain he really
entered
» tautukkaluaqpauŋ is it for certain that he
really did see her

+k/galuaq- vv with Indicative endings: she/he did V (her/him/it), but …

ai-1 [agi] (t) to fetch, go and get
her/him/it
apiġi- or apiqsruq- (t) to ask her/him ||
apiqsrI-
ati-2 (t) to put it = garment on
ilisaġi- (t) to recognize her/him/it
ilisima- to know (her/him/it)
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; » isiġaluaqtuaq, aglaan qilamik
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside
malik- to follow, accompany
(her/him/it)
tautuk- to see (her/him/it)
» aigaluaqtaġa pitquŋitchaŋa I went to get
it, but he told me not to take it
» apiqsrigaluaqtuaŋa ilausukłuŋa I asked
to be included, but... (I do not know what the
outcome will be)
» atigaluaqtaŋa mattaqtittaġa he put it on,
but I made him take it off
» ilisaġigaluaqtaa aglaan ullaŋitkaa he
recognized her, but he did not approach her
» ilisimagaluaġiga ullagniaŋitkiga I know
her, but I will not approach her
anitqiksuaq he went inside, but he came out
quickly
» malikkaluaqtaa, aglaan tammaimaraa
she followed him, but eventually she lost
sight of him
» tautukkaluaqtaa aglaan ilisaġiŋitkaa he
saw her, but he did not recognize here

+k/galuaq- vv with Affirmative Subordinative endings: although, even though she/he V-ed
(her/him/it), she/he did not V (her/him/it)
ilisaġi- (t) to recognize her/him/it » ilisaġigaluaqługu paġlaŋitkaa although
he recognized her, he did not greet, welcome
her
ilisima- to know (her/him/it) » ilisimagaluaqługu atuŋitchaġa although I
knew the song, I did not sing it
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; » isiġaluaqłuni anitqiksiqtuaq although he
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it went inside, he left quickly
inside, to place it inside
malik- to follow, accompany » malikkaluaqługu, qanuq piŋiñmigaa
(her/him/it) although she followed him, at the end, she
did not say or do anything to him
tautuk- to see (her/him/it) » ullaŋitchaa tautukkaluaqługu although
he saw her, he did not approach

+k/galuaq- vv with Negative Subordinative endings: without V-ing (her/him/it), she/he/it

V(her/him/it)
akilIq- (t) to pay for it; to pay her/him » akiliġaluaġnagik aniruaq he went out

747
 for something
ilisaġi- (t) to recognize her/him/it
ilisima- to know (her/him/it)
ilit- [ilIt] (i) to learn; (t) to learn of
her/his ways, habits; (t) to learn it
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside;
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it)
pilak- (i) to butcher a carcass; (t) to
butcher it = a carcass
without paying for themd
» ilisaġigaluaġnagu aniruq he went out
without recognizing her
» malikkaluaġnagu
ilitchuġiyumiñaitchutin you will not find
out without following him
» ilitkaluaġnagu atuġniaŋitkiga I will not
sing it without learning it first
» iqalukkaluaġnatiŋ airuat they went
home without catching any fish
» isiġaluaġnani utiqsimaruaq I found out
that he returned without coming in to visit
» niġigaluaġnata ayaktuagut we went on
our way without eating
» pilakkaluaġnagu qairruŋ give it to her
without butchering it

tautuk- to see (her/him/it) » tautukkaluaġnagu utiġniruaq he said

that he returned without seeing her

+k/galuaq- vv with Optative-Imperative endings: it does not matter even if she/he V

(her/him/it); V (her/him/it) and see what happens
ilisaġi- (t) to recognize her/him/it » ilisaġigaluaġliuŋ it does not matter even if
he recognizes her
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; » isiġaluaġli qanuq piññagu even if he
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it comes inside, do not say anything to him
inside, to place it inside
malik- to follow, accompany » malikkaluaġuŋ follow him and see what
(her/him/it) happens
tautuk- to see (her/him/it) » tautukkaluaġliuŋ suniaŋitchuq even if
he should see her, it will be of no
consequence

+k/galuaq- vv with Conditional endings: even if she/he V (her/him/it), she/he will V

(her/him/it)
ilisaġi- (t) to recognize her/him/it » ilisaġigaluaġumŋa naluniñiaġikpiñ even
if you say that you recognize me, I will say
that I do not know you
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; » isiġaluaqpan aninniaġaat they will throw
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it him out even if he should enter
inside, to place it inside
ilit- [ilIt] (i) to learn; (t) to learn of » ilitkaluaġupku atuqtinniaŋitkaat even if
her/his ways, habits; (t) to learn it you learn it, they will not let you sing it
tautuk- to see (her/him/it) » tautukkaluaqpagu qanuq piññasiuŋ
even if he sees her, do not say or do anything

748
 to him

+k/galuaq- with Consequential endings: even when she/he V (her/him/it), she/he V

(her/him/it); because, since she/he/it V (her/him/it), she/he V (her/him/it); after V-ing
(her/him/it) for a while (but now she/he/it has stopped V-ing (her/him/it)
aqpatqasiq- (t) to run with her/him » aqpatqasiġaluaqapku uvlaaq I ran with
him for a while this morning
atuq- to song (it = song) » atuġaluaġami she sang for a while
ilisaġi- (t) to recognize her/him/it » ilisaġigaluaġmagit suġauttat
qanulaitkiga even when she recognized
some things, I do not say anything to her
ipiqtusuk- (i) to be very sad, » ipiqtusukkaluaqami quviatchallaktuq
despondent, depressed after being sad and depressed for a while,
she gradually became happier
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; » isiġaluaġman qanulaitkaat they do not
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it do or say anything to him, even if (although)
inside, to place it inside he comes to visit or they do not give him any
hassles when he enters
killukuaqtaq- to keep making mistakes » killukuaqtaġaluaġmatku
(on it) uuktuaġuktaqpuk because theyd were
making mistakes on it, wed wanted to try it
malik- to follow, accompany » malikkaluaġmagu malirraqsiraġali since
(her/him/it) she was following him around, I decided to
follow him too
tautuk- to see (her/him/it) » tautukkaluaġmagu suliqutigilaitkikput
even when he sees her, it is of no
consequence to us
r
qia- [qi a] to cry, weep, shed tears (for » qiagaluaġman qaġġisiraġa I brought her
her/him/it) with me because she was crying so much
utaqqi- [utaqqI] to wait for (her/him/it) » utaqqigaluaqamisin aniruaq he waited
for you for a while, then left

+k/galuaq- vv with Comptemporative I endings: although she/he/it V (her/him/it), she/he V-

ed (her/him/it)
ilisaġi- (t) to recognize her/him/it
ilisima- to know (her/him/it)
malikataq- to run after, chase
(her/him/it)
tautuk- to see (her/him/it)
» ilisaġigaluallaan ullaŋitkaa although he
recognized her, he did not approach her
» ilisimagaluallaan atuġuŋitkiga although I
know it, I do not want to sing it
» malikataġaluallaan aŋuŋillakkaa
although she was chasing him, she never did
catch up with him
» tautukkaluallaan tautuŋiññiraa he said
that he did not see her although he did see
her

749
+k/galuaq- vv with Contemporative II endings: although she/he had V-ed (her//him/it),
she/he/it V-ed (her/him/it)
ilisima- to know (her/him/it) » ilisimagaluaŋŋaigñik tupaksaaqtaka
although theyd knew what was going on, I
tried to spook themd
tautuŋa- to have seen (her/him/it) » tautuŋagaluaŋŋaan miqłiqtunun
kaluqtaġa although, even though the
children had seen it, I brought it anyway

+k/galuaqtit- vv ( with negative subordinative endings) before she/he/it V

isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; » isiġaluaqtinnagu iriġiñ hide before he
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it enters
inside, to place it inside
itiqsaq- (t) to wake her/him up » itiqsaġaluaqtinnani makittuaq he got out
of bed before he was called
uqallak- (i) to say something » uqallakkaluaqtinnagu uqallagnak don't
say anything before he speaks

-kałłak- vv (limited) to V with violence, carelessness | perhaps -kaq- vv -łłak- vv

pi(-) [pI] (t) to take, get, procure, acquire pikałłaktaq- (i) to do things carelessly; (i) to
her/him/it; (t) to do it; (t) to say to be negligent (especially when angry); (t) to
her/him; an entity handle her/him/it roughly
supi- (i) to break up and flow (of frozen ¤supikałłaktaq- or supiłhaqtaq- (Nu) (i) to
river); (t) to blow it = candle flame out blow in gusts (of wind)

±kaŋIt- vv to delay V-ing; to not V early

ai-2 [agi] (i) to go home, to come home aikaŋit- (i) to come home late, not early »
miqłiqtut aikaŋitchuat unnuaq the
children did not come home early last night
ayak-2 (i) to begin moving ahead, ayakaŋit- (i) to not start early on one’s way
proceed ahead, start toward destination, » ayakaŋitchuagut uvlaaq we delayed
depart; (i) to push off in a boat; (t) to starting on our way this morning
push, launch it = boat to sea
miquq- to sew (it) miqukaŋit- to not sew (it) early »
kamitchiaksrautiŋit miqukaŋitchatka I
delayed sewing their new boots
tikit- [tikIt] (i) to arrive at, reach one's tikitkaŋit- (i) to arrive late; (t) to reach
destination or goal; (t) to reach her/him/it her/him/it late, not early » tikitkaŋitchuat
their arrival was delayed

-kaq- nv, vv (limited) to V suddenly or unexpectedly

aki(-) gaff, barb on hook; curved hook- akikaq- (i) to be caught with a hook; to be
shaped slough off river; to secure it with secured with an ice hook; (t) to catch it with
barb on hook a hook; secure it = sled with an ice hook sled
brake
akpak- (i) to reach the summit when akpakaq- (i) to barely manage to climb on

750
 climbing; (i) to take a step up; (i) to to something; (t) to barely manage to climb
climb up through the entrance hole into a on to it
traditional subterranean sod house; (i) to
come through the door of a communal
house (of a dancer in a dance); (i) to
push one’s way through a crowd,
navigate through a crowded place; (i) to
overcome a personal problem, crisis; (t)
to reach its summit when climbing; (t) to
overcome it = a personal problem or
crisis
kunik- [kunIk] to kiss (her/him/it); (i) to kuniłukaq- (i) to fall flat on one's face
smack into each other (of juggling
stones); (t) to bring it near to the nose to
sniff
malik- to follow, accompany malikpakaq- (t) to follow her/him/it right
(her/him/it) after she/he/it has departed
maŋik- [maŋIk] to gnaw on (it); (Nu) maŋikaq- (i) to fall on one's face
(i) to fall headfirst dead or wounded
(usu. of animal); (Nu) (i) to fall on
one’s face
nusuk- or nutchuk- (t) to pluck, snatch, nusukaq- (t) to jerk and drag it
pull it out
pivsukaq- (i) to barely, narrowly escape
death, danger; (t) to barely miss hurting
her/him/it; (t) to barely miss striking it = an
animal during hunting
*pusi (root) face down position pusikaq- (i) to fall forward

puuk- (i) to become bent with age; (Ti)
(i) to fall over from a stroke, or when
fainting, etc.
supi- (i) to break up and flow (of frozen
river); (t) to blow it = candle flame out
tupak- or tupakaq- (i) to be surprised,
startled; (i) to wake from sleep to full
wakefulness
puukaq- (i) to fall forward, stumble
¤supikałłaktaq- or supiłhaqtaq- (Nu) (i) to
blow in gusts (of wind)
tupak- or tupakaq- (i) to be surprised,
startled; (i) to wake from sleep to full
wakefulness

+kaq nn (limited) item similar to or resembling a N § ±aq1 vn

alla another one, a different one; allakaq a different kind
something strange
papik bird's tail; top rear edge (of papikkaq (Nu) downriver end of an island
traditional skin pants); the length of the
backside of a parka or snowshirt
*saki (root) a shaving sakikkaq wood shaving
*tupit (root) apprehension, uneasiness, tupitkaq amulet or charm worn on body or

751
 spookiness
tuuq(-) [tuguq] ice chisel, ice pick; to
work or pierce (it) with a chisel or ice
pick; (Ti) to chop ice with an ice chisel
or ice pick
clothing
tuukkaq toggle head of harpoon or spear;
detachable walrus harpoon head (usually
made of ivory, iron or brass)

+kaqsI- vv to be about to V; to be about to begin, has already began and continues to V §

-aqsI- vv

+kaqsimmipkaq- vv (restricted to verb stems which end in t) (plus affirmative

subordinative endings ) just when she/he/it is about to V, another (subject) does
something § -aqsimmipkaq- vv

±kasak- vv to V regularly, routinely, or everytime

aŋiq- (i) to say “yes,” to nod “yes,” to aŋikasak- to answer (her/him/it) each time »
signify “yes” by raising the eyebrows; (t) aŋikasaktuami apiqsruġmaŋa I have been
to say, nod or signify “yes” to her/him answering him affirmatively whenever he
asks me
aqpat- (i) to run (of a human) aqpatkasak- (i) to run regularly »
aqpatkasaktuagni wed have been running
regularly
ikayuq- to help (her/him/it) ikayukasak- to help (her/him/it) regularly »
ikayukasaktaġa I have been helping her
regularly
imiq(-) [imiQ] drinking water; a imikasak- to drink (it) regularly »
beverage; an alcoholic drink; potable imikasaktuaq anaqatuaġman he has been
liquid, broth; amniotic fluid; to drink (it) drinking every evening
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it) niġikasak- to eat (it) routinely »
niġikasaktuani uvaptinni we have been
eating regularly at our place
puuq(-) [puguq] sealskin poke; a puukasak- (t) to place it in a container
container; a sac, covering (e.g., young routinely » puukasaktatka aluaqsautinik I
grass leaf covering stem); top edge of have been putting them in gunny sacks
boot where drawstring is inserted; (t) to
wrap it; (t)(Ti) to bandage her/him/it
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savakasak- to work (on it) routinely »
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it; savakasakpisi uvlaami do you routinely
(i) to be working, operating properly (of work in the morning
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial

+k/gasugi- or +k/gasuga- vv (i) to think that one is V or is V-ing; (t) to think that she/he/it is
V or is V-ing; to think that one V her/him/it § +nasugi- vv
ai-2 [agi] (i) to go home, to come home aiñasugi- (i) to think she/he came home »
aiñasugalugu qaigaluaqtuami I came
thinking she had come home

752
 ipiġaq-2 or (Ti) ipaġaq- (i) to wade
navik- to break (it)
patiq(-) [patiQ] bone marrow; candle;
(i) to eat bone marrow; (t) to eat its bone
marrow
pisuaq- (i) to walk; (t) to walk it =
distance
-kataq(-) vv, vn (limited) to V over a continuous length of time; an activity done over a
period of time; item that is V-ing continuously § +aq-1 vv
aqła(-) draft (i) to be drafty
malik- to follow, accompany
(her/him/it)
nalluk- (t) to toss up and down
repeatedly
1
naluk- (t) to throw it underhand; to toss nalukataq- (i) to be tossed up and down on
it up
piksik- (i) to fly off: (i) to bounce off
when snapped or broken; (i) to bounce
off target; (i) to jump, hop; (i) to leave
suddenly without preparation
pisuaq- (i) to walk; (t) to walk it =
distance
r
tigumiaq(-) [tigumi aq] something
carried in one’s arms; to carry
(her/him/it) in one’s arms or hands
uluġuak- (t) to carry her/him/it under
one’s arm
1
usiq [usIq] [pl. utchit] (Nu) load,
something/someone carried in sled, boat,
or vehicle
+katit- vv (limited) to V suddenly § +tit-2 vv
nalautchaq- (i) to prophesy, predict,
guess, take a gamble
753
ipiġaġasugi- (t) to think she/he/it is wading
» ipiġaġasugiraat ipiġaŋisimaruaq the one
they thought waded, had not
navikkasugi- (t) to think it broke »
navikkasugalugit pipkaŋitchatka fearing
they might get broken, I did not let them be
taken
patiġasugi- (t) to think she/he/it is eating
bone marrow » patiġasugilugit
ullakkaluaqtatka thinking they were eating
bone marrow I went over to them, but...
(they weren't)
pisuaġasugi- (t) to think she/he/it is walking
» pisuaġasugiraqput pisuaŋisimaruaq the
one we thought was walking, did not walk
aqłakataq [lit. “something that is blown
about”] cotton grass (Eriophorum
angustifolium)
malikataq- (t) to chase her/him/it
nallukataq- (t) to toss her/him/it around; to
throw her/him/it up and down
the mapkuq (bearded-sealskin blanket-toss)
during the whaling festival
piksigaq- or piksikataq- (i) to jump, bounce
repeatedly
pisukataq- or (Ti) pisuu- (i) to walk, rather
than use some other mode of transport
tigumiakataq- (t) to carry her/him/it
although she/he/it might be heavy
uluġuakataq- (t) to carry her/him/it under
one’s arm for a while
usikataq- to carry (her/him/it) as a load
nalautchakatit- to overtake, come upon
(her/him/it) suddenly; meet (her/him/it)

±kavsak(-) nn, vv (limited) to be slightly or somewhat V; one that is slightly or somewhat V
kaviq- [kavIq] (i) to be red
kinnaŋa- (i) to be crazy, mentally ill
nait- (i) to be short of length
saquŋa- (i) to be crooked (of a line,
stitching, etc.)
sikuġlak(-) or sikuġlalaaq frozen rain
and snow on ground; hailstone; ice
crystal; (Ti) icicle; (Ti) old packed snow melting, then refreezing) (of meat or fish)
good for melting for drinking water; to
freeze over ground or snow (of rain); to
start forming (of ice); to hail; (Ti) (i) to
form (of icicle); to get packed hard so
that it is good for melting for drinking
water (of snow)
+k/gayaq- vv would V or be V
miquq- to sew (it)
pi(-) [pI] (t) to take, get, procure, acquire pigayaq- would do (it) » qanuq
her/him/it; (t) to do it; (t) to say to
her/him; an entity
qanuq(-) (interrog.) how, what manner
or method, what condition; to do or say
what (to her/him/it)
qivit- (i) to go off in a huff; to leave
indignant; to act or behave indignantly
quvyak- (i) to become happy, joyful
1
uqallak- (i) to speak
-khaaq- vv (limited) to V with exaggeration
aŋutau- [lit.“to be a man”] (i) to be
virile; (i) to dance in man’s style (esp., of
woman imitating a man)
kalit- to drag, tow (her/him/it)
qumik- [qumIk] (i) to put one’s arms
754
unexpectedly
kavikavsak- (i) to be reddish
kinnaŋakavsak- (i) to be slightly crazy
naitkavsak- (i) to be a little bit too short
saquŋakavsak- (i) to be slightly crooked
sikuġlakavsaŋa- (i) to have ice crystals
formed inside (which resulted from partial
miquġayaq- would sew (it) » aatkupku
miquġayaġaa she would sew it if you took
it over (to her)
pigayaitchuŋa I would do nothing
qanuġayaq- would do or say what (to
her/him/it) » inna piguptigu qanuġayaqpiñ
what would you do if we did it this way
qivitkayaq- (i) would leave or go away
indignant » qivitkayaqpiñ would you get
mad and go away
quvyakkayaq- (i) would be overjoyed »
aitchuġupku quvyakkayaqtuq she would
be overjoyed if you gave her some
uqallakkayaq- (i) would speak » qanuq
uqallakkayaqpa what would he say
aŋutaukhaaq- (i) to strut in a manly way,
exaggerating the mannerisms and actions of
a male
kalikhaaq- or kaliukhaaq- to drag (it)
carelessly or roughly or accidentally; to rub
against (it) and cause (it) to fall while going
past carelessly
qumiikhaaq- (i) to keep one’s arms inside
 inside the body of one’s parka; (t) to put one’s parka (t) to keep her/him/it inside
her/him/it inside one’s parka one’s parka

-kikłI- nv (i) to become fewer in number or smaller in size; (t) to cause them, to become
fewer in number or smaller in size | -kIt- nv -kłI- vv
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil; iñukikłi- (i) to become fewer in numbers (of
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to people)
surprise her/him/it
isigak or isigait foot (appendage) isigakikłi- (i) to not fit (of boots because feet
are getting bigger)
tuttu caribou (Rangifer tarandus) tuttukikłi- (i) for the caribou to become
fewer in number

-kikłilaaq- nv to cause N to become smaller in size or quantity | -kIt- nv -kłI- vv +laaq-1 vv

agmaniq an opening
akuq(-) skirt, hem, lower part of
garment; outer keel of an umiak frame;
board placed on one side of the keel of
an umiak frame; sheer line of kayaq; to
put a skirt on (her/him/it); to place the
two boards on either side of it = keel of
an umiak frame
isigak or isigait foot (appendage)
qaunnaq solid animal fat
uqsruq or (Nu) uqruq or (Ti) uġruq
seal oil; oil, gasoline, petroleum
agmanikikłilaaq- (t) to make its opening
smaller
akukikłalaaq- (t) to make a it (skirt, dress,
parka) shorter
isigakikłilaaq- (t) to make its soles smaller
qaunnakikłilaaq- (t) to remove some of its
solid fat
uqsrukikłilaaq- (t) to remove some of its
blubber

-killiuq- nv (i) to experience the scarcity of N | -kIt- nv -liuq- vv § :illiuq- nv

-kipiaq nn suffix added to names of numbers to indicate that it is multiplied by 20

§ -agliaq nn
malġuk malġukipiaq
2 2 x 20 = 40
piŋasut piŋasukipiaq
3 3 x 20 = 60
sisamat sisamakipiaq
4 4 x 20 = 80
tallimat tallimakipiaq
5 5 x 20 = 100

+kisaaq(-) vv (limited) to V recreationally

aatchaq- (i) to open one’s mouth; (i) to aatchukisaaq- (i) to jumpboard
open (of sea ice crack)
anak- (t) to surpass or best her/him in anakkisaaq- to challenge (her/him) to a

755
 competition competition; (i) to compete by daring others
to surpass one’s feat
iglu(-) the other, the mate, as in a pair of iglukisaaq- (i) to juggle
mittens or boots; (i) to be provided with
a companion or a partner; (t) to provide
her/him/it with a partner, companion, or
a complement

+k/gisi- vv will have the opportunity to V (her/him/it), when the time is right
miquq- to sew (it) miquġisi- (i) will sew (it) » tamaaniillik,
uvlaakun miquġisigaik leave themd here,
she will sew themd tomorrow
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it) niġigisi- will eat (it) » isiġumi
niġigisilgitchuq it is certain that he will eat
as he usually does when he comes in
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savakkisi- will work (on it) » siñigli,
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it; itiġumi savakkisimmiuq let him sleep, he
(i) to be working, operating properly (of will get the chance to work when he wakes
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it = up
corpse for burial

-kisuuraq nn one with a few Ns; one with small N

iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil; iñukisuurat a few, a small number
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
iri [dual irrak] eye irikisuuraq one with small eyes
kanak length of human leg from crotch kanakisuuraq one with short legs
to heel, inner leg; inseam

-kIt- nv, rv (i) to possess, have N small in size or quantity

°ati1 (root) area below; bottom,
underside; down
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil;
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
isigak or isigait foot (appendage)
kanak length of human leg from crotch
to heel, inner leg; inseam
kilu2 seam, stitch
*puk (root) depth
qaqasaq or qaqisaq brain
qaunnaq solid animal fat
atikit- (i) to be near the beach (of open
water); for there to have a narrow open lead
in ice
iñukit- (i) to have few people, be sparsely
populated; to be few in number (not just
people)
isigakit- (i) to have small feet
kanakit- (i) to have short legs (of people)
kilukit- (i) to be finely sewn, has small
precise stitches
pukkit- (i) to ride low in water (of boat); to
be low (of elevation); to be shallow (of
container)
qaqisakit- (i) to be not too smart
qaunnakit- (i) to not have much fat (of

756
 hoofed animal= ruminant)
*sivI (root) duration sivikit- (i) to be of short duration

-kkak- vv (limited) to attain the quality of being or do the activity indicated by the V
pukta- (i) to be afloat puktakkaq- (i) to float to the surface of
water; to wax (of moon)
qaksruq- (i) to bring boat from whaling qaksrukkak- (i) to put clothing up and tie it
camp back to the village; (Ti) (i) to with a belt so as not to soil or wet the lower
celebrate the whaling festival part
qitut- (i) to be soft, tender, pliable; (i) to qitukkait- (Nu) (i) to be inflexible, stiff, not
be thin (of fabric) pliable

-kkaluaq1 nn the former N

aimmivik home aimmivikkaluaq former residence, former
home » aimmivikkaluaġa
allaŋŋupaluŋamaruq my former home has
changed tremendously
nuliaq(-) wife; female mate (for nuliakkaluaq former wife » nuliakkaluani
animal); (t) to marry her; (i) to take a tautugniraa uvlupak he said he saw his
wife former wife today
ui husband uikkaluaq former husband » uikkaluani
takusuugaa she goes and sees her former
husband regularly

-kkaluaq2 nn (used in combination with a demonstrative adverb to indicate the

item exists but its utility is questionable)
anŋiqpak rubber boot anŋiqpak-kaluaq marra here’s a rubber
boot, but…
qaġruuraqtuun shotgun qaġruuraqtuun-kaluaq marra here’s a
shotgun, but…
ġ
umiaq(-) [umi aq] a boat; (i) to go umiak-kaluaq marra here’s a boat, but…
hunting in an umiak for sea mammals;
(Ti) (i) to be out at whaling camp or in a
whaling boat

+kkalukkut vs (excl.) (limited) (ending attached to verb stem creating a statement of

pleasant surprise)
pimmaaġIk- (i) to look good,
sivunġIk- (i) to have a good purpose,
goal, objective
tivraġIk- (i) to smell good
» igluuraq una igaliligaaq
pimmaaġikkalukkut this little house with a
skylight sure is in good shape
» aasii sivunġikkalukkut and they have a
good plan
» yaiy! isiqsaġniaqhutiglu, araa imña
tivraġikkalukkut iglu wow! just as theyd
entered the house, theyd smelled a pleasant
odor in the house

757
-kkałaaq- vv (limited) to V leisurely or unhurried for a while | perhaps -kkak- vv -laaq-1 vv
qamuk- to pull or tow (it) qamuukkałaaq- (i) to walk, pulling a sled
leisurely, unhurried
qumik- [qumIk] (i) to put one’s arms qumiikkałaaq- (i) to walk with arms inside
inside the body of one’s parka; (t) to put one’s parka, leisurely, unhurried
her/him/it inside one’s parka

-kkaq vn (Participial Mood marker) that which is V-ed § +t/raq vn

ilisima- to know (her/him/it) » ilisimakkaŋiññik atuqta let us sing the
ones that he knows
niġiugi- (t) to anticipate, expect » niġiugikkaŋa the one that he is expecting
her/him/it to appear or occur

-kkI- nv (limited) to intentionally acquire the quality or quantity of N or V-ing

°sivu (stem) front part of anything; sivukki- to point straight forward
frontage, area in front of building; bow
of boat; time prior; front exterior wall of
house
suna (interrog.) what sunakki- to store food for future use

-kkiiq n (limited) a mythical or spirit entity | perhaps -kkI- nv :Iq vn

ayaqhaaq(-) string game; (i) to play a
string game, e.g., “cat’s cradle”; (t) to
tell it = story using string figures
aŋayakkiiq (Ti) a human-sized puppet
manipulated by strings that appears during
the ninth (9th) scene in a ten-act dance
ceremonial held in a qalgi during Christmas
week at Pt. Hope
ayaqhaakkiiq a spirit that plays string
games with its own intestines, drawing them
out of its mouth (it is said that if a young
person plays string games to the extent that
they ignore their chores, the ayaqhaakkiq
will appear; this story is told to discourage
such indulgent play)

-kkIt- vv (limited) to commence V-ing or being N | perhaps -kkI- nv +t-2 nv, vv

anak- (t) to surpass or best her/him in anakkit- (i) to perform a feat expecting
competition others to try to surpass the performance; to
ask for a rematch or another type of
competition (of a losing team)
2
atuq- to use (it); to wear (it) atukkirruti- (t) to rent, lease it out
niŋau brother-in-law (sister’s husband, niŋaukkit- to become a part of wife's family
not spouse’s brother); son-in-law
putu(-) hole, puncture, perforation; (t) to putukkit- (i) to stumble
perforate, pierce it, make a hole through
it; (Ti) (i) to get a hole in one’s sole

758
 ukuaq sister-in-law (brother’s wife); ukuakkit- (i) to stay with husband’s family
daughter-in-law

-kkiuti- vv (limited) (t) to begin to V her/him/it | +[g]i- rv ‘uti- vv

anmigi- (t) to feel that one can beat anmikkiuti- (t) to begin to think that one
her/him in a competition; to feel that one could accomplish, do it
is more capable than her/him
ilimagi- (t) to suspect her/him ilimakkiuti- (t) to begin to not trust her/him
iqiagi- (t) to not feel like doing it iqiakkiuti- (t) to become lazy to do it; to
become unwilling, not eager to do it
iqsigi- (t) to be afraid of, fear her/him/it iqsikkiuti- (t) to become afraid of her/him/it
nagligi- (t) to pity, feel sorry for, have naglikkiuti- (t) to begin to feel sorry for
compassion for her/him/it her/him/it
nakuaġi- (t) to like, love her/him/it nakuaqqiuti- (t) to begin to like it
piyuumigi- (t) to actively seek to harm piyuumikkiuti- (t) to begin to think about
her/him/it, menace her/him/it, be attacking her/him/it
ill-intentioned toward her/him/it
tuvraq- (t) to follow, track her/him/it; (t) tuvraakkiuti- (t) to begin to imitate, follow,
to imitate, portray, copy her/him/it; (t) to track her/him/it
follow it =e.g., a sewing pattern,
instructions for building something; (i) to
copy something; (i) to imitate someone
or something; (t) to resemble her/him in
character
uumigi- (t) to hate, dislike her/him uumikkiuti- (t) to begin to hate her/him/it

-kłI- or (Ti) -glI- vv (limited) to become V; to be made less V § +sI-1 vv

aktigi- (i) to be of a certain length or size aktikłi- (i) to become a certain size; (t) to
cause it to become a certain size
amit- [amIt] (i) to be narrow, slim, amigli- or amikłi (i) to wane (of moon); to
slender become narrower, more slender, slimmer; (t)
to make it narrower
*iġnu (root) bulk iġnukłi- (t) to fold it, making it less bulky
ikikit- (i) to be narrow (e.g., of a river, ikikłi- or (Ti) ikigli- (i) to become narrow;
doorway); (i)for there to be a short (i) to close up, come together (e.g., of ocean
distance between two things ice)
nait- (i) to be short of length naikłi- (i) to become shorter; (t) to shorten it
naqit- (i) to be low, positioned close to naqikłi- (i) to set (of sun); (i) to become
the ground; (t) to press her/him/it down lower; (i) to humble oneself; (t) to lower,
decrease its height
nipat- (i) to make a sound nipakłi- (i) to become quieter, less noisy
saat-2 [sagat] (i) to be soft, thin, pliable, saakłi- (i) to become soft and pliable;
e.g., fabric or animal skin; (i) to have become thin (of fabric); (t) to make it soft
thin hair and pliable
uqit- [uqIt] (i) to be light (in weight) uqigli- or uqikłi- (i) to lose weight; (i) to
become happy, joyous, exalted as when a

759

uvluq(-) day; daylight; to begin to grow
light (of day)
+kłIq- or ~kłIq- vv (limited) intransitivizer § +sI-3 vv
ai-1 [agi] (t) to fetch, go and get
her/him/it
aliasaaq- (t) to try to make her/him to
feel lonely or sad
aliuqsaaq- (t) to try to awe or astonish
her/him; to tell tall tales to her/him
arak- (t) to comfort, soothe, placate
her/him; (t) to encourage her/him
iglaġuksaaq- (t) to try to make her/him
laugh
iglautigi- (t) to laugh at, about her/him/it iglautikłiq- (i) to laugh at, or make fun of
ikłigusaaq- to tempt or entice (her/him) ikłigusaaqłiq- (i) to tempt or entice someone
iñuaġrugi- (t) to treat her/him badly
iŋiuq- to spy on, watch , or observe
(her/him/it) secretly
irruaq- (t) to mimic, imitate, or
impersonate her/him/it
ivaq-1 (t) to search for her/him/it
760
burden or worrisome situation is resolved
uvlukłi- to wane (of daylight)
aikłiq- (i) to fetch an object or a person »
aikłiġiñ ikayuqtiksraġnik fetch someone to
help you
aliasaaqłiq- (i) to try to make someone sad;
to tell sad stories » aliasaaqłiqsuaq iñuŋnik
anirruŋ tell the person who is trying to
make people sad to leave
aliuqsaaqłiq- (i) to tell tall tales » aŋun
aliuqsaaqłiqsuaq naalaktuannaraaġaat
they are enjoying the man who is telling tall
tales
arakłiq- (i) to comfort someone »
arakłiqsuaq pilluatapaluktuq the one who
was comforting everyone did a good job
iglaġuksaaqłiq- (i) to try to make people
laugh, to be a comedian »
iglaġuksaaqłiqsuam quyaliirani the one
who was making them laugh was a godsend
to me
someone » iglautikłiqsuaq suaktipaluktuq
the one who was laughing at others was
scolded soundly
» ikłigusaaqłiqsuak nutaġaalugnik
aŋupkaqtuak those who were enticing the
young people were caught
iñuaġrukłiq- (i) to mistreat or abuse
someone » iñuaġrukłiqsuak aŋunmik
tatavsaqtipaluktuk the two who were
abusing a man received harsh punishments
iŋiuqłiq- (i) to spy on, watch, or observe
someone secretly » iŋiuqłillaġmi
siqumaruaq it seems she fell asleep while
she was spying on someone
irruaqłiq- (i) to mimic, imitate, or
impersonate someone’s voice, gestures, or
appearance » irruaqłiŋaiġiñ stop mimicking
ivaqłiq- (i) to search, to look for something
or someone » ivaqłiqsut imma they are out
searching
 kipagi- (t) to mock, tease, make fun of
her/him; (t) to hold contempt for
her/him; (t) to scorn her/him/it
milluuq- (i) to throw things; to pitch in
a baseball game; (t) to throw things at
her/him/it
mitautigi- (t) to mock her/him/it; to
make a fool of her/him
pisuksaaq- (t) to try to persuade her/him
to participate
pimiulugi- (t) to refuse to include
her/him in one’s group for a personal
reason
piyuk- or piyuaq- (t) to beat her/him/it
up, manhandle her/him/it; (t) to abuse
her/him/it verbally; (t) try to kill
her/him/it
suak- (t) to scold her/him/it
uqautigi- (t) to talk maliciously about or
gossip about her/him/it
uumigi- (t) to hate or dislike her/him
-kłIt- vv (limited) to come to the state of indicatd by N or of V-ing | perhaps -kłI- vv
+t-2 nv
°isu (stem) end, e.g., of a word, book,
long stick
761
kipakłiq- (i) to mock, make fun of, or tease
someone » kipakłiŋaiġiñ atuqtuanik stop
mocking the singers
milluuqłiq- (i) to throw things at someone
or something » milluuqłiqsuam
tupaktipalukkaatiguk the one throwing
things at people sure surprised us
mitautikłiq- (i) to make fun of or mock
someone »
mitautikłiqsuak aġnaiyaagnik aŋuvlugik
tatavsaqtaik she caught the ones mocking
the two girls and punished them severvly
pisuksaaqłiq- (i) to try to persuade another
to participate » pisuksaaqłiŋaiġiñ
pisuŋitchuanik stop trying to persuade
those who do not want to participate
pimiulukłiq- (i) to refuse to include
someone in one’s group for a personal
reason »
pimiulukłiqsuaq allanik naġġunapaluktuq
the one who refused to include others for
personal reasons was a disgrace
piyukłiq- (i) to beat, manhandle, or abuse
someone » piyukłiqsuaq tuvaaqatimiñik
aŋuvlugu tiguraat they caught the one who
was abusing her/his spouse and put him in
jail
suakłiq- (i) to scold someone » suakłiqsuaq
nutaġaalugnik tusaġnapaluktuq the one
who was scolding the young people was sure
loud
uqautikłiq- (i) to gossip or talk maliciously
about someone » uqautikłiqsuaq iñuŋnik
kanŋunapaluktuq the one who was
speaking ill of the people was so
embarrassing
uumikłiq- (i) to hate or dislike someone »
uumikłiqpaiñmiñak you should stop being
so hateful
isukłit- (i) to come to the end of something;
(i) for the end of something to be reached; (i)
by extension, to die; (t) to come to the end of
it
 naat-2 (i) to be snagged, caught on naakłit- (t) to trip her/him= one who is
something progressing forward causing her/him to
stumble and fall

-kłuk- vv (limited) to V carelessly, roughly, without finesse; to be one who Vs §

-[g]luk(-) vv; +łuk(-)1 nn,rn, vn; '-qłuk2 vv
ikak-2 (i) to be dirty; to be messy, not
orderly
kalit- to drag, tow (her/him/it)
kalit- to drag, tow (her/him/it)
kivi- [kivI] (i) to sink
qiluk- (i) to warp, wrinkle from heat;
(Ti) (t) to get scorched (e.g., of parka fur,
plastic) when exposed to high heat
uglik- to shrink, decrease in size (of
fabric or animal hide)
ikakłuk(-) a dirty, unkempt, untidy person
(i) to be dirty (of person)
kalikłuk-2 or kaliukłuk- or kalikhaaq- or
kaliukhaaq- to drag (it) carelessly, roughly,
accidentally; to rub against (it) and cause (it)
to fall while going past carelessly
kalikłuk-1 (i) to have asthma, to have a hard
time breathing, to wheeze
kiviikłuŋa- (i) to wear sagging pants
qilukłuk- to warp (it)
uglikłuk- to wrinkle or crinkle (esp., of hide)

-ksaq- or -’ksaq- vv, nv (limited) to cause to V; (t) to be in the process of making

her/him/it be V or V | '-k-2 vv msaq-3 vv
ayuġak- (i) to develop a habit; (i) to ayuġaksaq- or ayuqqaksaq- (t) to influence
become accustomed to something her/him/it to habituate to something or
become familiar with someone
iñuguq- (i) to become an adult, grow up; iñukkuksaq- (t) to raise, rear, bring
to “come back to life,” regain health, of a her/him/it up
sick person; (t) to raise, nurture
her/him/it
kinnaq [kinnaQ] crazy person, a fool; kinnaksaq-(i) to misunderstand, be
(excl.) you fool! confused
g
nau- [na u] (i) to grow (of a plant or nagguksaun fertilizer, something to
wart); (i) to wax (of moon); (i) to promote growth
increase
paniq- (t) for it to become dry; (i) to lose pannaksaq- (i) to go on a diet to lose
weight, become skinny; to starve weight; (t) to put her/him/it on a diet to lose
weight
paya- (t) to be unable to manage or payyaksaq- (i) to have difficulty, not be
defeat her/him/it; (t) to be not strong strong enough to do a task; (t) to have
enough to lift or move it difficulty carrying her/him/it; (t) to have
difficulty overcoming her/him/it
qukinaq- (i) to be clean, spotless, neat qukinnaksaq- to clean, tidy (it = room,
and orderly house) meticulously
salummaq- (t) to clean it salummaksaq- (i) to tidy, clean up an area;
(t) to tidy, clean it = area

762
-ksraisuq- nv to go and get, fetch a N | -ksraq- nn :isuq- nv
ikun match ikutiksraisuq- to fetch, go and get a match
(for her/him) » ikutiksraisuqtuuraġiñ
aapaŋniñ go quickly and get some matches
from your father
qamun car, truck qamutiksraisuq- (i) to go and get a car or
truck » qamutiksraisuqtuq Anchorage-
mun he has gone to Anchorage to get a car
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what; suksraisuq- to go and get what »
(t) to do what to her/him/it suksraisuqpa aakamiñiñ what has he gone
to get from his mother

-ksramaaq- nv to conclude, deduce that N is right for one therefore should be possessed |
-ksraq(-) nn, nv -maaq- nv
niqi food, meat niqiksramaaq- (Nu) (i) to take the best
food, select the fattest, best meat
piksraq(-) desireable item; to get piksramaaq- to desire, want to have or
something for her/him/it possess (it)

-ksraq(-) nn, nv the potential, future N; to acquire, get a potential, future N (for her/him/it);
to get a N (for her/him/it)
aaka mother; grandmother (modern use) aakaksraq (Nu) stepmother
aapa father; grandfather (modern use) aapaksraq stepfather
aaquaq- (i) to grow old (of a woman) aaquaksraq old woman
aŋayuqak or aŋayuqaksraq old man; (Nu)
Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus)
°anaqa (stem) evening anaqaksraq evening
atigi(-) parka, traditional fur-lined, atigiksraq raw material (fur skin or heavy
pullover-style with fur ruff; (i) to put on fabric) to make a parka » taapkua
a parka; (t) to put a parka on her/him atigiksratin you can have those (skins)
made into a parka for you; atigiksramiñik
ukunaŋŋa piksraqtuaq he got some (skins)
from these (this pile of skins) to be made into
a parka for himself
atikłuk(-) outer cloth cover for fur atikłuksraq fabric suitable for making a
parka, commonly called “snowshirt”; (t) parka cover » atikłuksraġnik
to put a cloth cover over her/his parka kalikuksraqpiñ did you buy material to
make a snowshirt for yourself
atikłuksraqtaġa I got a snowshirt for her; I
bought some material for a snowshirt for her
atuŋak(-) bootsole, hard sole (usually atuŋaksraq leather for boot or shoe soles »
made of bearded seal skin); (t) to sole it atuŋaksrautigni kiiraġaik she is crimping
= boot the leather soles for her boots; uumaŋŋa
atuŋaksraqtuaq she got herself a pair of
soles from this one

763
 miŋulġun paint miŋulġutiksraq paint for an object »
miŋulġutiksraqtaa umiani he bought some
paint for his boat
suppun rifle; gun supputiksraq gun for someone »
supputiksraqtaa iġñini he got a gun for his
son

-ksraun nn the potential, future N | -ksraq(-) nn, nv :un2 nn

qamun car, truck qamutiksraun future car »
qamutiksrautini tautukamiuŋ
quviatchapaluktuq he was overjoyed when
he saw the car that was to be his
ui husband uiksraun bride groom, fiance » uiksrautin
tautuŋaviuŋ have you seen your future
husband

-ksraunġIq- nv for N to be destroyed; to destroy N; to destroy its potential function as a N |

-ksraq(-) nn, nv :u-1 nv +niQ1 vn :Iq-2 nv
iglu(-) house, dwelling, building; (t) to
build a structure over it
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what;
(t) to do what to her/him/it
igluksraunġiq- (i) to be rendered or made
unsuitable as a house; (t) to render or make it
unsuitable as a house » igluksraunġiŋaruq
it can no longer be used as a house
suksraunġiq- (i) to be made useless,
worthless; (t) to destroy it, to make it
worthless » suksraunġiqsaŋa
qinnakpaiłłuni he destroyed it because he
was so angry

-ksrirrun nn a N given as a gift | -ksrIt- nv :un1 vn

atigi(-) parka, traditional fur-lined, atigiksrirrun a parka given as a gift; skins
pullover-style with fur ruff; (i) to put on given as a gift to be made into a parka »
a parka; (t) to put a parka on her/him tuttut atigiksrirrutitka pannaqłuŋaitchut
the caribou skins which I gave away to be
made into a parka were not dried stiff
atikłuk(-) outer cloth cover for fur atikłuksrirrun a parka cover given as a gift;
parka, commonly called “snowshirt”; (t) fabric given as a gift to be made into a parka
to put a cloth cover over her/his parka cover » atikłuksrirrutiga aglakpaqaqtuq
the calico which I gave away as a gift to be
made into a snowshirt is very colorful
ivalu(-) thread, sinew; dental floss; (t) to ivaluksrirrun sinew given as a gift; dried
thread it caribou leg tendons given as a gift to be
made into sinew » ivaluksrirrutiga
nuŋusimaraa she used up the sinew that I
gave her
qimmiq [qimmIq] dog (Canis lupus qimmiksrirrun a dog given away as a gift »
forma familiaris) qimmiksrirrutaa tuqumaruaq the dog

764
 which he gave away as a gift died

-ksrIt- nv to give N to someone | +ksraq(-) nn ‘= It-2 nv

aluuttaq1 or aluuttaun spoon; (Ti) aluuttautiksrit- (t) to given her/him a spoon
tablespoon » aluuttautiksrirruŋ aġnaiyaaq give the
girl a spoon
iqaluk(-) or (Nu) qaluk(-) fish; (i) to iqaluksrit- (t) to give her/him/it fish »
catch a fish Aaŋam iqaluksritchaŋa Aaŋa gave her
some fish
niqi food, meat niqiksrit- (t) to give her/him/it food »
niqiksritchaŋi she gave them food
ulik(-) [ulIk] blanket; cataract (of eye); uliksrit- (t) to give her/him a blanket »
(i) to cover oneself with a blanket; (t) to uliksrirruŋ akkupak give him a blanket
cover her/him/it with a blanket right now
tulimaaq rib, vertical wood support in tulimaaksrit- (t) to give her/him/it a rib of
side of a boat frame; rainbow an animal »
tulimaaksrirruŋ give him a rib of the
animal

-ksriuq- nv (limited) to make a N (for her/him/it) | -ksraq(-) nv, nn ‘= Iuq-1 nv § -liuq- nv

ini place; room; (by extension) one’s iniksriuq- (i) to make space or room; (t) to
presence make room or space for her/him/it »
iniksriuġaa she is making room, space for
her/him/it
niqi food, meat niqiksriuq- (i) to prepare food

-ksriusiaq nn a N received as gift | -ksrIt- nv :usiaq vn

atikłuk(-) outer cloth cover for fur atikłuksriusiaq outer cloth parka cover
parka, commonly called “snowshirt”; (t) received a gift »
to put a cloth cover over her/his parka aglakpaqaqtuq atikłuksriusiaġa the calico
which I received as a gift to make into a
snowshirt is very colorful
atuŋak(-) bootsole, hard sole (usually atuŋaksriusiaq boot sole received as a gift »
made of bearded sealskin); (t) to sole it atuŋaksriusiakiñ nauŋ where are the soles
= boot which were given to you
ivalu(-) thread, sinew; dental floss; (t) to ivaluksriusiaq sinew received as a gift »
thread it ivaluksriusiatka nuŋuttatka I used up the
sinew that was given to me
qimmiq [qimmIq] dog (Canis lupus qimmiksriusiaq dog received as a gift »
forma familiaris) qimmiksriusiani nakuaġiqpakkaa he
really likes the dog that was given to him

-ktaq- or –‘ktaq- vv (limited) to V repeatedly or with abandon | perhaps ‘-k-1 rv +t/raq-1 vv

ivu- to form pressure ridges (of ice) ivuktaq- (Nu) (i) to flap in the wind; (i) to
hear the noise of wind in one’s ear
(indicating that a wind is coming)

765
 makłukaq- (i) to trip; to hit a bump
while sliding
maksrukaq- (i) to make an attempt to
stand up, but fail to do so
°nau (root) forward, upward process
niviq- (i) to shift position so as to lie on
one’s back; (t) to turn it upside down; (i)
expose its underside
-ku(-) nn, nv leftover, remains, surplus, portion saved; N left or placed somewhere; to set
aside, save N (for her/him/it)
amiq(-) [amIQ] animal hide, pelt; skin
covering on boat or kayak frame; (t) to
put a hide covering on it = boat or kayak
frame
avvaq half of something
ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or
name; companion, friend, partner; part of remainder of something; (i) to have a
a whole; (i) to get a co-participant,
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
iliġniq leftover material, remnant
1
imaq (-) [imaQ] liquid, fluid; non-
potable water; lake; sea, ocean; lagoon;
(t) to moisten it = animal hide to ready it around there
for scraping
ini place; room; (by extension) one’s
presence
kippaq cut-off piece
sauniq bone; pit, seed in fruit
766
makłukaktaq- (i) to trip repeatedly; to hit
bumps while sliding
maksrukaktaq- (i) to make attempts to
stand up but fail to do so
nauktaq- (i) to jump over
nivvaktaq- (i) to fall backward, fall flat on
one’s back
pikałłaktaq- (i) to do things carelessly; (i) to
be negligent (especially when angry); (t) to
handle her/him/it roughly
amiku remainder from cutting skin or hide
avvaku half of something set aside
ilaku(-) remainder, leftover; (i) to leave a
remainder (of fabric or food); (t) to not
consume all of it;(t) to leave a remainder of
something for her/him/it » niqi ilaku
qairruŋ give me the leftover meat
iliġniku(-) leftover material, remnant; to
have leftover scraps of material, remnants
(of it); to have leftover scraps of material,
remnants (for her/him/it)
iliġnikugnik aitchuŋŋa give me your
remnants; iliġnikusuuruq ataramik she
always has leftover material
imaiku(-) emptied container » imaikunasi
tamauŋa don’t leave your empty containers
iniksraku- (t) to save a place for her/him/it »
iniksrakuraqput we saved a place for him
kippaku cut-off bit, left-over piece
sauniku(-) leftover bones; to save the bones
(for it) » saunikut qimmiñun
aitchuutigisaġisi plan to give the leftover
bones to the dogs; saunikusuuruq he
always leaves the bones behind
 umiaq(-) [umiġaq] a boat; (i) to go umiakuvik place to leave a boat
hunting in an umiak for sea mammals;
(Ti) (i) to be out at whaling camp or in a
whaling boat

‘-kuaq- nv (restricted to singular nouns) and +tiguaq- (restricted to dual and plural nouns)
to perform or execute an action involving a N | ‘-kun (vialis case) +aq-6 nv) § +ġuaq-
allu seal’s breathing hole in sea ice allukuaq- (i) to kill a seal at or through its
breathing hole » allukuaqtuaq he killed a
seal at/through its breathing hole
atausiq [atausIq] the number one atautchikuaq- (i) to perform together; (i) to
be a couple » atautchikuaqpak are they a
couple
ilaa [dual iliŋik, dual (Ti) iligik, pl.iliŋIt ilaaguaq- (i) to be singled out; (t) to single
or ilai] (3rd person abs pron) she/he, her/him/it out; (t) to set it out by itself »
her/him ilaaguaqtaġa I singled it out
killuq [killuQ] wrong one killukuaq- (i) to make a mistake, an error;
(t) to perform it incorrectly » killukuaqtuq
he made a mistake
maġġaraaq sandbar; fine sand maġġaraakuaq- (i) to travel through sand »
maġġaraakuaġluŋa aiñiaqtuŋa I will go
home along the beach on the gravel
napaaqtut forest, woods napaaqtutiguaq- (i) to travel through the
trees » napaaqtutiguaġniaqtugut we will
go through the woods
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what; sukuaq- (i) to travel via what or which route
(t) to do what to her/him/it » sukuaġniaqpisa which way will we go
taigruaq [ENG tank] oil drum taigruatiguaq- (i) to travel through or
among the oil drums » taigruatiguaqtuagni
tautuŋisiġaatiguk wed went along amongst
the oil drums and they did not see us

±kuluk(-) nn, vv (limited) to V a little; a little bit of N

*map (root) popping noise mapkuluk- (i) to crackle
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what; sukuluk little bit of something; (expression)
(t) to do what to her/him/it including every little bit; to do whatever (to
her/him/it)

-kuluuraq(-) nn, vv a miniature, small N; to V her/him/it a little bit | ±kuluk nn, vv :uraq nn
§ :uraq nn
aqpat- (i) to run (of a human) aqpatkuluuraq- (i) to run a short distance »
aqpatkuluuraġniruaq he said he ran a very
short distance
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil; iñukuluuraq a small person; dwarf; midget
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to » iñukuluuramik tautugniruaq he said he
surprise her/him/it saw a small person

767
 niġi- [niġI] to eat (it)
qilaun an Inupiaq drum
niġikuluuraq- (i) to eat a small amount »
niġikuluuraġniraa he said she ate very little
qilautikuluuraq a very small drum »
aatai, suagguuq igña qilautikuluuraq
argaŋiñiñ aŋipqaqhuni look, there, from
his hands emerged a miniature drum

+kumiñaq- vv to be possible or permissible to V (her/him/it) § +yumiñaq- vv

+kuma-1 vv to be eager and/or willing to V (her/him/it) § +[y]uma- vv

+kuma-2 vv so that one may V (her/him/it) § +yuma- vv

+kumaaq- vv to intend, plan to V § +yumaaq- vv

+kumaatchIq- vv to decide to V § +[y]umaatchIq- vv

+kumiñaq- vv to be possible to do so, may § +yumiñaq- vv

+kumman vn the desire or willingness to V § +yumman vn

+kun1 vn, nn (limited) activity or process or manner that enables the V-ing to happen or to
prevail
aliit- (i) to not feel lonely or sad when aliitkun pastime, hobby, entertainment
one is expected to feel such emotios
(said of an invalid, someone living by
themselves who might be lonely)
atausiq [atausIq] the number one atautchikun (adv) together, at the same time
1
°ati (root) area below; bottom, ataagun aside from the fact of; via under it
underside; down
auk(-) blood; (i) to bleed; (Ti) to have a aukkun blood vessel
nosebleed
°ili (stem) 3rd person or 2nd person ilikkun [dual ilivsikkun or iliptikkun,
pl.ilivsigun] through, via, with you » ilikkun
qaivak did theyd come with you
nauŋ (interrog.) where naukun (Nu) (interrog.) by which way
niŋi- (i) to descend gradually, as niŋiyaitkun object used to hold another
lowering by a rope; to slide down (of object up that slides down without support;
socks, eyeglasses, etc..) garter belt
piŋŋuaġutaitchuaq one without piŋŋuaġutaitchuakun sincerely, with
pretense sincerity
silaluk(-) or sialuk(-) rain, rainy silalugiitkun umbrella
weather; to rain
siñi shore, border, edge; fur trim on sinaatkun (Ti) felt top trim on mukluk
bottom edge or cuffs of parka
sutchiq which one sutchikun (interrog.) by, via which means

768
 or way
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what; sukun (interrog.) which way; by what
(t) to do what to her/him/it means
takkun or takkugauraq pupil of eye

+ku(n)2 nc (limited) via the next interval of time involving the N; the next interval of time
involving the N § m[g]u(n) nn
unnuaq(-) night; last night; (Ti) unnuakun during the night
yesterday; to become night
uvlaaq(-) morning, this past morning; to uvlaaku tomorrow
become morning

+kunat- vv
ilisaġi- (t) to recognize her/him/it ilisakunat- (t) to think one recognizes
her/him/it

+kuq n (limited) final suffix in some nouns

aŋatkuq shaman
ikiipkuq ulna (bone in forearm); lower bone
in caribou, foreleg
mapkuq bearded seal skins sewn together
and used for blanket toss at Nalukataq
“whaling festival”
satkuq weapon
°takkuq (stem) presence of

+kutaq vn, nn (limited) instrument for V-ing § +kun1 vn

aggaq- (i) to come loose, come off, slip aggaġiitkutaq barb on a spear which keeps
off; (t) to cause it to come loose, slip off the spearhead from slipping out of the
quarry, e.g., seal, whale; any object used to
keep something from slipping off; groove
aksrak- (i) to roll; (i) to roll and slide aksragiitkutaq barrier to keep something
down a slope (e.g., of an animal when from rolling; one of two rails, along sides of
shot); (t) to roll it, e.g., barrel kayak deck, which keeps things from rolling
off (two fore and two aft)
anniq- [annIq] (i) to become injured; (t) anniitkutaq or anniyaitkutaq means of
to hurt her/him/it protection against hurt or injury i.e, pad used
for protection from injury (such as a recoil
pad on stock of a shotgun that dampens
recoil against shoulder)
apuq- to bump or crash (into her/him/it); apuġiitkutaq front of sled, especially
(i) to reach shore rounded front of basket sled
ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or ilakutaq remaining piece left (as a
name; companion, friend, partner; part of wood/metal sliver or any foreign matter in a
a whole; (i) to get a co-participant, flesh wound); remainder, leftover

769
 co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
imaq1(-) [imaQ] liquid, fluid; non- imaitkutak a pair of sealskin socks worn to
potable water; lake; sea, ocean; lagoon; keep feet dry
(t) to moisten it = animal hide to ready it
for scraping
nuvulu stem of plant nuvulukutaq (Nu) grass flower, floret
patik- (t) to slap her/him/it; (Ti) (t) to lay patkutaq fly swatter; mosquito fan
one’s hand on her/him/it
qaa(-) or qaaq (Nu) [qara] top side; qaakutaq something used to cover
roof; surface; outer side of fabric; cover; something
dorsal area of fish; (t) to put a top surface
on it
°saa2 (stem) [sara] front of body or saakutaq screen; clothing cover; smock;
garment; area immediately in front of overalls; skin cover of door of skin tent;
something; lap, the front part of the wind screen over door
lower trunk and thighs of a seated
person; seaward
upaluq- (i) to move to action swiftly, upaluġiitkutaq emergency provision; extra
hurriedly; (t) to rush to her/him to check food or clothing taken along in case it may
on her/his welfare be needed

-kuvsuaq- rv (limited) to have a sudden feeling of V

*naglik (root) compassion, mercy, naglikuvsuaq- to have sympathy, pity for
sympathy, pity (her/him/it)
uulik- (i) to shiver, tremble, shake uulikuvsuaq- (i) to shiver from a sudden
chill

-la- or = la- vv, nv (limited) to V repeatedly or to exaggeration § -ula- vv, -kula- vv, -vla- vv,
-ġġula- vv
aaqqaaq- (i) to be foul smelling or bad
tasting; (t) to say that something is foul
smelling or bad tasting
agliġuq or agliqquk (dual) jawbone,
mandible
*aŋa (root) manipulation, power
aŋatkuq shaman
aaqqaala- to voice displeasure repeatedly
about an offensive smell or taste (of it)
agliġula- (i) to chatter (of one’s teeth)
aŋala- (Nu) (i) to move about
aŋatkula- (i) to perform shamanistic rituals;
to invoke a spirit (of shaman)
apyuq(-) or apyula- (Nu) steam, dust; (i) to
steam, to make steam

770
arii (excl.) ouch! it hurts!
ariiq- to say that something hurts
asiñi outside, in the open; not in the
usual place
°ava (stem) periphery,vicinity
igniq fire
iġñiq [iġñiQ] son
iġñiiq- to call him son; (i) to say “son”
ii5 (excl.) moan, groan expressing
sadness, sickness
ikiaqtaq- (Ti) (i) to shiver from the cold
iñuksruk- (i) to make one’s presence
known by making noise
iŋiq- (t) to ask something of, beg
her/him for something
isaaq- (i) to raise, extend, stretch out
one’s arm or arms; (i)to stretch out
wings; (t) to raise, extend it = arm, wing
isaġuq wing
isivit- (i) to be extended fully, flattened
out; (i) to stand up straight from a
stooped position; (i) to stretch out from a
fetal position; (i) to be laid out (like wet
clothing); (i) to unwind (of thread); (t) to
extend, stretch it out fully; (t) to lay it all
out
ivsuk- (i) to shake, e.g., in the wind; (Ti)
to brush snow off oneself; (t) to shake it
out to remove dust, snow, etc.; (Ti) to
brush snow off it = one’s clothing
kanġaq- (i) to leak (of a sack, container
filled with flour, sand, something which
flows but is not a liquid); (t) to leak; (t)
to have something solid, such as flour,
flow onto it
*maġ (root) canine vocal sound; howl
navguluu- (i) to break into pieces
niaquq head, skull
*paa [paġa] (root) movement toward
another
771
ariila- (i) to cry out repeatedly in pain
asiñila- (i) to be slack or baggy, to be loose
(of clothing)
avala- (i) to move arms and legs about
igniġuula- (i) to throw off sparks
iġñiila- to say “son” repeatedly (to him)
iila- (i) to moan
ikiaqtala- (i) to experience a tingling
sensation, often from anticipation; (i) to
shiver from the cold, have chills
iñuksrula- or iñuksruula- (i) to make noise
as one moves
iŋiula- to beg (her/him)
isaaqtala- (i) to wave one’s arm(s), wings;
(t) to wave at her/him/it
isaqqila- (i) to flap wings (of a bird); (i) to
dip the wings (of an airplane); to dip an
airplane’s wings (at her/him)
isivsala- (i) to be stretched out
ivsula- (i) to flap rapidly in the wind
kanġala- (i) to drop little crumbs of bread,
crackers, food, etc; to crumble bread,
crackers; to shed (of animal); (t) to drop little
crumbs of bread, crackers, food, etc. on/in it
maala- (i) to howl with pain (of dog)
navguluula- to break (it) simultaneously
into many pieces
niaqula- (i) shake one’s head from side to
side (at her/him/it)
paġla- (t) to welcome, greet her/him
paksrak- to dig (it = hole) with claws or
paws
pamiuq tail (of mammal); (Nu) odd card,
not part of a pair (in card game of
“fives”)
papik bird's tail; top rear edge (of
traditional skin pants); the length of the
backside of a parka or snowshirt
*pati (root) process involving the palm
of the hand
*pik1 (root) upward movement
pui- [pugi] (i) to emerge, surface; (t) to
surface “in front of” her/him/it
*qiġii (root) squeakiness
qipi- (i) to toss and turn in bed; (i) to
writhe, to twist the body, usually in pain;
(t) to wind it (of a clock); (t) to twist,
screw it = lid on or off
sayuk- (i) to twitch (of bodypart)
siiq-1 (i) to ooze, seep (like a sore); (i) to
leak out (of air); (Ti) (i) to sweat,
perspire
silivit- (i) to become full, of any
container including the stomach; (t) to
fill it completely
tigu- (i) to take hold and hang on; (t) to
take, capture, grab, or arrest her/him/it
tiipak a flirt
tiŋmi- (i) to be in flight, be flying
tiriq- (i) to make the sound of something
rubbing against something once; (i) to
772
paksrala- (i) to dig furiously with hands or
paws
pamiula- to wag tail (of dog)
papiqqila- (i) to wiggle; (i) to jump around,
as a fish after it is caught; (i) to wag its tail;
(t) to wag its tail at her/him/it
patala- (i) to feel one’s way in the dark; to
get ready in a hurry; (Ti) (i) to clap hands
pigla- (i) to be able to jump high; to be
bouncy, peppy
puila- (i) to rise to the surface (of liquid)
qalġuuq- or qalġuula- (i) to make its
characteristic vocal sound, call repeatedly (of
animal)
qaqaula- (i) to make the call of a ptarmigan
to lure it close (of a hunter)
qasak- or qasala- or qatchala- (i) to burst
out yelling “Uu! Uu! Ugu! Ugu!” followed
by cheering (when dancing or herding or
coming home from a successful hunt usually
when returning in a boat with a walrus kill
or having struck and retrieved a whale)
qiġiila- (i) to squeak, be squeaky
qipiktuq- or qipiktula- (i) to run around; to
move around, not keep still (of a child)
sayuġġula- (Ti) (i) to quiver, like gelatin
siila- or siila- (i) to make sound of air
escaping; (i) to hiss; (i) to enter boot through
a small hole (of water)
silivla- (i) to overflow
tatiġila- (Ti) (i) to chatter from cold (of
one’s teeth)
tigula- to grab for (it) but be unable to hold
onto it
tiiqtala- (i) to move about excitedly
tiŋmiġala- (i) to fly in every direction
tiriiqila- (i) to keep creaking (of floor)
 gnash one’s teeth
tuqu- (i) to die
ulġu- (i) to fall, topple, or tip over
ulit-1 to rise, flood (of water)
*uumI (root) anger, hatred, dislike
tuqusia- or tuqusiala- (i) to be dying, be in
death throes; to feel faint
ulġusia- or ulġusiala- (i) to stagger (of a
person about to fall down [not because
she/he is inebriated])
ulivla- (i) to overflow
uumila- (i) to make a face, as when
displeased or eating something which tastes
bad

+laak- vv (limited) to V excessively, to the extent possible

*av2 (root) interval or distance between avlaak- (i) to spread legs; (t) to spread legs
one’s feet over her/him/it
qaaŋiq- (i) to pass by; (t) to go over it = qaaŋiulaak- or qaaŋiułaak- to surpass
the limit; (i) to be past, done with; (t) to (her/him/it) by quite a bit; to overdo (it =
pass by, overlook, omit her/him/it; (t) to one’s activity
surpass her/him/it; (t) to become taller
than her/him

-laaq-1 vv (limited) to increase the quality of the N, or the V-ing | (usually found in
combination with +sI- vv, +lI- vv or -kłI- vv) § +tilaaq- vv
akuqtusi-(i) to become longer (of skirt, akuqtusilaaq- (t) to alter it = skirt, dress,
dress, parka cover, parka-style dress, or parka cover, parka-style dress, or shirt
shirt) longer
agli- (i) to grow in size, become large aglilaaq- (t) to enlarge it
aglak(-) a letter character; print pattern; aglaulaaq- (i) to be brightly colored, have a
(Ti) a letter sent by mail; to write (it); (i) bold pattern (e.g., of cloth fabric)
to vote by secret ballot
amit- [amIt] (i) to be narrow, slim, amikłilaaq- (t) to make it narrower
slender
asiqtusi- (i) for the sleeves to become asiqtusilaaq- (t) to make its sleeve longer
too long (of garment)
ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or ilalaaq- (t) to increase, enlarge it by adding
name; companion, friend, partner; part of to it
a whole; (i) to get a co-participant,
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
isuma(-) mind; thought; idea; (i) to think isumalaaq- (i) to think over carefully,
ponder
kiniq- (i) to be thick (of a liquid); (i) to kiniqsilaaq- (t) to make it a thicker
not slide easily (as a sled with sticky consistency
runner base)

773
 kirgavialaaq- (i) for there to be both
altocumulus and cirrus clouds
maptu- (i) to be thick, e.g., fabric, skin, maptusilaaq- (t) to make it thicker
book
mikłi- (i) to become smaller; (t) to mikłiłaaq- (t) to make it smaller
decrease it in quantity or size
nait- (i) to be short of length naikłilaaq- (t) to shorten it
naqikłi- (i) to set (of sun); (i) to become naqikłilaaq- (i) to be made lower; (t) to
lower; (i) to humble oneself; (t) to lower, lower it
decrease its height
niġutusi- (i) to become wider (clothing niġitisilaaq- (t) to increase its width »
size) atigiga niġutusilaaqtaŋa she made my
parka wider
puqtusi- (i) to now have a deep hull puqtusilaaq- (t) to increase the depth of its
hull » umiaq puqtusilaaqqaaġlugu
atuqsaġikput let'sp use the boat after we
have made the sides of it higher
qani(-) [qanI] or (Nu) qaniuq- area qanilaaq- to travel partway to one’s
close by, nearby; (t) to accompany, take destination (with her/him/it) on first day of
her/him/it partway to destination journey; (i) to proceed closer to one’s goal in
a piecemeal fashion
*qaunak (root) carefulness qaunakłaaq- to be careful with (it)
quiññak- (i) to feel a tickling sensation quiññalaaq- (i) to feel one’s spine tingling
1
siku(-) ice; to freeze over; to become sikulaaq- (i) to develop slush ice (of fishing
icy hole)
sippaq or sippaku(-) surplus, something sippakuulaaq- (i) to have some left over, to
left over, remainder; to have some (of it) have more than enough of what was needed
left over as remainder; (t) to leave some
for her/him/it
taaqsi- to become dark (of day) taaqsilaaq- (t) to reduce her/his/its light;
(Ti) (i) to block the light; (Ti) (t) to block
her/his/its light
utaqqi- [utaqqI] to wait for (her/him/it) ¤utaqqilaaq- to wait a long time for
(her/him/it)
uuma- (i) to be alive (of an animal) uumalaaq- (i) to be lively (of child)

+laaq-2 vv going so far as to V § +t/laaq- vv

-laaq nn, vn (limited) one that is partially a N; one that has just V-ed, or requires V-ing
aaquk or aaquaksraq old woman aaquaksralaaq elderly looking woman
aatchaq- (i) to open one’s mouth; (i) to aatchauqtuŋiq or aatchauqtuŋialaaq or
open (of sea ice crack) (Nu) aatchausiayaaq nestling, newly
hatched bird
ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be aniqqammialaaq newborn
born; (i) to emerge from the den in
spring (of hibernating animal)

774
 anuġi wind
atun fur sock
igaliq skylight, window; seal net placed
horizontally under a seal’s breathing
hole; (Nu) four (at cards)
kamik(-) [dual kammak, pl.kamŋit]
boot; mukluk; Iñupiaq-made fur boot;
dog booty; shoe; (i) to put one’s boots
on; (t) to put boots on her/him/it
kinnaq [kinnaQ] crazy person, a fool;
(excl.) you fool!
kupkanaq- (JN) kupkannaq- (i) to be
sticky to the touch
natatquq soft bone; cartilage; egg white
nuviya or nuvuya cloud
pukak granular snow found under hard
packed snow, good for melting into
water
qaqquq- to crunch (it) with the teeth
qaugak duck
saunaaq eggshell, pit or seed of fruit,
small bone of fish
siku(-)1 ice; to freeze over; to become
icy
tiŋiqqammiaq one that flew recently
*uv1 (root) now, today
-lailaq vn one who does not or is not able to V | -lait- vv -laq(-)1 vn, vv
iglaŋa- or iglaŋaaq- to smile (at
her/him)
isivit- (i) to be extended fully, flattened
out; (i) to stand up straight from a
stooped position; (i) to stretch out from a
fetal position; (i) to be laid out (like wet
clothing); (i) to unwind (of thread); (t) to
extend, stretch it out fully; (t) to lay it all
out
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it)
775
anuqsraaq(-) or anuqsralaaq(-) breeze; (i)
to be breezy
atulaaq insole, sock
igalaaq skylight; four (at cards); seal net
kamalaurak a pair of short, fancy boot
kinnalaaq fool
kupkaġnalaaq (Ti) flavorful, tender meat
natatqulaat soft immature bones of children
nikuvlalaaq(-) (Ti) corn snow, good for
drinking water; (i) to have ice crystals in it
(of meat which has been frozen then thawed,
then frozen again)
nuviyalaaq partial cloud cover
pukagralaaq small pieces of clear scales
found on fish
qaqqulaaq pilot bread, a large, hard, flat
cracker
qaugalaaq duckling
saunaaŋilaaq (Ti) fig
sikuġlalaaq frozen rain and snow on ground
tikalaaq foramen in spinal column
tiŋiqqammialaaq fledgling
uvlaaq(-) morning, this past morning; to
become morning
iglaŋalailaq one who does not smile
isivilailaq one who is not able to stretch out
prone
niġilailaq one who does not eat
+laiññaq- vv to finally V after a long delay § +taiññaq- vv

-lailaq vv to not do; cannot, to not be able to V § -suit- vv

imiq(-) [imiQ] drinking water; a imilait- (i) to not drink alcholic beverages
beverage; an alcoholic drink; potable
liquid, broth; amniotic fluid; to drink (it)
naatchi- (i) to finish, to complete naatchilait- (i) to never complete a project
something or a task » naatchilaitchuq sumik
isagutigaluaqami she never completes
whatever task she undertakes
pisuaq- (i) to walk; (t) to walk it = pisualait- (i) to not be able to walk »
distance pisualaitchuq taamna aġnaiyaaq that
young girl cannot walk
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savalait- (i) to never work » savalaitchuq
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it; qaigaluaqami she does not work even
(i) to be working, operating properly (of though she comes over (although others are)
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial

-lait- vv cannot V

-lak- vv, rv (limited) to become or create a situation where N is present or one is V-ing §
+lak nn
apyuq(-) or apyula- (Nu) steam, dust; apyulak- (Nu) (i) to blow dust
(i) to steam, to make steam
aquvit- (i) to sit up or sit down; (t) to sit aquvsalak- or aquvsalaaq- to land in a
down on it sitting position when falling from a standing
position (on it)
imu- (i) to become stooped with age; (i) imulak- (i) to sit with one's knees pulled up
to crouch down; (t) to fold it; (t) to roll it to one's chest
up; (t) to wind it = string, yarn, etc. into
a ball
makit- (i) to stand up; (i) to get out of makłak- (i) to stand on end, of animals' hair
bed; (i) to arise; (t) to set it upright
*mitik (root) bounce mitiglak- (Ti) (i) to flick one's thumb
against another finger; (i) to bounce away;
(t) to flick, fillip it; Carrom Board; (i) to
play a game of Carrom Board
*pup (root) swelling puvlak(-) gas or air in something inflated;
air bubble; to rise (of bread dough); (i) to
bubble up; to become sour, developing gas
bubbles (of food); to spout (of whale); to
have gas from indigestion
1
siiq- (i) to ooze, seep (like a sore); (i) to siiġlak- (t) for it to become sweet and sour
leak out (of air); (Ti) (i) to sweat,

776
 perspire
tapiq(-) [tapiQ] additional piece added
to enlarge or complete something; (i) to
lie alongside another; (i) to be parallel to
another; (t) to widen it by adding a piece
uŋi- [uŋI] (Nu) (i) to get a rash
upit- (i) to rush eagerly to do something;
(i) to get excited; (i) to pay heed
suddenly, as to a noise or what one sees
tapiglak- (i) to go through, pierce through to
the other side (t) to pierce it
uŋilak- (i) to get a rash, pimples, or hives
that itch (of one's skin); (i) to ripple, be
disturbed (of water)
upisalak- (i) to rush eagerly to do
something; to take sudden notice, be roused
to action, pay attention suddenly

+lak nn (limited) one that resembles a N or where one Vs § -łak1 nn

itiq anus; southern, inland end of lake;
sea anemone
g
nui- [nu i] (i) to come into view, appear; nuilak neck opening of garment; opening in
to rise (of sun, moon); (t) to be able to
see, observe her/him/it; (Ti) (i) to look
outside, e.g., to see if someone or
something is coming
siku(-)1 ice; to freeze over; to become
icy
itiġlak small pouch in back of woman's
parka and snowshirt hood
kukuvlak (Ti) spotted stone used for head of
sealing club
maġlak(-) present given during an Iñupiaq
invitational dance; to give a present to
(her/him) before one dances so that
(she/he) may get up and dance
harness for dog's head
nuilaturuq it has a big hole for the head to
go through, as in a parka
sikuġlak(-) or sikuġlalaaq frozen rain and
snow on ground; hailstone; (Ti) icicle; (Ti)
old packed snow good for melting for
drinking water; to freeze over ground or
snow (of rain); to start forming (of ice); to
hail; (Ti) (i) to form (of icicle); to get packed
hard so that it is good for melting for
drinking water (of snow)

-laniaq (Ti) (limited) a beautiful N

aġnaq woman; an adult human female; aġnalaniaq (Ti) beautiful woman
queen (suit in cards)

-laq vn (limited) one with the quality indicated by the V or R

argak(-) or (Ti) algak finger; hand; to argalaq club (suit in cards)
dig (in it) with hands or paws; to use an
ice scratcher (a tool made of seal claws
mounted on a wooden handle used to
simulate the scratching of a seal to lure
it to its breathing hole)

777
 auk- to melt, thaw (it)
kanġaq- (i) to leak (of a sack, container
filled with flour, sand, something which
flows but is not a liquid); (t) to leak; (t)
to have something solid, such as flour,
flow onto it
naulik- (t) to harpoon it = whale, seal,
walrus; to spear it = bear
*pau (root) soot
suuŋit- (i) to be worthless, be nothing
~laq- vv (limited) to be V
isivit- (i) to be extended fully, flattened
out; (i) to stand up straight from a
stooped position; (i) to stretch out from a
fetal position; (i) to be laid out (like wet
clothing); (i) to unwind (of thread); (t) to
extend, stretch it out fully; (t) to lay it all
out
°nig (root) cold
supi- (i) to break up and flow (of frozen
river); (t) to blow it = candle flame out
-laqii- vv (Ti) (limited) to have the attribute of V-ing
saqu- (i) to turn, changing direction
-lasak vv (limited) one that causes V-ing
kaki- [kakI] (i) to prick oneself; (t) to
tattoo her/him/it; (t) to prick her/him/it
778
auksalaq rapidly melting snow
ignisailaq boreal chickadee (Parus
hudsonicus)
kanġalaq shedding animal, especially
caribou
kuyyalaq or (Ti) kuuyalaq trump (at cards)
naulaq harpoon, spear
paula(q) soot
puvlaq choice wolf skin piece
suuŋilaq worthless item
ugayulaq (Nu) whirlwind
uŋayulaq (Nu) whirlwind
isivsalaq- (i) to lie stretched out
niglaq- to cool (of weather or beverage)
puvlaq- (i) to be frightened away by a smell
(e.g., of animals by the scent of people); (t)
to frighten it = animal away by a smell
suvlaq- (t) to open it = orifice (as of a
primus stove, gas lantern, etc.)
urgalaq- (i) to wait beside the whalers’
homeward path in anticipation of receiving a
piece of whale meat or maktak (after a
successful hunt, the whalers stopped at the
old women waiting along the sled path and
gave them whale meat and maktak from
their shares on the sled)
saqulaqiiŋaruaq (Ti) area that is not straight
kakilasak tiny fish
-lauraq nn (limited) a small N | -laaq nn = uraq nn
aniqqammiaq or aniqqammialauraq aniqqammialauraq newborn
or aniqqammiayaaq or (Ti)
aniqqammiuraq newborn; infant
(human or animal)
kamik(-) [dual kammak, pl.kamŋit] kamalaurak a pair of short, fancy boot
boot; mukluk; Iñupiaq-made fur boot;
dog booty; shoe; (i) to put one’s boots
on; (t) to put boots on her/him/it
qaqquq- to crunch (it) with the teeth qaqqulauraq cookie, small cracker

uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of uqalauraq or uqauraq uvula

leg-hold trap which when stepped on
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live

-lauraq- vv (limited) to V with exaggeration or intensity | perhaps -la-4 vv :uraq- vv

naqikłI- (i) to set (of sun); to become naqikłilauraq- (i) to dance low to the floor,
lower; humble oneself; (t) to lower, ground; (t) to set her/him/it very low
decrease its height
naqikłłilaaq- (i) to now be made lower;
(t) to lower it
tati- (i) to be too tight (of clothing); (t) to tattalauraq- (i) to be a tight fit
brush against, lean against, touch,
squeeze up next to her/him/it
tikiq [tikiQ] index finger; thimble tikalauraq- (i) to shake one’s index finger
sternly; (t) to point a finger at her/him/it
sternly
tukala- to kick one’s legs (at her/him/it) tukalauraq- or (Ti) tukalik- (i) to kick
one’s legs

-lgaq- vv (limited) to lose a N

ui1 husband uilgaq- (i) to lose one’s husband, become
widowed

-lgasuk nn (limited) one who does not have a N or spurns a N | -lġaq- vv -suk2 vn
nuliaq(-) wife; female mate (for nuliilgasuk or nuliiygasuk bachelor,
animal); (t) to marry her; (i) to take a unmarried man
wife
ui husband uilgasuk a spinster; unmarried woman who
refuses to marry

-lgiññIq- vv to find out or realize that she/he/it V-ed, but should not have; to find out that
she/he/it V-ed (her/him/it) again | -lgIt-1vv +nIq- vv

779
 aullaq- (i) to leave, go away, depart; (i)
to start (of engine)
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside;
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it)
aullalgiññiq- (i) to find out that she/he/it
left, but should not have; (i) to find out that
she/he left again » aullalgiññiqsuaq
taktuŋŋaan he left while it was still foggy
isilgiññiq- - (i) to find out that she/he/it
entered, but should not have; (i) to find out
that she/he entered again » isilgiññiqsuaq
animmata he went in when they went out
niġilgiññiq- (i) to find out that she/he/it ate,
but should not have; (i) to find out that
she/he ate again » niġilgiññiqsuaq
niġitquŋisaŋa he ate although he was told
not to eat by her

-lgIt- vv to V again
akiisit- (t) to defeat her/him/it; (t) to akiisilgit- (t) to defeat her/him/it again
overcome (it = illness, misfortune)
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isilgit- (i) to enter again; (t) to bring
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it her/him/it inside again
inside, to place it inside
nui- [nugi] (i) to come into view, appear; nuilgit- (i) to appear again
to rise (of sun, moon) (t) to be able to
see, observe her/him/it; (Ti) to take a
look outside, e.g., to see if
someone/something is coming

¤-lgiuq- vv (limited) to encounter an obstacle to V-ing

naat-1 (i) to now be complete; (t) to naalgiuq- (i) to lack an item to complete a
finish, complete it project

-lgu-1 vv to be capable of V-ing excessively or with forbearance § '-qt u- vv

manimmi- (i) to endure pain, sorrow, manimmilgun patience; forbearance
criticism; (i) to tolerate something
unpleasant; (t) to endure, tolerate
her/him/it
piala- (i) to carry on noisily, be rowdy, pialalgu- (i) to be very rambunctious
rambunctious, disorderly
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savalgu- (i) to be a tireless worker
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it;
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial
taaqsiuq- (i) to travel in the dark taaqsiulgu- (i) to be able to see well in the
dark
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of uqalgu- (i) to be a great speaker; (i) to make
leg-hold trap which when stepped on long speeches

780
 trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live

-lgu-2 nv (limited) to be in the process of V-ing

qalugiaq(-) or qalugiaqtuun whaling qalugialgu- (Ti) to go and inform the village
harpoon with flint or iron spearhead in that a whale has been taken
foreshaft; (t) to harpoon it = whale

-lġaq- vv (limited) to V suddenly without expectation

aŋi-2 [aŋI] (i) to be revived, be aŋilġaq- (i) to go home; to return home after
resurrected, come back to life being gone and assumed dead
aquvit- (i) to sit up or sit down; (t) to sit aquvilġaq- (Ti) (i) to sit down suddenly
down on it
mau- [maġu] (i) to sink into soft maulġaq- (Ti) or maułłak- (B) (i) to sink
ground, mud, or snow as one takes a suddenly, unexpectedly, in snow or mud
step; (t) to sink into it = soft ground,
mud, or snow as one takes a step

-lġataq-1 vv to V for a long time § -ataq- vv

-lġataq-2 vv to finally V § +ataq- vv

+lġatavIk- vv to be V-ing and still going strong § +atavIk- vv

-lġauraq nn (limited) not substantial new N

siku(-)1 ice; to freeze over; to become sikulġauraq (Nu) new thin ice
icy

-lġi- vv (limited) to V for a while

mularilġi- (Nu) ¤(t) to slip away from
her/him/it
*pati (root) process involving the palm patalġi- (t) to pet, caress her/him/it
of the hand
siak-1 (Ti) (i) to be scattered; (t) to scatter sialġi- (i) to slide on a slippery surface, run
them and slide; to slide after having built up
momentum, to glide

-lġiñaq- vv to eventually, finally V

iqsitchak- (i) to become frightened,
afraid
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside;
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside
pisuliq- (i) to now want to participate
iqsitchalġiñaq- (i) to eventually became
frightened
isilġiñaq- (i) to eventually enter; (t) to
eventually bring it inside
pisulilġiñaq- to finally be convinced to

781
 participate

-lġIq nn, vn (limited) one with the attributes of N

niu leg niulġIq dragonfly
nuvak(-) a cold; mucus; (i) to have a nuvayulġiq jellyfish
cold
qilġIq (Ti) gray hair
qitut- (i) to be soft, tender, pliable; (i) to qitulgialiq- (i) to become thin in some areas
be thin (of fabric)

-lġun vn (limited) entity used to V with

aluk(-) dog mush (food); (i) to lap up alġun or aluqvIk animal food dish
food or water into the mouth with the
tongue; (t) to lick her/him/it once
ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or ilalġun encouragement
name; companion, friend, partner; part of
a whole; (i) to get a co-participant,
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
it- (i) to exist; (i) to be; (i) to be present; ilġusiq (Ti) habit, custom
(i) to stay
miŋuk- (t) to color, mark or smear miŋulġun paint
something on her/him/it using one’s
hands
pi(-) [pI] (t) to take, get, procure, acquire pilġusiq habit, customary activity, tradition
her/him/it; (t) to do it; (t) to say to
her/him; an entity
qialġun detachable harpoon head which
goes into whale when bomb is expended,
attached with rope to a float
sana- to whittle, carve (it = wood, sanalġun a tool for carving; (Ti) one of a
soapstone, etc.) carpenter’s tools
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savalġun tool
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it;
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial

-lI-1 nv to build, make, work on, cook or fix N § -liuq- nv

-lI-2 or ~lI-2 vv (limited) to become, grow or act like or be affected by a N or a quality §

+sI-1 vv, -lIq-3 vv, -kłI- vv, -liuq-
aŋi- 1 (i) to be big, large agli- (i) to grow in size, become large, big

782
 aqit- [aqIt] (i) to be soft, tender to the
bite or touch
ayuġit- (i) to form a habit, a behavioral
pattern; (i) to get into the habit of doing
something one enjoys, e.g., visiting
someone, eating something
ipkiq- or ipkili- (i) to become dull; (t) to
cause it = cutting device to become dull
*maluka (root) inferior
miki- (i) to be small
mumik- [mumIk] or [mumik] (i) to
turn over; (i) undergo a character
reversal; (t) to turn her/him/it over; (t)
to translate it
qanuq(-) (interrog.) how, what manner
or method, what condition; to do or say
what (to her/him/it)
taki- (i) to be long
akpiit- (i) to have poor eyesight
iviit- or uivisuŋit- (i) to be willing to go
to lengths to get what one wants
uqumait- (i) to be heavy (in weight or in
emotion)
lI-3 vv (limited) to experience V § -illiuq- nv, '= iuq-2 nv, -vli- vv, -ġlI- vv
aana grandmother or great aunt
aanait- (i) to be without a grandmother
akiit- (i) to lose, be defeated; to be
cheap, inexpensive
aŋŋun game animal
aŋŋutait- (i) to be scarce, of game
kupki(-) piece of something stuck
783
aqilitchii- to simmer (it = meat) until it is
tender
ayuġiili- (i) to get into the habit of doing
certain socially unacceptable things; (i) to
get a bad habit; (i) to get carried away,
become excessive; (t) to cause, influence
her/him to acquire socially unacceptable
habits
ipkiq- or ipkili- (i) to become dull; (t) to
cause it = cutting device to become dull
malukali- (i) to be rabid; to become crazy;
(i) to act dangerous and crazy (of a drunk
person); (t) to bite and cause her/him/it to
become rabid or crazy
mikłi- (i) to become smaller; (t) to decrease
it in quantity or size
mumiġli- or mumiġri- (Ti) or mumiqłIq-
(i) to sleep late and stay up late
piñiġli- (i) to be startled and run away; (t) to
startle it = game animal and let it run away,
get away
qanuġili- or qanuġili- (interrog.) (i) to
become a certain way; (i) to reach a certain
condition
takłi- or takisi- (i) to become long; (t) to
lengthen it
takpiili- (i) to weaken (of one’s eyes)
uiviili- (i) to become habituated to an action
or behavior because of repeated good
feelings associated with that action or
behavior; (i) to keep doing something
because it is pleasant or beneficial
uqumaili- (i) to become heavier, gain
weight; (t) to add weight to her/him/it
aanailli- (i) to behave in ways that one
usually does not do when an authority figure
is present
akiili- (t) to defeat her/him in a contest
aŋŋutailli- (i) to experience hardship due to
a shortage of game animals to hunt
kupkili- or kupkiiyaq- to pick one’s teeth
 between teeth; (i) to get something stuck
between teeth; (i) to pick teeth
*sai (root) relaxation
silu carcass of sea mammal drifted
ashore
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what;
(t) to do what to her/him/it
clean
sailli- (i) to relax, recover after stressful
experince
siluli- (i) to find a sea mammal carcass
drifted ashore
suilli- (i) to have a relaxing day; to have
nothing pressing, urgent to do

-lI-4 vv (limited) to cause her/him/it to V § +rI-3 vv

-liaq- or ‘-liaq- nv (limited) to go and do an activity involving N § +iaq-1 vv

'= iaq-2 (restricted to some nouns that end in a consonant)
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil;
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
mannik [mannIk] egg
nanuq polar bear (Ursus maritimus)
1
natchiq(-) [natchIQ] ring seal (Pusa
hispida); (i) to catch a seal
nigatchiaq snare for small game;
rainbow
nigaq(-) snare for large game animals;
mesh of a net; (t) to snare, lasso
her/him/it
siqiñiq sun
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what;
(t) to do what to her/him/it
tuttu caribou (Rangifer tarandus)
iññiaq- or iññiaqattaaq- (i) to visit
someone, people
mannigiaq- (i) to go egg gathering
nannuliaq- or nanniaq- (i) to go polar bear
hunting
natchiliaq- (i) to go seal hunting
nigatchialiaq- or niggiaq- (Nu) (i) to check
on snares which have been set
siqiññiaq-(i) to wait for and watch the
sunrise (often of whaling crew)
suliaq- (interrog.) (i) to go or come to do
what
tuttuliaq- (i) to go caribou hunting

-liaq nn (limited) that which resembles or is of a N | perhaps -lI-1 nv ±aq1 vn

°aku (root) space in-between, physical akuliaq bridge of nose
or temporal
°ati1 (root) area below; bottom, alliaq tent floor made of willows or shrub
underside; down birch; mattress
illiaq uterus, dual illirrak ovaries
2
ilu(-) interior, inside; abdominal cavity; iluliaq inlet, cove, small bay
(t) to surround her/him/it
kalalliaq king (suit in cards)
kaŋiq [kaŋIq] root, source; headwater, kaŋiliaq or kaŋiliñaaq (Ti) molar
source of a river; (Nu) head of a bay;
foot of mountain; place where peninsula
joins mainland; (Nu) tributary river;
bone or ivory barb on toggle harpoon

784
 line
qalak(-) bubble; burp; (i) to burp; to
clear one’s throat; (t) to burp it = gas
bubble out
qui- [quġi] to urinate (on her/him/it)
°saa2 (stem) [sara] front of body or
garment; area immediately in front of
something; lap, the front part of the
lower trunk and thighs of a seated
person; seaward
siku(-)1 ice; to freeze over; to become
icy
qalaliaq(-) air bubbles coming from a
mammal moving underwater; (i) to form air
bubbles
quġliaq(-) sap, resin, saliva drooling out; (i)
to drool, slobber; to ooze (of pitch or sap)
saġliaq(-) something or someone sitting on
one's lap; to hold, rock (her/him/it) on one's
lap
Saŋmaliaq name of lagoon near Barrow,
Alaska
sikuliaq young ice formed around edge of
old solid ice on open lead

-ligaaġuraaqusuu- nv (t) to want her/him to bring along a N just in case | -ligaaq(-) nv, nn
:uraaq- vv -qu- vv +[s]uu- vv

-ligaaq(-) nn, nv the one with a N; to take along a N | -lik nn -[g]aaq(-) nn, nv
atittuġun tusk-shaped design strip on
front and back of parka yoke
iġviaq tanned leather
ilaaq(-) patch on clothing; addition to a
house; (t) to patch it; (t) to build an
addition on it = house
imnaq1 high, steep cliff
isiġvik parka ruff
manusiñik two white tusk designs
sewn on front of parka yoke
qimmiaġruk puppy
ugruk(-) bearded seal (Erignathus
barbatus); (i) to catch a bearded seal
uunnaksaun heater, oil stove for heat
atittuġutiligaaq parka with tusk shaped
design strips on front and back of yoke
iġvialigaak slippers or moccasins with soft
tanned leather soles
ilaaqtuutiligaak or ilaaqtuutillak woman’s
black and white long boots
ipnalik or ipnaligaaq (Nu) old style
woman’s parka with tails
qavvigmik isiġviligaaq the one with the
wolverine parka ruff
manusiñiligaaq a parka with two front
tusk design white strips on parka yoke
qimmiaġruligaaq the one with a puppy
ugruligaak or ugrullak knee-high boots
with a hard sole of bearded seal skin
uunnaksraligaaq slight warm wind

-ligaq(-) nn, vn, nv, vv (limited) one that Vs or has a N; to use a N that Vs or has a N §
-lik nn, -gaq-2 nn
aksrak- (i) to roll; (i) to roll and slide aksraligaq wheel, tire
down a slope (e.g., of an animal when
shot); (t) to roll it, e.g., barrel
paŋak- (i) to paddle kayak swiftly with paŋaligaq- (i) to play a game where one
double-bladed paddle; (t) to paddle it = jumps along in a crouched position such as a
kayak swiftly with double-bladed paddle frog does

785
 quliligaq eight (at cards)
savik [savIk] or savik knife; metal saviligaq .forty-four rifle

-ligauraq nn (limited) a small one with a N; one with a small N | -lik nn +[ġ]aq3 nn :uraq nn
avataligauraq or avatalik (Ti) snow
bunting, snowbird
ignilik motor propelled vessel, motor- igniligauraq inboard motor boat
driven ship
ilu(-)2 interior, inside; abdominal cavity; iluligauraq bowl
(t) to surround her/him/it
makkaq(-) diaper; sanitary pad; (i) to makkaqpaligauraq (Ti) wild baby
put on a diaper; (t) to put a diaper on
her/him/it
nuqaqti bowstring, string for a musical nuqaqtiligauraq violin
instrument
qiġñiq- (i) to be black, dark qiġñiqtulik or (Nu) qiġñiqtuligauraq sheep
about three years old (with black stubs on
medium-sized horns
sigguk(-) one mandible of bird beak; siggukpaligauraq [lit.”one with a big
muzzle, mouth area; (i) to thrust one’s beak”] dunlin (Erolia alpina)
lips out, showing displeasure; (i) to pout;
(t) to swell when cold (of lips)

-liġaq- vv (limited) to V repeatedly | perhaps -lI-2 vv +[ġ]aq- vv

aqpat- (i) to run (of a human) aqpaliġaq- (i) to frolic, run around playing;
to run in bursts, stopping and starting
tumi track, trail, footprint tuvliġaq- (i) to leave footprints; (t) to leave
footprints on it = surface

-liġaq nn (limited) that of the N

°aku (root) space in-between, physical akuliġaq (Nu) land between two rivers at
or temporal confluence
nuvu pointed tip of anything nuvuliġaq floating rib
°sivu (stem) front part of anything; sivuliqqat front teeth
frontage, area in front of building; bow
of boat; time prior; front exterior wall of
house

-liġIq nn (limited)
qaa(-) or qaaq (Nu) [qara] top side; qaaliġIq (Nu) fish with small hump on back
roof; surface; outer side of fabric; cover; of head (found in Colville River); (Ti) tough
dorsal area of fish; (t) to put a top surface white fish
on it

-liġruaq- vv to just manage to V § mt/liġruaq- vv

786
-lik nn the one with a N
aġvaaq baby whale; whale calf
akimiat the number fifteen
agmaaq [agmaraq] or aŋmaaq or (Nu)
akmaaq flint, chert
aksrak- (i) to roll; (i) to roll and slide
down a slope (e.g., of an animal when
shot); (t) to roll it, e.g., barrel
akuqtuaġun (Nu) white skin (often
sheep) sewn around bottom of parka
akutuqpak broad leaf; flat piece on top
of pipe bowl where tobacco is inserted
akuuraq (Nu) trim on bottom edge of
parka
agmaaq [agmaraq] or aŋmaaq or (Nu)
akmaaq flint, chert
avanmun reciprocal, reciprocity; to each
other
avu(-) sugar; an ingredient (i) to add
sugar to something one is eating or
drinking (t) to add sugar to it; to add an
ingredient to it
ayapqun something to lean on to
support one’s hands when leaning
iglu(-) house, dwelling, building; (t) to
build a structure over it
igluktun with both hands
iglupiaqtaq- to run or operate (it) with
only one of a pair of necessary parts,
e.g., with one of two cylinders, because
of fouled spark plugs
igniq fire
iki [ikI] open wound
ikkun fare, payment for travel; stock (in
corporation)
ilu(-)2 interior, inside; abdominal cavity;
(t) to surround her/him/it
immit- (i) to come upon water (e.g., of a
traveler); (i) to be waterlogged; (t) to
soak it in water
imnaq2 lower side section of parka
787
aġvaalik female bowhead whale with calf
akimialik .30-.40 rifle (used short shells and
held fifteen bullets); .44 gun (old style)
aŋmaaqtalik or (Nu) akmaaqtalik flintlock
rifle (muzzle-loader)
aksraktuaq or (Nu) aksraliktualik wheeled
vehicle
akuqtuaġutilik (Nu) parka with white skin
often from sheep around bottom
akutuqpalik leaf, any plant with broad
leaves
akuuralik (Nu) parka with trim on bottom
and fancy back
aŋmaaqtalik or (Nu) akmaaqtalik flintlock
rifle (muzzle-loader)
avanmulik double-bladed axe, knife
avulik gas mixed with oil
ayapqutillak or ayapqutiligaak (Nu) two
legends told with supporting stories
igluuralik fabric, paper or any other kind of
material with a checkered pattern
igluktuulik double-edged knife, double-
bladed axe
iglupiaqtalik one that has one of a pair of
anything, e.g., a one-horned caribou,
one-armed man, single sod house (Nunamiut
style sod houses were sometimes paired,
sharing one entrance)
ignilik motor propelled vessel, motor-driven
ship
ikilik one with a wound
ikkutilik stockholder (in a corporation)
ilulik container; something with an inner
part; great grandchild
immivlik watery substance
imnalik woman's dress parka with hanging

iñuktaq murder victim
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil;
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
ipiak dual fallopian tubes
ipu(-) a long handle; (t) to attach a
handle to it
iqirġaq(-) corner
iqsraq cheek
iqsraq cheek
iqquk(-) buttock; to thrust one’s
buttocks out (at him/her/it) in jest; hearts
(suit in cards)
irgaak or irgak a pair of eyeglasses;
goggles
iri [dual irrak] eye
isa(-) moulting duck (incapable of
flight); (i) to moult
°isu (stem) end, e.g., of a word, book,
long stick
itchaksrat name of numeral 6; number
six
ivlauq animal fetus
ivruq(-) sod or moss (Rhytidium
rugosum) (used for siding and roof of
traditional Iñupiaq house, also for
topping of underground ice cellar, and
grave); (i) to now have sod on it; (t) to
put sod on, around it =house, grave
kaŋiġaq(-) hunting blind, hiding place
where hunter waits for animal to pass by,
then gives chase; corral (for caribou); (t)
to corral them= caribou, reindeer)
kukik1 [kukIk] hoof; fingernail; stone
head of scraper; (Ti) tip of an arrow
malġuk number two
mamiq membrane scraped from dried
animal skin used in olden days as a
bandage
miŋuk- (t) to color, mark or smear
788
sides
iñuktalik murderer; body of water or
another specific place where a person has
died
iñulik an inhabited place
ipialik waterproof hip boot with straps on
top of boot to be tied to the belt
ipuligalik (Nu) old-style arrowhead
iqirġalik square, cube
iqsraġutilik Canada goose (Branta
canadensis)
iqsralik crested auklet (Aethia cristatella)
iqqulik (Nu) hearts (at cards)
irgaalik aŋun tanik isiqtuaq a white man
wearing glasses went in
iriġutilik dog with circles around eyes
isaġulik angel; something with wings
isualik type of hunting bow with straight
ends; (Nu) bow with bent ends which are in
line with each other
itchaksralik canvas tent (12 foot by 14 foot)
with six panels
ivlaulik pregnant animal
ivrulik sod house
kaŋiġallulik square
kukigralik (Ti) flint arrowhead
malġulik two-masted boat; two-panel tent
mamilik caribou leg skin boots with fur
inside; (Ti) dried, bleached seal skin with
hair removed
miŋŋulik enamel utensil
something on her/him/it using one’s
hands
misuq [pl.mitchut] sap; juice from
whale meat being cured; shoot of plant
nagruk(-) antler; (i) for two caribou to
fight with their antlers; (t) to strike
her/him/it with the antlers
nanġutaq (Nu) jaws of a leghold trap
narvaq pond, lake; (by extension) eight
(at cards)
natquq sharp arrowhead or bullet tip
niġlaaq gosling (young goose)
niġukkaq rumen (of caribou and other
ruminants)
pamiuq tail (of mammal); (Nu) odd card
not part of a pair (in card game of
“fives”)
pilġaaq something braided; braided
sinew
piŋayuġaq a third
piqta point at which a line bends down
at an angle (as along the edge of a cliff,
corner of house, etc.); exterior siding (of
house, boat); wall; side of cliff
qaluuġvik dome-shaped tent frame
made of willows
qaqasaq or qaqisaq brain
qaqłuk lips
qayuuttaq ladle; large wooden spoon;
water dipper
qiġñiq- to be dark, black
qiŋaq nose; house ventilator; blowhole
of whale
qippun something to wind with; clock
or watch winder key; screw driver
quagruk ridge, angular edge of
something
siġmiq [siġmIQ] or (Ti) siġmiq(-)
substance that hardens and can be used
for patching; filler applied to bottom of
789
misulik sleet, wet snow
nagrulik pallid horned lark (Eremophila
alpestris arcticola)
nanġutalik (Nu) leghold trap
narvalik (Nu) eight (at cards)
natqulik arrow with sharp bone head; (Ti)
big bird
niġlaalik goose with gosling
niġukkalik ruminant mammal
pamiulik parka with a tail, as worn by Inuit
in Canada
pilġaalik bow wound with braided sinew for
extra strength
piŋayuġalik polar bear with three cubs
piqtalik large wooden bucket with the wall
of the bucket fitted into a grooved base
(often for carrying maktak from ice cellar,
and can be packed on back; rounder and
deeper than piŋaluaq)
qaluuġvilik (Nu) tent, house with willow
frame
qaqisalik caribou brain cooked with melted
fat
qaqłuqpalik greater scaup (Aythya marila)
qatiqtualik .30-.30 caliber rifle
qayuuttaksralik ram with horns the proper
size to make ladles
qiġñiqtulik or (Nu) qiġñiqtuligauraq
roughly three-year old sheep with black
stubs on medium-sized horns
qiŋalik or (Ti) qiŋaligaaluk king eider
(Somateria spectabilis)
qipputilik screw
quagrulik skin-sewing needle; three-sided
file
siġmilgit sled with coating applied on
runners, sled runners coated with snow and
water
 sled runners made of frozen mixture of
water and snow used to increase
slipperiness and lessen friction; (Ti) ice
which forms on boat or sled; (t) for it =
boat or sled to get covered with ice;
¤glacier
siimiun (Nu) first joint of middle finger, siimiutiksralik (Nu) bull caribou with new
made to protrude from one’s fist, used to spring antler stubs (like small knobs)
grind against someone to hurt her/him
tuttu caribou (Rangifer tarandus) tuttullak paqitkik find his boots with the
caribou soles
tuunġaq(-) shaman’s helping spirit; tuunġaqtalik shaman assisted by a helping
devil; (t) to frighten her/him by spirit, demon, or evil spirit
pretending to be a devil
ullun (Nu) horn, or piece of antler ullutiksralik (Nu) medium-sized ram, four
hollowed out and used to carry small years old
articles, e.g., hooks
umiaq(-) [umiġaq] a boat; (i) to go umialik [lit. “the one with a boat”] whaling
hunting in an umiak for sea mammals; captain; rich person; king; boss; foreman;
(Ti) (i) to be out at whaling camp or in a king (suit in cards)
whaling boat

-lik- or ~lik vv, rv (limited) to accomplish or obtain or encounter the V-ing, sometimes with
a detrimental result § -luk- vv
aġlik- (t) to leave behind a portion of a load
aksrak- (i) to roll; (i) to roll and slide aksralik- or (Nu) aksralui- to roll (it) away;
down a slope (e.g., of an animal when (Nu) (i) to roll over and over, tumble down
shot); (t) to roll it, e.g., barrel
ayalik(-)(i) to make a boisterous yell of
celebration (used in plural)
ivalik- or ivałłuaq- (i) to walk swinging
one’s arms
ivsuk- (i) to shake, e.g., in the wind; (Ti) ivsulik- (i) to be wet from rain (of ground,
to brush snow off oneself; (t) to shake it plants)
out to remove dust, snow, etc.; (Ti) to
brush snow off it = one’s clothing
mayuq- (i) to climb, ascend; (i) to mayualik- (i) to tease a male dog (of
move to a higher position (of person), female dog in heat trying to rouse him)
e.g., to a better job; (t) to climb, ascend
it; (t) to set her/him/it on or in a higher
place
*mitik (root) bounce mitigligaun bone catapult used for
launching pebbles
°nau (root) forward, upward process naulik- (t) to harpoon it = whale, seal,
walrus; to spear it = bear
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it) niġilik- (i) to choke on something

790
 paŋak- (i) to paddle kayak swiftly with paŋalik- (i) to run on all fours, gallop; (Nu)
double-bladed paddle; (t) to paddle it = (t) to cause it = animal to run, gallop
kayak swiftly with double-bladed paddle
putu(-) hole, puncture, perforation; (t) to putulik- (t) to tell it = story in sequential
perforate, pierce it, make a hole through fragments
it; (Ti) (i) to get a hole in one’s sole
qaŋattaq- (i) to take off from the qaŋattałik- (i) to bounce when hitting a
ground, rise above the ground; (t) to lift bump
it off the floor or ground
qivsak- (i) to fly off after impact (as a qivsalik- (i) to splatter; (t) to sprinkle with a
ceramic chip) liquid
°saa2 (stem) [sara] front of body or salik- or saliktuq- to travel swiftly parallel
garment; area immediately in front of to (her/him/it); Nu) (i) to gesture, wave one’s
something; lap, the front part of the arms, e.g., when sighting caribou
lower trunk and thighs of a seated
person; seaward
°sivu (stem) front part of anything; sivulik- (t) to do something before she/he
frontage, area in front of building; bow does; (t) to cut in line in front of her/him
of boat; front exterior wall of house;
time prior
supi- (i) to break up and flow (of frozen suvlik- (i) to leak through a hole; to gush out
river); (t) to blow it = candle flame out through a puncture; to flow up through a
hole in ice (of water)
tapit- (i) to be folded over; (i) to walk tavlik- (t) to penetrate it
abreast of each other, side by side; (t) to
shoot them = two animals or things with
one arrow or bullet; (Ti) (t) to soak
through one’s clothing to the skin (of
water)
tigu- (i) to take hold and hang on; (t) to tiglik- to steal
take, capture, grab, or arrest her/him/it
tukiq- (i) to hatch (of a bird); to extend (Ti) tukalik- (i) to kick one’s legs
one’s legs; (t) to push, kick her/him/it
with bottom of one’s foot
*upku (root) barrier upkulik- (i) to break (of sled runner causing
sled to collapse)
uukkaq- or uukkaaq- (i) to come uukkalik- (i) to break, of crosspieces on sled
crashing down, fall, slide (of hanging
ice, snow, or sod on a slope)

-liktuq- vv take time to quickly V; take a minute to quickly V § +tuuraq- vv

ikayuq- to help (her/him/it)
miquq- to sew (it)
tauqsiġiaq- to go buy (it)
ikayuliktuq- to take the time to quickly help
(her/him/it)
miquliktuq- to take the time to quickly sew
(it)
tauqsiġialiktuq- to take the time to go and

791
 buy (it) quickly

-limaaq nn (limited) any and all N

kisu which one kisulimaaq any one
niġiñaġumiñauraqtuaq every edible bit niġiñaġumiñauraqtualimaaq every last
edible bit

-limauraq(-) vv, vn (limited) (Nu) every N | -limaaq nn :uraq nn

iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil; iñulimauraq (Nu) everyone, every person
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
niġiñaqtuaq edible item niġiñaqtualimauraq every edible bit
upinġaq- (Ti) or upinġaaq(-) or (Ti) upinġalimauraq(-) every summer; (i) to
upinŋaaq- to come (of summer); happen every summer
summer; last summer

+liñ vn,nn (limited) one that Vs or is of the N

agliq- (Ti) (i) to menstruate
(menstruating women were seen as
taboo and isolated; the word agliq- in
turn is associated with other terms
relating to taboo)
masu edible tap root of Alpine
Sweetvetch (Hedysarum alpinum);
“eskimo potato”
niu leg
agliñġaaq adolescent girl
iqmaliñ (Nu) hairless skin used for seat in
kayak
masuliñ or masunniun tool for digging
roots
niuliñġaq leg sinew of hoofed animal
qalliñ one of two side pouches of abdominal
fat of ground squirrel

+liñaaq nn (limited) item of the N | perhaps +liñ vn,nn +naaq vn

aki(-)1 [akI] corresponding value, akiliñaaq northside area of a point of land;
equivalence; cost, price, value; wage; the north side of Point Barrow
opposite side, other side; (Ti) north side
of the point (Point Hope); (t) to respond,
acknowledge, or answer her/him with
gestures (of one who is far away but
visible)
kaŋiq [kaŋIq] root, source; headwater, kaŋiliaq or kaŋiliñaaq (Ti) molar
source of a river; (Nu) head of a bay;
foot of mountain; place where peninsula
joins mainland; (Nu) tributary river;
bone or ivory barb on toggle harpoon
line
°sivu (stem) front part of anything; sivuliñaaq incisor

792
 frontage, area in front of building; bow
of boat; front exterior wall of house;
time prior

-liñġu- or ~liñġu-nv (limited) to experience a negative encounter with N | -lIt- nv -vġu- vv §

-nġu- vv, nv
aaġlu killer whale (Orcinus orca) aaġliñġu- (i) to avoid a pursuing killer whale
(as of a beluga escaping to shallow water)
niqi food, meat niqłiñġu-(i) to not be willing to share food
pi(-) [pI] (t) to take, get, procure, acquire piliñġu- (i) to be unwilling to give up a
her/him/it; (t) to do it; (t) to say to possession; (i) to covet a possession,
her/him; an entity especially one that had belonged to a dead
relative

+liñiQ rn, vn (limited) that of the N

°ati1 (root) area below; bottom,
underside; down
ilu(-)2 interior, inside; abdominal cavity;
(t) to surround her/him/it
ivalu(-) thread, sinew; dental floss; (t) to
thread it
kilu1 part of house or tent opposite door;
south (with one’s geographical position
being Barrow, Alaska)
°kIv (dem. stem) in there, or up the coast
(restricted and visible)
qai (Nu) wave (of ocean)
quli top area; gunwale, gunnel, the top
edge of a boat’s sides
°saa2 (stem) [sara] front of body or
garment; area immediately in front of
something; lap, the front part of the
lower trunk and thighs of a seated
person; seaward
siku(-)1 ice; to freeze over; to become
icy
*sila1 (root) adjacent section
sut what items
°ua1 (stem) westerly
alliñiq or atliñiq (Nu) lower area, under part
iluliñiq muscle above knee on inside of
thigh
ivaluliñiq large back muscle; meat strip
taken out from back muscle
kiluliñiq south, southward
kivaliñiq east side, eastward
qailiñiq piece of old ivory washed up on
shore
qulliñiq upper, top part
salliñiq north
sikuġliñiq ice formed when water spills on a
freezing surface
silaliñiq Arctic Slope (north of Brooks
Range)
sulliñiq what part of a whole
ualiñiq the southwest

-lipqaq nn (limited)
kaŋiq [kaŋIq] root, source; headwater, kaŋilipqaq molar
source of a river; (Nu) head of a bay;

793
 foot of mountain; place where peninsula
joins mainland; (Nu) tributary river;
bone or ivory barb on toggle harpoon
line

-lIq-1 nv, vv to provide a N; to set up a hunting implement or conveyance

-lIq- used with all singular absolutive nouns
'= Iq- used with some nouns with form -C(C)V(C) and with nouns of form -VVC that
contain a “ghost” consonant.
~Iq- used with nouns which end in n/ti (the final weak i is deleted, then the t is
palatalized regressively to s)
aannagu (excl.) or aatnagu wait; wait a aannaguliq- to become later on
minute; in a moment, shortly, in a while,
later on, in a little while, after a while
aġra or aġraq ashes; gunpowder; fire aġriq- (t) to fill it = gun with gunpowder
pail (used by whaling crew for cooking
prior to the modern campstove)
anniñ birth; birthplace; bail, sum of annisiq- (i) to bail oneself out of jail; (t) to
money for temporary release from jail bail her/him out of jail
r
aluaq [alu aq] coal alurriq- (t) to put coal in it = stove
apummaaq [apummaraq] side lath of apummarriq- (i) to now have a side lath on
kayak (of kayak); (t) to put a side lath on it = kayak
asiaq(-) [asiraq] berry; (Nu) blueberry asirriq- (t) to mix berries in it
(Vaccinium uliginosum); (Ti) crowberry
(Empetrum nigrum); fruit in general; (i)
to pick berries
apqun road, street, trail apqusiq- (t) to build a road for it
aŋaayyun prayer aŋaayyuliqsi preacher
aqaya or aqiya mud aqayyiq- (t) to put mud on it
atuŋak(-) bootsole, hard sole (usually atuŋŋiq- (t) to put a sole on it = boot; (t) to
made of bearded sealskin); (t) to sole it put a sole on her/his boot
= boot
aulayyak- (i) to begin to move; to come aulayyiq- (i) to become loose; (t) to make it
free; (t) to budge, move, free her/him/it loose
ayauppiak [ayauppiraq] sun dogs ayauppirriq- (t) to have sun dogs form
around sun
igaaq [igaraq] boiled food, cooked food, igarriq- (i) to put meat in a pot and on a fire
food which is being cooked to cook; (t) to put meat to cook in it =
boiling water
irri severe, cold weather irriliq- to be extremely cold
killiġun snow shelter made of snow killiġusiq- (t) to skirt it = house
blocks covered with tarpaulin; (Nu) sod
insulation skirting house at ground level
inside house
kivgaq(-) servant, messenger kivgiq- (i) to have a messenger feast
kuvraq(-) net, fishnet; spiderweb; (i) to kuvriq- (i) to set a fish net

794
 be caught in a net; (t) to catch it in a net
mitqun [mItqun] needle; (Nu) narrow
bone in hind leg of caribou
naġiaq(-) [naġiraq] to detect, smell (it =
odor); bait used in trap
°nali (stem) even, in line, straight
forward; (Ti) south side of Point Hope,
Alaska; price
naniġiaq [naniġiraq] leg-hold trap
patchiñ or patchisi alibi, excuse,
reason; guilt
quliġun top trim of boots
saagaq(-) something one brings along,
carries; to carry, bring (her/him/it) with
one
°sanI (root) broadside, side
taġiuq(-) [taġiruq] salt; ocean; sea
water; (i) to use salt; (t) to put salt on it;
(Ti) (i) to be blue
taŋiq [pl taŋiġIt] proof, concrete
evidence of a claim; residue, substance
leftover from a process (especially fat
remaining after blubber is rendered)
tiŋŋun airplane
umiaq(-) [umiġaq] a boat; (i) to go
hunting in an umiak for sea mammals;
(Ti) (i) to be out at whaling camp or in a
whaling boat
mitqusiq- (t) to provide a needle for it
naġirriq- (t) to bait it = trap
nalliq- (t) to grow as big as her/him/it; to
move or travel beside her/him/it; to catch up
with her/him/it
naniġirriq- (i) to prepare and set a leg-hold
trap; (t) to set a leg-hold trap for it = game
animal
patchisiq- (i) to acquire an alibi, excuse; (t)
to provide an alibi for her/him/it
quliġusiq- (t) to attach a top trimming on it |
saakkiq- (i) to have something to take,
carry, bring with one; (t) to give her/him
something to take, carry, or bring
sanniq- (i) to turn sideways, lie down on
one’s side; (Nu) (i) to go across, e.g., a road;
(t) to turn it sideways; (Nu) (t) to go across it
= road
taġġirriq- to put salt on (it)
taŋŋiq- (i) to become a reality; (i) to
be fulfilled (of a promise)
tiŋŋusiq- or tiŋŋusit- (i) for an airplane to
land in their community
umiġġiq- (i) to put together a whaling crew

-liq-2 vv to V quickly; to V just in the nick of time; to V unexpectedly § ±tiq-3 vv

-lIq-3 vv (limited) to become V; to be V-ed § +sI-1 vv -kłI- vv, -lI-2 nv,vv

(this postbase is most commonly found in the following combinations): -t/raġalIq- vv,
-sulIq- vv, +[s]ulIq- vv, +[g]iilIQ- nv
aviu- (i) to utter a long, loud cry, to aviuliq- (i) to cry out long and loud; (i) to
shout, to raise a cheer (as when sighting whistle (to her/him/it)
a ship, airplane); (i) to ring (of ears); (t)
to cheer her/him for scoring a goal
during a football or soccer game; (t) to
holler to her/him (for example, to

795
 annouce dangerous ice conditions to
hunters on ice)
iggiaġiit- (i) to have a sore throat
iki-1 or iku- (i) to position or place
oneself into a container or a conveyance;
(t) to place or put her/him/it into a
container or conveyance
iluit- or iłuit- (i) to not fit, to look
wrong, to be sick
isumaaq- or isumaaluk- (i) to be
worried and sad, to mourn, be full of
remorse; to think something over, think
of one's plans
kaak- (i) to be hungry
kipi- (i) to be severed, cut; (i) to stop
flowing (of stream); (i) to stop coming
(of people or animals); (t) to sever, cut it;
(t) to disconnect her/his telephone,
electricity, television; (t) to crosscut, cut
against its grain
naŋit-1 (i) to be sick
niaquġiit- (i) to have a headache
nikagi- to feel (she/he/it) is incapable of
accomplishing something
qakiġñit- (i) to taste or smell rancid,
bad; (i) to irritate the throat (of rancid
oil)
qiiya- to feel cold, be cold (of a person)
sapi- (t) to block, obstruct her/him/it,
make passage unsuitable or impossible
for her/him/it; (i) to dam it = river
simmiq- [simmIq] (i) to exchange or
swap items; (t) to exchange it for
something else
tipi odor
iggiaġiiliq- (i) to get a sore throat
ikuliq- (i) to come into boat (of water in
rough waters)
iluilliq- or iluilliq- or (Ti) iłuilliq- (i) to
become sick, unwell, troubled, grieved; (i) to
become malfunctioning; (t) to cause it to not
look right, or function properly
isumaaliq- (i) to become worried
kaaliq- (i) to become hungry
kivliq- (t) to cut it into two
naŋiliq- (i) to become sick
niaquġiiliq- (i) to develop a headache
nikagiliq- (t) to realize that she/he/it is not
capable of doing a task
qakiġñiliq- (i) to become rancid (of seal oil)
qiiyaliq- to become cold, feel cold (of
person)
sapiliq- (i) to become discouraged and be
unable to accomplish the task
simmiliq- (t) to replace it = something
borrowed with something else
tigliq- (i) to beat, pulsate once
tivliq- (i) to become aged and smelly (of
meat)

-liQ or +liQ or = liQ or ~liQ nn, vn, rn (limited) one that has a N or has the quality or
association with the N or V
aaġaaq- (i) to make the sound “aa” (the aaġaaliq (Ti) or aahaaliq (Nu) oldsquaw
call of the loon) duck (Clangula hyemalis)
auma(-) ember, live coal; red gemstone; aumaliq charred wood

796
(i) to smolder (of coal or wood)
iniqaq- (i) to have a place
itivit- (i) to portage; (i) to fly over land itivliq portage, place to cross
instead of following the water along the
coast (of ducks as they migrate); (i) to
take a shortcut; (t) to fly over, go over,
cross over (instead of going around), and
come down the other side of it = e.g.,
hill
itqiq louse egg
*maluka (root) inferior
nalliq-1 (t) to grow as big as her/him/it;
to move or travel beside her/him/it; to
catch up with her/him/it
nuliaq(-) wife; female mate (for
animal); (t) to marry her; (i) to take a
wife
qaa(-) or qaaq (Nu) [qara] top side;
roof; surface; outer side of fabric; cover;
dorsal area of fish; (t) to put a top surface
on it
qipi- (i) to toss and turn in bed; (i) to
writhe, to twist the body, usually in pain; bearded seal rope; chain
(t) to wind it (of a clock); (t) to twist,
screw it = lid on or off
797
igaliq skylight, window; seal net placed
horizontally under a seal's breathing hole;
(Nu) four (at cards)
¤ilivliq grandchild
iniqaġliq place where there used to be
houses; an abandoned village
Itqiliq American Indian
kimaliq small sewing ulu
malukaliq rabid animal; madman
(Nu) miġaliq or muġaliq slush ice,
waterlogged snow (floating on ocean)
(foam-like in appearance), snow and thin
ice on water when freeze-up begins, slushy
ice which forms on shore at the first freeze
nalliġiik two equals in every aspect
niġliq [niġliQ] general term for goose
(female) or gander (male)
nulliq(-) parent (mother or father) of one’s
son-in-law or daughter-in-law
qairaliq (Ti) young seal in spring; young
whale which comes north for first time
qaliq(-) top covering; rust; (i) to rust
Qaŋmaliq Arctic coast dweller (in Canada)
qigliq (Ti) breakable utensil, plate, cup
qivliġit braided chain of moose, caribou or
Qulliq or Qułłiq Siberia; person from
Siberia
¤quŋuliq (Nu) caribou intestine mixed with
liver and rumen
 *suġaq (root) fragment; an item suġaliq item of property, wealth, or treasure
suġliq horned grebe (Podiceps auritus)
tigu- (i) to take hold and hang on; (t) to tiguġliq doorknob; hole in upper bow of
take, capture, grab, or arrest her/him/it kayak used as a handle
tittaaliq burbot, mudshark; ling cod (Lota
lota)

-lIqi- nv, rv used with all singular absolutive nouns

'= Iqi-1 nv, vv (used with all nouns (strong I causes the change of t to s
regressively); and in nouns with word form -VVC, intervocalic “ghost”
consonant geminates)
1
~Iqi- nv, vv (used with nouns which end in -ti or –ri)
having to do with hunting, preparing, repairing, cleaning, associating,
“messing around” with N [the meaning of the long form -lIqi- differs
somewhat from the meaning of the short form '= Iqi-; the words containing
the short form are more specific, often lexicalized when attached to verb
stems]
aglak(-) a letter character; print pattern; agliqi- (i) to perform postal clerk duties; (i)
(Ti) a letter sent by mail; to write (it); (i) to deliver mail; (i) to work as a postal clerk
to vote by secret ballot
aġnaq woman; an adult human female; aġniqi- (i) to womanize; (t) to molest her
queen (suit in cards) sexually
aġraq(-) (Ti) ball; (t) to kick it = ball aġriqi- (i) to play ball (any ball game)
repeatedly
aġviq [aġviQ] [dual aġvak, pl. aġviġit, aġviqi- (i) to hold a whaling feast (of
archaic pl. aavġit; archaic rel. form whaling captain)
aavġum] bowhead whale (Balaena
mysticetus); Pacific right whale (Balaena
glacialis)
aluaq [aluraq] coal alurriqi- (i) to work with coal; to mine for
coal
anaq(-) excrement, feces; dung, manure; anniqi- (i) to make a mess when defecating
to defecate (it); (t) to defecate on it; (i) to (of child)
fall or shoot (of a star)
ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be anniviliqi-(i) to celebrate one’s birthday
born; (i) to emerge from the den in
spring (of hibernating animal)
agmaaq [agmaraq] or aŋmaaq or (Nu) aŋmarriqi- (i) to work with flint
akmaaq flint, chert
aŋun man, an adult human male aŋusiqi- (i) to pursue men with sexual
intent; (t) to molest him sexually
°asI (stem) a non-specific place; asiliqi- (i) to talk or act nonsensically,
everywhere; nowhere; someplace else; foolishly; to act uselessly, unsuccessfully, in
away from the village; something vain
insignificant
avarraq fluke of whale; (Nu) single ray avarriqi- (i) to divide up the whale flukes

798
of fish’s caudal fin
ayuaq(-) [ayuraq] boil, sore; to develop
a boil
iktaq something thrown away, discarded
item; outcast
ililgaaq [ililgaraq] child (Ti) jack (suit in
cards)
imaq1(-) [imaQ] liquid, fluid; non-
potable water; lake; sea, ocean; lagoon;
(t) to moisten it = animal hide to ready it
for scraping
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil;
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
iqaluk(-) or (Nu) qaluk(-) fish; (i) to
catch a fish
iqquk(-) buttock; to thrust one’s
buttocks out (at him/her/it) in jest; hearts
(suit in cards)
kigun tooth
naluaq [naluraq] sun-bleached seal
skins
nasautaq(-) hat, cap; (i) to put a hat or
cap on; (t) to put a hat or cap on
her/him/it
navyaaq [navyaraq] bone joint
niaquq head, skull
niqi food, meat
nusaq or nuyaq strand of head hair
quqtaq honey bucket; large commode
salliq one in front; one farthest toward
the ocean; most northerly one
sauniq bone; pit, seed in fruit
siku(-)1 ice; to freeze over; to become
icy
siun ear
Tanik Caucasian person; white person
799
and distribute them as gifts in a whaling
ceremony
ayurriqi- to work on a (his/her) boil
iksiqi- (i) to rummage for things at the
dump; (i) to work at the dumpsite
ililgarriqi- (i) to take care of, watch children
immiqi- (i) to play in the water
iññiqi- (i) to go visiting from house to house
iqaluliqi- (i) to work on fish
iqalliqi- (i) to fish
iqquiqiluk- (i) to shake one’s buttocks
(especially when playing)
kigusiqi- (i) to have a toothache; to have
one’s teeth worked on; (t) to work on
her/his/its teeth
nalurriqi- (i) to work with sun-bleached seal
skins
nasautchiqi- to fiddle, play around with
(her/his/its) hat
navyarriqi- (t) to work on his/her/its joints
niaqqiqi- to wash (her/his/its) hair
niqłiqi- (i) to work with meat (as a butcher);
(i) to serve food during a feast
nutchiqi- to wash, style (her/his) hair
quqsiqi- (i) to collect the drums where the
honey buckets had been dumped and throw
away
salliqi- (i) to put on clothing with the front
on the back, backwards
saunniqi- (i) to work with bones; (t) to work
on his/her/its bones
sikkiqi- (i) to have floating ice, be breaking
up (of river)
siusiqi- (i) to have an earache; (t) to operate
on her/his ear; treat her/his earache
Tanniqi- (i) to associate and be overly

uan or uati (Ti) area of torso below
waist, i.e. hips and pelvis; hind part of
any animal; ventral flank of bowhead
whale
uumman heart
friendly to white people
uasiqi- (i) to haul the whale’s hind meat and
maktak ashore (of whaling crew)
uummasiqi- or (Ti) uumasiqi- (i) to have a
heart attack

-liqsuq- or '= Iqsuq- nv (limited) to provide with N or with the action of the V
(words containing the short form '= Iqsuq- are more specific in meaning than the words
containing the long form -liqsuq-) | -lIq-1 +tuq-2 vv
aluaq [aluraq] coal alurriqsuq- (t) to put coal in it = stove
repeatedly
aniŋaruaq that which has come out aniŋarualiqsuq- (Ti) (i) to get hives
aniu packed snow aniuliqsuq- (t) to fill it = drinking water
container with snow
aqpat- (i) to run (of a human) aqpaliqsuq- or aqpaliqsruq- (i) to run very
hard for a short distance
igniq fire igniqsuq- or iŋniqsuq- (i) to build a fire in a
stove; (t) to build a fire in it = stove or
fireplace; (t) to build a fire in a stove in it =
dwelling
ilaaluq partner ilaalliqsuq- (t) to take sides, support her/him
naniġiaq leg-hold trap naniġirriqsuq- (i) to prepare and set traps
patchiñ or patchisi alibi, excuse, patchisiqsuq- (i) to make excuses for not
reason; guilt participating
qiruk wood qiruliqsuq- (t) to place wood on it
qirriqsuq- (t) to put wood into it = stove
1
siku(-) ice; to freeze over; to become sikuliqsuq- (t) to fill it = water barrel with
icy ice

-liqta- vv (limited) to experience N | -lIq-3 vv -qta- vv

kakkik(-) [kakkIk] nasal mucus; (i) to
blow, wipe one’s nose; (t) to wipe
her/his nose
qaa2 (root) repulsion
*qui (root) quiver, tremble, shiver
kakkiliqta- (i) to sob, making a sniffling
sound
qaaliqta- (i) to feel repulsed by something
disgusting; to shudder with revulsion
quiliqta- (i) to feel joyful, tremble with
happiness

-liqtualuk- vv to V without hesitation § +tualuk- vv

-liqtuq- vv to V quickly, intently, with concentration § +tuq-1 vv

-liqtuula- vv to V quickly, impetuously § +tuula- vv

800
-liqtuuraq- vv to V quickly, intently, with concentration and finesse § +tuuraq- vv

-lIt- or +lIt- vv, nv (limited) to provide with a N or a V-ing

aki(-)1 [akI] corresponding value, akilit- (t) to pay her/him a wage
equivalence; cost, price, value; wage;
opposite side, other side; (Ti) north side
of the point (Point Hope); (t) to respond,
acknowledge, or answer her/him with
gestures (of one who is far away but
visible)
iŋut- (t) to stir it iŋulit- (t) to stir it
kilit- (i) to cut animal hides into strips; (t) to
cut it into strips
*nig (root) cold niglit- to add snow, ice, or cold water to cool
(it)
nipat- (i) to make a sound nipallit- (Nu) (i) to hear noise
nuna land, tundra, earth; inland; country, nunalit- or nunnit- (i) to reach land
territory, a citizen’s nation-state
pilit- (i) to release one’s hold or grip on
something or someone; (t) to release one’s
hold or grip on her/him/it
1
siiq- (i) to ooze, seep (like a sore); (i) to siiġlit- (i) to salivate from too sweet or too
leak out (of air); (Ti) (i) to sweat, sour food; (i) to make a face when eating
perspire something sour
talit- [talIt] (i) to disappear from view; (t) to
conceal it

-liuq- nv to build, make, work on, cook or to fix a N; to render it like the N
-liuq- used with all singular absolutive nouns. The postbase -liuq- is most commonly
used by younger speakers; the short forms are used but the meaning
may sometimes vary slightly from the word which contains the long form.
-lI-1 used with most singular absolutive nouns
'= iuq- not used with nouns which end in a vowel
'= I- not used with nouns which end in a vowel
~iuq- used with nouns which end in n
~I- used with nouns which end in n
~lI-1 used with nouns which end in a weak i, but not n or ri (so far, only with atigi)
aanġuaq [aanġuraq] or aanġuluk aanġurri- to make an amulet (for her, him);
amulet, charm to make an amulet (out of it)
aapailaq illegitimate child; fatherless aapailli- (i) to give birth (of an unmarried
child woman)
akłunaaq [akłunaraq] or (Ti) aglunaaq akłunarri- to make (it into) rope; to make
harpoon line, rope (originally of animal rope (for her/him/it)
skin)
aluk(-) dog mush (food); (i) to lap up alliuq- (i) to make mush for dogs; (t) to
food or water into the mouth with the make them =pieces of meat into soup mush

801
tongue; (t) to lick her/him/it once for the dogs; (t) to make mush for them
=animals that lap food
amiġluk(-) chapped skin, scab; (i) to be amiġluli- (Ti) to become dry, chapped (of
rough, chapped (of skin); (i) to be scarred skin); to dry (of meat)
(of skin); (i) to form a scab; (Nu) old tree
bark
amiq(-) [amIQ] animal hide, pelt; skin amiġli- to become chapped (of part of the
covering on boat or kayak frame; (t) to body)
put a hide covering on it = boat or kayak
frame
aniu packed snow aniuliuq- (i) to melt snow
r
annuġaaq(-) [annuġa aq] piece of annuġarri- to make clothing (for
clothing, garment; (i) to dress oneself; (t) him/her/it); (t) to make it into clothing
to dress her/him/it
asiaq(-) [asiraq] berry; (Nu) blueberry asirri- (i) to grow berries; (i) to gather
(Vaccinium uliginosum); (Ti) crowberry berries; (i) to store berries; (i) to have lots of
(Empetrum nigrum); fruit in general; (i) berries growing on it (of land)
to pick berries
atigi(-) parka, traditional fur-lined, atikłi- to make a parka (out of them = skins);
pullover-style with fur ruff; (i) to put on (t) to make a parka for her/him
a parka; (t) to put a parka on her/him
auk(-) [aruk] blood; (i) to bleed; (Ti) to arri- (i) to collect blood donations; (i) to
have a nosebleed collect animal blood for dog food broth; (i)
to make broth from blood
auma(-) ember, live coal; red gemstone; aumali- (i) to become red-hot (of wood,
(i) to smolder (of coal or wood) coal, etc.)
iġñiq [iġñiQ] son iġñi- (i) to give birth to a child
ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or ilaliuq- to make (her/him) one’s relative
name; companion, friend, partner; part of
a whole; (i) to get a co-participant,
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
innuq saliva in long strands (as from the innuli- (i) to foam at the mouth
mouth of a sick person or dog)

itiqquuraq place where a stone has sunk
swiftly into water
itiqsraq or (Ti) itiġraq dimple; low spot
in ground; (Ti) low spot in floor of ice
cellar for storing special meat; ditch;
hole in the ground
kakkik(-) [kakkIk] nasal mucus; (i) to
blow, wipe one’s nose; (t) to wipe
(Nu) itaqurri- (i) to cause something to sink
immediately without splashing
itiqsri- to dig a ditch, hole (in it)
kakkili- (i) to have a runny nose, have snot
on the upper lip

802
her/his nose
kamik(-) [dual kammak, pl.kamŋit]
boot; mukluk; Iñupiaq-made fur boot;
dog booty; shoe; (i) to put one’s boots
on; (t) to put boots on her/him/it
kigun tooth
kiiñaq or (Ti) kigiñaq face; blade of axe
kupki(-) piece of something stuck
between teeth; (i) to get something stuck
between teeth; (i) to pick teeth
kuvraq(-) net, fishnet; spiderweb; (i) to
be caught in a net; (t) to catch it in a net
manu upper front of shirt or parka
miquun sewing machine
naaq(-) [naraq] (Ti) abdomen; (i) to
have a full stomach, be full from eating
naluaq [naluraq] sun-bleached seal or
bearded seal skin
nigiq east wind; (Ti) northwind; north;
(Nu) northeast wind; northeast
niqi food, meat
pi(-) [pI] (t) to take, get, procure, acquire
her/him/it; (t) to do it; (t) to say to
her/him; an entity
qapuk foam; (Ti) pumice stone used as
cleaner
qaqłuk lips
qiaq [qiraq] Iñupiaq delicacy made out
of the outer intestinal membrane of a
bearded seal (the membrane is scraped
off by hand from the intestine and
chopped on a slab of bearded seal
blubber)
qiruk wood
quaq(-) [quraq] raw, frozen meat or
fish; (i) to eat raw, frozen meat or fish;
(t) to eat it = meat raw and frozen
803
kamiliuq- or kamili- to sew boots (for
her/him/it); (i) to draw or paint boot(s)
kigusi- (i) to teethe
kiiñaġiili- (i) to grimace, frown, or scowl
kupkili- (i) to clean one’s teeth with a pick
kuvri- to make a net (for her/him/it); (i) to
skip a stone over water; (i) to skip over the
water along a line of net floats, bouncing
near each float (of flat stone thrown in a
simple game of skill); (t) to skip it = stone
over water
manuġluk(-) or (Ti) manuġli(-) frost from
breath; (i) to become frosted from breath
(of parka ruff)
miquutiliuq- or miquutili- to make a
sewing machine (for her/him)
narri- (i) to be pregnant
nalurri- (i) to prepare seal or bearded seal
skin for bleaching by the sun
nigli- to cool (of temperature)
niqłiuq- (i) to cook meat
pili-or piliuq- (i) to make something; (t) to
make something for her/him/it; (t) to make it
into something
qapuli- (i) to foam, froth, get foamy (e.g., of
beach)
qaqłualuli- (i) to pout, trying to keep from
crying (of a child)
qirri-1 (i) to make qiaq
qirri-2 (i) to collect wood; to become like
wood; (Nu) (i) to chop firewood
qurri- or qurriuq- (i) to cut up raw frozen
meat or fish
 saaġuaq(-) [saaġuraq] apron, bib; (i) to saaġurri- to make an apron (for her/him); (t)
put on an apron; (t) to put an apron on to make it into an apron
her/him; (Nu) protective enclosure,
semicircular-shaped windbreak made of
small, felled trees with an openng where
a fire can be; (Nu) (i) to camp in a
protective enclosure
sigaaq(-) [sigaraq] [ENG “cigar” ] or sigarri- (i) to roll a cigarette
(Ti) sikaaq(-) cigarette; to smoke (it =
cigarette)
sila weather; atmosphere, air silali- to get a tan; to get faded by sun
tuquŋaraq dead animal, person tuquŋarri- (i) to be stillborn; (t) to give
birth to it = stillborn child
tuttu caribou (Rangifer tarandus) tuttuliuq- (i) to cook caribou; to make,
draw, or paint caribou;
°ua1 (stem) westerly uali- (i) to be growing late (of the day); to be
at the west (of sun)
umiaq(-) [umiġaq] a boat; (i) to go umii- or umiġġi- (i) to make a boat (for
hunting in an umiak for sea mammals; her/him/it)
(Ti) (i) to be out at whaling camp or in a
whaling boat
utuqqaq [utuqqaQ] something old utuqqali- to grow old

-liuti- nv (limited) to have N for one’s N; to become a N; to begin to V | perhaps -lIq-1 nv, vv
+uti- 3 vv
iglu(-) house, dwelling, building; (t) to igluliuti- (t) to begin to live in it = house as
build a structure over it one’s house
iglu(-) the other, the mate, as in a pair of igluliuti- (Nu) (t) to take her/him as one’s
mittens or boots; (i) to be provided with spouse
a companion or a partner; (t) to provide
her/him/it with a partner, companion, or
a complement
ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or ilaliuti- (i) to join, become a member of an
name; companion, friend, partner; part of organization; to become a part of something;
a whole; (i) to get a co-participant, (t) to make her/him/it a part of something
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
malik- to follow, accompany malliuti- (t) to chase, follow her/him/it
(her/him/it)
pigi- (t) to have it in one’s possession pigiliuti- (t) to now have it as one’s own

-lla- vv to be able to, can V, to have the ability to V

aqpat- (i) to run (of a human) aqpalla- to be able to run (it = distance)

804
 iki-1 or iku- (i) to position or place
oneself into a container or a conveyance;
(t) to place or put her/him/it into a
container or conveyance
kammi- to make boots (for her/him); (t)
to make it = animal hide into boots
qamutitaq- (i) to drive a car; to ride in a
car or truck
tiŋŋutitaq- (i) to fly a plane; (i) to be a
passenger in a plane
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t)
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it;
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial
ikulla- (i) to be able to climb into a container
or a conveyance; (t) to be able to place or put
her/him/it into a container or conveyance
kammilla- to be able to sew boots (for
her/him/it » kammillagiga upinġaaġu I can
make boots for him next summer
qamutilla- (i) to be able to drive a car
tiŋŋutitalla- (i) to be able to fly an airplane;
be able to be a passenger in an airplane
savalla- (i) to be operational; (i) to be able to
work; (t) to be able to operate it; (t) to be
able to prepare it = corpse for burial

-llaa(-) nn vv each N; to V one by one, individually; to V periodically, once in a while

aitchuq- (t) to give her/him/it something aitchullaa- (i) to give one to each »
aitchullaaratka atausimik I gave one to
each
atausiq [atausIq] the number one atausiullaa- (t) to do them one by one,
individually » atausiullaavlugi
uqaqatigillaaratka I spoke to each one
individually
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil; iñullaa each person; each owner; each core
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to of a boil; each resident spirit; each embryo
surprise her/him/it of an egg
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isillaa- (i) to enter one by one, individually
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside
qiñiġaq- to photograph (her/him/it); (Nu, qiñiġallaa- (t) to take individual pictures of
Ti) to look with the aid of binoculars or them » qiñiġaallaaraatigut he took
telescope at (her/him/it) individual pictures of us
tikit- [tikIt] (i) to arrive at, reach one's tikillaa- (i) to arrive one by one; (t) to reach
destination or goal; (t) to reach her/him/it her/him/it individually » tikillaaruat ilagiit
they arrived family by family

-llaayugaaq- vv (i) to V one by one leisurely, once in while; (t) to V them one by one
casually or once in a while
saqit- (t) to move, shove, push her/him/it saqillaayugaaq- (t) to push, shove them
aside, out of the way casually to the side » saqillaayugaaqługit
apqutiksriuqtuq he made a pathway by
pushing them to the side one by one
1
uqallak- (i) to speak uqallallaayugaaq- (i) to speak up once in a
while » uqallallaayugaaqtuq ilamiñik he

805
 speaks of his relatives once in a while

-llagruaq- vv to V suddenly, unexpectedly

isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside;
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside
tigu- (i) to take hold and hang on; (t) to
take, capture, grab, or arrest her/him/it
uqallak-1 (i) to speak
isillagruaq- (i) to enter suddenly; (t) to bring
her/him/it inside suddenly » isillagruaġman
tupapaluktuŋa when he burst in I was very
startled
tigullagruaq- (i) to take hold and hang on
suddenly; (t) to take hold of or arrest
her/him/it unexpectedly » tigullagruaġmani
qiaġutiruaq she burst out crying when he
grabbed her unexpectedly
uqallallagruaq- (i) to speak loudly,
suddenly » uqallallagruaġman
tupapaluktuŋa I was sure startled when he
spoke loudly, unexpectedly

-llaiq- vv to have difficulty in V-ing; to cease V-ing due to loss of ability or desire | -lla- vv
:Iq-2 nv, vv
iisi- (i) to swallow
ilisaġi- (t) to recognize her/him/it
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isillaiq- (i) to have difficulty entering; (t) to
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside
naatchi- (i) to finish, to complete
something
iisillaiq- (i) to have difficulty in swallowing;
to no longer have the ability to swallow »
iisillaiqsuaq iggiaġiitpaiłłuni he is having
difficulty swallowing, because of his severe
sore throat
ilisaġillaiq- (t) to have difficulty recognizing
her/him/it » ilisaġillaiqpiuŋ are you having
difficulty recognizing her
have difficultly bringing her/him/it inside »
isillaiqpiñ is it hard for you to make yourself
go in
naatchillaiq- (i) to have difficulty finishing
»
naatchillaiqsugut ikayuaksrat
iñugiakpaiłłutik we are having difficulty
finishing because there are so many who
need help

-llak-1 vv, nv (limited) to arrive at the state of being indicated by V after some time has
passed; to acquire the N
iglaŋa- or iglaŋaaq- to smile (at iglaŋallak- to smile (at her/him) briefly
her/him)
imu- (i) to become stooped with age; (i) imullak- (i) to be bent with age
to crouch down; (t) to fold it; (t) to roll it
up; (t) to wind it = string, yarn, etc. into
a ball

806
ini place; room; (by extension) one’s
presence
itiq- (i) to wake up
*kaiv (root) circular motion
kiŋu(-) rear part of any item; rear
sealskin poke in a boat (Kisautaq: 650);
(Ti) three-quarter inch manila rope used
with whaling harpoon; large float
fastened at end of harpoon line; (i) to be
late; (i) to be over (of an activity); (i) to
be gone, have moved on (of animals); (t)
to be late for her/him/it
minŋiq- or (Nu) mitŋiq- (i) to jump up
and land on the same level as one
started; (t) to jump over her/him/it
nui- [nugi] (i) to come into view, appear;
to rise (of sun, moon); (t) to be able to
see, observe her/him/it; (Ti) (i) to look
outside, e.g., to see if someone or
something is coming
nutqaq- (i) to stop; to die
pukta- (i) to be afloat
quvluq- (t) to split it into many pieces
lengthwise
sanniq- (i) to turn sideways, lie down on
one’s side; (Nu) (i) to go across, e.g., a
road; (t) to turn it sideways; (Nu) (t) to
go across it = road
siqu- (i) to fall asleep; (Ti) (i) to close
807
inillak- or (Ti) inillallak- (i) to find a place
to stay; (i) to situate oneself somewhere; (i)
to become full (of moon); (i) to be resolved
(of motion in parliamentary procedure);
(Ti)(i) to be completed, done; (i) for food to
be done, cooked; (t) to find a place for
her/him/it to stay; (t) to situate, place
her/him/it somewhere; (t) to appoint
her/him; (Ti) (t) to prepare things for
whaling; (t) to complete, finish accomplish it
¤inniillak- (i) to be silenced (esp., of a liar
when silenced by someone setting her/him
straight); (i) to be unable to answer back
itillak- (i) to finally wake up
kaivallak- or kaivaluisaaq- (i) to go around
in a circle once; (t) to move in a circle
around it once
kiŋullak- (i) to die to the last one (of a
group)
minŋiqhiallak- (i) to jump up and down
once gracefully
nuillak- (i) to step out of dwelling and check
surroundings for game or weather; to come
into view
nutqallak- (i) to recess, take a break
puktallak- (i) to float to the surface of
water; to rise higher each day (of sun, after
solstice)
¤pułallak- (i) to fall asleep while leaning
over something
quvluallak- (t) to split it lengthwise nicely
after several attempts
sanniqsaallak- (i) to move slightly to the
side; (t) to move it slightly to the side
siqullak- (i) to finally fall asleep
 one’s eyes
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of uqallak-1 (i) to speak
leg-hold trap which when stepped on
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live

-llak-2 vv to V nonstop for a period of time, or for a given distance

aqpaliġaq- (i) to frolic, run around
playing; to run in bursts, stopping and
starting
makita- (i) to be standing
miquq- to sew (it)
qiñaa- to look for, search for (her/him/it) qiñaallak- (t) to look for her/him/it the
aqpaliġallak- (i) to frolic, run around
playing the whole time
makitallak- (i) to stand the whole time »
makitallaktuguk uvlaapak wed stood all
morning
miqullak- to sew (it) the whole time »
uvlaapak tavra miqullaktuq she has been
sewing all morning
whole time » qiñaallakkaa he has been
looking for it all of this time

-llaniq vn ability to V | -lla- vv +niQ1 vn

-llapqaq- vv to be barely able to V (her/him/it) | -lla- vv -pqaq- vv

-llaq- vv (limited) to V more than once, or twice § +t/raġaq- vv -q-1 vv +uq-2 vv

anau- (t) to hit her/him/it with one’s arm anaullaġaq- (Ti) (i) to play baseball
or an object held in one’s hand
kaki- [kakI] (i) to prick oneself; (t) to kakilla ġnaq thorn
tattoo her/him/it; (t) to prick her/him/it
nau- [nagu] (i) to grow (of a plant or naullaġnaq small sea mollusk
wart); (i) to wax (of moon); (i) to
increase
tigu- (i) to take hold and hang on; (t) to tiguullaq- to grab (them) one by one
take, capture, grab, or arrest her/him/it
uŋuuq- (t) to drive it = animal in front uŋuullaq- (t) to drive it away
of one, usually toward waiting hunter
usiq-2 [usIq] or usillaq- (i) to take off one’s
own pants; (t) to remove her/his pants

-llaq rn,vn, nn (limited) one with a N or quality indicated by V

°aku (root) space in-between, physical akullaq distance between objects
or temporal
aŋi- 1 (i) to be big, large aŋillaŋilaq one not so big
piit- (i) to be absent, missing; (i) to not piillanmun towards an area where one had

808
 have any not intended to go to

-llaqqaaq- (used with Affirmative Subordinative I endings) to V leisurely first, then…

imiġaqtuq- (i) to have broth
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isillaqqaaq- (i) to first come inside for a
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside
pilaiŋaiqsiaqtit- (t) allow, permit
him,her,it to rest
quliaqtuaq(-) life experience, story; to
tell (it = story, one's experience)
imiġaqtullaqqaaq- (i) to first drink some
broth, then… » imiġaqtullaqqaaqłuni
siquruaq he fell asleep after having some
broth
while, then…; (t) to enter it for a while,
then… » isillaqqaaġlutin come in for a
while first (then you can do whatever you
have to do)
pilaiŋaiqsiaqtillaqqaaq- (t) to first allow
her/him/it to rest for a while, then… »
pilaiŋaiqsiaqtillaqqaaqługu
aullaqisatqiksuaguk wed started again after
letting him rest for a while
quliaqtuallaqqaaq- to first tell (it = story),
then… » quliaqtuallaqqaaqłuni airuaq he
went home after telling a story

-llaqqaaq- (w/ consequential endings) to V briefly for a while without hurrying or for the
first time, then…
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; (t) isillaqqaaq- (i) to come in first briefly; (t) to
to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it inside, to bring (it) in first briefly; (t) to enter it first
place it inside briefly » isillaqqaaqama tautuŋitkiga
when I went in briefly the first time, I did not
see her
pilaiŋaiqsiaq- (i) to rest pilaiŋaiqsiallaqqaaq- (i) to first rest briefly,
then… » pilaiŋaiqsiallaqqaaqamnuk
uqallaŋitchuaq when we took a rest for the
first time, he said nothing
1
uqallak- (i) to speak uqallallaqqaaq- (i) to first speak briefly,
then… » uqallallaqqaaġman nipaipaluktut
when he spoke briefly for the first time, they
became very quiet

-llasI- vv learn to, become able to V | -lla- vv -sI- vv

iisi- (i) to swallow iisillasi- (i) to become able to swallow »
iisillasiñiaqtuq iggiaġiiñŋaiġumi when her
throat is better, she will be able to swallow
pisuaq- (i) to walk; (t) to walk it = pisuallasi- (i) to become able to walk »
distance pisuallasiruaq ukiaq he learned to walk last
fall
qilak- to knit (it) qilallasi- (i) to learn to knit » qilallasiviñ did
you learn to crochet/knit

809
 savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t)
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it;
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial
-llatu- vv to enjoy, like to V
piuraaq(-) toy; (i) to play
taiguaq(-) to read (it); a verse, anything
to read
taŋmigaq- (i) to ski
tiŋŋutitaq- (i) to fly a plane; (i) to be a
passenger in a plane
-llatuaq- vv despite the fact that one may V
imaaq- (i) to fall in water
qivit- (i) to go off in a huff; to leave
indignant; to act or behave indignantly
sagluqi- (t) to lie to her/him; to fool
her/him/it
uumitchak- (i) to become angry, mad
-llautaq(-) nn, vv a good N; to V very well § -lluataq(-)
-lliñiQ nn (limited)
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what;
(t) to do what to her/him/it
810
savallasi- (i) to become able to work; (t) to
enable it to operate properly » qaŋa
savallasiviñ when did you become able to
work
piuraallatu- (i) to enjoy, like to play »
piuraallatupiallaktuq she really enjoys
playing
taiguallatu- to enjoy reading (it) »
taiguallaturuŋa I like to read
taŋmigallatu- (i) to enjoy skiing »
taŋmigallaturugut we enjoy skiing
tiŋŋutitallatu- (i)
tiŋŋutitallaturuq taamna that one likes to
travel by airplane
imaallatuaq- (i) despite the fact that one
might fall in the water » imaallatuaqtumi
ikaaqtuularuaq despite the fact that he may
fall in the water, he crossed over hastily
qivillatuaq- (i) despite the fact that one
might be offended and leave »
qivillatuaqtuġlu atisivlugu minittaqput
despite the fact that she may become angry
and leave, we did not include her
sagluqillatuaq- (t) despite the fact that one
might lie to her/him/it »
sagluqillatuaġaanilu imma aullaqiŋaruq
he is on his way despite the fact that she may
have not told him the truth
uumitchallatuaq- (i) despite the fact that
one might become angry »
uumitchallatuaqtuġlu aŋutaat
uqallautiraġa despite the fact that her
husband might become angry, I told her
sulliñiq what part of a whole
+llIQ nn, rn (limit) one farthest in any direction, time or position; the optimal N (note:
devoicing of lateral consonants “ll” to “łł” occurs with some combinations)
aki(-)1 [akI] corresponding value, akilliq opponent, competitor; opposite;
equivalence; cost, price, value; wage; enemy; (Nu) side platform in sod house (one
opposite side, other side; (Ti) north side of two platforms opposite each other)
of the point (Point Hope); (t) to respond,
acknowledge, or answer her/him with
gestures (of one who is far away but
visible)
°aku (root) space in-between, physical akulliq middle one, middle door
or temporal
aŋayuk (Nu) older sibling aŋayukłiq firstborn, eldest one, someone’s
elder; two-year-old caribou bull
°aqu (stem) behind, rear, back of an aqulliq last, hindmost one
object; trunk of car, bed of truck, stern of
boat; final chapter of story; some time
after; downriver end of an island
arguq- (i) to travel against the wind arguqłiq part that is exposed to the wind,
not sheltered
1
°ati (root) area below; bottom, alliq one on the bottom
underside; down
auraq (Nu) summer auralliq summer skin of caribou or any
other land animal
°ava (stem) periphery, vicinity avalliq one farthest to the side
ilu(-)2 interior, inside; abdominal cavity; ilulliq inner one, innermost one
(t) to surround her/him/it
°isu (stem) end, e.g., of a word, book, isukłiq farthest extension of something
long stick
kaŋiq [kaŋIq] root, source; headwater, kaŋilliq innermost one of a group; rearmost
source of a river; (Nu) head of a bay; one; origin; descendant
foot of mountain; place where peninsula
joins mainland; (Nu) tributary river;
bone or ivory barb on toggle harpoon
line
kilu1 part of house or tent opposite door; kilulliq direction toward inland, one farthest
south (with one’s geographical position toward the back
being Barrow, Alaska)
kiŋu(-) rear part of any item; rear kiŋulliq one in the back, one previous
sealskin poke in a boat (Kisautaq: 650);
(Ti) three-quarter inch manila rope used
with whaling harpoon; large float
fastened at end of harpoon line; (i) to be
late; (i) to be over (of an activity); (i) to
be gone, have moved on (of animals); (t)
to be late for her/him/it
°kIv (dem. stem) in there, or up the coast kivalliq area to one's right while facing the

811
 (restricted and visible) ocean
kukukłiq a stone (harder than most)
natiq(-)1 [natiQ] floor; to construct a natiqłiq the lowest object; (Nu) something
floor (on it) on the floor
nuka or nukaq or nukatchiaq or nukaqłiq youngest one
nukaaluk younger sibling
qai (Nu) wave (of ocean) qailliq(-) wave on ocean; (i) to have waves
(of ocean)
qauk (Nu) top end of sheep breastbone qaukłiq head person, president, leader,
chief, boss
qiñŋu or qiñŋuq furthest inland point of qiñŋuqłiq one furtherest inside
the lake or the inlet; way in the back (of
a dwelling)
qitiq [qitiQ] waist; midpoint; middle; qitiqłiq middle finger; middle one
middle seat in umiak
quli top area; gunwale, gunnel, the top qulliq one on top; lamp
edge of a boat’s sides
°saa2 (stem) [sara] front of body or salliq one in front; one farthest toward the
garment; area immediately in front of ocean; most northerly one
something; lap, the front part of the
lower trunk and thighs of a seated
person; seaward
°sivu (stem) front part of anything; sivulliq(-) first one; ancestor, forefather;
frontage, area in front of building; bow leader; foreleg, lower section of foreleg; (i)
of boat; front exterior wall of house; to lead the way; (t) to lead her/him/it along
time prior
sivuġaq promontory at end of ridge; sivuġaqłiq frontmost, foremost one;
space or area in front; “front of the leg” ancestor
(Jenness 1928: 111); (Ti) foreleg
tunu back (of human body); back area; tunulliq farthest one back
back exterior wall of house
iigu(-) or uigu(-) an extension; additon; uiguqłiq farthest extension of something
attachment; appendix; suffix (e.g.,
ending or enclitic); (i) to now be
lengthened; (t) to lengthen, extend it; (t)
to add a suffix to it = word
uŋalaq(-) or uŋalaaq west wind; Uŋalaqłiq Unalakleet, Alaska
southwest wind; “west or southwest
wind” (Jenness 1928: 130); (i) to blow
from the west (of wind; (Nu, Ti) south
wind; south

-llIq- vv (limited) to be or become V; to provide with N | perhaps -lliQ nn ‘= Iq- nv

°ati1 (root) area below; bottom, alliq- (i) to be deep
underside; down
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savalliq- to begin to work (on it)

812
 to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it;
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial
susiat- (i) to walk susialliq- (i) to become lame
tipsulliq- (Nu) or tuvsulliq- (i) to hiccough;
to get something stuck in one’s throat
usiq1 [usIq] [pl. utchit] (Nu) load, usilliq- (t) to load it = vehicle
something/someone carried in sled, boat,
or vehicle

-lliuq- nv, vv (limited) to experience N § +lI-3 vv ‘= iuq-2 nv

aniu packed snow
iŋiulik(-) wave or swell on ocean; (i) to
have swells or waves (of ocean)
mauya or mauyaq soft soil or deep,
soft snow (into which one may sink)
aniulliuq- (i) to go through deep
snow
iŋiulliuq- (i) to rock, pitch in the
waves (of boat or people in a boat)
mauyalliuq- (i) to sink in as one
walks in deep, soft snow

-lluaġiit- nv (limited) | perhaps -lluataq nn -[g]Ik- nv -It-2 vv

isuma(-) mind; thought; idea; (i) to isumalluaġiit- (i) to be foolish, unwise;
think immoral, evil, wicked

-lluataq(-) or -llautaq(-) nn, vv a good N; to V well

ilisaurri(-) teacher; (i) to teach ilisaurrilluataq a good teacher
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil; iñulluataq a good person
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
matu(-) lid, cover; sod house skylight matulluataq a good sturdy cover that fits
shutter; (i) to be now covered; (t) to tight » una matulluataqaqtuq this one has a
cover it good lid
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savalluataq- (i) to do a good job; to be
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it; operating properly; (t) to prepare it = corpse
(i) to be working, operating properly (of for burial properly » savalluataġuuruq she
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it = does good work
corpse for burial
siñik(-) sleep; (i) to sleep; (t) to spend it siñilluataq- (i) to sleep well
= day sleeping
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of uqalluataq- (i) to give a good speech »
leg-hold trap which when stepped on uqalluataqtuaq he gave a good speech
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live

813
-lluġIk- (limited) to be good at V-ing § -rruġIk- vv
paġla- (t) to welcome, greet her/him; to paġlalluġik- (PB) to be good at greeting
salute her/him/it (her/him)

-lluk n (limited) that which resembles N § -luk-

kaŋiġaq(-) hunting blind, hiding place kaŋiġalluk corner, right angle
where hunter waits for animal to pass by,
then gives chase; corral (for caribou); (t)
to corral them= caribou, reindeer)
pamiuq tail (of mammal); (Nu) odd card pamialluk back flap of traditional
not part of a pair (in card game of pants above belt; tailbone
“fives”)

-lluk- vv (limited)
iluaq- or iłuaq- (i) to be fitting, proper; iłualluk- (Nu) (i) to be for the best
(i) to be correct, right; (i) to feel fine

±lluQ vn (limited) one that resembles a N or is a result of V-ing § -salluQ nn

aqit- [aqIt] (i) to be soft, tender to the aqilluq (Nu) soft snow
bite or touch
kaniq(-) [kaniQ] frost; (i) to be covered kanalluq crumb
with light frost; (t) to have light frost kanġalluq crumb
cover it = ground, house or any object
kanġaq- (i) to leak (of a sack, container
filled with flour, sand, something which
flows but is not a liquid); (t) to leak; (t)
to have something solid, such as flour,
flow onto it
kiñiq(-) moist eczema, lochia, discharge kiñalluq or (Ti) kiññaġluk residue
of water from skin (a disease of dogs); at bottom of liquid, dregs
(i) to become dehydrated (of dog due to
disease); to filter through fabric or paper
(of a liquid)
qau- [qagu] (i) for day to break qaulluq or qaulluuraq or
qaummałuk or qaummałuuraq
crystal
saulluq(-) spinal cord (especially of
caribou, which is eaten); (i) to
remove something through a narrow
opening, like marrow from a bone;
(t) to remove its contents through a
narrow opening
siŋuk- (i) to strain while defecating; (i) siŋulluq(-) a freshly laid egg; (i) to
to strain during labor contractions (of strain, push down with abdominal
woman giving birth) muscles

814
+lu nn (limited) indicates an anatomical, animal, or positional term § +lu(q) nn
+luaq-1 or = luaq- vv (limited) to attain N or condition or situation indicated by V §
+uaq- , = uaq- vv; +ġuaq- vv
aniġniq breath
°ava (stem) periphery,vicinity
kaimit- (t) to push it = boat off
into water; (t) to shove it in
maki- (i) to come loose (of a
patch)
*pau (root) soot
pirik- (i) to jump down quickly from
something; to get off quickly; (Nu) (i) to move down to the beach in late June
go down to the river
sapi- (t) to block, obstruct her/him/it,
make passage unsuitable or impossible
for her/him/it; (i) to dam it = river
supi- (i) to break up and flow (of frozen
river); (t) to blow it = candle flame out
*tug (root) hidden, out of sight
+luaq-2 nv (limited) to reject or dislike a N
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil;
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
nuliaq(-) wife; female mate (for
animal); (t) to marry her; (i) to take a
wife
pi(-) [pI] (t) to take, get, procure, acquire piluaq- (i) to reject someone as one’s own,
her/him/it; (t) to do it; (t) to say to
her/him; an entity
ui1 husband
815
aniġniġluaqi- to have blood in one’s
breath (of wounded whale)
avalluaġniq wake of boat
kaivluaq- to push a sled by its
handlebar
makłuaq- (i) to rip off; (t) to cause
it = e.g., patch to rip off or come
loose
magluaq- (Ti) (i) to come off, come
loose (of a part of something) (t) to
take off, break off an attached part
of it
pauguaq- (i) to get soot on oneself;
(t) to get her/him/it sooty
piruaq- or piruaqtiq- (Ti) (i) to
(primarily for bearded seal hunting
but also for hunting seals, belugas,
seabirds, and gathering driftwood
savluaq- (Nu) sapluaq- or sapluaqtuq- to
set up an obstacle, hindrance for
(her/him/it)
suvluaq- or (Nu) supluaq- (t) to blow on
her/him/it once; (i) to spout (of whale)
tugluaq-or tugluaqsima- (t) to
protect, keep her/him/it from harm
iñugluaq- (i) to reject someone as owner,
employee, employer, guest, host, family
member; (i) to be prejudiced
nuliaġluaqtaq man who is rejected for
marriage; (Nu) man who wishes to marry
but is rejected; a woman whom men do not
want to marry
or relative
uiluaqtaq woman who refuses to take a
husband
+luaq nn (limited) one with qualities of the N § +ġuaq
aġviq [aġviQ] [dual aġvak, pl. aġviġit, aġviġluaq gray whale
archaic pl. aavġit; archaic rel. form (Rhachianectes glaucus)
aavġum] bowhead whale (Balaena
mysticetus); Pacific right whale (Balaena
glacialis)
aŋma- (i) to be open, uncovered, aŋmaluaq labret with beads
unlocked
isuŋŋaq [isuŋŋaQ] long-tailed jaeger isuŋŋaġluaq (Ti) jaeger
(Stercorarius longicaudus)
°sivu (stem) front part of anything; sivuluat front teeth
frontage, area in front of building; bow
of boat; front exterior wall of house;
time prior

-lugruaq nn (limited) a smaller or younger N

ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or ilaalugruaq child
name; companion, friend, partner; part
of a whole; (i) to get a co-participant,
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
niviaqsiaq young woman of niviaqsialugruaq teenage girl
marriageable age
nukatpiaq or nukatpiluk young man nukatpialugruaq young boy in his teens
of marriageable age; gander
tiŋmiaq medium-sized bird (e.g., dove, tiŋmialugruaq (Ti) little bird with long
robin); fowl; bird of prey, e.g., gull, beak (usu., seen in fall)
hawk, jaeger

+lugun nn (limited) item which involves the N

itiq anus; southern, inland end of lake; ¤itiġvalugun (Nu) short piece of wood
sea anemone placed lengthwise in kayak on which one
sits (above qukhak)
kaki- [kakI] (i) to prick oneself; (t) to kakiplugun (Nu) cramp, stitch in side,
tattoo her/him/it; (t) to prick her/him/it abdomen
kakitlugun (Nu) good fatty meat found
inside caribou eye socket; string of beads
worn under the nose
kiŋuġaq- (t) to miss her/him/it by kiŋuġaġlugun hind leg sinew
having come too late; (t) to miss it = kiiŋuqqaglugun (Nu) sinew on hind leg of
moving target by shooting behind it caribou
kuyak(-) one of lumbar vertebrae; sides kuyapiglugun sinew along the backbone
of lower back where there are no ribs;

816
 (Ti) lower back just above buttocks; to
have intercourse
qakiq-2 (t) to hit her/him/it on chin with
fist
sivuġaq space or area in front; (Ti)
incisor tooth; foreleg
qakiġlugun (Ti) beard; (Nu) something
under the chin (e.g., whiskers of man or
feathers of ptarmigan)
sivuġaġluqun or sivuġaġlugun foreleg
sinew (of caribou, moose, or wolf leg)

+luk(-)1 nv, nn (limited) to have undesirable, unhealthy or smelly N; one that has an
undesireable N § -[g]luk- vv; -ġluk- vv -kłuk(-) nv; +łuk(-)1 nn, rn, vn
iri [dual irrak] eye iriluk(-) one with bad eyesight; (i) to have
bad eyes; to have trouble with one’s eyes
killi or killiq1 [killI(Q)] limit (of time or killiluk- to be hazy, obscure, not clear,
space); due date; border, line, edge of indistinct (of horizon)
land which has been cleared; source of
river; area next to wall or floor; stopping
point, goal, destination, limit; crucial
reason
manu upper front of shirt or parka manuluk- (i) to have a wet shirt or parka
front due to dribbled saliva
tatqiq [tatqIq] moon; month tatqiġluk- to be barely visible, of moon

-luk(-)2 or +luk(-) vn, vv (limited) something resembling or having an association with N or

the quality indicated in V § -łuk(-)1 nn, rn, vn
aqit- [aqIt] (i) to be soft, tender to the aqilluk a bank of deep soft snow
bite or touch
iiqhiiq- (i) to moan or groan iiqhiiluk(-) one who moans and groans
constantly (i) to moan and groan constantly
iksaq- iksaluk(-) or iksaluu- one who is
disorganized and messy; (i) to be messy,
disorganized, leave things around; (i) to put
things anywhere, not in their correct places
kivgaq(-) servant, messenger kivgaluk(-) person who runs errands; to
serve and wait on (her/him)
nivi(-) [nivI] place where animals and niviluk(-) wet snow; to be damp, slushy (of
insects gather; to be attracted (to it = bait snowy and rainy weather); (i) to be
or food) (of game animal); to flock unkempt, slovenly (of a person)
around, hover over (her/him/it) (of birds,
mosquitoes, bees, etc.); (t) to cling,
adhere to her/him/it
qakiq-2 (t) to hit her/him/it on chin with qakiġluk(-) jowls
fist
sila weather; atmosphere, air silaluk(-) rain
tusiat- (i) to limp tusialluk or tusiqhuk lame person
or animal
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of uqaluk(-) word; (i) to talk

817
 leg-hold trap which when stepped on
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live

+luk or +łuk or -luk nn (limited) one resembling a N § +aaluk nn

aana grandmother; great-aunt
aaquk, aaquaksraq old woman
amau, amaułuk great-
grandparent; great-grandchild
aŋiruaq big, huge one
iglu(-) house, dwelling, building; (t) to
build a structure over it
isuŋŋaq [isuŋŋaQ] long-tailed jaeger
(Stercorarius longicaudus)
kuuk [kurik] river; tributary
naqsraq(-) a ridge which divides
watersheds of rivers; a pass, a valley or
passage in the mountains; low point of a
hill; (i) to travel via the lowest point; (t)
to travel via its lowest point
nuvuġaq small promontory of land or
ice
aanaluk old woman
aaquluk little old woman
amaułuk great-grandparent or
great-grandchild
aŋirualuk (Ti) a very large whale
aqqaluk girl's younger brother
igluluaġruk site (usually a mound) of an
ancient house
isuŋŋaġluk or isuŋŋaaluk pomarine jaeger
(Stercorarius pomarinus)
kuugaluk stream
naqsralugiaq summit
nuvuġaluk or nuvuġauraq small point of
land

-luk- or = luk- or +luk- or ‘-luk- vv (limited) to/be V with duration or impact

anniq- [annIq] (i) to become injured; (t) anniluk- (i) to have a small, sharp pain
to hurt her/him/it
avsak- (i) to make a noise by falling avsaluk- (i) to make a loud noise
iggiiq- or iggiagiq- (i) to be hoarse, iggiiłuktaq- (i) to sound hoarse
barely able to talk, to lose one's voice,
develop laryngitis
imik- (i) to resound, reverberate well; be imigluk- (i) to make a distant roaring
stereophonic; to have a good sound, thundering noise (e.g., of airplane, or
resound (of drum); to have a rich, hollow caribou herd); (i) to ring (of ears)
sound, of a drum
imŋaluk- (i) to hum; (i) to mumble; (i) to
whimper; (i) to whine; (i) to growl softly
iñugiit- (i) to be bad-tempered; to be in a iñugiiluktaq- or iñugiiłuktaq- (i) to be
bad temper uncooperative, unmanageable; to throw a
temper tantrum; (t) to be uncooperative to
her/him
iqquk(-) buttock; to thrust one’s iqquiqiluk- (i) to shake one’s buttocks
buttocks out (at him/her/it) in jest; hearts (especially when playing)
(suit in cards)

818
¤itik- (i) to suffer an attack of diarrhea
ittuk- (i) to make a continual roaring
sound, as a fire, primus stove, engine, etc
ivsuk- (i) to shake, e.g., in the wind; (Ti)
to brush snow off oneself; (t) to shake it
out to remove dust, snow, etc.; (Ti) to
brush snow off it = one’s clothing
kaimit- (t) to push it = boat off into
water; (t) to shove it in
kanġaq- (i) to leak (of a sack, container
filled with flour, sand, something which
flows but is not a liquid); (t) to leak; (t)
to have something solid, such as flour,
flow onto it
kapkaq- (i) to make a noise with one's
teeth
kaviq- [kavIq] (i) to be red
kiavit- (i) to circle around, to spin
kigak- or kigaluk- (i) to nibble on food
kupkaq- (Ti) (i) to be not fully baked (of
breadstuffs)
mapkuq- (i) to gather one’s strength
and make an all-out effort; (i) to make a
crackling noise when shaken, as a
blanket-toss skin; (i) to make a popping
noise
miŋuk- (t) to color, mark or smear
something on her/him/it using one’s
hands
nanuk- to rub something on (her/him/it)
nipait- (i) to be quiet
*qiġi (root) squeakiness § qiiqi
qisuk- or qitchuk- (i) to scratch oneself;
to grab something with the talons (of
bird); (t) to scratch her/him/it
maliciously with fingernails or claws; to
grab her/him/it with the talons; (Ti) (t) to
grab, take hold of her/him/it roughly
saġvaq(-) water current; (i) to have
strong current (of river or ocean); (t) to
drift with the current; (t) for it to be
itiksraluaq- (i) to spurt forth
ittugluuraq kerosene lamp which makes a
roaring noise; primus stove
ivsuluk- (i) to flap
kaivluk- (i) to push a heavy sled
kanġaluk- (i) to drop bits of food; (i) to shed
(esp., of caribou)
kapkaluk- (i) to chatter, of teeth
kaviġluksI- (i) to blush
kiavaluk- to go around (her/him/it) in
circles, to spin
kigaluk- (i) to nibble on food
kupkaluk- (i) to have something sticky on
oneself; (i) to have food or any sticky
substance stuck to it, e.g., a cooking pot,
clothes
mapkuluk- (i) to crackle
miŋuluk- to rub ointment, medication on
(her/him/it)
nanuluk- to rub liniment on (her/him/it)
nipaiłuksi- (i) to be silent because of
torment, pain, or abuse
qiġiiluk- or qiġiila- (i) to squeak, be
squeaky, creak (e.g., of door)
qisugluk- or qitchugluk- (t) to grab
her/him/it quickly, roughly with the talons
saġvaluk- (i) to babble, gurgle (of flowing
water); (Ti) (i) to rumble, growl (of stomach)

819
 carried away by ocean or river current
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savaluk- (i) to keep busy
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it;
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial
suak- (t) to scold her/him/it sualuk- (t) to scold her/him/it lightly
tamuq- to chew (it) tamuluk- (i) to snack, eat a little (not a
whole meal)

-luŋaq- vv (limited)
*aŋI (root) failure aŋiluŋaq- (i) to fail to procure game or fish

-lupqutaq
saqu- (i) to turn, changing direction saqulupqutaq(-) appendix (anatomical); to
have an appendicitis attack

+luq-1 vv (limited to Indicative Mood endings followed by adverb “unnii”) regardless of the
fact, even if § +k/galuaq- vv
anuqłiq- (i) to be windy anuqłiqluq- (i) regardless if it is windy
anuqłiġluqtuq unnii isagutiniaqtugut we
will begin even if it is windy
avaala- (i) to yell avaalaluq- (i) regardless if she/he is yelling
»
avaalaluqtuq unnii pilinnagu do not let go
of him, even if he yells

+luq-2 vv, rv (limited) to V and remain so § +qsruq-1 nv

aaq- (i) to raise one’s head; (t) to raise
her/his/its head; (Ti) (i) to sit up
2
*av (root) interval or distance
between one’s feet
*avI (root) resonance
kiki- (t) to make a notch in it = wood; (t) kikłuq- (i) to have broken sections
to break off a piece from it = wood
qui- [quġi] to urinate (on her/him/it)
upak- or upaktuq- to go
aaġluq- (i) to look up; to raise one’s
chin; (i) to throw one’s head back; (t)
to raise her/his chin upward; (t) to
raise it into an upright position
avluq- (i) to take a step; (t) to step
over her/him/it
aviluq- (i) to be resonant
and notches (of wood)
naġluq- (i) to be unable to be calmed; be
upset or angry but refuse or be
unable to say why
niġluq- (i) to throw one’s head back; to
throw a tantrum (of a child); (t) to
sever its head at the first vertebra
quġluq- (i) to rush, cascade (of water)
upaluq- (i) to move to action

820
 directly, quickly, rush (to swiftly, hurriedly; (t) to rush to
her/him/it); to charge (her/him/it) her/him to check on her/his welfare
(of an animal)

~luq-3 vv (limited) to V multiple times or to be V due to multiple V-ings § -.q-1 vv

:uq-2 vv
kapi- (i) to stab oneself once, to kavluq- or (Nu) kapluq- (t) to
give oneself a shot; (t) to stab, inoculate, give her/him/it injections
pierce her/him/it once; (t) to give regularly; to spear, stab, pierce
a shot, an injection to her/him/it her/him/it repeatedly
kiki- (t) to make a notch in it = wood; kikłuq- (i) to have broken sections and
(t) to break off a piece from it = wood notches (of wood)
kipi- (i) to be severed, cut; (i) to stop kivluq- (t) to cut it into lengths, e.g.,
flowing (of stream); (i) to stop coming rope, log
(of people or animals); (t) to sever, cut
it; (t) to disconnect her/his telephone,
electricity, television; (t) to crosscut, cut
against its grain
pilguit- (i) to not be able to perform pilguilluq- (i) to not be able to do well, be
exceptionally well at a certain activity; handicapped permanently
to not be able to face up well to a crisis
or tragedy; (Nu) (i) to not be strong,
able, a fast runner
qupi(-) (i) to split lengthwise; (t) to split quvluq- (t) to split it into many pieces
or crack it lengthwise, with the grain; lengthwise
half-dollar coin
supi- (i) to break up and flow (of frozen Suvluġvik [lit.”time when rivers break up
river); (t) to blow it = candle flame out and flow”] month of May

+luq n (limited) one with attributes of N § -lluQ vn

ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or ilaaluq (Ti) partner, schoolmate
name; companion, friend, partner; part
of a whole; (i) to get a co-participant,
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
illuq joking partner, cross-cousins
nuka or nukaq or nukatchiaq or nukavluq large bull walrus
nukaaluk younger sibling

+lu(q) n (limited) occurs in a number of anatomical, animal, or trait terms § +quq, +uq
aaġlu killer whale (Orcinus orca)
alu sole of foot or of footwear
anaq(-) excrement, feces; dung, manure; anaġlu or ¤(Nu) anaqłuk black sediment

821
 to defecate (it); (t) to defecate on it; (i) to once buried in the snow which becomes
fall or shoot (of a star) visible on the ice during spring melting
°ava (stem) periphery,vicinity avalu edge, rim, border, trim
iqłu colon
ivalu(-) thread; sinew; dental floss; (t) to
thread it
kiglu bow deck of an umiak
kuvlu thumb
navlu or navluq joint, wrist, elbow,
shoulder, or knee joint
nigavlu shoulder joint
niu leg niulu root of tooth
nuġlu buckle; knot at end of rope; rope loop,
noose; neck opening of dog harness;
bowline; (Ti) heavy rope used for anchoring
a pulley on ice
nuvu pointed tip of anything nuvulukutaq tassel
nulu buckle; a loop; knot at the end
of rope
qaa(-) or qaaq (Nu) [qara] top side; qaalu dried or outside part of a piece of
roof; surface; outer side of fabric; cover; meat
dorsal area of fish; (t) to put a top surface
on it
qaglu or qaglugruaq deep water hole under
ice in the river, good for setting nets; deepest
part of river
qaqłu lip
suġlu(q) nasal cavity
suvlu pore
tavlu chin

+luqqaaq- vv immediately after one Vs, something else happens

ai-1 [agi] (t) to fetch, go and get ailuqqaaq- (i) immediately upon coming
her/him/it home » ailuqqaaqtuq aniruami I went out
as soon as he came home
itiq- (i) to wake up itiġluqqaaq- (i) immediately upon waking
up » itiġluqqaaqtuq ququulasaġigma call
me immediately as soon as he wakes up

-luqqaq vn (limited) item that is V

aqit- [aqIt] (i) to be soft, tender to the aqiluqqaq soft snow
bite or touch

+luqun vn that which involves the V § +lugun

822
+lutaq vn (limited) one that Vs § ±ŋutaq
avriaq- (i) to be in the way, an obstacle; avrialutaq obstacle, hindrance
(t) to be in her/his way
nalunaiq- (i) to signify; (i) to become nalunailutaq signpost, identification mark
clear, visible, distinct, audible; (t) to
reveal, make her/him/it known, “bring out
in the open,” prove; (i) to appoint, single
out her/him/it/; (t) to confirm it
niviŋa- (i) to be hanging niviŋalutaq something hanging from a
garment (e.g., thread)

-luu vv (limited) to V expansively or with duration

navguq- to break (it) into many pieces
qaqquq- to crunch (it) with the teeth
usiaqsiq- (i) to be a passenger
navguluu- (i) to break into pieces
qaqquluu- to crunch (it) with the teeth with
prolonged action
usiaqsiluu- (i) to ride onboard once in a
while for a short while (as of a musher on
sled)

-luula- vv (limited) to V repeatedly, extensively, or for a long time | -luu vv -la- vv

navguq- to break (it) into many pieces navguluula- (i) to break into many pieces
quġluq- (i) to rush, cascade (of water) quġluula- (i) to drip extensively
quvluq- (t) to split it into many pieces quvluula- (i) to crack repeatedly (of ice)
lengthwise
saġvaluk- (i) to babble, gurgle (of saġvaluula- (i) to gurgle (of flowing water);
flowing water); (Ti) (i) to rumble, growl (Ti) (i) to growl, rumble (of stomach)
(of stomach)

-łak or +łak -łłak nn,vn (limited) item that is extremely V

aillaq dampness, moisture; someone or aillałak something dripping wet
something which is drenched
auksaq- to begin to melt auksałłak rapidly melting snow
iqaq- (i) to be rigid, not limber; (i) to be iqaqłak or iqaqłik pair of waterproof,
stiff (of person, tool, etc); (t) to become knee-high sealskin boots
stiff (of body part)
maqałłak or (Nu) maġałłak powdery white
stone that is pulverized and used in tanning
quiññiiq the fat one quiññiiqłak an extremely fat one
qayuqłak ripple on surface of snow
uquq- (i) to have warm winter clothes; uquqłak (Nu) skin with long thick fur, e.g.,
to be well insulated and therefore warm winter skin
(of clothing, house)
uumiñaq(-) one who causes annoyance, uumiñałak someone/something which one

823
 frustration, aggravation, or irritation; (i) dislikes, hates, or is frustrated by
to be annoying, irritating, aggravating,
frustrating, maddening

-łauraq(-) nn, vv a small portion, piece of N; to V a little

niqipiaq meat niqipiałauraq a small portion of meat »
niqipiałauramik aitchuŋŋa give me a little
piece of meat
sukasaq- (i) to do quickly, move quickly sukasałauraq- (i) to go fast, but not too fast
» sukasałauraqłunuk piruagni we were
moving quickly, but not too quickly
tuttu caribou (Rangifer tarandus) tuttulauraq a small piece of caribou meat »
tuttułauramik tamuaksrirruŋ give him a
small piece of caribou to chew on
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it) niġiłauraq- (i) to eat a small portion »
niġiłauraqtuaq he ate a little
nipatusi- (i) to become louder; (t) to nipatusiłauraq- (t) to increase its volume
make it louder slightly » nipatusiłauraquuŋ tell him to talk
a little louder
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savałauraq- to work (on it) for a short
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it; duration
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial

-łhaaq(-) vn, vv one with the highest quality of being V or V-ing; to have the highest quality
of being V or V-ing
aŋi- 1 (i) to be big, large
nakuu- (i) to be good, nice; (i) to be in
good health
naqit- (i) to be low, positioned close to
the ground; (t) to press her/him/it down
pisuq- to be good at doing (it)
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of
leg-hold trap which when stepped on
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live
aŋiłhaaq the largest object » aŋiłhaaq
qairruŋ uvamnun give me the biggest one;
aŋiłhaaqtuq he is the biggest
nakuułhaaq(-) best one; (i) to be the best »
nakuułhaaqtuamik aitchuqtaġa I gave her
the best one
naqiłhaaq the lowest in height »
naqiłhaamik aitchuqtaġa I gave him the
lowest one
pisułhaaq(-) best performer; (i) to be the
best » pisułhaaġniraat they said she was the
best performer
uqałhaaq- (i) to speak the longest »
ignatchiq uqałhaaqtuaq that one there
talked the most

824
-łhaiññaq- or (Nu) -łġaiññaq- vv, vn to always, constantly V
ipiqtusuk- (i) to be very sad, ipiqtusułhaiññaq- (i) to be despondent all
despondent, depressed of the time
qiiyanaq- (i) to be cold (of place, object, qiiyanałhaiññaq- (i) to be cold all of the
weather) time (of temperature)
uunaq- (i) to be hot uunałhaiññaq- (i) to be hot all of the time
(of temperature)

-łhak nn (limited)
misak(-) or masak(-) or matchak(-) misałhak slushy top of young salt water ice;
wet ground; slush; swamp; water-soaked ground; swamp
waterlogged snow; (i) to be slushy (of
snow); (i) to be wet (of ground)

-łhamaaq- vv to V the most

atuq-1 to sing (it) atułhamaaq- (i) to sing the most
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it) niġiłhamaaq- (i) to eat the most
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savałhamaaq- (i) to work the hardest
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it;
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial

-łhaq nn (limited) source or raw material for N

perhaps igit-2 (t) to throw it away; (t) to igiłhaq grappling hook at end of line,
abandon her/him/it; (t) to cast her/him commonly used to haul in seals; seal
out of the home retrieving hook
savik [savIk] or savik knife; metal saviłhaq metal

-łhaq- vv (limited) to V unexpectedly with force

iglaq- (i) to laugh iglaqhaqtaq- (i) to laugh loudly and
repeatedly
siqi- [siqI]or siqiłłak- or siqiłhaq- (i) to
splash (of liquid); (t) to splash on her/him/it
once
supi- (i) to break up and flow (of frozen supiłhaqtaq- (Nu) (i) to blow in gusts (of
river); (t) to blow it = candle flame out wind)

-łhiñaaq vn one ready, prepared to V without coaxing § +siññaaq vn

atuq-1 to sing (it) atułhiñaaq one prepared to sing without
coaxing » atułhiñaak apiqsruġuvsigik
they’re ready to sing it you ask them2
kammi- to make boots (for her/him); (t) kammiłhiñaaq one prepared to make a pair
to make it = animal hide into boots of boots without coaxing » kammiłhiñaaq
kammiaksraqaġuvit she’s prepared to

825

miquq- to sew (it)
-łhiñaq(-) or (Nu) -łġiñaq(-) nn, vv only the N; to only V
miqłiqtuq child
punniq [punniQ] bread (made with
yeast)
savik [savIk] or savik knife; metal
tuttu caribou (Rangifer tarandus)
uvluġiaq star
-łhuaŋaaq vn (limited) one that is V | perhaps -aq-3 nv, vv ±ŋaaq(-) vn, vv
taki- (i) to be long
+łhun n (limited)
-łhuq vn (limited) one identified as a N
nuvu pointed tip of anything
-łhuyuk(-) or -łhayuk(-) or -łhayak(-) vn, vv (limited) one that is V; to | perhaps -yuk(-) vv,
nn
amit- [amIt] (i) to be narrow, slim,
slender
nuvu pointed tip of anything
taki- (i) to be long
-łik or +łik nn, vn (limited) one with characteristics of or an association with N or being V
iglupiaqtaq- to run or operate (it) with
only one of a pair of necessary parts,
e.g., with one of two cylinders, because
of fouled spark plugs
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil;
826
make a pair of boots if you have the material
miqułhiñaaq one prepared to sew »
miqułhiñaaq una nutaġaugaluaqłuni she’s
ready to sew although she’s young
miqłiqtułhiñat isiġlit let only the children
enter
punniłhiñanik taquaqtuami I brought only
bread
saviłhiñaq atuġniaġiga I will use only the
knife
tuttułhiñanik tautuktuagut we saw only
caribou
“uvluġiaqałġiñaġniqsuq, tatqiiññiqsuq
siqiñiġiññiqsuq” there were only stars,
there was no moon, there was no sun
(Bergsland 1987:18)
takiłhuaŋaaq rectangle
akiłhun glass lantern chimney; snow
deflector, e.g., at the entrance of a
snowhouse to keep the snow from piling up
and blocking the entrance
uałhun or (Nu) uaługuun sack to hold
woman’s pipe; (Nu) skin bag for pipe
nuvułhuq or nuvułhuuq (Nu) tip of antler
amiłhuyuk the tall and slender one
nuvułhuyuk peak
takiłhuyuk the long one
iglupiaqtaqłik (Nu) rectangular sod house
with entrance along one side
[“iglupiaqtaqlik” (Ingstad: 158)]
iñugaqutlik (Nu) dwarf, mythical little
 resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil;
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
iqaq- (i) to be rigid, not limber; (i) to be
stiff (of person, tool, etc); (t) to become
stiff (of body part)
kanayuq sculpin, fourhorn slimy
(Myoxocephalus quadricornis Cottus
cognatus)
person
iñuqułłigauraq or iñuqułłik or (Ti)
iñuqullik or (Ti) iñuqulligaaruq mythical
small person; dwarf
iqaqłak or iqaqłik pair of waterproof,
knee-high sealskin boots
kanayuġaałik [pl.kanayuġaałigIt] (Nu)
small freshwater fish
siułik or siulik northern pike (Esox lucius)
¤unġuagułik or unġuagun (Nu) traditional
style dog harness

+łIQ nn nn, rv one farthest in any direction, time, or position, the optimal N > +llIQ nn

-łłak- vv to V forcefully, angrily, violently, suddenly or unexpectedly

kiu- [kigu] to answer (her/him/it) kiułłak- (t) to answer her/him angrily »
kiułłaktaata tupaktipalukkaatigut the one
who answered him in anger sure startled us
ġ
mau- [ma u] (i) to sink into soft maułłak- (i) to step into mud, water, or
ground, mud, or snow as one takes a soft snow unexpectedly » maułłakkami
step; (t) to sink into it = soft ground, aqayamun tupakpaiłłuni aquvsalaaktuq
mud, or snow as one takes a step when she sank suddenly in the mud, she
got so startled she fell on her butt
paa- [para](Ti) (i) to fall down flat on paałłak- (i) to fall forward suddenly, landing
something; (t) to pin her/him/it down, to face down » paałłakkami quayaqiłłuni
pounce upon her/him/it; (t) to fall on top unianun sivuluagni naviksimaraik when
of it; (i) to have a convulsion; (i) to close she fell forward slipping onto the sled, she
tightly due to muscle spasm (of jaws, broke her two front teeth
fists, etc.); (t) to prevent her/him/it going
past by blocking her/his/its way with
oneself
qait- (i) to give oneself up, surrender, qaiłłak- (t) to give it to another person
give up; (t) to give her/him/it away, to angrily » uumitchakłuni qaiłłaktaŋa
give it = report nukaalugmiñun becoming angry, she
angrily gave it to her younger sibling
qauri- (i) to regain consciousness; (i) to qauriłłak- (i) to gain consciousness
come to one’s senses; (i) to become suddenly » qauriłłakkami makinniusiqsuq
aware of one’s surroundings (of a child suddenly becoming sober, she began trying
usually two to three years old) to get up
qayuit- (Ti) (i) to slip on ice or slippery qayuiłłak- (i) to fall down unexpectedly »
surface qayuiłłakktuam tupaktipalukkaatigut the
one who fell down sure startled us
siqi- [siqI]or siqiłłak- or siqiłhaq- (i) to siqiłłak- (i) to splash; (t) to splash on

827
 splash (of liquid); (t) to splash on her/him/it
her/him/it once
uqallak-1 (i) to speak uqallałłak- (i) to speak angrily »
uqallałłagman aquviviñaqtuq when she
spoke up angrily, he bolted upright into a
sitting position

-łłaktaq- vv to V angrily, violently

ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be
born; (i) to emerge from the den in
spring (of hibernating animal)
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside;
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside
tigu- (i) to take hold and hang on; (t) to
take, capture, grab, or arrest her/him/it
aniłłaktaq- (i) to exit angrily » aġnam
aniłłaktaqtuam iglaqtipalukkaatigut the
woman who stomped out angrily sure made
us laugh
isiłłaktaq- (i) to enter angrily; (t) to take it
inside angrily » isiłłaktaqtuam
nipaiqsitkaatigut the one who stomped in
angrily caused us to become quiet
tigułłaktaq- (t) to take hold of her/him/it
angriliy » tigułłaktaqtaŋa uvamniñ he
grabbed it angrily from me

'-łłaqtiq- vv (limited) to apply the process of V-ing on | -łłak- vv mtiq-2 vv

siqi- [siqI]or siqiłłak- or siqiłhaq- (i) to siqqiłłaqtiq- (t) to sprinkle liquid on it
splash (of liquid); (t) to splash on
her/him/it once

+łłuaq- rv (limited)
perhaps derived from: ivaq-2 (t) to
stretch it = animal skin on frame to dry
qiŋaq nose; house ventilator; blowhole
of whale
ivalik- or ivałłuaq- (i) to walk swinging
one’s arms
qiŋałłuak- (i) to wrinkle one’s nose to show
displeasure

+łu nn (limited) occurs in a number of anatomical, animal, or positional terms § +lu(q) nn

+ługiaq- vv (limited)
¤itik- (i) to suffer an attack of diarrhea itikpaługiaq- or itikpaġugiaq- (i) to spurt
out very soft stool

+łuk(-) or -łuk(-) or ~łuk(-) nn, rn, vn (limited) something resembling or having an

association with a N; (i) to resemble a N or an entity who Vs § -luk(-)2 vn, -qłuk1 nn
aki(-)1 [akI] corresponding value, akiłuk echo
equivalence; cost, price, value; wage; akiługaq something flashing on and of
opposite side, other side; (Ti) north side
of the point (Point Hope); (t) to respond,
acknowledge, or answer her/him with
gestures (of one who is far away but
visible)

828
 atigi(-) parka, traditional fur-lined,
pullover-style with fur ruff; (i) to put on
a parka; (t) to put a parka on her/him
atuun song; record; piece of music
ilak- (t) to shove her/him/it aside with a
sweeping motion
iliaġruk or iliappak or iliappałuk,
iliappałuuraq poor person; orphan
iqqaq- (t) to throw them away
kali something being dragged, towed
kamik(-) [dual kammak, pl.kamŋit]
boot; mukluk; Iñupiaq-made fur boot;
dog booty; shoe; (i) to put one’s boots
on; (t) to put boots on her/him/it
miñik(-) mist, moisture, drizzle; splash
made by fish or thrown object; (i) to be
misty, to drizzle, rain lightly; to be
damp with mist (of ground, snow)
niġrun large animal
qapuk foam; (Ti) pumice stone used as
cleaner
qaugak duck
qaummaq light from a source (e.g., sun
or lightbulb), brightness
¤qanik- [qanIk] (Nu) (i) to snow
sanik(-) speck of dust, lint; caribou hair
on clothing or floor; to have dust, lint,
dirt on it
taktuk(-) fog; (i) to be foggy
atikłuk(-) outer cloth cover for fur parka,
commonly called “snowshirt”; (t) to put a
cloth cover over her/his parka
atuułłuk shaman's magic song for hunting,
healing, etc.
ilakługi- t) to swipe, shove, throw it/them
around and leave it/them in disorder
iliappałuk poor person, orphan
iqqałuk- (i) to be sloppy, careless with
things, not putting them away properly
kalikłuit pieces of driftwood
kamikłuuk a pair of pants
miñikłuk very light rain
niġrułłuk beast; legendary water animal;
dinosaur
qapukłuk froth; bubbles; foam on seashore
qaugałuk small bird
qaummałuk or qaummałuuraq crystal
qanikłuk(-) (Nu) to blow with light snow (of
wind)
sanikłuk dust
taktukłuk dark cloud over open ocean water
(often indicative of bad weather)

-łukaq- or ~łukaq- vv (limited) to V with violence | -łuk-3 vv -kaq- nv, vv

kunik- [kunIk] to kiss (her/him/it); (i) to kuniłukaq- (i) to fall flat on one’s face
smack into each other (of juggling
stones); (t) to bring it near to the nose to
sniff
makłukaq- (i) to trip; to hit a bump while
sliding

~łuq- vv (limited) to V more than once

kiki- (t) to make a notch in it = wood; (t) kikłuq- (i) for wood to have broken sections
to break off a piece from it = wood and notches

829
 nuki- (i) to crack, fracture, split nukłuq- (i) to crackle when put into water
(of ice)

+łuqutaq vn (limited) one who Vs | +luk(-) vn +qutaq nn

akat- (i) to harm oneself; (t) to upset, akałłuqutaq bad, troublesome person,
bother, or harm her/him/it troublemaker

+ma-1 or :ma- (stem final weak i > u sometimes) vv (limited) to be in the state of
having V-ed, being V § +sima-2 vv -uma- vv
aki(-)1 [akI] corresponding value, akima- (i) to win
equivalence; cost, price, value; wage;
opposite side, other side; (Ti) north side
of the point (Point Hope); (t) to
respond, acknowledge, or answer
her/him with gestures (of one who is far
away but visible)
au- (i) to rot or decay (of tooth, wood, auma- (i) to be thawed
etc.); (i) to ferment or age (of meat,
fish); (i) to become partially melted and
dangerous underfoot (of ice); (i) to
decompose
iki-2 (i) to burn ikuma- (i) to be burning; to be lit or turned
on (of a light)
*ilima (root) suspicion, apprehension ilimanaq- (i) to be suspect, to arouse
suspicion or distrust
*naa (root) dimension when stretched naama- (i) to be enough, adequate,
out sufficient, complete; (i) to have a quorum
for a meeting; (i) to be perfect, flawless; (i)
to be well-supplied, have everything
needed, e.g., the right tools, equipment
°nali (stem) even, in line, straight nalliuma- (i) to have equal abilities (of two
forward; (Ti) south side of Point Hope, persons)
Alaska; price
nui- [nugi] (i) to come into view, nuima- (i) to project; to stand out; to be
appear; to rise (of sun, moon); (t) to be important
able to see, observe her/him/it; (Ti) (i) to
look outside, e.g., to see if someone or
something is coming
qauri- (i) to regain consciousness; (i) to qaurima- (i) to be conscious, aware
come to one’s senses; (i) to become
aware of one’s surroundings (of a child
usually two to three years old)
qiqi- (i) to be frozen qiquma- (i) to be frozen » qiqumaruq

830

*sai (root) relaxation
*salu (root) cleaniness
saŋŋi- [saŋŋI] (i) to be strong, tight, or
taut
sii- [siġi] (i) to gather one's strength for
an all-out effort
siqquqsi- (i) to tense up from fright or
anger; (i) to harden (of substance)
suli; manŋuksiqtuuraġniaqtuq it is still
frozen; it’ll thaw out for a bit
saima- (i) to be quiet, not crying; (i) to
mourn quietly
saluma- (i) to be clean; to be holy, pure
saŋŋima- (i) for an animal/person/object
to be determined by someone to be tight,
taut, or strong; (Ti) (i) to be strong (of
animal or human)
siima- (i) to be strong
siqquqsima- (i) to be “tied up in knots,” to
be tense because of impending
unpleasantness; (i) to be in a state of
physical and/or mental tension

+ma-2 vv to find out that the action has been done, is being done, or the thing is as
described; it is evident § msima-1 vv

+ma vn (limited) one V-ed

amu- (i) to be pulled out; (i) to slide ¤amuma an object that has been pulled out
back into water after beginning to
surface (of a seal); (t) to pull her/him/it
out; (i) to withdraw money from a bank;
(t) to pick up a C.O.D. from the post
office
kii- [kIgI] (i) to clench one’s teeth; (i) to kigmaliktat trim pattern on parka or boot
bite oneself; (t) to bite her/him/it made of alternate light and dark pieces
uuma one’s namesake’s wife; (Ti) one’s
namesake’s spouse; married couple’s
namesake friend; sweetheart’s namesake

+maaq(-) nn, vv (limited) to V with duration; a longtime N § -umaaq-2 vv

ai-2 [agi] (i) to go home, to come home aimaaġvik home
iga(-) kitchen; (t) to cook it = food igamaaqłuk partly dried meat, cooked and
stored in seal oil
ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or ilamaaq(-) dear relative, loved one
name; companion, friend, partner; part
of a whole; (i) to get a co-participant,
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
kau- (i) to reach into a container or kaumaaq- (Ti) to put one’s hand into
hollow place; (t) to put one’s hand into one’s pocket; (t) to put one’s hand into it =

831
 it
sii- [sIġI] (i) to gather one’s strength for
an all-out effort
supi- (i) to break up and flow (of frozen
river); (t) to blow it = candle flame out
-maaq- nv to feel that N is right for one therefore should be possessed §
-ksramaaq- nv
-mak nn (limited) one with qualities of the N or the V
ġ
quu- [qu u] (i) to incline inward; (i) to
turn one’s feet inward
*saki (root) a shaving
umik whiskers, beard
-maq- or ~maq- vv (limited) to V repeatedly
kii- [kIgI] (i) to clench one’s teeth; (i) to kigmaq- to bite (her/him/it) repeatedly
bite oneself; (t) to bite her/him/it
tuti- to step, tread on (her/him/it)
-maq rn (limited) final suffix of some Ns
taliq(-) [talIq] arm, a limb attached to
the shoulder of the human body; hand of
clock; foreleg (one of two front legs of
four-legged animal); (i) to dance in
sitting position doing an arm dance; an
Iñupiaq arm dance
832
pocket
siġmaaq- (i) to put all one’s effort into
winning; to have competitive spirit; to
expend effort, work hard at something;
(Nu) (i) to be divided in opinion, in
disagreement
supimaaq- (i) to blow lightly (of wind)
kumak louse (Pediculus humanus capitis);
maggot, larva of caribou botfly; (Nu)
smooth, white bug found in tree trunks
(eaten by woodpeckers)
qumak (Ti) worm found in bearded seal
intestine
sakimak wood shaving
umiŋmak musk ox (Ovibus moshatu)
tunmaq- or tuŋmaq- (t) to step upon,
tread on her/him/it repeatedly
igimaq iron rod for harpoon shaft;
“‘Loose Shaft’ of Seal Spear
*pimaq (root) affection
¤qusimmaq [qusimmaQ] wild rhubarb
(Polygonum sp.)
sisamaq [sisamaQ] a fourth one
summaq (Ti) reindeer skin tobacco pouch
tallimaq (Nu) a fifth one
°takkuq (stem) presence of
tulimaq or tulimmaq rainbow
tuummaq small container, e.g., for tobacco
-maqłuk- vv to V badly, poorly or with malice
kiu- [kigu] to answer (her/him/it)
g
niu- [ni u] (i) to get out of a
conveyance or a container; (t) to take
her/him/it out of a conveyance or a
container
qiñiq- to look at, watch (her/him/it)
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of
leg-hold trap which when stepped on
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live
kiumaqłuk- (t) to answer her/him without
showing respect
niumakłuk- (i) to disembark clumsily »
niumaqłukłuni niuggaaqtuaq he broke a
leg because he disembarked so clumsily,
carelessly
qiñimaqłuk- (t) to look at her/him with
hatred » qiñimaqłukkaa isiġman he gave
her a venomous look when she came in
uqamaqłuk- (i) to say swear, use bad
language » uqamaqługnak don’t swear

+mat- vv (limited) to V with exaggeration

ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or ilamat- (i) to try to give a misleading
name; companion, friend, partner; part impression; (t) to try to mislead a person
of a whole; (i) to get a co-participant,
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
iqit(-) a fist; (i) to contract (e.g., of iqimmat- (Ti) or iqimmi- (i) to hug,
worm, fist);(i) to embrace each other; (t) embrace (each other); (t) to hug, embrace
to embrace her/him/it her/him/it

+mġaq or +mġaaq rn (limited) item of the N | perhaps -m nn (erg mkr) +[ġ]aq nn

alliq the one on the bottom
atausiq [atausIq] number one
°kisI (stem) aloneness
qulliq one on top; lamp
allimġaq any lower tooth
atausimġaq solitary one, only one
ikamġaq (Ti) small sled for carrying seals,
etc.,
kisimġaaq person with no relatives,
someone or something alone, by itself
qullimġaq any upper tooth

+mġiuq- vv (limited) | +mġuq(-) ‘= iuq-2 vv

°kisI (stem) aloneness kisimġiuq- (i) to be alone

-mġuq(-) vv, vn (limited) result of the V-ing; item that has V-ed; to V using the
quality or activity indicated by the stem | perhaps +mI 3s refl
°kisI (stem) aloneness kisimġuqtaaq- (i) to exclude others from
one’s activities; (t) to isolate it

833
 paa- [para](Ti) (i) to fall down flat on paamġuq- (i) to crawl, creep (e.g., of a
something; (t) to pin her/him/it down, to hunter approaching a seal); (t) to crawl to
pounce upon her/him/it; (t) to fall on top her/him/it, reach her/him/it by crawling
of it; (i) to have a convulsion; (i) to close
tightly due to muscle spasm (of jaws,
fists, etc.); (t) to prevent her/him/it going
past by blocking her/his/its way with
oneself
qaimġuq first shore ice in fall
siamit- (i) to spread, scatter; (t) to siamġut broken-off pieces of driftwood
spread, scatter it; (Ti) (t) to lose it that are scattered around the beach

+mġuqtaaq- vv (limited) to assume position or condition indicated | -mġuq- rv +taaq-1 vv

°kisI (stem) aloneness kisimġuqtaaq- (i) to exclude others
from one’s activities; (t) to isolate it

+mi-1 vv oh, the subject is doing something and someone else/something is about to,
or has done, something which involves the subject § +mmi-3 vv

+mi-2 vv also, too § +mmi-1 vv

+mI- 3 vv immediately after one Vs § +mmi-2 vv

+mI-4 vv (limited) (with negative subordinative endings followed by enclitic+lu)

to not do what one intended to V § +mmi-4 vv

+miaq(-) vv, vn (limited) to undergo a process of V-ing

kii- [kIgI] (i) to clench one’s teeth; (i) to kigmiaq(-) [kigmiraq] to hold, carry (it) in
bite oneself; (t) to bite her/him/it one’s teeth; something carried in the teeth,
*niġu1 (root) graspable niġumiaq- to carry (it) by the handle (as a
pail or suitcase); (t) to carry her/him/it using
one’s arms
pisaasuq- or pisaasuu- (i) to be cunning, pisaasuġmiaq- (i) to use sly tactics to get
sly; (Ti) (i) to be good at something what one wants; to do something in a cunning
and sly manner; (t) to deceive her/him/it by
trickery; to bribe her/him
tati- (i) to be too tight (of clothing); (t) to tatumiaq- (t) to be in contact with, touching
brush against, lean against, touch, her/him/it as one moves
squeeze up next to her/him/it
tigu- (i) to take hold and hang on; (t) to tigumiaq(-) [tigumiraq] something carried in
take, capture, grab, or arrest her/him/it one’s arms; to carry (her/him/it) in one’s arms
or hands

+migaq- vv, nv (limited) to V repeatedly or V-ing to excess | +mIk-1 vv +aq-1 vv

aŋuun short oar, paddle; one of paired aŋuutmigaq- (Nu) (i) to paddle, especially a
fins on a fish, especially a pectoral or kayak with a single bladed paddle

834
 pelvic fin
irimik- or iyimik- (t) to indicate, point
with the eyes at her/him/it
malak (Ti) chest (anatomical)
*niuQ (root) inhale, intake air, breath in
quumik- (i) to bring one’s legs together
tightly; (i) to climb a pole or rope by
shinnying; (t) to hold her/him/it between
one’s legs
uluġmik- or uluġmigaq- (i) to turn
one’s shoulder forward as one walks into
the wind
usiq1 [usIq] [pl. utchit] (Nu) load,
something/someone carried in sled, boat,
or vehicle
÷miit- to be located at, on, in, or with N | ÷mI (loc.) it- “to be”
+mIk- nv, vv (limited) to V for an extended period of time; to use the N repeatedly usually
in quick succession
aġvak(-) edge of hand; balls of fingers
and thumb; fleshy parts of hand; (t) to
hit her/him/it with edge of hand
anau- (t) to hit her/him/it with one’s
arm or an object held in one’s hand
aŋuun short oar, paddle; one of paired
fins on a fish, especially pectoral or
pelvic fin
argak(-) or (Ti) algak finger; hand; to
dig (in it) with hands or paws; to use an
ice scratcher (a tool made of seal claws
mounted on a wooden handle used to
simulate the scratching of a seal to lure
it to its breathing hole)
ikusik(-) [ikusIk] elbow; (t) to elbow
her/him/it
iri [dual irrak] eye
isigak or isigait foot (appendage)
2
kavraq crown of head, top of skull
835
iriŋmigaq- to wink (at her/him)
malaŋmigaq- (Ti) (i) to crawl on one’s
belly without touching one’s chin to the
floor, as part of a game
niuġmigaq- or (Ti) niuqsigaq- (i) to sniffle
repeatedly
quumigaq- (i) to shinny
uluġmik- or uluġmigaq- (i) to turn one’s
shoulder forward as one walks into the wind
usiŋmigauraq- (i) to have an overly full load
aġvagmik- (t) to hit her/him/it with edge
of hand repeatedly
anaumik- (t) to hit her/him/it repeatedly
with the arm or with something held in the
hand
aŋuunmik- to row or paddle vigorously
argagmik- (i) to compete in the finger-pull
competition (opponents lock fingers
together and pull; the one whose arm
extends and her/his finger slips out of the
lock is the loser)
ikusigmik- to elbow (her/him/it)
repeatedly with quickness
irimik- or iyimik- (t) to indicate, point
with the eyes at her/him/it
isigagmik- (t) to push it with the sole of
the foot, to move it by use of the feet
kavraġmik- to carry (her/him/it) on top of
one's head
*kayu (root) enthusiasm
kukik1 [kukIk] hoof; fingernail; stone
head of scraper; (Ti) tip of an arrow
manu upper front of shirt or parka
mikilġaq fourth finger, ring finger
nagruk(-) antler; (i) for two caribou to
fight with their antlers; (t) to strike
her/him/it with the antlers
naqit- (i) to be low, positioned close to
the ground; (t) to press her/him/it down
*niuQ (root) inhale, intake air, breath in
qakiq-2 (t) to hit her/him/it on chin with
fist
qitiqłiq middle finger; middle one
quu- [quġu] (i) to incline inward; (i) to
turn one’s feet inward
*saki (root) a shaving
sii- [siġi] (i) to gather one’s strength for
an all-out effort
siitquq(-) or sitquq(-) kneecap, patella;
hind flipper of seal; (i) to kneel, get
down on one’s knees; (t) to put one’s
knee on it
taliq(-) [talIq] arm, a limb attached to
the shoulder of the human body; hand
of clock; foreleg (one of two front legs
of four-legged animal); (i) to dance in
sitting position doing an arm dance; an
Iñupiaq arm dance
tuugaaq walrus tusk; ivory; white of
eye
tikiq [tikiQ] index finger; thimble
uluq- (i) to turn sideways in order to
pass through a narrow passage; (i) to
836
kayumik- (i) to be fast, swift, speedy; (i)
to be appetizing, palatable (of food)
kukigmik- to claw at (it) with fingernails
manuġmik- to carry (it) under one's chin
mikiliġaġmik- (Nu) (i) to do the finger
pull with the fourth finger
nagrugmIk- (i) to fight with antlers (of
ruminants)
naqimik- (t) to hold her/him/it down by
pressing, putting one's weight on her/him/it
niuġmiksuq he is sniffling
qakiġmik- to hit (her/him/it) repeatedly
with fist
qitiqłiġmik- or (Ti) qitiġliġmik- (i) to do
the finger pull with the middle finger
quumik- (i) to bring one’s legs together
tightly; (i) to climb a pole or rope by
shinnying; (t) to hold her/him/it between
one’s legs
sakiġmik- (i) to whittle wood into an
object or for kindling
siimik- or siimiksuq- (t) to overload it,
usu. a bag; (t) to press her/him to the
ground while wrestling; (Nu) (t) to grind
one’s middle finger which is bent at the
middle joint and protruding from the fist
into her/him to hurt her/him
sitquġmik- (t) to press her/him/it down
with one’s knees
taliġmik- (i) to compete in a contest of
strength with arms interlocked and pulling;
(t) for one to compete with arms
interlocked and pulling with her/him
tuugaaġmik- or tuggauti- (i) to fight with
tusks, of walrus or elephant; (t) to repeatedly
strike her/him/it with a tusk
tikiġmik- (i) to do the finger pull with the
index finger
uluġmik- or uluġmigaq- (i) to turn one’s
shoulder forward as one walks into the
 turn one’s shoulder forward; (i) to turn
aside; (i) to bend to the side, move aside;
(i) to lie down on one’s side; (t) to pass
through it = passageway sideways; (t) to
turn or move it aside
uniq [uniQ] armpit, underarm
utiq- to return, go back (for her/him/it);
(t) to return to her/him = spouse after a
separation
uvuŋaq- to come here
wind
uniġmik- (t) to carry her/him/it under
one's arm
utiġmik- (i) to go back and forth; to go in
and out of the house, i.e. a young boy
going in and out
uvuŋaġmik- (t) to carry her/him/it close to
chest

÷miñŋaq- nv to come, travel from N or demonstrative ablative

Piġniq Birnik, Alaska Piġniġmiñŋaq- (i) to travel from Birnik,
Alaska
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what; sumiñŋaq- (i) to travel from which
(t) to do what to her/him/it direction
Utqiaġvik Barrow, Alaska Utqiaġviŋmiñŋaq- (i) to travel from
Barrow, Alaska

+miraq- vv to V once in a while, while doing another activity; would also §

+mmiraq- vv

+mit- vv (limited) to progress onto the next stage in V-ing

aa- (i) to cry violently, becoming
physically rigid, followed by temporary
unconsciousness due to interrupted
breathing (usu. of a baby)
*igu (root) looseness; an unraveling
karuk- (i) to hammer; (t) to hit
her/him/it on the head
mamiq membrane scraped from dried
animal skin used in olden days as a
bandage
1
pauk- (t) for an insect to sting
her/him/it
aamit- (i) to become unaware of what is
going on, become unconscious or obtuse
igumit- (i) to become unraveled,
untangled, become loosened; (i) become
frayed; (t) to untie, untangle, take it apart
karumit- (t) to crush it
kiamit- (t) to push it = boat off into the
water, to shove it in
mamit- (i) to heal (of a wound, sore,
injured body part); (i) to fuse, come
together
maqamit- (t) to shoot, hit it = game
animal having expected to miss
nimit- (t) to exclude, omit, pass over
her/him/it
paumit- (i) to itch
puumit- (i) to swim, of sea mammal

837
 qaa(-) or qaaq (Nu) [qara] top side;
roof; surface; outer side of fabric; cover;
dorsal area of fish; (t) to put a top
surface on it
siak-1 (Ti) (i) to be scattered; (t) to
scatter them
*siqu (root) reduction to smaller
elements
*tata (root) extreme apprehension,
anxiety
*ua2 (root) exuberance
qaamit- (i) to emerge and flow spreading
over a surface (of liquid); (i) to seep
upwards through a crack and overflow on
top of ice (of water)
qilamit- to hit and catch/kill (it = bird,
duck) with a bola
siamit- (i) to spread, scatter; (t) to spread,
scatter it
siqumit- (i) to be destroyed, crushed to
pieces, shattered, broken to pieces; (t) to
destroy, break, crush it to pieces; (t) to cut
it = animal skin into several pieces
tatamit- (i) to become frightened enough
to quit; (i) to become aware of the
detrimental consequences of an experience
and choose not to repeat it; (i) to “learn a
lesson”
uamit- (i) to dance Iñupiaq style, of a man,
usually with controlled outbursts of grunts
or yells

+miu- vv (limited) to remain, continue to V | perhaps +mI nc (loc) :u-2 vv

isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isiġmiu- (i) to be indoors, inside; to stay in
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it a cave during hibernation (of bears)
inside, to place it inside
kaŋiġaq(-) hunting blind, hiding place kaŋiġaġmiu- (Nu) (i) to form a “human
where hunter waits for animal to pass corral,” taking positions surrounding a
by, then gives chase; corral (for herd of caribou (of hunters)
caribou); (t) to corral them= caribou,
reindeer)
qalgi(-) (Ti) men's community house; qalgimiu- (Ti) (i) to be in the men's house
(i) to go to the men's community house
°sivu (stem) front part of anything; sivumiuri (Ti) harpooner, navigator,
frontage, area in front of building; bow crewperson in bow of whaling boat
of boat; front exterior wall of house;
time prior
taaq(-) darkness; (i) to be dark (of day); taaġmiu- (i) to be, stay in the dark
(i) to be dim (of light); (i) (Nu) to be
black; (t) to block her/his/its light
tukku- (i) to stay as a guest tukkuġmiu- (i) to be a guest »
tukkuġmiupkaġaa she is letting him
remain as a houseguest
tuyuq- (i) to write a letter; (t) to send tuyuġmiu- (Nu) (i) to be an outsider,
her/him/it something; (t) to write a letter foreigner
to her/him/it

838
÷miu or +miuq nn an inhabitant of , a resident of, a native of, a person from/in/of N
| +mI nc (loc) :u-1 vv
aaŋŋa from over there across, e.g., a aaŋŋaġmiut (Ti) people from Seward
river, a street, or a body of water Peninsula area; people from “outside=
(extended and visible); by extension, the lower 48 states”
contiguous United States or Europe
kaŋiq [kaŋIq] root, source; headwater, kaŋiġaġmiu hunter in hiding or waiting
source of a river; (Nu) head of a bay; for animal to pass by
foot of mountain; place where peninsula
joins mainland; (Nu) tributary river;
bone or ivory barb on toggle harpoon
line
nuna land, tundra, earth; inland; nunamiu person who is from inland
country, territory, a citizen’s nation-
state
Utqiaġvik Barrow, Alaska Utqiaġvigmiu a person who lives in
Barrow, Alaska

÷miutaq nn (limited) inherently of N | +miu(q) nn -taq(-)

manu upper front of shirt or parka
*niġu1 (root) graspable
nuna land, tundra, earth; inland; country, nunamiutaq item originally from inland,
territory, a citizen’s nation-state
qattauraq(-) small oil drum or water
barrel; bell; (Ti) can; (i) to ring (of bell,
clock, etc.); (Nu)(t) to let it = bell ring
qilak(-)1 sky; heaven; roof; (i) to be in
the process of having a roof put on (of
house); (t) to put a roof on it
°saa2 (stem) [sara] front of body or
garment; area immediately in front of
something; lap, the front part of the
lower trunk and thighs of a seated
person; seaward
taġiuq(-) [taġiruq] salt; ocean; sea
water; (i) to use salt; (t) to put salt on it; coast
(Ti) (i) to be blue
tayaq or tayaġun wrist; bracelet
manumiutaq something worn around the
neck, e.g., necktie
niġumiutaq handle (as on a pail or
suitcase)
interior
qattauraġmiutaq (Ti) canned food
qilaŋmiutaq collared lemming
(Dicronstonyx groenlandicus)
saamiutaq(-) something carried in front of
one; to keep, have (her/him/it) in front of
oneself
taġiuġmiutaq item originally from the
tayaġmiutaq (Nu) wristwatch
tuqsruġmiutaq gray stain (made from
stone) used in woodwork

÷miuyaaq nn a citizen, native, resident of N | +miu(q) nn -iyaaq nn

Igluqpaurat Browerville, Alaska Igluqpauraġmiuyaat akiitchuat the ones
from Browerville were defeated

839
 qargi [qargI] community house qargisaġmiuyaaqan fellow clansman
Ulġuniq Wainwright, Alaska Ulġuniġmiuyaat akimaruat the ones
from Wainwright won

-mmaaġIk- vv (limited) to have the highest qualities associated with N or being V |

+mmaaq +[g]Ik- nv
ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or ilammaaġik- or ilammiġik- (i) to be
name; companion, friend, partner; part of especially friendly, kind
a whole; (i) to get a co-participant,
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
*paa [paġa] (root) movement toward paammaaġik- (i) to cooperate well in
another getting work done
*pimmaaq (root) appearance pimmaaġik- (i) to have a good, beautiful
appearance
qauri- (i) to regain consciousness; (i) to qaurimmaaġik- (i) to be thoughtful,
come to one’s senses; (i) to become conscientious, mentally alert, intelligent,
aware of one’s surroundings (of a child perceptive
usually two to three years old)

-mmaak- vv (limited)
niġumik- [niġumIk] or niġummaak- (i) to
be lukewarm; (i) to be smooth and soft (as
fur)

+mmaala- vv (limited) to V out of control | perhaps -mmaq- vv -ala- vv

*kummaa (root) need kummaala- (i) to be frantically looking
for something; to be in need of something
desperately
quq urine quġmaala- (i) to urinate in small amounts
at frequent intervals
timmaala- (i) to have a rumbling or buzzing
sound in one’s ear; to make a whirring sound

-mmaaq(-) vv (limited) to be positively inclined to V | perhaps -mmaq- vv -aq-1 vv

iqit(-) a fist; (i) to contract (e.g., of iqimmaaq- or (Nu) iqimmiaq- to embrace
worm, fist);(i) to embrace each other; (t) (her/him) warmly; (t) to wrap (it)
to embrace her/him/it
*paa [paġa] (root) movement toward paammaaġik- (i) to cooperate well in
another getting work done
suurimmaaq- (i) to be careful

840
+mmagaaq- vv to inquire
ilisaġi- (t) to recognize her/him/it
ilisima- to know (her/him/it)
itqanait- (i) to be ready, prepared
itquma- (i) to be awake
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t)
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it;
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial
ilisaġimmagaaq- (i) for one to ask if she/he
recognizes oneself; (t) to ask if she/he
recognizes her/him/it » ilisaġimmagaaqtuq
he asked if she recognized him (he = him,
subject of the sentence)
ilisimammagaaq- (i) for one to inquire
whether she/he knows oneself; (t) to inquire
whether she/he knows her/him/it; (t) to
inquire whether she/he knows (of she/he) »
ilisimammagaaġuŋ see if you know him;
see if he knows; see if someone knows him
itqanaiñmagaaq- (t) to inquire whether
she/he is ready » itqanaiñmagaatku youd
find out if he is ready
itqumammagaaq- (t) to inquire whether
she/he is awake » itqumammagaaġuŋ find
out whether she is awake
savagmagaaq- (t) to inquire whether she/he
is employed; (t) to inquire whether it is
being worked on; (t) to find out whether it
is working properly » savagmagaaġuŋ see
if he is working; see if he is working on it

-mmaġiit- (limited) to not be properly V | -mmaq +[g]Ik- nv :It-1 nv

iluaq- or iłuaq- (i) to be fitting, proper; iluammaġiit- or iłuammaġiit- (i) to feel
(i) to be correct, right; (i) to feel fine unwell, to not feel well
qauri- (i) to regain consciousness; (i) to qaurimmaġiit- (i) to lack sense,
come to one’s senses; (i) to become perception
aware of one’s surroundings (of a child
usually two to three years old)

-mmaġIk- vv (limited) to be properly, correctly, nicely V | +ma-1 vv -Q vn

+[g]Ik- nv

-mmaġiksaaq- vv to V properly, carefully again, implying that the first performance

was not up to par
aquvit- (i) to sit up or sit down; (t) to sit aquvimmaġiksaaq- (i) to sit down again
down on it in a better position; (t) to make sure that
one is sitting on it squarely, directly
miquq- to sew (it) miqummaġiksaaq- (t) to make sure it is
sewn properly
tamuq- to chew (it) tamummaġiksaaq- (t) to make certain
that it is thoroughly chewed »
tamummaġiksaaqqaaqługu niġipkaġaa
she fed her/him (a small child) after

841
 chewing it thoroughly
uut- (i) to be now cooked; (t) to be uummaġiksaaq- (t) to cook it until it is
cooked, (of meat); to get sunburn well done

-mmaġiksI- vv to V more fully or thoroughly | -mmaġIk- +sI-

isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isimmaġiksi- (i) to be completely inside;
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it (t) to make sure that it is completely inside
inside, to place it inside » isimmaġiksikpan qiñiġaqsaġiñ take a
picture of him when he is well inside
qauri- (i) to regain consciousness; (i) to qaurimmaġiksi- (i) to be more aware of
come to one’s senses; (i) to become one’s surroundings »
aware of one’s surroundings (of a child qaurimmaġiksimman takuraqput we
usually two to three years old) went to see him after he became fully
conscious
tigu- (i) to take hold and hang on; (t) to tigummaġiksi- to take hold (of her/him/it)
take, capture, grab, or arrest her/him/it more securely » tigummaġiksilutin get a
firmer grip

-mmak n (limited) final suffix of some nouns

aguummak or aguummaq woven basket
akuummak (Ti) basket
apummak side lath of kayak
atammak palm skin of walrus flipper
suummak small container
tummak (Nu) palm of hand
utummak palm of hand

-mmak- vv (limited) to become V and sustain V-ing

*kayu (root) enthusiasm kayummak- (i) to speed up, accelerate,
get energized
°nali (stem) even, in line, straight nalimmak- (i) to be equals; be filled to
forward; (Ti) south side of Point Hope, brim; (t) to be equal to her/him/it
Alaska; price
nayuq- (t) to stay with and care for, nayummak- (i) to lean on something for
watch over her/him/it support
paa- [para](Ti) (i) to fall down flat on paammak- (i) to crawl
something; (t) to pin her/him/it down, to
pounce upon her/him/it; (t) to fall on top
of it; (i) to have a convulsion; (i) to close
tightly due to muscle spasm (of jaws,
fists, etc.); (t) to prevent her/him/it going
past by blocking her/his/its way with
oneself
qau- [qagu] (i) for day to break qaummak- (i) to become daylight; to
ascend (of sun)
qitut- (i) to be soft, tender, pliable; (i) to qitummak- (t) to prepare it = leather by

842
 be thin (of fabric)
quli top area; gunwale, gunnel, the top
edge of a boat’s sides
sii- [siġi] (i) to gather one's strength for
an all-out effort
*sua (root) intensity, strength, power
softening and tanning
qulimmak- to fill to the brim
siimmak- (i) to become more competitive,
to be stirred into action; (Ti) (i) to be
confident of one’s ability to perform, to
win a game
suammak- (i) to become stronger,
revitalized; (i) to become more emotional

+mmala- nv (limited) | perhaps -mmaq- vv -la- vv

kukik1 [kukIk] hoof; fingernail; stone kukimmala- to try to hold on (to it) with
head of scraper; (Ti) tip of an arrow the fingertips

-mman vn (limited) the action or situation that is the result or cause of V-ing |
perhaps +ma-1 vv ‘n vn
aki(-)1 [akI] corresponding value, akimman victory
equivalence; cost, price, value; wage;
opposite side, other side; (Ti) north side
of the point (Point Hope); (t) to
respond, acknowledge, or answer
her/him with gestures (of one who is far
away but visible)
ata- (i) to be attached, connected ¤atamman hinge that holds cellar door to
the door frame
2
iki- (i) to burn ikumman heating fuel, stove oil
¤ilauraaliqsimman (stem) willingness ilauraaliqsimmataatalu and his/her
to be part of a relationship willingness to be a part of the
relationship...
g
qau- [qa u] (i) for day to break qaumman light
uquq- (i) to have warm winter clothes; uqumman caribou skin used for clothing
to be well insulated and therefore warm or part of bedding
(of clothing, house)

-mmaq- vv (limited) to undergo a process of V-ing | perhaps +ma-1 vv ‘-q-1 vv

ili-2 [ilI] (i) to become, to come to ilimmaq- (i) to metamorphose, to undergo
resemble, look like; (t) to make metamorphosis, to transform oneself (of
her/him/it become, look like something shaman); to make a voyage through the air
else (this verb stem is used with a noun or ocean (of shaman)
in the similaris case)
kanŋuq- or (Ti) kanŋu- or (Nu) kanŋuummaq- (i) to congregate,
katŋuq- (i) to assemble, gather in a assemble, to have a lengthy meeting, trade
group (especially for summer trading at fair
Kotzebue)
kanŋuuma- (i) to continue to meet, have
a lengthy meeting

843
 *sai (root) relaxation saimmaq- (i) to stop crying, ease crying;
(i) to be consoled
*salu (root) cleaniness salummaq- (t) to clean it
*siqu (root) reduction to smaller siqummaq- (i) to shatter; (t) to break
elements or shatter it with repeated action

qau- [qagu] (i) for day to break qaummaq- (i) to be clear,

translucent; to be light (of hair); to
be a light-skinned, light-haired
person

-mmati- vv (limited) to maintain V-ing | +ma-1 vv ‘ti- vv

nalliuti- (i) to now be equals; (i) to be
tied (as in a score of a game); (t) to now more persons); (i) to keep up with others
have the same score as hers/his
kasima- (i) to hold a meeting
qaaŋiuti- (t) to be deliquent, past due
(of bill to be paid, action); to take
her/him/it past the goal or destination
tusaa- [tusaga] to hear (her/him/it)
nalliummati- (i) to be equal (of two or
(of one person)
kasimmati- (t) to hold a meeting with
her/him about her/him
qaaŋiummati- (i) to stay ahead; to surpass
all others
tusaammati- (i) to be in communication
with each other

+mmatun vn like or resembling the action of V-ing | +mma- vn +tun (similaris

case)
iqsi- [iqsI] (i) to be afraid iqsimmatun pigaluaqami tutqiksiruq he
calmed down after acting fearful for a
while
paŋalik- (i) to run on all fours, paŋaligmatun resembles galloping
gallop; (Nu) (t) to cause it =
animal to run, gallop

+mmI-1 vv to V also, too

(when intransitive "present" indicative endings are used with this postbase,
the first consonant of the mood marker +t/ru is dropped)
aqpat- (i) to run (of a human) aqpanmi- (i) to also run » aqpanmiuq she
is also running
ilisaq- to study or practice (it) ilisaġmi- (t) to also study (it) »
ilisaġmiuŋa I am also studying
ilisaġi- (t) to recognize her/him/it ilisaġimmi- (t) to also recognize her/him/it
» ilisaġimmiraġa I also recognized her
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it) niġimmi- to also eat (it) » niġimmiuq he
is eating too
tautuk- to see (her/him/it) tautugmi- to also see (her/him/it) »
tautugmiviuŋ did you also see it

844
+mmI-2 vv + truncated intransitive Indicative I endings (the consonants t/r are
omitted) + lu immediately after one Vs, immediately upon V-ing
ai-2 [agi] (i) to go home, to come home aimmi- (i) immediately upon arriving home
» aimmiuguglu qaaqtuaq just as wed
arrived home, it exploded
atuanik- (t) to already use it atuanigmi- (t) immediately upon using it
» atuanigmigigalu airaŋa he came to get
it just after I used it
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isiġmi- (i) immediately upon entering; (t)
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it immediately upon placing it inside a
inside, to place it inside building » isiġmiuġlu karukkaa just as he
entered she hit him on the head
maqunialiq- (i) to become antisocial maqunialiġmi- (i) immediately upon
becoming antisocial » maqunialiġmiuglu
anitqugik he asked themd to leave just as
theyd were becoming more antisocial
naatchi- (i) to finish, to complete naatchimi- (i) immediately upon finishing
something » naatchimmiuġlu igaamiñik
tikitchuagut we arrived just after she
finished her cooking
tuttaaq- (i) to go to bed tuttaaġmi- (i) immediately upon getting
into bed » tuttaaġmiuŋalu tigluktuqtuaq
he knocked on the door just after I had
gone to bed

+mmi-3 vv oh, the subject is V-ing, and someone else or something is about to, or
has V-ed (used with "past" indicative endings; this postbase cannot be followed
by another postbase)
kukiu- to cook (it) kukiummi- oh, to be in the process of
cooking (it), and … » kukiummiruaq
igniġvik qamimaruq she is cooking and the
stove has gone out
pakuaraq- (i) to rummage through pakauraġmi- (i) oh, to be in the process of
things secretly looking for something rummaging, secretly looking for something,
and … » pakauraġmiruaq aŋuaqsigaat he
is poking around secretly in someone else's
things, and they are about to catch him at it
pilaiŋa- (i) to be tired pilaiŋami- (i) oh, to be tired, and … »
pilaiŋammiruaq savagiaquulgiññiġaa i
found out that she was telling him to go to
work, even though he is very tired

+mmI-4 vv + na- (negative subordinative marker) + (negative subordinative

endings) + lu (enclitic) (limited) to V but to no avail (this postbase cannot be
followed by another postbase)
aŋŋuti- (i) to catch up with someone in » aŋŋutimmiñanuglu sukasapaluktuguk

845
 age, in height, in one’s work, goals, etc. wed sure hurried and to no avail, wed did
not catch it
tautuk- to see (her/him/it) » anigaluaqtuq sumik tautugmiñanilu
he went out but did not see anything

-mmI-5 or +mmI-5 vv (limited) to be in the state of V-ing

aatchaq- (i) to open one’s mouth; (i) to aatchaġruummisiññaq- (i) to gasp for
open (of sea ice crack) breath
ai-2 [agi] (i) to go home, to come home aimmi- (i) to be at home
ata- (i) to be attached, connected atammiŋa- (i) to be stubbornly determined,
inflexible in one’s resolve or intent
iki-1 or iku- (i) to position or place ikummi- (i) to be onboard a conveyance,
oneself into a container or a conveyance; means of transport
(t) to place or put her/him/it into a
container or conveyance
ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or ilammiuq- (i) to get to know someone; (t)
name; companion, friend, partner; part of to get to know her/him
a whole; (i) to get a co-participant,
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
kasuq- (i) to become joined (of objects); kasuummi- (i) to be joined permanently
(i) to close (of gap, e.g., of ice); (i) to (e.g., of things welded together); (i) to be
meet on the way somewhere, of more touching each other, connected to each
than one person; (t) to meet her/him, other
make her/his acquaintance; (t) to “run”
into her/him
mani- [manI](i) to present oneself; (t) manimmi- (i) to endure pain, sorrow,
to show, present, display her/him/it criticism; (i) to tolerate something
unpleasant; (t) to endure, tolerate
her/him/it
mapkuq- (i) to gather one’s strength mapkuummi- (i) to be at one’s peak of
and make an all-out effort; (i) to make a performance
crackling noise when shaken, as a
blanket-toss skin; (i) to make a popping
noise
naalaġni- to listen, heed, pay attention to naalaġniummi- to be waiting expectantly
(her/him/it) for (it = news of her/him/it)
nakkaq- (i) to dive, plunge in; (i) to fall nakkaummi- (i) to remain underwater, be
headlong submerged for some time after diving
nayuq- (t) to stay with and care for, nayummi- to lean on (her/him/it) for
watch over her/him/it support; to hold (her/him/it) in place to keep
(her/him/it) steady
nuqit- (t) to pull her/him/it nuqimmi- to hold it taut

846
 qilu(-) rope attached to side of tent (used
in securing tent to stake); (i) to have a
muscle cramp; (t) to attach tent ropes to
it = stake in ground or to tent side frame
(wooden stakes secured into the
permafrost standing upright about four
feet above the ground and joined
together horizontally by a long two-by-
four piece of lumber); (t) to draw it =
bow; (t) to pull it up, to stretch it taut
saat-1 to face, turn toward (her/him/it);
(t) to challenge, confront her/him/it
siki- (i) to lower or hang one's head
tigu- (i) to take hold and hang on; (t) to
take, capture, grab, or arrest her/him/it
tupak- or tupakaq- (i) to be surprised,
startled; (i) to wake from sleep to full
wakefulness
tuyuq- (i) to write a letter; (t) to send
her/him/it something; (t) to write a letter
to her/him/it
-mmIq- vv (limited) to V with determination
*ipu (root) closed mouth
kii- [kIgI] (i) to clench one’s teeth; (i) to
bite oneself; (t) to bite her/him/it
*saŋi (root) compulsive eating
+mmIQ nn (limited) item of the N
2
ilu(-) interior, inside; abdominal cavity;
(t) to surround her/him/it
*naa (root) dimension when stretched
847
qilummi- (Nu) (t) to hold onto it = fishing
line when a fish is on; to “play” it = fish; (t)
to keep it = bow string taut ready to let the
arrow go
sanmi- or (Ti) saŋmi- to be facing
(her/him/it); (t) to be boldly facing up to
her/him/it
sikimmi- (i) to be holding one’s head lower
for quite some time
tigummi- (i) to hold on; (t) to be holding
onto her/him/it
tupaummi- (i) to be in a state of shock,
surprise
tuyuġmi- (i) to be a guest
iŋmiq- [iŋmIq] to complete a journey in
one day; (t) to reach it = a place in one
day
ipummiq- or upummiq- (i) to close one’s
mouth and hold it closed; to hold the mouth
closed
pummiq- (i) to hold one’s mouth closed,
lips sealed
kigmiġaq mouthpiece of bow drill
saŋimmiq- to want more of (it, usu., food)
uqummiq- [uqummIq] (i) to tightly close
one’s mouth; (t) to put it in one’s mouth
uutkummiq- (i) to react excitedly to news
aġimmiq bone joint
ilummiq fetus (of human, caribou, etc.); one
inside another
naammiaġiik- (i) to be of the same size (of
 out two or more persons or objects)

+mmiraq- vv would V once in a while in the midst of doing something else

aturraqsi- to begin to sing (it)
iglaq- (i) to laugh
uqallak-1 (i) to speak
aturraqsimmiraq- to begin to sing (it)
once in while » sugaluaqami
aturraqsimmiraqtuq no matter what she
was doing, she would begin to sing once in
a while
iglaġmiraq- (i) to laugh once in a while »
uqaġaluaqamiŋ iglaġmiraqtut in the
midst of talking, they would frequently
laugh
uqallagmiraq- (i) to speak once in a while
»
nipaitkaluaqami uqallagmiraqtuq after
being quiet for some time, he would say
something

+mniQ vn or = mniQ(limited) result or product of V-ing; one who Vs | perhaps

-vit- vv :niQ1 vn § +niQ1 nn
iġivit- to become wrinkled, of skin iġimniq low, swampy land
which has been immersed in water
itivit- (i) to portage; (i) to fly over land itimniq shallow part of river with sandy
instead of following the water along the riverbank; (Nu) rapids, shallow part of river
coast (of ducks as they migrate); (i) to with swift water
take a shortcut; (t) to fly over, go over,
cross over (instead of going around),
and come down the other side of it =
e.g., hill
kaat- (i) to be now split into two layers; kaamniq carpenter
(t) to cut, slice it = walrus hide into two
layers to be used for boat cover; (Ti) (t)
to slice it = layer of blubber from whale
skin, leaving the maktak; (i) to slice
blocks of snow for snow shelter
kalit- to drag, tow (her/him/it) kalimniq (Ti) chain

÷muaglaaq- to reach, to arrive at the N | ÷muk- nv -aglaaq- vv

÷muk- nv [plural or possessive -nuk-] rv to go to N; to place, put, set (her/him/it)

on/in a N | ÷mun (term) -k- nv § +nuk-
°ati1 (root) area below; bottom,
underside; down
iglu(-) house, dwelling, building; (t) to
build a structure over it
ikiġġat platform on four posts, for gear
anmuk- (i) to descend; (t) to lower it =
thermostat, gauge
iglumuk- (i) to go to the house
ikiġġanuk- (i) to go to the outdoor storage

848
 or food to keep it out of reach of platform; (t) to place it on the outdoor
animals; outdoor storage platform for storage platform
food, furs, and equipment;drying rack
for fish or meat
kaŋiq [kaŋIq] root, source; headwater, kaŋimuk- (i) to travel to the headwaters of
source of a river; (Nu) head of a bay; a river
foot of mountain; place where peninsula
joins mainland; (Nu) tributary river;
bone or ivory barb on toggle harpoon
line
quli top area; gunwale, gunnel, the top qunmuk- (i) to ascend, rise
edge of a boat’s sides
tupiq(-) [tupiQ] [dual tuppak, pl. tupqIt] tupiġmuk- (i) to go to the tent; (t) to place
tent; to raise, set up a tent for (her/him/it) it inside the tent » tupiġmugnasi don't go
in the tent

÷muu- nv, rv (limited) to proceed directly as indicated by N | ÷muk- nv -u-2 vv

°nali (stem) even, in line, straight
forward; (Ti) south side of Point Hope,
Alaska; price
°sivu (stem) front part of anything;
frontage, area in front of building; bow
of boat; front exterior wall of house;
time prior
nalimuu- (i) to go forward by the most
direct route; (i) to go straight
sivunmuu- (i) to proceed despite advice to
the contrary; to be determined; (i) to be
obstinate, headstrong, stubborn, insistent;
to move forward

÷muuti- nv to take to a N | ÷muk- nv

iglu(-) house, dwelling, building; (t) to iglumuuti- (i) to take her/him/it to the
build a structure over it house
tupiq(-) [tupiQ] [dual tuppak, pl. tupqIt] tupiġmuuti- (i) to take her/him/it to the
tent; to raise, set up a tent for (her/him/it) tent
umiaq(-) [umiġaq] a boat; (i) to go umiamuuti- (i) to take her/him/it to the
hunting in an umiak for sea mammals; boat
(Ti) (i) to be out at whaling camp or in a
whaling boat

+n or ‘n or ‘ti or -n vn, rn means, cause, reason for V-ing § +un1 vn

-naaq- or +naaq- vv (limited) to make, place, position, or establish it as V or V-ing

§ +naaq vn, nn
amit- [amIt](i) to be narrow, slim, amiñaaq- (t) to create, make it narrow
slender
aŋi- 1 (i) to be big, large agnaaq- (t) to make it too large
aŋinaaq- or aŋnaaq- (t) to make it too

849

auk(-) blood; (i) to bleed; (Ti) to have a
nosebleed
iglaaliq- (i) to get visitors
inuŋa- (i) to be insufficient, not enough,
incomplete, be missing a member
iññaġik- or iññaaġik- (i) to have a
good appearance, be in good condition;
to look nice, pleasing; to look neat, to be
well-made
miki- (i) to be small
nait- (i) to be short of length
qanit- to be near, close (to her/him/it)
qagna or qaŋna [dual qakkuak, pl.
qakkua] that one out there; the outside
environment (extended and visible)
*qila (root) speed
sapi- (t) to block, obstruct her/him/it,
make passage unsuitable or impossible
for her/him/it; (i) to dam it = river
sauniġluk- (i) to have a bulky frame
(e.g., of boat); to be big-boned; have a
bad posture (of person)
siiq-1 (i) to ooze, seep (like a sore); (i)
to leak out (of air); (Ti) (i) to sweat,
perspire
sila weather; atmosphere, air
taki- (i) to be long
tiŋilġai- (i) to travel with the use of a
sail
uiġit- (i) to get in the habit of doing
something enjoyable or fulfilling
uŋasik- (i) to be far away; (t) to be far
850
large
aunaaq- or aunaaqsruq- (i) to bleed, to
menstruate
iglaalinaaŋit- (i) to not have received
visitors
inuŋanaaq- (t) to make or measure an
insufficient amount of it
iññaaġiñaaq- (t) to make it, something of
good quality which is attractive
mikinaaq- or miŋnaaq- (Nu) miknaaq-
(t) to make it too small; (i) to be made
small
naiñaaq- (i) to be made shorter than was
intended; (t) to make it shorter than was
intended or wanted
qaninaaq- (t) to position it close by
qaŋnaaq- (i) for it to be good spring
weather in which seals bask on the ice
qilanaaq- (i) to want something urgently
samnaaq- (i) to be unable to go farther; to
meet a dead end or an impasse and try
another route
sapnaaq- (Nu) (t) to not be able to continue
in traveling
sauniġlunaaq- (t) to make it = its frame
bulky
siiġñaaq- (i) to be somewhat sweet to the
taste
silannaaq- (i) to be good weather
takinaaq- (Nu) taknaaq or taŋnaaq- (i) to
be made long; (Nu) (i) to be lengthened; (t)
to make it long; (Nu) (t) to lengthen it
tiŋilġannaaq- (i) to sail with a favorable
wind
uiġñaaq- (i) to do something frequently
that one has learned to enjoy; to go and be
with someone frequently that one likes; to
eat food that one has come to enjoy; to
frequently take advantage of someone or
something which is easily accessible
uŋasiñaaq- (i) to position oneself far away
 away from her/him/it
+naaq or ‘naaq or -naaq vn (limited) one that is V or Vs or is a derivative of N §
-naaq- vv
*alat (root) soft area of hand
aqła(-) draft (i) to be drafty
avit- (i) to split one’s pants; to get a
divorce; (t) to separate themd, who are
fighting; to divorce her/him
kuutchiq [kuutchIQ] pelvic bone
(containing hip socket)
1
naŋit- (i) to be sick
piŋuptaq (Nu) small rounded hill, not
rocky
qaa(-) or qaaq (Nu) [qara] top side;
roof; surface; outer side of fabric; cover; land; eaves
dorsal area of fish; (t) to put a top surface
on it
qalliq(-) outermost part, top part,
topmost one; (i) to be now covered; (t) to
cover, top her/him/it with something
*qama (root) leeward
r
qia- [qi a] to cry, weep, shed tears (for
her/him/it)
salliq one in front; one farthest toward
the ocean; most northerly one
*sivii or sivaa (root) incline, slope
r
uluaq [ulu ak] upper cheek, side of
cheekbone
utuqqaq [utuqqaQ] something old
-naguti- vv to begin to V
aqpat- (i) to run (of a human)
iglaq- (i) to laugh
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t)
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it;
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
851
alannaaq (Ti) palm of hand
aqłanaaq(-) breeze (i) to be breezy
avinnaaq yearling polar bear, old enough
to be separated from its mother
kuutchiñaaq pelvic bones, pelvic girdle
maunaaq blade or point at end of shovel
naŋinaaq sickly person
niinaaq accordion
piŋuptanaaq (Nu) mound, knoll
qaanaaq [qaanaraq] cave eroded in ice or
qalliñaaq upper eyelid
qamanaaq (Nu) upstream current
qirranaaq one who cries easily, a crybaby;
continually crying person
salliñaaq area located north
siviinaaq a slope
tugnaaq or tuŋnaaq connecting strip
between body and sole of boots, made of
caribou or seal leather
ulunnaaq (Ti) cheek
utuqqanaaq elder, senior citizen
aqpanaguti- (i) to start to run »
aqpanagutirut taliññamiŋ they began to
run as soon as they were out of sight
iglanaguti- (i) to start to laugh »
iglanagutiruaq uqallautikamni he began
to laugh when I told him
savanaguti- to commence working (on it);
(i) to begin to work, operate properly (of a
machine); (t) to commence preparing it =
 a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of
leg-hold trap which when stepped on
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live
corpse for burial » savanagutiruq
kisiŋŋupqauraqami she began working
as soon as she was alone
uqanaguti- (i) to begin speaking »
uqanagutirut anipqauraġman they
began talking as soon as he had gone out

+naġiaq- vv to V early § +iaq-3 vv

ai-2 [agi] (i) to go home, to come home
anipkaq- to let (him,her,it) out, to
release (him,her,it) out of confinement
itiq- (i) to wake up
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it)
aiñaġiaq- (i) to come home early »
aiñaġiaġumautin-ata come home early
for once
anipkaġnaġiaq- (t) to permit her/him/it to
leave early » anipkaġnaġiaqsimaraat it
seems they released him early
itiġnaġiaq- (i) to wake up early »
itiġnaġiaquviuŋ would you like for her to
wake up early
niġiñaġiaq- (i) to eat early »
niġiñaġiaġniaqtugut anaqapak we will
eat early this evening

+nailutaq vn impediment, hindrance, or obstacle to V-ing | +naq(-) vv, vn :It-1 nv -

lutaq vn
aullaq- (i) to leave, go away, depart; (i) aullaġnailutaq impediment or obstacle
to start (of engine) towards a departure »
aullaġnailutaitchugut we have nothing to
prevent us from leaving
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savagnailutaq obstacle or hindrance
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it; preventing work to begin »
(i) to be working, operating properly (of savagnailutaitchutin you have nothing to
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it = prevent you from working
corpse for burial

+nak- vv (limited) to become V

qakuq- to turn white, be bleached by
weather
*qui (root) quiver, tremble, shiver
qakuġnak- for the temperature to turn
cold and freeze any moisture on ground,
thus casting a whitish gleam or film over
the ground
quiñak- (Ti) (i) to feel a tickling sensation;
(i) to be squeamish, e.g., frightened of
mice, etc.

+nak nn (limited) final suffix of names of bodyparts, vegetation, and land

852

taqtu kidney
+naq(-) or ~naq(-) or = naq(-)vv, rv, nv, vn (limited) something that causes one to V; (i)
to be or cause to V; can be V-ed § +nait- vv
aalġu- (i) to menstruate
agik- [agIk] or agiaq- to rub, smooth,
or cut (it) away with a file
*alia (root) lonliness; dullness;
humorlessness
aliuq- (i) to be amazed, astonished,
astounded, to marvel
aliuqtuq- (i) to see a ghost; (i) to
hallucinate; (i) to experience the
supernatural, the amazing
alla another one, a different one;
something strange
anaq(-) excrement, feces; dung,
manure; to defecate (it); (t) to defecate
on it; (i) to fall or shoot (of a star)
*anaya (root) wariness, caution
anniq- [annIq] (i) to become injured;
(t) to hurt her/him/it
1
aŋi- (i) to be big, large
argaiq- (i) to have a severe infection on argaiġñaq mushroom
one’s hand
ikłik- (i) to desire, covet something
*ilima (root) suspicion, apprehension
ilisaq- to study or practice (it)
*ipiqtu (root) sadness, depression,
depondence
*iqIk (root) laziness; lack of initiative;
lethargy; boring; uninspiring; lack of
eagerness, unwillingness
kaak- (i) to be hungry
kaki- [kakI] (i) to prick oneself; (t) to
tattoo her/him/it; (t) to prick her/him/it
*kama (root) awe, respect
853
niaqunak long tree root; tussock
taqtunak either side of body above
hip, toward front
upkaġanak packed snow on top and
soft snow underneath
aalġunaq menstruation
agiaġnaq atuqtuuraq (Nu) violin [lit. “a
musical instrument that you file”]
alianaq- (i) to be boring, not enjoyable,
dull
aliuġnaq- (i) to be awesome, wonderful,
amazing, marvelous
aliuqtuġnaq enigma, one that is
inexplicable
allanaq- (i) to be strange, unusual, odd
anaġnaq laxative
anayanaq- (i) to be dangerous; (i) to
require caution; (i) to be unsafe; (i) to be
risky
anniġñaq(-)2 pain; (i) to be in pain, to
ache; to cause pain, emotional distress
aŋinaq magnifying glass
ikłignaq- (i) to be tempting, desirable
ilimanaq- (i) to be suspect, to arouse
suspicion
ilisaġnaa- (i) to be recognizable
ipiqtunaq- (i) to cause sadness, to be
depressing; to be greivous
iqianaq- (i) to be boring, uninspiring (of
task, assignment)
kaagnaq famine
kakillaġnaq thorn
kamanaq(-) bossy person; authoritative
person; (i) to have greater authority than
others; (i) to be awesome, great (i) to be

*kanŋu (root) feeling of shame,
embarrassment; feeling of shyness
kupkaq- (Ti) (i) to be not fully baked (of
breadstuffs)
*naglik (root) compassion, mercy,
sympathy, pity
nalu- to not know, be ignorant of
(her/him/it); to be uninformed (about
her/him/it)
nika- (i) to avoid eye contact with
others; (i) to be still, silent; (i) to be a
non-participant due to one's
embarrassment, lack of confidence or
fear of authority
piqpagi- (t) to love her/him/it dearly
pisik- (t) to hit her/him/it with an arrow
or a bullet; to shoot her/him/it
*qaama (root) optimism, elation,
confidence
*qaunak (root) carefulness
qiiya- to feel cold (of a person)
qiñiq- to look at, watch (her/him/it)
*quvi (root) happiness, joy
quya- (i) to be thankful
sapiq- (t) to not do it = task feeling that
it is impossible or too formidable to
even try; (t) to be fearful, wary of
her/him/it
siñik(-) sleep; (i) to sleep; (t) to spend it
= day sleeping
sivuuġa- (i) to be apprehensive, afraid
of being blamed or reprimanded
tikit- [tikIt] (i) to arrive at, reach one's
destination or goal; (t) to reach
her/him/it
tuqu- (i) to die
*uu (root) heat, warmth
*uumI (root) anger, hatred, dislike
854
worthy of respect, honor; (i) to be bossy;
(i) to be strong, large (of animal)
kanŋunaq- (i) to be shameful,
embarrassing, disgraceful
kupkanaq- (i) to be sticky to the touch
naglignaq- (i) to be pitiful, deserving of
compassion
nalunaq- (i) to be indistinct, barely
visible, be camouflaged; to be doubtful; to
be not noticeable
nikanaq- (i) for she/he/it to be incapable
of accomplishing a task (in the opinion of
the speaker); (i) to be discouraging; (i) for
something to to be hard to do; (i) to be
hard to catch (of animal); (Nu) to be
ill-fitting (of clothing)
piqpagnaq- (i) to be endearing, precious,
dear
pisignaq- (i) to be within range of being
hit with a bullet or arrow
qaamanaq- (i) to be acceptable, agreeable,
favorable
qaunagnaq- (i) to need attention, care
constantly
qiiyanaq- (i) to be cold (of place, object,
weather)
qiñiġnaq- (i) to be visible
quvianaq- (i) cause for happiness, joy
quyanaq- (i) to be worthy of thanks; to
deserve thanks
sapiġnaq- (i) to be formidable, seem
impossible to accomplish; to be a
formidable adversary; to be the greater
challenge
siñignaq sleeping pill or gas
sivuuġanaq(-) dread, doom, anxiety;
alarm; reluctance; (i) to be foreboding,
dreadful; (i) to cause apprehension
tikiññaq- (i) place or goal which can be
reached
tuqunaq poison
uunaq- (i) to be hot
uumiñaq(-) one who causes annoyance,
 frustration, aggravation, or irritation; (i) to
be annoying, irritating, aggravating,
frustrating, maddening

+naq1 nn, vn (limited) something that resembles a N or V-s

aagun or aaksiñ or aaksiññaq a knife aaksiññaq a knife used to skin an animal
used to skin an animal without cutting without cutting the pelt
the pelt
aaqhaaliq [aaqhaalIq]or aaqhaalliq or aaqhaaliġñaq western harlequin duck
aahaaliq (Nu) oldsquaw duck (Histrionicus histrionicus)
(Clangula hyemalis)
aŋatkuq shaman aŋatkuġnaq spirit medium
aŋun man, an adult human male aŋunnaq or aŋunnaqtaq an item
especially made for men
kimmik(-) [kimmIk] heel; (i) to kick, kimmigñaq small pouch-like section in
push with the heel; (t) to hit it with one's nape area of woman's parka and snowshirt
heel; (t) to tap one's heel to it or on it; (t) hood
to hold it with one's heel; (t) to hit, push,
tap, hold it with one’s heel
nakasuk bladder nakasugnaq calf of leg
naullaq object or being harpooned or naullaġnaq new growth; small sea
speared mollusk
niaquq head, skull niaqunaq (Ti) skull
niġliq [niġliQ] general term for goose niġliñġaq black brant (Branta nigricans)
(female) or gander (male)
suŋauravik (Nu) blue bead suŋauravigñaq bluish bead
ugik- [ugIk](i) to fight viciously (of ugiġñaq (Nu) sea lion
dogs); (t) to maul, bite her/him/it, to fight
her/him/it (of dog, bear, etc.)
umialik [lit. “the one with a boat”] umialignaq or umialiŋnaq ruling church
whaling captain; rich person; king; boss; elder; (Nu) fairly rich man
foreman; king (suit in cards)

+naq2 vn (limited) indicates ocean or wind currents

°ati1 (root) area below; bottom, atchaġnaq ocean current flowing away
underside; down from shore northwards; south flowing
current
atuagnaq northeasterly wind (paralleling
the coast)
igniġnaq stretch of smooth ice located
parallel to shore between ice ridges and
beach
°ikag (stem) westward ikagnaq(-) or ikaŋnaq northeast wind;
north wind (Jenness 1928: 32); to be
windy from the northeast; (Nu) wind that
crosses over from the headwaters of a river

855
 in a pass; (Ti) west; west wind
°kanak (stem) northwards kanagnaq northwest wind, wind from
downriver, wind from ocean

+naqsI- vv to be now time to V; to be now possible to V (note: in examples with

niġi- and utiq- below time is the grammatical subject in the transitive endings
used)
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it) niġiñaqsi- (t) to be time to eat (restricted
to transitive indicative endings) »
niġiñaqsigaatigut it is time for us to eat
pituk(-) chain; (t) to tie, chain pitugnaqsi- (i) time to be chained to their
her/him/it to a stake, pole; to hook it = stakes (of dogs) » qimmit pitugnaqsirut it
house to electricity or sewer system is now time for the dogs to be tied up
utiq- to return, go back (for her/him/it); utiġnaqsi- to be time to return »
(t) to return to her/him = spouse after a utiġnaqsigaasi it is time for you to return
separation

+nasaa- vv (limited) to hesitate

kiu- [kigu] to answer (her/him/it) kiunasaaŋit- to not hesitate to answer
(her/him/it)

+nasuaq- vv to V quickly
kamiktuq- (i) to get dressed after
getting out of bed; to wear boots
miquq- to sew (it)
tikit- [tikIt] (i) to arrive at, reach one's
destination or goal; (t) to reach
her/him/it
kamiktuġnasuaq- (i) to hurry and get
dressed once out of bed »
kamiktuġnasuaġiñ hurry up and get
dressed
miquġnasuaq- to sew (it) quickly »
miquġnasuaġaa she is sewing it hurriedly
tikiññasuaq- (i) to arrive at one’s
destination with speed; (t) to reach
her/him/it quickly » tikiññasuaġluk let'sd
hurry and reach our destination

+nasugi- vv (embedding postbase) to think or believe that one is V or is V-ing §

+asugi- vv
miki- (i) to be small » aġnaq mikiruq mikinasugi- (i) to think that one’s self is
the woman is small small; (t) to think that she/he/it is small »
aġnaq mikinasugiruq woman thinks she
(herself) is small;
aġnaq mikinasugigaa aŋutim the man
thinks the woman is small
ilisaġi- (t) to recognize her/him/it » ilisaġinasugi- (i) to think that one’s self is
aŋutim ilisaġigaa aġnaq the man recognized; (t) to think that she/he
recognizes the woman recognize her/him/it » aġnaq
ilisaġinasugiruq aŋunmun the woman
thinks the man recognizes her; aġnaq

856

tautuk- to see (her/him/it) » aġnaq
tautuktuq aŋunmik the woman sees a
man
anniq- [annIq] (i) to become injured;
(t) to hurt her/him/it » aġnaq anniqsuq
the woman is hurt; aŋutim anniġaa
aġnaq the man hurt the woman
navik- to break (it) » qallun
naviktuq the cup broke
+natipak vv this time would be better spent V-ing; might as well V
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it)
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savagnatipak this time would be better
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it; spent working
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial
+nayaq- vv would probably V
ilisaġi- (t) to recognize her/him/it
857
ilisaġinasugigaa aŋutim the man thinks he
recognizes the woman; aġnaq
ilisaġinasugigaa aŋunmun nukatpiam the
young man thinks that the woman was
recognized by the man
tautuŋnasugi- (i) to think that one’s self is
seen; (i) to think that one sees something or
someone; (t) to think that she/he sees
her/him/it » aġnaq tautuŋnasugiruq
aŋunmun the woman thinks that the man
sees her; aġnaq tautugnasugiruq
aŋunmik the woman thinks she sees a man;
aġnaq tautugnasugigaa aŋunmik
nukatpiam the young man thinks that the
woman sees a man
anniġnasugi- (i) to think that one’s self is
injured; (i) to think that one was injured by
someone or something; (t) to think that
she/he injured her/him/it » aġnaq
anniġñasugiruq the woman thinks she is
injured; aġnaq anniġñasugiruq aŋunmun
the woman thinks she has been hurt by the
man; aġnaq anniġñasugigaa aŋutim the
man thinks the woman is hurt; the man
thinks he hurt the woman
naviŋnasugi- (t) to think that it is broken;
(t) to think that she/he broke it » qallun
navignasugigaa aŋutim the man thinks the
cup broke/the man thinks he broke the cup;
qallun navignasugigaa aŋutim aġnamun
the man thinks the woman broke the cup
niġiñatipak might as well eat
ilisaġinayaq- (t) would recognize
her/him/it » imma qanipayaaġupta
ilisaġinayaġikput it is possible that if we
had been a little closer we would have
recognized him
 miluq- (t) to hit her/him/it with a
thrown object; (t) to shout hurtful
words at her/him
pi(-) [pI] (t) to take, get, procure, acquire
her/him/it; (t) to do it; (t) to say to
her/him; an entity
qimak- (i) to escape, flee; (t) to leave
her/him/it behind
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what;
(t) to do what to her/him/it
-nġaq vn, nn (limited) result or product possessing a quality of the N or V | perhaps
‘= It-2 nv :[ġ]aq nn §
aġviq [aġviQ] [dual aġvak, pl. aġviġit,
archaic pl. aavġit; archaic rel. form
aavġum] bowhead whale (Balaena
mysticetus); Pacific right whale (Balaena
glacialis)
°aku (root) space in-between, physical
or temporal
¤auksiq- to allow to become reddish
like blood
niġliq [niġliQ] general term for goose
(female) or gander (male)
puuq(-) [puguq] sealskin poke; a
container; a sac, covering (e.g., young
grass leaf covering stem); top edge of
boot where drawstring is inserted; (t) to
wrap it; (t)(Ti) to bandage her/him/it
qayaq one person skin kayak
suvluaqtuq- (i) to blow on (her/him/it)
with successive gusts
-nġaq- vv (limited) to V recently or for the first time
agli- (i) to grow in size, become large,
big
aġvak-2 or (Ti) aġvaaq- (i) to kill a
whale in a whale hunt
aŋu-1 (i) to catch a game animal; (t) to
catch up with her/him/it; (t) to have seen
her/him/it when young; (t) to reach
her/his height
858
miluġnayaq- (t) would sew it »
miluġnayaġiga I would throw something
at it and hit it
piñayaq- (i) would participate; would
happen; (t) would take it » piñayaqpiuŋ
would you take it
qimagnayaq- (i) would flee; (t) would
leave her/him/it behind »
qimagnayaqtuŋa I would run away
sunayaq- (i) would do what; (t) would do
what to her/him/it » sunayaqpiñ
tautukkupku what would you do if you
saw it
aġviñġaq oil from rendered, whale
blubber
akunġaq space between items
¤auksinġaq (Ti) sealskin dyed with
red alder
niġlinġaq black brant (Branta nigricans)
puuġriñġaq backpack, bag used to carry
hunting equipment, dog chains, etc.; sled
bag
qayyiñġaq (Nu) skin covering of kayak
suvluaqtunġaq flute, a woodwind musical
instrument
agliñġaaq (Nu) adolescent girl
aġvanġaqtuaq whaling captain who has
caught his first whale
aŋunġaqtuq he has gotten his first animal
 katit- (i) to gather, congregate, assemble; katinġaaq newly married person
(i) to marry, wed; (i) to merge; (t) to
gather them together; (t) to harvest it =
crop
tikit- [tikIt] (i) to arrive at, reach one’s tikiñġaaq newly arrived visitor
destination or goal; (t) to reach
her/him/it
tusaa- [tusaga] to hear (her/him/it) tusaanġaiqi- (i) to hear and want to hear
more

+nġIq- vv (limited) to cease V-ing | +niQ1 vn :Iq-2 nv

ati-1 (i) to be the same, equal, identical, atinġiq- (i) to have a disagreement; (t) to
be in agreement; (i) to have a tie vote, to cause them to have a disagreement
have the same number of votes; (t) to
treat them equally
niġisuksiu- (i) to experience hunger niġisuksiunġiq- (i) to have an abundance
of food after near starvation
nikasuk- (i) to be uncertain; (Nu) to quit, nikasunġiq- (i) to become definite, bold
give up (in one’s mind); (t) to persuade her/him to
become definite, bold (in her/his mind)
piu- (i) to be “it”; (i) to be the “one” (as piunġiq- (i) to become useless, worthless;
in a game of “tag,” etc.) become angry, irrational; (t) to render
her/him/it useless, worthless, irrational
qaunakłaaq- to be careful, cautious, qaunakłaanġiq- (i) to become nasty,
discrete with (it) vulgar, profane | +laaq-1 vv +nġIq- vv
qipi- (i) to toss and turn in bed; (i) to qipinġiun swivel on dog team hitch rope
writhe, to twist the body, usually in pain;
(t) to wind it (of a clock); (t) to twist,
screw it = lid on or off
siqu- (i) to fall asleep; (Ti) (i) to close siqunġiq- (i) to close one’s eyes
one’s eyes

suksraġi- to respect (her/him/it) suksraġinġiq- (i) to no longer respect

her/him/it
suksraunġiq- (t) to destroy it
uŋasik- (i) to be far away; (t) to be far uŋasiñġiq- (i) to be imminent, about to
away from her/him/it happen, looming

+nġIt- vv to not be V-ing or V | +niQ1 vn :It-1 nv § ±ŋIt- vv

-nġu- rv (limited) to experience V in extremes § -liñġu- nv

agniq(-) [agnIq]or aŋniq(-) blizzard,
snowstorm, blowing snow; (i) to have a
blizzard
*iqIk (root) laziness; lack of initiative;
lethargy; boring; uninspiring; lack of
agniñġu- (i) to be stopped or delayed by a
blizzard
iqianġutu- (i) to be lazy, especially when
one is tired or not quite fully awake

859
 eagerness, unwillingness
kiŋu(-) rear part of any item; rear kiŋunġuu- (i) to mourn
sealskin poke in a boat (Kisautaq: 650);
(Ti) three-quarter inch manila rope used
with whaling harpoon; large float
fastened at end of harpoon line; (i) to be
late; (i) to be over (of an activity); (i) to
be gone, have moved on (of animals); (t)
to be late for her/him/it
*quvi (root) happiness, joy quvianġu- (i) to be always joyously
contented
°tamaq (root) entirety, whole tamanġun a person whom one is related to
in several ways

-nġuq nn, nv (limited) one’s N via marriage | perhaps -un2 nn ±ġuq nn

aŋayuk (Nu) older sibling aŋayunġuq senior-co-in-law, spouse’s
older sibling’s spouse
nuka or nukaq or nukatchiaq or nukaunġuq spouse’s younger sibling’s
nukaaluk younger sibling spouse

+nI-1 vv (embedding postbase) to confirm, report that one is V, V-ing, V-ed

ai-2 [agi] (i) to go home, to come home
» aġnaq airuaq the woman came home confirm that she/he/it is home »
aggisi- (t) to bring or take her/him/it
home
tautuk- to see (her/him/it) » aġnaq
tautuktuq aŋutaiyaanik the woman
sees boys; aġnam tautukkai aŋutaiyaat the woman said she saw boys;
the woman sees the boys
aiñi- (i) to confirm one is home; (t) to
aġnaq aiñiruaq the woman said she came
home; aġnaq aiñiraa aŋutim the man said
the woman came home
aggisiñi- (i) to say that one’s self was taken
home by her/him = expressed in terminalis
case » aġnaq aggisiniruaq aŋunmun the
woman said that she was taken home by the
man;
(t) to say that she/he took her/him/it home »
aŋutim aggisiniraa aġnaq the man said he
brought the woman home;
(t) to say that she/he/it was taken home by
her/him expressed in terminalis case (of
she/he) » aġnaq aggisiniraa aŋunmun
nukatpiam the young man said that the
woman was taken home by the man
tautugni- (i) to say one saw a person or an
object » aġnaq tautugniruaq aŋutaiyaanik
(i) to say one’s self was seen by her/him =
expressed in terminalis case » aŋutaiyaat
tautugniruat aġnamun the boys said they
were seen (by the woman);

860

anniq- [annIq] (i) to become injured;
(t) to hurt her/him/it » aġnaq anniqsuq
the woman is hurt; nukatpiam anniġaa
aġnaq the young man hurt the woman
navik- to break (it) » qallun naviktuq
the cup broke; nukatpiam navikkaa
qallun the young man broke the cup
+nI-2 vv (limited) (only with intransitive negative optative imperative mood
endings) despite being V |
miki- (i) to be small
nutaġaq young person; fresh
powder snow
utuqqau- (i) to be old
+niaġugnaq- vv will probably V | +niaq- vv +[s]ugnaq- vv
ai-2 [agi] (i) to go home, to come home
861
(t) to say she/he saw her/him/it » aġnam
tautugnirai aŋutaiyaat the woman said she
saw the boys;
(t) to say that she/he/it was seen by
her/him/it = expressed in terminalis case (of
another she/he) » aŋutaiyaat tautugnirai
aġnamun nukatpiam the young man said
the boys were seen by the woman;
(t) to say that she/he/it saw her/him/it =
expressed in modalis case (of another
she/he) » aġnaq tautugniraa aŋutaiyaanik
nukatpiam the young man said the woman
saw boys
anniġni- (i) to say one injured
herself/himself = expressed in modalis case
» aġnaq anniġñiruaq inmiñik the woman
said she injured herself;
(i) to say that she/he was injured by her/him
= expressed in terminalis case » aġnaq
anniġñiruaq nukatpiamun the woman said
she got hurt by the young man;
(t) to say that she/he/it was injured by
her/him/it = expressed in terminalis case (of
another she/he) » aġnaq anniġñiraa
aŋutim nukatpiamun the man said the
woman was hurt by the young man
naviŋni- (t) to say it broke; (t) to say it was
broken by oneself » qallun navigniraa
aŋutim the man said the cup broke;
(t) to say it was broken by her/him/it =
expressed in terminalis case » qallun
navigniraa aŋutim nukatpiamun the man
said the cup was broken by the young man
mikiniñani despite her/his being
small
nutaġauniñani despite her/his
being young
utuqqauniñani despite her/his
being old
aiñiaġugnaq- (i) will probably go home »
aiñiaġugnaqtuq anaqapak he will

1
naat- (i) to now be complete; (t) to
finish, complete it
nullaq- (i) to set up camp for the night,
encamp; (i) to stay at a hotel
probably go home this evening
naanniaġugnaq- (t) will probably
complete, finish it » naanniaġugnaġaa
atigitchiaksrautiga uvlaakun she will
probably finish my brand new parka
tomorrow
nullaġniaġugnaq- (i) will probably set up
camp for the night »
nullaġniaġugnaqtugut kuuk
tikitkuptigu we will probably set up camp
for the night when we reach the river

+niala- vv to try to V forcefully; to persist in V-ing although the performance is

below par; to persist in V-ing although told or advised not to | +nIt- vv -ala- vv
atuq-1 to sing (it) atuġniala- to persist in singing (it) »
atuġnialaruam
kanŋutchaipalukkaatigut the one who
was trying to sing sure made us
embarrassed
1
iki- or iku- (i) to position or place ikuniala- to persist in getting (her/him/it)
oneself into a container or a conveyance; onboard » ikunialavluni ikuruq because
(t) to place or put her/him/it into a he was persistent in trying to get on board,
container or conveyance he got on
makit- (i) to stand up; (i) to get makinniala- to persist in standing (it) up »
out of bed; (i) to arise; (t) to set makinnialaruaq tautuktaġa I saw him
it upright trying to stand up

+nialaliqtuq- vv to persist in V-ing forcefully | +niaq(-) vv -la- vv

-liqtuq- vv

+nialapiaġataq- vv to really persist in V-ing | +nIt- vv -ala- vv +piaq-2 vv –ataq-1 vv

pilluataq- or pillautaq- (i) to get along pilluataġnialapiaġataq- (i) to really
well with others; (i) to have no trouble persist in doing one’s best (on it)
performing one’s activities; (i) to do
things right; (i) to do well; (i) to
prosper; (i) to be fortunate, e.g., in
hunting; (t) to do a good job on it or by
her/him
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of uqaġnialapiaġataq- (i) to really persist in
leg-hold trap which when stepped on trying to speak » uqaġnialapiaġataqtuq
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep ikka aquppiutamiñun mayuqtiqami
talking to her/him for the purpose of look over there, he is really persisting in
advising her/him on the proper way to wanting to talk, going so far as to climb up
live on his chair

+niaŋitpallIq- vv probably will not V | +niaq- vv ±ŋIt- vv +p/vallIq-

862
+niapiaq- vv to be determined to V | +niaq(-) vv +piaq-2 vv

+niaq- vv will V (future)

ilaaq(-) patch on clothing; addition to a
house; (t) to patch it; (t) to build an
addition on it = house
makit- (i) to stand up; (i) to get out of
bed; (i) to arise; (t) to set it upright
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t)
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it;
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial
sumiit- (i) located where
ilaaġniaq- (t) will put a patch on it »
ilaaġniaġaik kamikłuka she will patch my
pants
makinniaq- (i) will stand up; will get out of
bed; (t) will set it upright »
makinniaŋitchugut makitpata we will not
stand up when they stand up
savagniaq- will work (on it); (t) will
prepare it = corpse for burial »
savagniaġikpuk qamun uvlaakun we d
will work on the car tomorrow
sumiinniaq- (i) will be where » ukiutqigu
sumiinniaqpisi where will you be next year

+niaq(-) vv, vn (limited) one who endeavors/strives to V; to try to, strive toV §
+niatak- vv (more commonly used)
aġvak-2 or (Ti) aġvaaq- (i) to kill a aġvagniaq- (i) to hunt bowhead whales
whale in a whale hunt
aŋu-1 (i) to catch a game animal; (t) to aŋuniaq- (i) to hunt » aŋuniaġniaqpiñ will
catch up with her/him/it; (t) to have seen you go hunting
her/him/it when young; (t) to reach
her/his height
aqpat- (i) to run (of a human) aqpanniaq- (i) to try to run »
aqpanniaġnak don't try to run
iqaluk(-) or (Nu) qaluk(-) fish; (i) to iqalugniaq- (i) to fish
catch a fish
°sanI (root) broadside, side saniññiaq- (i) to travel in order to trade or
to buy
siqu- (i) to fall asleep; (Ti) (i) to close siquniaq- (i) to try to fall asleep
one’s eyes
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of uqaġniaq- (i) to try to talk » uqaniaġnak
leg-hold trap which when stepped on don't try to talk
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live

+niaqpalliq- vv probably will V | +niaq- vv +p/vallIq- vv

+niaqtuaqsI- vv to begin to try to forcefully V | +niaq(-) vv +tuq-1 vv -aqsI- vv

illati- (i) to join, become a member; (t) illatiniaqtuaqsi- (i) to begin to try

863
 to include her/him/it
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside;
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside
forcefully to join, to become a member »
tikiłłunilu illatiniaqtuaqsigaluaqtuq
suliqutigiŋitkaat they did not
acknowledge him although he tried very
hard to join them as soon as he arrived
isiġniaqtuaqsi- (i) to begin to try to enter
forcefully; (t) to begin to try to enter it;(t)
to begin to try to bring her/him/it inside »
isiġniaqtuaqsiruaq tiguviñaġaa he
violently grabbed the one who was just
about to try to force his way inside

+niaqtuq- vv to try to V forcefully | +niaq(-) vv +tuq-1 vv

+niasuk- vv (only with subordinative endings) by virtue of the fact that...; thank
goodness……
nutqaq- (i) to stop; to die nutqaġniasuk- (i) thank goodness
she/he/it stopped… » nutqaġniasukłuta
tautuktiġruaġikpiñ it’s a good thing we
stopped; I got to see you
1
uqallak- (i) to speak uqallaŋniasuk- (i) thank goodness she/he
said something » uqallaŋniasukłuni
apuŋisiġikput we did not crash into her
because she said something (alerting us to
the fact that she was in front of us)

+niatak- vv to try, attempt, or strive to V

ilit- [ilIt] (i) to learn; (t) to learn of
her/his ways, habits; to learn it
imiq(-) [imiQ] drinking water; a
beverage; an alcoholic drink; potable
liquid, broth; amniotic fluid; to drink (it)
isak- (t) to reach and get it; (i) to obtain
it = a C.O.D. package at the post office
naat-1 (i) to now be complete; (t) to
finish, complete it
ililññiatak- (t) to try to learn it » suna
imña iliññiatakpiuŋ what is it that you are
trying to learn
imiġniatak- to try to drink (it) » uvvauna
sumik imiġniatakpa what is he trying to
drink
isaŋniatak- (t) to reach and try to get it
immaimña suna isaŋniatakpiuŋ what are
you trying to get
naanniatak- (t) try to finish (it) »
naanniataguŋ try to finish it

+niayuġat- vv to be not about to V; to have no intent to V

naatchi- (i) to finish, to complete
something
nuŋu- (i) to be depleted, used up; (i) to
get a worn spot; (i) to be an old moon,
naatchiñiayuġat- (i) to be not almost
finished » naatchiñiayuġattugut
uqaluŋnik savaaqaqtuanii we who work
on words see no end to our work
nuŋuniayuġat- (i) to still be abundant, not
almost depleted » nuŋuniayuġattuq there's

864
 i.e. no moon
qai- [qaġI] to come (toward her/him/it)
qasuq- (i) to stop, quit
still plenty of it, its not almost gone,
depleted
qaiñiayuġat- (i) to not be about to come, to
have no intention of coming »
qaiñiayuġattut apkua those people must
have no intention of coming
qasuġniayuġat- (i) to have no intention of
stopping or slowing down » tavra
qasuġniayuġalgitchuŋa once again I have
no intention of stopping, quitting

+niġaq- vv to accuse; to describe one as having a certain attribute

ilisima- to know (her/him/it)
isivruk- or isivruuraq- to whisper (to
her/him)
saglu- (i) to lie, not tell the truth
ilisimałhaaġniġaq- (i) to say one knew
more; (t) to say that she/he knew more »
ilisimałhaaġniġaqtuaq she was saying
that she knew more
isivruuraġniġaq- (t) to say she/he was
whispering » isivruuraġniġaqługu
makitittaa accusing her of whispering, he
made her stand up
sagluniġaq- (t) to accuse her/him of lying
» sagluniġaqpauŋ did she accuse him of
lying

-niġluk(-) vv, nn (limited) to V badly, with evil, or dreadful consequences

aitchuq- (t) to give her/him/it aitchuniġluun death inducing cursed object
something given by a shaman to someone he wishes to
harm or kill
ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be aniñiġluk- (Ti) (i) to storm out
born; (i) to emerge from the den in
spring (of hibernating animal)
iġñi- (i) to give birth to a child iġñiñiġluk- to die at childbirth (of the
mother)
nivliq- (i) to utter a sound, express nivliñiġluk- (i) to utter a harsh sound
oneself audibly, make a vocal noise: (i)
to speak; (i) to cry out
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what; suniġluk illness
(t) to do what to her/him/it
tikit- [tikIt] (i) to arrive at, reach one's tikiññiġluk- (i) to arrive upon a sad
destination or goal; (t) to reach her/him/it situation
tusaa- [tusaga] to hear (her/him/it) tusaaniġluk- to hear bad news (about
her/him/it)

+nii- vv (limited)
aullaq- (i) to leave, go away, depart; (i) aullaġnii- to begin (it)
to start (of engine)

865
-nik-1 nv to acquire N
nukik [nukIk] muscle; ligament;
strength
punniq [punniQ] bread (made with
yeast)
siku(-)1 ice; to freeze over; to become
icy
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what;
(t) to do what to her/him/it
tatqiq [tatqIq] moon; month
umiaq(-) [umiġaq] a boat; (i) to go
hunting in an umiak for sea mammals;
(Ti) (i) to be out at whaling camp or in a
whaling boat
ui1 husband
nukiñik- (i) to gain strength, recover from
an illness » nukiñiktuq she has recovered
from an illness
punninik- (i) to have bread now
sikunik- (i) to have ice now
sunik- (i) to acquire what » suniksimava
what did she acquire
tatqiñik- (i) to be a new moon; to be
another month
umianik- (i) to acquire a boat
uiñik- (i) to marry a man, to take a
husband

+nik-2 vv (limited) to V someone or something § +nnik- vv

+niluk- vv indicates that a child or a weak person is trying to V and deserves

compassion
niu- [nigu] (i) to get out of a conveyance niuniluk- (i) to try to disembark (of one
or a container; (t) to take her/him/it out
of a conveyance or a container
pilak- (i) to butcher a carcass; (t) to
butcher it = a carcass
pisuaq- (i) to walk; (t) to walk it =
distance
who is frail or disabled); (t) to try to take
her/him/it out of a conveyance or a
container (of one who is frail or disabled)
» niuniluktuaq igña aaquaksraq
ikayuġuŋ help that old lady who is trying
to disembark
pilaŋniluk- to try to butcher (it = carcass)
(of one who is frail or does not know how)
» natchiq pilagnilukkaa she is doing her
best to flense the seal
pisuaġniluk- (i) to try to walk (of child or
a person with a leg injury) » niugiitchuaq
pisuaġniluktuaq naglignapaluktuq the
one with the leg injury trying to walk was
very deserving of sympathy

+niQ1 or ~niQ or = niQ or -niQ vn, rn (limited) result, activity, condition, or

manner; one that Vs or was V-ed § -mniq vn
°aku (root) space in-between, physical akunniq interval of time or space between
or temporal two events or objects
allaq- (Ti) to be clear (of weather) allaġniq clear sky

866
aluk(-) dog mush (food); (i) to lap up aluktinniq snow cliff
food or water into the mouth with the
tongue; (t) to lick her/him/it once
anaaq- (t) to bruise her/him anaaġniq bruise
aniq- to speak, say to (her/him) aniġniq breath
ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be anisaġniq current flowing out from creek
born; (i) to emerge from the den in or river
spring (of hibernating animal)
ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be anniññiq hole in ocean ice made by river
born; (i) to emerge from the den in current at the mouth of the river
spring (of hibernating animal)
aŋi-2 [aŋI] (i) to be revived, be aŋiñiq resurrected being, risen soul
resurrected, come back to life
aŋivit- or aŋivraq- (i) to become loose, aŋimniq (Ti) bone joint such as elbow or
untied, unraveled, unwound, or knee
disassembled; (t) to loosen, untie,
unravel, unwind it; (t) to take apart,
disassemble it
apuq- to bump or crash (into her/him/it); apuqtinniq sea ice which has been pushed
(i) to reach shore onto shore
argak(-) or (Ti) algak finger; hand; to argagniq measure of hand breadth
dig (in it) with hands or paws; to use an
ice scratcher (a tool made of seal claws
mounted on a wooden handle used to
simulate the scratching of a seal to lure
it to its breathing hole)
arriqsit- (i) to bruise; (t) to give her/him arriqsinniq blood bruise (an ecchymosis);
a bruise; (t) to kill an animal in such a animal pelt with blood stains
way that it is soaked through with blood
atchii- (i) to enroll, to register or sign atchiiñiq will, testament; enrollment;
one’s name; (i) to make a will; (t) to census
enroll her/him; (t) to will things to
her/him; (i) to conduct a census
attinniq hole or thin spot in sea ice near
mouth of river, which has melted as river
breaks up
au- (i) to rot or decay (of tooth, wood, auniq melted, rotten area
etc.); (i) to ferment or age (of meat, fish);
(i) to become partially melted and
dangerous underfoot (of ice); (i) to
decompose
*ayaaq (root) crisscrossing ayaaqtinniq ice trapped in a narrow part
of a flowing river or lead in sea ice
igit-1 to render its oil (of blubber); (i) to iginniq rendered oil, grease produced by
turn to grease by frying (of fat or rendering fat or blubber
blubber); (t) to render it = fat or blubber

867
into oil; (t) to desalinate sea ice through a
process of slow melting
iki-2 (i) to burn ikiniq a burned thing
igniq fire
imik- (i) to resound, reverberate well; be imiŋniq mound of earth that makes an
stereophonic; to have a good sound, echoing sound when stomped on
resound (of drum); to have a rich, hollow
sound, of a drum
immaktit- (i) for puddles to form from immaktinniq non-frozen river water on
melting snow; (i) to swell (of river); (i) top of ocean ice at river mouth; puddle
to become infected (of wound) formed on ice or snow by melting water
isivanniq seal carcass buried in sand to
cure
itivit- (i) to portage; (i) to fly over land itimniq shallow part of river with sandy
instead of following the water along the riverbank
coast (of ducks as they migrate); (i) to
take a shortcut; (t) to fly over, go over,
cross over (instead of going around), and
come down the other side of it = e.g.,
hill
kapi- (i) to stab oneself once, to give kapiniq vaccination shot; knife wound
oneself a shot; (t) to stab, pierce
her/him/it once; (t) to give a shot, an
injection to her/him/it
kii- [kIgI] (i) to clench one’s teeth; (i) to kiiñiq a bite
bite oneself; (t) to bite her/him/it kigniq gap in a row of teeth
kiki- (t) to make a notch in it = wood; (t) kikiniq place where a piece of wood is
to break off a piece from it = wood broken off
killiŋiqsit- to begin to thaw around the killiŋiqsinniq open water formed along
shore in spring (of lake, river) the beach; water on edge of frozen lake or
river where thawing has begun
kiniq- (i) to be thick (of a liquid); (i) to kiniġniq bone in caribou’s upper leg
not slide easily (as a sled with sticky attached to hip containing thick marrow;
runner base) humerus, upper arm bone; marrow in hind
leg of caribou
kiŋu(-) rear part of any item; rear kiŋuniq descendant
sealskin poke in a boat (Kisautaq: 650);
(Ti) three-quarter inch manila rope used
with whaling harpoon; large float
fastened at end of harpoon line; (i) to be
late; (i) to be over (of an activity); (i) to
be gone, have moved on (of animals); (t)
to be late for her/him/it
niġutu- (i) to be wide (clothing size) niġutiniq the wide area, section, or
breadth
nuliiq- (i) to lose one's wife, to be nuliiġñiq or (Ti) nuliilgaġniq widower;

868
 widowed; (t) to take, steal his wife
qaa(-) or qaaq (Nu) [qara] top side;
roof; surface; outer side of fabric; cover;
dorsal area of fish; (t) to put a top surface
on it
qupi(-) (i) to split lengthwise; (t) to split
or crack it lengthwise, with the grain;
half-dollar coin
sau- [sagu] to cover (her/him/it) with
snow, sand, or earth, layer by layer; (t) to
skirt it = traditional house with snow
supi- (i) to break up and flow (of frozen
river); (t) to blow it = candle flame out
siqumit- (i) to be destroyed, crushed to
pieces, shattered, broken to pieces; (t) to
destroy, break, crush it to pieces; (t) to
cut it = animal skin into several pieces
tuttuliqi- (i) to hunt caribou; (i) to
prepare caribou for consumption
uisau- (i) to be adrift on an icefloe
+niQ2 (limited) final suffix of some nouns
suŋaq gallbladder
tayaq or tayaġun wrist; bracelet
+nIq-1 vv to report or state that the subject is, has been V-ing
naat-1 (i) to now be complete; (t) to
finish, complete it
niuggaaq- to break (her/his/its) leg
quviasuk- (i) to be happy
869
(Ti) widow
qaaniq space under sleeping platform in
sod house
qumniq cleft, crack
sauvaniq sod chinking (used to clauk
holes in traditional house construction)
supiniq or sumniq initial breakup point of
a river
siqumniq chunks of broken ice, crumbs of
food, etc.; something ground up, broken up
tuttuliqiniq caribou hunting
uisauniq experience of being adrift on an
icefloe
alguniq mold-like growth on maktak
(whale skin with blubber attached) which
has been in an ice cellar for an extended
period; (Ti) measurement of the thickness
of the slice of whale’s tail cut off for
captain who has caught his first whale
iłhuaġniq boreal smelt (Osmerus
eperlanus)
iłuuqiñiq black fish
imaniq clam
suŋaġniq fatty intestine of caribou,
moose, or deer
tayaġniq or tayaġniġun wrist
tiggak or tiggagniq male seal in rut
naanŋaniq- to report she/he finished (it)
niuggaaġniq- (i) to report she/he/it broke a
leg » niuggaaġniqsuaq kataktaqami I
found out he broke a leg when he fell
quviasugniq- (i) to report she/he is happy
+nIq-2 or = nIq-2 vv,rv, nv (limited) to be (of) V; to experience a V-ing
anisaq- to begin to come out
au- (i) to rot or decay (of tooth, wood,
etc.); (i) to ferment or age (of meat,
fish); (i) to become partially melted and
dangerous underfoot (of ice); (i) to
decompose
auq- (i) to stalk an animal on ice by
crawling
°avaq (root) reappearance
igliq- or iglau- (i) to be travelling; (i) to igliġniq- (Ti) (i) to travel with ocean current
be running, idling (of a machine/engine); (of ice)
(t) to travel it = distance
°ikag (stem) westward
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil;
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
isiqsaq- to begin, commence entering
°kanag (stem) northwards
kiiñaq or (Ti) kigiñaq face; blade of
axe
°piruġaq (root) down coast
piu- (i) to be “it”; (i) to be the “one” (as piutuġniq- (i) to last long, be durable
in a game of “tag,” etc.)
qai - to come (toward her/him/it)
qugluk- (i) to wince when startled or
suddenly frightened; to fold (it in half)
quli top area; gunwale, gunnel, the top
edge of a boat’s sides
quvyuk- to be a whiteout (of weather)
quyanaq (excl.) good riddance; got
what he deserved
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what;
(t) to do what to her/him/it
1
°ua (stem) westerly
ulapit- (i) to become confused, get
870
anisaqniq- (Nu) to blow downstream from
mountains (of wind)
auniq- (i) to melt thus becoming unsafe (of
ice or snow); (i) to rot or decay
auġniq- (i) for cold air, as mist, to enter
house through an open crack in a door,
window, etc.
avaġniq- (i) to reappear after an absence
ikagniq- (i) for the wind to be blowing
from the north
iñuŋniq- (i) to be friendly, cheerful, and
courteous; (i) to be sociable
isiqsaġniq- to flow upriver
kanagniq- (i) to be blowing from the
northwest, or from downriver (of wind)
kiiñaġniq- (i) to be bold, straightforward,
unreserved, forthright; to show no respect
for authority
piruġaġniq- (i) to flow from northeast out
to sea (of ocean current)
qaisaġniq- (i) to flow from west (of ocean
current)
quglugniq- (Ti) (t) to pleat it; (t) to fold it
over
qulaaniq- (i) to gaff for fish in open water
or before freeze-up
quvyugaġniq- (i) to be in a whiteout
situation (of weather)
quyanaġniq- (t) to give her/him/it what is
deserved, usually a just reprimand or
punishment
» sugniqpa from which direction is the
wind blowing
uaŋniq- (i) to blow from west (of wind)
ulapniq-(Nu) or ulamniq- (i) to go the
 distracted, mixed up in what one is wrong way, lose one’s way; (t) to take it =
doing; (t) to be confused, mixed up wrong way when traveling
about her/him; (t) to lose it = one’s
place in a book

-niqłak- vv (limited) to V suddenly, forcefully

aqi- (i) to kick her/him/it
auk-2 to melt, thaw (it)
ilitchuġi- to become aware, cognizant of ilitchuġiniqłak- or (Nu) ilitchuqqiġluk-
(her/him/it); (t) to become acquainted
with her/him/it
itqaq- to recall, call to mind, remember
(her/him/it)
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isiniqłak- to enter violently (to her/his/its
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside
kiu- [kigu] to answer (her/him/it)
*qau (root) consciousness, awareness,
alertness
tautuk- to see (her/him/it)
tigu- (i) to take hold and hang on; (t) to
take, capture, grab, or arrest her/him/it
tinu- (t) to push her/him/it
aqiniqłak- (t) to kick her/him/it violently
without warning
augniqłak- (t) to warm up suddenly (of a
person after having been out in the cold
and coming in to a warm house causing
she/he (obj) to feel sleepy or sluggish)
to suddenly become aware (of her/him/it)
itqaniqłak- to remember (her/him/it)
suddenly
dwelling); (t) to bring it into the house
abruptly with force
kiuniqłak- to answer (her/him/it) angrily
qauriñiqłak- (i) to gain consciousness,
become suddenly sober
tautuniqłak- to see (her/him/it)
unexpectedly, suddenly
tiguniqłak- (t) to seize, grab her/him/it
tinuniqłak- to push her/him/it quickly and
with force

-niqłiuq- vv (limited)
naama- (i) to be enough, adequate, ¤naamaniqłiuq- (i) to be short of, not
sufficient, complete; (i) to have a have enough of something
quorum for a meeting; (i) to be perfect,
flawless; (i) to be well-supplied, have
everything needed, e.g., the right tools,
equipment

-niqłuk nn a large, huge, gigantic, big N

(Note: this postbase can also be used with demonstrative absolutive and relative
forms) § see Appendix 3
niulu a root of a tooth; a leg of niuluniqłuk a large leg » niuluniqłuanun
furniture niġġivium putukitchuaq she tripped on
the large leg of the table
qayaq one person skin kayak qayaniqłuk a large kayak » qayaniqłua
tautukpiuŋ did you see his gigantic kayak

871
 qimmiq [qimmIq] dog (Canis qimmiñiqłuk a large dog » qimmiñiqłuum
lupus forma familiaris) tupaktipalukkaaŋa the huge dog sure
startled me

+niqsraq or +niqtaq vn the superlative one; the one who V-ed the most § -łhaaq vn
aŋi- 1 (i) to be big, large aŋiniqsraq or aŋiniqtaq the biggest one
aqit- [aqIt] (i) to be soft, tender to the aqiññiqtaq the most pliable one
bite or touch
qutchik- (i) to be high in elevation; (i) qutchigñiqsraq the one at the very top
to be in a high position (physically or
job-wise)
saŋŋi- [saŋŋI] (i) to be strong, tight, or saŋŋiñiqsraq or saŋŋiñiqtaq the
taut strongest one

-niraaq- (limited) to display the attributes of V-ing with relish or duration | perhaps
+naq(-) vv ‘= I-1 or -I- vv -raaq- vv
kamanaq(-) bossy person; authoritative kamanniraaq- (i) to act important,
person; (i) to have greater authority than show off
others; (i) to be awesome, great (i) to be
worthy of respect, honor; (i) to be
bossy; (i) to be strong, large (of animal)
qukinaq- (i) to be clean, qukinniraaq- (i) to enjoy wearing
spotless, neat and orderly clean clothes
ugiaq- (i) to fight (of animals); ugianiraaq- (Nu) (i) to snarl (of dog)
(t) to maul her/him/it (of animal)

-nisaq nn (limited) object from a certain time or place | perhaps +niñ (ablative case)
+taq(-) nn
aippaq [aippaQ] one of a pair (persons, aippaaġnisaq something ancient
objects, seasons, years, or ages);
co-wife (woman with whom one
shares a husband)
iŋilġaan a long time ago iŋilġaaġnisaq artifact
nutipnisaq (Nu) something old, ancient
ukiaq autumn, fall season; last fall ukiaġnisaq last fall's animal pelt
upinġaq- (Ti), upinġaaq(-) to come (of upinġaaġnisaq summer skin
summer); summer; last summer

+nIt-1 vv to try, attempt, make an effort to V

atuq-1 to sing (it) atuġnit- (i) to try to sing » kanna
atuġnitchuaq aquvitquuŋ tell that one
down there who is trying to sing to sit
down
tautuk- to see (her/him/it) tautugnit- to try to see (her/him/it)

872
+nIt-2 nv (limited) to taste or smell like N § +sugnIt-
isiq(-) smoke; haze, mist, or cloud which isiqsuŋnit- or isiġnit-(i) to smell smoky
forms over open water; (i) to be smoky;
(i) to form mist, to form a cloud over
open water
qakiq-1 [qakIq] (t) to get rancid (of seal qakiġñit- (i) to taste or smell rancid, bad;
oil) (i) to irritate the throat (of rancid oil)
suŋaq gall bladder suŋaġnit- (i) to taste bitter; to taste or
smell of bile
tiggak or tiggagniq male seal in rut tiggagnit- (i) to taste or smell like a rutting
seal
uqsruq or (Nu) uqruq or (Ti) uġruq uqsruaġnit- (i) to taste like it has seal oil
seal oil; oil, gasoline, petroleum in it

+niuraaq- vv to V slowly, deliberately, cautiously | +nIt-1 vv -uraaq- vv

ilauŋit- (i) to not be a participant ilauŋiññiuraaq- (i) to deliberately try not
to participate » ilauŋiññiuraaqtuaq aŋun
ilitchuġikamiuŋ, suapalukkaa when she
found out about the man who was
deliberately trying not to be a participant,
she reprimanded him harshly
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isiġniuraaq- (i) to enter slowly, cautiously
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside

+niuraq- vv to timidly, surreptitiously, or carefully try to V | +nIt-1 vv :uraq-1 vv §

+niluk- vv
atqaq- or aqqaq- (i) to descend, go
down; (i) to step down from a tall
vehicle; (t) to put her/him/it down
physically; (t) to remove her/him =
baby from the back of one’s parka
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it)
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what;
(t) to do what to her/him/it
atqaġniuraq- (i) to surreptitiously
disembark from a vehicle; (t) to
surreptitiously or carefully try to put
her/him/it down » atqaġniuraqtuq
nutqallaavluni he is gently, carefully
trying to come down, stopping once in a
while
niġiñiuraq- to eat (it), fending for oneself
» niġiñiuraġiñ have something to eat, help
yourself
suniuraq- (interrog.) (i) to do what
surreptiously

+niusIq- vv to begin to try to V; to begin to try to V | +nIt- vv :un1 vn -Iq-1 vv

ilaaq(-) patch on clothing; addition to a
house; (t) to patch it; (t) to build an
addition on it = house
kukiu- to cook (it)
ilaaġniusiq- to begin to patch (it) »
ilaaġniusiqsaa unnuaq she began trying
to patch it last night
kukiuniusiq- to begin to cook (it) »
tikiłłunilu kukiuniusiqsuaq she began to

873
 prepare to cook as soon as she arrived

+niuti or niun vn means to V | +nIt- vv :un1 vn or +niQ1 nn ‘= Iq-1 nv :un1 vn

aŋu-1 (i) to catch a game animal; (t) to
catch up with her/him/it; (t) to have seen implement; piece of hunting clothing or
her/him/it when young; (t) to reach
her/his height
iqaluk(-) or (Nu) qaluk(-) fish; (i) to
catch a fish
iñuu- (i) to be alive; to live, reside
masut- (i) to gather edible roots
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it)
quli top area; gunwale, gunnel, the top
edge of a boat’s sides
°sivu (stem) front part of anything;
frontage, area in front of building; bow
of boat; front exterior wall of house;
time prior
aŋuniun or aŋuniunnaq hunting
gear
iqaluŋniutit or (Nu) qaluŋniutit fishing
gear; (Nu) fish trap
iñuuniun or iñuuniaġun item
indispensable in one’s livelihood;
provision, tool, weapon; item one uses in
everyday life
masunniun root pick
niġiñiutit kitchen utensils
qulaaniun (Nu) long fishing pole, casting
rod
sivunniun or sivunniuġun plan, purpose;
decision; agreement; contract; negotiation;
(Nu) goal, destination

-nmuk- nv (positional terminalis) to go towards a N; or position an item

to/on its N

-nmun v-adv (term) indicates orientation or direction towards a positional noun, or

towards the nominal quality indicated in the verb stem or demonstrative adverb
in terminalis | +t2 ÷mun
ai-2 [agi] (i) to go home, to come home aiñmun homewards
°ati1 (root) area below; bottom, anmun downwards
underside; down
°ava (stem) periphery,vicinity avanmun reciprocal, reciprocity; to each
other
iluaq- or iłuaq- (i) to be fitting, proper; iłuanmun the correct way; the correct
(i) to be correct, right; (i) to feel fine direction
killuq [killuQ] wrong one killunmun wrong direction; wrong way

kilu1 part of house or tent opposite door; kilunmun towards the back
south (with one’s geographical position
being Barrow, Alaska)
quli top area; gunwale, gunnel, the top qunmun upwards
edge of a boat’s sides
°saa2 (stem) [sara] front of body or sanmun oceanward; towards one’s front
garment; area immediately in front of area
something; lap, the front part of the
lower trunk and thighs of a seated

874
 person; seaward
°sanI (root) broadside, side saniñmun sideways
saumik [saumIk] left hand; left-handed saumiñmun towards the left
person; left side or area to the left
taliqpik right arm; right side taliqpiñmun towards the right
tunu back (of human body); back area; tununmun backwards
back exterior wall of house
with demonstrative adverbs:
avuŋa to over there (extended and avuŋanmun towards over there (extended
visible) and visible)
ikuŋa to over there (restricted and ikuŋanmun towards over there (restricted
visible) and visible)
nigiq east wind; (Ti) northwind; north; niginmun to the north
(Nu) northeast wind, northeast
pauŋa to up there on the wall, the pauŋanmun towards up there (extended
ceiling, or in the sky above eye level; to and visible)
up there away from the ocean; to up
there, upriver (extended and visible)
pikuŋa to up there on the wall, the pikuŋanmun towards up there (restricted
ceiling, or in the sky above eye level; to and visible)
up there away from the ocean; to up
there, upriver (restricted and visible)

-nnak- nv to acquire N by winning, recruitment, earning or by inheritance

aki(-)1 [akI] corresponding value, akiññak- (i) to be paid a wage, to get paid
equivalence; cost, price, value; wage;
opposite side, other side; (Ti) north side
of the point (Point Hope); (t) to
respond, acknowledge, or answer
her/him with gestures (of one who is far
away but visible)
avvaq half of something avannak- (i) to receive or acquire half
iglu(-) the other, the mate, as in a pair iglunnak- (Nu) (i) to recruit someone as a
of mittens or boots; (i) to be provided companion or helper; (i) to obtain half of
with a companion or a partner; (t) to something, especially of a catch made by
provide her/him/it with a partner, more than one hunter
companion, or a complement
ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or ilannak- (i)to acquire members
name; companion, friend, partner; part
of a whole; (i) to get a co-participant,
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
kiŋuvaat inheritance; knowledge kiŋuvaannak- (i) to inherit

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 passed down from ancestors
manik(-)3 [manIk] [ENG “money”] maniññak- (i) to acqure money
money; (i) to “strike it rich”; (i) to be
rich
naŋirrun disease, epidemic, sickness naŋirrutinnak- (i) to catch an illness
nappaq something which has been cut nappannak- (i) to obtain half
in half, crosswise split; hump of
hunchback
savik [savIk] or savik knife; metal saviññak- (i) to acquire or win a knife
umiaq(-) [umiġaq] a boat; (i) to go umiannak- (i) to inherit or win a boat
hunting in an umiak for sea mammals;
(Ti) (i) to be out at whaling camp or in a
whaling boat

+nnaq nn (limited) one inherently connected to N by one’s action or attributes

aŋun man, an adult human male aŋunnaq an item especially made for men
aġġiññaq bag (for hunting gear), sealskin
bag; knapsack
ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or ilannaq a good friend, buddy
name; companion, friend, partner; part
of a whole; (i) to get a co-participant,
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
kivri- to cut, sever something (of kivriññaq sickle
hers/his)
nipit- (i) to adhere to a sticky substance nipinnaq magnet
ġ
*paa [pa a] (root) movement toward paannaq partner
another
qiiya- to feel cold, be cold (of person) qiiyannaq very cold weather
*uu (root) heat uunnaq heat; hot weather

-nnaq- vv (limited) to experience V or N

°aku (root) space in-between, physical
or temporal
nipuŋa- (i) to not pay attention
taku- (t) to go and see how she/he is
faring; (t) to visit her/him in the hospital;
(t) to check on it
taqtu kidney
akunnaq- (i) to pass through, between or
among objects, people, or animals; (t) to
pass through between or among them
nipuŋannaq- (t) to appear to her/him/it
unexpectedly
takunnaq- to stare (at her/him/it)
taqtunnaq- (t) to hurt on one side of the
body (as from laughing hard)

876
-nnaraaq- vv, nv to enjoy V-ing
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil;
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it)
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of
leg-hold trap which when stepped on
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live
usiaqsIq- (i) to be a passenger
iñunnaraaq- (i) to enjoy being with a
person
niġiññaraaq- to enjoy eating (it)
uqannaraaq- (i) to enjoy talking »
uqannaraaqłunuk kiŋuġautchiruami we
were enjoying talking together, that is why
I am late
usiaqsiññaraaq- (i) to enjoy being a
passenger » usiaqsiññaraaqłuni
niusuŋitchuaq she was enjoying the ride
so much that she did not want to get off

+nnaun vn (limited) | perhaps +t-2 nv +naq(-) vv +un1 vn

sapi- (t) to block, obstruct her/him/it, sapunnaun an obstacle, hindrance
make passage unsuitable or impossible
for her/him/it; (i) to dam it = river

-nnI- or +nnI- vv, rv (limited) to V in a prolonged manner

kaivit- (i) to circle around; (i) to spin; (i) kaivaaġni- (i) to sit in a circle formation
“to celebrate the coming of the new year
with competition games”
kamanaq(-) bossy person; authoritative kamanni- (i) to act bossy, to act
person; (i) to have greater authority than important, to be a showoff
others; (i) to be awesome, great (i) to be kamanniraaq- (i) to boast
worthy of respect, honor; (i) to be bossy;
(i) to be strong, large (of animal)
*kim (root) unpleasantness kimni- (i) to become dizzy, light-headed
from tobacco smoke
*masaq (root) pleasure masaġni- (i) to listen eagerly, attentively,
with pleasure, especially to a story; (i) to
sun oneself; (i) to be pleased with
something, someone; (i) to be glad to talk
to someone
naalak- (i) to listen with a purpose; (t) to naalaġni- to listen, heed, pay attention to
listen to it = her/his chest, heart with a (her/him/it)
stethoscope; (t) to auscultate her/him/it
qanuġniugaq- (Nu) (i) to be indecisive,
unable to make up one’s mind
siqunġipak- (i) to blink, wink siquapanni- (Ti) (i) to squint, to narrow
the eyes
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of uqanni- (i) to caucus (in parliamentary
leg-hold trap which when stepped on procedure); (i) to hold a discussion

877
 trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live

+nnik- vv (limited) to V on something or someone

aat-1 (t) to take something away from aannik- (i) to catch a disease from
her/him/it someone; (i) to gain possession of
something from someone, i.e. toy
apuq- to bump or crash (into apuġnik- (i) to crash into something or
her/him/it); (i) to reach shore someone
avaaq- (i) to knock oneself avaaġnik- (i) to cause someone to lose
unconscious; (t) to knock her/him/it consciousness
unconscious
kii- [kIgI] (i) to clench one’s teeth; (i) to kiiññik- (i) to bite someone or something
bite oneself; (t) to bite her/him/it
naakłit- [naakłIt] (t) to trip her/him= naakłiññik- (i) to trip someone, to cause
one who is progressing forward causing someone to stumble and fall forward
her/him to stumble and fall
pasi- [pasI] (t) to blame, accuse, pasiññik- (i) to blame someone else
suspect her/him/it
payari- (t) to overcome, defeat payariññik- (i) to overpower, defeat
her/him/it, to force her/him to yield someone
through pressure; to rape her/him; (Ti)
(t) to lose hold of it, have it slip from
one's grasp
qiari- (t) to make her/him cry qiariññik- (i) to make someone cry
tukiq- (i) to hatch (of a bird); to extend tukiġnik- (i) to kick someone with the
one’s legs; (t) to push, kick her/him/it bottom of one’s foot
with bottom of one’s foot

+nniuq- rv (limited) to experience, encounter § +naq vn, '= iuq-2 nv, -liuq- nv

-nŋu- nv, vv to be hurting from, be in discomfort from, be at a disadvantage from N;

to be weary, tired from V-ing; suffer from the effects of V-ing or associated with
N
aa- (i) to cry violently, becoming aanŋu- (i) to feel faint
physically rigid, followed by temporary
unconsciousness due to interrupted
breathing (usu. of a baby)
agniq(-) [agnIq]or aŋniq(-) blizzard, agniñŋu- (i) to be delayed by a blizzard
snowstorm, blowing snow; (i) to have a
blizzard
aqpat- (i) to run (of a human) aqpanŋu- (i) to be tired from running
iggiaq throat, gullet, esophagus; (Nu) iggianŋu- (i) to have a sore throat
narrow entry (neck) of fish trap

878
 iliaġruk or iliappak or iliappałuk, iliaġrunŋu- (i) to long to see a dear friend
iliappałuuraq poor person; orphan or relative
ilu(-)2 interior, inside; abdominal cavity; ilunŋu- (i) to feel compassion; (i) to have
(t) to surround her/him/it abdominal pains
imiq(-) [imiQ] drinking water; a iminŋu- (i) to have a hangover
beverage; an alcoholic drink; potable
liquid, broth; amniotic fluid; to drink (it)
iŋiulik(-) wave or swell on ocean; (i) to iŋiulinŋu- (i) to be seasick
have swells or waves (of ocean)
ipi- (i) to suffocate; (i) drown; (i) to be ivyanŋu- (i) to be short of breath; (i) to
hot and sweaty from lack of fresh, cool feel faint; (i) to struggle to breathe
air
kigun tooth kigutinŋu- (i) to have a toothache
narrak- (i) to become pregnant; to get a narranŋu- (i) to have a bellyache
distended belly
pisuaq- (i) to walk; (t) to walk it = pisuanŋu- (i) to be tired from walking
distance
quŋusiq [quŋusIq] human neck quŋusiñŋu- (i) to have a sore neck
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savanŋu- (i) to be tired from working
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it;
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial
siitquq(-) or sitquq(-) kneecap, patella, sitqunŋu- (i) to have a sore knee
hind flipper of seal; (i) to kneel, get
down on one's knees; (t) to put one's
knee on it
tuqua spot on body where a being can tuquanŋu- (i) to feel faint
be fatally wounded; “death” (in certain
expressions)

-nŋuq- nv (limited) to become V; to be weary, tired from V-ing; to begin to suffer

from the effects of N | -nŋu- vv +q-1 vv
aanŋu- (i) to feel faint aanŋuq- (i) to be knocked unconscious,
knocked out; (t) to knock him/her/it
unconscious
*anu (root) emotional security, fortitude anusiñŋuq- (i) to be so negatively affected
by an experience that one does not wish to
repeat it
2
ilu(-) interior, inside; abdominal cavity; ilunŋuq- (i) to have the breath knocked out
(t) to surround her/him/it of one; (t) to knock the breath out of
her/him
iŋiulik(-) wave or swell on ocean; (i) to iŋiulinŋuq- (i) to tire of the rocking motion
have swells or waves (of ocean) of waves
ipi- (i) to suffocate; (i) drown; (i) ivyanŋuq- (i) be out of breath
to be hot and sweaty from lack of

879
 fresh, cool air
niqi food, meat
*tuniq (root) endurance, fortitude;
hardness of surface
tuqua spot on body where something
can be fatally wounded; death (in certain
expressions)
utaqqi- [utaqqI] to wait for (her/him/it)
-nŋutchak- nv (limited) to become affected, involving the N
ilu(-)2 interior, inside; abdominal cavity; ilunŋutchak- (i) to be deeply moved
(t) to surround her/him/it
isuma(-) mind; thought; idea; (i) to
think
*kanŋu (root) feeling of shame,
embarrassment; feeling of shyness
-nuk- nv to go to her/his/its N | -nun nv -k-3 ncv
°ati1 (root) area below; bottom,
underside; down
iglu house, dwelling, building
quli top area; gunwale, gunnel,
the top edge of a boat’s sides
ġ
umiaq(-) [umi aq] a boat; (i) to
go hunting in an umiak for sea
mammals; (Ti) (i) to be out at
whaling camp or in a whaling
boat
-ŋ nn (vocative) my dear N
aññaq cousin
ilamaaq(-) dear relative, loved one
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil;
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
panik [panIk] daughter
880
niqinŋuq- (i) to become full from eating
tuninŋuq- (i) to become tired of lying on a
hard surface or of walking on hard ground
tuquanŋuq- (t) to stun, stupify her/him/it
utaqqiñŋuq- to be tired of waiting for
(her/him/it)
emotionally; (t) to move her/him
emotionally
isumanŋutchak- (i) to become
resentful; (i) to feel aggrieved
kanŋutchak- (i) to become
embarrassed, ashamed
ataanuk- (i) to get below,
underneath her/him/it; (t) to place
her/him/it below or underneath
something/someone
igluanuk- (i) to go to her/his house;
(t) to position it inside her/his house
qulaanuk- (i) to position oneself
above her/him/it; (t) to place
her/him/it above something/someone
umiaŋanuk- (i) to go to her/his boat
aññaaŋ my dear cousin
ilamaaŋ my dear friend
iñuuŋ my dear one (said to a son)
paniiŋ my dear daughter
±ŋa- vv have the attribute indicated by the V
avit- (i) to split one’s pants; to get a
divorce; (t) to separate themd, who are
fighting; to divorce her/him
ikak-2 (i) to be dirty
imiq(-) [imiQ] drinking water; a
beverage; an alcoholic drink; potable
liquid, broth; amniotic fluid; to drink (it)
*kappia (root) feeling of fright, danger
*kipuyu (root) obtuse, slow to
comprehend
putu(-) a hole, puncture, perforation; (t)
to perforate, pierce it, make a hole
through it; (Ti) (i) to get a hole in one's
sole
saqu- (i) to turn, changing direction
avinŋa- to be divorced (from her/him); (i)
to be split (of pants)
ikaŋa- (i) to be a lousy housekeeper
imiŋa- (i) to be drunk
kappiaŋa- (i) to seek assistance because of
iminent danger
kipuyuŋa- (i) to not understand, to be
unable to distinguish between things
putuŋa- (i) to have a hole
saquŋa- (i) to be crooked (of a line,
stitching, etc.)

±ŋaaq(-) vn, vv one with the behavior, appearance, or attribute of being V, or having
V-ed; (i) to be slightly V, inclined to be V-ed
avik- (i) to divide in half or split in two; aviŋaaq- (i) to be undecided, unable to
(t) to divide it in half, in two pieces choose
imiq(-) [imiQ] drinking water; a imiŋaaq a slightly drunk person
beverage; an alcoholic drink; potable imiŋaaq- (i) to be slightly drunk
liquid, broth; amniotic fluid; to drink (it)
kinnaq [kinnaQ] crazy person, a fool; kinnaŋaaq- (i) to be slightly crazy
(excl.) you fool!
pisaqsaq- (i) to overreact pisaqsaŋaaq- (i) to be prone to
overreacting
qilu(-) rope attached to side of tent (used qiluŋaaq one with slanted eyes
in securing tent to stake); (i) to have a qiluŋaaq- (i) to have slanted eyes
muscle cramp; (t) to attach tent ropes to
it = stake in ground or to tent side frame
(wooden stakes secured into the
permafrost standing upright about four
feet above the ground and joined
together horizontally by a long two-by-
four piece of lumber); (t) to draw it =
bow; (t) to pull it up, to stretch it taut

±ŋaiq- vv to cease V-ing | ±ŋa- vv :Iq-1 vv

anniġñaq(-) pain (i) to be in pain, to anniġñaŋaiq- (i) to stop hurting
ache; to cause pain, emotional distress
anuqłiq- (i) to be windy anuqłiŋaiq- to stop blowing (of wind) »

881
 anuqłiŋaiqsuaq unnuaq the wind stopped
last night
miquq- to sew (it) miquŋaiq- to cease sewing (it) »
miquŋaiqsuat uvlaaq they stopped sewing
this morning
silaluk(-) or sialuk(-) rain, rainy silaluŋaiq- to cease raining
weather; to rain

±ŋait- vv to have not V-ed; to not be V-ed | ±ŋa- vv :It-1 vv

iliktiq- to cut material according to a iliktiŋait- (i) to not have the pattern cut yet
pattern » iliktiŋaitkigasuli atikłuksrautin i
haven't cut the material out for your
snowshirt yet
pilak- (i) to butcher a carcass; (t) to pilaŋait- (i) to not be butchered (of
butcher it = a carcass carcass); (t) to not have butchered it = a
carcass
siqu- (i) to fall asleep; (Ti) (i) to close siquŋait- (i) to not have fallen asleep
one’s eyes
tilak- to mop or scrub (it = large tilaŋait- (i) to not be washed (of floor or
surface area) large surface area); (i) to not have washed
the floor; (t) to not have washed it = floor
or large surface area

+ŋak(-) nn, nv (limited)

atun fur sock atuŋak(-) bootsole, hard sole (usually
made of bearded sealskin); (t) to put a sole
on it = boot

±ŋakłI- vv to decrease the amount or degree of V-ing § -kłI- vv and -kikłI- vv

piyuk- or piyuaq- (t) to beat her/him/it
up, manhandle her/him/it; (t) to abuse
her/him/it verbally; (t) try to kill
her/him/it
qia- [qira] to cry, weep, shed tears (for
her/him/it)
qivit- (i) to go off in a huff; to leave
indignant; to act or behave indignantly
saglu- (i) to lie, not tell the truth
piyuŋakłi- (t) to abuse her/him/it less than
one used to
qiaŋakłi- (i) to stop crying as much as one
used to
qiviŋakłi- (i) to stop becoming offended
and going away in a huff as much as one
used to
sagluŋakłi- (i) to stop lying as much as
one used to

±ŋaq- vv (limited) to progress into a state of V-ing | ±ŋa- vv +q-1 vv

*aŋI (root) failure aŋiluŋaq- (i) to fail to procure game or fish
*nayak (root) nodding nayaŋaq- (i) to nod due to sleepiness
qanit- to be near, close (to her/him/it) qaniñŋaq- (i) to have an intense desire to
be close to something or someone and thus

882
 be making the effort to draw closer; (t) to be
close to her/him/it after having made the
effort to get closer

±ŋaraq vn one which is V, has V-ed, or has been V-ed | ±ŋa- vv +t/raq vn
atuŋak(-) bootsole, hard sole (usually atuŋaŋaraq a boot to which the sole has
made of bearded sealskin); (t) to sole it been sewn
= boot
au- (i) to rot or decay (of tooth, wood, auŋaraq something rotten
etc.); (i) to ferment or age (of meat, fish);
(i) to become partially melted and
dangerous underfoot (of ice); (i) to
decompose
imiq(-) [imiQ] drinking water; a imiŋaraq a drunk, an inebriate
beverage; an alcoholic drink; potable
liquid, broth; amniotic fluid; to drink (it)
kiŋu(-) rear part of any item; rear kiŋuppiŋaraq a breech birth
sealskin poke in a boat (Kisautaq: 650);
(Ti) three-quarter inch manila rope used
with whaling harpoon; large float
fastened at end of harpoon line; (i) to
be late; (i) to be over (of an activity); (i)
to be gone, have moved on (of animals);
(t) to be late for her/him/it
qilaiq- (i) to have a hole in one's boot qilaiŋaraq a boot with a “worn-out” sole
sole; (t) to wear a hole through it = boot
sole
qiqit- to freeze qiqinŋaraq frozen oject or person
tuqu- (i) to die tuquŋaraq dead animal or person

±ŋarraq- vv (limited) to find something/someone that has V-ed | ±ŋa- vv mt/raq vn

‘-q-2 nv

±ŋasI- vv (limited) to become V | ±ŋa- vv +sI-1 vv

°piq (root) bend, curve §
saqu- (i) to turn, changing
direction
piġiŋasi- (i) to become bent; (t) to
make, render it bent
saquŋasi- (i) to become crooked, not
straight; (t) to render, make it
crooked

= ŋatchI- vv (limited) to experience a V-ing

mamaq- (i) to taste good, smell good
(of food)
umik(-) cover, lid (Nu) (i) to collapse (of
a house); to close the store (of owner); to
now be closed (of store); (t) to close it;
mamŋatchi- (i) to eat heartily
uminŋatchi- (i) to have a plugged-up nose;
to talk funny because one’s nose is stuffy

883
 (Nu) (t) to trap it = bear in its den by
covering the entrance so it can be killed

-ŋia- vv (limited) | perhaps +ŋIq- nv -a-2 vv

avan or avati appendage, extremity;
border, surrounding area
qumaq- (i) to bend forward, crouch
avataŋia- (Ti) (i) to be all around,
surrounding something
qumaŋia- or uqumaŋia- (i) to have a
nightmare; (i) to leave one’s body while
asleep and hover above or fly away, then to
“re-enter” the body to move it either by
force or by emitting a loud noise; if one has
difficulty waking up, the nightmare begins

-ŋiat- vv (limited) to be wary of V-ing

iññiq- (i) to be willed to someone (of iññiŋiat- (i) to be wary of people
something as in a legal document); (i) to
have company, have a companion; (i) to
become occupied (of a house); (i) to
become populated, inhabited; (t) to will
it to someone; (t) to occupy it (house)

±ŋilaq vn (limited) one not V

aŋi- 1 (i) to be big, large aŋillaŋilaq one not so big

±ŋiłaaq or +ŋilaaq nn not N | ±ŋIt- vv -laaq vs

aġnaq woman; an adult human aġnaŋilaaq not the woman
female; queen (suit in cards)
agna [dual akkuak, pl. akkua] agnaŋilaaq not that one over there
that one over there across, e.g., a across the way
river, a street, or a body of water
(extended and visible)
aglu(-) coating or filler applied agluŋilaaq not the whale jawbone
on underside of sled runner
(usually made of hard wood,
whale jaws, or metal); whale
jawbone; (t) to apply a coating or
filler on bottom of sled runners
aki(-)1 [akI] corresponding value, akianunŋilaaq not to its other side
equivalence; cost, price, value; wage;
opposite side, other side; (Ti) north side
of the point (Point Hope); (t) to respond,
acknowledge, or answer her/him with
gestures (of one who is far away but
visible)
akianun to its other side

884
 iglu(-) house, dwelling, building; (t) to
build a structure over it
iglumi at/in the house
qanikun close by, near, in close
proximity
uaŋŋamiñ from the west
iglumiŋilaaq not in the house
qanikunŋilaaq not close by, some
distance away
uaŋŋamiñŋiłaaq not from the west

-ŋIq- nv (limited) to take the position held by another; to lose a N (note: final weak i
of stem changes to a) § :Iq-2 nv
°ati1 (root) area below; bottom, ataŋiq- (t) to get below her/him/it
underside; down
ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or ilaŋiq- (i) to lose a loved one when he/she
name; companion, friend, partner; part dies; (t) to take away, remove a part,
of a whole; (i) to get a co-participant, member of it (including family)
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
ilu(-)2 interior, inside; abdominal cavity; iluŋiq- (Nu) (t) to get between her/him/it
(t) to surround her/him/it and something else; (t) to best her/him in
target-shooting, coming closer to bull’s eye
imaŋiq- (i) to be silent; become quiet after
talking, arguing
ini place; room; (by extension) one’s inaŋiq- (t) to take her/his/its place
presence
kaŋiq [kaŋIq] root, source; headwater, kaŋiŋiq- (t) to cut them (animals) off and
source of a river; (Nu) head of a bay; block their escape, in hunting
foot of mountain; place where peninsula
joins mainland; (Nu) tributary river;
bone or ivory barb on toggle harpoon
line
killi or killiq [killI(Q)] limit (of time or killiŋiqsinniq open water formed along the
space); due date; border, line, edge of beach; water on edge of frozen lake or river
land which has been cleared; source of where thawing has begun
river; area next to wall or floor;
stopping point, goal, destination, limit;
crucial reason
kiŋu(-) rear part of any item; rear kiŋuŋiq- (Nu) (t) to keep her/him/it from
sealskin poke in a boat (Kisautaq: 650); returning home, block her/his/its way
(Ti) three-quarter inch manila rope used home, e.g., keep an animal from returning
with whaling harpoon; large float to its burrow, hole
fastened at end of harpoon line; (i) to
be late; (i) to be over (of an activity); (i)
to be gone, have moved on (of animals);
(t) to be late for her/him/it

885
 mamiq membrane scraped from dried
animal skin used in olden days as a
bandage
mitik (Nu) slush ice (in a fishing hole)
°nali (stem) even, in line, straight
forward; (Ti) south side of Point Hope,
Alaska; price
paa1 entry, doorway; mouth of river;
hole of kayak (where person sits);
entryway to pallitchat, the outer
entrance into the sod house passageway
qaa(-) or qaaq (Nu) [qara] top side;
roof; surface; outer side of fabric; cover;
dorsal area of fish; (t) to put a top
surface on it
quli top area; gunwale, gunnel, the top
edge of a boat’s sides
°saa2 (stem) [sara] front of body or
garment; area immediately in front of
something; lap, the front part of the
lower trunk and thighs of a seated
person; seaward
°sivu (stem) front part of anything;
frontage, area in front of building; bow
of boat; front exterior wall of house;
time prior
±ŋisiq- vv possibility of V-ing existed briefly, but didn't happen | ±ŋIt- vv mt/liq-3 vv
katak(-) entrance hole in floor of sod
house (leading to subterranean tunnel or didn't
passageway); (i) to fall off
makit- (i) to stand up; (i) to get out of
bed; (i) to arise; (t) to set it upright
miluq- (t) to hit her/him/it with a
thrown object; (t) to shout hurtful
words at her/him
tautuk- to see (her/him/it),
±ŋisuaq- vv (with conditional endings) unless, until one Vs
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isiŋisuaq- (i) unless she/he enters; (t) unless
886
mamiŋiq- (t) to remove the dried
membrane from a dried animal pelt
mitiŋiq- (i) to remove slush ice from a
fishing hole; (t) to remove slush ice from
it = a fishing hole
nalaŋiq- (i) to be in line horizontally; (t) to
be lined up horizontally with her/him/it
paaŋiq- (t) to block her/him/it from
entering or exiting
qaaŋiq- (i) to pass by; (t) to go over it = the
limit; (i) to be past, done with; (t) to pass
by, overlook, omit her/him/it; (t) to surpass
her/him/it; (t) to become taller than her/him
qulaŋiq- (i) to be directly over head; (t) to
hover over, fly over her/him/it
saaŋiq- (t) to pass in front of her/him/it; to
get in front of her/him and take her/his
place in line
sivuŋiq- (t) to get in front of them; (t) to get
in front of her/him (perhaps preventing,
delaying, or forestalling her/him from doing
something that she/he will regret)
kataŋisiq- (i) could have dropped but it
makinŋisiq- could have stood (it) up, but
didn't
miluŋisiq- (t) could have hit her/him/it but
didn’t »
miluŋisiġaaŋa miluġukpaiłłuŋa he didn't
hit me with what he threw because he was
so anxious to hit me
tautuŋisiq- could have seen (her/him/it),
but didn’t » tautuŋisiġaatigut he didn't see
us, hooray!
 (t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside
nipaiq- (i) to become quiet, silent
qia- [qira] to cry, weep, shed tears (for
her/him/it)
±ŋIt- vv to not V § ±ŋŋIt vv
aqpat- (i) to run (of a human)
apta- (i) to be busy; working fast
iviq- to fit (it)
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t)
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it;
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what;
(t) to do what to her/him/it
-ŋŋaaq nn (limited) item for N
sila weather; atmosphere, air
-ŋŋaġIk- vn (limited) to have a good quality of being V | perhaps ±ŋa- vv ‘-Q vn
+[g]Ik- nv
anmuk- to go down, descend, drop; (i)
to go down a slope, to descend
gradually, to drop; indicator in a
therometer, barometer, etc.; to have
been set downward, lowered; (t) to set it
lower
aqvaluq- (i) to be round
mayuq- (i) to climb, ascend; (i) to
move to a higher position (of person),
e.g., to a better job; (t) to climb,
ascend it; (t) to set her/him/it on or in a
higher place
saniqqi- to ignore (her/him/it)
*sivii or sivaa (root) slope, incline
she/he enters it; (t) unless she/he brings it
inside » isiŋisuaġupku aġiññiaġaa it will
get wet unless you bring it inside
nipaiŋisuaq- (i) unless she/he/it becomes
silent » nipaiŋisuaġuvit aninniaġikpiñ
unless you become quiet, I will throw you
out
qiaŋisuaq- (i) unless she/he cries »
qiaŋisuaġuvit aġiuniaŋitkaatin he will not
leave you alone until you cry
aqpanŋit- (i) to not run (of a human)
aptaŋit- (i) to be not busy
iviŋit- to not fit (it)
savaŋit- to not work (on it); (i) to not
operate or function properly (of a
machine); (t) to not prepare it = corpse for
burial
suŋit- (i) to be okay; (t) to not do anything
to her/him/it » suŋitchuq it’s okay, don’t
worry about it
silaŋŋaaq raincoat
anmuŋŋaġik- (i) to have a good decline,
downward slope; (i) to be steep
aqvaluŋŋaġik- (i) to be perfectly round,
circular
mayuŋŋaġik- (i) to have a good incline,
be steep
saniqqiŋŋaġik- (i) to look good from the
side
siviiŋŋaġik- or siviŋŋaġik- (i) to be steep,
slippery, hard to climb
887
 tikkuk- or tikkuutit- (i) to bristle, stand tikkuutiŋŋaġik- (i) to be nicely pointed
on end, stiffen (of hair)

-ŋŋaq- nv (limited) to enter into a state of having been V-ed | ±ŋa- and ‘-q-1
aki(-) [akI] cost, price, value, wage; akiŋŋaq- (t) to speak boldly to her/him; to
opposite side, other side; (Ti) north side criticize her/him openly; (i) to bounce off
of the point (Point Hope); to respond, repeatedly; to resist impact; to make no
acknowledge or answer her/him with impression on someone (of words or
gestures (of one who is far away but scolding)
visible)
ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or ilaŋŋaq- (i) to be decreased; (t) to reduce,
name; companion, friend, partner; part decrease it
of a whole; (i) to get a co-participant,
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
nivi(-) [nivI] place where animals and niviŋŋaq- (t) to hang themp up one by one
insects gather; to be attracted (to it = in a cluster
bait or food) (of game animal); to flock
around, hover over (her/him/it) (of
birds, mosquitoes, bees, etc.); (t) to
cling, adhere to her/him/it

+ŋŋIq- rv (limited) to become or be

*kayu (root) enthusiasm kayuŋŋiq- (i) to be eager to go, “champing
at the bit” (of dogs); (i) to pull at harness (of
dogs pulling sled)

+ŋŋIQ vn, rn (limited) final suffix of some nouns

iviaŋŋiq woman's breast
kanuŋŋiq [kanuŋŋIQ] type of willow; egg
yolk
g
kii- [kI I] (i) to clench one’s teeth; (i) to kiŋŋiq gap in a row of teeth
bite oneself; (t) to bite her/him/it
putuŋŋiaq seal skin loop sewn between
the sole and the body of boot through
which tie strings are strung
qaiŋŋiq green-winged teal (Anas
carolinensis)
*quta (root) slope qutaŋŋiaġik- (i) to have a gentle slope

siŋŋiq [siŋŋIq] calf of leg (especially of

caribou); calf meat of caribou leg

888
+ŋŋIt- vv (limited) to not V | ±ŋIt- vv
ati-1 (i) to be the same, equal, identical, atiŋŋit- (Ti) (i) to be in disagreement, not
be in agreement; (i) to have a tie vote, to get along
have the same number of votes; (t) to
treat them equally
isummaaq- (t) to please her/him; to isummaaŋŋit- to trouble, worry (her/him)
treat her/him kindly, well

-ŋŋiu- nv (limited)
niqi food, meat niqaŋŋiu- (i) to be stingy with food

±ŋŋuaq(-) vv, nn to pretend to V; a fake N, or a toy N

iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil; iñuŋŋuaq fake person, mannequin
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
qia- [qira] to cry, weep, shed tears (for qiaŋŋuaq- (i) to pretend to cry »
her/him/it) qiaŋŋuaġmiñak you should not pretend to
cry [otherwise you will get into a situation
where you will be really crying]
savik [savIk] or savik knife; metal saviŋŋuaq a toy knife
siñik(-) sleep; (i) to sleep; (t) to spend it siñiŋŋuaq- (i) to pretend to be asleep
= day sleeping
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of uqaŋŋuaq- (i) to pretend to be talking
leg-hold trap which when stepped on
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live

= ŋŋuġaaq nn (limited) one that reverts to N § -ŋŋuq-2 nv +aaq(-) vn

mamiq membrane scraped from dried mamŋuġaaq skin parka with hide outside
animal skin used in olden days as a
bandage

±ŋŋuq-1 vv the speaker envies she/he of being V or of V-ing

naatchi- (i) to finish, to complete naatchiŋŋuq- (i) to be done (said with
something envy) » naatchiŋŋuqtutin you are done,
wish I were
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it) niġiŋŋuq- (i) to eat (said with envy) »
niġiŋŋuqtusi wish I were eating, like you
all are
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savaŋŋuq- (i) to work (said with envy) »
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it; savaŋŋuqtutin you have a job, I envy you
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial

889
 siñik(-) sleep; (i) to sleep; (t) to spend it
= day sleeping
2
mŋŋuq- nv to become N § +[ġ]uq1 nv
alla another one, a different one;
something strange
°asI (stem) a non-specific place;
everywhere; nowhere; someplace else;
away from the village; something
insignificant
atausiq [atausIq] the number one
iglu(-) the other, the mate, as in a pair
of mittens or boots; (i) to be provided
with a companion or a partner; (t) to
provide her/him/it with a partner,
companion, or a complement
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil;
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
°kisI (stem) aloneness
sila weather; atmosphere, air
-ŋŋuq-3 vv (with conditional endings) as if she/he/it is V or Vs (the speaker is
exasperated, infuriated, indignant)
ilisima- to know (her/him/it)
iriq- (i) to hide oneself; (t) to hide
her/him/it
±ŋuluk(-) vv, nn a small or little N; a small or little one Vs or is V
aŋun man, an adult human male
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil;
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
kamik(-) [dual kammak, pl.kamŋit]
boot; mukluk; Iñupiaq-made fur boot;
dog booty; shoe; (i) to put one’s boots
on; (t) to put boots on her/him/it
naatchi- (i) to finish, to complete
890
siñiŋŋuq- (i) to sleep (said with envy) »
siñiŋŋuqtuq-asu-manna I wish I were
asleep like him
allaŋŋuq- (i) to be changed, different from
before
asiŋŋuq- (i) to begin to malfunction, work
badly
atausiŋŋuq- (i) to become one, be singular;
(t) to reduce it to one
igluŋŋuq- (i) to be one half of a whole or of
a set; to be a half-moon
iñuksraŋŋuq- (i) to improve in health after
being seriously or critically ill
kisiŋŋuq- (i) to be the only one left; (t) to
leave her/him/it alone, unaccompanied
silaŋŋuq- to be good weather
ilisimaŋŋuq- as if she/he knows
(her/him/it) » ilisimaŋŋuqapku aŋun
pasilgitkaaŋa he had the audacity to
accuse me, and I don't even know the guy
iriŋŋuq- as if she/he hid (her/him/it) »
iriŋŋuqapku tikkualgitkaaŋa he had the
nerve to single me out by pointing to me,
and I didn't even hide the thing
aŋutiŋuluk little man
iñuŋuluk little person
kamiŋuluuk a cute little pair of boots
naatchiŋuluk- (i) to finish (said of a small
 something child)
puqik- [puqIk] (i) to be smart, quick to puqiŋuluk- (i) to be smart, intelligent
learn (said of a small child) » puqiŋuluktuq
taamna aġnaiyaaq that little girl is very
smart

+ŋun nn (limited) perhaps one’s N | ‘un2 nn

qatak child by other than one’s spouse qataŋŋun or (Ti) qataŋun step-sibling
through the formalized spouse exchange (through spouse exchange)

+ŋuq or = ŋuq nn (limited) final suffix of some nouns § -mġuq

kaŋuq snow goose (Chen hyperborea)
mamiq membrane scraped from dried mamŋuuk long skin pants with fur inside
animal skin used in olden days as a
bandage
minŋuq or miñŋuq ground beetle
(Coleoptera: carabidae)
ninŋuq2 cottonwood tree (Populus
deitoides)
qaimŋuq white frozen edge of a body of
water; frozen foam on beach; (Ti) smooth
ice parallel to shore, a cake of ice smoothed
by spray
qinŋuq upper part of cheekbone under the
eye
qiñŋuq or qikŋuq or qitŋuq furthest inland
point of the lake
qunŋuq a bright, white sky on horizon
indicating presence of ice on ocean
quŋuq (Nu) corpse
suŋŋuq (Nu) area between caribou’s snout
and forehead
unŋuq [unŋuQ] or (Nu) utŋuq wart; rifle
bolt; hardened resin; (Nu) knot in wood

+ŋuraaq- vv ) to V slowly, leisurely (used with verb stems which end in a t)

-uraaq- (used with verb stems which end in a vowel, k or q)
+uraaq- (used with verb stems which end in -VVC)
aquvit- (i) to sit up or sit down; (t) to sit aquvinŋuraaq- (i) to sit up or down
down on it slowly; (t) to sit down on her/him/it slowly
» iiqiniasu aquvinŋuraaġman oh, it was
so scary when it slowly sat up
makit- (i) to stand up; (i) to get out of makinŋuraaq- (i) to stand up slowly; (t) to
bed; (i) to arise; (t) to set it upright set it upright slowly »
aquvinŋuraaqqaaqłuni
makinŋuraaqtuaq he stood up slowly after

891
 having slowly sat up
yugit- (i) to travel around yuginŋuraaq- (i) to travel leisurely »
yuginŋuraaqtuq Kalaałłit Nunaanni he is
traveling leisurely throughout Greenland

±ŋuraq nn a smaller version of a N; a diminutive N § :uraq nn

+ŋuraq- vv to V surreptitiously, timidly, softly; also indicates that the subject is

either old, very young, or handicapped (used with verb stems which end in a t)
-uraq- (used with verb stems which end in a vowel, q or k)
+uraq- (restricted to verb stems which end in -VVC)
aquvit- (i) to sit up or sit down; (t) to sit aquvinŋuraq- to sit down surreptitiously,
down on it timidly, or softly (on it) » killimun
aquvinŋuraqtuaq she sat down softly next
to the wall
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isiuraq- to enter (it) surreptitiously, timidly,
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it or softly; (t) to bring it in surreptitiously,
inside, to place it inside timidly, or softly » ikkahii isiuraqtuk
igalaurakun look over there, theyd are
sneaking in through the window
makit- (i) to stand up; (i) to get out of makinŋuraq- (i) to stand up
bed; (i) to arise; (t) to set it upright surreptitiously, timidly, or softly; (i) to set it
upright surreptitiously, timidly, or softly
niġi- [niġI] - to eat (it) niġiuraq- to eat (it) surreptitiously »
niġiuraqtuaq iriqłuni she hid and ate
surreptitiously
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of uqauraq- (i) to talk surreptitiously, timidly,
leg-hold trap which when stepped on or softly » uqauraġmiñasik youd should
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep not gossip
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live

±ŋutaq vn (limited) instrument for V-ing § -lutaq n

iŋutaq owl trap; pole for hanging owl trap
in tree
nalunait- (i) to be clear, visible, distinct, nalunaiñŋutaq or (Nu) nalunaigutaq or
audible (Nu) naluŋaiġutaq brand, sign, marker to
show possession
qunu- (t) to talk cooingly to or about qunŋutaq term of endearment
her/him = usu., a baby; (Nu) (i) to sing a
dirge in mourning (often of Indians); (t)
to feel grief for, lament, mourn her/him=
the deceased

892

-paak- vv (limited) | perhaps -pak-2 vv, nv ‘-k-2 vv
qaa(-) or qaaq (Nu) [qara] top side;
roof; surface; outer side of fabric; cover; legs crossed at the knees and with arms
dorsal area of fish; (t) to put a top surface crossed; (t) to sit on chair with them = legs
on it
+p/vaalluk- vv to finally V: to V after a delay; to V for the first time
ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be
born; (i) to emerge from the den in
spring (of hibernating animal)
itiq- (i) to wake up
paqit- to find (her/him/it)
tautuk- to see (her/him/it)
+paaq nn (limited) item related to N
2
ilu(-) interior, inside; abdominal cavity;
(t) to surround her/him/it
+p/vait- vv to V excessively, too much
anuqłiq- (i) to be windy
aqpat- (i) to run (of a human)
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it)
taktuk(-) fog; (i) to be foggy
893
P
qaapaaksimaaq- (i) to sit on chair with
crossed at the knees and arms crossed
anivaalluk- (i) to go out, exit for the first
time; to finally come out, exit
itiqpaalluk- (i) to just finally wake up
paqitpaalluk- to finally find (her/him/it) »
paqitpaalluktaġa akku I finally just found
it a while ago
tautukpaalluk- to see (her/him/it) for the
first time; to finally see (her/him/it) »
tautukpaallukpiuŋ is this the first time that
you have seen it
aapapaaq (Ti) old-style barrel stove
ilupaaq inner fur clothing; lining;
insulation; inner part of anything
papaaq uterine cotyledon (Rausch 2009);
membrane around a fetus (as in caribou);
(Ti) afterbirth (of animal)
anuqłiqpait- (i) to be excessively windy »
anuqłiqpaiłłuni tiŋŋun mitchaaŋitchuaq
the plane did not land because of heavy
winds
aqpatpait- (i) to run excessively »
avilaitqatigalu aqpatpaiłłunuk
nukiñŋuruguk my friend and I are having
muscle aches from running too much
niġivait- (i) to eat too much »
niġivaiłłuni narraaġiiliqsuaq he got a
stomachache from eating too much
taktukpait- (i) to be excessively foggy »
taktukpaiłłuni tautuŋisimaraqput
umiaqpak ataunman we did not see the
ship go by because of the thick fog
-pak1 nn, rn (limited) during this or last interval of time § -natipak vn
°aanna (stem) today’s time beyond or
before this moment
aippaq [aippaQ] one of a pair (persons, aippaapak time immemorial, ancient times
objects, seasons, years, or ages);
co-wife (woman with whom one
shares a husband)
akku a while ago, some time ago
°anaqa (stem) evening
ikpaksraq yesterday; recent past
qaŋa1 (interrog.) when, at what
time in past
ukiuq(-) wintertime; last year; (t)
to come (of winter)
unnuaq(-) night; last night; (Ti)
yesterday; to become night
upinġaq- (Ti), upinġaaq(-) to
come (of summer); summer; last
summer
uvlaaq(-) morning, this past
morning; to become morning
uvluq(-) day; daylight; to begin
to grow light (of day)
+pak2 n (limited) final suffix of some nouns
agiuk- to grate, shear (it) against
another object e.g., a boat
grating against another boat
-pak- vv, nv (limited) to V for a limited while
aniqsaaq- (i) to take a breath
2
ii- (i) to starve; to become hungry
894
aannapak (Ti) tonight; (Kiv) right away
akkupak right now
anaqapak tonight, this evening
ikpaksraapak during the last few days;
(Nu) a few days ago (a span of one to two
weeks)
qaŋapak months or years past until now
ukiupak or ukiuġniñ during this winter or
this year
unnuapak during this night, tonight; all
night
upinġaapak during this summer
uvlaapak during this morning
uvlupak today
aakupak main decoration on a ring or
bracelet, e.g., a stone or a diamond
agiukpak or (Ti) agiuppak wall of sheared
ice along the edge of an open lead of water
that has been formed by the grinding action
of floating ocean ice against shore-locked
ice
Puksripak African American person; black
person
Taaqsipak African American
person; black person
taqpak nostril; (Ti) flare of nostril
tiipak a flirt
tuapak coarse gravel
aniqsaapak- (i) to sigh
iipak- to crave it = food which is in sight but
unobtainable or not offered
 *muq (root) curve
nasaq(-) hood; (i) to put one's hood up;
(t) to put her/his hood up
qiñiq- to look at, watch (her/him/it)
°sanI (root) broadside, side
siqunġiq- (i) to close one’s eyes
uluġiaq- (i) to wince in fear, flinch,
covering one’s face and eyes
protectively with the arms
muqpak- (i) to dive prior to submerging
(of a sea mammal whose body arches high
out of the water)
nasapak- (i) to keep one’s parka hood on
indoors or out, unnecessarily
qiññaapak- to stare at (it) longingly,
enviously
sanipak- (i) to be going back and forth in
front of a group of people
siqunġipak- to blink
uluġiapak- (i) to wince in fear, flinch,
covering one’s face and eyes protectively
with the arms

+pakaippaq nn nn suffix added to names of numbers to indicate that it is multiplied by

64,000,000 § -agliaq nn, -kipiaq nn. -agliaq nn,-qpak nn -pakaippaq nn,
-pakpiŋatchaq nn
atausiq atausiqpakaippaq
1 1 x 64,000,000 = 64,000,000
iñuiññaq iñuiññaqpakaippaq
1 x 20 = 20 20 x 64,000,000 = 1,280,000,000
qulikipiaq qulikipiaqpakaippaq
10 x 20 = 200 200 x 64,000,000 = 12,800,000,000
ilagiññaq ilagiññaqpakaippaq
400 400 x 64,000,000 = 25,600,000,000

+pakaq- vv (limited)
malik- to follow, accompany malikpakaq- (t) to follow her/him/it right
(her/him/it) after she/he/it has departed

-pakpiŋatchaq nn nn suffix added to names of numbers to indicate that it is multiplied by

512,000,000,000 § -agliaq nn, -kipiaq nn. -agliaq nn,-qpak nn -pakaippaq nn,
atausiq atausiqpakpiŋatchaġutailaq
1 1 x 512,000,000,000 -1 = 511,999,999,999
iñuiññaq iñuiññaqpakpiŋatchaq
1 x 20 = 20 20 x 512,000,000,000 = 10,024,000,000,000
qulikipiaq qulikipiaqpakpiŋatchaq
10 x 20 = 200 200 x 512,000,000,000 = 102,400,000,000,000
ilagiññaq ilagiññaqpakpiŋatchaq
400 400 x 512,000,000,000 = 204,800,000,000,000

-paktaq- vv (limited) to V repeatedly due to some ailment | -pak-2 vv +t/raq-1 vv §

-vaktaq- vv
pisuaq- (i) to walk; (t) to walk it = pisuapaktaq- (i) to walk lamely, to limp
distance
siqunġiq- (i) to close one’s eyes siqunġipaktaq- (i) to blink or wink

895
 repeatedly; (t) to wink at her/him/it
repeatedly
siqu- (i) to fall asleep; (Ti) (i) to close siqupaktaq- (Ti) (i) to blink repeatedly
the eyes

+p/vallaaq- vv to V too much

imiq(-) [imiQ] drinking water; a imiqpallaaq- (i) to drink too much
beverage; an alcoholic drink; potable
liquid, broth; amniotic fluid; to drink (it)
qalli- [qallI] to get near, close (to qallivallaaq- to get too close (to her/him/it)
her/him/it); (Nu) (t) to be approaching
her/him/it

+p/vallIq- vv, nv appears to be, probably is, sounds like one is V-ing
ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be anivalliq- (i) to make the sounds of leaving,
born; (i) to emerge from the den in exiting
spring (of hibernating animal)
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil; iñukpalliq- (i) to show up, to come; to
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to appear
surprise her/him/it
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isiqpalliq- (i) to appear to enter; (t) to
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it appear to bring it in » isiqpalliqpat did you
inside, to place it inside hear them enter (did they make any noise to
indicate that they are inside)
kasima- (i) to hold a meeting kasimavalliq- (i) to probably be having a
meeting
siñik(-) sleep; (i) to sleep; (t) to spend it siñikpalliq- (i) to probably be sleeping
= day sleeping
*suk (root) presence sukpalliq- (i) to make noise (indicating that
she/he is present)

-paluk(-)1 nn, vv (excl.) what a big N; to V a lot, excessively, too much

aġviq [aġviQ] [dual aġvak, pl. aġviġit, » aġvipaluk what a big whale
archaic pl. aavġit; archaic rel. form
aavġum] bowhead whale (Balaena
mysticetus); Pacific right whale
(Balaena glacialis)
iqsitchak- (i) to become frightened, iqsitchapaluk- (i) to become very
afraid frightened
iri eye » iripaluŋa what a big eye it has
isigak or isigait foot (appendage) » isigapaluŋi what big feet he has
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it) niġipaluk- (i) to eat a lot » niġipaluktuŋa
unnuaq I sure ate a lot last night
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savapaluk- to work hard (on it)
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it;
(i) to be working, operating properly (of

896
 a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial
-paluk(-)2 vv, nv to have even the slightest trace, evidence of V-ing
imaq1(-) [imaQ] liquid, fluid; non-
potable water; lake; sea, ocean; lagoon;
(t) to moisten it = animal hide to ready
it for scraping
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil;
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
itqauma- or itqagi- to keep in mind,
remember (her/him/it)
ivu- to form pressure ridges (of ice)
pi(-) [pI] (t) to take, get, procure, acquire pivaluk- to appear to be doing the activity;
her/him/it; (t) to do it; (t) to say to
her/him; an entity
qikiġġaq creaking noise made by
walking, running, crawling on frozen
snow
savik [savIk] or savik knife; metal
*suk (root) presence
-pałłuk(-) vv, nn to V badly; to V even though one is not expected to accomplish the
task, and the onlookers are pleasantly surprised; bad, evil or spoiled N
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil;
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
kukiu- to cook (it)
miquq- to sew (it)
897
imaqpaluk- (i) to make a sloshing or
splashing noise (of water) » imaqpaluktuq
sloshing water can be heard
iñukpaluk- to have people present making
customary “people” noise, e.g., laughing,
talking
itqaumavaluk- to make an indication that
she/he remembers (her/him/it) »
itqaumavaluktaŋiñmiñiqsuaq he did not
show the slightest indication of
remembering anything
ivuaqpaluk- or ivuvaaluk- (i) to make the
sound of pressure ridges forming (of ice) »
samma ivuaqpaluktuq there is the sound
of pressure ridges forming down there
(t) to appear to be have taken her/him/it
qikiġġaaqpaluk- (i) to make a creaking
sound when walked on (of snow)
saviaqpaluk(-) clanging noise made by
metal; (i) to make clanging noise (of metal)
» saviaqpaluktuat tusaavigi do you hear a
metallic clanging noise
sukpaluk- or sukpaluktaq- (i) to make
noise (of unseen person or thing) »
sukpaluktaġnak utiġuviñ do not make any
noise when you return
iñupałłuk evil person » iñupałłuitchuq
maani there are no evil people here
kukiupałłuk- to cook (it) well, contrary to
expectations of others of her/his ability to
do so » amma iqiasuaq kukiupałłuktuq
the lazy one is cooking although I had not
expected her to be able to cook at all
miqupałłuk- to sew (it) badly; to sew (it)

naat-1 (i) to now be complete; (t) to
finish, complete it @ naatchi-
niqi food, meat
qimmiq [qimmIq] dog (Canis lupus
forma familiaris)
~paq(-) or +paq(-) (limited) to attain the condition or quality indicated by the V; one
that has attained the N § +vaq- rv
*aġI (root) dampness, moisture
1
°ati (root) area below; bottom,
underside; down
iqi- (i) to contract, tighten up, e.g., of
worm, fist, etc.
nigiq east wind; (Ti) north wind; north;
(Nu) northeast wind, northeast
qitiq [qitiQ] waist; midpoint; middle;
middle seat in umiak
ugruk(-) bearded seal (Erignathus
barbatus); (i) to catch a bearded seal
-pasaġiŋIt- nv (limited) to not V very much of her/him/it | *pasaq vv +[g]i- nv ±ŋIt- vv
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what;
(t) to do what to her/him/it
-pasalait- vv to not V very much, as a general rule | *pasaq vv -lait- vv
atuq-2 to use (it); to wear (it)
898
well, contrary to expectations of others of
her/his ability to do so » miqupałłuktaŋa
she did a bad job of sewing it; she sewed it
although it was thought that she could not do
it
naapałłuk- to finish (it) contrary to
expectations of others of one’s ability to do
so » naapałłuktaŋa she finished it although
we had our doubts
niqipałłuk spoiled meat » niqipałługmik
aitchuqsimaraŋa she gave him spoiled
meat
qimmipałłuk an unruly dog »
qimmipałłuk avva qailgitchuq oh, that
misbehaved dog is coming again
aġiparaq fresh, raw, wet, untanned skin
atpaq- or arvaq- to go down, come down,
descend (from it); (t) to lower it; to make it
deeper
ippaq- (i) to eat everything on one’s plate;
to lick something clean; (t) to eat
everything on it = plate; to lick it clean
¤iqpaq- (i) to open (of door); (t) to open it
= door
nigiqpaq(-) east wind; to blow from east
(of wind); (Ti) north; northeast wind; (Nu)
north wind
qitiqpaq- (i) to be at the middle (as sun at
noon, car in road, etc.); (t) to put
her/him/it toward center
ugrukpalaq something varicolored (like
caribou fur)
pipasaġiŋit- (t) to have no consideration
for her/him/it
supasaġiŋt- (t) to not care or have no
consideration for her/him/it; feel contempt
for her/him/it, to regard her/him/it as not
worthy of attention
atupasalait- (t) to not use it for very long »

avluq- (i) to take a step; (t) to step over
her/him/it
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it)
atupasalaitkaa tamanna suppun he uses
that rifle but quickly stops using it
avlupasalait- (i) to not take many steps »
avlupasalaitchuq he does not take too
many steps
niġipasalait- (i) to not eat very much »
niġipasalaitchuq she does not eat very
much

-pasaŋIt- vv to not V for a long time, to V for a short duration | *pasaq vv ±ŋIt- vv
aniiq- (i) to be outside aniipasaŋit- (i) to not remain outside for
very long
isiġmiu- (i) to be indoors, inside; to stay isiġmiupasaŋit- (i) to not remain inside
in a cave during hibernation (of bears) very long
Utqiaġvigmiit- to be in Barrow, Alaska Utqiaġvigmiipasaŋit- (i) to stay in Barrow
for a short time

+p/vatit- vv (limited) to V quickly and clearly § -tit-2 vv

aviluq- (i) to be resonant
igniq fire
igniġuuq- (i) to spark; to flash, as of a
bolt of lightning
imiak- (i) to transmit sound well, be
resonant, as of an empty barrel, hollow
spaces, etc.
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what;
(t) to do what to her/him/it
aviluġaq- or aviluaqpatit- (i) to make a
loud clang (of metal)
igniqpatit- or igniġuuqpatit- (i) to strike,
of lightning; to spark once
imiakpatit- (i) to transmit sound
suvatit- (i) to make a bang, noise when it
hits (of bullet); (t) to hit it making a bang,
noise

-payaaġu indicates that the appropriate or preferred time is further up the time
scale | -payaaq- vn +[g]u(n)- adverb
aaqan or aaqagu or aaqagun (excl.) aaqagupayaaġu a little while later
wait; wait a minute; in a moment,
shortly, in a while, in a little while, after
a while, later on
anaqagu this evening still to come anaqagupayaaġu later on this evening
(said in early evening)
qakugu (adv) when, at what time in the qakugupayaaġu anytime
future
unnuaq(-) night; last night; (Ti) unnuapayaaġu a little later tonight (said in
yesterday; to become night early night)

-payaaq nn each and every N

iglu(-) house, dwelling, building; (t) to iglupayaaq every house » iglupayaaq
build a structure over it nanniaġiksuq every house is brightly lit

899
 iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil;
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
qimmiq [qimmIq] dog (Canis
lupus forma familiaris)
sumi located where
-payaaq- (with consequential or conditional endings) vv each and everytime one Vs
§ -tuaq- vv
qamŋui- (i) to snore
uqaqsaq- (i) to begin to speak
-payaaq(-) vv, vn to be a bit more V; one which is a bit more V (indicates that the
subject possesses the higher quality or the most quantity)
akiit- (i) to lose, be defeated; to be
cheap, inexpensive
amit- [amIt] (i) to be narrow, slim,
slender
aqit- [aqIt] (i) to be soft, tender to the
bite or touch
iñugiakit- (i) to be few
maptu- (i) to be thick, e.g., fabric,
skin, book
nakuu- (i) to be good, nice; (i) to be in
good health
siqquq- (i) to be hard, tough (of a
person or object); (i) to be opinionated
(of a person)
taki- (i) to be long
900
iñupayaaq every person » iñupayaaq
niġipkaqtaŋa she fed every person
qimmipayaaq every dog » qimmipayaat
pituitchuat tuqutchaġisi kill every dog
that is not tied up
sumipayaaq everywhere
qamŋuipayaaq- (i) every time she/he
snores » qamŋuipayaaqpan
avaalallaayumautin holler every time he
snores
uqaqsapayaaq- (i) every time she/he
begins to talk » uqaqsapayaaġman
iglaŋaviñakasaktaġa I smiled broadly at
him everytime he began to speak
akiipayaaq a less expensive item »
uumiŋa akiipayaamik piñiaqtuŋa I will
take this one here which is less expensive
amipayaaq a narrower item » pigña
amipayaaq qairruŋ give me that one up
there which is narrower
aqipayaaq a softer item » taamna
aqipayaaqpa is that one softer
iñugiakipayaaq- (i) to be less numerous »
iñugiakipayaaqtut ukua these are fewer
maptupayaaq a less thick item »
kattumiŋa maptupayaamik aitchuġuŋ
give him that thicker one down there
nakuupayaaq(-) a better item; (i) to be
better; (i) to be improved in health » una
nakuupayaaqtuq this one is better
siqqupayaaq(-) a harder or more rigid
item; (i) to be harder or more rigid »
kanna siqqupayaaqtuq uumaŋŋa that one
down there is harder than this one here
takipayaaq(-) a longer item; (i) to be
longer » taamna takipayaaq
qaġġisuuttuuŋ bring that one which is
longer
-payuk(-) vv, nn indicates that the person or animal deserves pity and is V-ing
regardless; the pitiful N
atigi(-) parka, traditional fur-lined,
pullover-style with fur ruff; (i) to put on put a parka on (of a person deserving of
a parka; (t) to put a parka on her/him
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isipayuk- (i) to come inside (of person
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside
kamik(-) [dual kammak, pl.kamŋit]
boot; mukluk; Iñupiaq-made fur boot;
dog booty; shoe; (i) to put one’s boots
on; (t) to put boots on her/him/it
naatchi- (i) to finish, to complete
something
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it)
qimmiq [qimmIq] dog (Canis lupus
forma familiaris)
tuttaaq- (i) to go to bed
atigipayuk(-) a worn out old parka; (i) to
compassion or pity) » atigipayuŋa
ilaaqviiññaq his poor parka is full of
patches
deserving of pity or compassion); (t) to
bring her/him/it in (of person deserving of
pity or compassion) » isipayuktuaq
mauŋa he entered here although we did
not think he would
kamipayuk(-) poor, old boot; to put boots
on (her/him) » kamipayuga
qilaiqsimaruaq my poor boot has gotten a
hole on its sole
naatchipayuk- (i) to eventually finish
something (of a person whom one thought
would not finish) » naatchipayuktuaq she
finally finished regardless of all her
difficulties
niġipayuk- to eat (it) (of a person
deserving of pity or compassion) » ikka
niġipayuktuq over there, the poor thing is
eating
qimmipayuk decrepit dog »
qimmipayuŋa tuquruaq his poor dog
died
tuttaapayuk- (i) to go to bed (of a person
deserving pity or compassion) »
tuttaapayugiñ go to bed, you pitiful
creature

-piaġataġaġi- (t) would really, intently V her/him/it each time | -piaq(-)2 vv, nn -
ataq-1 vv +[t/r]aġi- vv
uqaut-¤ or uqauti- (t) to speak, talk to uqautipiaġataġaġi- (t) would really talk to
her/him/it | -ut-3vv or :uti- vv her/him/it each time
qiñiq- to look at, watch, behold, qiñipiaġataġaġi- (t) would really look at
see (her/him/it) her/him/it each time

-piaġataġaq- vv to V with intensity each time

-piaġataq(-) vv, nn to V with intensity; one that truly is a N | -piaq(-)2 vv, nn -ataq-1 vv
aamaŋa- or aamaŋaaq- (i) to be mildly aamaŋaapiaġataq a really goofy person
retarded; (i) to be stupid by nature; (i) to

901
 pay no heed to one’s surroundings; (i) to
be obtuse, imperceptive and dull; (i) to
be clumsy
atuq-1 to sing (it) atupiaġataq- to sing (it = song)
enthusiastically » amma atupiaġataqtuq
he is really singing at the top of his lungs
(in the next room, not visible)
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it) niġipiaġataq- to eat (it) enthusiastically »
ki, niġipiaġataġiñ go ahead, eat as much as
you can
saglutu- (i) to tell lies frequently; (i) to saglutupiaġataq compulsive liar »
be a prolific liar saglutupiaġataq taigña iñuk that person
over there is a big liar
tiipak a flirt tiipapiaġataq one who never ceases to flirt
» tiipapiaġataq ikka over there is a real
flirt
uumisuk- (i) to be angry, feel mean uumisupiaġataq- (i) to be very angry »
igña aġnaq uumisupiaġataqtuq that
woman over there is definitely angry

-piallak- vv to be truly, really, completely, totally V | -piaq- vv -llak- vv -piaġataq- vv

aġnaġik- (i) to be pretty, attractive (of a aġnaġipiallak- (i) to be truly beautiful
woman)
nakuaġi- (t) to like, love her/him/it nakuaġipiallak- (t) to truly love her/him/it
» nakuaġipiallakkiga taigña I totally love
that one over there
puqik- [puqIk] (i) to be smart, quick to puqipiallak- (i) to be very intelligent, very
learn quick to learn
tavrapiallak precisely! exactly!
uumisuk- (i) to be angry, feel mean uumisupiallak- (i) to be very angry

+p/viaq- vv might V (if given the chance or opportunity)

ayaksaaq- (i) to proceed into water; to ayaksaaqpiaq- (i) might venture out into
take off in a boat; to walk into the water the water » ullaguŋ ayaksaaqpiaqtuq go
to him, he might start going in the water
1 g
ii- [i i] (t) to swallow it iiviaq- (t) might swallow it » qaiññagu
iiviaġaa do not give it to him, he might
swallow it
iraġuq- or iraġuaq- (i) to hit or hurt iraġuqpiaq- (i) might poke the eye; (t)
one's eye; (t) to hit or hurt her/his/its eye might poke her/his/its eye » tamattumiŋa
tigumiaŋaiġiñ, iraġuqpiaqtutin stop
carrying that long thing around, you might
injure your eye with it

902
-piaq(-)1 vv, nn to really, truly V; the real or orignal N
[Before the coming of the whaling boats from other parts of the world, the
Iñupiat did not use lumber to plank their boats; they used the skins of the
walrus and other sea mammals to cover their boat frames; with the coming
of the White whalers, came lumber; to distinguish the skin-covered boats
from the wooden boats, the suffix -piaq was attached to the word for boat
umiaq giving umiapiaq, "the real, original boat= skin covered boat";
likewise, the word Iñupiaq is used to distinguish an Eskimo from a
non-Eskimo; and niqipiaq [with the suffix –piaq attached] is used to refer to
"meat" traditionally eaten by Iñupiat]
avit- (i) to split one’s pants; to get a avipiaq- to really divorce (her/him); (i) to
divorce; (t) to separate themd, who are really split one’s pants » avipiaqpik did I
fighting; to divorce her/him really split my pants
iga(-) kitchen; (t) to cook it = food igapiaq- to cook (it = meat) by boiling it
[the tradional way of cooking meat]; (t) to
really cook it by boiling it
igaaq boiled food, cooked food, food igaapiaq boiled meat
which is being cooked
iglu(-) house, dwelling, building; (t) to iglupiaq sod house
build a structure over it

iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil;
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
itquma- (i) to be awake
kamik(-) [dual kammak, pl.kamŋit]
boot; mukluk; Iñupiaq-made fur boot;
dog booty; shoe; (i) to put one’s boots
on; (t) to put boots on her/him/it
niqi food, meat
nuut- to move (her/him/it)
umiaq(-) [umiġaq] a boat; (i) to go
hunting in an umiak for sea mammals;
(Ti) (i) to be out at whaling camp or in a
whaling boat
Iñupiaq north Alaskan Eskimo person;
north Alaskan Eskimo language
itqumapiaq- (i) to be really awake
kamipiak fur bootsd
niqipiaq meat (this refers to the meat of
animals taken by a hunter)
nuupiaq- (i) to really move or relocate; (t)
to really move or relocate her/him/it »
Ulġuniġmun nuupiaġniaqpisi will you
definitely move to Wainwright
umiapiaq skin-covered boat

-piaq(-)2 nn, nv (limited) the ultimate N

aapa father; grandfather (modern use)
amaġuq wolf, gray wolf (Canis lupus)
atuun song; record; piece of music
¤aapiaq eldest brother
amaġupiaq white, gray wolf
atuutipiaq(-) song for a “common” dance
(in which dance movements are not
choreographed); (i) to sing a “common”

903
 dance song (as opposed to a song for a
“motion” dance in which dance
movements are choreographed)
iglu(-) the other, the mate, as in a pair iglupiaq one hand (anatomical); one of a
of mittens or boots; (i) to be provided pair of anything
with a companion or a partner; (t) to
provide her/him/it with a partner,
companion, or a complement
imaq1(-) [imaQ] liquid, fluid; non- imaqpiaq wide expanse of open water
potable water; lake; sea, ocean; lagoon; starting from the edge of landlocked shore
(t) to moisten it = animal hide to ready ice
it for scraping
nuka or nukaq or nukatchiaq or nukatpiaq young man
nukaaluk younger sibling
qaa(-) or qaaq (Nu) [qara] top side; qaapiaq highest point
roof; surface; outer side of fabric; cover;
dorsal area of fish; (t) to put a top
surface on it
qalliq(-) outermost part, top part, qalliqpiaq topmost one
topmost one; (i) to be now covered; (t)
to cover, top her/him/it with something
qulliq one on top; lamp qulliqpiaq absolute top
tuunġaaġruk surf scoter (Melanitta tuunġaaġrupiaq common scoter
perspiccillata); (Nu) white-winged (Oidemia nigra)
scoter (Melanitta deglandi)

-piġuq(-) nn, nv (limited) to don a N; item for the N

ilu(-)2 interior, inside; abdominal cavity; ilupiġuq- (i) to put on long underwear,
(t) to surround her/him/it longjohns, a union suit; (t) to put long
underwear on her/him
kian or kiati torso, upper front kiapiġuq(-) vest; to put a vest on
part of body; blouse (her/him/it)

+piiññaq(-) nn, vv (limited) to be or become thoroughly V; one that is thoroughly

endowed with the qualities of the N
iluilliq- or iluilliq- or (Ti) iłuilliq- (i) to iluilliqpiiññaq- (i) to become sick
become sick, unwell, troubled, grieved; repeatedly; to get out of order repeatedy; to
(i) to become malfunctioning; (t) to become dysfunctional
cause it to not look right, or function
properly
ipiq2 [ipiQ] dirt ipiqpiiññaq real dirty one

-pik- or -pIk- vv (limited) to V somewhat

nutqaq- (i) to stop; to die nutqapik- (i) to hesitate
tuyyapiktaq- (i) to limp

904
-pIk nn (limited) example of N; final suffix of some nouns § +qpIk nn
iqaluk(-) or (Nu) qaluk(-) fish; (i) to
catch a fish
kuuk [kurik] river; tributary
niqi food, meat
-piksuaq- vv to V much more § -łhaaq(-) nv, vv
aŋi- 1 (i) to be big, large
katak(-) entrance hole in floor of sod
house (leading to subterranean tunnel or
passageway); (i) to fall off
miki- (i) to be small
+piq- vv (limited) to V for some duration
ayak(-)1 a pole used to prop up an
object; wall post; tent pole; the shaft of
a spear or harpoon; old-style,
long-handled spear, “big whaling
harpoon” (Nelson: 65); vertical support
post (of sleeping platform);(i) to be
propped up with a pole (refers only to
the moment of completion); (t) to prop it
= a leaning object up to keep it from
falling down
iqi- (i) to contract, tighten up, e.g., of
905
aqpik3 cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus)
ikpik [ikpIk] bluff; steep bank of river; cliff
iqalukpik arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus)
Kuukpik Colville River; (Nu) main channel
of a river (which has branched)
mitquapik (Nu) small willow which
grows close to the ground
niqpik boneless meat (game or fish)
papik bird's tail; top rear edge (of
traditional skin pants); the length of the
backside of a parka or snowshirt
saqpik(-) tail of whale; one whose feet are
turned outward; (i) to turn one’s feet
outward; (i) to begin a game of Iñupiaq
soccer by placing the ball between two
opposing players, each attempts to then to
kick the ball toward the opposite team’s
goal
sipik caudal fin, fishtail
siqpik eyelash
ukpik snowy owl (Nyctea scandiaca)
uqpik willow (Salix)
aŋipiksuaq- (i) to be much larger »
aŋipiksuaqtuq samma nukaalua his
younger brother is much larger
katapiksuaq- (i) to fall even further
mikipiksuaq- (i) to be much smaller
ayapiq- (i) to prop oneself up with one's
hands; (t) to accidently lean on it for
support with one's hands
iqpiq- (i) to be open (of door, tent flap, lid,
 worm, fist, etc.
kunik- [kunIk] to kiss (her/him/it); (i)
to smack into each other (of juggling
stones); (t) to bring it near to the nose to
sniff
¤+pit- vv § +mit- vv and -vit- vv
906
book); (t) to open it = door, tent flap, lid,
book
kunipiq- to kiss (her/him/it) repeatedly
makpiq- (i) to now be opened (of tent
flap, book); to turn (of a page); (t) to
open it = book, tent flap, etc.; to turn it =
page of book
¤qapiq-1 (Nu) to scoop off the fat rising
from boiled meat
qapiq-2 (i) to become discouraged and give
up; (i) to turn back, proceed no higher,
farther
ukpiq- (i) to believe, be convinced of a fact
akpit- to begin to sing or say (it = song or
speech)
kapit- (i) to be tight-fitting; (t) to fit an
outer piece over inner, e.g., snowshirt over
parka
kipit- (i) to become stained, dyed; (i) to be
brewed (of tea); (t) to stain, to dye it; (t) to
influence her/him/it so that her/his/its
behavior resembles one’s own
naipit- (t) to watch her/him/it closely, spy on
her/him/it
napit- (i) to become snared, trapped; (i) to
become fastened; (t) to trap, snare it
nipit- (i) to adhere to a sticky substance
sipit- (t) to exceed it = expected amount, to
get more than it = expected amount; (i) to
now be exceeded (of expected amount)
tapit- (i) to be folded over; (i) to walk
abreast of each other, side by side; (t) to
shoot them = two animals or things with one
arrow or bullet; (Ti) (t) for wet clothing to
soak her/his skin
tupit-1 (i) to have food stuck in one’s throat
ukpit- (t) to hem it
upit- (i) to rush eagerly to do something; (i)
to get excited; (i) to pay heed suddenly, as to
a noise or what one sees
-pkaaq- vv (limited) to V for a while § -kaaq- vv
°sanI (root) broadside, side sanipkaaq- (i) to pace back and forth; to
stagger while walking
uli or ulinniq [ulinniQ] high water, ulipkaaq- (i) to become completely full;
flood (t) to fill it completely
unit- [unIt] (t) to leave her/him/it unipkaaq(-) [unipkaraq] or ulipkaaq(-)
behind; (t) to abandon her/him/it or unipkaq legend, old story, fable, myth;
(i) to tell a legend, fable or myth; (t) to tell
it = a mythical story

+pkaġniapiaq- vv (restricted to verb stems which end in a vowel)(t) to contend, fight for
her/him/it to be allowed, be permitted, let, be forced to V; (i) to contend, to fight for
oneself to be allowed, be permitted, let, be forced to be V-ed | +pkaq- vv +niapiaq-vv §
m tinniapiaq- vv (restricted to verb stems which end in a consonant)

+pkaq-1 vv to allow, cause, etc. § mtit- vv

-pkaq-2 vv (limited) to V with exaggeration

aniqtiġi- (i) to be breathing aniqtipkaq- (i) to be panting, short of
breath
au- (i) to rot or decay (of tooth, wood, aupkaġniq rotten ice
etc.); (i) to ferment or age (of meat,
fish); (i) to become partially melted and
dangerous underfoot (of ice); (i) to
decompose
siiq-1 (i) to ooze, seep (like a sore); (i) siiqsipkaq- (i) to sweat
to leak out (of air); (Ti) (i) to sweat,
perspire
suka- (i) to be fast sukapkaq- (t) to be fast (of pulse)

+pkaqtitaq(-) vv (limited) (restricted to verb stems which end in a vowel) to coerce

her/him into V-ing
±titaq(-) vv (limited) (restricted to verb stems which end in a consonant)
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isiqtitaq- (t) to coerce her/him to enter
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside
mayuq- (i) to climb, ascend; (i) to mayuqtitaq- (t) to coerce her/him to climb
move to a higher position (of person), up
e.g., to a better job; (t) to climb, ascend
it; (t) to set her/him/it on or in a higher
place
tuttaaq- (i) to go to bed tuttaaqtitaq- (t) to coerce her/him to bed

+ppaguti- vv (limited) | perhaps +ppak- vv +uti- vv

ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or ilappaguti- (i) to become sure of oneself

907
 name; companion, friend, partner; part
of a whole; (i) to get a co-participant,
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
amongst strangers; to become well
acquainted and feel at ease with people; (t)
to become sure of oneself around her/him;
to become well acquainted and feel at ease
with her/him

+ppak- vv (limited) to assume a position or condition of V-ing

ayak(-)1 a pole used to prop up an ayappak- (i) to lean one's hands on
object; wall post; tent pole; the shaft of something
a spear or harpoon; old-style,
long-handled spear, “big whaling
harpoon” (Nelson: 65); vertical support
post (of sleeping platform);(i) to be
propped up with a pole (refers only to
the moment of completion); (t) to prop it
= a leaning object up to keep it from
falling down
iki-2 (i) to burn ikuappak- (t) to raise it (lamp flame)
*niku- (root) squatting nikuappak- or nikuppak- (t) to
raise it = flame of oil lamp

-ppak vn (limited) result of V-ing or being V

agik- [agIk] or agiaq- to rub, smooth,
or cut (it) away with a file
ayau- (i) to become blind
paya- (t) to be unable to manage or
defeat her/him/it; (t) to be not strong
enough to lift or move it
agiukpak or (Ti) agiuppak wall of
sheared ice along the edge of an open lead
of water that has been formed by the
grinding action of floating ocean ice
against shore-locked ice
ayauppak walking stick, crutch, cane
iliaġruk or iliappak or iliappałuk,
iliappałuuraq poor person; orphan
payaappak feeble, weak person

+ppI- vv (limited) to hold the position indicated by the N § +mmI- vv

°aqu (stem) behind, rear, back of an aquppi- to be sitting (on her/him/it) »
object; trunk of car, bed of truck, stern aquppirut natiġmi they are sitting on the
of boat; final chapter of story; some floor
time after; downriver end of an island
kiŋu(-) rear part of any item; rear kiŋuppiŋa- (i) to be born feet first
sealskin poke in a boat (Kisautaq: 650);
(Ti) three-quarter inch manila rope used
with whaling harpoon; large float
fastened at end of harpoon line; (i) to be

908
 late; (i) to be over (of an activity); (i) to
be gone, have moved on (of animals); (t)
to be late for her/him/it
°sanI (root) broadside, side ¤sanippi- to walk back and forth

+ppiaq vn (limited)
ayak(-)1 a pole used to prop up an ayauppiaq walking stick, crutch, cane
object; wall post; tent pole; the shaft of
a spear or harpoon; old-style,
long-handled spear, “big whaling
harpoon” (Nelson: 65); vertical support
post (of sleeping platform);(i) to be
propped up with a pole (refers only to
the moment of completion); (t) to prop it
= a leaning object up to keep it from
falling down

+ppiaq- vv (limited)
kiŋu(-) rear part of any item; rear kiŋuppiaq- (i) to move, step backward
sealskin poke in a boat (Kisautaq: 650); once
(Ti) three-quarter inch manila rope used
with whaling harpoon; large float
fastened at end of harpoon line; (i) to be
late; (i) to be over (of an activity); (i) to
be gone, have moved on (of animals); (t)
to be late for her/him/it

-pqaŋa- vv to enjoy V-ing now since one had not done the activity for quite some
time
aŋuniaq- to hunt (it = game animal)
ilaqaq- (i) to have relatives
maktaktuq- (i) to eat maktak
taku- (t) to go and see how she/he is
faring; (t) to visit her/him in the
hospital; (t) to check on it
aŋuniapqaŋa- (i) to enjoy hunting after
not hunting for a while »
aŋuniapqaŋalgitchuq imma he is once
again enjoying hunting
ilaqapqaŋa- (i) enjoy visiting with
relatives
maktaktupqaŋa- (i) to enjoy eating
“maktak” not having had any for a long
time
takupqaŋa- (t) to enjoy visiting with
her/him after not having seen her/him for
some time

-pqaŋauti- vv (limited) to enjoying V= ing with each other after an absence

taku- (t) to go and see how she/he is takupqaŋauti- (i) to enjoy visiting
faring; (t) to visit her/him in the with each other after not having seen
hospital; (t) to check on it each other for some time

909
-pqaq- vv (limited) to V with difficulty, to barely V; to V unexpectedly (commonly
found in combination with :uraq- vv)
akpak- (i) to reach the summit when akpapqaq- to barely manage to climb on
climbing; (i) to take a step up; (i) to (to it)
climb up through the entrance hole into
a traditional subterranean sod house; (i)
to come through the door of a
communal house (of a dancer in a
dance); (i) to push one’s way through a
crowd, navigate through a crowded
place; (i) to overcome a personal
problem, crisis; (t) to reach its summit
when climbing; (t) to overcome it = a
personal problem or crisis
atqaq- or aqqaq- (i) to descend, go atqapqauraq- (i) to barely make it down,
down; (i) to step down from a tall descend
vehicle; (t) to put her/him/it down
physically; (t) to remove her/him =
baby from the back of one’s parka
kiapik- (t) to fit it together, making kiapqaq- (i) to keep on going without an
edges overlap; (t) to go for or pass it = a expected stop, to go beyond what one
12 hour time period, especially to sleep intended to do
or go without sleep for more than l2
hours
makit- (i) to stand up; (i) to get out of makipqaq- (i) to barely stand or get up
bed; (i) to arise; (t) to set it upright

-pqaqtaq- vv to V with difficulty; to V infrequently, rarely

makit- (i) to stand up; (i) to get out of makipqaqtaq- (i) to rarely stand up; to
bed; (i) to arise; (t) to set it upright barely be able to stand up
pi(-) [pI] (t) to take, get, procure, acquire pipqaqtaq- (i) to perform minimally, to be
her/him/it; (t) to do it; (t) to say to a weakling » taavamna aŋun
her/him; an entity pipqaqtaŋitchuq that man is not to be
taken lightly, he is not a weakling

-pqatit- vv (limited) to V violently, noisily

misaq- (i) to smack the lips moistly misapqatit- (i) to splash violently
(once) with a thud

-pqaułłIk- vv to just barely, narrowly V, but was almost prevented from doing so
ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be anipqaułłik- or anipqauraq- (i) to
born; (i) to emerge from the den in narrowly make one’s way out, escape
spring (of hibernating animal)
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isipqaułłik- (i) to narrowly make one’s
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it way inside, enter; (t) to narrowly set it
inside, to place it inside inside

910
 iñuu- (i) to be alive; to live, reside iñuupqaułłik- (i) to barely survive, remain
alive
pilluk- (i) to survive danger; (i) to pillupqaułłik- (i) to narrowly escape
escape death; (i) to survive an illness or
accident
tiŋi- (i) to take flight, to fly away; (i) to tiŋipqaułłik- (i) to narrowly take flight
become airborne (of airplane, helicopter,
rocket)

-pqauraq(-) vv, nn to just barely, narrowly V; barely, hardly a N

ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be anipqauraq- (i) to just barely exit
born; (i) to emerge from the den in
spring (of hibernating animal)
ati-2 (t) to put it = garment on atipqauraq- (t) to barely be able to put it
on (it almost did not fit)
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil; iñupqauraq small person
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
isak- (t) to reach and get it; (i) to obtain isapqauraq- (t) to just barely obtain it by
it = a C.O.D. package at the post office reaching for it
niqi food, meat niqipqauraq small piece of meat »
niqipqauramik aitchuġaa he gave her a
small piece of something to eat

-pqigi- vv (limited) | *-pqi- vn +[g]i- vv

nalu- to not know, be ignorant of nalupqigi- (t) to have doubts about her/him
(her/him/it); to be uninformed (about
her/him/it)
*nalupqi (stem) doubt

-pqinaq- vv (limited) | *-pqi- +naq(-) vv, vn

nalu- to not know, be ignorant of nalupqinaq- (i) to be unpredictable,
(her/him/it); to be uninformed unreliable; to be an uncertainty
(about her/him/it)

-pquaq nn (limited) item associated with N

ilu(-)2 interior, inside; abdominal cavity; ilupquaq (Ti) undershirt
(t) to surround her/him/it
qaa(-) or qaaq (Nu) [qara] top side; qaapquak two twigs used to prop open an
roof; surface; outer side of fabric; cover; owl or ptarmigan snare
dorsal area of fish; (t) to put a top surface
on it
qaliq(-) top covering; rust; (i) to rust qalipquaq (Ti) shirt

-pqumiaq- vv (limited)
ayak(-)1 a pole used to prop up an ¤ayapqumiaq- (i) to help oneself along by

911
 object; wall post; tent pole; the shaft of holding on to something moving, as a sled
a spear or harpoon; old-style,
long-handled spear, “big whaling
harpoon” (Nelson: 65); vertical support
post (of sleeping platform);(i) to be
propped up with a pole (refers only to
the moment of completion); (t) to prop it
= a leaning object up to keep it from
falling down

-ptaq nn (limited) an object resembling a N or has undergone a V-ing § check out

±aq1 vn
niaquq head, skull ¤niaquptaq dome-shaped hill; shaped like
top of head
piŋu(-) isolated ice mound, knoll; dome, piŋuptaq (Nu) small rounded hill, not
isolated hill; pimple, swelling on skin; rocky
swell (crestless wave or succession of
waves); (i) to develop a pimple; to form
swells (of ocean)
qiliq- (t) to tie it into a knot; to bind, tie qiliptaq(-) (Ti) one whose neck has been
her/him/it up wrung; (t) to wring it = neck of something,
esp., a duck

+ptinniq nn (limited) result of a V-ing | perhaps mtiq- vv mtit- vv +nniQ1 vn

aluk(-) dog mush (food); (i) to lap up aluktinniq snow cliff
food or water into the mouth with the
tongue; (t) to lick her/him/it once
apuq- to bump or crash (into her/him/it); apuqtinniq sea ice which has been pushed
(i) to reach shore onto shore
attinniq hole or thin spot in sea ice near
mouth of river, which has melted as river
breaks up
r
qaa(-) or qaaq (Nu) [qa a] top side; qaaptinniq overflow water from a crack
roof; surface; outer side of fabric; cover; in the ice on river or ocean
dorsal area of fish; (t) to put a top surface
on it

-ptit- nv (limited) to surpass the N

qaa(-) or qaaq (Nu) [qara] top side; qaaptit- (i) to spread over a surface (of
roof; surface; outer side of fabric; cover; liquid); to overflow from a crack in ice (of
dorsal area of fish; (t) to put a top surface water)
on it

912
 Q

+q-1 or .-q-1 or ‘-q-1 or ‘.-q-1 vv, rv (limited) to V (indicates an entrance into a different
state of being, a prolongation of a state of being; or repetition or continuation or
intensification of an action) § +t/raq-1 vv, -t/raġaq- vv, +uq-2 vv, +aq-1 vv , +q-2 nv
agma- (i) to be open, uncovered, agmaq- (i) to become open, to now be open;
unlocked (t) to open it
aġyuk- (i) to travel around; to walk, aġyuuq- (i) to be fast, to hurry
stroll
ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be aniiq- (i) to be outside
born; (i) to emerge from the den in
spring (of hibernating animal)
aŋiq- (i) to say “yes,” to nod “yes,” to aŋŋaq- to keep saying or nodding “yes” (to
signify “yes” by raising the eyebrows; (t) her/him)
to say, nod or signify “yes” to her/him
aŋu-1 (i) to catch a game animal; (t) to aŋuq- (t) to tag her/him/it
catch up with her/him/it; (t) to have seen
her/him/it when young; (t) to reach
her/his height
apuq- to bump or crash (into her/him/it); appuq- to repeatedly bump or crash (into
(i) to reach shore her/him/it)
*argua (root) audacious, bold arguaq- to doubt (her/him/it)
°ati1 (root) area below; bottom, atiq- (i) to travel out on ice to whaling camp
underside; down from the village; (i) to travel from inland
towards the ocean after hunting
aula- (i) to move around, show aullaq- (i) to leave, go away, depart; (i) to
movement, be in motion start (of engine)
iglu(-) the other, the mate, as in a pair of igluktuuq- to do something (to it) using
mittens or boots; (i) to be provided with both hands
a companion or a partner; (t) to provide
her/him/it with a partner, companion, or
a complement
*iġi2 (root) moisture iġġuq- (i) to be rinsed, washed; (t) to rinse,
wash it
ikiaqtala- (i) to experience a tingling ikiaqtalaaq- (i) to experience a prolonged
sensation, often from anticipation tingling sensation; (i) to experience the
“creeps”; (i) to feel unsettled
kapi- (i) to stab oneself once, to give kappuq- or kavluq- (i) to repeatedly stab
oneself a shot; (t) to stab, pierce oneself, repeatedly give oneself shots; (t) to
her/him/it once; (t) to give a shot, an repeatedly stab, pierce, prick her/him/it; to
injection to her/him/it repeatedly give her/him/it shots or injections
kii- [kIgI] (i) to clench one’s teeth; (i) to kigiq- to tear (it) apart with one's teeth
bite oneself; (t) to bite her/him/it
miluk(-) nipple of breast; milluaq- to suck (it)
breast; (Ti) milk (commercial or
human); (i) to nurse, of child; (t)

913
to suck it = breast, thumb, etc;
to take a puff on it = cigarette,
cigar or pipe
*naa (root) dimension when stretched
out
*naku (root) goodness, pleasure
napa- (i) to be standing upright, e.g., a
house, pole, tree
niliq(-) flatus = escaping air from poke
or float; (i) to fart
nipta- (i) to be clear (of weather)
nunu- (i) to repress a desire to do
something
nuqit- (t) to pull her/him/it
*paa [paġa] (root) movement toward
another
palu- (i) to be depressed, be in bad
condition mentally or physically; (Ti) to
become skinny, lose weight
sagvi- [sagvI] (i) to be visible, in view
sapi- (t) to block, obstruct her/him/it,
make passage unsuitable or impossible
for her/him/it; (i) to dam it = river
*siga (root) a sizzling, gurgling, or
rushing sound
supi- (i) to break up and flow (of frozen
river); (t) to blow it = candle flame out
siqumit- (i) to be destroyed, crushed to
pieces, shattered, broken to pieces; (t) to
destroy, break, crush it to pieces; (t) to
cut it = animal skin into several pieces
suviu- (i) to sting (of a cut when
medicine is applied)
914
naaġniq measurement of breadth of one’s
arms outstretched; fathom
nakuqsi- (Ti, Nu) (i) to get better, improve;
(t) to improve, fix, repair, make it better
nappaq- (t) to erect, build it = structure; (t)
to set it upright, stand it up
nillaq- (i) to fart repeatedly
niptaq- to become clear (of weather); (i) to
become visible, come into view, to appear
nunuq- (t) to pinch, tighten it
nuqiiq- or nuqiittaq- (i) to keep pulling; (t)
to pull continuously on (it = rope, etc.)
paaq- (t) to go to meet her/him/it as she/he/it
arrives; (t) to travel, progress into it = wind,
water current
palluq- (i) to lie prone; (i) to crouch down
(of animals); (Ti) to lower the head, bow
sagviq- (t) to let it become obvious; (t) to
bring it into the open; (t) to take it out (e.g.,
out of a bag); (i) to explain oneself; (i) to
make a point; (i) to appear, as in court; (i) to
come in view
sapiq- (t) to not do it = task feeling that it is
impossible or too formidable to even try; (t)
to be fearful, wary of her/him/it
siggaq- (i) to make a sizzling noise
suppuqtaq(-) ¤(Ti) long-stemmed, old-style
pipe; (i) to give off exhaust (of any engine);
(t) to give off exhaust toward her/him/it (of
any engine)
siqummaq- (i) to shatter; (t) to break or
shatter it with repeated action
suviuq- (i) to smart, burn (of an injury)
 2
+q- or ‘-q-2 or .-q-2 or -q-2 nv, vv to say N; to do N; to say that something is V; to be V
(initial consonant t of verb endings is not palatalized even when strong I is lengthened)
§ +q-1 vv
aaka mother; grandmother (modern use) aakaaq- to say "aaka"(to her)

aakkuu a chant to be sung during a aakkuuq- (i) to play aakkuu; (i) to play
game where one teams holds an object "red rover, red rover, red rover, come over"
and instructs a member of the opposing
team how to retrieve it without smiling
or laughing
aanaruuraq(-) a competitive game in aanaruurraq- (i) to play the game of
which two persons kneel side-by-side "aanaruuraq"
with knees touching, grasp each other
around the shoulders and under the
armpits, and try to unbalance the other;
the competitor who unbalances his
opponent on both the right and left side
is the winner; (i) to play "aanaruuraq"
aaqqaa (excl.) phew, what a bad smell!; aaqqaaq- (i) to say “aaqqaa”; (i) to be foul
how foul smelling!; don't touch it, it’s smelling
filthy!
aattai (excl.) oh, how cute!; oh, how aattaiq- (i) to be cute or pretty
pretty!
apai or apay (Ti) (excl.) enough!; that's apaiq- (i) to be enough
plenty! too much!; lots!
araa (excl.) no, I don’t want to; oh, no!; araaq- (i) to be excessive (too loud, too
too much!; (showing dismay) oh, oh, talkative, etc.); to say “araa” (to her/him)
you’re going to get in trouble!
ikkii (excl.) icky!; oh, how dirty! ikkiiq- (i) to be dirty, grimy
manna mannaa Iñupiaq game with mannamannaaq- (i) to play the game
two teams standing opposite each other, "manna mannaa"
both teams with circular home bases
and a smaller circular jail situated to the
right of the home base; the object of the
game is for all members of one team to
circle the opposing team's home base
and return to their own home base
without getting tagged; a player is put
in jail if she or he is tagged by the other
team while in their “field”; she/he can
be taken out of jail only if a member of
her or his team runs into the jail and
tags her or him; a player is considered
"safe" if she or he enters the opposite
team's home base before being tagged;
the team with the least number of

915
 players “in jail” at the conclusion of the
game, wins

+q-3 dv (limited) this suffix changes a demonstrative adverb in the terminalis or ablative
case or a dimensional root to a verb stem § +q-1 vv, -q-2 nv
ikaŋŋa from over there (restricted and ikaŋŋaq- (i) to progress from there
visible) (restricted and visible spot) to here
iktumuŋa or iksrumuŋa or igrumuŋa, iktumuŋaq- (i) to go from here to there
[dual ikkugnuŋa, pl.ikkunuŋa] to that (restricted and visible target) »
one over there (restricted and visible) iktumuŋaġitchi youp go over to that one
which is over there (restricted and visible)
ikuŋa to over there (restricted and ikuŋaq- (i) to go there (restricted and visible
visible) spot) from here; (t) to place it on that
(restricted and visible) spot » ikuŋaġuŋ put
it over there
kivuŋa to up the coast (restricted and kivuŋaq- (i) to go to that area which is in the
visible) east (restricted and visible)
pauŋa to up there on the wall, the pauŋaq- (i) to travel inland »
ceiling, or in the sky above eye level; to pauŋaġniaqtuŋa uvlaakun i will go inland
up there away from the ocean; to up tomorrow
there, upriver (extended and visible)

‘.q-4 (limited) dv (this suffix changes a demonstrative adverb in the vialis case to a verb
stem) | see Appendix 3 § +[t]aq-2 nv
avuuna via, through over there avuunnaaq- (i) to travel via, through over
(extended and visible) there (extended and visible)
ikuuna via, through there (restricted and ikuunnaaq- (i) to travel via, through, over
visible) there (restricted and visible)
pikuuna via, through up there on the pikuunnaaq- (i) to travel via, through up
wall, the ceiling, or in the sky above eye there (restricted and visible)
level; via, through up there away from
the ocean; via, through up there, upriver
(restricted and visible)
unuuna via, through down there, e.g., on unuunnaaq- (i) to travel via, through down
or near the ocean, downriver, or by the there, e.g., on or near ocean, downriver, by
door (extended, visible); via the the door (extended and visible)
southside of Tikiġaq

'-Q or ‘-.Q vn, rn (limited) end-product, result of V-ing; one that is V or has been V-ed §
±aq1 or ‘-aq vn, +qsraq vn, +t/raq vn
ailaq- (i) to be damp or wet aillaq dampness, moisture; something or
someone which is drenched
alik- to tear or rip (it) allaq a perforation, hole, a rip
1
aŋi- (i) to be big, large aŋŋiiq something big or huge

atuq-2 to use (it); to wear (it) attuq something worn out, used abusively;

916

avik- (i) to divide in half or split in two;
(t) to divide it in half, in two pieces
kiapik- (t) to fit it together, making
edges overlap; (t) to go for or pass it = a
12 hour time period, especially to sleep
or go without sleep for more than l2
hours
kiki- (t) to make a notch in it = wood; to
break off a piece from it = wood
kilak- (i) to get perforated; to develop a
hole; (t) to pierce, perforate, make a hole
in it
kilIq- [kIlIq] (i) to cut oneself
accidently; (t) to cut her/him/it
accidently
kipi- (i) to be severed, cut; (i) to stop
flowing (of stream); (i) to stop coming
(of people or animals); (t) to sever, cut it;
(t) to disconnect her/his telephone,
electricity, television; (t) to crosscut, cut
against its grain
kittiq- (t) to slice it
kuvi- [kuvI] to spill (on her/him/it); (t) to kuvviq liquid spilled (on something); puddle
spill, pour it out
kivvii- to fill, stuff (it)
maptu- (i) to be thick, e.g., fabric, skin, maptuuq thi ck one
book
napi- (i) to break in half; (t) to cut, break nappaq something which has been cut in
it in half
naulik- (t) to harpoon it = whale, seal,
walrus; to spear it = bear
navik- to break (it)
nuki- (i) to crack, fracture, split
paŋalik- (i) to run on all fours, gallop;
(Nu) (t) to cause it = animal to run,
gallop
*piq (root) bend, curve
piyuk- or piyuaq- (t) to beat her/him/it
up, manhandle her/him/it; (t) to abuse
917
old, used clothing; one who has been
married before
avvaq a half of something
kiappaq joint, articulation (especially of
pieces of wood)
kikkaq notch, gap, broken section (as in
wood)
killaq hole, perforation in clothing, boat,
house, etc.; fontanelle, soft spot on baby’s
head
killiq cut on skin; sore
kippaq cut-off piece
kittaq strip of animal skin to be used for
rope; something sliced
of spilled liquid; something poured out
kivviq caribou stomach filled with fat, then
cooked, dried, and eaten
half, crosswise split; hump of hunchback
naullaq object or being harpooned or
speared
navvaq broken thing or piece; a break,
fracture
nukkaq a crack, fracture, split
paŋallaq animal exhausted from running
whose meat is considered undesirable
because the meat has become tough because
it has become tough or unpleasant tasting
due to stress and exertion
piqqiq joint
piyyuq one that has been abused
 her/him/it verbally; (t) try to kill
her/him/it
qatitu- (i) to have a low-pitched voice qatittuuq one with a low voice or sound
qau- [qagu] (i) for day to break qaummaq brightness
qimak- (i) to escape, flee; (t) to leave qimmaq fugitive
her/him/it behind
qupi(-) (i) to split lengthwise; (t) to split quppaq open crack; one piece of something
or crack it lengthwise, with the grain; split lengthwise
half-dollar coin
sana- to whittle, carve (it = wood, sannaq curved chip left over from whittling
soapstone, etc.)
savigaq- (i) to cut baleen into thin strips savikkaq shaving of wood or baleen
(suitable for lashing and basket
weaving); (t) to strip it = baleen (for use
in making baskets, fishline, etc.)
silik- (i) to be wide sillaq wide one
sipi- (i) to change from male to female in sippaq or sippaku(-) surplus, something left
the womb or during birth (of a fetus) over, remainder; to have some (of it) left
over as remainder; (t) to leave some for
her/him/it
siqumit- (i) to be destroyed, crushed to siqummaq broken fragment
pieces, shattered, broken to pieces; (t) to
destroy, break, crush it to pieces; (t) to
cut it = animal skin into several pieces
taki- (i) to be long takkiiq something long
*tusaq (root) audible tutchaq oral account, news
ulima- (i) to use an adze; (t) to cut it ulimmaq chip of wood or flint
with an adze

+qaaq(-) vv to V first; the first N | ±qqaaq-1 vv

-qaaq nn (limited) | perhaps -qak nn -aq2 nn

aŋayuk (Nu) older sibling aŋayuqaak parents

-qak nn, vn (limited) one associated with N

aŋayuk (Nu) older sibling aŋayuqak old man
saa [sara2] front of body or garment; area satqak chest (anatomical)
immediately in front of something; lap,
the front part of the lower trunk and
thighs of a seated person; seaward,
riverward
taqak blood vessel, vein
tui or tuiqqak shoulder

-qałhiñaq- or (Nu) -qałġiñaqaq- nv (limited) to have only N | -qaq- nv -łhiñaq- vv

aġnaiyaaq girl (pre-teen); a female aġnaiyaaqałhiñaq- (i) to have only girls

918
 human baby
aŋutaiyaaq boy (pre-teen); a male aŋutaiyaaqałhiñaq- (i) to have only boys
human baby

+qammIq- vv to V recently § ±qqammIq- vv

±qan or ±qati vn, nn (limited) partner, companion in V-ing; relationship involving a V (this
suffix is usually followed by a possessive ending)
aġnaq woman; an adult human female; aġnaqan matrilateral parallel cousin
queen (suit in cards)
aŋun man, an adult human male aŋutiqan male's patrilateral parallel male being
cousin
avilait- (i) to be inseparable, of themd; (t) avilaitqan friend » avilaitqatin qaiñiaqpa
to be with her/him/it all of the time will your friend be coming
ikaaq- to cross over (it) ikaaqati companion in traveling across a
body of water » ikaaqatiginiaġiga I will go
across with her
makit- (i) to stand up; (i) to get out of makitqan companion in standing up »
bed; (i) to arise; (t) to set it upright makitqataa ilisaġiŋitchaġa I did not
recognize the person he stood up with
ġ
tuvaaq [tuvi aq] [pl. tuviġġat] or (Ti) tuvaaqan spouse, companion
tugaaq [pl. tigiġġat] hunter on foot
(usually on landlocked ice)

+qanaq- vv (limited)
nipit- (i) to adhere to a sticky substance nipitqanaq- (Ti) (i) to be sticky

-qaq- nv (i) to have, possess a N; (i) to attain the condition indicated by the root or stem; (t)
(limited) to have a N for her/him/it
°ati1 (root) area below; bottom, atqaq- or aqqaq- (i) to descend, go down;
underside; down (i) to step down from a tall vehicle; (t) to put
her/him/it down physically; (t) to remove
her/him = baby from the back of one’s parka
atiq [atiQ] name; namesake; someone atiqaq- (i) to have the name of; (t) to have
who shares the same name with another named it » kimik atiqaqpa who is he named
after; what is his name; atiqaġaa
qimmiaġruni "Yapumik" she calls her
puppy "Yapu”
kiapik- (t) to fit it together, making edges kiapqaq- (i) to keep on going without the
overlap; (t) to go for or pass it = a 12 expected stop
hour time period, especially to sleep or go
without sleep for more than l2 hours
*map (root) popping noise mapqaq- or mapqatit- (i) to fire a gun; (i)
to make the sound of a gunshot or
explosion; (i) to make a loud pop; (t) to fire
it = gun

919
 miqłiqtuq child miqłiqtuqaq- (i) to have children in one’s
family
qitiq [qitiQ] waist; midpoint; middle; qitiqqaq- (i) to be at the middle, be halfway;
middle seat in umiak to be noon
talu(-) (Nu) door covering (originally a taluqaq- to have a cover (for it)
bear skin or caribou hide hung over a
tent opening); a cover to hide something;
ice shield or hunting blind, e.g., a white
camouflage screen placed on the edge of
the ice used to conceal whalers as they
wait; (t) to cover her/him/it from view;
(Nu) (t) to close it = door
tupiq(-) [tupiQ] [dual tuppak, pl. tupqIt] tupiqaq- (i) to have a tent » tupiqaqtugut
tent; to raise, set up a tent for (her/him/it) aŋŋiimik we have a big tent

-qaq or +qaq vn (limited)

kusiq- [kusIq] to drip (on her/him/it)
*niuQ (root) inhale, intake air, breath in
tamuq- to chew (it)
ayupqaq (Ti) box, carton
¤kusiqaq place where melting snow drips
niuqqaq drink, hot beverage
tamuqasiraaq piece of tough meat or hide
to chew on

±qasIq- vv (t) to V at the same time with her/him/it

aqpat- (i) to run (of a human) aqpatqasiq- (t) to run with her/him
imiq(-) [imiQ] drinking water; a imiqasiq- (t) to drink with her/him »
beverage; an alcoholic drink; potable imiqasiqsai unnuaq she drank with them
liquid, broth; amniotic fluid; to drink (it) last night
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savaqasiq- (t) to work with her/him
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it;
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it) niġiqasiq- (t) to eat with her/him
niu- [nigu] (i) to get out of a conveyance niuqasiq- (t) to disembark with her/him/it
or a container; (t) to take her/him/it out
of a conveyance or a container

+qasiraaq- vv (limited) to accidently or unintentionally V

agiuk- to grate, shear (it) against another agiuqasiraaq- (Ti) to rub against
object e.g., a boat grating against (her/him/it) accidentally; (i) to touch
another boat accidently
iggiaq throat, gullet, esophagus iggiaqasiraaq- (Ti) (i) to be hoarse, barely
able to talk
nanuk- to rub something on (her/him/it) nanuiqasiraq- or nanuiqasiraaq- (i) to rub
against, touch accidentally; (t) to rub against
it

920
+qataq- or -qataq- or = qataq- vv (limited) to V repeatedly, to prolong V-ing
igit-2 (t) to throw it away; (t) to abandon igitqataq- (i) to keep throwing it away, to
her/him/it; (t) to cast her/him out of the keep discarding it
home
immiqsuq- (t) to be in the process of immiqsuqataq- (t) to apply water to it; to
filling it (e.g., a container, or an water it well periodically before it dries
application, as for a job)
itivit- (i) to portage; (i) to fly over land itipqataq- or itivitqataq- (Nu) (i) to go
instead of following the water along the over, pass over something repeatedly
coast (of ducks as they migrate); (i) to
take a shortcut; (t) to fly over, go over,
cross over (instead of going around), and
come down the other side of it = e.g.,
hill
malik- to follow, accompany maliqataq- to run after, chase (her/him/it)
(her/him/it)
uliq-1 (i) to speak in a dialect not one's uliqqataq- (t) to keep repeating it = word
own with a speaker of that dialect; (t) to unintentionally
hear it = faraway noise; to glimpse it =
something moving in a distance

-qattaaq- vv (limited) to go and V for a while for social purposes

iññiaq- or iññiaqattaaq- (i) to visit iññiaqattaaq- (i) to visit people
someone, people
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isiqattaaq- (i) to go to another’s home and
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it visit socially; (t) to go to her/his home and
inside, to place it inside visit her/him socially
ġ
qai- [qa I] to come (toward her/him/it) qaiqattaaq- (i) to come to visit
ullak- (t) to approach, go to her/him/it ullaqattaaq- (t) to approach her/him to visit

-qattalIq- vv (limited) to begin to V regularly § -t/raġalIq- vv

aŋuniaq- to hunt (it = game animal) aŋuniaqattaliq- (i) to begin to hunt
regularly
ikayuq- to help (her/him/it) ikayuqattaliq- to begin to help (her/him)
regularly

-qauq- nv (limited)
*aq (root) taking away ¤aqqauq- (i) to bite on hook (of fish); (t) to
angle, fish for it with a hook
igniq fire igniqauq- (i) to build a fire outside

-qavigruŋIt- nv (perhaps limited to the contemporative II and Indicative endings)

to not have very much of N | -qaq- nv perhaps -vik- vv +rruk- vv ±ŋIt- vv
igniligauraq inboard motor boat igniligauraqavigruŋit- (i) to not have
many inboard motor boats »

921

iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil;
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
suppun rifle; gun
igniligauraqavigruŋiñŋaan at a time
when there weren’t many inboard motor
boats
iñuqavigruŋit- (i) to not have many people,
to be sparsely populated »
iñuqavigruŋiñŋaan … at the time when
there weren't many people...
supputiqavigruŋit- (i) to not have many
guns or rifles » supputiqavigruŋiñŋaan
at a time when there weren’t many guns
(Ekowana 1976:13)

+qayaq- vv almost V § ±qqayaq- vv

’-qhaaq- vv (limited) to V violently, quickly (usually not on purpose)

ayappak- (i) to support oneself with ayappaqhaaq- (i) to fall and land on one’s
one’s hand; (t) to place one’s hand on hands (to break the fall)
her/him/it and support oneself
palluq- (i) to lie prone; (i) to crouch palluqhaaq- or palluqhiaq- (i) to fall
down (of animals); (Ti) to lower the forward, headlong, with arms outstretched
head, bow
niviq- (i) to shift position so as to lie on nivvaqhaaq- (i) to fall backwards accidently
one’s back; (t) to turn it upside down; (i) and forcefully
expose its underside
kurraq- (i) to put one’s head lower than kurraqhaaq- or kurraqhuaq- (i) to fall
one’s torso; to bow; (Ti) to lower one’s head over heels
head

-qhaaq(-) vv, nv (limited) to V for a period of time

ayak(-)1 a pole used to prop up an ayaqhaaq(-) string game; (i) to play a string
object; wall post; tent pole; the shaft of a game, e.g., “cat’s cradle”; (t) to tell it = story
spear or harpoon; old-style, long-handled using string figures
spear, “big whaling harpoon” (Nelson:
65); vertical support post (of sleeping
platform);(i) to be propped up with a
pole (refers only to the moment of
completion); (t) to prop it = a leaning
object up to keep it from falling down
sisu- (i) to slide or glide down once sisuqhaaq- (i) to be sliding down a hill

-qhak vn (limited) one that is extremely V

kaviq- [kavIq] (i) to be red kaviqhak something red, usually large and
bulky
maŋaq- (i) to be dark, be black maŋaqhak something extremely dark
qatiq- (i) to be white qatiqhak something strikingly white

922
+qhiuti- vv (limited) to V with abandon
miluq- (t) to hit her/him/it with a ¤miluqhiuti- or miluġiuti- (i) to fling,
thrown object; (t) to shout hurtful throw oneself into or onto something; (t) to
words at her/him fling, throw her/him/it carelessly

-qhiuraq nn (limited) a small or short N

umiaq(-) [umiġaq] a boat; (i) to go
hunting in an umiak for sea mammals;
(Ti) (i) to be out at whaling camp or in a
whaling boat
iñuk(-) person, mortal; owner; core of
boil; resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t)
to surprise her/him/it
qayaq one person skin kayak
umiaqhiuraq or umiqhiuraq or (Ti)
imiaġiuraq small, open boat made of one or
two skins used for seal hunting; rowboat
iñuqhiuraq short strong man
qayaqhiuraq a short kayak

-qhiaq- vv (limited) to V violently once

anaq(-) excrement, feces; dung, manure;
to defecate (it); (t) to defecate on it; (i) to
fall or shoot (of a star)
minŋiq- or (Nu) mitŋiq- (i) to jump up
and land on the same level as one
started; (t) to jump over her/him/it
palluq- (i) to lie prone; (i) to crouch
down (of animals); (Ti) to lower the
head, bow
supi- (i) to break up and flow (of frozen
river); (t) to blow it = candle flame out
anaqhiaq- (i) to have diarrhea suddenly
minŋiqhiallak- (i) to jump up and down
once gracefully
palluqhiaq- (i) to fall forward, headlong
with arms outstretched
suppuqhiaq- (i) to spurt out, of liquid; (t) to
spurt it out

-qhIk- vv (limited) to V without cessation

nala- (i) to lie in a horizontal position on nalaqhik- (i) to lie around doing nothing
one's side or back
quiq- (Ti) (i) to cough quqhik- (i) to cough

-qhuaq- vv (limited) to V with highest intensity or degree § -qhiaq- vv

iglaq- (i) to laugh iglaqhuaq- (i) to explode with laughter,
burst out laughing
kurraq- (i) to put one’s head lower than kurraqhuaq- (i) to fall head over heels
one’s torso; to bow; (Ti) to lower one’s
head
qayaq one person skin kayak ¤qayaqhuaq- (Nu) (i) to float above water
(like a shaman in his kayak)

-qhuk(-) vv (limited) to V with injury; one who Vs

*maġ (root) canine vocal sound; howl makhuk- or maqhuk- (i) to bark in order
to gain attention (of dog or wolf); (Nu) (i)
to howl, bay (of dog or wolf) repeatedly

923
 *tusiQ (root) limping tusiqhuk lame person or animal
tusiqhuk- (i) to limp

+qhuq rv (limited)
*ipu (root) closed mouth ipuqhuq- (i) to dive (of a seal, bird)
*uluq (root) unsteadiness uluqhuqtaaq- (i) to walk rocking from side
to side, to waddle

-qhuuq- vv (limited) indicates an extended event | +qhuq- rv .-q-1 vv

siuq- (i) to make a whistling noise (of a siuqhuutit- (i) to make a whistling sound
hoary marmot) while whizzing by (of a bullet or old squaw
duck diving from far up in the air)
takuyaq flag takuyaqhuuq- (t) to welcome the
messengers of the Messenger Feast by
putting up a flag and singing a dance song

-qi- or '-qi- vv (limited) to experience a V-ing

aggiq- [aggIq] (i) to arrive; (i) to come
home
ailaq- (i) to be damp or wet
aullaq- (i) to leave, go away, depart; (i)
to start (of engine)
iñuilaaq or iñuiłaaq or iñuilaq empty,
uninhabited, or deserted place
kivi- [kivI] (i) to sink
mayuq- (i) to climb, ascend; (i) to
move to a higher position (of person),
e.g., to a better job; (t) to climb, ascend
it; (t) to set her/him/it on or in a higher
place
mumiq [mumiQ] (-) drumstick (of a
bird); hindquarter; upper back part of
thigh (of human); (Nu) (i) to dance in
the Canadian Inuit style
nimiq- or nimiqsruq- (t) to wrap it with nimmaqi- (t) to wrap something around it
something; to wind something around it
nuvak(-) a cold; mucus; (i) to have a
cold
aggiqi- (t) to return home to her/him/it
ailaqi- to get (it) wet
aniqtiġluaqi- (Ti) (i) to pant, be short of
breath
auksaaqi- or auksaaqtiqi- or auvsaaqtiqi-
(i) for one to move around to stimulate blood
flow
aullaqi- (i) to begin, start; (t) to begin to
work on it
iñuilliqi- (i) to make oneself at home at
another’s house (usually the home of a close
friend or relative) while they are gone
kiviqi- (i) to have one’s pants fall down; to
pull down one’s pants; (t) to pull down
her/his pants
mayuqi- (i) to pull up one’s pants; (t) to
pull up her/his pants
mumaaqi- (Nu) (i) to do a Canadian Inuit
dance
nuvagruaqi- or nuvviqi- (Ti) (i) to dribble
saliva

924
 pikiaq- [pikiraq] (i) to jump up suddenly pikirraqi- (Nu) (t) to rush out to her/him/it
and go out, bolt, run suddenly out, rush
out abruptly; (i) to gush out (of water)
pilluaqi- (i) to have one’s belt work up
above the pants
qiviqi- (i) to have one’s pants down; to pull
down one’s pants; (t) to pull down her/his
pants
saglu- (i) to lie, not tell the truth sagluqi- (t) to lie to her/him; to fool, deceive
her/him/it
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savaqi- (i) to ready the whaling equipment,
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it; especially the whale bomb or darting gun,
(i) to be working, operating properly (of whaling guns; (i) to make bullets, to load
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it = guns; (t) to make bullets for it = gun, to load
corpse for burial it = gun; (Ti) to operate, handle (it)
ġ
sii- [si i] (i) to gather one’s strength for siġġaqi- (i) to have a hard time, to struggle,
an all-out effort to use all of one’s strength, either physically
or mentally to do or overcome something
tulak- (i) to reach shore, come ashore tullaqi- (t) to come ashore for her/him/it
unnuk(-) evening; (i) to become dark (t) unnuiqi- or (Ti) unnuaqsiuq- (i) to stay up
it is becoming dark all night long, stay up past one’s usual
bedtime, stay out all night
uqsruq or (Nu) uqruq or (Ti) uġruq uqsrualaqi- (i) to leave a trace of oil on top
seal oil; oil, gasoline, petroleum of the water after being shot (esp., of sea
mammal)
utiq- to return, go back (for her/him/it); uttaqi- (t) to return to her/him/it
(t) to return to her/him = spouse after a
separation
uvyak- (t) to call attention to it = object uvyaqi- (t) to call her/his attention to
seen in distance; (t) to react suddenly to something
it = object seen in the distance (usually
expressed verbally)

-qisaaq(-) nn, nv (limited) condition akin to N | .-q-1 vv

aqaya or aqiya mud aqayaqisaaq(-) muddy swamp; (i) to go
through mud
mauya or mauyaq soft soil or deep, mauyaqisaaq(-) soft, deep snow
soft snow (into which one may sink)

-qisaq- nv (limited) to V repeatedly or for a prolonged time | -qIt- nv :aq-1 vv

mauya or mauyaq soft soil or deep, mauyaqisaq- (i) to travel through soft snow
soft snow (into which one may sink)

-qisuuraq nn (limited) a diminished N

aaqan or aaqagu or aaqagun (excl.) aaqaguqisuuraq in a little while
wait; wait a minute; in a moment,

925
 shortly, in a while, in a little while, after
a while, later on
ikpaksraaq a several days ago ikpaksraaqisuuraq a few days ago
ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or ilaqisuuraq small part
name; companion, friend, partner; part of
a whole; (i) to get a co-participant,
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
qaŋa1 (interrog.) when, at what time in qaŋakisuuraq (adv.) recently; a few days
past ago

’-qłak- vv (limited) to V with malice or anger

kiu- [kigu] to answer (her/him/it)
paa- [para](Ti) (i) to fall down flat on
something; (t) to pin her/him/it down, to
pounce upon her/him/it; (t) to fall on top
of it; (i) to have a convulsion; (i) to close
tightly due to muscle spasm (of jaws,
fists, etc.); (t) to prevent her/him/it going
past by blocking her/his/its way with
oneself
*saq (root) expulsion of air through
mouth
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what;
(t) to do what to her/him/it
kigguqłak- (t) to answer her/him nastily
parraqłak- (t) to deliberately disobey
her/him; to go against her/his wishes; to
object to, oppose it = idea, motion, etc.
saqłak- or (Nu) saqmak- (i) to shout, call,
holler, yell
suqłak- (i) to get dirty, become soiled
kipuqłak- (t) to argue with her/him,
expressing disagreement

-qłuk(-) or ‘-qłuk(-) or (devoiced)’ -ġluk(-) nn,vv (limited) a condition or entity involving

or resembling a N, usually with extreme or undesireable traits; to V forcefully or with
detrimental results § -[g]luk(-) vv; -luk(-)1 nv,vv; -luk- vv; -luk(-)2 vn; +łuk(-)nn, rn, vn;
-pałłuk nn
anaq(-) excrement, feces; dung, manure; anaġlu or ¤(Nu) anaqłuk black sediment
to defecate (it); (t) to defecate on it; (i) to once buried in the snow which becomes
fall or shoot (of a star) visible on the ice during spring melting
anuġi wind anuġiqłuk strong wind, storm
avaala- (i) to yell avaallaqłuk- (i) to cry out for help
frantically when in danger
iga(-) kitchen; (t) to cook it = food igamaaqłuk partly dried meat, cooked and
stored in seal oil
ilitqusiq spirit, soul; person's being ilitqusiqłuk evil spirit
imiq [imiQ] (-) drinking water; a immaqłuk- (i) to be stupidly, totally drunk
beverage; an alcoholic drink; to drink (it)

926
 iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil;
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
ivalu(-) thread; sinew; dental floss; (t) to
thread it
kanuk- (Ti) (i) to have an angry or mean
countenance, face
kaŋiq [kaŋIq] root, source; headwater,
source of a river; (Nu) head of a bay;
foot of mountain; place where peninsula
joins mainland; (Nu) tributary river;
bone or ivory barb on toggle harpoon
line
kiñiq(-) moist eczema, lochia, discharge
of water from skin (a disease of dogs);
(i) to become dehydrated (of dog due to
disease); to filter through fabric or paper
(of a liquid)
kuuġuq valley, furrow, ditch; tributary
river, brook, creek, stream
nigiq east wind; (Ti) northwind; north;
(Nu) northeast wind, northeast
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it)
nuviya or nuvuya cloud
paniq- (t) for it to become dry; (i) to lose panaqłuk- to become dried out
weight, become skinny; to starve
pi(-) [pI] (t) to take, get, procure, acquire piaqłuktaq- (i) to do things in a rough
her/him/it; (t) to do it; (t) to say to
her/him; an entity
sila weather; atmosphere, air
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what;
(t) to do what to her/him/it
tai- [tagI](t) to pronounce, say or utter it taggiqłuk- (t) to mispronounce it
= word
uqallak-1 (i) to speak
uqsruq or (Nu) uqruq or (Ti) uġruq
seal oil; oil, gasoline, petroleum
uunnaq heat; hot weather
iññuqłuk bad, troublesome person
iñuaqłuk a person who does not conform to
the norm; a person who mistreats others and
is therefore shunned
ivaluġluk (Ti) whale sinew
kannuqłuk- (Nu) (i) to be flushed as with
fever
kaŋiqłuk bay, inlet, recess in sea ice where
whales often surface to breathe
(Ti) kiññaġluk residue at bottom of liquid,
dregs
kuuġuqłuk little creek
nigiqłuk blizzard from the east; to have a
blizzard from the east; (Ti) north wind
blizzard
niġġiqłuk- (i) to contract food poisoning
nuviyyaqłuk rainclouds, thunderhead clouds
pannaqłuk- to become thoroughly dry
manner; (t) to handle, treat her/him/it
roughly
silaqłuk(-) storm; to be stormy
suqłuk impurity in water
suaqłuk trash
uqallaqłuun curse
uqsruqłuk kerosene
uunnaqłuk(-) hot wind; (Nu) (i) to have a
fever

-qpa+nI or -qpa+niñ or -qpa+nun (limited to stem su(-) and demonstrative adverbs in

localis, ablative, and terminalis) specifically located in, at, on, or specifically further from
an area or specifically to an area
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what; suqpani located somewhere specific »

927
 (t) to do what to her/him/it
kanani located down there, on or near
the ocean, downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible)
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what;
(t) to do what to her/him/it
unaŋŋa from down there, e.g., on or
near the ocean, downriver, or by the
door (extended, visible)
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what;
(t) to do what to her/him/it
ikuŋa to over there (restricted and
visible)
+qpaaġruk(-) vv, nn (limited to demonstratives in terminalis, ablative, localis, and vials)
area/time in the far off distance | +qpak(-) nn, nv -aġruk nn
avuŋa to over there (extended and
visible)
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what;
(t) to do what to her/him/it
+qpagaaq- vv (limited) to V with exaggeration or with an exaggerated item |
+qpak(-) vv,nn,vn +aaq-vv
isiġvikpak a large parka ruff
piqpak- (i) to make a fuss; (t) to fuss
over her/him/it
pisuaq- (i) to walk; (t) to walk it =
distance
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of
leg-hold trap which when stepped on
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live
+qpak(-) vv, nn, vn to V too much, a lot, hard; a huge, immense, large N
aiq- to put (her/his) arm into (her/his)
sleeve
suqpani igluqaqpa where specifically is his
house located
kananiqpani located further down there, on
or near the ocean, downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible)
suqpaniñ from where specifically »
suqpaniñ isagutivisi from which direction
did you begin from
unaŋŋaqpaniñ from a bit further down
there, e.g., on or near the ocean, downriver
suqpanun ilitquvigi to what specific area do
you want them placed
ikuŋaqpanun pikki place them further over
there (restricted and visible)
avuŋaqpaaġruk way over there (extended
and visible, distal)
suqpaaġrugman at a much latter date
isiġvikpagaaq(-) woman’s parka hood face
ruff of wolf sewn around wolverine fur on
bleached seal skin; (i) to wear a parka with
an isiġvikpagaaq
piqpagaaq- (i) to show off, to behave in an
ostentatious way
pisuaqpagaaq- (i) to strut, walk proudly
uqaqpagaaq- (i) to talk with exaggeration,
to boast
aiqpak elbow-length mitten
928
 iri eye
niġi- niġI] to eat (it)
piala- (i) to carry on noisily, be rowdy,
rambunctious, disorderly
savik [savIk] or savik knife; metal
siñik(-) sleep; (i) to sleep; (t) to spend it
= day sleeping
umiaq(-) [umiġaq] a boat; (i) to go
hunting in an umiak for sea mammals;
(Ti) (i) to be out at whaling camp or in a
whaling boat
iriqpak a large eye » iriqpaŋik iiqinii his
big eyes scare me
niġiqpak- (i) to eat a large quantity »
niġiqpagnak don't eat too much
pialaqpak- (i) to be very rowdy,
rambunctious
savikpak sword »
savikpaŋa qivliatitapaluktuq his sword is
glistening brightly
siñikpak- (i) to oversleep
umiaqpak ship » umiaqpak tikiññiqsuaq
unnuaq the ship apparently arrived during
the night

+qpak nn nn (suffix added to names of numbers to indicate that it is multiplied by 8,000)

§ -agliaq nn, -kipiaq nn. -agliaq nn, -pakaippaq nn, -pakpiŋatchaq nn
atausiq atausiqpak
1 1 x 8,000 = 8000
malġuk malġuqpak
2 2 x 8000 = 16,000
piŋasut piŋasuqpak
3 3 x 8000 = 24,000
sisamat sisamaqpak
4 4 x 8000 = 32,000
tallimat tallimaqpak
5 5 x 8000 = 40,000

= qpIk or +qpIk or ‘-qpIk or -qpIk vn (limited) place for V or V-ing § vIk1 vn

ayaksraq blubber strip set on a stick ayaksriqpik a stick inserted in the sod house
(above oil lamp so oil drips into lamp wall for holding blubber above stone lamp
feeding the flame)
ili-1 [ilI] (i) to be at a certain point iliqpik storage alcove
(along a journey or a process); (i) to
become apparent; (t) to place, set it; (t) to
put it in a store for sale
kusiq- [kusIq] to drip (on her/him/it) kutchiqpik container for catching the
drippings of a melting substance
kuvi- [kuvI] to spill (on her/him/it); (t) to kuviqpik kitchen slop pail
spill, pour it out
naqitak- (i) to now be secured, tied naqitaqpik side rail for sled
down; (t) to tie it down securely; (t) to be
a hindrance to her/him
niglit- to add snow, ice, or cold water to nigliqpik refrigerator, cold storage
cool (it)

929
 qakit- (t) to put it up, as on a shelf; to
pull it = boat up onto shore or ice
suġaliq property, wealth, treasure, riches
takuyaq flag
utkusik or ukkusik cooking pot
uukłi- to cut (it = meat) up for cooking
-qqa- nv, rv (limited) to proceed to V
umiaq(-) [umiġaq] a boat; (i) to go
hunting in an umiak for sea mammals;
(Ti) (i) to be out at whaling camp or in a
whaling boat
*urrIq (root) guidance, instruction
±qqaaq(-) vv, nn to V first; the first N
ilviñ (sometimes pronounced ilivich or
ilivIt) [dual iliptik or ilivsik, pl.ilivsI]
(abs or rel pron 2nd person) (used when
emphasis designation is needed) you
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil;
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside;
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside
miquun sewing machine
suppun rifle; gun
tigu- (i) to take hold and hang on; (t) to
take, capture, grab, or arrest her/him/it
una [dual ukuak, pl. ukua] this one here
(restricted, visible)
uqallak-1 (i) to speak
uvaŋa I, me
930
qakpik or qakitpik shelf
qaqpik storage area, like shelving above
suġalliqpik warehouse
takuyyiqpik flagpole
utkutchiqpik cooking grate on camp stove;
hook for hanging a pot over an open fire
uukłiqpik grate inside oven
siaqqa- (i) to mourn for a loved one; (t) to
mourn for her/him/it
umiaqqa- (Ti) (i) to go out whaling, go to
whaling camp
uliqqa- (i) to imagine something
urriqa- (i) to use arm signals to
communicate
» ilvitqaaq you first
» iñuqqaat the first people
isiqqaaq- (i) to be the first to enter; (t) to
enter it first, then; (t) to enter it = building
first
miquutiqqaaq the first sewing machine
ever made; the first sewing machine »
miquutiqqaaġa tuniŋagiga I've sold the
first sewing machine that I owned
supputiqqaaq the first gun ever made; the
first gun » supputiqqaani
salumapkaġuugaa he keeps his first gun
clean
tiguqqaaq- to take hold (of it) first; (t) to
arrest her/him first
ukuaqqaaq these (proximal, restricted,
visible) first
uqallaqqaaq- (i) to speak up first
uvaŋaqqaaq me first
-qqak- rv (limited) § perhaps -qqa- nv, rv ‘-k-2 nv
*nuyu (root) timidity, fearfulness, nuyuqqak- (i) to be timid or wary
wariness

±qqammiaq vn one that just, recently V-ed | ±qqammIq- vv -aq4 vn

ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be aniqqammialauraq newborn
born; (i) to emerge from the den in
spring (of hibernating animal)
api- to become snow-covered (of apiqqammiaq(-) or apirġammiaq new
landscape, ground); (t) for it to become snow
snow-covered
tiŋi- (i) to take flight, to fly away; (i) to tiŋiqqammiaq one that flew recently
become airborne (of airplane, helicopter,
rocket)

±qqammIq- vv just recently V-ed

isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside;
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside
naŋit-1 (i) to be sick
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it)
isiqqammiq- (i) to enter recently; (t) to
bring it inside recently » isiqqammiqsuagni
wed just came in recently
naŋitqammiq- (i) to be sick recently »
naŋitqammiŋavit have you been sick
recently
niġiqqammiq- to eat (it) recently »
niġiqqammiqsuani we ate a little while ago

-qqaQ nn,vn (limited) item that is V or has been V-ed or facilitates V-ing
allayuaq- (i) to feel shy, bashful among allayuqqaq strange object
strangers (of small children); to feel
uneasy, apprehensive in an unfamiliar
situation; to see something strange,
different from what one has seen before,
to see something unrecognizable, have a
vision
aqilluq (Nu) soft snow aqiluqqaq soft snow
igruiqqaq (Ti) lump (as in flour)
mumik- [mumIk] or [mumik] (i) to mumiqqaq process of changing direction
turn over; (i) undergo a character (of wind)
reversal; (t) to turn her/him/it over; (t)
to translate it
qiqi- (i) to be frozen qiqsruqqaq(-) hardened snow occurring in
springtime, especially during the night; for
thawing snow to refreeze during colder night
temperatures
siku(-)1 ice; to freeze over; to become sikuqqaq block of ice
icy
ulu or uluuraq traditional Iñupiaq uluqqaq particle of sawdust

931
 woman’s knife (in the shape of a quarter
circle with a handle usually made of
bone or ivory placed over the sharp
inner point)
uniq [uniQ] armpit, underarm uniqqat toboggan; (Nu) little sled pulled by
hunters on sea ice

+qqaurraq- vv to strive or endeavor to be the first to V | ±qqaaq- vv -urraq- vv

paa- [para](Ti) (i) to fall down flat on paasaqqaurraq- (Ti) (i) to play multiple
something; (t) to pin her/him/it down, to solitaire
pounce upon her/him/it; (t) to fall on top
of it; (i) to have a convulsion; (i) to close
tightly due to muscle spasm (of jaws,
fists, etc.); (t) to prevent her/him/it going
past by blocking her/his/its way with
oneself
tikit- [tikIt] (i) to arrive at, reach one’s tikitqaurraq- (i) to race
destination or goal; (t) to reach her/him/it
qiliq- (t) to tie it into a knot; to bind, tie qiliqsiqqauaraq- to race to see who can tie
her/him/it up @ qiliqsi- a knot the fastest

±qqayaq- vv almost V § -tunqayaq

iglaq- (i) to laugh
ii-1 [igi] (t) to swallow it
ilimatchak- (i) to become apprehensive,
suspicious
uumitchak- (i) to become angry, mad
iglaqqayaq- (i) to almost laugh
iiqqayaq- (i) to almost swallow it
ilimatchaqqayaq- (i) to almost sense that
something is wrong; (i) to almost become
suspicious
uumitchaqqayaq- (i) to almost become
angry

-qqI- vv (limited) to make progress in V-ing or becoming V

ayuuq- to make headway, progress (on ayuuqqi- (i) to be overdue; for the time to
it); (i) to go far (of something thrown) do something to be long past; (t) to fail to do
it at the appointed time thereby having
increasing difficulty in finding the
opportunity to do it
iti- (i) to be deep itiqquuri- or itauri- or (Nu) itaqurri- (i) to
sink immediately without splashing
papik bird's tail; top rear edge (of papiqqila- (i) to wiggle; (i) to jump around,
traditional skin pants); the length of the as a fish after it is caught; (i) to wag its tail;
backside of a parka or snowshirt (t) to wag its tail at her/him/it
qilu(-) rope attached to side of tent (used qiluqqi- (i) to be taut
in securing tent to stake); (i) to have a
muscle cramp; (t) to attach tent ropes to
it = stake in ground or to tent side frame
(wooden stakes secured into the

932
 permafrost standing upright about four
feet above the ground and joined
together horizontally by a long two-by-
four piece of lumber); (t) to draw it =
bow; (t) to pull it up, to stretch it taut
°sanI (root) broadside, side saniqqi- to ignore (her/him/it)
°sivu (stem) front part of anything; sivuqqiaq(-) (Nu) (i) to go out ahead of
frontage, area in front of building; bow others, to scout
of boat; front exterior wall of house;
time prior

-qqiguti- vv (limited) (i) to come around, become accustomed to V-ing

atuq-2 to use (it); to wear (it) atuqqiguti- (t) to become accustomed to
her/him/it

+qqIq n (limited) item of the N; final suffix of some nouns

itqiq louse egg
manŋiqtuqqiq hard, lumpy rust
nuna land, tundra, earth; inland; country, nunaaqqiq village, town
territory, a citizen’s nation-state
tatqiq [tatqIq] moon; month
taugaaqiq(-) or taugaaqqiq(-) (Ti)
tauġaaqqiq tobacco; (i) to smoke tobacco
tauġaaqqipiaq (Ti) leaf tobacco
tutipqiq a step located at the entrance of a
traditional sod house, originally a whale
vertebra; doorstep
utqiq (Ti) potato

= qqIt- or +qqIt- vv (limited) to come into a situation where one has V-ed badly | perhaps
-qqi- rv ‘= It-2 vv
kalivit- (i) to become stuck, to remain in kalipqit- (i) to be badly stuck, hard to pull
a place, stranded; to become jammed; (t) free
to cause it to become stuck, jammed
qilu(-) rope attached to side of tent (used qiluqqit- (i) to strain a back muscle; (i) to
in securing tent to stake); (i) to have a become unable to move about freely because
muscle cramp; (t) to attach tent ropes to of a strained back; (Nu) to have a muscle
it = stake in ground or to tent side frame cramp; (i) to be stretched taut; (t) to pull it
(wooden stakes secured into the taut
permafrost standing upright about four
feet above the ground and joined
together horizontally by a long two-by-
four piece of lumber); (t) to draw it =
bow; (t) to pull it up, to stretch it taut

933
+qsiuq- nv (restricted to locative case nouns and demonstrative in locative case) to
experience N | perhaps +q-3 +siuq- nv
examples with locative case nouns
iglumi in the house iglumiqsiuq- (i) to loiter in the house
Piġniġmi in Birnik, Alaska Piġniġmiqsiuŋait- (i) to not have been
around Piġniq
umiami located at the boat umiamiqsiuq- (i) to hang around or loiter
around the boat
examples with demonstrative in locative case
maani around here, here (visible maaniqsiuq- (i) to have been around here
extended
samani2 located down there, e.g., far out samaniqsiuq- (i) to have been down there
on the ocean, downriver, or downstairs
(not visible)
unani located down there, e.g., on or unaniqsiuq- (i) to hunt on the ice
near the ocean, downriver, or by the
door (extended, visible); “north or
seaward”

-qsraaq- vv (limited) to V with determination, force, or clarity | +qsraq- vv -aq- vv

aniq- to speak, say to (her/him)
ayuq- to be in desperate need of (it); (t) ayuqsraaŋit- to be able to obtain, get,
to be unable to obtain it by reaching for
it; (t) to be unable to reach, keep up with
her/him/it; (t) to be unable to buy it for
lack of money
nuqit- (t) to pull her/him/it
°takkuQ (stem) presence of
aniqsraaqtuq- (t) to tell her/him with
determination
procure (it) without hardship
nuqiqsraaq- (Nu) (t) to pull her/him/it with
a jerk
takkuqsraaq- (t) to witness an incident

+qsraq- or ~qsraq- rv, nv or (Ti) +ġraq- vv (limited) to continue to V; to experience V §

~raq- nv
agliġi- (t) to avoid her/him/it in agliqsraq- to avoid (her/him= a person with
accordance with taboo, e.g., avoidance a disease)
of an ill person
anmigi- (t) to feel that one can beat anmiksraq- (i) to feel or act superior
her/him in a competition; to feel that one
is more capable than her/him
anniġi- (t) to be protective of her/him/it anniqsraq- (i) to be unwilling to share
fearing hurt or loss; to refuse to something one fears might be damaged
relinquish possession of it; to refuse to
share it
aqi- (t) to kick her/him/it aqsraq- to kick (her/him/it) repeatedly
aqpigi- (t) to find his/her/its presence aqpiksraq- (i) to be unwilling to accept
undesirable; (t) to not want her/him/it someone’s or something’s presence or

934
along and send her/him/it away
ataniq source of connection; isthmus;
lord, master, king; god; supreme being;
higher power
attaġi- (t) to consider her/him to be
unapproachable, intimidating; to hesitate
to ask a favor of her/him; (Ti) (i) to not
expect to live; (t) to not expect her/him
to live because of a serious illness
*avI (root) resonance
igligi- (t) to express or show affection or
endearment for her/him/it = someone or
something that is cute, looks huggable or
loveable; (Ti) (t) to flirt with her/him/it
*iliq2 (root) movement
iñukkuk- (t) to nurture her/him/it into
maturity
inuq- (i) to fail to reach one’s
destination; (i) to undershoot, fall short;
(i) to be insufficient; (t) to fail to reach it
= goal, destination; (t) to undershoot it =
target; (t) to fall short of it = runway in
landing an airplane; (i) to not be enough
kalit- to drag, tow (her/him/it)
killuq [killuQ] wrong one
kivi- [kivI] (i) to sink
maŋik- [maŋIk] to gnaw on (it); (Nu)
(i) to fall headfirst dead or wounded
(usu. of animal); (Nu) (i) to fall on
one’s face
*naglik (root) compassion, mercy,
sympathy, pity
nakuaġi- (t) to like, love her/him/it
nuqit- (t) to pull her/him/it
nuvi- [nuvI] (t) to thread it = needle; (t) nuviqsraq- (i) to be threading one’s way
to string them = beads
paquġi- (t) to shun her/him= sick
person, fearing to be contaminated; (t) to person or corpse
regard her/him/it with fear or caution
piŋigi- (t) to worry about her/his safety
existence
ataniqsraq- (i) to be afraid to ask a favor of
one’s boss
attaqsraq- (i) to hesitate to ask someone for
something; to be diffident
aviqquqsraq- (Nu) (i) to holler, to shout, to
cry out, when chasing caribou
igliksraq- (i) to find someone or something
so loveable that one feels like hugging it
iliqsraq- or (Ti) iliġraq- (i) to squirm,
wiggle; (i) to writhe; (i) move around; (i) to
tremble; (i) to quake (of land)
iñukkuksraq- (Nu) (i) to raise a child
inuġraq- (Ti) (i) to be needy
kaliksraq- to drag (it) along (not purposely)
killuqsraun bitterness
kiviuqsraq- to test (it = depth of water)
kiviġraq- (Ti) to test (it = depth of water)
maŋiksraq- (t) to tear at it with the teeth
nagliksraq- (i) to have mercy, compassion,
pity
nakuaqsraq- (i) to feel attraction or take
pleasure in something or someone; (i) to like
something or someone
nuqiksraq- (t) to keep pulling her/him/it
through jagged sea ice
paquqsraq- (i) to avoid contact with a sick
piŋiksraq- (i) to worry about someone’s

935

qiksigi- (t) to feel shy, intimidated,
diffident toward her/him; (t) to respect,
admire, be in awe of her/him/it
*quŋu (root) worry
sapi- (t) to block, obstruct her/him/it,
make passage unsuitable or impossible
for her/him/it; (i) to dam it = river
siñi shore, border, edge; fur trim on
bottom edge or cuffs of parka
taluġi- (t) to feel that she/he is
unapproachable; (t) to feel submissive
toward her/him; (t) fear her/his wrath; (t)
to be unable to assert oneself against
her/him
uviñŋiaq- or uviñŋiuq- (i) to whistle
+qsraq or :qsraq or ~qsraq vn (limited) that which is V or has V-ed § ‘-Q vn, ±aq1 or
‘-aq vn, +t/raq or = t/raq or ~raq vn,vn
aŋayuqaaq- (i) to become old (of a
man)
*iliq1 (root) portion
ilu(-)2 interior, inside; abdominal cavity; iluqsraq depression in ground, ditch,
(t) to surround her/him/it
iqaġi- or (Ti) iqaqi- (i) to wash one’s
hands and/or face; (t) to wash her/his
hands and/or face; (t) to wash it = fabric,
utensil; (t) to wash it/them = face, hands,
etc.
936
safety
qiksiksraq- (i) to regard someone with
respect; to feel unworthy and diffident in
someone’s presence; to feel shy or
intimidated
quŋuġraq- (Ti) (i) to worry that something
bad may happen
sapiqsraq- (i) to be reserved, shy; to feel
humble toward another, and therefore not
ask favors of her/him
siñiqsraq- or sinigraq- (Ti) (i) to travel
along the beach, shore; (i) to walk along the
shore; (i) to go in and out of a row of houses,
stopping very briefly in each; (t) to walk
along on it = beach, immediate perimeter
sitquqsraq- (i) to move about on one’s
knees
siitquġraq- (i) to flex one’s knees
(especially as part of a dance done by
women)
taluqsraq- (i) to feel submissive toward
another; (i) to be intimidated; (i) to fear
someone's wrath and remain non-assertive;
(i) to be timid
uviñŋiuqsraq- to whistle (at her/him/it); (t)
to whistle it = tune
aŋayuqaksraq old man
augniqsraq patch of ground from which the
snow has melted while the surrounding area
is still snow covered; area where sea ice has
become dangerous to travel on due to
melting
iliqsraq or (Ti) iliġraq strip of split sinew to
be used to make thread
furrow, dent
iqaqsrat clothes which have been washed
 iti- (i) to be deep itiqsraq or (Ti) itiġraq dimple; low spot in
ground; (Ti) low spot in floor of ice cellar for
storing special meat; ditch; hole in the
ground
katit- (i) to gather, congregate, assemble; katiqsrat those that have been gathered
(i) to marry, wed; (i) to merge; (t) to
gather them together; (t) to harvest it =
crop
kiki- (t) to make a notch in it = wood; to kiksraq path cut through brush or trees
break off a piece from it = wood
napa- (i) to be standing upright, e.g., a napaqsraq pole, post, mast, pillar
house, pole, tree
qalu(-) dipnet; (i) to get something using qaluqsraq (Nu) mountain valley, large
a dipnet; (t) to bail water out of it = boat “bowl” or cirque in mountains; ditch
sisu- (i) to slide or glide down once sisuqsraq snow cornice
sisuuksraq snow cornice

+qsrI- nv (limited) to come into a situation where one is V-ing | +qsraq vn ‘= I-1 nv § +ġrI-
nv, rv, vv
ilu(-)2 interior, inside; abdominal cavity; iluqsri- or iluġri- (Ti) (i) to develop a
(t) to surround her/him/it depression, concave place; (t) to make a
depression in it
iqaqsrat clothes which have been iqaqsri- (i) to do the laundry, wash clothes;
washed (t) to do her/his laundry
iraqsraq pipe tobacco; crumb of food; iraqsri- or (Ti) iraġri- to cut (it = meat or
(Ti) ground meat tobacco) into tiny pieces
katiqsrat pile, assemblage, collection katiqsri- (i) to gather things together, to
collect things
*masaq (root) pleasure masaqsri- (Nu) (i) to be pleased, contented
with a situation or event, especially a story
one is listening to; (i) to sun oneself, doze
in the sun

mqsru- rv (limited) to experience V-ing § -ġru- vv

+qsruq-1 nv (limited) to fetch, reach for, reach into, to get a N; to provide a N §

-ksraisuq- nv
aiñiq pocket aiñiqsruq- to reach into (her/his/its) pocket
akilliq opponent, competitor; opposite; akilliqsruq- (t) to oppose her/him/it
enemy; (Nu) side platform in sod house
(one of two platforms opposite each
other)
asiaq(-) [asiraq] berry; (Nu) blueberry asiaqsruq- (i) to fetch berries from one’s
(Vaccinium uliginosum); (Ti) crowberry supply
(Empetrum nigrum); fruit in general; (i)
to pick berries

937
 igvik (Ti) pocket
katak(-) entrance hole in floor of sod
house (leading to subterranean tunnel or
passageway); (i) to fall off
ki2 [kI] (excl.) come on!; on with it!; do
it!; go ahead!
maktak whale skin with blubber
*mau (root) sea ice
siġluaq(-) underground ice or food
cellar; (t) to put it = usu. meat into an
underground ice cellar or cache for
storage
siñik(-) sleep; (i) to sleep; (t) to spend
it = day sleeping
suŋaq gall bladder
suppun rifle; gun
tunu back (of human body); back area;
back exterior wall of house
2
mqsruq- or ~qsruq- vv, rv or -ġruq- vv (limited) to V what is necessary to accomplish the
V or be the N
aki(-)1 [akI] corresponding value,
equivalence; cost, price, value; wage;
opposite side, other side; (Ti) north side
of the point (Point Hope); (t) to respond,
acknowledge, or answer her/him with
gestures (of one who is far away but
visible)
°alġa (stem) alternative (cognitive,
temporal, or physical); ancient or
earliest times
*apiq (root) inquiry
aqpat- (i) to run (of a human)
°asI (stem) a non-specific place;
everywhere; nowhere; someplace else;
away from the village; something
insignificant
aullaq- (i) to leave, go away, depart; (i)
to start (of engine)
aunaaq- or aunaaqsruq- (i) to bleed, to aunaaqsruq- (i) to bleed, menstruate
igvigruq- (Ti) (i) to reach into one’s pocket;
(t) to reach into her/his pocket
kattaqsruq- (t) to drop something for/on
them from the air, e.g., message, food, bomb
kiiqsruq- (t) to give her/him encouragement
to proceed, continue
maktaksruq- (i) to fetch some maktak
mauqsruq- (i) to walk directly out on the
ice to hunt; (Nu) (i) to hunt on the sea ice;
(t) to hunt it = usu., seal on the sea ice
siġluaqsruq- (i) to fetch food from the
underground cellar
siñaaqsruq- (i) to breathe audibly while
sleeping, to snore
suŋaqsruq- (i) to vomit a small amount of
bile
supputiqsruq- (i) to reach for and get a gun
tunuqsruq- (i) to keep one’s back turned
akiġruq- (Ti) to buy (it) on credit
alġaqsruq- (t) to preach a sermon to them;
(t) to give her/him moral instruction; (t) to
counsel her/him; (t) to teach her/him right
from wrong
aŋniqsruq- (t) to tease or bother her/him/it
apiġi- or apiqsruq- (t) to ask her/him
aqpaqsruq- (i) to run very fast
asiksruq- (t) to insult him
aullaqsruq- (Nu) (i) to go out picking
berries, greens
938
menstruate
1
iki- or iku- (i) to position or place
oneself into a container or a conveyance;
(t) to place or put her/him/it into a
container or conveyance
illuq or illualuk cross-cousin; joking
partner
iluaq- or iłuaq- (i) to be fitting, proper;
(i) to be correct, right; (i) to feel fine
iluŋiq- (Nu) (t) to get between her/him/it
and something else; (t) to best her/him in
target-shooting, coming closer to bull’s
eye
iŋiq- (t) to ask something of, beg
her/him for something
*isi (root) elongation, extension of
dimension
kanġaq- (i) to leak (of a sack, container
filled with flour, sand, something which
flows but is not a liquid); (t) to leak; (t)
to have something solid, such as flour,
flow onto it
katit- (i) to gather, congregate,
assemble; (i) to marry, wed; (i) to merge;
(t) to gather them together; (t) to harvest
it = crop
ki2 [kI] (excl.) come on!; on with it!; do
it!; go ahead!
*kipiq (root) desire for an optimun
outcome
kivi- [kivI] (i) to sink
kurraq- (i) to put one's head lower than
one's torso; to bow; (Ti) to lower one's
head
maliġi- (t) to follow her/him/it; to
follow her/his/its directions
*manŋa (root) tension
miquq- to sew (it)
*misik (root) expectation of a
939
iġñiqsruq- to hurry (her/him/it)
iksruq- (i) to embark, to get into a vehicle or
boat (of many persons); (t) to load them into
a vehicle, boat, or container; for a boat to be
swamped (of water)
illuġruq- (Ti) (i) to joke
iluaqsruq- or iłuaqsruq- or (Ti) iluaġruq-
(i) to be in the process of being fixed; (t) to
correct her/him/it; (t) to straighten it out; (t)
to fix, redo, correct, adjust it
iluŋiqsruq- (i) to desire deeply and
sincerely
iŋiqsruq- to ask, beg (her/him) for
something; to petition (her/him) for
something
isiqsruq- or isisiq- (i) to stretch one’s limbs
kanġaqsruq- to sprinkle it; to sow seeds
katiqsruq- to gather, assemble (them) in a
group, herd, pack
kiiqsruq- (t) to give her/him encouragement
to proceed, continue
kipiqsruq- (i) to keep on trying, to persist;
(t) to urge, tell her/him/it to keep on trying,
persisting
kiviġraq- (Ti) to test (it = depth of water)
kurraqsruq- (i) to lower one’s head (as
when looking for something)
maliqsruq- (t) to follow her/him/it
everywhere
manŋaiqsruq- (i) to tense up in
anticipation of being hit
miqsruun needle
miġruq- (Ti) to sew (it)
misiksruq- to wait and watch for
happening
nalġuq- or nalġuqtiq- (t) to take a
shortcut; (t) to straighten it
nalluk- (t) to toss up and down
repeatedly
nalunaiq- (i) to signify; (i) to become
clear, visible, distinct, audible; (t) to
reveal, make her/him/it known, “bring
out in the open,” prove; (i) to appoint,
single out her/him/it/; (t) to confirm it
naqit- (i) to be low, positioned close to
the ground; (t) to press her/him/it down
nasit- [nasIt] (i) to climb to a high
vantage point in order to have a
panoramic view; (i) to look for game
from a high vantage point
natqik- [natqIk] (i) to recover from an
illness or injury so that one’s condition is
stable; (t) to correct, rectify, set things
right with her/him/it
niġiuk- (i) to expect and hope for
something
nimiq- or nimiqsruq- (t) to wrap it with
something; to wind something around it
nuŋu- (i) to be depleted, used up; (i) to
get a worn spot; (i) to be an old moon,
i.e. no moon
punŋuuq- (i) to walk with head bowed
qaaq(-) marijuana (i) to burst, explode;
to smoke marijuana; (Nu) (i) to crash
against the shore (of wave, sea), to break
(of waves); (t) to make it pop or burst
qai- [qaġI] to come (toward her/him/it)
qaki- (i) to climb out of water; (i) to
come up on shore (of boat); (i) to win in
940
(her/him/it)
nalġuqsruq- (t) to instruct her/him/it on
how to do it correctly
nalluġruq- (Ti) (t) to give out, toss them =
treats out at a give-away, e.g., during the
Nalukataq (whaling festival) from behind
the wind shelters (a wall of wind breakers
forming a circle around the Nalukataq
grounds) to the people who are sitting on the
ground watching the Nalukataq and being
served food
nalunaiqsruq- (t) to place identification on
it
naqitaqsruq- (t) to tie it down securely
nasiqsruq- (i) to crane one's neck; (i) to
look for game in the distance
natqiksruun discipline; correction
niġiuksruq- (t) to encourage her/him; to
raise her/his expectations
nimiqsruq- (t) to wrap it with something; to
wind something around it
nuŋuqsruq- (i) to become worn out (of
inanimate things); (t) to cause it to become
worn out
punŋuqsruq- (i) to keep the head lowered
when one is feeling sad, dissatisfied,
shameful
qaaqsruġniq or (Ti) qaaġruq blister on
skin
qaiqsruq- or qaiqsu- (t) to ask, urge
her/him to come
qaksruq- (i) to bring boat from whaling
camp back to the village; (Ti) (i) to celebrate
 a game; (i) to accumulate enough wealth
so that one’s chances of survival are no
longer precarious; (i) to become uppity,
stuck-up; (i) to adopt a condescending
attitude toward “former” peers (after
acquiring money, new status, etc.)
qautchiq- (t) to wait for it = daybreak,
dawn, sunrise
*qii (root) convulsion
qilamik quickly, immediately, right
away
qiliq- (t) to tie it into a knot; to bind, tie
her/him/it up
qipit- (t) to wind it around something
saŋŋi- [saŋŋI] (i) to be strong, tight, or
taut
tasit- [tasIt] (t) to stretch it
tiriq- (i) to make the sound of something
rubbing against something once; (i) to
gnash one’s teeth
tumaq- (i) to heal (of broken bone); (t)
to repair it
uvsik- [uvsIk] (i) to be dense, compact;
to be closely grouped, (of a herd); to be
tightly woven
-qta- vv (limited) to V with emotion quickly § mta- vv,rv
kakkili- (i) to have a runny nose
*qaa (root) repulsion
*qui (root) quiver, tremble, shiver
+qtaq nn, vn (limited) an object or article designed for a N or for V-ing § ±aq1 vn, +t/raq vn
aġnaq woman; an adult human female;
queen (suit in cards)
alġaani a long t ime ago
aŋun man, an adult human male
atiq- (i) to travel out on ice to whaling
941
the whaling festival
qautchiġruq- (t) to wait for it = daybreak,
dawn, sunrise
qiiqsruq- (i) to have an epileptic convulsion
qilamiksruq- to hurry (her/him/it)
qiliqsruq- (t) to tie knots in it = rope; to tie
her/him/it up
qipiqsruq- (t) to wind something tightly
around it
saŋŋiqsruq- (i) to exert great force, e.g., a
runner, someone engaged in a competitive
game of strength
tasiqsruq- (i) to stretch one’s arms; (t) to
stretch it
tiriqsruq- (i) to make a rubbing sound (over
a period of time); to make a whistling sound
tumaqsruq- (t) to fit it together, repair it
uvsiqsruq- (t) to fill it = crack up; to chink
or caulk it
kakkiliqta- or kakkiliqtaq- (i) to sob,
making a sniffling sound
qaaliqta- (i) to feel repulsed by something
disgusting; to shudder with revulsion
quiliqta- (i) to feel joyful, tremble with
happiness
aġnaqtaq an object or article designed for a
woman
alġaaniqsat artifacts
aŋipkaqtaq metal softened in a fire
aŋutiqtaq an object or clothing designed for
a man
atiqtaq polar bear cub in its first year (so
 camp from the village; (i) to travel from
inland towards the ocean after hunting
iglupiaq one hand (anatomical); one of
a pair of anything
Iñupiaq north Alaskan Eskimo person;
north Alaskan Eskimo language
iŋaluaq or iŋaluat small intestines of
human and terrestrial mammals
siqaniq (frying pan)
taimani1 located in the past; during,
at that time in the past; in the past
Tanik Caucasian person; white person
ukiutqIk last year
named because the mother takes it
immediately out on the sea ice from the
place where it was born)
iglupiaqtalik one that has one of a pair of
anything, e.g., a one-horned caribou,
one-armed man, single sod house
(Nunamiut style sod houses were
sometimes paired, sharing one entrance)
Iñupiaqtaq an object or article designed
for an Iñupiaq
iŋaluaqtaq umbilical cord
siqaniqtaq fried meat
taimaniqsat things of that time
Taniktaq an object or clothing inherently of
white man’s culture; non-Iñupiaq item; (Nu)
dog with hanging ears
ukiutqiksaq last year’s item

-qti vn (limited) something that facilitates V-ing

napa- (i) to be standing upright, e.g., a napaqti mast
house, pole, tree
nuqaq- (i) to be taut, tightly drawn; (t) to nuqaqti bowstring, string for a musical
attach a bowstring to a bow and make it instrument
taut
quviq- (t) to catch her/him/it off guard; quviqti white film over eye, cataract; (Nu)
(t) to surprise, startle her/him/it; (t) to do white bead
something without her/his knowledge;(t)
to surprise her/him/it

’-qtu- vv to V excessively as a rule | ’-Q vn +tu- nv § -lgu- vv and -tu- vv (not used with verb
stems with final consonant t)
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it) niġġiqsu- (i) eats a lot
pigaaq- (i) to stay up late piggaqtu- (i) stays up very late
pilġatchuqtu- (i) to be slow all the time
pisuk- (Nu) (i) to walk pitchuqtu- (i) walks a lot
piyumisuk- (Nu) (i) to want to leave, go, piyumitchuqtu- (Nu) (i) to really hope
be eager, raring to go
qiñiq- to look at, watch (her/him/it) qiññaqtu- (i) stares a lot
siñik(-) sleep; (i) to sleep; (t) to spend it siññaqtu- (i) sleeps a lot
= day sleeping
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of uqqaqtu- (i) to be a gossip; be a chatterbox;
leg-hold trap which when stepped on to talk too much
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep
talking to her/him for the purpose of

942
 advising her/him on the proper way to
live

-qu- vv to request, ask § -[t]qu- vv

-qułłik nn (limited) one with characteristics of N

iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil; iñuqułłik or (Ti) iñuqullik dwarf; legendary
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to “little person”
surprise her/him/it

-qumak nn (limited) item related to N

iri eye iraqumak lens of eye; iris of eye
saa satqummiaq something kept handy, easily
accessible, not in storage

-qun or +qun or ‘-qun or ~qun rn, vn, nn (limited) means or medium for V-ing § +un1 or
+uti vn
ataniq source of connection; isthmus;
lord, master, king; god; supreme being;
higher power
°ati1 (root) area below; bottom,
underside; down
auma(-) ember, live coal; red gemstone; aumaqun moss, used as insulation in the
(i) to smolder (of coal or wood)
igniq fire
2
iki- (i) to burn
*ilisI (root) spirit, energy
iññiqi- (i) to go visiting from house to
house
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil;
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to seen from afar and blamed for
surprise her/him/it
kigusiqi- (i) to have a toothache; to
have one's teeth worked on; (t) to work
on her/his/its teeth
mannik [mannIk] egg
mumaaqi- (Nu) (i) to do a Canadian
Inuit dance
niviŋŋaq- to hang (it); (Ti) (i) to be
barely hanging, about to fall off
anuaqun reason for emotional reaction
apqun road, street, trail
ataniġnaqun authority, power, regulation
atqun wick adjuster
construction of a sod house
igniqutit outboard motor, vehicle engine,
power plant
ikkuqutit heather used for starting fires
(Cassiope tetragona)
ilitqun spirit, essence (of a being)
iññiqun (Ti) prowler, mysterious person
iñuqun spirit; prowler (unknown person
unexplainable happenings); bogey man
kigutchiqun toothpaste
manniliqun egg beater
mitqun [mItqun] needle; (Nu) narrow bone
in hind leg of caribou
mumaaqun (Nu) Canadian Inuit dance
song
niviŋŋaqun seal net set straight down
through a crack on the ice

943
 nunni- to make a map or plot and claim
land (for her/him/it)
pituk(-) chain (t) to tie, chain her/him/it
to a stake, pole; to connect it = house to
electricity or sewer system
piyaaġi- (t) to treat her/him/it roughly,
badly
sagluqi- (t) to lie to her/him; to fool
her/him/it
saunniqi- (i) to work with bones; (t) to
work on her/his/its bones
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what;
(t) to do what to her/him/it
uunaq- (i) to be hot
nunniqun plow; surveyor's transit
pittuqun something attached to another
thing
piyaaqun something that is used to threaten
somebody
sagluqun lie, falsehood, deception
saunniqun file, rasp for bone
suqun that which is worthy of consideration
or attention
uunnaqun something used to keep one
warm; heater

+quq (limited) indicates an association with the body of human, animal, plant or land §
±ġuq or +guq nn

-qusaaq- vv to try to persuade, encourage § -[t]qusaaq- vv

+qutaq vn,nn (limited) medium for N or for V-ing § -utaq vn

akat- (i) to harm oneself; (t) to upset,
bother, or harm her/him/it
aqpik3 cloudberry (Rubus
chamaemorus)
asiavik blueberry (Vaccinium
uliginosum);
iñaviġi- (t) to hinder, slow her/him down iñaviqqutaq(-) hindrance; to hinder
masu edible tap root of Alpine
Sweetvetch (Hedysarum alpinum);
“eskimo potato”
napa- (i) to be standing upright, e.g., a
house, pole, tree
patik- (t) to slap her/him/it; (Ti) (t) to lay patqutaq fly swatter; mosquito fan
one’s hand on her/him/it
paunġaq crowberry, blackberry
(Empetrun nigrum)
akałłuqutaq bad, troublesome person,
troublemaker
aqpiqutaq cloudberry plant
asiaviqutaq (Nu) blueberry plant
iluqutaq (Ti) porcupine
(her/him), to delay or slow (her/him) down
iqł apqutaq scattered cumulus clouds
spread over open ocean
masuqutaq Alpine Sweetvetch
(Hedysarum alpinum)
napaqutaq signpost; gravestone
paunġaqutit or paunġaqutaq leaves of
crowberry or blackberry
pilaġaqutaq (Nu) heather (Cassiope) used
for tinder, fire
quppiqutaq edible young fireweed shoots

944

sapi- (t) to block, obstruct her/him/it,
make passage unsuitable or impossible
for her/him/it; (i) to dam it = river
sisi or (Nu) siñ burrow or den (of a
burrowing animal), bear’s lair
(Epilobium angustifolium)
sapuqutaq barrier, blockade, dam, enclosure
or fence
sisiqutat a mound on the edge of a river or a
lake, where burrowing animals inhabit

‘-quti- or = quti- vv (limited) to V it/her/him together with another item; to V with

it/her/him § ‘ti- vv, :uti- vv
imu- (i) to become stooped with age; (i) immuquti- (t) to include it in the wrapping
to crouch down; (t) to fold it; (t) to roll it of something; (i) to be included in the
up; (t) to wind it = string, yarn, etc. into wrapping of something
a ball
paqit- to find (her/him/it) paquti- (i) to find one another
qapuk foam; (Ti) pumice stone used as qapquti- (i) to form bubbly foam (of dirty
cleaner water)

-quuq- vv to urge § -[t]quuq- vv

-quyak vn (limited) one that is V § -yak1, -quyuk

nala- (i) to lie in a horizontal position on nalaquyauraq infant unable to sit by itself
one's side or back
saat-2 [sagat] (i) to be soft, thin, pliable, saatuquyak or (Nu) saapaqayak thin, flat
e.g., fabric or animal skin; (i) to have stone (good for skipping on water); (Ti) flat
thin hair bone weight (used for bolas)
saatuquyaaq (Nu) something flat

-quyuk nn (limited) one that is V; one resembling a N § -quyak

napa- (i) to be standing upright, e.g., a napaquyuk (Nu) circular tent with single
house, pole, tree pole in center staked to ground
siun ear siutiquyuk twisted spiral seashell with
pointed end, mollusk, shell

~raaq- or = raaq- vv, nv (limited) to V with duration; to assume that position or action in
space or interval of time § +taaq-1 vv
ipi- (i) to suffocate; (i) drown; (i) to be ipraaġuq- (Nu) (i) to be out of breath
hot and sweaty from lack of fresh, cool
air
immuquti- (t) to include it in the immuqurraaq- (i) to wrap oneself with
wrapping of something; (i) to be something
included in the wrapping of something
isiġmiu- (i) to be indoors, inside; to stay isiġmiuraaq- (i) to stay indoors for a while;
in a cave during hibernation (of bears) (t) to visit and stay with her/him for a while

945
 kamanni- (i) to act bossy, to act
important, to be a showoff
kiamit- (t) to push it = boat off into
water; to shove it in; (Nu) to throw it =
spear
naanŋiq- [naanŋIq] (i) to hop on one
foot, once; (t) to hop over her/him/it
puumit- (i) to swim
qukinni- (t) to completely remove guts
of, to clean out the guts of it = reindeer
at time of slaughter
saqit- [saqIt] (t) to move, shove, push,
cast her/him/it aside, out of the way
siqiññak- to receive, get more sun (of
days as they lengthen)
kamanniraaq- (i) to act important, show off
which boasting is part of the act
kiavraaq- (i) to spin, turn around
naanŋiraaq- (i) to play one-legged high
kick where you kick and land on the same
foot
puuvraaq- (i) to play in water, swimming
qukinniraaq- (i) to enjoy wearing clean
clothes
saqiraaġataq- (t) to give her/him/it a little
push or shove
siqiññaraaq- (i) to be sunny

+raaq vn N acquired § mt/raaq2 vn

-raaq(-) nv, nn (limited) item of the N

°ati1 (root) area below; bottom,
underside; down
maġġaq [maġġaQ] gravel, sand
puvak lung; (Nu) interior cavity of sheep
horn
qutchik- (i) to be high in elevation; (i) to
be in a high position (physically or job-
wise)
ataraak union suit, coveralls, long
underwear;
maġġaraaq sandbar; fine sand
puvagraaq (Ti) beluga or seal lung
qutchimaraaq highland, elevated land,
mountainous region

-raġaaq(-) vn, vv to V leisurely for a while, uly in repetition; N with which the action is
done, usually in repetition § -t/raġaaq(-) vv, vn

+raġalIq- vv has begun to do the action frequently or repeatedly § -t/raġalIq- vv

-raġaq vn (limited) one that is repeatedly V-ed or is V-ing

ii-1 [igi] (t) to swallow it
pukta- (i) to be afloat
iiraġaq pill or liquid medicine
puktaraġaq darting gun with harpoon
toggle head and a large wooden handle (after
the bullet and harpoon toggle head are
propelled from the darting gun, the large
wooden handle (approximately six feet in
length and five inches in circumference)
enables the darting gun to float popping up
and down in the sea until it is retrieved);
large wooden handle of darting gun;
something which floats

946
 tasi- [tasI] (i) to stretch, to extend tasiraġaq rubber band, elastic

+rak- or ~rak- or =rak- vv, vn, rn (limited) to V without hesitation

*alapi (root) ignorance; confusion
avaaq- (i) to knock oneself unconscious; avaaġrak- (i) to fall, hitting the back of
(t) to knock her/him/it unconscious
*mitik (root) bounce
pakik- [pakIk] to dig (it = hole) with
hands or claws; (t) to fire it = gun by
pulling the trigger
utiq- to return, go back (for her/him/it);
(t) to return to her/him = spouse after a
separation
alavrak- (Ti) (t) to not pay attention to, not
notice her/him/it; to have her/him/it slip
one’s mind
one's head and becoming partially
unconscious; (t) to hit her/him/it on the back
of the head making her/him/it partially
unconscious
mitigrak- (i) to bounce off, fly off
pagrak- (Ti) to dig (through it)
utiġrak- (i) to bounce back (of object); to
make a round trip (usually in the same day)

+rak(-) vv, vn, rn (limited) item that resembles a N or is a result of V-ing

ilik- (t) to become scorched, singed (of iligrak(-) sunburn; a burn; scaly skin from
food, hair, fabric, etc.) sun or windburn; pimple; (t) to get
sunburned (of skin); to become scaly (of skin
from exposure to sun or wind)
*muġ (root) saturation muġrak floating mass which cannot be
walked on; slush ice
nuka or nukaq or nukatchiaq or nukarak a second wife
nukaaluk younger sibling
puġrak (Ti) slush ice
r
qaa(-) or qaaq (Nu) [qa a] top side; qaagrak a roughly filed cutting edge of ulu
roof; surface; outer side of fabric; cover; or knife
dorsal area of fish; (t) to put a top surface qaaġraq- (Nu) (i) to be rough, uneven (of an
on it edge, blade)
siarak (Nu) sugar
suvak fish eggs suvagrak a core of ivory tusk (with
appearance of fish eggs)
suvlu pore; tiny hole suvluġrak a porous rock or bone

+raq or ~raq or = raq- vn an object or person that has been V-ed; the recipient of the
action, the victim, end-product, result of V-ing § +t/raq vn

-raq- nv, vv (limited) to accomplish the action involving the N or the V-ing § ~sraq-1 vv
+t/raq-1 vv, -qsraq- rv, nv
akunniq interval of time or space akunniraq- (i) to move amidst a crowd or
between two events or objects among things (e.g., buildings, rivers); (t) to
move amidst them

947
 allaq a perforation, hole, a rip
arri1 a likeness; a copy
napa- (i) to be standing upright, e.g., a
house, pole, tree
putu(-) hole, puncture, perforation; (t) to
perforate, pierce it, make a hole through
it; (Ti) (i) to get a hole in one’s sole
alliraq- or alliraaq- (i) to go around with a
hole in one’s clothing
arriraq- (Ti) (t) to copy her/him, imitate
what she/he does
naparaq- (i) to tumble over, turn a
somersault
puturaq- (i) to swoop down when nearing
nest (of bird)

= rgu- or -rgu- vv, vn (limited)

kaak- (i) to be hungry kargu(-) starvation; (i) to be starving
pakIk- to dig (it = hole) with hands or pakirgutit (Nu) snow rake with tines made
claws; (t) to fire it = gun by pulling the of caribou antler
trigger

+ri vn one who usually does the action § mt/ri vn

+rI-1 nv to act like a N § +ġrI- nv

-rI-2 vv to get/grow into the state of being or condition described by the stem § +sI-1 vv,
-ġrI- vv

+rI-3 ~ri-3 or :I-6 or -lI-4 vv (limited) to cause her/him/it to V § +tchI- vv

examples with +rI- vv restricted to verb stems which end in a vowel
apta- (i) to be busy; working fast aptari- (t) to cause her/him to be busy; (t)
(Ti) to annoy, bother her/him; ¤(Nu) to try to
hurt or harm her/him
g
nau- [na u] (i) to grow (of a plant or nauriaq flower; plant
wart); (i) to wax (of moon); (i) to
increase
nunu- (i) to repress a desire to do nunuri- (t) to pressure, force her/him to do
something something
paya- (t) to be unable to manage or payari- (t) to overwhelm, beat, defeat
defeat her/him/it; (t) to be not strong her/him/it; to force her/him to yield through
enough to lift or move it pressure; (Ti) (t) to lose hold of it, have it
slip from one’s grasp
qia- [qira] to cry, weep, shed tears (for qiari- (t) to make her/him cry
her/him/it)
qimaa- (i) to run away qimaari- (t) to cause her/him/it to flee
3
example with ~ri- vv
ipi- (i) to suffocate; (i) to drown; (i) to be ivri- or ivriññik- to cause others to be out of
hot and sweaty from lack of fresh, cool breath from laughing so hard; (Ti) (t) to
air bother someone
4
example with -li-
akiit- (i) to lose, be defeated; to be akiili- (t) to defeat her/him in a contest

948
 cheap, inexpensive
examples with :I- 6 v
aġit- [agIt] to become wet or damp (of
fabric, ground, animal hide, child’s
diaper)
alapit- (i) to become confused,
perplexed, puzzled, confounded; (t) to
shuffle them = cards
ikłigutchak- (i) to become tempted
ilimatchak- (i) to become apprehensive,
suspicious
ilunŋutchak- (i) to be deeply moved
emotionally; (t) to move her/him
emotionally
immiq- (t) to fill it
iqsitchak- (i) to become frightened,
afraid
kiviq- (Ti) (t) to stuff it
nautchiq- (Ti) (t) to plant it = seed; (t)
wait for it = seed to grow
niksigaq(-) hook with a handle, used for
carrying meat; to hook (it) with a grapple
paumit- (i) to itch
piavsak- (i) to abruptly or suddenly
become furious; to fly into a rage
pilaiq- (i) to become tired
qaallak- (i) to be startled, give a shout
when startled
qivit- (i) to go off in a huff; to leave
indignant; to act or behave indignantly
~rI-4 or +sI-4 or :I-7vv (limited) to V to her/his/its disadvantage
examples with ~rI- vv
amu- (i) to be pulled out; (i) to slide
back into water after beginning to
surface (of a seal); (t) to pull her/him/it
out; (i) to withdraw money from a bank;
(t) to pick up a C.O.D. from the post
office
imu- (i) to become stooped with age; (i) imuri-1 (t) for it to roll up on him/her even
to crouch down; (t) to fold it; (t) to roll it though he/she did not want it to
up; (t) to wind it = string, yarn, etc. into
949
aġivri- (i) to get wrinkled skin from soaking
in water, bath
alavri- (i) to cause oneself to become
confused (e.g., by considering various
possibilities); (t) to cause her/him to become
confused, mixed up
ikłigutchai- (t) to cause her/him to become
tempted
ilimatchai- (t) to make her/him become
apprehensive, suspicious, cautious
ilunŋutchai- (t) to move her/him
emotionally
immii- (t) to pack it
iqsitchai- (t) to scare, frighten her/him/it
kivvii- to fill, stuff (it)
nautchii- (i) to grow plants
niksigai- (i) to hook objects, e.g., pieces of
meat, on to a hook for someone else to pull
up or drag
pauvri- (t) to make her/him/it itch
piavsai- (t) to cause her/him to suddenly
become furious, fly into a rage
pilaiġi- (t) to cause her/him/it to become
tired, to tire her/him/it
qaallai- (t) to startle her/him/it
qivri- (t) to cause her/him/it to go away
indignantly, offended
amuri- (t) to withdraw or pull out something
of hers/his/its (something stored or put away
for safekeeping)
 a ball
kipi- (i) to be severed, cut; (i) to stop kivri- to cut, sever something of hers/his
flowing (of stream); (i) to stop coming
(of people or animals); (t) to sever, cut it;
(t) to disconnect her/his telephone,
electricity, television; (t) to crosscut, cut
against its grain
nuŋu- (i) to be depleted, used up; (i) to nuŋuri-3 (t) to deplete, use up her/his supply
get a worn spot; (i) to be an old moon,
i.e. no moon
tigu- (i) to take hold and hang on; (t) to tiguri-2 (t) to take, confiscate something of
take, capture, grab, or arrest her/him/it hers/his/its
examples with :I-7 vv
aŋivit- or aŋivraq- (i) to become loose, aŋivsi-2 (t) to disassemble, undo, take apart
untied, unraveled, unwound, or something of hers/his
disassembled; (t) to loosen, untie,
unravel, unwind it; (t) to take apart,
disassemble it
igit-2 (t) to throw it away; (t) to abandon iksi-2 (t) to throw away her/his things; to
her/him/it; (t) to cast her/him out of the abandon, cast her/him/it out
home
kalivit- (i) to become stuck, to remain in kalivsi- (i) to have a shell stuck in the
a place, stranded; to become jammed; (t) chamber (of gun); (t) to cause a shell to get
to cause it to become stuck, jammed stuck in it = gun’s chamber
navik- to break (it) navgi- (i) to break one’s own (esp., bones in
one’s body); (t) to break another’s heart; (t)
to break her/his personal possession, bones;
(i) to break a law or regulation
siamit- (i) to spread, scatter; (t) to siavsi- (i) to scatter things; (t) to scatter
spread, scatter it; (Ti) (t) to lose it things belonging to her/him/it

simmiq- [simmIq] (i) to exchange or simmii- (t) to trade something of hers/his

swap items; (t) to exchange it for
something else
siqqaq- (t) to throw things out into the
water
siqumit- (i) to be destroyed, crushed to
pieces, shattered, broken to pieces; (t) to
destroy, break, crush it to pieces; (t) to
cut it = animal skin into several pieces
upaluq- (i) to move to action swiftly,
hurriedly; (t) to rush to her/him to check
on her/his welfare
examples with +sI-4
atiq [atiQ] name; namesake; someone
who shares the same name with another
siqqai-2 (t) to throw her/his belongings out
into the water
siquvsi- (i) to destroy something, taking a
prolonged period of time, or to destroy more
than one item; (t) to destroy her/his things
upalui- (t) to catch her/him/it by surprise,
unawares
atiqsi- (i) to find out one’s own name; (t) to
find out her/his/its name

950
 akat- (i) to harm oneself; (t) to upset, akatchi- (i) to be disruptive; (t) to disrupt
bother, or harm her/him/it her/his activity

+rI-5 or ~rI-5 vv intransitivizer § +sI-3 vv

-rraaq vn (limited) one involved or associated with concept in the N

°ati1 (root) area below; bottom, atarraaq traveler going downriver
underside; down
qaa(-) or qaaq (Nu) [qara] top side; qaaq or qarraaq skin mattress, mattress,
roof; surface; outer side of fabric; cover; mat
dorsal area of fish; (t) to put a top surface
on it

-rraQ or = rraQ vn (limited) item or product of a V-ing

avat- (t) for them to surround her/him/it avarraq fluke of whale
ikak-1 to cross over (it), e.g., water ikarraq ford, place to cross over water; one
hour; width of material
ikiaq- (i) to split into layers (said as the ikkirraq a split layer of something
split has just been completed); (t) to split
it into layers; (t) to divide, split it into its
natural layers, e.g., walrus skins which
can be split into inner and outer layers;
(t) to split it = log, wood
siik- (t) to cut or tear it (as in skinning a sirraq split section of garment or animal
seal or tearing fabric) lengthwise skin
g
uniaq- [uni aq] to tow, drag, pull (it, unirrat (Ti) reindeer sled
esp., sled or seal) by means of a rope
around one's chest or over one's shoulder

-rraq- rv (limited) to do an action involving the N (sometimes with detriment) § -aq-3 nv

akiłhun glass lantern chimney; snow akiłhurraq- (i) to break (of lantern
deflector, e.g., at the entrance of a chimney); (t) to break her/his/its lantern
snowhouse to keep the snow from piling chimney
up and blocking the entrance
aŋarraq- (t) to behead it = animal; (t) to
cross them = two upright poles near upper
end
*ku (root) downward movement or kurraq- (i) to put one’s head lower than
orientation one’s torso; to bow; (Ti) to lower one’s head
r
paa- [pa a](Ti) (i) to fall down flat on parraqłak- (t) to violently oppose,
something; (t) to pin her/him/it down, to contradict her/him/it
pounce upon her/him/it; (t) to fall on top
of it; (i) to have a convulsion; (i) to close
tightly due to muscle spasm (of jaws,
fists, etc.); (t) to prevent her/him/it going
past by blocking her/his/its way with

951
 oneself
qalgi(-) (Ti) men’s community house; (i) qalgirraq- (Ti) (i) to go to the men’s
to hold activities or assemble at the community house
men’s community house
*quŋu (root) worry quŋurraq- (Ti) (i) to worry that something
might happen when out hunting or going on
one’s first airplane flight

-rraqsI- vv to begin, start to V

iglaq- (i) to laugh
isivruk- or isivruuraq- to whisper (to
her/him)
pisuaq- (i) to walk; (t) to walk it =
distance
qia- [qira] to cry, weep, shed tears (for
her/him/it)
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t)
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it;
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial
uummatitchiaq- (i) for one’s heart to
beat faster
iglarraqsi- (i) to begin laughing »
iglarraqsiruagut taliñman we began
laughing when he got out of sight
isivruurarraqsi- (i) to begin whispering »
uniñmatiŋ isivruurarraqsiruat they began
to whisper when she left
pisuarraqsi- (i) to begin walking »
pisuarraqsiluk akkupak should wed begin
walking now
qiarraqsi- (i) to begin crying »
qiarraqsiruaq kanŋutchakpaiłłuni he
began to cry from deep embarrassment
savarraqsi- to begin working (on it) »
savarraqsiraa itiqami he began working on
it when he woke up
uummatitchiarraqsi- (i) to beat fast (of
heart) » uummatitchiarraqsivit nuimman
did your heart start pounding, beating fast,
when he came into view

-rraqsisigi- vv (only with Contemporative I endings) then, immediately beginning to V |

-rraqsI- vv ’tigi- vv
ikayuq- to help (her/him/it) ikayurraqsisigi- immediately beginning to
help » ikayurraqsisigillaan tulakapta
piraqput we began to help him immediately
as soon as we came ashore
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savarraqsisigi- immediately beginning to
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it; work » savarraqsisigillaan tikiññami
(i) to be working, operating properly (of piruaq he began to work immediately upon
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it = arriving
corpse for burial

’rrI- vv (i) to take someone/something along so both undergo the same process § +urrI- vv

+rruaq- vv (limited) to V despite the odds § +ġruaq-1 vv

952
-rruġIk- vv to be good at V-ing regularly
ilisaq- to study or practice (it)
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside;
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside
qai- [qaġI] to come (toward her/him/it)
ilisarruġik- to be good at studying or
practicing (it) » ilisarruġiksuk taapkuak
those two study very well
isirruġik- to visit (her/him) regularly
qairruġik- (i) to come regularly

= rruk- or +rruk- rv, vv, nv (limited) to attain the condition described by the V
amiiq- (t) to remove its skin, e.g., an amiiġruk- (i) to scrape one’s skin, without
game animal; (t) to remove its skin making it red; (t) to scrape it = one’s skin
covering, e.g., a drum, a kayak, or without making it red
umiak; (t) to remove its peel, e.g., of a
fruit
atigi(-) parka, traditional fur-lined, atigiġruk- (i) to wear a parka when it is not
pullover-style with fur ruff; (i) to put on necessary to do so (such as when indoors or
a parka; (t) to put a parka on her/him on a warm day)
arruk- (i) to become damp; (i) to be damp;
(Nu) (i) to develop an infection
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil; iñugruk- (i) to make noise (of a group of
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to people)
surprise her/him/it
kiliuq- to scrape (it) kiliuġruk- (i) to skin or scrape oneself; to
abrade oneself without bleeding; (t) to skin
or scrape it = one's body part without
breaking the skin
kivigruk- (i) to do the “stick” ceremony (of
shaman); (i) to use a divining stick to
determine whether a sick person will get
well
*ku (root) downward movement or kurruk- (i) to lower one’s head in humility,
orientation sadness or shame
*muġ (root) saturation muġruk- (i) to sink into soft ground, snow;
(i) (by extension) to sink into sin; (Ti) (i) to
enter a sod house through an entry tunnel;
(Ti) (i) to pass through a tunnel, hole in the
snow; (t) to put it into a covered hole, e.g.,
into a cellar
naġruk- (i) to run ahead, passing others to
lead; (t) to run in front of her/him/it; pass by
her/him/it; to head her/him/it off
paliq- [palIq] to become dry parruk- (t) to start to dry, be drying
paniq- to become dry; (i) to lose weight, panaaġruk- to dry out (e.g., of meat
become skinny; to starve

953
 qia- [qira] to cry, weep, shed tears (for
her/him/it)
qulvili- (i) to weep, shed tears
°saa2 (stem) [sara] front of body or
garment; area immediately in front of
something; lap, the front part of the
lower trunk and thighs of a seated
person; seaward
salik- or saliktuq- to travel swiftly
parallel to (her/him/it); Nu) (i) to gesture,
wave one’s arms, e.g., when sighting
caribou
°sanI (root) broadside, side
*suġ (root) aggression
tasi- [tasI] (i) to stretch, to extend
uulik- (i) to shiver, tremble, shake
uviñŋiaq- or uviñŋiuq- (i) to whistle
+rruk rn, nn (limited) item with attributes of N or V
1
imaq (-) [imaQ] liquid, fluid; non-
potable water; lake; sea, ocean; lagoon;
(t) to moisten it = animal hide to ready it
for scraping
itiq anus; southern, inland end of lake;
sea anemone
¤mapsaq- or mapsat- (Nu) (i) to fall,
creating a snowslide (of snow cornice)
nipi2 voice, sound
*puv (root) air cavity/space; swelling;
expansion of air (like filling one’s lungs
with air)
qutuk clavicle, collarbone
954
qirruk- to cry continuously for (her/him/it)
qiiligruk- (i) to clench fists and teeth in
frustration
qulviliuġruk- (i) to water from wind or cold
(of eyes)
sarruk- (i) to run toward, pass in front of
hunter (of caribou)
saliuġruk- (i) to slide sideways (of sled or
something being towed)
saniuġruk- (i) to swerve, go sideways
suġruk- (i) to go over to berate, quarrel
with, or attack someone; (t) to go over to
berate, quarrel with or attack her/him
tasirruk- (t) to make it bigger by stretching
uuligruk- (i) to be frustrated, upset
(Ti) uviñŋiaġruk- to whistle (at her/him/it)
aŋirruk (Ti) base of whale’s tail, between
flukes (saved and eaten in fall with
the first sighting of slush ice or
during the spring festival held in
March before whaling season)
imaġruk (Kotz) big lake
itiġruk small groove on end of arrow, notch
where bowstring fits; shell cartridge of
firearm
¤mapsaġruk (Nu) snow cornice, overhang
nivruiġuti- (i) to become quiet
puvruk bubbles
Qutugruk constellation of four stars
(thought to resemble a collarbone, seen in
 winter)
siuq- (i) to make a whistling noise (of a siuġruk(-) camp stove; (i) to make a distant,
hoary marmot) indistinct hissing or whistling noise

’-rruq- or = rruq- or +rruq- vv (limited) to attain the action depicted by the stem
ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or illarruq- (t) to make it = condition worse
name; companion, friend, partner; part of
a whole; (i) to get a co-participant,
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
quiq- (Ti) (i) to cough qiuġruq- (Ti) (i) to have a convulsion, fit
siik- (t) to cut or tear it (as in skinning a sirruġaġniq break in a continuum
seal or tearing fabric) lengthwise
susaa- (Ti) to hear (her/him/it); (i) to susaarruġik- (i) to have sharp hearing
hear news

-rruti n § -ruti n

+ruaq1 nn a big, huge N § +ġruaq nn

+ruaq2 nn (limited) N-in-law

aaka mother; grandmother (modern use) aakaruaq mother-in-law
aana grandmother; great-aunt aanaruaq mother-in-law
aapa father; grandfather (modern use) aaparuaq father-in-law

+ruaq3 vn one who V-ed; one who was V-ed § +t/ruaq vn (participial ending) 3Ps

+ruġaq or = ruġaq vn nn (limited) one with action associated with the N or V

iqiq or (Nu) iqi corner of mouth iqiruġaq window shutter
isivit- (i) to be extended fully, flattened isivruġaq metal spring, mattress spring;
out; (i) to stand up straight from a pointed rods of baleen, approximately six
stooped position; (i) to stretch out from a inches in length (the baleen rods are
fetal position; (i) to be laid out (like wet doubled up, wrapped in meat or fat and
clothing); (i) to unwind (of thread); (t) to frozen; when swallowed by a wolf or bear
extend, stretch it out fully; (t) to lay it all they straighten out, thus piercing the
out stomach and causing death)
*piruġaq (root) down coast

+ruiññaq- vv to finally V after some time, hesitation or reluctance § -lġataq-

aaġluq- (i) to look up; to raise one’s aaġluġruiññaqtuq it finally raised its head
chin; (i) to throw one’s head back; (t) to
raise her/his chin upward; (t) to raise it
into an upright position

955
 avit- (i) to split one’s pants; to get a avirruiññaqtuak theyd finally got a divorce
divorce; (t) to separate themd, who are
fighting; to divorce her/him
katak(-) entrance hole in floor of sod katagruiññaqtuq tigummigaluaqami he
house (leading to subterranean tunnel or finally fell after holding on for some time
passageway); (i) to fall off
quliaq- (i) to confess, tell about one's quliaġruiññaqtaa he finally told about it
wrongdoing; (t) to report on her/his
actions; to tattle on her/him

+ruiññaq nn (limited) only, merely, just a N § +ġruiññaq nn

+ruk- vv rv to attain the V § +rruk- vv, nv, rv

+ruk(-) found in suffixes:

-saaġruk which indicates a considerable distance in time or location from now or
place where one is (limited to demonstratives and time words)
-sugruk(-) nn, vv a huge, immense N; to do a lot of V-ing

+ruk or ~ruk rn, nn (limited) item with attributes of N § +rruk nn

+ruksaaq (limited)
ayak or ayaaluk or aya (Ti) paternal ¤ayaġruksaaq maternal aunt (mother's
aunt sister)

+ruq or = ruq vn (limited) one that is V or V-ed (intransitive indicative as participle) §

+t/ruq1 vn

+ruq- or ~ruq- or = ruq- vv (limited) to attain the condition of being V or of V-ing

ipi- (i) to suffocate; (i) to drown; (i) to be ivruattuq- or (Ti) ivruaqtuq- (i) to gasp, be
hot and sweaty from lack of fresh, cool
air
*pik1 (root) upward movement
puumit- (i) to swim
unable to catch one’s breath when
swimming, walking into the wind, or coming
into contact with something cold
pigruq- (i) to bolt from a prone or settled
position and start fleeing; (i) to leave on
migration (of birds)
puuvruq- (i) to swim with nose above water
(as polar bear); (i) to swim on surface of
water; to move slowly on surface of water

+rurrI- vv to take someone/something along so both undergo the same process § +urrI- vv

= rutaq vn (limited) entity that causes one to V or one that Vs

karuk- (i) to hammer; (t) to hit karrutaq or karruutaq or (Nu) katruutaq

her/him/it on the head stone hammer; firing pin of gun; one who

956

tivit- (i) to choke on something
faces opposition boldly; a fearless person; an
insistent person
nagrutaq mental or physical suffering
which hinders or delays what one is doing
tivrutaq something lodged in one’s throat

+ruti or +run vn means, cause of reason § +uti1 vn

+ruti- vv to take her/him/it along so both undergo the same process; to V each other § +uti-
vv

+rutigi- vv immediately upon V-ing § +utigi- vv

+sa- vv (limited) to be V
nui- [nugi] (i) to come into view, appear; nuisa- to be visible
to rise (of sun, moon); (t) to be able to
see, observe her/him/it; (Ti) (i) to look
outside, e.g., to see if someone or
something is coming
uisa-1 (i) to go without eating
uit- to break away from shore ice uisa-2 (i) to have one’s eyes open
forming an open lead (of pack ice); (i) to
open one’s eyes

+saaġi- vv to V deliberately, intentionally

iglaq- (i) to laugh iglaqsaaġi- (i) to deliberately laugh
katai- to drop (her/him/it) kataisaaġi- (i) to deliberately drop
something; (t) to deliberately drop it
qimak- (i) to escape, flee; (t) to leave qimaksaaġi- (t) to deliberately leave
her/him/it behind her/him/it behind

-saaġruk or -saaq nn (limited to demonstratives and time words) indicates a considerable

distance in time or location from now or place where one is now | -saaq
akku a while ago, some time ago akkusaaġruk quite a while ago (within a
day)
ikpaksraq yesterday; recent past ikpaksraasaaġrugu in many days from
today in the future
ikpaksraasaaġruk many days ago
pagga up there on the wall, the ceiling, or paggasaaġruk way up there
in the sky above eye level; up there away
from the ocean; up there, upriver
(extended and visible)
qaŋa1 (interrog.) when, at what time in qaŋasaaġruk a long time ago

957
 past
unani located down there, e.g., on or unanisaaġruk located way down in that
near the ocean, downriver, or by the door area
(extended, visible); “north or seaward”

-saaq-1 or +saaq- vv, rv (limited) to be in the process of V-ing without hesitation or

following the natural course of events; just now V-ing
anakkit- (i) to perform a feat expecting
others to try to surpass the performance; to surpass one's feat
to ask for a rematch or another type of
competition (of a losing team)
°anaqa (stem) evening
ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be
born; (i) to emerge from the den in
spring (of hibernating animal)
aniq- to speak, say to (her/him)
apqun road, street, trail
aqaya or aqiya mud
ataut- (i) to shoot under the mark, the
target; to go under target (of a
projectile); to travel past a place, on
water or ice; (t) to shoot under
her/him/it; to go under her/him/it (of a
projectile); to travel past it (a place) on
water or ice; to pass beneath, below
(her/him/it); (t) to take them all
°ati1 (root) area below; bottom,
underside; down
anakkisaaq- (i) to compete by daring others
anaqasaaġiaq late afternoon
anisaaq- (i) to enter the open ocean from a
channel or river; (Nu) (i) to travel down
towards the ocean on a frozen river or over
land (not on water)
aniqsaaq- (i) to take a breath
apqusaaq- (i) to pass by, travel through; (t)
to meet her/him/it by chance while enroute;
(t) to experience or encounter it = event, i.e.,
a death, starvation, happiness, etc.
aqayaqisaaq(-) swamp; (i) to go through
mud or a swamp
atautchaaq- to travel past (it = place) by
water or on ice
atiqsaaq- to travel downriver (on it = a
river)

atqaq- or aqqaq- (i) to descend, go atqaqsaaq- (i) to travel downward without

down; (i) to step down from a tall stopping enroute
vehicle; (t) to put her/him/it down
physically; (t) to remove her/him = baby
from the back of one’s parka
ayak-2 (i) to begin moving ahead, ayaksaaq- (i) to proceed into water; to take
proceed ahead, start toward destination, off in a boat; to walk into the water
depart; (i) to push off in a boat; (t) to
push, launch it = boat to sea
iglu(-) the other, the mate, as in a pair of iglukisaaq(-) or (Ti) iglukusaaq(-) a
mittens or boots; (i) to be provided with juggling game; (i) to juggle, keep two or
a companion or a partner; (t) to provide more objects in the air at the same time,

958
her/him/it with a partner, companion, or
a complement
ikaaq- to cross over (it)
illiq- [illIq] (i) to hide and be safe from
opponents (t) to make a place for
someone
kaivaluk- to go around (her/him/it) in
circles; (i) to move in a circle
*kama (root) awe, respect
mayuq- (i) to climb, ascend; (i) to
move to a higher position (of person),
e.g., to a better job; (t) to climb, ascend
it; (t) to set her/him/it on or in a higher
place
mit- [mIt] (i) to land from flight (of
bird, airplane)
*naa (root) dimension when stretched
out
naat-2 (i) to be snagged, caught on
something
nagligi- (t) to pity, feel sorry for, have
compassion for her/him/it
nalaut- (i) to be correct, guess correctly,
have one's prediction fulfilled; (t) to
guess it right
nipi voice, sound
paa- [para](Ti) (i) to fall down flat on
something; (t) to pin her/him/it down, to
pounce upon her/him/it; (t) to fall on top
of it; (i) to have a convulsion; (i) to close
tightly due to muscle spasm (of jaws,
fists, etc.); (t) to prevent her/him/it going
past by blocking her/his/its way with
oneself
paaq- (t) to go to meet her/him/it as
she/he/it arrives; (t) to travel, progress
into it = wind, water current
qaaŋiq- (i) to pass by; (t) to go over it =
the limit; (i) to be past, done with; (t) to
pass by, overlook, omit her/him/it; (t) to
surpass her/him/it; (t) to become taller
than her/him
959
catching and tossing the objecs with the
hands in quick succession
ikaaqsaaġun crosspiece on bed of sled
illiqsaaq- (t) to move things aside to make
room for her/him/it
kaivallak- or kaivaluisaaq- (i) to go around
in a circle once; (t) to move in a circle
around it once
kamasaaq- (i) to boast, brag, to show off
mayusaaq- (i) to climb up a slope in one
continuous motion
mitchaaq- (i) to land from flight (of bird
or plane)
naasaaq-1 to be at the final stage prior to
completion; (t) to complete an activity with
each one of them
naasaaq-2 (i) to get caught on something,
get tangled
nagliksaaq- (i) to suffer
nalautchaaq- (t) to travel directly to
her/him/it
nipaisaaq- (i) to play quietly (of child); (i) to
be engaged in a quiet activity; (i) to be silent
paasaaq- (i) to fall forward accidentally; (t)
to fall forward on her/him/it, covering
her/him/it with one’s body
paaqsaaq- to encounter, experience (it =
pain, sadness, sorrow, misfortune); to
encounter, come upon face to face (with
her/him) by accident
qaaŋiqsaaq- (i) to pass, go by without
stopping; (Ti) (i) to pass by; (t) to pass, go by
her/him/it without stopping; (Ti) (t) to pass
by her/him/it
 qai- [qaġI] to come (toward her/him/it)
qaniq [qaniQ] mouth, oral cavity
qiñuit- (i) to be shy, humble, meek by
nature
°saa2 (stem) [sara] front of body or
garment; area immediately in front of
something; lap, the front part of the
lower trunk and thighs of a seated
person; seaward
siaksruiq- to become, silent, calm,
peaceful, quiet (of environment)
tikit- [tikIt] (i) to arrive at, reach one's
destination or goal; (t) to reach her/him/it
tulak- (i) to reach shore, come ashore
uivaq- or uivvaq- (i) to come around a
point or promontory; (t) to go around,
skirt it
±saaq-2 vv (limited) to try to cause her/him/it to V § +[s]uksaaq- vv, +[t]qusaaq- vv
alapit- (i) to become confused,
perplexed, puzzled, confounded; (t) to
shuffle them = cards
*alia (root) lonliness; dullness;
humorlessness
aliuq- (i) to be amazed, astonished,
astounded, to marvel
alla another one, a different one;
something strange
*anaya (root) wariness, caution
iglaq- (i) to laugh
ikłik- (i) to desire, covet something
*ipiqtu (root) sadness, depression,
depondence
*iqIk (root) laziness; lack of initiative;
lethargy; boring; uninspiring; lack of
960
qaisaaġaq- (Ti) to blow in gusts, to blow
and then die down (of wind)
qanmiksaaq- (i) to speak angrily, loudly
from frustration or impatience; (i) to
grumble, complain
qiñuisaaq- (i) to act humbly, meekly (as a
single occurrence)
quaqsaaq- (i) to get an electric shock; to be
shocked emotionally
satchaaq- (i) to be out in front of a group; (i)
to take up space
siaksruisaaq- (i) to continue to remain calm
and peaceful
tikisaaq- (i) to arrive in one continuous
motion
tulasaaq- (i) to land on shore in one
continuous motion
uivaqsaaq- (i) to round a point of land when
traveling by boat; (t) to travel around it =
point of land
alapisaaq- (t) to try to confuse her/him/it; to
keep her/his attention focused on something
else
aliasaaq- (t) to try to make her/him to feel
lonely or sad
aliuqsaaq- (t) to try to awe or astonish
her/him; to tell tall tales to her/him
allasaaq- (t) to try to make her/him become
uncomfortable |
anayasaaq- (t) to try to make her/him
fearful, apprehensive
¤aquluksaaq- (t) to tickle her/him on the
ribs
iglaġuksaaq- (t) to try to make her/him
laugh
ikłigusaaq- (t) to tempt her/him
ipiqtusaaq- (t) to try to make her/him sad
iqiasaaq- (t) to try to make her/him become
lazy; (t) to try to dissuade her/him
 eagerness, unwillingness
*kanŋu (root) feeling of shame,
embarrassment; feeling of shyness
quiññak- (i) to feel a tickling sensation
*quvi (root) happiness, joy
saŋŋit-1 (i) to be now tightly, securely
fastened on; (i) to be pulled taut; (Ti) (i)
to tense up, tighten up one’s muscles; (t)
to fasten it on tightly, securely; (t) to
tighten, pull it = drumskin taut; (t) to tie
it = knot securely
*uumI (root) anger, hatred, dislike
-saaq(-) nn, vn (limited) item related to the N or the V-ing
aullaqi- (i) to begin, start; (t) to begin to aullaqisaaq(-) the beginning; the start; the
work on it
aqulliq last, hindmost one
iqaluk(-) or (Nu) qaluk(-) fish; (i) to
catch a fish
maksrik- (i) to get up suddenly with a
start
narri- (i) to be pregnant
qaluk (Nu) fish
qayuq boiled blood broth; tea
uivaq- or uivvaq- (i) to come around a
point or promontory; (t) to go around,
skirt it
961
kanŋusaaq- (t) to try to make her/him feel
ashamed, embarrassed; (Ti) to tease her/him
quiññaksaaq- or (Ti) quiñaksaaq- (t) to
tickle her/him/it
quviasaaq- (t) to comfort, try to make
her/him/it happy
saŋŋisaaq- (t) to tighten it a bit more
uumisaaq- (t) to try to provoke her/him into
anger or rage
introduction of a publication; to write (it =
the introduction of a publication)
aqulliqsaaq(-) last portion, e.g., last verse of
song, last chapter of book; to write (it = the
conclusion of a publication); final draft of a
publication; (t) to write it = final draft of a
publication
avvasaaq (Ti) distant relative or friend
iqalusaaq(-) least cisco (Coregonus
sardinella); (i) to catch a least cisco
ivisaaq(-) ochre, red stone used to stain
wood or hide (usually a wolverine hide); (Ti)
sealskin dyed with red alder; (Ti) to dye
sealskin red with alder
maksruksaaq willow stick with snare
affixed at one end (snare is bent over a
squirrel’s burrow or along its trail); small
game snare
narrisaaq(-) enlarged belly of pregnant
woman
qalusaaq (Nu) herring
qayusaaq a broth made from the blood of a
caribou, it’s rumen cut in little pieces, and fat
from its mesentery apron; (Ti) cooked
mixture of flour and water
uivvaqsaat souls of the dead going round
and round; (in Iñupiaq legend) the place
where souls went after death
+saaq nn distant N § +saaġruk nn

+saaqsI- vv to be about to or start to V | +saq-2 vv -aqsI- vv

atuq-1 to sing (it) atuqsaaqsi- (i) to be about to sing
ikayuq- to help (her/him/it) ikayuqsaaqsi- to be about to help
(her/him/it)
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savaksaaqsi- to be about to start working
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it; (on it) » savaksaaqsiruŋa uvlaakun I will
(i) to be working, operating properly (of start working tomorrow
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial

+saaqtiqi- (limited) to be in the process of trying hard to feel V | perhaps +saaq-1 vv

-tiq-2 vv -qi- vv
auk(-)[aruk] blood; (i) to bleed; (Ti) to auksaaqi- or auksaaqtiqi- or auvsaaqtiqi-
have a nosebleed (i) for one to move around to stimulate blood
flow
uunaq- (i) to be hot uunaqsaaqtiqi- (i) to try hard to get warm

+saġataq- vv to V for a long time | +saq-2vv +ataq-1 vv

aqpat- (i) to run (of a human) aqpatchaġataq- (i) to begin to run for a long
time
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it) niġisaġataq- to eat (it) for a long time »
sammapta niġisaġataġniaqtuq I bet she
eats for a long time, as she usually does
qiñiq- to look at, watch (her/him/it) qiñiqsaġataq- to stare at (her/him/it) for
quite a while
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savaksaġataq- to work (on it) for a long
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it; time » savaksaġataġuuruq qaikami she
(i) to be working, operating properly (of usually works for quite a while when she
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it = comes
corpse for burial
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of uqaqsaġataq- (i) to talk for a long while »
leg-hold trap which when stepped on uqaqsaġataġnakta don't talk for a long
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep time, as you usually do
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live

+saġluqqaaq- vv as soon as one V-s,

ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be
born; (i) to emerge from the den in
spring (of hibernating animal)
kiggisi- (Nu) (i) to bite each other
repeatedly (of animals)
anisaġluqqaaq- (i) as soon as she/he/it
exited » anisaġluqqaaqtuq piallaktut as
soon as she went out, they became rowdy
kiggisiŋaiqsaġluqqaaq- (i) as soon as
theyd ceased biting each other »

962

nasaiq- to let (her/his) hood down
kiggisiŋaiqsaġluqqaaqtuk
avluqsaalukkaluaqtuq as soon as they
stopped biting each other, he leaped but…
nasaiqsaġluqqaaq- as soon as she/he
pulled back (her/his) hood »
nasaiqsaġluqqaaqtuq ilisaġigaa as soon
as he took his hood down, she recognized
him

+sailI- vv to try to prevent, be trying hard not to V § +[t]sailI- vv

+saiññaq- vv to gradually begin to V | +saq-2 vv -iññaq- vv

agli- (i) to grow in size, become large,
big
anmuk- to go down, descend, drop
iluilliq- or iluilliq- or (Ti) iłuilliq- (i) to iluilliqsaiññaq- (i) to get sicker and sicker;
become sick, unwell, troubled, grieved;
(i) to become malfunctioning; (t) to
cause it to not look right, or function
properly
mikłi- (i) to become smaller; (t) to
decrease it in quantity or size
piaġiiq- (i) to be nearing death
qalli- [qallI] to get near, close (to
her/him/it); (Nu) (t) to be approaching
her/him/it
qutchiksi- (i) to become more and more qutchiksisaiññaq- (i) to attain a higher and
elevated; (t) to place it higher; (i) to
obtain a higher level position in
employment
uumitchak- (i) to become angry, mad
aglisaiññaq- (i) to become, grow bigger and
bigger
anmuksaiññaq- (i) to get lower and lower
in positon
to become more or more dysfunctional
mikłisaiññaq- (i) to become, grow smaller
and smaller
piaġiiqsaiññaqtuq she is gradually
becoming worse and worse
qallisaiññaq- to keep getting closer (to
her/him/it)
higher elevation or position; (t) to place or
promote her/him/it to a higher and higher
positon in employment
uumitchaksaiññaq- (i) to slowly become
angry

+sak- rv (limited) to set in motion an action that results in V-ing § -vsak- vv

*aq (root) taking away
*ik2 messy; disorderly; dirty
2
**ka (deep root) impact, contact
aqsak- (t) to grab something away from
her/him; to cheat her/him @ aqsai-
avsak- (i) to make a loud noise by falling
iksaluk(-) or iksaluu- one who is
disorganized and messy; (i) to be messy,
disorganized, leave things around; (i) to put
things anywhere, not in their correct places
kasak- (i) to make a noise by striking
something; to beat a drum; (t) to beat it (e.g.,

963
 a drum)
1
*pik (root) upward movement piksak- (i) to fly off, bounce off when
broken
qasak- or qasala- or qatchala- (i) to burst
out yelling “Uu! Uu! Ugu! Ugu!” followed
by cheering (when dancing or herding or
coming home from a successful hunt usually
when returning in a boat with a walrus kill
or having struck and retrieved a whale)
qivsak- (i) to fly off after impact (as a
ceramic chip)

-saktaq nn large N § -niqłuk nn

-salait nn many, numerous N

iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil;
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
qaugak duck
tuttu caribou (Rangifer tarandus)
iñusalait a large number of people »
iñusalait tautuktavuk wed saw many
people
qaugasalait numerous ducks » qaugasalait
qulauttuat many ducks passed over head
tuttusalait numerous caribou » tuttusalait
qulauttavut we flew over many caribou

-salak- or = salak- vv (limited) forcefully, quickly V | perhaps -sak- vv, -lak- vv

aquvit- (i) to sit up or sit down; (t) to sit aquvsalak- or aquvsalaaq- to land in a
down on it sitting position when falling from a standing
position (on it)
upit- (i) to rush eagerly to do something; upsisalak- (i) to rush to action » upisalaktut
(i) to get excited; (i) to pay heed aŋutaiyaat the boys went quickly
suddenly, as to a noise or what one sees

+salguilI- vv to cease being able to V | +saq-2 vv -lgu-1 vv :Iq-2 vv -lI-2 vv

+sallak- vv to begin to V with gentleness but something unexpected happened

arak- (t) to comfort, soothe, placate
her/him; (t) to encourage her/him
tigu- (i) to take hold and hang on; (t) to
take, capture, grab, or arrest her/him/it
uqautiraaq- (t) to speak words of
discipline to her/him
araksallak- (t) to gently begin to comfort
her/him, when something unexpected
happens » araksallaktaġa piavsaktuaq I
was trying to placate her when she lost
control
tigusallak- (t) to gently begin to take hold of
her/him, when something unexpected
happens » tigusallaktaa qiaġutiruq he
extended his arms to prop her up gently, but
she started crying
uqautiuraaqsallak- (t) to begin to talk
gently to her/him, when something

964
 unexpected happens »
uqautiuraaqsallaktaŋa qivittuaq she
started to give him words of discipline, but
he went away in a huff

-salluq nn (limited) version of the N

aġnaq woman; an adult human female; aġnasalluq bitch, female animal
queen (suit in cards)
aŋun man, an adult human male aŋusalluq sire, male animal
r
qaa(-) or qaaq (Nu) [qa a] top side; qasalluq thick cottonwood bark; scab
roof; surface; outer side of fabric; cover;
dorsal area of fish; (t) to put a top surface
on it

+saq-1 nv to fetch, get § +taq-4 nv

+saq-2 vv to begin to V, commence a V-ing

isaguti- to start, begin doing something isagutisaq- (i) to begin
(to her/him/it)
*nak (root) attachment naksatit- (i) to suddenly, abruptly get caught
(of moving object)
pisuaq- (i) to walk; (t) to walk it = pisuaqsaq- (i) to begin walking
distance
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savaksaq- to begin working (on it) »
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it; savaksaġniaqtuŋa uvlaaku I will begin my
(i) to be working, operating properly (of employment tomorrow
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial
3
msaq- vv (limited) to be in the process of becoming V or V-ing; to be in the process of
making her/him/it be V or V
aġnaġik- (i) to be pretty, attractive (of a aġnaġiksaq- to primp (her), put make-up on
woman) (her)
akalik- or (Ti) agalik- to be unruly (of agaliksaq- (Ti) (t) to curl hair
hair); (Ti) to be curly (of hair)
aki(-)1 [akI] corresponding value, akisaq- to respond aggressively in
equivalence; cost, price, value; wage; reciprocation (to her/him) back; take revenge
opposite side, other side; (Ti) north side (on her/him); (i) to reciprocate by fighting
of the point (Point Hope); (t) to respond, back; (i) to retaliate
acknowledge, or answer her/him with
gestures (of one who is far away but
visible)
annak- (i) to escape danger annaksaq- (i) to seek help, assistance when
in danger
1
ati- (i) to be the same, equal, identical, atisaq- (t) to make them become more
be in agreement; (i) to have a tie vote, to similar

965
have the same number of votes; (t) to
treat them equally
ayuġak- (i) to develop a habit; (i) to
become accustomed to something
ayuġit- (i) to form a habit, a behavioral
pattern; (i) to get into the habit of doing
something one enjoys, e.g., visiting
someone, eating something
iggiaġik- (i) to have a clear throat
iġi- (i) to have one’s hair fall out, to lose
one’s hair
ii3 (i) to starve; to get hungry
ikiaq- (i) to split into layers (said as the
split has just been completed); (t) to split
it into layers; (t) to divide, split it into its
natural layers, e.g., walrus skins which
can be split into inner and outer layers;
(t) to split it = log, wood
*ilak (root) distraction, confusion;
discord; not aligned, dissonance,
disharmony
ili-1 [ilI] (i) to be at a certain point
(along a journey or a process); (i) to
become apparent; (t) to place, set it; (t) to
put it in a store for sale
itiq- (i) to wake up
kigutigik- (i) to have good teeth
iluaq- or iłuaq- (i) to be fitting, proper;
(i) to be correct, right; (i) to feel fine
ipik- (i) to be sharp (of an implement or
of one’s mind); (i) to be sharp-tongued
*mialuk (root) hunger
nakiq- (i) to go direct, straight; to shoot
far (of an arrow)
nakuu- (i) to be good, nice; (i) to be in
good health
nallit- (t) to offer to trade for something;
to bid; (Ti) (t) to put a price on it
¤napaat- (Ti) (t) to stand it up
966
ayuġaksaq- or ayuqqaksaq- (t) to influence
her/him/it to habituate to something or
become familiar with someone
ayuġisaq- (t) to tame an animal
iggiaġiksaq- (i) to clear one’s throat
iġisaq- or iġitchaq- to pluck (it = a dead
bird); to remove (it) fur from a spring pelt
iisaq- (i) to swallow out of hunger or strong
emotion
ikiaqsaq- (Ti) (i) to have a chill run through
one’s body when startled
ilaiqsaq- (i) to have an eerie, “creepy”
feeling; to feel unsettled
ilisaq- to study or practice (it)
itiqsaq- (t) to wake her/him up
kigutigiksaq- (i) to brush one’s teeth; (t) to
brush her/his/its teeth
iluaqsaq- or iłuaqsaq- (i) to improve one’s
behavior, demeanor, appearance; (t) to fix,
straighten, adjust it
ipiksaq- (t) to sharpen it
mialuksaq- or mialuksI- (i) to not have
enough to eat
nakiqsaq- (t) to adjust, straighten it
nakuuqsaq- (i) to improve, fix up one’s
appearance; (t) to improve, fix it
nallisaq- to offer a bid (on it)
napaatchaq(-) (Ti) a dart; to play a game
using two sticks, the point being to drop one
into a hole cut in the other; also, to play the

*nayak (root) nodding
*piq (root) bend, curve
pisik- (t) to hit her/him/it with an arrow
or a bullet; to shoot her/him/it
qaallak- (i) to be startled, give a shout
when startled
qai- [qaġI] to come (toward her/him/it)
qaiq- (i) to be smooth, flat, level; (i) to
be straight (of hair)
qugluk- (i) to wince when startled or
suddenly frightened; to fold (it in half)
siñik(-) sleep; (i) to sleep; (t) to spend it
= day sleeping
*sipik (root) emergence; disconnection
suka- (i) to be fast
supputit- (t) to shoot her/him/it with a
gun; to strike it with a whaling bomb
tamuq- to chew (it)
tutqik- [tutqIk](i) to be content,
peaceful, at ease
+saq-4 vv should definitely V
ikit- (i) to be now ignited (of fire,
cigarette, cigar or pipe); (i) to be turned
on (of light); (t) to ignite, turn it = stove,
cigarette lighter on
ilisaq- to study or practice (it)
tilak- to mop or scrub (it = large surface
area)
967
Iñupiaq version of darts where a stick with a
needle fitted in the end must be dropped in
such a manner that it sticks straight up in a
board lying on the ground (like darts)
nayaksaq- to move (him/her/it) in rhythm;
(i) to be jolted strongly; (t) to give her/him/it
a strong jolt
piqsaq- (i) to bend the body while sounding
(of whale)
pisiksaq- (i) to shoot an arrow; to fire a gun;
(t) to shoot, fire at her/him/it
qaallaksaq- (t) to try to scare, startle
her/him/it
qaivaksaq- (t) to attract it = animal by
imitating its call; to try to attract them to
keep coming
qaiqsaq- (t) to iron, press, or sand it to make
smooth
qugluksaq- (i) to give a start, jump when
surprised
siñiksaq- (i) to fall asleep
sipiksaq- (i) to come undone, slip off; to
grow suddenly or quickly
sukasaq- (i) to do quickly, move quickly
supputitchaq- to aim and shoot (at
her/him/it)
tammuġiksaq- (i) to chew something well,
chew cud; (t) to chew it well
tutqiksaq- (t) to make her/him comfortable;
put her/him at ease, peace
ikitchaq- (t) should definitely turn it on »
itiġuvit igniġvik ikitchaġiñ light the stove
when you wake up
ilisaqsaq- should definitely study (it) »
anaqapak ilisaqsaqtutin you should
definitely study tonight
tilaksaq- should definitely scrub or mop (it
= large surface area) » manna natiq
tilaksaġiñ uvlupak you should definitely
scrub this floor today
 In the following examples, the postbase +saq-4 marks the dependent verb which is usually
in the indicative. The independent verb is usually in the imperative or the optative) so that
one may V
ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be anisaq- (i) so that she/he/it may exit »
born; (i) to emerge from the den in agmaġuŋ anisaqtuq open it so that she can
spring (of hibernating animal) go out
uŋiariŋaiq- (i) to stop, cease worrying uŋiariŋaiqsaq- (i) so that she/he may stop
worrying » uqallauttuuŋ uŋiariŋaiqsaqtuq
tell her so that she may stop worrying

’saq(-) or -saq vn, rv (limited) item for V-ing § -tchaq nn

iñi- [iñI] (t) to hang it up to dry
kaŋiq [kaŋIq] root, source; headwater,
source of a river; (Nu) head of a bay;
foot of mountain; place where peninsula
joins mainland; (Nu) tributary river;
bone or ivory barb on toggle harpoon
line
kilu2 seam, stitch
mani- [manI] (t) to show, present,
display her/him/it
nipit- (i) to adhere to a sticky substance
ġ
qai- [qa I] to come (toward her/him/it)
qani(-) [qanI] or (Nu) qaniuq- area
close by, nearby; (t) to accompany, take cold porch; tunnel, entrance passageway (to
her/him/it partway to destination
2 g
ui- [u I]- (i) to panic, overreact; be too
eager
iññisaqor iññisat rack for drying fish, meat,
or clothes; (Ti) clothesline
kaŋiqsisailaq a stupid person, one who
lacks reason or intelligence
kiluitchaq lock
mannisaq something offered for sale,
consideration
nipisaq stingray
qaisaġnaq ocean current originating in the
west flowing toward shore (which brings ice
to shore)
qanitchat or (Nu, Ti) qanitchaq entryway,
a sodhouse)
uggisaq something that you are anxious
about

+saq or ~saq vn one that has been V-ed § ±aq1 vn

+saqqaaq- vv to begin to V first | +saq- vv ±qqaaq- vv

isaguti- to start, begin doing something isagutisaqqaaq- to be the first to begin (it)
(to her/him/it)
puuvraq- (i) to swim (of human) puuvraqsaqqaaq- (i) to be the first to begin
swimming
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savaksaqqaaq- to be the first to begin
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it; working (on it)
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of uqaqsaqqaaq- (i) to be the first to begin
leg-hold trap which when stepped on talking » igña aŋun

968
 trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep uqaqsaqqaaġaluaqtuaq uuma aġnam
talking to her/him for the purpose of sivuŋiqsaa that man over there began to talk
advising her/him on the proper way to first, but this woman here interrupted him
live and took over

+saqtiq- vv to make a sudden attempt to V | +saq-2 vv +tiq- vv

ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be anisaqtiq- (i) to make a sudden attempt to
born; (i) to emerge from the den in exit » anisaqtiqtuaq paaraŋa he blocked
spring (of hibernating animal) the way of the one who made the sudden
attempt to leave

+saqtuaq- or +saqtuq- vv to go and V § +iaq-1 vv

-satit- or +satit- vv (limited) to V suddenly or with exaggeration | perhaps -sak- vv -tit-2 vv

apuq- to bump or crash (into her/him/it); apusatit- to crash (into her/him/it)
(i) to reach shore
*nak (root) attachment naksatit- (i) to suddenly, abruptly get caught
(of moving object)
*nayak (root) nodding nayaksatit- (i) to be jerked, jolted (as by an
explosion)
qaiq- (i) to be smooth, flat, level; (i) to qaiqsatit- (i) to be flat on one’s back, fast
be straight (of hair) asleep
qaki- (i) to climb out of water; (i) to qakisatit- (i) to beach on shore forcefully (of
come up on shore (of boat); (i) to win in boat)
a game; (i) to accumulate enough wealth
so that one’s chances of survival are no
longer precarious; (i) to become uppity,
stuck-up; (i) to adopt a condescending
attitude toward “former” peers (after
acquiring money, new status, etc.)

+sauraq- vv proceed to V without hesitation | +saq-2 vv -uraq- vv

ikaaq- to cross over (it) ikaaqsauraq- (i) to proceed to cross from
one site to another by traversing over a body
of water or large expanse of land
qimak- (i) to escape, flee; (t) to leave qimaksauraq- to flee as quickly as possible
her/him/it behind
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savaksauraq- (i) to proceed to work as
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it; quickly as possible » isiqłunilu
(i) to be working, operating properly (of savaksauraqtuaq just as soon as she came
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it = in, she began to work
corpse for burial

+sausiiq- vv to lose the ability or desire to V | +saq-2 vv :uti1 vn ~Iq vn :Iq-2 nv

nayuq- (t) to stay with and care for, nayuqsausiiq- (t) to lose all desire to be
watch over her/him/it with her/him/it

969
 qanuq(-) (interrog.) how, what manner
or method, what condition; to do or say
what (to her/him/it)
qanuqsausiiq- (i) to come to a point where
one does not know what to do; (i) to be in a
quandry; (i) to be helpless; (t) to not know
what to do with her/him/it; (i) to put her/him
in a quandry

+sausiit- vv to be unable to V because of fear or lack of ability; does not have the heart to V
| +saq-2 vv :uti1 vn ~Iq vn:It-1 nv
qiviaq- to turn one's head to look (at qiviaqsausiit- (i) to not have the heart to
her/him/it) look over (at her/him/it)
uqallak-1 (i) to speak uqallaksausiit- (i) to not be able to speak
uqallauti- (t) to inform, tell her/him uqallautisausiit- (t) to do not have the heart
to tell her/him

+sI-1 vv, rv (limited) to become V; to be V-ed § -lIq-3 vv, -kłI- vv, -lI-2 nv,vv
nivi(-) [nivI] place where animals and nivviġiksi- to become wet enough to stick
insects gather; to be attracted (to it = bait together (of snow)
or food) (of game animal); to flock
around, hover over (her/him/it) (of birds,
mosquitoes, bees, etc.); (t) to cling,
adhere to her/him/it
nuvak(-) a cold; mucus; (i) to have a nuvaksi- (i) to catch a cold
cold
quiñi- [quiñI] or quivsit- or (Ti) quiñisi- or quiññak- (i) to get, become fat
quivtit- (i) to be fat
qutchik- (i) to be high in elevation; (i) to qutchiksi- (i) to become more and more
be in a high position (physically or job- elevated; (t) to place it higher; (i) to obtain a
wise) higher level position in employment
saŋŋi- [saŋŋI] (i) to be strong, tight, or saŋŋisi- (i) to become strong; (t) to tighten it
taut
uunaq- (i) to be hot uunaqsi- to become hot

+sI-2 nv, vv to buy, acquire, find, obtain N; (limited) to gain a V-ing § ‘qsrI-
amaġuq wolf, gray wolf (Canis lupus) amaġuqsi- (i) to buy a wolfskin
apun snow (lying on a surface); fallen apusiñiqtu- (i) to have thick snow cover
snow
iglu(-) house, dwelling, building; (t) to iglusi- (i) to buy a house
build a structure over it
kaŋiq [kaŋIq] root, source; headwater, kaŋiqsi- to understand (her/him/it)
source of a river; (Nu) head of a bay;
foot of mountain; place where peninsula
joins mainland; (Nu) tributary river;
bone or ivory barb on toggle harpoon
line
qaġruq arrow, bullet, cartridge, any qaġruqsi- (i) to buy some ammunition
projectile

970
 sivuniq meaning, purpose, direction; sivuniqsi- to understand, comprehend (it)
future

+sI-3 or :I-4 or ~rI-5 or +srI- vv,nv,rv (limited) intransitivizer

examples with +sI-
ayak(-)1 a pole used to prop up an ayaksi- (i) to prop up an object
object; wall post; tent pole; the shaft of a
spear or harpoon; old-style, long-handled
spear, “big whaling harpoon” (Nelson:
65); vertical support post (of sleeping
platform);(i) to be propped up with a
pole (refers only to the moment of
completion); (t) to prop it = a leaning
object up to keep it from falling down
igit-2 (t) to throw it away; (t) to abandon igitchi- or iksi- (i) to take trash to the dump
her/him/it; (t) to cast her/him out of the
home
iguk- to suck (it); (i) to suck air or liquid iguksi- (i) to take a sip through a straw
inward with pursed lips
kii- [kIgI] (i) to clench one’s teeth; (i) to kiisi- (i) to take a bite
bite oneself; (t) to bite her/him/it
kipi- (i) to be severed, cut; (i) to stop kipisi- (i) to cut off a piece
flowing (of stream); (i) to stop coming
(of people or animals); (t) to sever, cut it;
(t) to disconnect her/his telephone,
electricity, television; (t) to crosscut, cut
against its grain
maqut- (i) to have been destroyed; (t) maqutchi- (i) to ruin, destroy, vandalize
to destroy, ruin, corrupt, vandalize something
her/him/it; (i) to badly influence
her/him
naqit- (i) to be low, positioned close to naqitchi- (i) to make some bread dough
the ground; (t) to press her/him/it down
paaq- (t) to go to meet her/him/it as paaqsi- (i) to go meet someone who is
she/he/it arrives; (t) to travel, progress arriving
into it = wind, water current
puuq(-) [puguq] sealskin poke; a puuqsi- (i) to put a portion of something in a
container; a sac, covering (e.g., young container
grass leaf covering stem); top edge of
boot where drawstring is inserted; (t) to
wrap it; (t)(Ti) to bandage her/him/it
tutquq- (t) to put it away for future use tutquqsi- (i) to put some away for future use
uaq- (t) to cleanse, rinse it; to be washed uaqsi- (i) to rinse something
away by the waves
ukpit- (t) to hem it ukpitchi- (i) to hem something
uuk- (t) to sample, try, taste it = food uuksi- (i) to taste something

971
 examples with :I-4
aŋivit- or aŋivraq- (i) to become loose, aŋivsi- or aŋivrai- (i) to disassemble an
untied, unraveled, unwound, or object
disassembled; (t) to loosen, untie,
unravel, unwind it; (t) to take apart,
disassemble it
iguvit- (i) to become uncoiled, iguvsiñ screwdriver
unwound; (t) to uncoil, unwind it ||
iguvsi-
kittiq- (t) to slice it kittiġi- (i) to slice something
naaptiq- (t) to empty, pour, dump it = naaptiġi- (i) to dump contents out of
non-liquid substance out repeatedly containers
piiguq- or puiguq- to forget (her/him/it) piigui- (i) to forget something
siqumit- (i) to be destroyed, crushed to siquvsi- (i) to destroy something, taking a
pieces, shattered, broken to pieces; (t) to prolonged period of time, or to destroy more
destroy, break, crush it to pieces; (t) to than one item; (t) to destroy her/his things
cut it = animal skin into several pieces
examples with +sI-3 and +rI-5
ili-1 [ilI] (i) to be at a certain point ilisi- or iliri- (i) to put an item up for sale
(along a journey or a process); (i) to
become apparent; (t) to place, set it; (t) to
put it in a store for sale
iñi- [iñI] (t) to hang it up to dry iñisi- or iñiri- (i) to hang items up on a
clothes or fish line
niu- [nigu] (i) to get out of a conveyance niusi- or niuri- (i) to unload objects
or a container; (t) to take her/him/it out
of a conveyance or a container

qupi(-) (i) to split lengthwise; (t) to split qupisi- or quvri- (i) to split an object in half
or crack it lengthwise, with the grain;
half-dollar coin
taku- (t) to go and see how she/he is takusi- or takuri- to go over to check on
faring; (t) to visit her/him in the hospital; someone/something
(t) to check on it
tuni-1 [tunI] (i) to be now sold; (t) to sell tunisiruaq or tuniriruaq she sold
it something
with +srI-
agliġi- (t) to avoid her/him/it in agliqsri- (i) to shun or avoid someone
accordance with taboo, e.g., avoidance because of her/his illness
of an ill person
apiġi- or apiqsruq- (t) to ask her/him apiqsri- (i) to ask
kamagi- (t) to obey, honor her/him/it; (t) kamaksri- (i) to obey
to be overwhelmed, awed by her/him/it;
(t) to be amazed, impressed by her/him,
especially by an action she/he has
performed

972
 ilisaġi- (t) to recognize her/him/it ilisaqsri- (i) to recognize someone

+sI-4 vv to V to her/his/its disadvantage § ~I-7 vv, ~rI-4 vv

+sia- or ~sia- nv, vv (limited) to experience a N or V-ing § a2

iki [ikI] open wound ikisia- (i) to make noise or move about after
being wounded
*ilak (root) distraction, confusion; ilaksia- (t) to bother her/him/it
discord; not aligned, dissonance,
disharmony
ipi- (i) to suffocate; (i) to drown; (i) to be ipisia- to gasp for breath
hot and sweaty from lack of fresh, cool
air
qiqi- (i) to be frozen qiqsia- (i) to feel very cold, chilly
tipisia- (i) to be short of breath, having
difficultly breathing
tuqu- (i) to die tuqusia- or tuqusiala- (i) to be dying, be in
death throes; to feel faint
ulġu- (i) to fall, topple, or tip over ulġusia- or ulġusiala- (i) to stagger (of a
person about to fall down [not because
she/he is inebriated])

+siaq nn (limited) N bought, received | +sI-2 nv -aq4 vn

immuk milk
qavvik(-) [qavvIk] wolverine (Gulo
gulo); (i) to kill a wolverine
tuttu caribou (Rangifer tarandus)
immuksiaq milk bought » immuksiatka
itqutikkit bring in the milk I bought
qavviksiaq wolverine skin bought »
qavviksiaġa turġuruq the wolverine skin's
hair which I bought is very thick
tuttusiaq caribou carcass bought »
tuttusiaġa tautukpiuŋ did you see the
caribou I bought

-siġaq- or +siġaq- vv (limited) to V repeatedly

iguk- to suck (it); (i) to suck air or liquid
inward with pursed lips
pitqik- (i) to cheat, be devious; (t) to
cheat on her/him
qanuq(-) (interrog.) how, what manner
or method, what condition; to do or say
what (to her/him/it)
tainna or (Nu) taitna or taimanna
(dem. adv) in that way or manner; (Nu)
thus; so-so, neither very good nor very
bad
igusiġaq- (i) to have hiccups
pitqiksiġaq- (i) to do something secretly,
dishonestly
qanusiġaq- (i) to act in what way; to do
what (to her/him/it)
tainnasiġaq- or (Nu) taitnasiġaq- (i) to say
or do thus repeatedly; (t) to say or do thus to
her/him/it repeatedly

+siġiaq- vv to be easy to V § +[t]siġiaq- vv

973
+sii- vv to wait for event, process to occur § +[t]sii- vv

+siiññaq- vv (limited) to get more and more V gradually, slowly, steadily § +saiññaq- vv

~sIk-1 or -sIk- nv, rv, vv (limited) to attain or possess the ultimate quality indicated by the
stem or root
kiluvaq- (i) to travel inland; (i) to move kiluvasik- (i) to be well inside a house; (i) to
away from the door and further into the be far inland
room
*pik1 (root) upward movement piksik- (i) to fly off: (i) to bounce off when
snapped or broken; (i) to bounce off target;
(i) to jump, hop; (i) to leave suddenly
without preparation
qulvaq- or qurvaq- (i) to move further qulvasik- (i) to be higher up in elevation
into the room away from the door; (i) to
roll one’s sleeves up; (t) to move
her/him/it further into a room away from
the door
qupi(-) (i) to split lengthwise; (t) to split quvsik- (i) to split easily
or crack it lengthwise, with the grain;
half-dollar coin
*salva (root) edge salvasik- (Ti) or sarvasik- (i) to be distant
from the edge of the ice
¤tigvaq- (i) to come all the way inside, ¤tigvasik- (i) to be well inside a house
to the back of the house; (t) to put it
behind one’s back or to place in the back
of a room
tuvaaq- to attract (it = caribou) by tuvaaqsiit- (i) to not be able to holler
shouting; (t) to chase it = caribou in the adequately when chasing caribou
direction one wants, toward corral or
hunters
*uŋa (root) distant area uŋasik- (i) to be far away; (t) to be far away
from her/him/it
uvsik- (i) to be dense, compact; to be closely
grouped, (of a herd); to be tightly woven

+sik-2 rv (limited) § +mik-1 rv

*niuQ (root) inhale, intake air, breath in niuġmik- or (Ti) niuqsik- (i) to sniffle; (t) to
sniff her/him/it

+sIk n (limited) indicates a body part

ikusik(-) elbow; (t) to elbow her/him/it
kauksik (Nu) fat, meaty part on back of
sheep’s head
kian or kiati torso, upper front part of kiasik shoulder blade, scapula

974
 body; blouse
masik [masIk] gill of fish; front cross
beam on deck of kayak
qisik [qisIk] animal skin with hair removed;
leather; rawhide (may be eaten when
starving)
1
msima- vv for the speaker to realize that one has V-ed, is V-ing, or is V; it is evident
msima- used with verb stems which end in a consonant
+ma- used with verb stems which end in a vowel
iriq- (i) to hide oneself; (t) to hide iriqsima- to just find out that she/he is
her/him/it hiding (her/him/it)
naatchi- (i) to finish, to complete a task naatchima-(i) to just find out that she/he did
complete a task
1
naŋit- (i) to be sick naŋisima- (i) to just found out that she/he/it
is sick
navik- to break (it) naviksima- (i) to just find out that it did
break; (t) to just find out she/he did break it
paqit- to find (her/him/it) paqisima- (i) to just find out that she/he did
find something; (t) to just find out she/he did
find it
siñik(-) sleep; (i) to sleep; (t) to spend it siñiksima- (i) to just find out that she/he is
= day sleeping sleeping

+sima-2 vv (limited) indicates a state of being

akkiq- (t) to catch it while falling (e.g., akkiqsima- (i) to hold onto something to
dripping water, plate) keep from falling; (t) to hold a container
underneath another to catch any spillage; (t)
to keep her/him/it from falling
aulayaiq- (i) to become still, motionless; aulayaiqsima- (i) to be steadfast,
(i) to be sturdy, secure; (t) to cause it to emotionally strong during times of crisis; (t)
become sturdy, secure to hold it steady, keep it from moving
iigu(-) or uigu(-) an extension; additon; iigusima- (t) to aim a rifle at her/him/it
attachment; appendix; suffix (e.g.,
ending or enclitic); (i) to now be
lengthened; (t) to lengthen, extend it; (t)
to add a suffix to it = word
ili-1 [ilI] (i) to be at a certain point ilisima- to know (her/him/it)
(along a journey or a process); (i) to
become apparent; (t) to place, set it; (t) to
put it in a store for sale
iññiqsima- (t) to keep her/him company
iriq- (i) to hide oneself; (t) to hide iriqsima- (i) to be hiding
her/him/it
*nak (root) attachment naksima- (i) for something to be hanging up

975
 on a hook or peg
pakik- [pakIk] to dig (it = hole) with pakiksima- (i) to hold on, hang on by one’s
hands or claws; (t) to fire it = gun by fingers
pulling the trigger
siqquq- (i) to be hard, tough (of a person siqquqsima- (i) to be “tied up in knots,” to
or object); (i) to be opinionated (of a be tense because of impending
person) unpleasantness; (i) to be in a state of
physical and/or mental tension
taaq(-) darkness; (i) to be dark (of day); taaqsima- (i) to not be adjusted to darkness
(i) to be dim (of light); (i) (Nu) to be (of one’s eyes)
black; (t) to block her/his/its light
*tuniq (root) endurance, fortitude; tuniqsima- (i) to be faithful, enduring; be
hardness of surface hard to persuade

+simaaq- nv, vv (limited) to V casually for an extended period of time | +sima-2 +aq-1 vv
aiñiq [aiñiQ] pocket aiñiqsimaaq- (i) to stand with one’s hands
in one’s pants pockets
akkiq- (t) to catch it while falling (e.g., akkiqsimaaq- to hold one’s head in one’s
dripping water, plate) hands (usually as one leans on something)
amaq- (t) to put her/him/it on one's back amaqsimaaq- (i) to keep one’s arms behind
in order to to carry her/him/it one’s back
anaggusimaaq- (i) to lean on a secure object
iigaq- (i) to lean on something; (t) to set iigaqsimaaq- (i) to be leaning on something
it on a slant, at an angle
ikusik(-) [ikusIk] elbow; (t) to elbow ikusiksimaaq- (i) to lean on one’s elbows;
her/him/it (t) to have one’s elbows on it
iqi- (i) to contract, tighten up, e.g., of iqisimaaq- to carry (her/him/it) pressed to
worm, fist, etc. the body with one’s arms; (i) to fold arms
across chest
iqquk(-) buttock; to thrust one’s iqquksimaaq- (i) to stand holding one’s butt
buttocks out (at him/her/it) in jest; hearts out; (t) to hold it secure with one’s butt
(suit in cards) against it
kanagaq or (Nu) kanagaaq shin bone, kanagaqsimaaq- (i) to sit on floor with
shank, shin, tibia, lower leg knees raised and feet flat on floor
¤kaŋiġaqsimaaq- (Ti) (i) to sit in chair with
feet on floor, legs forward
kaŋiġaq(-) hunting blind, hiding place kaŋiġaqsimaaq- (i) to lie in wait for animals
where hunter waits for animal to pass by,
then gives chase; corral (for caribou); (t)
to corral them= caribou, reindeer)
kiapik- (t) to fit it together, making kiapiksimaaq- (i) to have one’s arms
edges overlap; (t) to go for or pass it = a crossed across one’s chest
12 hour time period, especially to sleep
or go without sleep for more than l2
hours
navlu or navluq joint, wrist, elbow, navluqsimaaq- (i) to sit with knees bent and

976
 shoulder, or knee joint
niviq- (i) to shift position so as to lie on
one’s back; (t) to turn it upside down; (i)
expose its underside
qaa(-) or qaaq (Nu) [qara] top side;
roof; surface; outer side of fabric; cover;
dorsal area of fish; (t) to put a top surface
on it
qalliġiik(-), (Nu) qalliġik- two things
lying one on top of the other; (i) to lie
one on top of the other
qipiŋa- (i) to be twisted
saqpik(-) tail of whale; one whose feet
are turned outward; (i) to turn one’s feet
outward; (i) to begin a game of Iñupiaq
soccer by placing the ball between two
opposing players, each attempts to then
to kick the ball toward the opposite
team’s goal
sitchuq- (i) to extend one’s legs while
sitting on the floor
both feet flat on floor
niviqsimaaq- (i) to lie with hands behind the
head, propped up; (i) to sit with chair
balanced back on two legs
qaapaaksimaaq- (i) to sit on chair with legs
crossed at the knees and with arms crossed;
(t) to sit on chair with them = legs crossed at
the knees and arms crossed
qaliġiiksimaaq- (i) to sit on floor with
ankles crossed
qipiŋuaksimaaq- (i) to be in a squatting
position; (Nu) to sit with one’s legs crossed
saqpiluksimaaq- (i) to sit on the floor
cross-legged with knees apart
sitchuqsimaaq- (i) to sit on floor with legs
extended or crossed at ankles

+siñiQ nn (limited) part of N

iri eye irisiñiq eye socket or cavity
itiqsiñiq spot on mammals (especially
whales, between head and body where
mammal can be killed with a direct harpoon
strike)
manu upper front of shirt or parka manusiñik two white tusk designs sewn on
front of parka yoke

±siññaaq or +giññaaq vn (limited) one which appears to be easily V-ed or easily Vs

aullaq- (i) to leave, go away, depart; to aullaqsiññaaq person prepared to leave
start (of engine)
saavit- (i) to proceed out to the sea or on saavisiññaaq person all ready to set out
a river; (i) to go down to hunt on the ice, boating
beach, along coast; (i) to go out in front
of an audience, to go out in front of a
group, e.g., to dance, participate in
competitive games; (t) to put it = boat
out to sea
tuti- to step, tread on (her/him/it) tutigiññaaq slipper, slip-on footwear

ulġu- (i) to fall, topple, or tip over ulġusiññaaq object ready to topple over

977
 1
msiññaq- or -giññaq- vv to V once; to merely, simply V § -iññaq- vv
aquvit- (i) to sit up or sit down; (t) to sit aquvisiññaq- (i) to simply sit down »
down on it aquvisiññaqtuaq isiqami when he came in,
he just sat down
kiu- [kigu] to answer (her/him/it) kiugiññaq- to merely answer (her/him/it)
napi- (i) to break in half; (t) to cut, break napigiññaq- (t) to simply cut in half »
it in half marraptauq avataani iglum aġviġit
napigiññaqługit tainna nappaaqtat also
all around surrounding the house are
whales cut in halves all placed upright
(Ahvakana, Tikiġaġmigguuq, p18)
tiituq- (i) to drink tea tiituqsiññaq- (i) to simply drink tea; (i) to
drink tea without anything to eat »
tiituqsiññaqtuagni wed just drank tea, didn't
do anything else, didn’t eat
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of uqaqsiññaq- (i) to merely talk »
leg-hold trap which when stepped on uqaqsiññaqtuat, suŋitchut they didn't do
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep anything, they just talked
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live

+siññaq vn (limited) instrument for V-ing | +sI-3 vv, ’-ti1 vn, perhaps +naq(-) nn, vn
aak- (t) to skin it = animal without aagun or aaksiñ or aaksiññaq a knife used
cutting the fur (usually the incision is to skin an animal without cutting the pelt
made around the lips of the mouth, then
the skin is pulled back while turning it
inside out)

+sIq-1 vv to allow to happen § +[t]sIq- vv

+sIq-2 vv (limited) to accomplish V-ing usually with speed

ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be anisiq- (i) to depart quickly
born; (i) to emerge from the den in
spring (of hibernating animal)
irgasiq- (i) to surreptitiously eat food which
has been stored in a cache; (t) to eat it = food
stored in a cache stealthily
*isi (root) elongation, extension of isisiq- (i) to stretch one’s limbs
dimension
kauk- to hammer (it = nail) kauksiq- (i) to have one’s heart beat fast and
hard
**ku (root) downward movement or kusiq- [kusIq] to drip (on her/him/it)
orientation
maŋik- [maŋIk] to gnaw on (it); (Nu) maŋiksiq- (i) to fall headfirst, dead,

978
 (i) to fall headfirst dead or wounded wounded (usu of animal)
(usu. of animal); (Nu) (i) to fall on
one’s face
nait- (i) to be short of length naisiq- (i) to be short
qiruk wood qiruksiq- (Ti) (i) to get a wood splinter in
one’s flesh
saġaaluk- (i) to make a splashing sound saġġalliqsiq- to be making a slapping noise
(of water); to make a crashing sound (of (of water)
ocean waves breaking on shore)
suviqsiq- (i) to be idle
tiŋi- (i) to take flight, to fly away; (i) to tiksiq- (i) to drift in a boat
become airborne (of airplane, helicopter,
rocket)
ulik(-) [ulIk] blanket; cataract; (i) to uliksiq- (i) to get a mucus-like film on the
cover oneself with a blanket; (t) to cover eye
her/him/it with a blanket

-sIq vn (limited) that which has a close connection to the N or V § ~Iq nn,vn
igliq [igliQ] sleeping platform, bench iglisiq or iglisit (Ti) bench in qalgi (men’s
along the entire back wall of a sod house house) along wall; sleeping platform planks
placed along the back wall of a sod house;
platform on which snow is placed to melt
and drip into a water container
iñuu- (i) to be alive; to live, reside iñuusiq way of life, habit, disposition; soul
inna or iminna (adv) like this innasiq something just like this one
tunu back (of human body); back area; tunusiġaq outer side runner (outside of
back exterior wall of house “tuurvik”) of umiak frame

+siqiŋIt- vv to not bother to V or become V

atigi(-) parka, traditional fur-lined,
pullover-style with fur ruff; (i) to put on
a parka; (t) to put a parka on her/him
kamik(-) [dual kammak, pl.kamŋit]
boot; mukluk; Iñupiaq-made fur boot;
dog booty; shoe; (i) to put one’s boots
on; (t) to put boots on her/him/it
atigisiqiŋit- to not bother to put a parka on
(her/him) » atigisiqiŋitchuq unnii he didn't
even bother to put on a parka
kamiksiqiŋit- to not bother to put boots on
(her/him/it) » kamiksiqiŋitchuguk
aniñialaliqtuqamnuk wed did not even
bother to put our boots on as wed hurried to
get outside

-siraq(-) nv, vv, vn (limited) to do involving a N

nuna land, tundra, earth; inland; country, nunasiraq- (i) to travel on snowless tundra
territory, a citizen’s nation-state
qamuk- to pull or tow (it) qamuksiraq- (i) to bring a sled with a load;
(t) to put it on a sled and bring it
qapak physically weak person qapaksiraq- (Ti) (i) to play a game where
one jumps up, pushing a small board out of
the way before one lands (with two jumping

979

qilaun drum used in Iñupiaq dancing
*qua (root) slipperiness
sites about a foot apart at start and
becoming closer and closer as the game
continues)
qilausiraq- (Ti) (i) to play the drum
quasiraq(-) or quasiraaq(-) bare, smooth
ice on lake or pond which one can slide on;
(i) to slide along swiftly on a slippery
surface; to skate

+sit-nv,vv (limited) to come to a situation where one Vs or is V-ed

anak- (t) to surpass or best her/him in anaksit- (Ti) (i) to desire a rematch
competition
arriq- (i) to get a blood transfusion; (t) arriqsit- (i) to bruise; (t) to give her/him a
to give her/him/it a blood transfusion bruise; (t) to kill an animal in such a way
that it is soaked through with blood
°ava (stem) periphery,vicinity avasit- to be in the distance away from the
point of reference, barely visible
igliq- [iglIq] (i) to move aside and avoid igliqsit- (t) to prevent her/him/it from being
something coming at one; (i) to get out hit by moving her/him/it aside
of the way; (t) to avoid being hit by it by
moving aside
iqu- (i) to become distorted on one side, iquisit- to be crooked, not aligned
askew
killi or killiq1 [killI(Q)] limit (of time or killiŋiqsit- to begin to thaw around the shore
space); due date; border, line, edge of in spring (of lake, river)
land which has been cleared; source of
river; area next to wall or floor; stopping
point, goal, destination, limit; crucial
reason
*niki (root) unevenness nikisit- (t) to make it uneven, with one side
shorter than the other; (i) to move and thus
become visible, having been camouflaged by
remaining motionless in her/his/its
surroundings
pasik- [pasIk] (t) to get scorched pasiksit- (t) to warm it by the fire or any
source of heat; (Nu) (t) to roast, fry it =
bread atop stove
1
*qiki (root) distortion qikisit- (t) to warp it
sali- [salI] (t) to cut it with scissors; (t) sallisit- (t) to cut, snip it with scissors
to cut her/his hair; (i) to be now cut with
scissors; (i) to cut one’s hair
siiq-1 (i) to ooze, seep (like a sore); (i) to siiqsit- (i) to ooze (of a wound); (i) to flow
leak out (of air); (Ti) (i) to sweat, out through a small opening or crack, seep
perspire onto surface of ice (of water); (t) to let it =
wound ooze; (t) let it = water flow out
through a crack or small opening in a

980
 container
sukuiq- (t) to scrutinize and recognige sukuiqsit- (i) to become recognizeable
her/him/it in the distance, in fog, etc.
tapiqtaaġiik(-) two things doubled (e.g., tapitaaġiiksit- to be situated abreast of each
clothing, when one is wearing two pairs other
of pants); overlapped flat objects; (i) to
be overlapped (of flat objects)

+siu- vv (limited) to experience a V-ing § +[s]uksiu-

aiyugaaq- (t) to invite her/him
arak- (t) to comfort, soothe, placate
her/him; (t) to encourage her/him
imiġuk- to want to drink (it)
kaak- (i) to be hungry
niġisuk- to want to eat (it)
aiyugaaqsiu- (Ti) (i) to be invited
araksiu- (Ti) (i) to be comforted
imiġuksiu- (i) to experience thirst »
imiġuksiunasi do not deprive yourselves of
something to drink
kaaksiu- (i) to experience hunger
niġisuksiu- (i) to experience hunger

+siun nn, vn (limited) instrument for catching, measuring N, or to V | +sI-2 vv :un1 vn or

+siuq- nv -+n n vn
aanaakłiq [aanaakłIq] arctic cisco, aanaakłiqsiun net with large mesh used to
large round-nosed whitefish (Coregonus catch whitefish
autumnalis)
anuġi wind anuġisiun wind vane
irri severe, cold weather irrisiun outdoor thermometer
itiq anus; southern, inland end of lake; itiqsiun (Ti) enema
sea anemon
kapi- (i) to stab oneself once, to give kapusiun shaft of harpoon
oneself a shot; (t) to stab, pierce
her/him/it once; (t) to give a shot, an
injection to her/him/it
kiktuġiaq mosquito kiktuġiaqsiun mosquito netting
niqi food, meat niqisiun an ingredient
sila weather; atmosphere, air silasiun barometer

+siuq- nv (limited) to hunt, search for, seek out, experience a N or a V-ing | perhaps +sI-2 vv
+uq-2 vv
aġviq [aġviQ] [dual aġvak, pl. aġviġit, aġviqsiuq- or aġviġniaq- (i) to hunt whales
archaic pl. aavġit; archaic rel. form
aavġum] bowhead whale (Balaena
mysticetus); Pacific right whale (Balaena
glacialis)
alluaq ice fishing hole; sealing hole alluaqsiuq- (i) to hunt seals through their
breathing holes
igvik (Ti) pocket igviksiuq- (Ti) to pick (her/his) pocket
iġġi [iġġI] or iġġiq mountain iġġiqsiuq- (i) to walk, travel through

981

*ilak (root) distraction, confusion;
discord; not aligned, dissonance,
disharmony
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil;
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
iqaluk(-) or (Nu) qaluk(-) fish; (i) to
catch a fish
kaŋiq [kaŋIq] root, source; headwater,
source of a river; (Nu) head of a bay;
foot of mountain; place where peninsula
joins mainland; (Nu) tributary river;
bone or ivory barb on toggle harpoon
line
kii3 (excl.) see there, see what happens
when you do that! I told you so!
natchiq(-)1 [natchIQ] ring seal (Pusa
hispida); (i) to catch a seal
qavvik(-) [qavvIk] wolverine (Gulo
gulo); (i) to kill a wolverine
*sikkIk (root) catch a dream
taaq(-) darkness; (i) to be dark (of day);
(i) to be dim (of light); (i) (Nu) to be
black; (t) to block her/his/its light
tumi track, trail, footprint
unnuaq(-) night; last night; (Ti)
yesterday; to become night
uqpik [uqpIk] willow (Salix)
mountains
ilaksiuq- (Nu) (t) to disturb, distract, confuse
her/him
iñuksiuq- (i) to go out and visit people in
their homes
iqaluksiuq- (i) to go out fishing
kaŋiqsiuq- to investigate, study, ask
questions, inquire about (her/him/it)
kiiqsiuq- (i) to be in great pain
natchiqsiuq- (i) to be seal hunting
qavviksiuq- (i) to hunt wolverine
sikkiqsiuq- or sikkiuma- (i) to recall,
remember, tell about a good luck dream
(especially for hunting)
taaqsiuq- (i) to travel in the dark
tuvsiuq- (i) to be out looking for tracks
(Ti) unnuaqsiuq- (i) to stay up all night
long, stay up past one’s usual bedtime, stay
out all night
uqpiksiuq- (i) to make one’s way through a
thicket of willows

+sraaq(-) or +sralaaq(-) nn, nv (limited) the gentle N | +qsraq vn -aq2 nn -laaq nn §

+ġralaaq nn
aaquk or aaquaksraq old woman aaquaksralaaq elderly looking woman
anuġi wind anuqsralaaq(-) or anuqsraaq(-) gentle
breeze; to be comfortably breezy, of wind
uġġuk- to become damp with a grayish uġġuksraaq(-) dew, moisture; (t) to dampen
discoloration (of animal hide, clothes, or it = pelt for conditioning during tanning
stored food); to become covered with
dew
unnuk(-) evening; (i) to become dark (t) unnuksraaq(-) early evening; (t) to become
it is becoming dark late afternoon, early evening

982
= srak- or +srak- vv (limited) to V forcefully, with results § = srik- vv
¤itik- (i) to suffer an attack of diarrhea itiksrak- (i) to propel itself out
maqi- (i) to flow out, leak out, drain; to maqsraluk- (i) to make a babbling noise
sweat; to run (of nose) (of running water)
pakik- [pakIk] to dig (it = hole) with paksrak- to dig (it = hole) with claws or
hands or claws; (t) to fire it = gun by paws
pulling the trigger

-srI- vv intransitivizer § +sI-3 vv

= srik- vv (limited) to V suddenly or forcefully § = srak- vv

aquvit- (i) to sit up or sit down; (t) to sit aquvsrik- (i) to sit down suddenly
down on it
iksrik- (i) to bend over with one’s buttocks
in the air; (t) to bend over with one’s
buttocks raised towards her/him/it in jest; (t)
to “moon” her/him/it
makit- (i) to stand up; (i) to get out of maksrik- (i) to stand up suddenly
bed; (i) to arise; (t) to set it upright

~sruk vn (limited) item with attributes of V or N

nuvaksruk (Nu) Baird’s sandpiper (Calidris
bairdii)
taki- (i) to be long taksruk long, narrow lake
tuksruk or tuqługauraq entryway, cold
porch; tunnel (to a sodhouse)

+sruk-nv (limited) to give evidence of N or V-ing

iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil; iñuksruk- (i) to make one’s presence known
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to by making noise
surprise her/him/it
iqsruk- to carry (her/him/it) on one’s
shoulder
patiq(-) [patiQ] bone marrow; candle; patiqsruk- (i) to suck marrow from a bone
(i) to eat bone marrow; (t) to eat its bone
marrow
tuksruk- (i) to be crushed, crumpled; (t) to
crush, crumple it

-suaq nn (limited)
aġviq [aġviQ] [dual aġvak, pl. aġviġit, aġvisuaq porpoise (Phocoena vomerina)
archaic pl. aavġit; archaic rel. form
aavġum] bowhead whale (Balaena
mysticetus); Pacific right whale (Balaena
glacialis)

983
 sisuaq white beluga

+suaq- vv (limited) to V for a while continuously or habitually § +tuaq- vv

+[s]ugnaq- vv probably is V-ing

aglak(-) a letter character; print pattern;
(Ti) a letter sent by mail; to write (it); (i)
to vote by secret ballot
aqpat- (i) to run (of a human)
miquq- to sew (it)
uti- (i) to fall out (of hair); to grow bald,
become hairless
aglagugnaq- to probably be writing (it =
composition) » aglagugnaġai akkupak she
is probably writing them right now
aqpatchugnaq- (i) to probably be running
miquġugnaq- to probably be sewing (it) »
miquġugnaġaik kammakiñ she is probably
sewing your boots
utisugnaq- (i) to probably be in a state of
advanced decomposition where the hair
comes out easily

+sugnIq nn scent of N
iqaluk(-) or (Nu) qaluk(-) fish; (i) to
catch a fish
nuna land, tundra, earth; inland; country,
territory, a citizen’s nation-state
quq urine
urraq [urraQ] fermented meat and
blubber (usually walrus or seal flippers,
or walrus skin with blubber)(a delicacy)
iqaluksugniq fish smell
nunasugniq scent of sod, ground, soil (most
notable after a rain)
quqsugnIq scent of urine
urraqsugniq smell of fermented seal
flippers » aarigaa urraqsugniq imña
delicious, it sure smells like fermented seal
flippers

+sugnIt- nv smells like, of N § +nIt-2 nn

auk(-) blood; (i) to bleed; (Ti) to have a auksugnit- (i) to smell of blood
nosebleed
iqaluk(-) or (Nu) qaluk(-) fish; (i) to iqaluksugnit- (i) to smell of fish
catch a fish
uniq [uniQ] armpit, underarm uniqsugnit- (i) to have underarm odor
uqsruq or (Nu) uqruq or (Ti) uġruq uqsruqsugnit- (i) to smell of oil
seal oil; oil, gasoline, petroleum

-sugruk(-) nn,vv a huge, immense N; to do a lot of V-ing § -niqłuk nn

akku a while ago, some time ago
aŋun man, an adult human male
aqpat- (i) to run (of a human)
ikpaksraaq
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil;
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
akkusugruk a long while ago, quite a while
ago, much earlier in the day
aŋutisugruk ram, male sheep
aqpasugruktuaŋa I ran a lot
ikpaksraasugruk a long while back (a span
of a month or so)
iñusugruk a huge person

984
 irri severe, cold weather Irraasugruk February [lit. “extremely cold
weather”]
nauyavak young glaucous gull; (Nu) nauyavasugruk glaucous gull (Larus
western glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus)
hyperboreus)
qikiqtaq island qikiqtasugruk big island
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of uqasugruk- (i) to talk a long time
leg-hold trap which when stepped on
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live

+suġaq- or +suġaaq- vv (limited) testing one's ability to V

ii-1 [igi] (t) to swallow it iisuġaq- (Ti) (i) to have hiccups
kaki- [kakI] (i) to prick oneself; (t) to kakisuġaaq(-) game played with a toy made
tattoo her/him/it; (t) to prick her/him/it from neck bone of caribou where the bone is
attached with a string to a short stick (the
object of the game is to swing the stick up,
attempting to catch the vertebra on the point
of the stick through the foramen); (i) to play
the game of kakisuġaaq
nalaut- (i) to be correct, guess correctly, nalautchuġaaq- (i) to bet; to play solitaire
have one's prediction fulfilled; (t) to
guess it right
nappaq- (t) to erect, build it = building, nappaqsuġaaġun (Ti) knife, implement for
monument; to set it upright playing mumblety-peg
nappaqsuġaaq- (Ti) (i) to play
mumblety-peg
pisik- (t) to hit her/him/it with an arrow pisiksuġaq(-) or pisiksuġaaq(-) target; (i) to
or a bullet; to shoot her/him/it shoot at a target; (t) to shoot at it = target

+suġnaq- vv to be easy, pleasing to V § -yunaq- vv

-suilaq vn one that does not V

aglak(-) a letter character; print pattern;
(Ti) a letter sent by mail; to write (it); (i)
to vote by secret ballot
siku(-)1 ice; to freeze over; to become
icy
aglasuilaq a pen without ink » aglasuilamik
aitchuqsimaraġa it seems I gave him an
empty pen
sikusuilaq body of water which never
freezes

+[s]uiq- vv to get rid of the desire or need to V; to cease wanting to V | +[s]uk- vv :Iq- vv
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it) niġisuiq- (i) to satiate one’s appetite
siñik(-) sleep; (i) to sleep; (t) to spend it siñiguiq- (i) to get enough sleep
= day sleeping
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of uqaġuiq- (i) to cease speaking; (i) to satiate

985
 leg-hold trap which when stepped on
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live
+[s]uiqsaaq- vv to V to one's satisfaction for one last time | +[s]uk- vv :Iq- vv +saaq-1 vv
imiq(-) [imiQ] drinking water; a
beverage; an alcoholic drink; potable
liquid, broth; amniotic fluid; to drink (it)
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it)
tautuk- to see (her/him/it)
±suit- or -yuit-1 vv to never V; to be not able to V well; to be bad omen; to go wrong when
one Vs |
iglaŋa- or iglaŋaaq- to smile (at
her/him)
imiq(-) [imiQ] drinking water; a
beverage; an alcoholic drink; potable
liquid, broth; amniotic fluid; to drink (it)) to misbehave, easily becoming aggressive or
isiqattaaq- (i) to go to another’s home
and visit socially; (t) to go to her/his
home and visit her/him socially
+[s]uk-1 vv to want to V
avu(-) sugar; an ingredient (i) to add
sugar to something one is eating or
drinking (t) to add sugar to it; to add an
ingredient to it
ilau- (i) to be included, be a member; to
have many relatives (Ti) to receive
shares of a whale; (t) to include her/him;
(Ti) to give her/him shares of whale
ikayuq- to help (her/him/it)
makit- (i) to stand up; (i) to get out of
bed; (i) to arise; (t) to set it upright
tautuk- to see (her/him/it)
uuk- (t) to sample, try, taste it = food
986
one’s desire to talk so one ceases talking
imiġuiqsaaqtuuraġniaqtuŋa I will take a
minute to quench my thrist
niġisuiqsaallaktigiñ have a substantial meal
before you leave
tautuguiqsaaġuŋ take a good look at him,
(before you or he leaves)
iglaŋasuit- to never smile (at her/him)
imisuit- or imiyuit- (i) to not drink alcohol;
(i) to be a bad drinker, easily gets drunk; (i)
argumentative when drunk
isiqattaasuit- or isiqattaayuit- to never visit
(her/him); (i) to always misbehave when
visiting
avusuk- (i) to crave a change of diet (of
pregnant woman)
ilausuk- (i) to want to be included; to want
to be a member
ikayuġuk- to want to help or assist (her/him)
» ikayuġukkuviñ qaiyumautin come if you
want to help
makitchuk- (i) to want to stand up
tautuguk- (i) would like to see it
uuksisuk- (i) to want a taste »
uuksisukkaluaqama tigliuraqtuami
because I wanted to have a little taste, I stole
a small amount
-suk-2 or ~suk-2 vv, nv (limited) to be in a state of V-ing or being V
*alia (root) lonliness; dullness;
humorlessness
alla another one, a different one;
something strange
*anaya (root) wariness, caution
*argua (root) audacious, bold
avu(-) sugar; an ingredient (i) to add
sugar to something one is eating or
drinking (t) to add sugar to it; to add an
ingredient to it
iglaġuk- (i) to want to laugh
iġñiq [iġñiQ]son
ikłik- (i) to desire, covet something
*iliġa (root) gratitude, happiness
*ilima (root) suspicion, apprehension
*ipiqtu (root) sadness, depression,
depondence
*iqIk (root) laziness; lack of initiative;
lethargy; boring; uninspiring; lack of
eagerness, unwillingness
*kama (root) awe, respect
*kanŋu (root) feeling of shame,
embarrassment; feeling of shyness
*kappia (root) feeling of fright, danger
*kipiq (root) desire for an optimun
outcome
*kuksra (root) doubt, lack of confidence
malik- to follow, accompany
987
aliasuk- (i) to feel lonely and sad; to be
bored
allasuk- (i) to react apprehensively to
something unfamiliar; to be fearful of
strangers (often said of a child); (Ti) to begin
labor (of a woman giving birth)
anayasuk- (i) to be cautious, careful in a
dangerous situation; to be fearful, afraid
arguasuk- (i) to feel bold, audacious; to be
unbelieving, doubtful
avusuk- (i) to crave a change of diet (of a
pregnant woman)
iglaġusuk- (i) to grin; to be unable to keep
from smiling
iġñisuk- (i) to be in labor, be about to give
birth
ikłigusuk- (i) to be tempted to do something
iliġasuk- (i) to be very happy; to be very
grateful
ilimasuk- (i) to be apprehensive, suspicious,
cautious
ipiqtusuk- (i) to be very sad, despondent,
depressed
iqiasuk- (i) to not feel like working or doing
something productive, to be lazy
kamasuk- (i) to obey; to be amazed,
impressed
kanŋusuk- (i) to be shy; (i) to feel ashamed,
embarrassed
kappiasuk- (i) to feel oneself in imminent
danger; to feel extremely vulnerable
kipinŋusuk- (i) to speak one’s mind without
realizing it might hurt others’ feelings; to
yearn to do something but be unable to, so
one worries and frets about it
kuksrasuk- (i) to be unsure, lack
confidence; (i) to fail to do something; (i) to
do something hesitantly
kuvsuk- to spoil on the outside (of meat)
maliksuk- (i) to be attracted or persuaded
(her/him/it)
manu upper front of shirt or parka
*miġvi (root) dislike
nalu- to not know, be ignorant of
(her/him/it); to be uninformed (about
her/him/it)
nika- (i) to avoid eye contact with
others; (i) to be still, silent; (i) to be a
non-participant due to one's
embarrassment, lack of confidence or
fear of authority
patiq(-) [patiQ] bone marrow; candle;
(i) to eat bone marrow; (t) to eat its bone
marrow
*piyumI (root) willingness, eagerness,
hopefulness
*qaama (root) optimism, elation,
confidence
qami- (i) to become extinguished; to go
off or out (of light or fire); to die (of
engine)
qipi- (i) to toss and turn in bed; (i) to
writhe, to twist the body, usually in pain;
(t) to wind it (of a clock); (t) to twist,
screw it = lid on or off
qiviu down (of waterfowl); wool (of
muskox)
*quki (root) cleanliness, tidiness
*quvi (root) happiness, joy
*saġima (root) appreciation
*saiñġi (root) chagrin, regret;
frustration
*sirga (root) anxiety
suqpak- (interrog.) (i) to be outrageous
or do something outrageous
*tata (root) extreme apprehension,
anxiety
988
to participate; (i) to yearn, or have a desire
to follow; (i) to be enticed; (i) to conform
manusuk- (i) to tuck one’s chin in one’s
parka and be idle
miġvisuk- (i) to be unwilling to pay the
asking price; (Nu) to dislike someone
nalupqisuk- (i) to be in doubt, doubtful,
uncertain
nikasuk- (i) to be uncertain; (Nu) to quit,
give up
pativsuktuq he is sucking juice from
something
piyumisuk- (Nu) (i) to want to leave, go, be
eager, raring to go
qaamasuk- (i) to start to feel like working
(usu after feeling depressed, sad)
qavsuk- (i) to become dim (of light); to
become low (of fire); (t) to turn it = light
lower
qipimmisuk- (Ti) (i) to be bothered by noise
qitusuk- (i) to chuckle over something
qiviusuk- (i) to be fuzzy (of cloth)
qukisuk- (i) to feel unworthy, diffident; (i)
to feel not clean enough
quviasuk- (i) to be happy
saġimasuk- (i) to feel appreciated
saiñġisuk- or saiñġusuk- (i) to feel
frustration and regret for missing an
opportunity to get something; (i) to be
chagrined, frustrated
sirgasuk- (i) to be anxious to wake up early
to go someplace or do something
suqpasuk- (i) to be uncomfortable, feel
shame from worrying about what others
think of one
tatasuk- (i) to be easily frightened
 tutqaaq- or tutqaasuk- (i) to feel bad,
sorry, ill at ease about something one has
done or something which others with
direct ties to one has done; (i) to feel bad
that one is not able repay a favor, pay for
a service
*ulgia (root) feeling of being different
uluġiaq- or uluġiapak- (i) to wince in
fear, flinch, covering one's face and eyes
protectively with the arms
unaŋuq- (i) to become tired
*una (root) tiredness, crankiness
*urgia (root) onset of illness
*uumI (root) anger, hatred, dislike
-suk nn, vn (limited) one associated with N or being N
aġnaq woman; an adult human female;
queen (suit in cards)
1
imaq (-) [imaQ] liquid, fluid; non-
potable water; lake; sea, ocean; lagoon;
(t) to moisten it = animal hide to ready it
for scraping
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil;
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
iñukpak large person
naki- [nakI] (i) to be unable to urinate
because of a urinary tract disorder
nuliaq(-) wife; female mate (for
animal); to marry (her); (i) to take a wife
nuliiq- (i) to lose one's wife, to be
widowed; (t) to take, steal his wife
qaiġuq bark of tree; (Nu) shelf in oven
tunu back (of human body); back area;
back exterior wall of house
989
tutqaaq- or tutqaasuk- (i) to feel bad,
sorry, ill at ease about something one has
done or something which others with direct
ties to oneself has done; (i) to feel bad that
one is not able repay a favor, pay for a
service
ulgiasuk- (Ti) (i) to find something different,
changed
uluġiasuk- (i) to flinch, draw back wary
unaŋusuk- (i) to feel tired
unasuk- (i) to be cranky, sensing that
her/hius mother is pregnant with a second
child (of child)
urgiasuk- (i) to feel an illness coming on;
feel some physical pain
uumisuk- (i) to be angry, feel mean
aġnasuk bitch; female dog
alivsuk or alivsuuraq premature baby
atqasuk outer flare of nostril
imaqsuk pond
iñuksuk guidepost made of piled rocks, rock
cairn; pile of rocks or willow construction
made to resemble humans and are
strategically placed to help direct caribou
into a corral during herding; scarecrow
iñukpasuk giant
nakasuk bladder
nuliilgasuk bachelor
qaiġusuk cave
qavaasuk spectacled eider (Sonateria
aubeola)
tunusuk rounded area at back of head,
occiput; nape of neck
 ui1 husband uilgasuk spinster, unmarried woman

+[s]uksaaq- vv to entice, lure, tempt to V | +[s]uk-1 vv ±saaq-2 vv

+[s]uksI- vv to develop a strong tendency or inclination to V | +[s]uk-1 vv +sI-1 vv

iglaqhauraq- (i) to giggle
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of
leg-hold trap which when stepped on
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live
iglaqhauraġuksi- (i) to become giggly »
iglaqhauraġuqsiruaguk pilaiqpaiłłunuk
we2 began giggling for no reason because
we2 were so tired
uqaġuksi- (i) to become garrulous,
excessively talkative » uqaġuksiruq
imiqpaiłłuni he has become very talkative
because he has had too much to drink

+[s]ulait- vv to dislike V-ing | +[s]uk-1 vv -lait-vv

aqpat- (i) to run (of a human) aqpatchulait- (i) to not like to run »
aqpatchulaitchuq sialugman he does not
like to run when it is raining
saglu- (i) to lie, not tell the truth saglusulait- (i) to not like to lie
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of uqaġulait- (i) to not like to talk
leg-hold trap which when stepped on
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live

+[s]uliġñiaq- vv will eventually V or become V so let events happen as they will, making
no special effort to make them occur
aat-2 (t) to take her/him/it somewhere aatchuliġñiaq- (t) will eventually bring
her/him/it » aatchuliġñiaġaa;
uqaviluŋaiġiñ he will get around to bringing
it; stop complaining
1
naat- (i) to now be complete; (t) to naatchuliġñiaq- will eventually finish (it) »
finish, complete it @ naatchi- naatchuliġñiaġiñ; uŋiarrisaġinagu you
will get around to finishing it, don't worry
about it
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savaguliġñiaq- will eventually work (on it)
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it; » savaguliġñiaġaa, piññagu he will get
(i) to be working, operating properly (of around to working on it, don't mind him
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial
tikit- [tikIt] (i) to arrive at, reach one's tikitchuliġñiaq- (i) will eventually arrive; (t)
destination or goal; (t) to reach her/him/it will eventually reach it »
tikitchuliġñiaqtugut qilamiqsruŋaiġluta

990
 pisa we will eventually reach our
destination, so let's not hurry

+[s]ulillapiaq- vv to really want to V | +[s]uk- vv -lIq-3 vv -llak-1 vv +piaq(-)2 vv

aġvak-2 or (Ti) aġvaaq- (i) to catch a
whale, kill a whale in a whale hunt
aġvagulillapiaq- (i) to really desire to kill
a whale » aġvagulillapiaġamik,
aŋatkuniñ ikayuqsiġlutik piraqtut when
they really wanted to catch a whale they
would seek the assistance of the shamans
(David Frankson in Pulu: 94)

+sulugaq rv (limited)
**ku (root) downward movement or kusulugaq icicle
orientation

+sumaaq- vv to intend, plan to V § +yumaaq- vv

+[s]unġIq- vv to cease wanting to V | +[s]uk-1 vv +niQ1 vn :Iq-2 nv

igliq- or iglau- (i) to be travelling; (i) to iglausunġiq- (i) to no longer want to travel »
be running, idling (of a machine/engine); iglausunġiqsuaq miġiayanŋuvluni he does
(t) to travel it = distance not want to travel anymore because he feels
queasy
ilau- (i) to be included, be a member; to ilausunġiq- (i) to no longer want to be
have many relatives (Ti) to receive included » ilausunġiqsuaq
shares of a whale; (t) to include her/him; savagnaġniġman he no longer wants to
(Ti) to give her/him shares of whale participate since there is too much work
involved
savagiaq- (i) to go to work; (t) to go savagiaġunġiq- (i) to no longer want to go
repair it to work » savagiaġunġiqsuaq
silagigñiġman he no longer wants to go to
work since he found out the weather was so
nice
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what; susunġiq- (i) to lose one’s enthusiasm,
(t) to do what to her/him/it become letharic; (i) be unwilling to do
anything

-sunŋu- vv (limited) to hurt, be in discomfort, be at a disadvantage, be weary, tired,

suffering from the effects of V-ing § -nŋu- vv

-suŋaiññaq- vv to V all of the time, constantly

iglaq- (i) to laugh iglasuŋaiññaq- (i) to laugh all the way
niqsaq(-) sea mammal or animal which niqsasuŋaiññaq- (i) to be successful in
lives on sea ice; (Ti) game animal (land killing animals for food
or sea); (i) to catch game

991
+[s]uŋiliq (limited) should V because the V-ing seems achievable, doable
naatiqtuq- (t) to finish, complete it naatiqtuġuŋiliq let’s complete it instead
quickly with full concentration
pisukataq- or (Ti) pisuu- (i) to walk, pisukataġuŋiliq let’s walk instead
rather than use some other mode of
transport

+suq-1 vv does well § -yuq- vv

+suq-2 rv (limited) to experience or have an attribute of N § +tuq-3 vv

*annIq or (Nu) *atnIq (root) valuable, anniqsuq- (t) to assist or rescue her/him in a
beneficial time of need, stress. or danger

**ka2 (deep root) impact, contact kasuq- (i) to become joined (of objects); (i)
to close (of gap, e.g., of ice); (i) to meet on
the way somewhere, of more than one
person; (t) to meet her/him, make her/his
acquaintance; (t) to “run” into her/him
quq urine quqsuq- (i) to be yellow, stained; (Ti) (i) to
be brown

+suq-3 vv indicates repetition § +tuq-2 vv

+suqtilaaq- vv to do one's best § -yuqtilaaq- vv

+[s]uvyuaq- vv to not have the desire to V; be reluctant to V | +[s]uk- vv -vyuaq- vv

niġisuk- to want to eat (it); (Nu)
to be hungry
pisuk- (i) to want to participate;
(t) to want to have it
uqaġuk- (i) to want to talk,
speak
niġisuvyuaq- to not have the desire, the
appetite to eat (it)
pisuvyuaq- to not really want to do (it)
uqaġuvyuaq- (i) to not want to talk, finding
it not desireable

+[s]uu- vv always, regularly, usually V-s

ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or ilasuu- (t) to regularly add to it » akutuliani
name; companion, friend, partner; part of ilasuugaa asianik she always adds berries to
a whole; (i) to get a co-participant, her Eskimo ice cream
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
qavrak- or qarvak- to flense, remove qavraguu- to regularly remove the blubber
blubber from (it = animal skin) (from them = animal skins) » qavraguugai
tupqum silataani she removes the blubber
from them by the tent

992
 qivit- (i) to go off in a huff; to leave
indignant; to act or behave indignantly
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t)
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it;
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial
+[s]uupiksuaq- vv (limited) to V frequently or on a more predictable basis than others |
+[s]uu- vv -piksuaq- vv
qai- [qaġI] to come (toward her/him/it) qaisuupiksuaq- (i) to come more frequently
or on a more predictable basis than others
+[s]uvyuaq- vv (limited) to not really want to V
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it)
pi(-) [pI] (t) to take, get, procure, acquire pisuvyuaq- to not really want to do (it)
her/him/it; (t) to do it; (t) to say to
her/him; an entity
+t-1 vv (limited) to cause her/him/it to V
ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be
born; (i) to emerge from the den in
spring (of hibernating animal)
aula- (i) to move around, show
movement, be in motion
iki-2 (i) to burn
ili-1 [ilI] (i) to be at a certain point
(along a journey or a process); (i) to
become apparent; (t) to place, set it; (t)
to put it in a store for sale
ina- (i) to stop to play while migrating
(of whales); (i) for persons to stay
somewhere and enjoy themselves
qivitchuu- (i) to habitually become offended
and leave in a huff » iviġaŋitchuni
qivitchuuruq when one does not do
according to her wishes, she always becomes
offended and leaves
savagiaġuu- (i) to usually go to work; (t) to
regularly go to work on it » savagiaġuuruq
uvlaami she goes to work in the morning;
savaguuruq unnuami he works at night
niġisuvyuaq- to not have the desire, the
appetite to eat (it)
anit- (t) to put, throw her/him/it out; (t) to
expel her/him/it; (t) to place it outside; (t) to
thrust it outside; (t) to begin it = speech or
song; (Ti) (t) to be carried out to sea, drift
out to sea
aulat- (t) to be in charge of it; to make it
move, to move her/him/it around
ikit- (i) to be now ignited (of fire, cigarette,
cigar or pipe); (i) to be turned on (of light);
(t) to ignite, turn it = stove, cigarette lighter
on
ilit- [ilIt] (i) to learn; (t) to learn of her/his
ways, habits; (t) to learn it
inat- (t) to purposely distract her/him/it in
order to keep her/him/it from doing
something else
993
ipi- (i) to suffocate; (i) to drown; (i) to
be hot and sweaty from lack of fresh,
cool air
iqi- (i) to contract, tighten up, e.g., of
worm, fist, etc.
kivi- [kivI] (i) to sink
kiñŋu- (i) to capsize, roll over (of a
vehicle or boat)
maqu-1 (i) to become spoiled, marred,
corrupted; (i) to be destroyed; (i) to
deteriorate (of a human relationship)
*naku (root) goodness, pleasure
napa- (i) to be standing upright, e.g., a
house, pole, tree
nunu- (i) to repress a desire to do
something
nuŋu- (i) to be depleted, used up; (i) to
get a worn spot; (i) to be an old moon,
i.e. no moon
qaki- (i) to climb out of water; (i) to
come up on shore (of boat); (i) to win in
a game; (i) to accumulate enough
wealth so that one’s chances of survival
are no longer precarious; (i) to become
uppity, stuck-up; (i) to adopt a
condescending attitude toward “former”
peers (after acquiring money, new
status, etc.)
saŋŋi- [saŋŋI] (i) to be strong, tight, or
taut
saqu- (i) to turn, changing direction
sisi- (i) to harden, become solid as a
rock
tuqu- (i) to die
ulġu- (i) to fall, topple, or tip over
994
ipit- (t) to suffocate, drown her/him/it; (t) to
cause her/him to have difficulty catching
her/his breath by making her/him laugh to
excess
iqit(-) a fist; (i) to contract (e.g., of worm,
fist);(i) to embrace each other; (t) to embrace
her/him/it
kivit- [kivIt] (t) to sink it
kiñŋut- (t) to cause it to capsize, roll over
maqut- (i) to have been destroyed; (t) to
destroy, ruin, corrupt, vandalize her/him/it;
(i) to badly influence her/him
nakut- (t) to provide entertainment for
her/him/it; (t) to keep her/him/it amused
napat- (t) to stand it up; (t) to support it; (t)
to uphold it
nunut- (t) to stop or pressure her/him from
doing something
nuŋut- (t) to deplete, use it up
qakit- (t) to put it up, as on a shelf; to pull it
= boat up onto shore or ice
saŋŋit-1 (i) to be now tightly, securely
fastened on; (i) to be pulled taut; (Ti) (i) to
tense up, tighten up one’s muscles; (t) to
fasten it on tightly, securely; (t) to tighten,
pull it = drumskin taut; (t) to tie it = knot
securely
saqut- (t) to turn her/him/it, changing
her/his/its direction
sisit-1 (t) for it to harden, solidify
tuqut- (t) to kill her/him/it
ulġut- (t) to push her/him/it so that she/he/it
falls, topples, or tips over
+t-2 nv, vv (limited) to acquire N by hunting or gathering from its natural environment; to
accomplish the V-ing or the state of being indicated by V § postbase +t is dropped to
avoid a cluster of three consonants when the stem ends in a consonant § ’-k- nv
-lIq-1 nv
*aġI (root) dampness, moisture
allu seal’s breathing hole in sea ice
°aqu (stem) behind, rear, back of an
object; trunk of car, bed of truck, stern of
boat; final chapter of story; some time
after; downriver end of an island
°ava (stem) periphery,vicinity
iŋi groin, middle front part of pelvic
bone; loins; center of whale belly,
underside around anus of whale
ipu(-) a long handle; (t) to attach a
handle to it
iqaluk(-) or (Nu) qaluk(-) fish; (i) to
catch a fish
*mamia (root ) feeling of distress,
offense
mamiq membrane scraped from dried
animal skin used in olden days as a
bandage
*mau (root) sea ice
*naa (root) dimension when stretched
out
1
natchiq(-) [natchIQ] ring seal (Pusa
hispida); (i) to catch a seal
*niki (root) unevenness
niliq(-) flatus = escaping air from poke
or float; (i) to fart
nuna land, tundra, earth; inland; country, nunat- (t) to cache it = usually caribou meat
territory, a citizen’s nation-state
qala wake of boat, churning water
behind paddle or propeller
qani(-) [qanI] or (Nu) qaniuq- area
close by, nearby; (t) to accompany, take
her/him/it partway to destination
qaugak duck
qavia sand, gravel
qavvik(-) [qavvIk] wolverine (Gulo
995
aġit- [agIt] to become wet or damp (of
fabric, ground, animal hide, child’s diaper)
allut- to kill a seal through its breathing hole
aqut- to pilot or steer (it = a boat)
avat- (t) to surround her/him/it; to besiege it
iŋit- (i) to sit down, be seated; (t) to sit
her/him down
iput- to row (it)
iqaluk(-) or (Nu) qaluk(-) fish; (i) to catch a
fish
mamiat- (i) to have one’s feelings hurt by
scolding or criticism and becomes weepy;
(Ti) (i) to mourn, grieve
mamit- (i) to heal (of a wound, sore,
injured body part); (i) to fuse, come
together
maut- (i) to walk out in the direction of
open water; to go hunting out on the sea ice
naat-1 (i) to now be complete; (t) to finish,
complete it @ naatchi-
natchiq(-)1 [natchIQ] ring seal (Pusa
hispida); (i) to catch a seal
nikit- (i) to have been made uneven
nilit- (i) to become deflated (e.g., of
balloon); (t) to cause (it = water level) to
lower; (t) to cause it = swelling or swollen
part to reduce in size
in a hole dug in ground and covered with sod
qalat- (i) to boil; (Nu) (i) to churn (of water,
esp., in wake of boat)
qanit- to be near, close (to her/him/it)
qaugak(-) duck; (i) to kill a duck
qaviat- (t) to bury, cover it with sand
qavvik(-) [qavvIk] wolverine (Gulo gulo);
 gulo); (i) to kill a wolverine
°saa2 (stem) [sara] front of body or
garment; area immediately in front of
something; lap, the front part of the
lower trunk and thighs of a seated
person; seaward
sallisik a pair of scissors; thin-bladed
scissors; hair clipper
siki- (i) to lower or hang one's head
siksrik(-) [dual siksrak, pl.siksrigit]
arctic ground squirrel (Spermophilus
parryi); (i) to kill an arctic ground
squirrel
°sivu (stem) front part of anything;
frontage, area in front of building; bow
of boat; front exterior wall of house;
time prior
suka- (i) to be fast
tunu back (of human body); back area;
back exterior wall of house
tuttu caribou (Rangifer tarandus)
*uu (root) heat, warmth
-t nn plural mkr § :It nn
mta- vv,rv (limited) to V with duration § -qta- vv
makit- (i) to stand up; (i) to get out of
bed; (i) to arise; (t) to set it upright
*puk (root) depth
*qaŋa (root) suspension
*qiġa (root) stiffness
qikaq- (i) to be standing; (Ti) to stand
up
+ta rn (limited) final suffix of some roots and nouns
*piq (root) bend, curve
996
(i) to kill a wolverine
saat-1 to face, turn toward (her/him/it); (t) to
challenge, confront her/him/it
sallisitkaa she snips it with scissors
sikit- (i) to bow, lower the head
siksrik(-) [dual siksrak, pl.siksrigit] arctic
ground squirrel (Spermophilus parryi); (i) to
kill an arctic ground squirrel
sivut- (i) to navigate from the bow of boat,
giving direction; (t) to navigate it = boat
from the bow of boat
sukat- (i) to be fast
tunut- (i) to turn to face the opposite way, to
turn one’s back; (t) to turn one’s back to
her/him/it
tuttut- (i) to catch a caribou
uut- (t) to be cooked (of meat); to cook it =
meat; to get sunburn
apta- (i) to be busy
ata- (i) to be attached, connected
makita- (i) to be standing
nipta- (i) to be clear (of weather)
pukta- (i) to be afloat
pupta- (i) to be floating
qaŋata- (i) to be elevated, off the floor or
ground
qiġata- (i) to be stiff
qikata- (i) to stand
*mita (root) depth level
piqta point at which a line bends down at
 an angle (as along the edge of a cliff, corner
of house, etc.); exterior siding (of house,
boat); wall; side of cliff
*qipta (root) drowsiness
*quta (root) slope
*tata (root) extreme apprehension, anxiety

+taaq- or -taaq- or = taaq- (limited) vv, nv to assume the position or action § -raaq,
= raaq-
aannagu (excl.) or aatnagu wait; wait a aannagutaaq- to procrastinate, delay or
minute; in a moment, shortly, in a put off doing (it); (t) to put it = esp., food
while, later on, in a little while, after a away for later consumption; (t) to table it
while = any action in parliamentary procedure
akiaq- (t) to relieve her/him during a akiaġaqtaaq- to take turns using (it); (i) to
task; (t) to take over her/his watch take turns doing an activity
(period of time doing something); (t) to
replace her/him in a competition, etc.
anmuk- to go down, descend, drop; (i) anmuktaaq- (t) to set it at a lower setting;
to go down a slope, to descend (t) place it on a lower level
gradually, to drop; indicator in a
therometer, barometer, etc.; to have
been set downward, lowered; (t) to set it
lower
aquvit- (i) to sit up or sit down; (t) to sit aquptaaq- (i) to get into a comfortable
down on it sitting position
ipuk- (t) to lift it with a lever; (t) to ipuktaaq- (i) to ride up and down on a
cock the lever of it = rifle seesaw
iqit(-) a fist; (i) to contract (e.g., of iqittaaq- (i) to put one arm around each
worm, fist);(i) to embrace each other; (t) other’s shoulders; (t) to put one’s arm
to embrace her/him/it around her/his shoulders
kaŋiq [kaŋIq] root, source; headwater, kaŋivaqtaaq- (i) to roll up one’s sleeves,
source of a river; (Nu) head of a bay; (t) to roll up her/his sleeves for her/him
foot of mountain; place where peninsula
joins mainland; (Nu) tributary river;
bone or ivory barb on toggle harpoon
line
kiluvaq- (i) to travel inland; (i) to move kiluvaqtaaq- (i) to move up, to come
away from the door and further into the further into the house toward the wall
room opposite the door; (t) to move her/him/it
further into the house; to move it = usu a
boat away from the sea, bring ashore
kisimġiuq- (i) to be alone kisimġuqtaaq- (i) to exclude others from
one’s activities; (t) to isolate it
nanuk- to rub something on (her/him/it) nanuktaaġun jam, spread made from fruit
nau- [nagu] (i) to grow (of a plant or nauttaaq- to ration (it)
wart); (i) to wax (of moon); (i) to

997
 increase
nipi voice, sound
nuut- to move (her/him/it)
qunmuk- (i) to ascend, rise
saniñmuk- (i) to move sideways; (t) to
move it sideways
saqpiluksi- (i) to sit on floor, crossing
one's legs
sarvaq- to move (her/him/it) forward or
oceanward
tigu- (i) to take hold and hang on; (t) to
take, capture, grab, or arrest her/him/it
+t/laaq- vv (with Conditional, Consequential or Contemporative I endings) going
so far as to V; to the extent of V-ing
qamŋui- (i) to snore
saglu- (i) to lie, not tell the truth
siqunġiq- (i) to close one’s eyes
+taaq vn (limited) one that is V, has assumed or gotten a certain color, charactistic
of being V
aqvaluq- (i) to be round
imigluk- (i) to make a distant roaring
thundering noise (e.g., of airplane, or
caribou herd); (i) to ring (of ears)
imiġik- (i) to have good water
kaviq- [kavIq] (i) to be red
maŋaq- (i) to be dark, be black
mapkuq- (i) to gather one’s strength
and make an all-out effort; (i) to make a
crackling noise when shaken, as a
blanket-toss skin; (i) to make a popping
998
nipaisaaq- (i) to play quietly (of child); (i)
to be engaged in a quiet activity; (i) to be
silent
nuutaaq- to move (her/him/it) a little; (i)
to move closer to someone or something
qunmuktaaq- to move (her/him/it) to a
higher level; (t) to raise or turn it =
thermostat, audio higher
saniñmuktaaq- to move her/him/it) to the
side
saqpiluktaaq- (i) to assume the position of
sitting with legs crossed
sarvaqtaaq- to move (her/him/it) forward
or oceanward over a defined distance (but
not all the way forward or to the ocean)
tigutaaq- (t) to put her/him in jail
qamŋuilaaq- (i) to go so far as to snoring
» sammapta qamŋuilaallaġmi piñiaqtuq
no doubt he will snore again
saglulaaq- (i) to go so far as to lying »
saglulaallaġmi uqaqsimaruaq I found
out that he went so far as to tell a lie
siqunġiqsaaq- (i) to go so far as to
shutting his eyelids » siqunġiqsaaqami
atuqtuq he is so engrossed in singing that
he has his eyes closed
aqvaluqtaaq circle
imigluktaaq(-) noise-maker made of of
bone or wood and braided sinew;
“bullroarer”; (i) to make the roaring sound of
a noise-maker
imiġiksaaq fresh water
kaviqsaaq red; something red
maŋaqtaaq something black, color black
mapkuliktaaq (Ti) white man’s style shoe
 noise
*puk (root) depth
qatiq- (i) to be white
sau- [sagu] to cover (her/him/it) with
snow, sand, or earth, layer by layer; (t) to
skirt it = traditional house with snow
2
mt/raaq vn (limited) N acquired
akiññak- (i) to be paid a wage, to get
paid; to win a prize
nannuk- (i) to kill a polar bear
natchiq(-)1 [natchIQ] ring seal (Pusa
hispida); (i) to catch a seal
piññak- (i) to acquire, win something
tuttut- (i) to catch a caribou
puktaaq ice floe, floating mass of ice;
iceberg, large piece of ice
qatiqtaaq something white; white
sautaaq anchor for trap or snare
akiññaktaaq paycheck, payment received
for services rendered; prize won
nannuktaaq a harvested polar bear
natchiqsaaq a harvested seal
piññaktaaq something won, acquired
tuttutaaq a harvested caribou

-tagaq nn (limited)
nuka or nukaq or nukatchiaq or nukatagaq young bull of hoofed animals
nukaaluk younger sibling (not full-grown)

-t/raġaaq(-) (used with verb stems which end in t or a vowel) or

+aaq(-) or ‘+aaq(-) (used with verb stems which end in k→g or q→ġ) (limited)
vv, nv, vv to V leisurely for a while, usually in repetition; N with which the
action is done, usually in repetition
amu- (i) to be pulled out; (i) to slide amuraġaat chest of drawers
back into water after beginning to
surface (of a seal); (t) to pull her/him/it
out; (i) to withdraw money from a bank;
(t) to pick up a C.O.D. from the post
office
aniiq- (i) to be outside aniiġaaq- (i) to be outside enjoying the
weather, the out-of-doors; (i) to take a break
by going outside
atuq- to sing (it) atuġaaq- (i) to have a singing session, a
singspiration
imiq(-) [imiQ] drinking water; a imiġaaq(-) soft drink, soda pop; (i) to drink a
beverage; an alcoholic drink; potable cold beverage, e.g., water, juice, or soda pop
liquid, broth; amniotic fluid; to drink (it)
iviq- to fit (it) iviqtitaġaat or (Nu) iviqtitaġaat jigsaw
puzzle
katak(-) entrance hole in floor of sod kattagaat jackstones
house (leading to subterranean tunnel
or passageway); (i) to fall off
kiñŋu- (i) to capsize, roll over (of a kiñŋuraġaaq- or (Ti) kinŋuraġaq- (i) to roll
vehicle or boat) over and over in a kayak, do the “Eskimo

999

kuvri- to make a net (for her/him/it); (i)
to skip a stone over water; (i) to skip
over the water along a line of net floats,
bouncing near each float (of flat stone
thrown in a simple game of skill); (t) to
skip it = stone over water
makita- (i) to be standing
napa- (i) to be standing upright, e.g., a
house, pole, tree
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it)
nuŋu- (i) to be depleted, used up; (i) to
get a worn spot; (i) to be an old moon,
i.e. no moon
nuqit- (t) to pull her/him/it
qipit- (t) to wind it around something
quu- [quġu] (i) to incline inward; (i) to
turn one’s feet inward
tasi- [tasI] (i) to stretch, to extend
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of
leg-hold trap which when stepped on
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live
roll” in a kayak
kuvriraġaaq- (i) to skip stones on the water
(especially along a line of net floats in a
simple game of skill)
makitaraġaaġvik standing platform behind
stanchion of sled
naparaġaaq- (i) to turn somersaults; (i) to
do a handstand
niġiraġaaq(-) snack; (i) to eat a snack
nuŋuraaq piece of candy
nuqitaġaaq something that can be pulled
up
qipitaġaaq something one must wind up
quuraġaaq- (Ti) (i) to walk pigeon-toed;
to come together by way of wave action (of
ice)
tasiraġaaq rubber band
uqaġaaq- (i) to have a talk session

-t/raġalIq- (restricted to verb stems which end in t or vowel) or +talIq- vv

(restricted to verb stems which end in k or q) vv to get into a situation or
condition of V-ing, frequently or repeatedly
ilau- (i) to be included, be a member; to ilauraġaliq- (i) to be a regular participant »
have many relatives (Ti) to receive ilauraġaliqsuaq aullatuaġmata she is
shares of a whale; (t) to include her/him; included now whenever they travel
(Ti) to give her/him shares of whale
ulit-1 to rise, flood (of water) ulitaġaliq- to swell regularly (of river) »
kuugguuq ulitaġaliqsuaq it is now said
that the river swells frequently
ipiqtutchak- (i) to become sad, ipiqtutchaktaliq- (i) to become despondent
despondent, depressed, unhappy, joyless often
mitchaaq- (i) to land, from flight mitchaaqtaliq- (i) to land regularly (of
plane) » Utqiaġvigñun tiŋŋun
mitchaaqtaliqsuaq ukiatqik the plane
began landing regularly in Barrow last fall
qaurimaiq- (i) to become unconscious; qaurimaiqtaliq- (i) to loose consciousness

1000
 to become numb; (t) to knock her/him/it often now
unconscious

-t/raġaq- (restricted to verb stems which end in t or vowel) or -aġaq- (reduplication of

-aq-1 and +aq-1) or +aq-1 or -aq-1 or :aq-1 or ‘+aq-1 or ‘-aq-1 vv (limited) to V
repeatedly or to prolong V-ing or being V § +[ġ]aq-
examples with -t/raġaq-
aa- (i) to cry violently, becoming aaraġaq- (i) to cry repeatedly, violently,
physically rigid, followed by temporary becoming physically rigid, followed by
unconsciousness due to interrupted temporary unconciousness due to
breathing (usu. of a baby) interrupted breathing (usu. of a baby)
aanŋu- (i) to feel faint aanŋuraġaq- (i) to feel faint frequently,
intermittently
1
aki(-) [akI] corresponding value, akiraġaq- (Ti) to echo
equivalence; cost, price, value; wage;
opposite side, other side; (Ti) north side
of the point (Point Hope); (t) to
respond, acknowledge, or answer
her/him with gestures (of one who is far
away but visible)
anau- (t) to hit her/him/it with one’s anauraġaq- (i) to play baseball
arm or an object held in one’s hand
anit- (t) to put, throw her/him/it out; (t) anitaġaq- (t) to keep casting out, or
to expel her/him/it; (t) to place it putting her/him/it outside
outside; (t) to thrust it outside; (t) to
begin it = speech or song; (Ti) (t) to be
carried out to sea, drift out to sea
ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or ilaraġaq- (t) to keep adding to it
name; companion, friend, partner; part
of a whole; (i) to get a co-participant,
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
iqi- (i) to contract, tighten up, e.g., of iqirġaq- or iqiraġaq- (i) to contract,
worm, fist, etc. shrink, by drawing together (esp., of a
worm)
kiñŋu- (i) to capsize, roll over (of a kiñŋuraġaaq- or (Ti) kinŋuraġaq- (i) to
vehicle or boat) roll over and over in a kayak, do the
“Eskimo roll” in a kayak
kuvri- to make a net (for her/him/it); (i) kuvriraġaaq- (i) to skip stones on the
to skip a stone over water; (i) to skip water (especially along a line of net floats
over the water along a line of net floats, in a simple game of skill)
bouncing near each float (of flat stone
thrown in a simple game of skill); (t) to

1001
 skip it = stone over water
mau- [maġu] (i) to sink into soft mauraġaqpisi did youp sink repeatedly
ground, mud, or snow as one takes a (into soft snow)
step; (t) to sink into it = soft ground,
mud, or snow as one takes a step
qami- (i) to become extinguished; to go qamiraġaq- (i) to keep going out when
off or out (of light or fire); to die (of one tries to light it (of fire)
engine)
uuk- (t) to sample, try, taste it = food || uuksiraġaq- to keep taking a taste (of it)/
uuksI-
examples with +aq-1 vv (note: stem final q→ġ and k→g)
aaġluq- (i) to look up; to raise one’s aaġluġaq- (i) to look up, raise one’s chin
chin; (i) to throw one’s head back; (t) to repeatedly
raise her/his chin upward; (t) to raise it
into an upright position
aamaŋa- or aamaŋaaq- (i) to be mildly aamaŋa- or aamaŋaaq- (i) to be mildly
retarded; (i) to be stupid by nature; (i) to retarded; (i) to be stupid by nature; (i) to
pay no heed to one’s surroundings; (i) to pay no heed to one’s surroundings; (i) to
be obtuse, imperceptive and dull; (i) to be obtuse, imperceptive and dull; (i) to be
be clumsy clumsy
aannik- (i) to catch a disease from aannigaqtuq he keeps catching diseases
someone; (i) to gain possession of from others
something from someone, i.e. toy
aaqsallaiq- (i) to laugh so hard that one aaqsallaiġaq- (i) to keep repeating the
runs out of breath; to be unable to stop action of laughing so hard that one runs
laughing out of breath
amu- (i) to be pulled out; (i) to slide amuaq- (t) to pull her/him/it up and out
back into water after beginning to
surface (of a seal); (t) to pull her/him/it
out; (i) to withdraw money from a bank;
(t) to pick up a C.O.D. from the post
office
anaq(-) excrement, feces; dung, anaaġaq- (i) to keep defecating, “have the
manure; to defecate (it); (t) to defecate runs”
on it; (i) to fall or shoot (of a star)
anaullaq- (t) to hit her/him/it repeatedly anaullaġaq- (Ti) (i) to play baseball
with something held in the hand
aŋuq- (t) to tag, touch her/him in a game aŋuġauraq-(i) to play tag
of tag
aŋuun short oar, paddle; one of paired aŋuutmigaq- (Nu) (i) to paddle (usually a
fins on a fish, especially pectoral or kayak with a single-bladed paddle)
pelvic fin
aqpat- (i) to run (of a human) aqpaliġaq- (i) to frolic, run around playing;
to run in bursts, stopping and starting
igniqpalliaq- to strike, of lightning igniqpalliaġaq- (i) to strike repeatedly, of
lightning; (i) to make a fire flare up (to

1002

ilak- (t) to shove her/him/it aside with a
sweeping motion
irimik- or iyimik- (t) to indicate, point
with the eyes at her/him/it
ivsulik- (i) to be wet from rain (of
ground, plants)
katak(-) entrance hole in floor of sod
house (leading to subterranean tunnel
or passageway); (i) to fall off
kii- [kIgI] (i) to clench one’s teeth; (i) to
bite oneself; (t) to bite her/him/it
kilik- (t) to scrape it off of something;
(t) to scrape it = fat from something,
e.g., intestine; (t) to scrape it = inner
layer off of skin
kimmik(-) [kimmIk] heel; (i) to kick,
push with the heel; (t) to hit it with one's
heel; (t) to tap one's heel to it or on it; (t)
to hold it with one's heel; (t) to hit, push,
tap, hold it with one’s heel
kumik- (i) to scratch an itch; (t) to
scratch her/him/it to relieve an itch
kuniuq- (t) to sniff at her/him/it (as an
animal does)
*maġ (root) canine vocal sound; howl
mayuaq- (Nu) to climb, ascend (it)
mayuq- (i) to climb, ascend; (i) to
move to a higher position (of person),
e.g., to a better job; (t) to climb,
ascend it; (t) to set her/him/it on or in a
higher place
miġiaq(-) or muġiaq(-) vomit; to
vomit (it); (t) to vomit on her/him/it
nuluq-1 to wave one’s hand (at
her/him/it)
pikiaq- (i) to jump up suddenly and go
out, bolt, run suddenly out, rush out
abruptly; (i) to gush out (of water)
qaaq(-) marijuana (i) to burst, explode;
1003
attract attention)
ilagaq- (t) to shove it aside; (Nu) (t) to brush
them away
iriŋmigaq- to wink (at her/him)
ivsuligaq- to get wet walking through plants,
bushes wet with rain
katagaq- (i) to fall, drop one by one; (t) to
drop them one by one
kigaġniq notch
kiligaq- to scrape fat off a skin; to scrape it
= baleen to desired size
kimmiaq- (i) to bounce one’s heel up and
down repeatedly (of male Iñupiaq dancer);
(t) to hit it repeatedly with one’s heel
kumigaq- to rake (it)
kuniuġaq- to smell (it) repeatedly (usually
to determine whether it is spoiled)
maġaala- (i) to yelp, howl; (i) to yell in
pain
mayuaġaq- (Ti) or (B) mayuġaq- (i) to
climb steps, stairs, or ladder; (i) to play,
climbing us and down; (t) to climb for an
extended period of time on them = stairs,
ladder
mayuġaq- (i) to climb steps, stairs,
ladder; (t) to climb it, them= stairs,
ladder
mayuaq- (Nu) to climb, ascend (it)
miġiaġaq- to vomit repeatedly (on
her/him/it
nuluġaq- to gesture (to her/him/it), waving
one’s arms to get attention; to beckon
(her/him/it)
pikiaġaq- (i) to jump in and out of water
(of fish, seal, etc.)
qaġaaq- (t) to make them explode; (i) to
to smoke marijuana; (Nu) (i) to crash
against the shore (of wave, sea), to
break (of waves); (t) to make it pop or
burst
qaisaq- (i) to be coming
qavaq- (i) to be on its back in the water
(of seal)
qiñiq- to look at, watch (her/him/it)
°saa2 (stem) [sara] front of body or
garment; area immediately in front of
something; lap, the front part of the
lower trunk and thighs of a seated
person; seaward
savik [savIk] or savik knife; metal
savit- (t) to touch and feel her/him/it
with the hands
saniuġruk- (i) to swerve, go sideways
siliak- to swoop down on (her/him/it) (i)
to be blown along with the wind, glide
supiaq- (i) to go in a diagonal line; (t)
to make a diagonal line on it
tigguġluk- (t) to grab her/him/it roughly
tuqłuaq spyglass, telescope; drinking
straw
tuqłuq- (t) to call her/him directly by
name or kinship term
uluq- (i) to turn sideways in order to
pass through a narrow passage; (i) to
turn one’s shoulder forward; (i) to turn
aside; (i) to bend to the side, move aside;
(i) to lie down on one’s side; (t) to pass
through it = passageway sideways; (t) to
turn or move it aside
uvaak(-) dog urine (i) to tilt, list, lean to
one side; to urinate with leg up (of
canine); (t) to lean, tilt, list it over; to
1004
burst, explode (of multiple items)
qaisaaġaq- (Ti) to blow in gusts, to blow
and then die down (of wind)
qavaġaq- or qavaġauraq- (i) to lie on its
back intermittently (of seal, walrus)
qiñiġaq- to photograph (her/him/it); (Nu, Ti)
to look with the aid of binoculars or
telescope at (her/him/it)
saagaq- to bring (her/him/it) along
savigaq- (i) to cut baleen into thin strips
(suitable for lashing and basket weaving); (t)
to strip it = baleen (for use in making
baskets, fishline, etc.)
savaaq- (t) to touch her/him/it lightly
saniuġrugaq- (i) to fishtail
siliagaq- (i) to soar with wings outstretched
supiaġaq- (i) to tack, sail diagonally to the
wind, zigzag (of boat )
tigguġlugaq- (i) to touch the ball with the
hands in soccer thereby breaking a rule
tuqłuaġaq- (i) to look through a spyglass;
(t) to look through a spyglass at her/him/it
tuqłuġaq- to repeatedly call outside (as
from inside a tent), or call outside (as from
inside a tent) to (her/him= unseen person)
to identity herself/himself
uluġmik- or uluġmigaq- (i) to turn one’s
shoulder forward as one walks into the wind
uvaagaq- (i) to pitch, roll sideways
repeatedly (of boat); to urinate with leg up
(of canine); (t) to urinate on it with one leg
 urinate on it up (of canine)
examples with -aġaq- reduplication of -aq- vv +aq-1vv
1

nakkaq- (i) to dive, plunge in; (i) to fall nakkaaġaq- (i) to dive repeatedly
headlong
tuluq- (t) to butt, hit her/him/it with head tuluaġaq- (i) to dive toward someone or
or tusk; to attack her/him/it (of a bird); to something (of bird or plane); (t) to dive
reach it = shore (of ice, boat, etc.) toward her/him/it (of bird or plane)
ukalliaġaq- (Ti) (i) to do the high kick,
jumping with two feet, then kicking high
towards a suspended skin ball with one foot
and landing on the same
examples with ’-aq- (limited)
naluk-1 (t) to throw it underhand; to toss nalluaq- (i) to participate in tossing
it up someone on a mapkuq (blanket-toss skin)
during Nalukataq (whaling festival); (t) to
toss up repeatedly; (t) to toss her/him on a
mapkuq during Nalukataq (of many
persons)
tuuq(-) [tuguq] ice chisel, ice pick; to tuggaq- (t) to prod, poke, push her/him/it
work or pierce (it) with a chisel or ice away or off with a pole or stick
pick; (Ti) to chop ice with an ice chisel
or ice pick
example with ‘+aq- (limited)
naluk-1 (t) to throw it underhand; to nallugaq- (t) to throw, toss one repeatedly
toss it up or a few at a time
example with :aq- (limited)
aŋivit- or aŋivraq- (i) to become loose, aŋivraq- (i) to come apart, unravel; (t) to
untied, unraveled, unwound, or take it apart
disassembled; (t) to loosen, untie,
unravel, unwind it; (t) to take apart,
disassemble it
savit- (t) to touch and feel her/him/it saptaq- to palpate her/him on the
with the hands abdomen

+[t/r]aġi- vv (t) would V her/him/it each time

apuq- to bump or crash (into her/him/it);
(i) to reach shore
ili-1 [ilI] (i) to be at a certain point (along
a journey or a process); (i) to become
apparent; (t) to place, set it; (t) to put it in
a store for sale
iqit(-) a fist; (i) to contract (e.g., of
worm, fist);(i) to embrace each other; (t)
to embrace her/him/it
iqittaaq- (i) to put one arm around each
other’s shoulders; (t) to put one’s arm
apuġaġi- (t) to crash into her/him/it each
time
iliraġi- (t) to set it down each time »
iliraġigaa niġġivigmun he placed it on the
table each time
iqittaġi- (t) to hug her each time
iqittaaġaġi- (t) to put an arm around
her/his shoulder each time »

1005
 around her/his shoulders
pisik- (t) to hit her/him/it with an arrow
or a bullet; to shoot her/him/it
iqittaaġaġigaa aŋukamiuŋ he would put
his arm around her shoulders every time he
caught up with her
pisigaġi- (t) to hit it = target each time »
pisiksatuaqami pisigaġigaa he would hit
it every time he shot

+tailI- vv (limited) (i) to prevent oneself from being V-ed or V-ing

nipuŋannaq- (t) to appear to nipuŋannaqtaili- (i) to be alert
her/him/it unexpectedly
qapiq-2 (i) to become discouraged and qapiqtaili- to argue heatedly (with
give up; (i) to turn back, proceed no her/him)
higher, farther
quviq- (t) to catch her/him/it off guard; quviqtaili- (i) to be watchful,
(t) to surprise, startle her/him/it; (t) to do vigilant
something without her/his knowledge;(t)
to surprise her/him/it

+taiññaq- (restricted to verb stems which end in k or q) or -laiññaq- (restricted

to verb stems which end in t or vowel) vv to finally V when one usually doesn't, or
after a delay
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isiqtaiññaq- (i) to finally come in for a
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it visit
inside, to place it inside
makit- (i) to stand up; (i) to get out of makilaiññaq- (i) to finally stand up
bed; (i) to arise; (t) to set it upright
niu- [nigu] (i) to get out of a conveyance niulaiññaq- (i) to finally get off,
or a container; (t) to take her/him/it out disembark
of a conveyance or a container
savaannak- (i) to get a job, savaannaktaiññaq- (i) to finally get a job
employment, work
tautuk- to see (her/him/it) tautuktaiññaq- to finally see (her/him/it)
uqallak-1 (i) to speak uqallaktaiññaq- (i) to finally speak »
uqallaktaiññaqtuaq kasimaruani he
finally said something during the meeting

+t/raksraq(-) or = t/raksraq(-) or ~raksraq(-) vn, vv (limited) something to be

V-ed; to obtain, procure, get something to V | +t/raq or = t/raq or ~raq vn,
+qsraq(-) nn, nv § ±aksraq(-) or ‘-aksraq(-) vn

+t/raksrIq- or = t/raksrIq- or ~raksrIq- vv to designate a task/something for one to V |

+t/raq or = t/raq or ~raq vn, +ksraq(-)1 nn,vv '= Iq-1 nv § ±aksrIq(-) or ‘-aksrIq(-) vn

+t/raksrIt- or = t/raksrIt-or ~raksrIt- vv (t) to give, assign her/him/it something to V |

+t/raq or = t/raq or ~raq vn, +ksraq(-)1 nn,vv ‘= It-2 nv § ±aksrIt(-) or ‘-aksrIt(-) vn

1006
-taktuaq- vv to V a lot, in extreme § +qpak(-) vv, nn
iglaŋa- or iglaŋaaq- to smile (at
her/him)
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of
leg-hold trap which when stepped on
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live
+t/ralik or ~t/ralik (limited) nn one that has a N | +taq(-) nn -lik nn or
agmaaq [agmaraq] or aŋmaaq or (Nu) aŋmaaqtalik or (Nu) akmaaqtalik
akmaaq flint, chert
iglupiaq one hand (anatomical); one of
a pair of anything
iñuktaq murder victim
naniq- (i) to be caught in a trap; (t) to
pin her/him/it down with weight; to
travel directly over her/him/it (of
moving conveyance); to catch it in one’s
trap
naniġiaq leg-hold trap
nanmak(-) something carried on the
back; to carry (it) on one’s back or in a
backpack; (i) to play a game where one
walks around carrying others who are
holding on
qupitaq white strip of baleen
tuunġaq(-) shaman’s helping spirit;
devil; (t) to frighten her/him by
pretending to be a devil
1007
iglaŋataktuaq- to smile broadly (at
her/him) » iglaŋataktuaqtaaqtiguk
tautukkamisiguk she gave us a
great big smile when she saw us
uqataktuaq- (i) to speak for a long
time » uqataktuaqtuaq unnuaq she
gave a long speech last night
flintlock rifle (muzzle-loader)
attaqtalik or attaqtualik (Nu)
thirty-eight-fifty-five rifle
avataligauraq or avatalik (Ti) snow
bunting, snowbird
iglupiaqtalik one that has one of a pair of
anything, e.g., a one-horned caribou,
one-armed man, single sod house
(Nunamiut style sod houses were sometimes
paired, sharing one entrance)
Iglupiaqtalik constellation, perhaps a
combination of Orion, Auriga, and Gemini
[lit. “one with a pair”]
iñuktalik murderer; body of water or
another specific place where a person has
died
nanġutalik (Nu) leghold trap
naniġiaqtalik loose animal with trap on
foot
nanmautalik or natmautalik (Nu) gun
with a shoulder strap; traditional snare
made of sinew
¤qupitalik baleen with white strips
tuunġaqtalik shaman assisted by a helping
spirit, demon, or evil spirit
+talIq- vv (restricted to verb stems which end in k or q) vv to get into a situation or
condition of V-ing, frequently or repeatedly § see -t/raġalIq- vv (restricted to
verb stems which end in t or vowel)

+t/raq or = t/raq or ~t/raq (restricted to some verb stems ending in -it and -i,
where i is weak) vn (limited) that which is being or has been V-ed, recipient of
the action, victim, result of V-ing § ±aq1 vn; ±ŋaraq vn
examples with +t/raq
aak- (t) to skin it = animal without aaktaq skin removed whole, from an
cutting the fur (usually the incision is animal » aaktan tautuktirruŋ show the
made around the lips of the mouth, then skin that you removed whole from the
the skin is pulled back while turning it animal
inside out)
akuqtuq- (t) to accept, acknowledge akuqtuqtaq a resolution, a formal intent
her/him/it; to adopt, accept it = or opinion voted by an official body or
amendment, motion formally and put assembly; anything or anyone accepted
into effect
aŋi-2 [aŋI] (i) to be revived, be aŋipkaqtaq metal softened in a fire
resurrected, come back to life
aŋipkaq- (t) to revive, resurrect
her/him/it
atiq- (i) to travel out on ice to whaling atiqtaq polar bear cub in its first year (so
camp from the village; (i) to travel from named because the mother takes it
inland towards the ocean after hunting immediately out on the sea ice from the
place where it was born)
auk(-)blood; (i) to bleed; (Ti) to have a auktaq mole, birthmark
nosebleed
au- (i) to rot or decay (of tooth, wood, auraq summer
etc.); (i) to ferment or age (of meat,
fish); (i) to become partially melted and
dangerous underfoot (of ice); (i) to
decompose
auma(-) ember, live coal; red gemstone; aumaraq charred wood, charcoal, red-hot
(i) to smolder (of coal or wood) stone, by extension, red stone

auma- (i) to be thawed aumaraq something thawed, not frozen

ili-1 [ilI] (i) to be at a certain point iliraq one placed in the store for sale
(along a journey or a process); (i) to
become apparent; (t) to place, set it; (t)
to put it in a store for sale
ilisima- to know (her/him/it) ilisimaraq one known
itiqquuri- or itauri- or (Nu) itaqurri- itiqquuraq1 place where a stone has sunk
(i) to sink immediately without swiftly into water
splashing
ivaq-1 (t) to search for her/him/it ivaqtaq item sought

1008
 niqsaq(-)sea mammal or animal which niqsaqtaq quarry, game animal caught for
lives on sea ice; (Ti) game animal (land food
or sea); (i) to catch game
qani(-) [qanI] area close by, nearby; (t) qaniraq item taken partway to a destination
to accompany, take her/him/it partway sometime ago
to destination
siqquq- (i) to be hard, tough (of a siqquqtaq hard wood
person or object); (i) to be opinionated
(of a person)
suluk(-) wing feather; (t) to shake off, suluktaq (Nu) feather for headdress, (Ti)
remove, e.g., snow, dust from her/him/it feather headdress
tili- [tilI] (t) to send her/him on an tiliraq one sent on an errand
errand; to tell her/him to do something
uit- to break away from shore ice uisaq a person adrift on an ice floe
forming an open lead (of pack ice); (i) to
open one’s eyes
examples with = taq (restricted to some verb stems ending in -it where i is weak):
aŋivit- or aŋivraq- (i) to become loose, aŋiptaq that which has been taken apart
untied, unraveled, unwound, or
disassembled; (t) to loosen, untie,
unravel, unwind it; (t) to take apart,
disassemble it
igit- (i) to be thrown away; (t) to throw it iktaq that which has been cast away, thrown
away, to abandon, cast her/him/it out away
igumit- (i) to become unraveled, iguptaq frayed edge, frayed edge of rope
untangled, loosened; become frayed; (t) end
to untie, untangle, take it apart
minit- (i) to be excluded, get nothing, mittau- (i) to be omitted when something
be left out; (t) to omit, exclude is being passed out, distributed
her/him/it when distributing something
nuliaq(-) wife; female mate (for nuliaġluaqtaq man who is rejected for
animal); to marry (her); (i) to take a marriage; (Nu) man who wishes to marry but
wife is rejected; a woman whom men do not want
to marry
sakivit- (t) to scrape excess fat off it = sakiptaq hide from which dried fat has been
dried animal skin, hide, usu., seal (held scraped off
with both hands, the scraper is pushed
up and down the animal hide which is
spread over a scraping platform); (Ti) (t)
to scrape it =skin after hair is removed
siqumit- (i) to be destroyed, crushed to siquptaq that which has been broken up,
pieces, shattered, broken to pieces; (t) to destroyed
destroy, break, crush it to pieces; (t) to
cut it = animal skin into several pieces
tiŋit- (t) for it to be blown away by the tiktaq a person carried out to sea on an
wind; (t) for it to be made adrift by the icefloe or swept out to sea

1009
 ocean or river current
examples with ~raq
aullauti- (t) to leave with her/him/it; to aullaurraq one taken away
take him/her out hunting, camping, on a
trip
avan or avati appendage, extremity; avarraq fluke of whale; (Nu) single ray of
border, surrounding area fish's caudal fin
ilisauti- (t) to teach her/him/it ilisaurraq pupil, one taught
kapi- (i) to stab oneself once, to give kavraq1 speared caribou (which runs
oneself a shot; (t) to stab, pierce away unobserved)
her/him/it once; (t) to give a shot, an
injection to her/him/it
kipi- (i) to be severed, cut; (i) to stop kivraq something that has been cut, severed
flowing (of stream); (i) to stop coming
(of people or animals); (t) to sever, cut it;
(t) to disconnect her/his telephone,
electricity, television; (t) to crosscut, cut
against its grain
qipi- (i) to toss and turn in bed; (i) to qivraq twine, twisted sinew
writhe, to twist the body, usually in pain;
(t) to wind it (of a clock); (t) to twist,
screw it = lid on or off
tipi- (t) to be washed ashore tivraq driftwood; something washed ashore

+t/raq-1 or -raq- or ~raq- or = raq- vv (limited) to V continuously, repeatedly §

-t/raġaq- or -aġaq- (perhaps -aq-1 and +aq-1) or +aq-1 or -aq-1 or :aq-1 or
‘+aq-1 or ‘-aq-1 vv, +q-1 vv
akiłuk(-) echo; to echo
anak- (t) to surpass or best her/him in
competition
anaq(-) excrement, feces; dung,
manure; to defecate (it); (t) to defecate
on it; (i) to fall or shoot (of a star)
annivak- (i) to experience a short, sharp annivaktaq- (i) to have short, sharp pains
pain
apiġi- or apiqsruq- (t) to ask her/him
avsak- (i) to make a noise by falling
*aq (root) taking away
aquvliq- (i) to bend at the knees as part
of a dance (of a woman)
auguaq- (i) to get blood on oneself; (t)
to get her/him/it bloody
aġviqtaq- (Ti) (i) to pace back and forth
akiłuktaq- (i) to echo more than once
anaktaq- (i) to hold/participate in
competitive games; to compete in sports
anaqtaq- (i) to have diarrhea
apiqsruqtaq- or apiqsruqtuq- (t) to
question, interrogate her/him
apsaktaq- (Nu) to pound repeatedly (on
it), making noise
aqtaq- (t) to take away things from
her/him repeatedly
aquvliqtaq- to dance, bending one’s
knees to the beat of the drum
auguaqtaq- (i) to be messy with blood; (t)
to get blood on her/him/it

1010
avaallaqłuk- (i) to yell out or shout out
aviluq- (i) to be resonant
avsaluk- (i) to be noisy when doing
something
ikak- to cross over (it), e.g., water
ikiaq- (i) to split into layers (said as the
split has just been completed); (t) to
split it into layers; (t) to divide, split it
into its natural layers, e.g., walrus skins
which can be split into inner and outer
layers; (t) to split it = log, wood
imaqpaluk- (i) to slosh around (of
water or liquid)
iqquaq- (t) to slap her/him on the
buttocks once
iqquk(-) buttock; to thrust one’s
buttocks out (at him/her/it) in jest;
hearts (suit in cards)
iqsuk- (i) to respond negatively by
wrinkling one's nose (at her/him)
iqu- (i) to become distorted on one side,
askew
irukkaq- or irupkaq- (i) to fall from a
high place; to break off and fall off
glacial ice, river bank; (t) to drop it from
a high place
ivsuk- (i) to shake, e.g., in the wind; (Ti)
to brush snow off oneself; (t) to shake it
out to remove dust, snow, etc.; (Ti) to
brush snow off it = one’s clothing
katak(-) entrance hole in floor of sod
house (leading to subterranean tunnel
or passageway); (i) to fall off
kii- [kIgI] (i) to clench one’s teeth; (i) to
bite oneself; (t) to bite her/him/it
kipi- (i) to be severed, cut; (i) to stop
flowing (of stream); (i) to stop coming
(of people or animals); (t) to sever, cut it;
(t) to disconnect her/his telephone,
electricity, television; (t) to crosscut, cut
against its grain
mapkuq- (i) to gather one’s strength
1011
avaallaqłuktaq- (i) to yell out
aviluqtaq- (i) to make a resounding noise
repeatedly; (i) to ring (of bell, caused by
other than pulling on bell rope)
avsaluktaq- (i) to make noise repeatedly
ikaktaq- (i) to cross back and forth; (t) to
cross over it = e.g., river, body of water
repeatedly
ikiaqtaq- (Ti) (i) to shiver from the cold
imaqpaluktaq- (i) to repeatedly make a
sloshing noise (of water or any liquid)
iqquaqtaq- (t) to give her/him a spanking
iqquktaq- or (Ti) iqqumiktaq- to shake,
wiggle one’s buttocks (at her/him) in jest
iqsuktaq- to wrinkle one’s nose (at
her/him/it)
iquraq- to make a face in contempt (at
her/him)
irukkaqtaq- or irupkaqtaq- (i) to tumble
down
ivsuktaq- (i) to flap repeatedly in the
wind; (t) to shake it out repeatedly to
remove dust, sand, snow, etc.
kataktaq- (i) to fall, tumble down from
one level to the next
kiiraq- to crimp (it = boot sole)
kivraq- (i) to cut one’s hair; (t) to cut
her/his/its hair
mapkuqtaq- (i) to make a popping or
and make an all-out effort; (i) to make
a crackling noise when shaken, as a
blanket-toss skin; (i) to make a
popping noise
minŋiq- or (Nu) mitŋiq- (i) to jump
up and land on the same level as one
started; (t) to jump over her/him/it
naanŋiq- [naanŋIq] (i) to hop on one
foot, once; (t) to hop over her/him/it
nakkaq- (i) to dive, plunge in; (i) to fall
headlong
naparaq- (i) to tumble over, turn a
somersault
nivliq- (i) to utter a sound, express
oneself audibly, make a vocal noise: (i)
to speak; (i) to cry out
*nuk (root) movement from point to
point
nuvi- [nuvI] (t) to thread it = needle; (t)
to string them = beads
palluqhaaq- or palluqhiaq- (i) to fall
forward, headlong, with arms
outstretched
payuk- to bring food; to bring food to
her/him/it repeatedly
pigliq- (i) to bounce; to jump up
puumit- (i) to swim
qavsuk- (i) to become dim (of light); to
become low (of fire); (t) to turn it =
light lower
qanŋuq- (t) to budge, move it = usu., a
heavy object from its secure or stuck
position
qaŋattałik- (i) to bounce when hitting a
bump
qaqaq- (i) to bend backward
qasaq- to splash against (it, e.g.,
boat)(of waves, sea)
qiġiuluk- (Ti) (i) to squeak, creak (e.g.,
of door)
qikiġġaq creaking noise made by
walking, running, crawling on frozen
snow
1012
cracking noise repeatedly; to crack a
whip
minŋiqtaq- (i) to jump up and down
repeatedly (on the same surface)
naanŋiraq- or naanŋiqtaq- (i) to hop on
one foot, repeatedly
nakkaqtaq- (i) to accidentally fall
headlong from a high place
naparaqtaq- (i) to tumble more than once
nivliraq- (i) to make vocal noise repeatedly
nuktaq- (i) to move from place to place;
(t) to move her/him/it from place to place
nuviraq- (i) to move through something
dense, like a crowd of people or underbrush
palluqhiaqtaq- (i) to fall forward
repeatedly
payuktaq- to bring food repeatedly; to
bring food to her/him/it repeatedly
pigliqtaq- (i) to be bouncing; to jump up
and down; to throb, beat, or pulse (of pulse
or heart)
puuvraq- (i) to swim
qavsuktaq- (i) to flicker (of light or
flame); to burn unsteadily (of light or
flame); (t) to cause it to flicker
qanŋuqtaq- (t) to jar, nudge it loose
repeatedly
qaŋattałiktaq- (i) to bounce along over
bumps, to rumble along
qaqaqtaq- (i) to move in an up-and-down
motion
qasaqtaq- to pound, splash repeatedly
against (it, e.g., boat) (of waves, sea)
qiġiuluktaq- (Ti) (i) to squeak, creak
repeatedly (e.g., of door)
qikiġġaqtaq- (i) to make a creaking noise
on snow
qirgiq- [qirgIq] or qisrgiq- (i) to dance
in kneeling position, swaying to and fro,
wearing mittens with noise makers
made of bone attached (of four men); (i)
to jump up once from a kneeling
position on two feet; (i) to jump up and
down twice on two feet
qirukpaluk(-) noise of wood, e.g.,
splintering of wood; (i) to make noise
with wood
qivliq- (i) to be shiny
sagluqi- (t) to lie to her/him; to fool
her/him/it
saqit- (t) to move, shove, push, cast
her/him/it aside, out of the way
siaksruk(-) a noise that is heard where
previously there was only silence; (i) to
be noisy
siitquq(-) or sitquq(-) kneecap, patella;
hind flipper of seal; (i) to kneel, get
down on one’s knees; (t) to put one’s
knee on it
siqi- [siqI] or siqiłłak- or siqiłhaq- (i)
to splash (of liquid); (t) to splash on
her/him/it once
siqunġipak- (i) to blink, wink
siquvyak- (i) to squint; to blink
sivaniq-1 (i) to sing in a high voice
which is unpleasing to the ear; (i) to be
high-pitched and irritating (of sound);
(Ti) (i) to echo
suvaluk- (i) to make sound when doing
something; (Nu) (i) to make a crashing
noise, as crushing ice
taġġi- (i) to appear (of shadow)
taptau- (Nu) (t) to grab her/him (of
player who has her/his eyes covered in
the game of taptauraq) (then the player
with hood down raises the hood to see
who she/he has grabbed)
1013
qirgiqtaq- (i) to jump more than once in
place
qirukpaluktaq- (i) to repeatedly make
noise with wood
qivliqtaq- (i) to glitter
sagluqiraq- (t) to keep telling her/him lies
saqiraq- (t) to give her/him/it a push, shove
more than once; to jostle her/him; (Nu) tap
her/him to get his attention
siaksruktaq- (i) to make noise while one
is stalking prey or walking on a surface,
e.g. on snow, ice
siitquġraq- (i) to flex one’s knees
(especially as part of a dance done by
women)
sitquqsraq- (i) to move about on one’s
knees
siqiłłaktaq- or siqiłhaqtaq- (i) to splash
repeatedly; (t) to splash water on her/him/it
repeatedly
siqunġipaktaq- (i) to blink, wink
repeatedly; (t) to wink at her/him/it
repeatedly
siquvyaktaq- (i) to blink both eyes
repeatedly
sivaniqtaq- (i) to jingle (of a bell)
suvaluktaq- (Nu) (i) to make a crashing
noise repeatedly
taġġiraq- (i) to lurk behind in the shadows;
(i) to view, watch television
taptauraq- (Nu) (i) to play a game where
one player who has pulled down her/his
parka hood, holding it in her/his teeth so that
she/he cannot see, tries to grab others
tati- (i) to be too tight (of clothing); (t) to
brush against, lean against, touch,
squeeze up next to her/him/it
tigliq- (i) to beat, pulsate once
tigummi- (i) to hold on; (t) to be holding
onto her/him/it
tiipak a flirt
tiriq- (i) to make the sound of
something rubbing against something
once; (i) to gnash one’s teeth
tumi track, trail, footprint
tusialluk or tusiqhuk lame person or
animal
umik(-) cover, lid (Nu) (i) to collapse
(of a house); to close the store (of
owner); to now be closed (of store); (t)
to close it; (Nu) (t) to trap it = bear in its
den by covering the entrance so it can
be killed
uŋiq- (i) to tie one’s drawstring of boot
with drawstring on top; (t) to tie
drawstring of another person’s boot; to
pull it = drawstring; (i) to gather, pucker
(of fabric)
utiq- to return, go back (for her/him/it);
(t) to return to her/him = spouse after a
separation
uviłłik(-) fool, stupid person; (i) to be
foolish
uyak- (Nu) (i) to hover at the surface of
water (of seal with head coming in and
out of water)
1014
tarraq- (t) to brush against her/him/it
repeatedly
tigliqtaq- (i) to beat, pulsate, throb (of
heart or pulse)
tigummiraq- (i) to take hold, grab on to
something and not let go; (t) to take hold of,
grab on to her/him/it and not let go
tiipaktaq- (i) to act coquettish, flirt
tiriqtaq- or tiriqtitaq- (i) to squeak; to
gnash one’s teeth
tuvraq- (t) to follow, track her/him/it; (t) to
imitate, portray, copy her/him/it; (t) to
follow it =e.g., a sewing pattern,
instructions for building something; (i) to
copy something; (i) to imitate someone or
something; (t) to resemble her/him in
character
tusiqhuktaq- or tusiapiktaq- (i) to limp
umiktaq- (Ti) (t) to close it = damper on
stovepipe
uŋiraq- or (Ti) uŋirraq- (i) to become
ruffled, gathered, pleated, puckered (of
fabric); (t) to ruffle, gather, pleat, pucker it =
fabric
uŋu- or uŋuraq- (t) to drive it = animal into
entrapment, usually a corral or a waiting
hunter; reindeer herder or reindeer dog
driving a lone reindeer back to the herd
utiqtaq- to go back and forth (of
her/him/it)
uviłłiktaq- (i) to act foolish
uyaktaq- (i) to tread water, raise head out
of water repeatedly (of seal); (t) to bob up
and down in water (of seal) in his
=hunter’s line of fire, sight
+[t]aq-2 or -aq-4 or ‘-aq-4 or ~aq-4 nv (limited) to V via or using or involving a N §
-gaq- vv
examples with +[t]aq-
agigvik or aŋigvik washboard agigvigaq- to wash (it) using a washboard
aglaun pencil, pen aglautitaq- to type (it)
1
aluuttaq , aluuttaun spoon; (Ti) aluuttaġaq- to eat (it) with a spoon
tablespoon
iglupiaq one hand (anatomical); one of a iglupiaġaq- (i) to use a pistol; (t) to shoot at
pair of anything her/him/it with a pistol
iglupiaq one hand (anatomical); one of iglupiaqtaq- to run or operate (it) with
a pair of anything only one of a pair of necessary parts, e.g.,
with one of two cylinders, because of
fouled spark plugs
igniqutit outboard motor; engine; igniqutitaq- (i) to use an outboard motor
power plant
iriġruaq telescope, spyglass iriġruaġaq- (i) to look through binoculars,
field glasses for a while; (t) to look at
her/him/it through binoculars, field glasses
for a while
miquun sewing machine miquutitaq- to sew (it) on a sewing
machine » miquutitaġlugu naatiqtuġuŋ
finish it quickly on the sewing machine
qaatchiaq the top, highest level qaatchiaġaq- (i) to travel on top of the
waves with a boat, or to walk along the top
of a ridge
silalliq next-door neighbor; outer part; silalliġaġvik first set of snares in a caribou
outermost door corral
savikpak sword savikpagaq- (i) to use a sword
supiaq diagonal line supiaġaq- to go downhill at an angle
tiŋŋun airplane tiŋŋutitaq- (i) to fly a plane; (i) to be a
passenger in a plane
g
uniaq- [uni aq] to tow, drag, pull (it, uniaġaq- (i) to travel using a dogteam
esp., sled or seal) by means of a rope
around one's chest or over one's
shoulder
uniat sled or three or more sleds
examples with -aq-4
aki(-)1 [akI] corresponding value, akiaq- (t) to relieve her/him during a task;
equivalence; cost, price, value; wage; (t) to take over her/his watch (period of time
opposite side, other side; (Ti) north side doing something); (t) to replace her/him in a
of the point (Point Hope); (t) to respond, competition, etc.
acknowledge, or answer her/him with
gestures (of one who is far away but
visible)
aŋatkuq shaman aŋatkuaq- or aŋatkuk- (i) to perform a
shamanistic ritual; (t) to cast a spell on

1015

atausiq [atausIq] the number one
iglu(-) the other, the mate, as in a pair of
mittens or boots; (i) to be provided with
a companion or a partner; (t) to provide
her/him/it with a partner, companion, or
a complement
ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or
name; companion, friend, partner; part of
a whole; (i) to get a co-participant,
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
ilu(-)2 interior, inside; abdominal cavity;
(t) to surround her/him/it
imaq1(-) [imaQ] liquid, fluid; non-
potable water; lake; sea, ocean; lagoon;
(t) to moisten it = animal hide to ready it
for scraping
isuma(-) mind; thought; idea; (i) to think
kaŋiġaq(-) hunting blind, hiding place
where hunter waits for animal to pass by,
then gives chase; corral (for caribou); (t)
to corral them = caribou, reindeer)
savik [savIk] or savik knife; metal
example with ‘-aq-4
°aqu (stem) behind, rear, back of an
object; trunk of car, bed of truck, stern of
boat; final chapter of story; some time
after; downriver end of an island
examples with ~aq-4
piksrun shovel
satkuun2 (Nu) skin scraper with long
handle and metal tip
+[t/r]aq-3 vv would V each time § +[t/r]aġi- vv
iga(-) kitchen; (t) to cook it = food
iglaŋa- or iglaŋaaq- to smile (at
1016
him/it, to hex her/him/it
atausiaq- (i) to perform once, complete
something in one attempt; (t) to perform it
once, to complete it in one attempt, to kill it
(animal) with a single shot
igluaq- (i) to miss the mark, going to one
side of it; (t) to pass right by it, missing it; (t)
to land to one side of it; (t) to omit her/him/it
ilaaq(-) patch on clothing; addition to a
house; (t) to patch it; (t) to build an addition
on it = house
iluaq- (i) to score in basketball; (t) to throw
and cause an object to go into or through it
= basketball hoop or any container
imaaq- (i) to fall in water
isumaaq- to be remorseful
kaŋiġaaq- (i) to be cornered by hunter (of
game); (i) to become cornered when walking
(of person)
saviaqpaluk(-) clanging noise made by
metal; (i) to make clanging noise (of metal)
aqquaq- to surface behind a boat (of whale,
or other sea mammals)
piksrutaq- to shovel, dig (it)
satkuutaq- (Nu) to scrape it = animal skin
with a long-handled scraper
igaraq- (Ti) to cook always; (t) to cook it =
blubber to make oil
iglaŋaraq- (i) to smile each time »
 her/him)
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside;
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside
katak(-) entrance hole in floor of sod
house (leading to subterranean tunnel
or passageway); (i) to fall off
makit- (i) to stand up; (i) to get out of
bed; (i) to arise; (t) to set it upright
mau- [maġu] (i) to sink into soft
ground, mud, or snow as one takes a
step; (t) to sink into it = soft ground,
mud, or snow as one takes a step
mayuq- (i) to climb, ascend; (i) to
move to a higher position (of person),
e.g., to a better job; (t) to climb,
ascend it; (t) to set her/him/it on or in a
higher place
+taq-4 or +saq-1 nv (limited) to fetch, get N § :isuq- nv
aluaq [aluraq] coal
aniu packed snow
imiq(-) [imiQ] drinking water; a
beverage; an alcoholic drink; potable
liquid, broth; amniotic fluid; to drink (it)
maġġaq [maġġaQ] gravel, sand
nuna land, tundra, earth; inland;
country, territory, a citizen’s nation-
state
qiruk wood
1
siku(-) ice; to freeze over; to become
icy
+taq or -taq vn, nn (limited) one inherently N or associated with the V or of N §
+ttaq(-) vn, -utaq(-)1 vn, +qtaq nn
mamit- (i) to heal (of a wound, sore, mamitaq(-) bandage; to bandage
1017
qiviaġmatiŋ iglaŋaraqtut every time he
looked at them, they would smile
isiġaq- to enter (it) each time; (t) to bring
it inside each time » aninmani isiġaqtuq
he would enter again each time she threw
him out
katagaq- (i) to fall off each time »
tununmagit katagaqtut every time she
turned her back they would fall
makittaq- (i) to stand up each time »
uqallaksaqami makittaqtuq he would
stand every time he began to talk
mauraq- (i) to sink into soft ground, mud,
or snow each time one takes a step »
avlutuaqami mauraqtuq whenever he
took a step he would sink
mayuġaq- (i) to climb up each time »
atqaġman mayuġaqtut they would climb
up each time he came down
aluaqsaq- to haul coal (for her/him)
aniutaq- (i) to fetch some packed snow for
drinking water; (t) to fetch some packed
snow for her/him to put in his water
container
ayuvsaq- (i) to get something for one’s
family’s consumption from another
imiqtaq- to haul, obtain, buy water (for
her/him)
maġġaqsaq- (i) to go and get gravel
nunataq- (i) to fetch sod
qiruktaq- (i) to be out looking for and
hauling wood
sikutaq- (i) to cut and haul ice from
freshwater lake early in fall for winter use
(for her/him/it)
 injured body part); (i) to fuse, come
together
matu(-) lid, cover; sod house skylight matutaq(-) snipe net
shutter; (i) to be now covered; (t) to
cover it
qupi(-) (i) to split lengthwise; (t) to split qupitaq white strip of baleen
or crack it lengthwise, with the grain;
half-dollar coin
siku(-)1 ice; to freeze over; to become sikutat cache of ice blocks by fishing hole
icy
siqquq- (i) to be hard, tough (of a siqquqtaq hard wood
person or object); (i) to be opinionated
(of a person)
tuuq(-) [tuguq] ice chisel, ice pick; to tuutaq [tuutaQ] lip plug, labret; mole on
work or pierce (it) with a chisel or ice face
pick; (Ti) to chop ice with an ice chisel
or ice pick
*upku (root) barrier upkutaq (Nu) convolution of small intestine
1
mt/rau- nv to be the N | mt/ri vn :u- nv

+t/rau- or = t/rau- or ~t/rau vv (limited) to be that which is being or has been V-ed |
+t/raq or = t/raq- or ~t/raq vn :u-1 nv
agliq- (Ti) (i) to menstruate agliqtau- (i) to be observant of taboo,
(menstruating women were seen as avoiding what should be avoided
taboo and isolated; the word agliq- in
turn is associated with other terms
relating to taboo)
aqpataq participant in a marathon run aqpatau- (i) to be designated to compete in
representing one of several villages in a a marathon run leading to the Kivgiq
race to the Kivgiq (Messenger Feast) (Messenger Feast)
ikłik- (i) to desire, covet something ikłiktau- (i) to be tempted
iñugluaq- (i) to reject someone as iñugluaqtau- (i) to avoid people; to not like
owner, employee, employer, guest, host, people
family member; to be prejudiced or
against some one people
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isiqtau- (i) to be in jail
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside
it- (i) to exist; (i) to be; (i) to be present; itqatau- (i) to be present as part of a group
(i) to stay
*kama (root) awe, respect kamattau- (i) to be shy, frightened of new
people
kaviuq- (i) to covet, desire, long for kaviuqtau- (i) to be coveted
someone or something strongly; (t) to
covet, desire it

1018
 kiruq(-) (Ti) to be taboo; (i) to be unable
to frequent something taboo; (i) to shun
a sick person; (i) to be very dangerous,
or taboo (of property)
maliksuk- (i) to be attracted or
persuaded to participate; (i) to yearn, or
have a desire to follow; (i) to be
enticed; (i) to conform
minit- (i) to be excluded, get nothing,
be left out; (t) to omit, exclude
her/him/it when distributing something
nagniq- [nagnIq] (i) to stretch or exert
one’s muscles or nerves to the utmost
by doing something that one has not
done in a long time
*paquq (root) contamination, taboo
quŋuq (Nu) corpse
quviq- (t) to catch her/him/it off guard;
(t) to surprise, startle her/him/it; (t) to do
something without her/his knowledge;(t)
to surprise her/him/it
tiŋit- (t) for it to be blown away by the
wind; (t) for it to be made adrift by the
ocean or river current
uligaq(-) mucus-like film on the eye;
snipe net; (t) to trap it =bird with a snipe
net attached to a rope (net falls when
rope is pulled)
kiruqtau- (Ti) (i) to be observant or
respectful of taboo, avoiding what is to be
avoided
maliksuktitau- (i) to be convinced,
persuaded, tempted
mittau- (i) to be omitted when something
is being passed out, distributed
nagniġutau- (i) to cause a person stress (of
task)
paquqtau- (Nu) (i) to be observant of taboo
(Ti) quŋuqtau- (i) to respect taboo (a good
quality), avoid what is to be avoided
quviqtau- or quviqtit- (i) to be caught off
guard, surprised, startled
tiktau- (i) to be carried out to sea on floating
ice or in a drifting boat
uligaqtau- (i) to be caught in snipe net (of
snipe)

-tchaatun vnc (limited) very, very V | +tun (similaris case)

paniq- (t) for it to become dry; (i) to lose pannatchaatun (Nu) very,very dry
weight, become skinny; to starve (especially of plant, wood)
taaq(-) darkness; (i) to be dark (of day); taatchaatun very black, very dark in color
(i) to be dim (of light); (i) (Nu) to be
black; (t) to block her/his/its light

-tchak- vv (limited) to become V § '-k- nv

*anaya (root) wariness, caution
atanġu- (i) to be the boss, master
iglaġuk- (i) to want to laugh
ikłik- (i) to desire, covet something
*ilima (root) suspicion, apprehension
anayatchak- (i) to become fearful, afraid,
apprehensive
atanġutchak- (i) to become bossy, willful,
demanding
iglaġutchak- (i) to become amused and
start laughing; (t) to make her/him laugh
ikłigutchak- (i) to become tempted
ilimatchak- (i) to become apprehensive,

1019

ilunŋu- (i) to feel compassion; (i) to
have abdominal pains
iñuu- (i) to be alive; to live, reside
*ipiqtu (root) sadness, depression,
despondence
*iqIk (root) laziness; lack of initiative;
lethargy; boring; uninspiring; lack of
eagerness, unwillingness
iqsi- [iqsI] (i) to be afraid
*kama (root) awe, respect
*kanŋu (root) feeling of shame,
embarrassment; feeling of shyness
kavya- (i) to be apprehensive, to fear a
loss
*mamia (root) a feeling of distress,
offense
*manŋa (root) tension
muayuk- (i) to feel squeamish,
repulsed, “have the creeps”
*naglik (root) compassion, mercy,
sympathy, pity
nika- (i) to avoid eye contact with
others; (i) to be still, silent; (i) to be a
non-participant due to one's
embarrassment, lack of confidence or
fear of authority
*piyumI (root) willingness, eagerness,
hopefulness
*qaama (root) optimism, elation,
confidence
*quki (root) cleanliness, tidiness
*quvi (root) happiness, joy
quya- (i) to be thankful; (i) to celebrate
Thanksgiving (of many persons)
*saiñġi (root) chagrin, regret;
frustration
1020
suspicious
ilunŋutchak- (i) to be deeply moved
emotionally; (t) to move her/him
emotionally
iñuutchak- (Ti) (i) to come to life
ipiqtutchak- (i) to become sad,
despondent, depressed, unhappy, joyless
iqiatchak- (i) to become unwilling to
work or be productive; (i) to become lazy;
(i) to begin to wane (of moon)
iqsitchak- (i) to become frightened, afraid,
dismayed
kamatchak- (i) to be amazed, impressed
by one own accomplishment; (i) to take
pride in another’s ability
kanŋutchak- (i) to become embarrassed,
ashamed
kavyatchak- (i) to start to worry, from
fear of loss; to want to follow a person
who is leaving
mamiatchak- (i) to become distressed
due to being criticized; (i) to become
intimidated
manŋatchai- (t) to cause her/him/it to
tense up
muayutchak- (i) to feel disgust, become
disgusted, “get the creeps”
nagligutchak- (i) to feel compassion, pity
nikatchak- (i) to give up, quit, or become
discouraged; (i) to lose confidence
piyumitchak- (Nu) (i) to begin to want to
leave
qaamatchak- (i) to start to feel like
working; to feel elated
qukitchak- (i) to become hesitant to have
anything to do with something which is
too clean and orderly for fear of spoiling it
quviatchak- (i) to become happy, joyful
quyatchak- (i) to become thankful, happy
saiñġitchak- (i) to become regretful
 *tivsI (root) mirth, humorous tivsitchak- (i) to burst into uncontrollable
laughter
tutqaaq- or tutqaasuk- (i) to feel bad, tutqaatchak- (i) to start feeling ill at ease,
sorry, ill at ease about something one has sorry, remorseful
done or something which others with
direct ties to oneself has done; (i) to feel
bad that one is not able repay a favor,
pay for a service
uŋiari- [uŋiarI] (i) to worry uŋiaritchak- (i) to begin to worry, become
nervous, anxious, unsettled
*uumI (root) anger, hatred, dislike uumitchak- (i) to become angry, mad

+tchaq- vv (limited) to attempt to V | perhaps +t-1 nv +saq-2 vv

aki(-)1 [akI] corresponding value, akitchaq- to trade, barter, or offer (it) for
equivalence; cost, price, value; wage; exchange; (t) to bid for it
opposite side, other side; (Ti) north side
of the point (Point Hope); (t) to
respond, acknowledge, or answer
her/him with gestures (of one who is far
away but visible)
illut- (t) to hit it = animal using a sling, illutchaq- (i) to hurl a rock using a sling;
slingshot (t) to hurl a rock from a sling at her/him/it
makit- (i) to stand up; (i) to get out of makitchaq- (Ti) (i) to get a pain in one’s
bed; (i) to arise; (t) to set it upright lower back
nalaut- (i) to be correct, guess correctly, nalautchaq- (i) to prophesy, predict,
have one's prediction fulfilled; (t) to guess, take a gamble
guess it right
qilamit- to hit and catch/kill (it = bird, qilamitchaq- or (Nu) qilapsaq- to hurl a
duck) with a bola bola (at it)
tasit- [tasIt] (t) to stretch it tasitchaq- (t) to work on it, to stretch it

-tchaq nn (limited) one that Vs | ‘saq1 vn

iguk- to suck (it); (i) to suck air or igutchaq bumble bee
liquid inward with pursed lips
ilit- [ilIt] (i) to learn; (t) to learn of ilitchaq detail or piece of information
her/his ways, habits; to learn it learned
kiluit- (i) to have no seams kiluitchaq lock
kulavak caribou cow; ewe kulavagruatchauraq very old, skinny
cow caribou
nipit- (i) to adhere to a sticky substance nipisaq stingray
qanit- to be near, close (to her/him/it) qanitchat or (Nu, Ti) qanitchaq
entryway, cold porch; tunnel, entrance
passageway (to a sodhouse)

-tchauraq(-) nn, nv a new N § +tchiaq(-) nn, nv

1021
+tchI- vv (limited) to cause to V § +rI-3 vv
akat- (i) to harm oneself; (t) to upset,
bother, or harm her/him/it
ariila- (i) to cry out repeatedly in pain
aullaqtit- (t) to release it = animal; (t)
to start it, turn it = a machine on
avaala- (i) to yell
piala- (i) to carry on noisily, be rowdy,
rambunctious, disorderly
qaa(-) or qaaq (Nu) [qara] top side;
roof; surface; outer side of fabric; cover;
dorsal area of fish; (t) to put a top surface
on it
qimak- (i) to escape, flee; (t) to leave
her/him/it behind
-tchiaq(-) nn, nv a new N; (i) to acquire a new N; (t) to get a new N for her/him/it
§ -tchauraq(-)
kamik(-) [dual kammak, pl.kamŋit]
boot; mukluk; Iñupiaq-made fur boot;
dog booty; shoe; (i) to put one’s boots
on; (t) to put boots on her/him/it
natiq(-) [natiQ] floor; to construct a
floor (on it)
-tchiaq- nv, vv (limited) to V anew with vigor
aniġniq breath
kirrak- (i) to be lukewarm (of liquid)
uumman heart
-tchiaq nn (limited) one inherently associated with a N
aaka mother; grandmother (modern
use)
allaq2 [allaQ] breast meat of a bird
alliq the one on the bottom
1022
akatchi- (i) to be disruptive; (t) to disrupt
her/his activity
ariilatchi- (t) to cause her/him pain
making her/him cry out repeatedly
aullaqtitchi- (Ti) (i) to release the spirits
of the charms associated with
Aullaqtitchirut
avaalatchi- (t) to cause her/him to yell,
holler, scream
pialatchi- (t) to cause them to be rowdy,
rambunctious
qaatchiñiq (Ti) depression on ice filled
with water
qimaaratchi- (t) to cause them to run
away
kamitchiaq(-) new footwear; (i) to
acquire a new pair of footwear »
kamitchiaġniaqtuŋa Quyakpata I will
get new boots for Thanksgiving;
kamitchiaqpit atuŋaŋik kia kiiraqpagik
who crimped the soles of your new boots
natitchiaq(-) new floor; (i) to acquire a
new floor or floor cover » natitchiaqpisi
did you get a new floor; natitchiaqsi
maptuva is your new floor thick
aniġnitchiaq- (i) to pant, to be short of
breath
kirratchiaq- (i) to be sunny weather
uummatitchiaq- (i) to beat fast and
furious (of heart);
aakatchiaq elder sister
allatchiaq breast meat of bird
alliatchiaq tent mat made of willows
 iŋaluaq or iŋaluat small intestines of
human and terrestrial mammals
isigak or isigait foot (appendage)
kivluaq knee-high, hairless, sealskin
waterproof boot with bearded sealskin
sole
kulavak caribou cow; ewe
kuyapigaq vertebra
nauyaq seagull
nigaq(-) snare for large game animals;
mesh of a net; (t) to snare, lasso
her/him/it
nuvu pointed tip of anything
qaa(-) or qaaq (Nu) [qara] top side;
roof; surface; outer side of fabric; cover;
dorsal area of fish; (t) to put a top
surface on it
tamuq- to chew (it)
iŋaluatchiat ptarmigan intestines
isigatchiaq length of leg
kivluatchiaq short, mid-calf waterproof
boot
kulavagruatchiaq old cow caribou
kuyapigatchiat fishbones
nauyatchiaq
nigatchiaq snare for small game
nuvutchiaq tip at the very end of antler or
anything
qaatchiaq the top, highest level
tamuqatchiaq something to chew; gum

+tchIk- vv (limited) to V optimally; to possess the ultimate quality indicated by N -t-2 vv

~sik-1 nv,rv,vv
agli- (i) to grow in size, become large,
big
1
°ati (root) area below; bottom,
underside; down
pi(-) [pI] (t) to take, get, procure, acquire pitchik- (i) to be a good hunter
her/him/it; (t) to do it; (t) to say to
her/him; an entity
qaa(-) or qaaq (Nu) [qara] top side;
roof; surface; outer side of fabric; cover; others
dorsal area of fish; (t) to put a top
surface on it
quli top area; gunwale, gunnel, the top
edge of a boat’s sides
°saa2 (stem) [sara] front of body or
garment; area immediately in front of
something; lap, the front part of the
lower trunk and thighs of a seated
person; seaward
aglitchik- (i) to have the capability to
grow steadily
atchik- (i) to be far away from shore (of
open water); (i) to be deep; (i) to be meek
or humble; (i) to be in a low position in a
sequence of numbers or elevation
qatchik- (i) to stand out, be higher than
qutchik- (i) to be high in elevation; (i) to
be in a high position (physically or job-
wise)
satchik- (i) to be located far out in front or
far away in ocean (often means that there
is open water at a distance indicated by a
cloud)

+tchiŋa- vv (limited) to feel V

qaa2 (root) repulsion qaatchiŋa- (i) to feel uncomfortable from

1023
 wearing wet or dirty clothing, or being in a
dirty place

+tchIq1 [restricted to demonstratives and the query pronoun ‘suna’] (limited) the other N,
not this N
agna [dual akkuak, pl. akkua] that one agnatchiq the other side, not this side e.g.,
over there across, e.g., a river, a street, of a river, a street, or a body of water
or a body of water (extended and
visible)
auŋa to the other side, across a large auŋatchiq to the other side
body of water; to the other states in the
United States, to Europe
suna (interrog.) what sutchiq which one » sutchiġmik pisukpiñ
which one would you like
taunna that down there taunnatchiq the one farthest down or the
one closest to the door or the ocean
una [dual ukuak, pl. ukua] this one here unatchiq this one, not that one
(restricted, visible) unatchiq nakuułhaaqtuq this one is much
better

+tchIQ2 vn (limited) indicates an animal or reptile

api- (t) to become snow-covered (of
landscape, ground); (t) for it to become
snow-covered
apitchiq female polar bear which
bears young in a hollow snowdrift
¤tiritchiq monstrous, mythical reptile with
four (or six) short legs, alligator-like tail,
rocky scaled skin, long neck, and small head

+tchiqiq n (limited) § -tchaakiq or -tchaaqiq

avaatchiqiq (Nu) bracket fungus
(Ganoderma applanatum)
nukuutchiqiq belted kingfisher (Megaceryle
alcyon)

'ti or -ti vn, rn means, cause or reason to V or result of V-ing § +uti1 vn

’ti- vv a: comitative: (t) to take her/him/it along so both V; to V something

including her/him/it; b: benefactive: (t) to V for/to her/him/it; c: reciprocal: (i) to
V each other § +uti- vv, -ti- vv

mt/ri vn one who usually Vs; a professional N

~ri (NOTE: weak i sometimes functions as a strong I after consonant
gemination)
aglak(-) a letter character; print pattern; aglakti scribe
(Ti) a letter sent by mail; to write (it); (i)
to vote by secret ballot

1024
 atuqtuuraq(-) musical instrument; atuqtuuraqti musician
phonograph; (i) to play music; (t) to play
it = instrument, record, song
aullati- (t) to lead her/him aullarri [aullarrI] chairperson, leader,
headman, chief
iga(-) kitchen; (t) to cook it = food igari cook
igniq fire igniuqti engineer on train
igviksiuq- (Ti) to pick (her/his) pocket igviksiuqti (Ti) a pickpocket
ilisauti- (t) to teach her/him/it ilisaurri(-) teacher; (i) to teach
iñuaq- (i) to commit murder; (t) to iñuaqti murderer
murder, kill her/him
iñuunniaq- (t) to minister to her/him/it iñuunniaqti doctor, physician
medically
miquq- to sew (it) miquqti seamtress
misiksri- (i) to watch over, to tend misiksriri or misiksriruaq reindeer herder
something or someone
munaġi- (t) to take care of, watch over munaqsriri guardian, shepherd
her/him/it @ munaqsrI-
nunniqi- (i) to be surveyoring nunniqiri surveyor
pilugi- (t) to not like her/him/it pilugiri one’s enemy, one who does not like
one
qakit- (t) to put it up, as on a shelf; to qaksri [qaksrI] sea mammal on top of ice
pull it = boat up onto shore or ice
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savakti worker
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it;
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial
unipkaaq(-) [unipkaraq] or ulipkaaq(-) unipkaaqti storyteller, historian
or unipkaq legend, old story, fable,
myth; (i) to tell a legend, fable or myth;
(t) to tell it = a mythical story
1
mtigi- vv (indicates a specific quantity, quality, or extent compared to another specific
quantity, quality, or extent expressed in the similaris case) to be as V as | ’ti vn
+[g]i- nv
aqit- [aqIt] (i) to be soft, tender to the aqisigi- (i) to be as soft as » taavrumatun
bite or touch aqisigiruq akisiga my pillow is as soft as
the one you have there
maŋaq- (i) to be dark, be black maŋaqtigi- (i) to be as dark as » aluatun
maŋaqtigiva Is it as dark as coal
naqit- (i) to be low, positioned close to naqitigi- (i) to be as low as » innatun
the ground; (t) to press her/him/it down naqitigiruq it is as low as this

pisuaq- (i) to walk; (t) to walk it = pisuaqtigi- (i) to walk as much as » iliktun

1025
 distance pisuaqtigiruaq she walked as much as you
did
~tigi- so far restricted to taki- and aŋi-
aŋi- 1 (i) to be big, large aktigi- (i) to be as large as; to have the same
size as » qanutun aktigiva how big is it;
uumatun aktigiruq it is the size of this one
here
taki- (i) to be long taktigi- (i) to be as long as; to have the same
length as »
paktumatun taktigiva Is it as long as that
one up there

’tigi-2 immediately upon V-ing [plus Contemporative I endings] § +utigi- vv [plus

Contemporative I endings]

+tiġi- vv (limited) to be in the process of V-ing

allaq- (Ti) to be clear (of weather) allaqtiġi- to wipe dry, clean
aniq- to speak, say to (her/him) aniqtiġi- (i) to be breathing
kiluvaq- (i) to travel inland; (i) to move kiluvaqtiġi- (i) to make repeated trips to
away from the door and further into the bring things up from the shore; to take
room something away from the sea, bring on shore

mt/liġruaq- vv to barely or narrowly manage to V, thank goodness

ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be
born; (i) to emerge from the den in
spring (of hibernating animal)
ilit- [ilIt] (i) to learn; (t) to learn of
her/his ways, habits; to learn it
isak- (t) to reach and get it; (i) to obtain
it = a C.O.D. package at the post office
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside;
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside
naat-1 (i) to now be complete; (t) to
finish, complete it @ naatchi-
aniliġruaq- (i) to narrowly escape or exit »
quyanaġataqtuq aniliġruaqapta thank
goodness that we got out
ilisiġruaq- (t) to manage to learn it
isaktiġruaq- (t) to just barely manage to get
it
isiqtiġruaq- to narrowly manage to enter
(it); (t) to barely manage to bring it inside
naatiġruaq- to narrowly finish (i) »
naatiġruaqtaġa atigaa I just managed to
finish his parka

= tiġuti- vv, rv (limited) to proceed to V attentively | perhaps :tiq-2 vv +uti-3 vv

aquvit- (i) to sit up or sit down; (t) to sit aquptiġuti- (i) to sit down and concentrate
down on it because one's attention has been captured

mtilaaq(-)or ~tilaaq(-) (restricted to taki- and aŋi-, so far) vn, vv (limited) depth or size
of one's quality, quantity, ability, or intent; to measure or ascertain one's quality,
quantity, ability, or intent; to V to one's ability to V
akisu- (i) to be expensive, valuable; to akisutilaaq(-) price; (t) to inquire about its

1026
be of some value, worth
amit- [amIt] (i) to be narrow, slim,
slender
aŋi- 1 (i) to be big, large
apta- (i) to be busy; working fast
aqpik-1 (i) to find an object or a task not
entirely desirable; (i) to not want to carry
a heavy load in one’s boat or sled
iti- (i) to be deep
maptu- (i) to be thick, e.g., fabric, skin, maptutilaaq(-) (i) to measure the
book
pilgu- (i) to be able to perform
exceptionally well at a certain activity; to competition; (t) to check, measure his/her/its
be able to face up well to a crisis or
tragedy; (Nu) (i) to be strong, able, a fast
runner
pisaq- (i) to do something deliberately;
(t) to do something to her/him/it
deliberately
pisuq- to be good at doing (it)
qaiñiaq- (i) will come
taki- (i) to be long
uqumait- (i) to be heavy (in weight or in uqumaisilaaq(-) weight; (i) to weigh
emotion)
uunaq- (i) to be hot
uvluqtu- (i) to be long in duration (of
daylight in a day during an Arctic
summer)
uvaaŋa- (i) to be lop-sided, tilted,
sloping
1027
price
amisilaaq(-) (t) to measure how narrow it
is; measurement of the narrow part
aktilaaq(-) size, amount; (i) to measure
oneself; (t) to measure the size or height of
her/him/it or the amount of it
aptatilaaq- (i) to rush about, hurriedly
performing an action
aqpiktutilaaqtun as much as you want, as
much as desired
iñuuniqtutilaaq duration of life
ititilaaq(-) (t) to measure its depth; (Ti) to
test (it = depth of water); depth
measurement
thickness; thickness
pilgutilaaq- (i) to do one’s best in a
ability to perform
pisatilaaq- to try with all one’s might or
ability to accomplish (it = task)
pisuqtilaaq- to do one’s best (on it); (t) to
measure her/his/its ability to perform
qaiñiaqtilaaq(-) likelihood of one’s arrival
»
qaiñiaqtilaaqput nalugaat they do not
know whether we are coming or not
takitilaaq(-) or taktilaaq(-) length; (t) to
measure its length
oneself; (t) to weigh her/him/it
uunaqtilaaq(-) warmth, amount of heat; (t)
to measure her/his/its temperature »
uunaqtilaaġun thermometer for measuring
body temperature
uvluqtutilaaq(-) amount of daylight; (t) to
measure the amount of daylight
uvaaŋatilaaq(-) or uviŋatilaaq- the extent
or degree of an incline; (t) to check it to if it
is lopsided, is sloping
mtinniapiaq- vv (restricted to verb stems which end in a consonant) to try very hard for
someone to V or be V-ed; to try very hard for her/him/it to be allowed, be permitted to
V; (i) to contend, to fight for oneself to be allowed, be permitted to V | mtit-1 vv
+niapiaq-vv
+pkaġniapiaq- vv (restricted to verb stems which end in a vowel)
iki-1 or iku- (i) to position or place ikupkaġniapiaq- (i) to try hard to be placed
oneself into a container or a conveyance; onboard; (t) trying hard to place her/him/it
(t) to place or put her/him/it into a onboard
container or conveyance
tautuk- to see (her/him/it) tautuktinniapiaq- (i) to try hard to be seen;
(t) to really try to let her/him/it be seen; (t) to
really try to let her/him/it see her/him/it
unit- [unIt] (t) to leave her/him/it unisinniapiaq- (i) to try hard to be left
behind; (t) to abandon her/him/it behind; (t) to really try to have her/him/it be
left behind

mtinniQ or :tinniQ vv (limited) result of an event of V-ing; one resembling the act of
1 1
V-ing | mtit- vv +nniQ vv
aluk(-) dog mush (food); (i) to lap up aluktinniq snow cliff
food or water into the mouth with the
tongue; (t) to lick her/him/it once
apuq- to bump or crash (into her/him/it); apuqtinniq sea ice which has been pushed
(i) to reach shore onto shore
°ati1 (root) area below; bottom, attinniq hole or thin spot in sea ice near
underside; down mouth of river, which has melted as river
breaks up
*ayaaq (root) crisscrossing ayaaqtinniq ice trapped in a narrow part of
a flowing river or lead in sea ice
immak(-) pus; infection; (i) to develop immaktinniq non-frozen river water on top
an infection; (i) to accumulate liquid of ocean ice at river mouth; puddle formed
(e.g., pus in a wound); (i) to get water in on ice or snow by melting water
one’s boots; (i) to become saturated with
water (of object); (i) to take in water (of
boat)
qaamit- (i) to emerge and flow qaaptinniq water overflowing from crack in
spreading over a surface (of liquid); (i) to ice
seep upwards through a crack and
overflow on top of ice (of water)
uutiq- (t) to get burned, scorched uutiqtinniq burn on skin

+tipkaq- vv (limited) to involuntarily V to extremes § +tit3, -pkaq2 vv

aniq- to speak, say to (her/him) aniqtipkaq- (i) to be panting, short of breath
siiq-1 (i) to ooze, seep (like a sore); (i) to siiqsipkaq- (i) to sweat
leak out (of air); (Ti) (i) to sweat,
perspire

1028
 taaq(-) darkness; (i) to be dark (of day); taaqtipkaq- to faint
(i) to be dim (of light); (i) (Nu) to be
black; (t) to block her/his/its light

+tiq-1 or ’+tiq-1 nv (limited) to apply N; to place oneself into a N

iglu(-) house, dwelling, building; (t) to
build a structure over it
imaq1(-) [imaQ] liquid, fluid; non-
potable water; lake; sea, ocean; lagoon;
(t) to moisten it = animal hide to ready it
for scraping
masak(-) or matchak(-) or misak(-)
wet ground; slush; swamp; waterlogged (t) to moisten it
snow; (i) to be slushy (of snow); (i) to
be wet (of ground)
*piq (root) bend, curve
piruaq- or piruaqtiq- (Ti) (i) to move
down to the beach in late June (primarily to the beach in late June (primarily for
for bearded seal hunting but also for
hunting seals, belugas, seabirds, and
gathering driftwood
r
taġiuq(-) [taġi uq] salt; ocean; sea
water; (i) to use salt; (t) to put salt on it;
(Ti) (i) to be blue
uqsruq or (Nu) uqruq or (Ti) uġruq
seal oil; oil, gasoline, petroleum
2
mtiq- or = tiq-2 or :tiq-1 or ~tiq-2 vv (limited) to V with repetition or with determination
ikak-1 to cross over (it), e.g., water
*iliq1 (root) portion
iglutiq- (i) to move into a house after living
in another type of dwelling such as a tent; (t)
to move her/him/it into a house
imaqtiq- (t) to sprinkle water on, dampen,
wet it
matchaktiq- (i) to have been moistened;
piqtiq- (t) to bend it = wood (as for sled
runner or frame)
piruaq- or piruaqtiq- (Ti) (i) to move down
bearded seal hunting but also for hunting
seals, belugas, seabirds, and gathering
driftwood
taġiuqtiq- (i) to be camping near the ocean
uqsruqtiq- (i) to rub oil on oneself; (t) to
apply or rub oil on her/him/it
allaqtiq- or allaqtiġi- to wipe dry, clean
ikaktiq- (i) to cross over a body of water
carrying one's belongings (t) to transport
him/it over a body of water making several
trips for his belongings
iliktiq- to cut material according to a pattern

iñiq- (i) to be completed; (i) to finish, be iñiqtiq- or (Ti) iniqtiq- (t) to rebuke or stop
done; (t) to finish working on it; (t) to her/him from overdoing something, like
tell her/him to stop; (t) to rebuke working or talking; (t) to warn her/him
him/her, making her/him stop
kaat- (i) to be now split into two layers; kaattiq- (i) to cut blocks of hard-packed
(t) to cut, slice it = walrus hide into two snow for a house
layers to be used for boat cover; (Ti) (t)
to slice it = layer of blubber from whale
skin, leaving the maktak; (i) to slice

1029
 blocks of snow for snow shelter
katit- (i) to gather, congregate, katitiq- (Nu) (i) to get married
assemble; (i) to become married; (i) to
merge; (t) to gather them together; (t) to
harvest them = crop
makit- (i) to stand up; (i) to get out of makitiq- (i) to get out of bed and put
bed; (i) to arise; (t) to set it upright clothes on; to be “up and around”
paut- (t) to get soot on it pautiq- (i) to become blackened, as from
soot
naavit- (i) to spill (of a non-liquid naaptiq- (t) to empty, pour, dump it =
substance, e.g., flour); (t) to empty, pour, non-liquid substance out repeatedly
dump it = non-liquid substance out
*nuk (root) movement from point to nuktiq- to move (her/him/it) to another
point dwelling
qami- (i) to become extinguished; to go qaptiq- (t) to use the fire extinguisher on it
off or out (of light or fire); to die (of = fire, (Ti) to put it = fire out
engine)
qauq- (i) to be pried loose; (t) to pry it qauqtiq- (t) to loosen them, e.g., frozen fish
loose in a block by prying or pulling those that are
frozen or stuck together
qulvaq- or qurvaq- (i) to move further qulvaqtiq- (t) to put it up high
into the room away from the door; (i) to
roll one’s sleeves up; (t) to move
her/him/it further into a room away from
the door
siqi-[siqI] or siqiłłak- or siqiłhaq- (i) to siqqiłłaqtiq- (t) to sprinkle liquid on it
splash (of liquid); (t) to splash on
her/him/it once
siqumit- (i) to be destroyed, crushed to siquptiq- (t) to break or crush it into bits
pieces, shattered, broken to pieces; (t) to
destroy, break, crush it to pieces; (t) to
cut it = animal skin into several pieces
taak- (i) to split into layers; (t) to split it taaktiq- (t) to remove an outer piece of
into layers clothing which is attached to another or
covers another (e.g., parka cover sewn to the
parka lining)
uaq- (t) to cleanse, rinse it; to be washed uaqtiq- to wash dishes
away by the waves
3
mt/liq- vv to V quickly
amaq- (t) to put her/him/it on one's back amaqtiq- (t) to quickly place her/him/it
in order to to carry her/him/it inside one’s parka on the back
ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be aniliq- (i) to exit quickly
born; (i) to emerge from the den in
spring (of hibernating animal)
anniq- [annIq] (i) to become injured; (t) anniqsiq- to hurt (her/him/it) unexpectedly

1030
 to hurt her/him/it
anniqsuq- (t) to assist or rescue her/him
in a time of need, stress, or danger
iki-1 or iku- (i) to position or place
oneself into a container or a conveyance;
(t) to place or put her/him/it into a
container or conveyance
kivi- [kivI] (i) to sink
mamit- (i) to heal (of a wound, sore,
injured body part); (i) to fuse, come
together
navik- to break (it)
qiqit- to freeze
qivsak- (i) to fly off after impact (as a
ceramic chip)
saat-1 to face, turn toward (her/him/it);
(t) to challenge, confront her/him/it
saqit- [saqIt] (t) to move, shove, push,
cast her/him/it aside, out of the way
sivikit- (i) to be of short duration, take
little time
tikit- [tikIt] (i) to arrive at, reach one's tikisiq- (i) to arrive quickly; (t) to reach
destination or goal; (t) to reach her/him/it her/him/it quickly
anniqsuqtiq- (t) to aid her/him quickly and
efficiently
ikuliq- (i) to embark quickly; (t) to put
her/him/it onboard quickly
kiviliq- (i) to sink quickly » kiviliqtut
uqaluksrautitka I have forgotten my words
mamitiq- (i) to heal quickly » mamitiqtuq
killiġa my sore healed quickly
naviktiq- (i) to break instantaneous
qiqitiq- to freeze immediately
qivsaktiq- (i) to fly off immediately after
impact
saatiq- (i) to quickly face her/him/it; (t) to
quickly confront or challenge her/him
saqisiq- (t) to quickly push it aside »
saqisiġa suppun iriqtiqługu she quickly
pushed the gun aside, hiding it
sivikisiq- (i) to surprisingly take a short
amount of time » sivikisiqtut uqaluŋi his
speech was not very long

-tiqtualuk- vv without hesitation § +tualuk- vv

+tiqtuq- vv to V quickly, intently, with concentration but without finesse § +tuq-1 vv

-tiqtuula- vv to V quickly, impetuously § +tuula- vv

±tiqtuuraq- vv to V quickly with finesse § +tuuraq- vv

1
mtit- vv (restricted to verb stems which end in a consonant)
+pkaq-1 vv (restricted to verb stems which end in a vowel) to allow, cause, permit,
compel, or force to V
ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be anipkaq- (t) to allow, cause, permit, or force
born; (i) to emerge from the den in her/him/it to exit » aŋun anipkaġaa aġnam
spring (of hibernating animal) the woman made the man leave

anniq- [annIq] (i) to become injured; (t) anniqsit- (i) to be hurt by her/him/it; (t) to
to hurt her/him/it allow, cause, permit, or force her/him/it to
hurt by another » aŋunmun anniqsittuq
aġnaq the woman lets herself be hurt by the

1031

navik- to break (it)
quviasuk- (i) to be happy
tautuk- to see (her/him/it)
uumitchak- (i) to become angry, mad
unit- [unIt] (t) to leave her/him/it
behind; (t) to abandon her/him/it
man; aŋunmun anniqsitkaa aġnaq;
nukatpiam the young man lets the woman
be hurt by the man
naviktit- (t) to allow or cause to it to be
broken by another » qallun naviktitkaa
nukatpiamun aġnam the woman lets the
cup be broken by the young man
quviasuktit- (t) to cause her/him to be
happy » aġnaq quviasuktitkaa aŋutim the
man lets the woman be happy
tautuktit- (i) to be seen by another; (t) to
cause her/him/it to be seen by another; (t) to
allow or permit her/him to see another »
aġnamun tautuktittuq aŋun the man lets
himself be seen by the woman; aġnamun
tautuktitkaa aŋun nukatpiam the young
man lets the man be seen by the woman;
aġnaq tautuktitkaa aŋunmik nukatpiam
the young man lets the woman see the man
uumitchaktit- (t) to cause her/him to
become angry » aŋun uumitchaktitkaa
aġnam the woman makes the man angry
unisit- (i) to force another to leave oneself
behind; (t) to force her/him to be left by
another » aŋun unisittuq aġnamun the man
forced the woman to leave him; aŋun
unisitkaa aġnamun nukatpiam the young
man lets the man be left by the woman

‘-tit-2 or +tit-2 rv, nv, vv (limited) to become V; to V quickly, suddenly or excessively,

thoroughly, or out of the ordinary, normal pattern
aaġluq- (i) to look up; to raise one’s aaġlutit- (i) to have one’s head slip back,
chin; (i) to throw one’s head back; (t) to fall back, e.g., when asleep
raise her/his chin upward; (t) to raise it
into an upright position
agak(-) a tease; a mischief-maker; (i) to aggaktit- (i) to become mischievious; (i) to
be mischievous; (i) to be a tease; (i) to be begin teasing others
belligerent, want to fight, be
argumentative; (i) to fight; (t) to tease
her/him; (t) to fight with her/him
allaq- (Ti) to be clear (of weather) allaqtit- to be clear and very calm (of
weather)
aquvit- (i) to sit up or sit down; (t) to sit aquvsatit- (i) to sit down with a thud
down on it
*argua (root) audacious, bold arguaktit- (i) to become audacious, bold,
overly confident

1032
illak- (i) to become tangled up, mixed
up; (t) to tangle it up
immak(-) pus; infection; (i) to develop
an infection; (i) to accumulate liquid
(e.g., pus in a wound); (i) to get water in
one’s boots; (i) to become saturated with
water (of object); (i) to take in water (of
boat)
ittuk- (i) to make a continual roaring
sound (as of a fire, primus stove, engine,
etc.)
kayummak- (i) to speed up, accelerate;
(i) to become energized
kiapik- (t) to fit it together, making
edges overlap; (t) to go for or pass it = a
12 hour time period, especially to sleep
or go without sleep for more than l2
hours
kirrak- (i) to be lukewarm (of liquid)
**ku (root) downward movement or
orientation
mapkuq- (i) to gather one’s strength
and make an all-out effort; (i) to make a
crackling noise when shaken, as a
blanket-toss skin; (i) to make a popping
noise
naat-2 (i) to be snagged, caught on
something
qaiġuq- (i) to make a loud, echoing
sound
qaiq- (i) to be smooth, flat, level; (i) to
be straight (of hair)
qaummaq light from a source (like from
sun or lightbulb), brightness
saviġuuraq1 or saviqquuraq grain of
rice (Aiken 2009); ¤frozen rain
siŋuk- (i) to strain while defecating; (i)
to strain during labor contractions (of
woman giving birth)
siqi- [siqI] or siqiłłak- or siqiłhaq- (i) to siqiłhatit- (i) to splash violently (of liquid);
splash (of liquid); (t) to splash on
her/him/it once → siqiłhaq-
siqquq- (i) to be hard, tough (of a person siqqutit- (i) to snap with a loud noise; (i) to
1033
illatit- (i) to do more than necessary; (i) to
become careless and negligent; (i) to become
apathetic and let things go
immaktit- (i) for puddles to form from
melting snow; (i) to swell (of river); (i) to
become infected (of wound)
ittutit- (i) to make a loud noise (of engine)
kayummatit- (i) to do something at a steady
speed without hesitation
kiapiktit- (i) to work, travel, or do
something longer than one had planned; (i)
to be fitted on, connected to something; (i) to
spend more time on something than
expected
kirratchiaqtit- (t) to shine brightly
kutit- to drip (on her/him/it)
mapkutit- (i) to pop, make a popping noise
(as of a person popping her/his gum); (i) to
slap something hard, causing a popping
sound
masamatit- (i) to make a sudden echoing
noise
naksatit- (i) to suddenly, abruptly get caught
(of moving object)
qaiġuatit- (i) to echo loudly; (t) to cause it =
echo to reverberate loudly
qaiqsatit- (i) to be flat on one’s back, fast
asleep
qaummatit- (i) to flash (of light); to have
the house lights on
saviqquuraqtit- to become covered with
crystals of frozen rain
siŋŋuktit- (i) to become red in the face from
exertion or illness
(t) to splash on her/him/it
 or object); (i) to be opinionated (of a
person)
siuq- (i) to make a whistling noise (of a
hoary marmot)
make something snap loudly; (t) to make it
snap with a loud noise
siuqhuutit- (i) to make a whistling sound
while whizzing by (e.g., an old squaw duck
swooping down to land on water)

mtitaq(-) vv (restricted to verb stems which end in a consonant) to force, compel, coerce
into V-ing; that which has been forced to V
+pkaqtitaq- vv (restricted to verb stems which end in a vowel)
anaq(-) excrement, feces; dung, manure; anaqtitaq- (t) to give her/him an enema »
to defecate (it); (t) to defecate on it; (i) to anaqtitaun enema equipment
fall or shoot (of a star)
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isiqtitaq- (t) to force her/him to enter; (t) to
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it force her/him to bring it inside »
inside, to place it inside isiqtitaqtaatigut miŋuaqtuġvigmun he
forced us to enter the school
makit- (i) to stand up; (i) to get out of makititaq- (t) to coerce her/him to stand up
bed; (i) to arise; (t) to set it upright » makititaqtaatigut isiġman we were
forced to stand up when she entered
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savaktitaq- (t) to force her/him to work; (t)
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it; to force; (t) to let it be worked on by
(i) to be working, operating properly (of her/him/it » savaktitaġai iktani he forced
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it = them to work in the dumpyard
corpse for burial
taiguaq(-) to read (it); a verse, anything taiguaqtitaqtaatigut iluqata she made
to read everyone of us to read

mtitchaġataġaluaq- or vv intend to let V occur, but had a change of intent | mtit-1 vv

3
msaq- vv +ataq-2 vv +k/galuaq- vv
+pkaqtitchaġaluaq- vv (restricted to verb stems which end in a vowel)
anit- (t) to put, throw her/him/it out; (t) anititchaġataġaluaq- (t) to intend to let
to expel her/him/it; (t) to place it outside; her/him/it be thrown out
(t) to thrust it outside; (t) to begin it =
speech or song; (Ti) (t) to be carried out
to sea, drift out to sea
kivi- [kivI] (i) to sink kivipkaqtitchaġataġaluaq- (t) to intend to
let it sink
nuŋu- (i) to be depleted, used up; (i) to nuŋutitchaġataġaluaq- (t) to intend to let it
get a worn spot; (i) to be an old moon, become depleted
i.e. no moon

-tkiaq- vv (limited)
*nau (root) forward, upward process nautkiaqtuq he jumped down

1034
-tkIq- (limited)
°tamaq (root) entirety, whole tamatkiq- (t) to take it all

-tkuayaaq n child of, member of the crew of; employee, worker of N | -tkuk/t nn -ayaaq nn
Aaŋa Aaŋatkuayaat aġvaktuat Aaŋa'a crew
caught a whale
Edna Edna-tkuayaak isiqtuk the two children of
Edna came in
University of Alaska University of Alaska-tkuayaat
savaŋitchut uvlupak the employees of the
University of Alaska are not working today

-tkuk/t nn party of, family of, institution of, crew of N

Aaŋa Aaŋatkuk tikitchuk Aaŋa and one other
person arrives
1
°kI (stem of interrogative pronouns) kia [dual kitkuk, pl.kitkut] (rel) whoses,
whos
Ukpiaqhaaq Ukpiaqhaatkut aiŋarut Ukpiaqhaaq and
his family have gone home

-tkutitaaq (Nu) nn (limited)

sila weather; atmosphere, air silatkutitaaq snowshirt

-tqan vn (limited)
aiq- to put (her/his) arm into (her/his) aitqan mitten
sleeve

-tqI- nv (limited)
*iraq2 (root) small segment iratqi(-) to cut meat or maktak into small
pieces; to prepare meat to eat by cutting, not
cooking; bite-size cubes of meat
iritqi- (Ti) to cut it = meat into small pieces

-tqigaaq- vv to V again and again, repeatedly | -tqIk- vv +aaq- vv

-tqIk-1 nv to change one N for another N; to V again

atigi(-) parka, traditional fur-lined, atigitqik- to put a parka on (her/him) again;
pullover-style with fur ruff; (i) to put on to change (her/his) parka for another one »
a parka; (t) to put a parka on her/him atigitqiksuaq atuqtani ailaqiqqaaqługu (t) to put a parka on
he changed his parka for another one after
making the one he was wearing wet
atikłuk(-) outer cloth cover for fur atikłutqik- to put a snowshirt on (her/him)
parka, commonly called “snowshirt”; (t) again; to change (her/his) snowshirt for
to put a cloth cover over her/his parka another one
iga(-) kitchen; (t) to cook it = food igatqik- (i) to be overly cooked; (t) to

1035

kamik(-) [dual kammak, pl.kamŋit]
boot; mukluk; Iñupiaq-made fur boot;
dog booty; shoe; (i) to put one’s boots
on; (t) to put boots on her/him/it
makit- (i) to stand up; (i) to get out of
bed; (i) to arise; (t) to set it upright
mayuq- (i) to climb, ascend; (i) to
move to a higher position (of person),
e.g., to a better job; (t) to climb, ascend
it; (t) to set her/him/it on or in a higher
place
pi(-) [pI] (t) to take, get, procure, acquire pitqik- to perform (it) again
her/him/it; (t) to do it; (t) to say to
her/him; an entity
-tqIk-2 vv (limited) to be excellent in being V or V-ing
apta- (i) to be busy
ilamaaq(-) dear relative, loved one
ilammiuq- (i) to get to know someone;
(t) to get to know her/him
*qaunak (root) carefulness
-tqIk nn (limited) the next logical level
aŋayukłiq firstborn, eldest one,
someone’s elder; two-year-old caribou
bull
ikpaksraq yesterday; recent past
ukiuq(-) wintertime; last year; (t) to
come (of winter)
unnuaq(-) night; last night; (Ti)
1036
overcook it
kamitqik- to put a pair of boots on
(her/him) again; to change (her/his) pair of
boots for another » kamitqiksuami
ailaqsimamman I changed boots when I
found out it was wet outside
makitqik- (i) to stand up again; (t) to set it
upright again » makitqiksuaq
aquvititkaluaqtaŋat she stood up again
even though she had been made to sit down
mayutqik- (i) to climb up again; (t) to
climb it, e.g.,mountain again »
mayutqignasi don't youp climb up again
aptatqik- (i) to be quick
ilamaatqik- to be friendly, kind
ilammiutqik- (i) to be friendly, kind while
becoming acquainted
natqik- [natqIk] (i) to recover from an
illness or injury so that one’s condition is
stable; (t) to correct, rectify, set things right
with her/him/it
qaunatqik- (i) to be responsible, careful,
considerate, take good care of one’s things;
to be aware of what is going on
siatqik- (i) to be straight, not crooked, not
bent
tutqik- [tutqIk](i) to be content, peaceful, at
ease
upsitqik- (Ti) (i) to be fine, finely woven (of
cloth); not highly porous (of bone)
aŋayukłitqik three-year-old bull caribou
ikpaksratqik day before yesterday
ukiutqik year before last
unnuatqik (Ti) day before yesterday
 yesterday; to become night
upinġaq- (Ti), upinġaaq(-) to come (of upinġaatqik summer before last
summer); summer; last summer

-[t]qu- vv (embedding postbase) to request, ask, desire to V

ai-2 [agi] (i) to go home, to come home
ai-1 [agi] (t) to fetch, go and get
her/him/it
aquvit- (i) to sit up or sit down; (t) to sit aquvitqu- (t) to request that she/he sit down
down on it
navik- to break (it)
qatiq- (i) to be white
unit- [unIt] (t) to leave her/him/it
behind; (t) to abandon her/him/it
aitqu- (t) to want her/him to come home »
aŋun aitqugaa aġnam the woman wants
the man to go home
aitqu- (i) to request that one be fetched; (t)
to request that she/him/it be fetched »
aŋun aitquruq nukatpiamun the man
wants to be fetched by the young man
or up; (t) to request that she/he/it be sat upon
» aŋun aquvitqugaa aġnam the woman
wants the man to sit down
naviqu- (t) to request that it be broken »
qallun naviqugaa nukatpiamun aġnam
the woman wants the cup to be broken by
the young man
qatiqu- (t) to request that it be the color
white » aġnam qatiqugaa tupiq the woman
wants the tent to be white
unitqu- (i) to ask that one be left behind; (t)
to ask that she/he/it be left behind » aŋun
unitquruq aġnamun the man requests to be
left by the woman

-[t]qusaaq- vv (embedding postbase) to try to persuade, encourage to V | -[t]qu- vv

+saaq-2 vv § -[t]qu- vv for embedding procedures
ai-2 (i) to go home, to come home
1 g
ai- [a i] (t) to fetch, go and get
her/him/it
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it)
aitqusaaq- (t) to encourage her/him to go
home or come home » aġnam aitqusaaġaa
aŋun pilaiġutivlugu the woman is
encouraging the man to go home because
she is tired of him
aitqusaaq- (i) to encourage another to fetch
one; (t) to encourage another to fetch
her/him/it » aŋun aitqusaaqtuq
nukatpiamun the man is trying to persuade
the young man to fetch him;
aġnam aitqusaaġaa aŋun nukaptpiamun
the woman is trying to persuade the young
man to fetch the man
niġitqusaaq- (t) to encourage her/him to eat
» nukatpiam niġitqusaaġaa aġnaq
qaunnamik the young man is encouraging

1037

tautuk- to see (her/him/it)
ullak- (t) to approach, go to her/him/it
unit- [unIt] (t) to leave her/him/it
behind; (t) to abandon her/him/it
-tqut- rv,nv,vdv (limited) to go by way of its N
+ut- (restricted to noun stems which end in weak i)
°asI (stem) a non-specific place;
everywhere; nowhere; someplace else;
away from the village; something
insignificant
°ati1 (root) area below; bottom,
underside; down
1
kilu part of house or tent opposite door; kilutqut- to pass by (her/him/it) on the
south (with one’s geographical position inland side
being Barrow, Alaska)
°nali (stem) even, in line, straight
forward; (Ti) south side of Point Hope,
Alaska; price
pamuuna via, through up there, e.g.,
inland, upriver, upstairs (not visible)
quli top area; gunwale, gunnel, the top
edge of a boat’s sides
2 r
°saa (stem) [sa a] front of body or
1038
the woman to eat caribou fat
tautuqusaaq- (i) to encourage another to
see one; (t) to encourage another to see
her/him/it » aġnamun tautuqusaaqtuq
aŋun the man is trying to entice the woman
to look at him
ullaqusaaq- (i) to encourage another to
approach one; (t) to encourage another to
approach her/him/it » nukatpiam
ullaqusaaġaa aġnamun aŋun the young
man is trying to encourage the woman to go
to the man
unitqusaaq- (i) to encourage another to
leave one behind; (t) to encourage another to
leave her/him/it behind » aġnaq
unitqusaaqtuq aŋunmun the woman is
encouraging the man to leave her;
nukatpiam unitqusaaġaa aŋun aġnamun
the young man is trying to persuade the
woman to leave the man
asitqut- (i) to miss a target, miss one’s
destination in traveling; (t) to miss it =
target
ataut- (i) to shoot under the mark, the target;
to go under target (of a projectile); to travel
past a place, on water or ice; (t) to shoot
under her/him/it; to go under her/him/it (of a
projectile); to travel past it = a place, on
water or ice; to pass beneath, below
(her/him/it); (t) to take them all
nalaut-1 (i) to be correct, guess correctly;
have one’s prediction fulfilled; (t) to guess it
right; in accordance with, according to
pamuunatqut- (i) to pass unseen, further
inland; (t) to pass unseen by her/him/it
further inland
qulaut- (i) to pass overhead; (t) to shoot
high on target; (i) to jump over an obstacle
saatqut- to pass by in front (of her/him/it)
 garment; area immediately in front of
something; lap, the front part of the
lower trunk and thighs of a seated
person; seaward
samuuna2 via, through down there, e.g.,
far out in ocean, downriver, or
downstairs (not visible)
saniġaq side of something
timi human or animal body; the hull of a
boat; part of boot above the sole
tunu back (of human body); back area;
back exterior wall of house
*uŋa (root) distant area
samuunatqut- (i) to pass to the shoreward
(north) side of (her/him/it) or further out at
sea
saniġatqut- to pass right on by (her/him/it
timaut- (t) to shoot her/him/it in upper part
of body; to carry it = kayak between two
bodies of water, to portage
tunutqut- to traverse behind (her/him/it)
uŋatqut- to go around, skirt (her/him/it)

-[t]quuq- vv (embedding postbase) (t) to urge her/him/it to V, or to be V-ed @

-[t]quuqłIq- § -[t]qu- vv, -q-1 vv
ai-2 (i) to go home, to come home
aqpat- (i) to run (of a human)
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it)
aitquuq- (t) to urge her/him to go home or
come home » aitquuŋaikki stop telling
them to go home
aqpatquuq- (t) to urge her/him to run »
aqpatquuġaa paniñi he is urging his
daughter to run
niġitquuq- (t) to urge her/him to eat; to urge
that it be eaten » niġitquuġai iñuit aġnam
the woman is urging the people to eat;
niġitquuqłiqsuq iñugnik aġnaq the woman
is urging, telling people to eat

+[t]sailI- vv (i) trying hard not to V; (t) to prevent her/him/it from V-ing
ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be anitchaili- (i) to be trying hard not to go
born; (i) to emerge from the den in out, exit; (t) to prevent her/him/it from going
spring (of hibernating animal) out; (t) to prevent it from being taken
outside
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isiqsaili- (i) to be trying hard not to go in,
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it enter (it = establishment or someone’s
inside, to place it inside home); (t) to prevent her/him/it from
entering; (t) to prevent it from being brought
inside
katak(-) entrance hole in floor of sod kataksaili- (i) to prevent oneself from
house (leading to subterranean tunnel or falling; (t) to prevent her/him/it from falling
passageway); (i) to fall off
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it) niġitchaili- (i) to abstain from eating; (t) to
prevent her/him/it from eating; (t) to prevent
it from being eaten

1039
 qia- [qira] to cry, weep, shed tears (for qiatchaili- (i)to try hard not to cry; (t) to
her/him/it) prevent her/him from crying

-[t]siaġi- vv to wait for her/him/it to V | -[t]sIq- vv ±aq-4 vn +[g]i- nv

ai-2 [agi] (i) to go home, to come home » aitchiaġigaa paniñi she is waiting for her
daughter to come home
nuut- to move (her/him/it) » nuutchiaġigaa he is waiting for it to
move; he is waiting for it to be moved

+[t]siġiaq- vv to be easy to V
avik- (i) to divide in half or split in two;
(t) to divide it in half, in two pieces
ilisauti- (t) to teach her/him/it
itiqsaq- (t) to wake her/him up
makit- (i) to stand up; (i) to get out of
bed; (i) to arise; (t) to set it upright
uqaut-¤ or uqauti- (t) to speak, talk to
her/him
aviksiġiaq- (i) to be easily cut in half
ilisautitchiġiaq- (i) to be easily taught
itiqsaqsiġiaq- (i) to be easily awoken, does
not complain about getting out of bed
makitchiġiaq- (i) to be easily set upright
uqautitchiġiaq- (i) to be easily convinced

+[t]sii- vv (limited) to allow, let V occur, happen | perhaps +[t]sIq- vv -I-9 vv

ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be anitchii- (t) to wait for her/him/it to come
born; (i) to emerge from the den in out (of its dwelling)
spring (of hibernating animal)
aqit- [aqIt] (i) to be soft, tender to the aqilitchii- to simmer (it = meat) until it is
bite or touch tender
au- (i) to rot or decay (of tooth, wood, autchiivik place or container in which food
etc.); (i) to ferment or age (of meat, fish); cures or ferments
(i) to become partially melted and
dangerous underfoot (of ice); (i) to
decompose
immit- (i) to come upon water (e.g., of a immitchii- (t) to put something in water to
traveler); (i) to be waterlogged; (t) to soak
soak it in water
isivanniq [isivannIq] seal carcass buried isivanniqsii- (i) to bury, cache a seal carcass
in sand to cure so that it can ferment into a delicacy; (t) to
bury it = seal carcass so that it can ferment
into a delicacy
nipitit- (i) to be sealed (of a letter) (t) to nipititchii- to scorch (it = food) while
make it stick cooking, so that it sticks to the bottom of the
pot
paniq- (t) for it to become dry; (i) to lose paniqsii- (i) to wait for something to dry
weight, become skinny; to starve
taġiuq(-) [taġiruq] salt; ocean; sea taġġitchii- (i) to soak something in salt
water; (i) to use salt; (t) to put salt on it; water

1040
 (Ti) (i) to be blue
unnuaq(-) night; last night; (Ti) unnuaqsii- (i) to wait for night
yesterday; to become night
uunaq- (i) to be hot uunaqsii- to heat (it = food, water)
uutqik- (i) to be well-done (of meat); (t) uutqiksii- (t) to cook it well-done
to cook it well done

+[t]sIq- vv, rv (limited) to allow, let V happen

agli- (i) to grow in size, become large, aglitchiq- (t) to wait for her/him/it to grow
big
ilatchiq- (i) to not fight back, not protest, not
react; (i) to do nothing, let things be
iñiqtuq- (i) to be tired, exhausted Iñiqtuiqsiq- to be Sunday; (i) to rest
(original meaning)
kakaaq- to carry (her/him) sitting on kakaaqsiq- (i) to be carried sitting on
one's shoulders with her/his legs around another’s shoulders
one’s neck
kali something being dragged, towed kaliksiq- (i) to be dragged, towed
kiñiq(-) moist eczema, lochia, discharge kiñitchiq-1 (i) to be left to settle (of water);
of water from skin (a disease of dogs); to let salt settle out of melting ice to make
(i) to become dehydrated (of dog due to fresh water; (t) to leave it = water to settle
disease); to filter through fabric or paper
(of a liquid)

nivi(-) [nivI] place where animals and nivitchiq- (i) to set (of bait); (t) to wait for it
insects gather; to be attracted (to it = bait to come to the bait
or food) (of game animal); to flock
around, hover over (her/him/it) (of birds,
mosquitoes, bees, etc.); (t) to cling,
adhere to her/him/it
paniq- (t) for it to become dry; (i) to lose paniqsiq- (i) to be set out to dry; (t) to have
weight, become skinny; to starve it set out to dry
saaġuaq(-) [saaġuraq] apron, bib; (i) to saaġuaqsiq- (Nu) (i) to be camping in a
put on an apron; (t) to put an apron on protective enclosure
her/him; (Nu) protective enclosure,
semicircular-shaped windbreak made of
small, felled trees with an openng where
a fire can be; (Nu) (i) to camp in a
protective enclosure
siqiñiq sun siqiñiqsiq- (i) to stay in the sun and get
tanned
suak- (t) to scold her/him/it suaksiq- (i) to constantly be scolded; (i) to
presently be scolded
usiaq(-) load, cargo; to haul, transport usiaqsiq- (i) to be a passenger, be onboard a
(her/him/it) in a vehicle, conveyance vehicle

1041
+ttaq(-) or vn, vv (limited) instrument, means for V-ing; to use V § -taq(-) vn, vv, nv and -
utaq, ’utaq vn
aluk- (i) to lap food in with the tongue; aluuttaq1 or aluuttaun spoon; (Ti)
(t) to lick her/him/it once tablespoon
anau- (t) to hit her/him/it with one’s arm anauttaq(-) axe; upper hind leg (Nu) femur,
or an object held in one’s hand upper leg bone; (i) to use an axe; (t) to chop
it with an axe
kaat [ENG] playing card kaattaq(-) (Nu) playing card [ENG “card”];
(i) to play cards
kapi- (i) to stab oneself once, to give kaputtaq- to patch (it = umiak)
oneself a shot; (t) to stab, pierce
her/him/it once; (t) to give a shot, an
injection to her/him/it
pattaq (Nu) shaft of drill which holds the bit
qaa(-) or qaaq (Nu) [qara] top side; qattaq water barrel with lid
roof; surface; outer side of fabric; cover;
dorsal area of fish; (t) to put a top surface
on it
qayuuttaq sheep horn dipper
uquq- (i) to have warm winter clothes; uquuttaq windbreak
to be well insulated and therefore warm
(of clothing, house)

+ttuala- vv (limited) to V out of control, hysterically, with agitation @ +ttualatchI- vvt

iqsi- [iqsI] (i) to be afraid
kavya- (i) to be apprehensive, to fear a
loss
quġmiattuq- (i) to urinate accidentally
(usually in pants)
iqsittuala- (i) to experience extreme fear,
terror, dismay
kavyattuala- (i) to be hysterically disturbed,
fearful
quġmiattuala- (i) to uncontrollably urinate
in one’s pants

-ttuq- vv (limited) to experience an activity involving the N or R

aqiaq or (Ti) aqiak upper belly above aqiattuq- (i) to satisfy one’s hunger; to
waist and below the ribs (of human) become satiated, full
ivri- or ivriññik- to cause others to be ivruattuq- or (Ti) ivruaqtuq- (i) to gasp, be
out of breath from laughing so hard; (Ti) unable to catch one’s breath when
(t) to bother someone swimming, walking into the wind, or coming
into contact with something cold
*niġu2 (root) wideness niġuttuq- (i) to be wider and more spacious;
(t) to make it wider and more spacious
qaggaq(-) wave which breaks on shore, qaggattuq- to make waves (e.g., of whale);
a breaker; (i) to break on shore (of wave) to become rough (of sea)

+tu- nv, rv, vv (limited) to possess an exaggerated attribute; to be capable of V-ing

excessively or well § ‘qtu- vv
aglak(-) a letter character; print pattern; aglaktu- (i) to have large, repeating design

1042
(Ti) a letter sent by mail; to write (it); (i) elements (such as flowers, polka dots) (e.g.,
to vote by secret ballot of fabric or wallpaper)
aki(-)1 [akI] corresponding value, akisu- (i) to be expensive, valuable; to be of
equivalence; cost, price, value; wage; some value, worth
opposite side, other side; (Ti) north side
of the point (Point Hope); (t) to respond,
acknowledge, or answer her/him with
gestures (of one who is far away but
visible)
°aku (root) space in-between, physical akuttu- (i) to be far apart; to occur at long
or temporal intervals
akuq(-) skirt, hem, lower part of akuqtu- (i) to be too long (of a garment)
garment; outer keel of an umiak frame;
board placed on one side of the keel of
an umiak frame; sheer line of kayaq; to
put a skirt on (her/him/it); to place the
two boards on either side of it = keel of
an umiak frame
anniqsrau- (i) to be stingy anniqsrautu- (i) to be very stingy, selfish;
(i) to be protective of one’s possessions,
unwilling to share
annut- (i) to frown, pout; (t) to frown at annutu- (i) to frown, pout a lot
her/him/it
argak(-) or (Ti) algak finger; hand; to argaktu- (i) to have big hands
dig (in it) with hands or paws; to use an
ice scratcher (a tool made of seal claws
mounted on a wooden handle used to
simulate the scratching of a seal to lure
it to its breathing hole)
asiq(-) [asIq] sleeve; (i) to put one’s asiqsu- (i) to have sleeves that are too long
arms into the sleeves of a garment; (t) to (of garment)
help her/him put her/his arm into the
sleeves of a garment
°ati1 (root) area below; bottom, atchaqtu- (i) to be wide (of land, ice, water)
underside; down
°ati1 (root) area below; bottom, atitu- (i) to be far away from shore (of lead
underside; down or open water); to have a wide foot top (of a
boot); for there to be a wide, open lead
attaqsraq- (i) to hesitate to ask someone attaqsrautu- (i) to be timid, easily
for something; to be diffident intimidated
iġlik- (i) to be selfish, stingy iġlitu- (i) to be stingy, selfish by nature
*iġnu (root) bulk iġnutu- (i) to be bulky, take too much space
ikarraq ford, place to cross over water; ikarraqtu- (i) to be of some distance to
one hour; width of material cross, be wide
ikiq [ikiQ] sound, strait (topographical); ikiqtu- (i) to be wide, broad; (i) to be a long
passage of water between bodies of land; distance across between two points e.g., of a

1043
width
*iqIk (root) laziness; lack of initiative;
lethargy; boring; uninspiring; lack of
eagerness, unwillingness
*iraq1 (root) width
iri eye
isigak or isigait foot (appendage)
isuma(-) mind; thought; idea; (i) to think
kanak length of human leg from crotch
to heel, inner leg; inseam
naaq(-) [naraq] (Ti) abdomen; (i) to
have a full stomach, be full from eating
naŋiaq- (i) to be afraid of falling from a
high place, to have acrophobia; (i) to be
afraid of falling through ice into deep
water
niaquq head, skull
*niġu2 (root) wideness
nipi voice, sound
niqi food, meat
nuilak neck opening of garment;
opening in harness for dog’s head
*nuyu (root) timidity, fearfulness,
wariness
qaati upper, front part of boot (covering
the top of the foot to the front of the
ankle)
*qati (root) bass quality of one’s voice
quiññak- (i) to feel a tickling sensation
quvianġu- (i) to be always joyously
contented
saglu- (i) to lie, not tell the truth
sapi- (t) to block, obstruct her/him/it,
make passage unsuitable or impossible
for her/him/it; (i) to dam it = river
sana- to whittle, carve (it = wood,
soapstone, etc.)
saŋiak- (i) to be sexually jealous
savit- (t) to touch and feel her/him/it
with the hands
sayak health, strength
1044
river between its banks
iqianġutu- (i) to be lazy, especially when
one is tired or not quite fully awake
iraqtu- (i) to be wide, broad
iritu- (i) to have large eyes
isigaktu- (i) to have big feet; to be too big
(of footwear)
isumatu- (i) to be wise, prudent,
circumspect
kanaktu- (i) to have long legs (of people); to
be too long (of pants)
naaqtu- or narraktu- (i) to have a big belly
naŋiaqtu- (i) to have a fear of heights or
depths
niaquqtu- (i) to have a large head
niġuturuq It is wide
nipatu- (i) to be noisy, loud
niqitu- (i) to be meaty, fleshy
nuilatu- (i) to have a large neck opening (of
garment)
nuyuaqtu- (i) to be wary, timid, easily
frightened (of animal)
qaatitu- (i) to be wide (of feet, of upper front
part of boot)
qatitu- (i) to have a low-pitched voice
quiññaktu-, (Ti) quiñaktu- (i) to be ticklish
quvianġutu- (i) to be jolly, happy
saglutu- (i) to tell lies frequently; (i) to be a
prolific liar
sapiktugi- (t) to feel doubtful about
her/him/it
sanatu- (i) to be skilled in using mind and
hands at making something, be skillful
saŋiaktu- (i) to be extremely sexually
jealous
savitu- (i) to work well at doing things, to be
handy
sayaktu- or sayaqtu- (i) to be healthy,
strong, robust
 sigña- (i) to refuse to share, be stingy sigñatu- (Nu) sikñatu- (i) to be stingy,
selfish
siñik(-) sleep; (i) to sleep; (t) to spend it siññaqtu- (i) to have a habit of oversleeping,
= day sleeping of sleeping too much; to sleep a lot
siqsu- (i) to be daring, be persistent
(especially when hunting); (i) to have great
fortitude; (i) to bear pain nobly
*sivI (root) duration sivisu- or sivisuuraq- (i) to be of long
duration, take a long time
*taaniq (root) distant appearance taaniqtu- (i) to be larger than others; to
appear large, loom large
taġutu- (i) to be fat (of person); to be wide
taqtunak either side of body above hip, taqtunaktu- (i) to be husky, heavy,
toward front thick-flanked
tatitu- (i) to be sensible, level-headed,
unexcitable
tipi odor tipitu- (i) to have a strong odor
*tuniq (root) endurance, fortitude; tuniqtu- (i) to be emotionally stable,
hardness of surface enduring; to be solid
tutqaaq- or tutqaasuk- (i) to feel bad, tutqaatu- or tutqaaq- (i) to be careful to
sorry, ill at ease about something one has repay favors, pay for services, not accept
done or something which others with things free
direct ties to oneself has done; (i) to feel
bad that one is not able repay a favor,
pay for a service
uqaluk word uqalutu- (i) to be talkative, talk a lot
uvluq(-) day; daylight; to begin to grow uvluqtu- (i) to be long in duration (of
light (of day) daylight in a day during an Arctic summer)

+tuaġruk nn (limited) one with an impressive N

niaquq head, skull niaquqtuġruk or niaquqtuaġruk hawk owl
(Surnia ulula)
nuŋŋaq ridge along frontal bone of nuŋŋaktuaġruk white-crowned sparrow
nose; crest, crown of bird (Zonotrichia leucophrys)

+tuallak- vv (limited) to V just once; to V nonstop for a while

nuluq- to wave one’s hand (at nuluqtuallak- (Nu) to wave with the hand
her/him/it) (at her/him)

-tualuk or -tuaq nn the only N § (the t is not affected by the strong I)

ikayuqti assistant, helper; intercessor
panik [panIk] daughter
ikayuqtitualuk only helper, only assistant »
ikayuqtitualuga aullaqtuaq uvlupak my
only helper left today
panitualuk only daughter »
panitualuni aullaġman ikayuqtaiqsuq
when her only daughter left, she no longer

1045

qavvik(-) [qavvIk] wolverine (Gulo
gulo); (i) to kill a wolverine
qimmiq [qimmIq] dog (Canis lupus
forma familiaris)
tavra or (PB) tarva there (restricted,
visible); (excl.) yes, I know; that’s right;
that is all; that’s enough, stop it
had a helper
qavvitualik only wolverine skin left »
qavvitualuk tauqsiqsaġa I bought the only
wolverine skin left
qimmitualuk only dog » tavra taamna
qimmitualukput that one there is our only
dog
tavratualuk (excl.) that’s all, that was the
last one

+tualuk- vv (restricted to verb stems which end in k or q)

-tiqtualuk- (restricted to verb stems which end in a -t)
+liqtualuk- (restricted to verb stems which end in a vowel)
to V without hesitation, quickly
aiq- to put (her/his) arm into (her/his) aiqsualuk- (i) to quickly place one’s arms
sleeve in the sleeves » aiqsualuktuaq
kiñŋuqqayaqamiŋ he quickly placed his
arms in his sleeves when they almost
capsized
ilit- [ilIt] (i) to learn; (t) to learn of ilitchiliqtualuk- (i) to quickly learn »
her/his ways, habits; to learn it ilitchiliqtualukami isagutiruq after
quickly learning how to proceed, she began
kamik(-) [dual kammak, pl.kamŋit] kamiktualuk- to quickly put boots (on
boot; mukluk; Iñupiaq-made fur boot; her/him) on » kamiktualukami pikiaqtuq
dog booty; shoe; (i) to put one’s boots quickly putting on his boots, he bolted out
on; (t) to put boots on her/him/it
tikit- [tikIt] (i) to arrive at, reach one's tikisiqtualuk- to quickly reach (her/him/it)
destination or goal; (t) to reach her/him/it » tikisiqtualukamiuŋ kunikkaa going up
to him without hesitating, she kissed him

+tuaq- vv (limited) to V for a while continuously or habitually

aniiq- (i) to be outside
*anaya (root) wariness, caution
iiq- (i) to moan, to groan
imiq(-) [imiQ] drinking water; a
beverage; an alcoholic drink; potable
liquid, broth; amniotic fluid; to drink (it)
it- (i) to exist; (i) to be; (i) to be present; ittuaq- (i) to sit quietly, to be idle, be still
(i) to stay
kumaiq- (i) to be rid of lice
kusiq- [kusIq] to drip (on her/him/it)
aniiqsuaq- (i) to relax or play outside
anayaktuaq- (Ti) (i) to be cautious, careful
in a dangerous place; to get up carefully,
move cautiously (of a sick person)
iiqtuaq- (i) to moan and groan constantly
from pain
imiqtuaq- (i) to drink continuously, nonstop
kumaiqsuaq- (i) to look for lice in one’s
hair; (t) to look for lice in her/his hair
kusiqsuaq- (i) to drip continuously

1046
 malik- to follow, accompany
(her/him/it)
naalak- (i) to listen with a purpose; (t) to
listen to it = her/his chest, heart with a
stethoscope; (t) to auscultate her/him/it
naniaq-1 or naniaqtuaq- (i) to warm
oneself by the fire to alleviate pain; (t) to
warm it by the fire
*pilaaq (root) child care
pisuaq- (i) to walk; (t) to walk it =
distance
qiñiq- to look at, watch (her/him/it)
quliaq- (i) to confess, tell about one’s
wrongdoing; (t) to report on her/his
actions; to tattle on her/him
quppiq- (i) to part one’s hair; (i) to now
have one’s hair parted; (t) to part her/his
hair
saŋik- (t) to delouse her/him/it
tagiq- [tagIq] (i) to go or move from
place to place; (i) to go calling at or
visiting many houses
tasiuq- (i) to hold hands; (t) to hold
her/his hand
uluq- (i) to turn sideways in order to
pass through a narrow passage; (i) to
turn one’s shoulder forward; (i) to turn
aside; (i) to bend to the side, move aside;
(i) to lie down on one’s side; (t) to pass
through it = passageway sideways; (t) to
turn or move it aside
uuk- (t) to sample, try, taste it = food
maliktuaq- (t) to be constantly following
her/him/it
naalaktuaq- to listen (to her/him/it)
naniaqtuaq- (i) to warm oneself by the fire
to alleviate pain; (t) warm it by the fire
pilaaqtuaq- to care for, babysit (her/him=
child)
pisuaqtuaq- (i) to take a stroll, take a long
leisurely walk
qiñiqtuaq(-) movie, picture book; to watch,
look at her/him/it
quliaqtuaq(-) life experience, story; to tell
(it = story, one’s experience)
quppiqsuaq- (Ti) (t) to part them= hair
generally as a habit
saŋiksuaq- (t) to delouse her/him/it in a
leisurely, relaxed manner
taggiqsuaq- (i) to continually move from
place to place
tasiuqtuaq- (i) to hold hands while leisurely
walking; (t) to hold her/his hand while
leisurely walking
uluġiatuaq- or uliġiattuq- (i) to move one’s
upper body to avoid being hit; to sidestep
(her/his) arrows aimed at one
uuktuaq- (i) to test, try something out for a
while; (t) to try, test or attempt it

+t/ruaq vn one that is V-ing, or Vs or was V-ed or is V

aġra or aġraq ashes; gunpowder; fire aġraqtuqtuaq (Ti) small stove made of
pail (used by whaling crew for cooking kerosene can with top cut off
prior to the modern campstove)
aġvanġaq(-) (Ti) a new whaling captain aġvanġaqtuaq (Ti) a whaling captain who
who has killed her/his first whale; (i) to has caught his first whale
catch one’s first whale (of new whaling
captain)

1047
 aksrak- (i) to roll; (i) to slide down a
slope (e.g., of an animal when shot); (t)
to roll, slide it
allu seal’s breathing hole in sea ice
ilisaq- to study or practice (it)
ilisaurri(-) teacher (i) to teach
imiġuk- to want to drink (it)
miquq- to sew (it)
isivit- (i) to be extended fully, flattened
out; (i) to stand up straight from a
stooped position; (i) to stretch out from a
fetal position; (i) to be laid out (like wet
clothing); (i) to unwind (of thread); (t) to
extend, stretch it out fully; (t) to lay it all
out
kiapsaluqtaq (Nu) something round
maŋaq- (i) to be dark, be black
qilagaq roof of mouth, hard palate
qiñiq- to look at, watch (her/him/it)
saŋŋit-2 (Ti) (i) to form cirrus clouds
(indicating wind)
tiŋilġautaq or tiŋilġaun a sail
ukpiq- (i) to believe, be convinced of a
fact
uqaluk word
-tuaq(-) nn, vv (limited) every N (limited to times of the day); every time (used
with Consequential endings); if ever or whenever (used with Conditional Mood endings)
°anaqa (stem) evening
unnuaq(-) night; last night; (Ti)
yesterday; to become night
qiñiq- to look at, watch (her/him/it)
1048
aksraktuaq or (Nu) aksraliktualik wheeled
vehicle
allutuqtuaq aġviq bowhead whale trapped
under ice with a polygon-shaped breathing
hole
ilisaqtuaq student
ilisaurriruaq the one who is teaching »
ilisaurriruami miqłiqtunik ikayuqtaani
he helped me teach the children
imiġuktuaq the one who wants a drink »
igña imiġuktuaq imiksritchaqtuġuŋ go
give water to that one over there who wants
a drink
miquqtuaq the one who is sewing »
ikayuqtaani miquqtuami she helped me
sew
isivitchuktuaq part of trap which is closed
and springs open when released; trap spring
kiapsaluqtuaq (Nu) circle
maŋaqtuaq auk dark blood from the
stomach
qilagakuaqtuat palatal sounds
qiñiqtuaq movie, picture book
saŋŋitchuaq (Ti) cirrus cloud
tiŋilġautaqtuqtuaq sailboat
ukpiqtuaq a Christian, a believer in Christ
uqaluktuaq true story, account of events
which happened during the past two or three
generations
anaqatuaq(-) every evening; (i) every time
it became evening
unnuatuaq(-) every night; (i) every time it
became night
qiñiqtuaq- (i) every time she/he/it looks
+tuiññaq- vv (limited) to V continually, non-stop, until done or consumed
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it) niġituiññaq- (i) to eat continuosly
qiññuaqtuq- (i) to beg, ask qiññuaqtuqtuiññaq- (i) to beg continuously
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savaktuiññaq- (i) to work continuously
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it; until finished
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial

+t/ruksraq vn one who should or must V

ilisaq- to study or practice (it) ilisaqtuksraq the one who should study
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savaktuksraq the one who should work
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it;
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial

+t/ruksrau- vv to be the one who should or must V | +t/ruksraq vn :u-1 nv

ayak-2 (i) to begin moving ahead, ayaktuksrau- (i) must depart, must start out
proceed ahead, start toward destination, » ayaktuksraurugut akkupak we must go
depart; (i) to push off in a boat; (t) to on ahead right now
push, launch it = boat to sea
ilisaq- to study or practice (it) ilisaqtuksrau- must study (it) »
ilisaqtuksrauruŋa uvlupak I have to study
today
makit- (i) to stand up; (i) to get out of makittuksrau- (i) must stand up; (t) must
bed; (i) to arise; (t) to set it upright set it upright » makittuksrauruq she must
stand up

+tun-qayaq ncsimn almost like a N | +tun (sim) ±qqayaq(-) vv, nn

atigitun like a parka atigiptun-qayaq almost like my parka
iktumatun like that one over there iktumatun-qayaq almost like that one over
there
uvaptun like me uvaptun-qayaq almost like me

+tuŋiq vn (limited) one resembling a N or one that Vs

aatchauq- (i) to yawn aatchauqtuŋiq or aatchauqtuŋialaaq or
(Nu) aatchausiayaaq nestling, newly
hatched bird
niksaak- (i) to burp niksaaktuŋiq Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus
mutus)
suŋaq gallbladder suŋaqpaluktuŋiq Yellow Warbler
(Dendroica petechis); Myrtle Warbler
(Phylloscopus borealis)

+tuq-1 vv to V quickly with determination and concentration, but without finesse §

1049
 +tuula- vv
+tuq- restricted to verb stems which end in k or q
-tiqtuq- restricted to verb stems which end in a -t | +tiq-1vv +tuq-1 vv
+liqtuq- restricted to verb stems which end in a vowel | -liq-2 vv +tuq-1 vv
avguq- (t) to slice or cut it up
imiq(-) [imiQ] drinking water; a
beverage; an alcoholic drink; potable
liquid, broth; amniotic fluid; to drink (it)
miquq- to sew (it)
tinu- (t) to push her/him/it
+tuq-2 vv (limited) to V continually or with duration; or as a habit
aakaaq- to say aaka “mother” (to
her/him)
aanaaq- to say aana “great-aunt” (to
her/him)
aapaaq- to say aapa “father” (to
her/him)
akiksriq- (t) to assess, appraise its
worth, put a price on it
akilliq opponent, competitor; opposite;
enemy; (Nu) side platform in sod house
(one of two platforms opposite each
other)
alguagi- (Ti) (t) to doubt her/him/it
aliuq- (i) to be amazed, astonished,
astounded, to marvel
aluk- (i) to lap food in with the tongue;
(t) to lick her/him/it once
amu- (i) to be pulled out; (i) to slide
back into water after beginning to
surface (of a seal); (t) to pull her/him/it
out; (i) to withdraw money from a bank;
(t) to pick up a C.O.D. from the post
office
*argua (root) audacious, bold
1050
avguqtuq- (t) to slice it up quickly but
roughly » avguqtuġligik let her cut themd
into several pieces quickly
imiqtuq- to gulp (it) » imiqtuġuŋ gulp it
down
miquqtuq- to sew (it) quickly »
nukaata miquqtuġaik kammak his
younger sister sewed his boots in no time at
all
tinuliqtuq- (t) to push her/him/it roughly »
tinuliqtuqługik iniksraniktiqtuq pushing
them2 back determinedly, she made room
for herself
aakaaqtuq- (t) to call her/him aaka,
“mother”
aanaaqtuq- (t) to call her/him aana, “great-
aunt”
aapaaqtuq- (t) to call her/him aapa,
“father”
akiksriqsuq- (t) to set a value on, to assess
the worth of them (for taxation, sale price)
akilliliqsuq- (t) to oppose her/him/it
alguaqtuq- (Ti) (t) to continue to doubt
her/him/it
aliuqtuq- (i) to see a ghost; (i) to
hallucinate; (i) to experience the
supernatural, the amazing
aluktuq- (t) to lick her/him/it repeatedly
ammuktuq- (t) to pull it (e.g., a net) from
under the ice with a rope line
arguaqtuq- to continue to doubt, disbelieve
 (her/him/it)
ataaq- to travel downriver on it (river) ataaqtuq- (i) to camp on the ice for whaling;
to be out whaling
igniq fire igniqsuq- or iŋniqsuq- (i) to build a fire in a
stove; (t) to build a fire in it = stove or
fireplace; (t) to build a fire in a stove in it =
dwelling
iluit- or iłuit- (i) to not fit, to look iluilaqtuq- or iłuilaqtuq- (i) to feel remorse,
wrong, to be sick guilt
ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or illiqsuq- (i) to choose a partner in a game; to
name; companion, friend, partner; part of recruit supporters for oneself; (t) to take
a whole; (i) to get a co-participant, sides, support her/his views, opinions
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
ilaalliq- (i) to acquire, get a partner, ilaalliqsuq- (t) to take sides, support her/him
friend; (t) to take her/his side; to be a
partner to her/him, to join her/him
ilamaaq(-) dear relative, loved one ilamaaqtuq- to call (her/him) one’s dear
relative, friend or loved one
illak- (i) to become tangled up, mixed illaiqsuq- (i) to comb one’s hair; (t) to comb
up; (t) to tangle it up her/his/its hair
immiq- (t) to fill it immiqsuq- (t) to be in the process of filling
it (e.g., a container, an application)
inuq- (i) to fail to reach one’s inuqtuq- (i) to run short of food, money or
destination; (i) to undershoot, fall short; supplies; to not quite reach one’s destination
(i) to be insufficient; (t) to fail to reach it and perform a task
= goal, destination; (t) to undershoot it =
target; (t) to fall short of it = runway in
landing an airplane; (i) to not be enough
iñiq- (i) to be completed; (i) to finish, be iñiqtuq- (i) to be tired, exhausted
done; (t) to finish working on it; (t) to
tell her/him to stop; (t) to rebuke
him/her, making her/him stop
iññiq- (i) to be willed to someone (of iññiqsuq- (t) to keep her/him company, to
something as in a legal document); (i) to give her/him companionship; (t) to will them
have company, have a companion; (i) to = possessions to specific individuals
become occupied (of a house); (i) to
become populated, inhabited; (t) to will
it to someone; (t) to occupy it (house)
iñuaq- (i) to commit murder; (t) to iñuaqtuqti murderer
murder, kill her/him
ipiġaq-1 (t) to whip her/him/it once ipiġaqtuq- (t) to whip, spank her/him/it
repeatedly; (t) to chastise her/him (usually by

1051

isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside;
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside
ivayaq- to get more than one should
(from her/him); to cheat (her/him); to
take away a necessary part from it =
engine, any whole with parts; (Ti) (i) to
ask or take from a whaling captain and
his wife gifts after he catches his first
whale (a tradition); (Ti) (t) to ask him =
whaling captain for gifts; (t) to ask for
gifts during the whaling festival from a
couple who has their first son
kikiak(-) nail; (t) to nail it down
kilik- (t) to inform, warn her/him
kiŋu(-) rear part of any item; rear
sealskin poke in a boat (Kisautaq: 650);
(Ti) three-quarter inch manila rope used
with whaling harpoon; large float
fastened at end of harpoon line; (i) to be
late; (i) to be over (of an activity); (i) to
be gone, have moved on (of animals); (t)
to be late for her/him/it
malik- to follow, accompany
(her/him/it)
maniññak- (i) to earn money, wages
niksik(-) [niksIk] fishhook or lure; a
device to hook something with; to hook
(it)
niqi food, meat
paa [paga] entry, doorway; mouth of
river; hole of kayak (where person sits);
entryway to pallitchat, the outer
entrance into a sod house passageway
qaġriq- (i) to load bullets in gun; (t) to
load it = gun
qasak- or qasala- or qatchala- (i) to
burst out yelling “Uu! Uu! Ugu! Ugu!”
followed by cheering (when dancing or
1052
spanking or beating); ¤(t) to use an axe on it
isiqtuq- (i) to come in through crack, door,
or window (of snow, wind, smoke or water);
(t) to come in through crack, door, or
window of her/his house (of snow, wind,
smoke or water)
ivayaqtuq- to defraud (her/him); to rob
(her/him)
kikiaktuq- (i) to hammer nails into
something; (t) to nail it down
kiliktuq- (t) to warn, inform her/him
kiŋuppiaqtuq- (i) to go in reverse, move
backwards
maliktuq- (i) to sob, to gasp after crying
hard
maniññaktuq- (i) to receive payments
other than wages, e.g., welfare, pension,
etc.
niksiksuq- (i) to fish using a fishhook or
lure; (t) to try to retrieve it using a hook
niqłiqsuq- to set food (for her/him) to eat
paaqtuq- (i) to come directly in through
door or tent flap (of wind); (t) to come
directly in through its door or tent flap (of
wind)
qaaq- or qaaqtuq- (i) to caw (of raven)
qaġriqsuq- (t) to load it = gun with
ammunition
qasaktuq- to make loud noises in order to
frighten (it = animal, esp., caribou) during a
hunt
 herding or coming home from a
successful hunt usually when returning
in a boat with a walrus kill or having
struck and retrieved a whale)
qipi- (i) to toss and turn in bed; (i) to
writhe, to twist the body, usually in pain;
(t) to wind it (of a clock); (t) to twist,
screw it = lid on or off
qipuk- (t) to scratch, scrape, mar it
°sanI (root) broadside, side
sayak health, strength
simik- (t) to plug it; (i) to be now
plugged
siññiq- (t) to cause her/him/it to go to
sleep
tuvaaq- to attract (it = caribou) by
shouting; (t) to chase it = caribou in the
direction one wants, toward corral or
hunters
urriqa- (i) to use arm signals to
communicate
+tuq-3 nv (limited) to wear, eat, chew, use, consume, experience N or a V-ing
aġnaq woman; an adult human female;
queen (suit in cards)
aġvanġaun first whale taken by a new
whaling captain
akuq(-) skirt, hem, lower part of
garment; outer keel of an umiak frame;
board placed on one side of the keel of
an umiak frame; sheer line of kayaq; to
put a skirt on (her/him/it); to place the
two boards on either side of it = keel of
an umiak frame
aliuq- (i) to be amazed, astonished,
astounded, to marvel, to wonder
alla another one, a different one;
something strange
aŋun man, an adult human male
1053
qipiktuq- or qipiktula- (i) to run around; to
move around, not keep still (of a child)
qipuktuq- (i) to receive scratch marks from
an object (of a person); (t) to scratch, scrape
or mar her/him/it with an object
sanimuktuun centerboard (of ship)
savluaq- or (Nu) sapluaq- or sapluaqtuq-
to set up an obstacle, hindrance for
(her/him/it)
sayyiqsuq- (t) to build up her/his strength
with medical treatment or an exercise routine
simiksuun stopper, cork, plug
siññiqsuun magical song which puts one to
sleep
tuvaaqtuq- (Nu) (i) to holler, to shout, to cry
out when chasing caribou trying to drive
them towards hunters
urriqsuq- (t) to give directions, instructions
to her/him
aġnatuq- (i) to commit adultery, to have an
affair with a woman (of a man)
aġvanġautituq- (i) to eat from the first
whale of a new whaling captain
akuqtuq- (i) to wear a skirt
aliuqtuq- (i) to see a ghost; (i) to
hallucinate; (i) to experience the
supernatural, the amazing
allatuq- (i) to commit adultery
aŋutituq- (i) to have sexual relations with a
 man
auruq fermented fish auruqtuq- (i) to eat fermented fish
iglu(-) house, dwelling, building; (t) to iglutuq- (i) to live in a house
build a structure over it
iglu(-) the other, the mate, as in a pair of iglutuq- to bear, endure (her/him/it)
mittens or boots; (i) to be provided with
a companion or a partner; (t) to provide
her/him/it with a partner, companion, or
a complement
ipi- (i) to suffocate; (i) to drown; (i) to be ivruattuq- or (Ti) ivruaqtuq- (i) to gasp, be
hot and sweaty from lack of fresh, cool unable to catch one’s breath when
air swimming, walking into the wind, or coming
into contact with something cold
kamik(-) [dual kammak, pl.kamŋit] kamiktuq- (i) to get dressed after getting out
boot; mukluk; Iñupiaq-made fur boot; of bed; to wear boots
dog booty; shoe; (i) to put one’s boots
on; (t) to put boots on her/him/it
kaŋiġaq(-) hunting blind, hiding place kaŋiġaqtuq- (i) to corral caribou, reindeer;
where hunter waits for animal to pass by, (t) to corral them= a herd of animals
then gives chase; corral (for caribou); (t)
to corral them= caribou, reindeer)
*kappia (root) feeling of fright, danger kappiatuq- (i) to shout from fright
kuvraq(-) net, fishnet; spiderweb; (i) to kuvraqtuq- (i) to fish with a net
be caught in a net; (t) to catch it in a net
*naglik (root) compassion, mercy, nagliktuun mercy, compassion
sympathy, pity
naŋniq- (i) to strain one's body by naŋniqtuq- (i) to strain one’s body by
overworking; (t) to press her/him/it overworking
onward to a destination; (t) to push,
coerce, force her/him; (Ti) (t) to beat
her/him up badly
natchiq(-)1 [natchIQ] ring seal (Pusa natchiqsuq- (i) to eat seal meat
hispida); (i) to catch a seal
qaalu dried or spoiled outside part of qaalutuq- (i) to eat the outside part of a
piece of meat; (Nu) birch bark piece of dried meat
siñik(-) sleep; (i) to sleep; (t) to spend it siññaktuq(-) a dream; (i) to dream
= day sleeping
tupiq(-) [tupiQ] [dual tuppak, pl. tupqIt] tupiqtuq- (i) to live in a tent
tent; to raise, set up a tent for (her/him/it)
umiaq(-) [umiġaq] a boat; (i) to go umiaqtuq- (i) to travel by boat; to be out
hunting in an umiak for sea mammals; whaling
(Ti) (i) to be out at whaling camp or in a
whaling boat
qayaq one person skin kayak qayaqtuq- (i) to use a kayak

+t/ruq1 vn (limited) one that is V or V-ed

1054
 akiit- (i) to lose, be defeated; to be
cheap, inexpensive
akut- to mix or stir it
au- (i) to rot or decay (of tooth, wood,
etc.); (i) to ferment or age (of meat, fish);
(i) to become partially melted and
dangerous underfoot (of ice); (i) to
decompose
ivik or ivigaaq blade of grass; grass;
sedge (Carex)
*nak (root) attachment
napa- (i) to be standing upright, e.g., a
house, pole, tree
putu(-) hole, puncture, perforation; (t) to
perforate, pierce it, make a hole through
it; (Ti) (i) to get a hole in one’s sole
qaaq(-) marijuana; (i) to burst, explode;
to smoke marijuana; (Nu) (i) to crash
against the shore (of wave, sea), to break
(of waves); (t) to make it pop or burst
*uu (root) heat, warmth
akiitchuq prostitute, harlot
akutuq eskimo ice cream
auruq fermented fish
ivruq(-) sod or moss (Rhytidium rugosum)
(used for siding and roof of traditional
Iñupiaq house, also for topping of
underground ice cellar, and grave); (i) to
now have sod on it; (t) to put sod on, around
it =house, grave
naaparuq large, pointed-bottom, lugless pot
(without handles)
naktuġiq clothes hook; small, wooden peg
set in wall for hanging clothes; button,
wooden or metal catch or hook
naparuq (Ti) sled stanchion; wooden boat
“rib,” vertical frame support inside boat
purruq hole worn in boot sole
(Ti) qaaġruq blister on skin
qaġruq arrow, bullet, cartridge, any
projectile
uġruq1 moss from swampy ground (used as
emergency food for dogs)
uuruq boiled meat

+tuq2 n (limited) final suffix of some birds and animals

ailuqtuq surf scoter (Melanitta
perspicillata)
*akutuq (root) leaf
igniqauqtuq Steller's eider (Somaterica
stelleri)
iŋutuq young female whale
sililisuqtuq wandering tattler (Heteroscelus
incanus)
tuutalluk igniqauqtuq Steller’s eider
(Polysticta stelleri)

1055
+tuula- vv to V quickly, impetuously | +tuq-1 vv -ula- vv
+tuula- restricted to verb stems which end in k or q | +tuq-1 vv -ula- vv
-tiqtuula- restricted to verb stems which end in a -t | -tiq-1vv +tuq-1 vv -ula- vv
+liqtuula- restricted to verb stems which end in a, u, or i | -liq-2 vv +tuq-1 vv -ula- vv
imiq(-) [imiQ] drinking water; a imiqtuula- to gulp (it)
beverage; an alcoholic drink; potable
liquid, broth; amniotic fluid; to drink (it)
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isiqtuula- (i) to enter suddenly and
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it forcefully; (t) to place her/him/it inside
inside, to place it inside quickly and forcefully
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it) niġiliqtuula- to eat (it) quickly, wolfishly
puvit- (i) to become swollen puvitiqtuula- (i) to swell up quickly
saqłauti- (t) to shout at her/him/it saqłautiliqtuula- (t) to shout at her/him
quickly and forcefully
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of uqaqtuula- (i) to speak quickly and
leg-hold trap which when stepped on forcefully
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live

+tuuq nn (limited) one with a big N or lots of N | +tu1 nv ‘q6 vn

amaq(-) dorsal fin; (t) to put her/him/it amaqtuuq humpback salmon
on one’s back to carry her/him/it (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)
isik [pl. itkIt] leg skin of caribou isiktuuq long winter boot made from
caribou leg skins
pamiuq tail (of mammal); (Nu) odd card pamiuqtuuq land otter (Lutra canadensis)
not part of a pair (in card game of
“fives”)
papik bird's tail; top rear edge (of papiktuuq marsh hawk (Circus cyaneus)
traditional skin pants); the length of the
backside of a parka or snowshirt
pikuk three or four vertebrae near the pikuktuuq broad humped whitefish
neck, in the cervical curve of human; (Coregonus nasus)
width across the back between the
shoulders; choice piece of wolf ruff for
woman, usually taken from below wolf’s
shoulders
*puv (root) air cavity/space; swelling; puvviaqtuuq pectoral sandpiper (Erolia
expansion of air (like filling one’s lungs melanotos); buff- breasted sandpiper
with air) (Trybgites subruficollis)
qaqłu one lip qaqłutuuq greater scaup or lesser scaup
(Aythya marila or Aythya affinis); shoveler
(Anas clypeata)
qianaruutuuq or qiaranatuuq golden
crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia atricapilla)

1056
 uqsruq, (Ti) uġruq seal oil; oil, uqsruqtuuq herring
gasoline, petroleum

+tuuq- vv (limited) to undergo a process to V or to emulate the qualities of the V or N

auk- to melt, thaw (it) auktuuq- (i) to warm oneself, to use a
heating pad on oneself; (t) to apply heat to it
= part of the body, an airplane engine in
extreme cold conditions, a frozen pipe, etc.
iglu(-) the other, the mate, as in a pair of igluktuuq- to do something (to it) using
mittens or boots; (i) to be provided with both hands
a companion or a partner; (t) to provide
her/him/it with a partner, companion, or
a complement
igluktun with both hands
paniq- (t) for it to become dry; (i) to lose paniqtuuq- to slowly dry (it =a skin) by
weight, become skinny; to starve twisting and rubbing it with both hands
while tanning it
1
qaŋa (interrog.) when, at what time in qaŋatuuq- (i) to do things in a traditional
past way; (t) to do it in the traditional way
sivuniq meaning, purpose, direction; sivuniqtuuq- (i) to be obstinate, stubborn,
future headstrong
unik- (i) to stay behind uniktuuma- (i) to be lower in quality; (i) to
have less ability than someone else; (t) to be
better in ability than her/him

+t/ruuraaq(-)vv, vn (limited) to imagine V-ing; an item V-ed

qiñiq- to look at, watch, behold, see qiñiqtuuraaq(-) vision; (i) to see a vision;
(her/him/it) (t) to see her/him/it in a vision
tautuk- to see (her/him/it) tautuktuuraaq- to envision (her/him/it)

tusaa- [tusaga] to hear (her/him/it) tusaaruuraaq- to imagine hearing (her/him)

say what (she/he) usually, customarily says

+t/ruuraq vn (limited) one that Vs or is V

aksrak- (i) to roll; (i) to slide down a aksraktuuraq chariot; wagon
slope (e.g., of an animal when shot); (t)
to roll, slide it
atuq-1 to sing (it) atuqtuuraq musical instrument
pamiuq tail (of mammal); (Nu) odd card pamiuqtuuraq mosquito larva
not part of a pair (in card game of
“fives”)
saat-2 [sagat] (i) to be soft, thin, pliable, saatuuraq something thin, pliable
e.g., fabric or animal skin; (i) to have
thin hair

+tuuraq- vv to V quickly, intently, with concentration and with finesse

1057
 +tuuraq- restricted to verb stems which end in k or q | +tuq-1 vv -uraq- vv
-tiqtuuraq- restricted to verb stems which end in a -t | +tiq-3 +tuq-1 vv -uraq- vv
+liqtuuraq- restricted to verb stems which end in a vowel | -liq-2vv +tuq-1vv -uraq-vv
aquvit- (i) to sit up or sit down; (t) to sit aquvitiqtuuraq- (i) to sit down quickly
down on it
imiq(-) [imiQ] drinking water; a imiqtuuraq- to drink (it) quickly
beverage; an alcoholic drink; potable
liquid, broth; amniotic fluid; to drink (it)
iñuu- (i) to be alive; to live, reside iñuuliqtuuraq- (i) to live for a short while
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isiqtuuraq- (i) to go in for a quick visit
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it) niġiliqtuuraq- to eat (it) quickly
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of uqaqtuuraq- (i) to give a short speech
leg-hold trap which when stepped on
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live
uqaut-¤ or uqauti- (t) to speak, talk to uqautiliqtuuraq- (t) to talk to her/him
her/him quickly

:u-1 nv (limited) to be or act like a N

aġnaq woman; an adult human female; aġnaun (Ti) girlfriend
queen (suit in cards)
aŋun man, an adult human male aŋutau- [lit.“to be a man”] (i) to be virile;
(i) to dance in man’s style (esp., of woman
imitating a man)
aqpataq participant in a marathon run aqpatau- (i) to be designated to compete in
representing one of several villages in a a marathon run leading to the Kivgiq
race to the Kivgiq (Messenger Feast) (Messenger Feast)
ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or ilau-1 (i) to be included, be a member; (t) to
name; companion, friend, partner; part include her/him/it
of a whole; (i) to get a co-participant,
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
imaq1(-) [imaQ] liquid, fluid; non- imau- (i) to be wet
potable water; lake; sea, ocean; lagoon;
(t) to moisten it = animal hide to ready
it for scraping

1058
 iñuk(-) person, mortal; owner; core of
boil; resident spirit; embryo of an egg;
(t) to surprise her/him/it
ipiq2 [ipiQ] dirt
umialik [lit. “the one with a boat”]
whaling captain; rich person; king; boss;
foreman; king (suit in cards)
uummaq fresh green plant; green
wood; live tree
uvluq(-) day; daylight; to begin to grow
light (of day)
:u-2 or -u-2 vv, rv (limited) to be V-ing, indicating continuity of action or process or
inclination described by root or V
aullaq- (i) to leave, go away, depart; (i)
to start (of engine)
*avI (root) resonance
itqaq- to recall, call to mind, remember
(her/him/it)
kasuq- (i) to become joined (of
objects); (i) to close (of gap, e.g., of
ice); (i) to meet on the way somewhere,
of more than one person; (t) to meet
her/him, make her/his acquaintance; (t)
to “run” into her/him
naalaġni- to listen, heed, pay attention
to (her/him/it)
*naku (root) goodness, pleasure
nutaq- (t) to repair, renew it
saagaq(-) something one brings along,
carries; to carry, bring (her/him/it) with
one
sivaniq-1 (i) to sing in a high voice
which is unpleasing to the ear; (i) to be
high-pitched and irritating (of sound);
(Ti) (i) to echo
1059
iñuu- (i) to be alive; to live, reside
ipqu- (i) to be dirty
umialgu- (i) to reign, to be king; to be rich
uummau- (i) to be green (of tree)
uvluu- (i) to be daylight
aullau- (i) to leave home or any place
without intention of returning
aviu- (i) to utter a long, loud cry, to shout, to
raise a cheer (as when sighting a ship,
airplane); (i) to ring (of ears); (t) to cheer
her/him for scoring a goal during a football
or soccer game; (t) to holler to her/him (for
example, to annouce dangerous ice
conditions to hunters on ice)
igliq- or iglau- (i) to be travelling; (i) to be
running, idling (of a machine/engine); (t) to
travel it = distance
itqauma- to keep in mind, remember
(her/him/it)
kasuummi- (i) to be joined permanently
(e.g., of things welded together); (i) to be
touching each other, connected to each other
naalaġniummi- to be waiting expectantly
for (it = news of her/him/it)
nakuu- (i) to be good, nice; (i) to be in good
health
nutau- (i) to be young, new
¤saagau- or (Nu) saagatlakaaq- or
saagałłakaaq (i) to carry an armload
sivanau- (i) to ring loud (of her/his ears)
 sivunmuk- (i) to progress, go forward sivunmuu- (i) to proceed despite advice to
the contrary; to be determined; (i) to be
obstinate, headstrong, stubborn, insistent; to
move forward

:u-3 or -u- nv, vdv to possess, have many Ns; there are many Ns (used with 3s
indicative ending) § :ukkaq- nv
atiq [atiQ] name; namesake; someone atqu- (i) to have many names » taamna
who shares the same name with another aŋun atquruq that man has many names
ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or ilau- (i) to have many relatives » ilauruq
name; companion, friend, partner; part Qikiqtaġrugmi he has many relatives in
of a whole; (i) to get a co-participant, Kotzebue
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
qamun car, truck qamutau- (i) to have many vehicles »
Utqiaġvik qamutauruq Barrow has
many vehicles
sanik(-) speck of dust, lint; caribou hair sanŋu- (i) to be dusty
on clothing or floor; to have dust, lint,
dirt on it
sauniq bone; pit, seed in fruit saunġu- (i) to be numerous (of bones)

+uaq- or = uaq- vv (limited) to attain the action or condition indicated by the stem
§ +luaq-1 vv

-ugaq- vv (limited) to V non-stop, continually | -u-2 vv +aq-1 vv

aquppi- to be sitting (on her/him/it) aquppiugaq- to remain seated (on
her/him/it)
maqi- (i) to flow out, leak out, drain; maqiugaq- (i) to flow continuously
to sweat; to run (of nose)
nalu- to not know, be ignorant of naluugaq- (i) to be in the dark, not know
(her/him/it); to be uninformed (about
her/him/it)
napa- (i) to be standing upright, e.g., a napaugaq- (i) to be standing upright, still (of
house, pole, tree an object)
qulvi(-) [qulvI] a teardrop; lower eyelid; qulviugaq- (i) to be in tears
area under eye; (i) to water (of eyes);
(Nu) (i) to weep, shed tears
qunu- (t) to talk cooingly to or about qunuugaq- (t) to talk cooingly to her/him
her/him= usually a baby (Nu) (i) to sing continuously
a dirge in mourning (often of Indians);
(t) to lament, mourn for her/him= the
deceased

1060
 uŋa- (i) to act as if one wants to be loved
and cuddled (esp., of a child)
+ugnaq- vv probably § +[s]ugnaq- vv
-uġa- nv (limited)
°sivu (stem) front part of anything;
frontage, area in front of building; bow
of boat; front exterior wall of house;
time prior
-uġIq- vv ( limited) to V repeatedly
ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be
born; (i) to emerge from the den in
spring (of hibernating animal)
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside;
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside
:uġruk- vv (limited) to V for a while | :uq-2 vv +rruk1 vv
kilik- (t) to scrape it off of something;
(t) to scrape it = fat from something,
e.g., intestine; (t) to scrape it = inner
layer off of skin
qulvili- (i) to weep, shed tears
salik- or saliktuq- to travel swiftly
parallel to (her/him/it); Nu) (i) to
gesture, wave one’s arms, e.g., when
sighting caribou
°sanI (root) broadside, side
*suġ (root) aggression
-uk- vv, vn (limited) to accomplish V
agik- [agIk] or agiaq- to rub, smooth, or
cut (it) away with a file
1061
uŋaugaq- (i) to act babyish for a while
sivuuġa- (i) to be apprehensive
aniuġiq- (i) to go in and out
iptuġiq- (i) to stutter, stammer
isauġiq- to enter and exit (it = usu a house)
repeatedly
kiliuġruk- (i) to skin or scrape oneself; to
abrade oneself without bleeding; (t) to skin
or scrape it = one's body part without
breaking the skin
muġruk- (i) to sink into soft ground, snow;
(i) (by extension) to sink into sin; (Ti) (i) to
enter a sod house through an entry tunnel;
(Ti) (i) to pass through a tunnel, hole in the
snow; (t) to put it into a covered hole, e.g.,
into a cellar
qulviliuġruk- (i) to water from wind or cold
(of eyes)
saliuġruk- (i) to slide sideways (of sled or
something being towed)
saniuġruk- (i) to swerve, go sideways
suġruk- (i) to go over to berate, quarrel or
attack someone; (t) to go over to berate,
quarrel with or attack her/him
agiuk- to grate, shear (it) against another
object e.g., a boat grating against another
boat
 aksik- [aksIk] to touch (her/him/it); (t) to
graze her/him/it with a bullet or an arrow
ikiaq- (i) to split into layers (said as the
split has just been completed); (t) to split
it into layers; (t) to divide, split it into its
natural layers, e.g., walrus skins which
can be split into inner and outer layers;
(t) to split it = log, wood
kali something being dragged, towed
qukhaq(-) a crack; to split, crack (it)
open
sisu- (i) to slide or glide down once
tasi- [tasI] (i) to stretch, to extend
uqquq sheltered place
aksiuk- (t) to touch her/him/it; to feel it, to
determine something
ikiaġuk- (Nu) (i) to shiver from the cold
kaliukłuk- to drag (it) carelessly, roughly,
accidentally; to rub against (it) and cause (it)
to fall while going past carelessly
kauk- to hammer (it = nail)
kukuk- (i) to build, light a fire; (t) to build a
fire in, light it = stove
piñauk- (Ti) to smooth, rub, sharpen (it)
with a file
pukuk- to stoop over and pick (them); to
choose (them)
puuk- (i) to become bent with age; (Ti) (i) to
fall over from a stroke, or when fainting, etc.
qukhauk- (Nu) (i) to split, or crack open
sakuk- or sakuuk- (i) to be busy, keep
working, work very hard, overwork; (t) to
work intently on it
sisuuk(-) avalanche; to slide (of snow or
ice)
tasiuk- (t) to stretch it = pelt with hide
scraper
uqquuk- (i) for it to be a good shelter from
wind; be windproof

:ukkaq- or -ukkaq- nv to have, possess many Ns; to be abundant; there are many
Ns (used with 3s indicative ending) § :u-3 nv
atigi(-) parka, traditional fur-lined, atigaukkaq- (i) to possess numerous parkas
pullover-style with fur ruff; (i) to put on
a parka; (t) to put a parka on her/him
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil; iñuukkaq- (i) to be numerous, (of people)
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to
surprise her/him/it
qimmiq [qimmIq] dog (Canis lupus qimmiukkaq- (i) to be numerous (of dogs);
forma familiaris) (i) to possess numerous dogs »
qimmiukkaqtuq aapaga my father has
many dogs
Tanik Caucasian person; white person Tanŋukkaq- (i) to be numerous (of white
people) » Tanŋukkaqtuq Qikiqtaġrugmi

1062
 there are many white people in Kotzebue

-ula- or +ula- vv (limited) to V with repetition or prolonged action | perhaps

-uq-2 vv -la- § -la- vv
pattak- (t) to spank, slap her/him
qalat- (i) to boil; (Nu) (i) to churn (of
water, esp., in wake of boat)
qannik(-) [qannIk] snowflake; falling
snow; (i) to snow
qivliq- (i) to be shiny
pattakula- (i) to clap, applaud; (t) to
applaud her/him/it
qalaula- (Kobuk) to boil, to bubble
vigorously
qalaullak- (i) to begin to boil vigorously
qannikula- (i) to snow lightly
qivliqula- (i) to sparkle

quġluq- (i) to rush, cascade, of water quġluula- (i) to drip extensively

quppiq- (i) to part one’s hair; (i) to now
have one’s hair parted; (t) to part her/his
hair
ququq- (i) to entreat, intercede, or
summon the forces of the supernatural to
fulfill a wish; (Ti) (t) to call to her/him
quvluq- (t) to split it into many pieces
lengthwise
saġvaluk- (i) to babble, gurgle (of
flowing water); (Ti) (i) to rumble, growl
(of stomach)
quluk or quluula- (i) to rumble (of stomach
or intestines)
quppiula- (Nu) (t) to part it = water (as bow
of boat)
ququula- (i) to call to someone; (t) to hail,
call out to her/him/it
quvluula- (i) to crack repeatedly (of ice)
saġvaluula- (i) to gurgle (of flowing water);
(Ti) (i) to growl, rumble (of stomach)
usiġaq- or usiġaula- (i) to spill over,
overflow (as when carrying a full cup of
liquid)

-ulaaq(-) nn, nv, vv (limited) one with N on it; to have N on it; to exaggerate the
quantity depicted in the N | :u-3 nv -laaq nn, vn or -laaq-1 vv
aglak(-) a letter character; print pattern; aglaulaaq- (i) to be brightly colored, have a
(Ti) a letter sent by mail; to write (it); (i) bold pattern (e.g., of cloth fabric)
to vote by secret ballot
auk(-) [aruk] blood; (i) to bleed; (Ti) to augulaaq(-) one with blood on it; (i) to
have a nosebleed have blood on one’s surface
aqaya or aqiya mud aqayaulaaq(-) one with mud on it; (i) to
have mud on one’s surface
miŋulġun paint miŋulġutaulaaq(-) one with paint on it; (i)
to have paint on one’s surface
sippaq or sippaku(-) surplus, something sippakuulaaq- (i) to have some left over, to
left over, remainder; to have some (of it) have more than enough of what was needed
left over as remainder; (t) to leave some
for her/him/it

1063
 uqsruq or (Nu) uqruq or (Ti) uġruq
seal oil; oil, gasoline, petroleum
-ullIk nn (limited) one with a N
iñuqun spirit; prowler (unknown person
seen from afar and blamed for
unexplainable happenings); bogey man
nasaq(-) hood; (i) to put one's hood up;
(t) to put her/his hood up
:uma- vv (limited) to continue to V | :u-2 vv +ma-1 vv § +ma-1 vv
itiq- (i) to wake up
itqaq- to recall, call to mind, remember
(her/him/it)
iviġak- (i) to be pleased; (t) to please
her/him
kanŋuq- or (Ti) kanŋu- or (Nu)
katŋuq- (i) to assemble, gather in a
group (especially for summer trading at
Kotzebue)
palIq- (t) for it to dry
pisuk- (i) to want to, is willing to; (t) to pisuuma- (i) to be importunate, overly
want her/him/it
qumaŋia- or uqumaŋia- (i) to have a
nightmare; (i) to leave one’s body while
asleep and hover above or fly away, then
to “re-enter” the body to move it either
by force or by emitting a loud noise; if
one has difficulty waking up, the
nightmare begins
*sikkIk (root) catch a dream
-umaaq-2 vv (limited) to V with duration § -maaq-1 vv
arruk- (i) to become damp; (i) to be
damp; (Nu) (i) to develop an infection
iluaq- or iłuaq- (i) to be fitting, proper; °iluaqumaaġIk- (Ti) (i) to feel good
1064
uqsruulaaq(-) oily or greasy person or
object; (i) to be greasy or oily
amaullik or (Ti) amaulligaaluk male
common eider
(Ti) iñuqullik dwarf; legendary “little
person”
nasaullik male willow ptarmigan (Lagopus
lagopus)
tullik (Nu) American golden plover
(Pluvialis dominica)
tuullikpak black-belled plover (Squatarola
squatarola)
itquma- (i) to be awake
itqauma- or itqagi- to keep in mind,
remember (her/him/it)
iviġauma- (i) to be content, satisfied, be
pleased; (i) to be in agreement during a
meeting
kanŋuuma- (i) to continue to meet, have a
lengthy meeting
paliuma- (i) to be dry
persistent; (t) to keep wanting, begging for,
insisting on having it
qumaŋiuma- (i) to assume a fetal position
sikkiqsiuq- or sikkiuma- (i) to recall,
remember, tell about a good luck dream
(especially for hunting)
arruumaaq- (i) to be damp, musty
 (i) to be correct, right; (i) to feel fine
qumik- [qumIk] (i) to put one’s arms qumiumaaq- (Ti) (i) to put one’s
inside the body of one’s parka; (t) to put arms/hands in one’s sleeves
her/him/it inside one’s parka

+un1 or +uti1 or -un1 or ~un1 vn means, cause or the reason for V-ing; or the result
of V-ing
:un1 or :uti (restricted to verb stems which contain a semi-final weak i)
'n or ‘ti (restricted to verb stems which end in a vowel (weak i→u)
+run or +ruti or = ruti (restricted to verb stems which end in a t)
~un or ~uti (restricted to some verb stems which end in a weak i
= un or = uti (restricted to some verb stems which end in -VVC)
= ggun (restricted, so far to three stems agak-, *ili, iñuu- )
aak- (t) to skin it = animal without aagun or aaksiñ or aaksiññaq a knife used
cutting the fur (usually the incision is to skin an animal without cutting the pelt
made around the lips of the mouth, then
the skin is pulled back while turning it
inside out)
agak(-) a tease; a mischief-maker; (i) to aggun corruption
be mischievous; (i) to be a tease; (i) to be
belligerent, want to fight, be
argumentative; (i) to fight; (t) to tease
her/him; (t) to fight with her/him
ai- [agi-] (i) to go home, to come home; aggiñ ticket home
(t) to fetch, go get her/him/it
aguirrun cause of trouble
1
aki(-) [akI] corresponding value, akiñ pillow
equivalence; cost, price, value; wage;
opposite side, other side; (Ti) north side
of the point (Point Hope); (t) to respond,
acknowledge, or answer her/him with
gestures (of one who is far away but
visible)
akiġruq- (Ti) to buy (it) on credit (Ti) akiġruun debt
akkiq- (t) to catch it while falling (e.g., akkiñ that which is used to catch something
dripping water, plate) falling (e.g., dripping water)
akpit- to begin to sing or say (it = song akpirrun starting point of an action
or speech)
aksralik- or (Nu) aksralui- to roll (it) agralgun wheeled vehicle
away; (Nu) (i) to roll over and over,
tumble down
aniqsaaq- (i) to take a breath aniqsaaġun breathing apparatus
aŋilġisaaq- (i) to swing on a swing aŋilġisaun swing
aŋivit- or aŋivraq- (i) to become loose, aŋivraun wrench
untied, unraveled, unwound, or
disassembled; (t) to loosen, untie,

1065
unravel, unwind it; (t) to take apart,
disassemble it
aŋu-1 (i) to catch a game animal;
(t) to catch up with her/him/it; (t)
to have seen her/him/it when
young; (t) to reach her/his height
api- to become snow-covered (of
landscape, ground); (t) for it to become
snow-covered
apuq- to bump or crash (into her/him/it);
(i) to reach shore
asiaq(-) [asiraq] berry; (Nu) blueberry
(Vaccinium uliginosum); (Ti) crowberry
(Empetrum nigrum); fruit in general; (i)
to pick berries
auktuuq- (i) to warm oneself, to use a
heating pad on oneself; (t) to apply heat
to it = part of the body, an airplane
engine in extreme cold conditions, a
frozen pipe, etc.
°ava (stem) periphery,vicinity
*ayaaq (root) crisscrossing
igauq- or igautaq- to cook continuously
or for a long time
igniq fire
iki-2 (i) to burn
ilaaq- (i) to scoop out ice chunks from a
hole; (t) to scoop out ice chunks from it
= hole
°ili (stem) 3rd person or 2nd person
iñuu- (i) to be alive; to live, reside
ipu(-) a long handle; (t) to attach a
handle to it
isa(-) moulting duck (incapable of
flight); (i) to moult
ivik- (i) to wipe one's hands and mouth;
(t) to wipe her/his hands and mouth
kapi- (i) to stab oneself once, to give
oneself a shot; (t) to stab, pierce
aŋun man, an adult human male
apun snow (lying on a surface); fallen snow
apuġun front crosspiece of sled
asiun container used when berry picking
auktuun heating pad, apparatus
avan or avati appendage, extremity; border,
surrounding area
ayaaġun crosspiece on bed of sled; (Nu)
cross beam; (Nu) kayak cross beam (behind
hatch of kayak)
igauġun cooking utensil
igniñ or iŋniñ flint, stone used to create a
spark and ignite fire; fire starter
ikun match
ilaaġun or ilaun or ilaaqtuun an ice scoop
made of a horn frame and baleen netting,
used to remove ice chunks from a fishing
hole or any hole in the ice
ilaggun (Ti) the act of dividing a whale into
shares
iñuggun life
ipun long oar
isatigit or (Nu) isatkit [sg isatik] cartilage
connecting ribs to breastbone; limbs; (Nu)
upper ribs alongside sternum, short ribs
ivgun a hand towel, napkin
kapusiun large whaling harpoon; shaft of
harpoon

1066
her/him/it once; (t) to give a shot, an
injection to her/him/it
kapi- (i) to stab oneself once, to give
oneself a shot; (t) to stab, pierce
her/him/it once; (t) to give a shot, an
injection to her/him/it
kii- [kIgI] (i) to clench one’s teeth; (i) to
bite oneself; (t) to bite her/him/it
kigli- (Nu) to smooth, sharpen, hone (it =
stone blade)
kiu- [kigu] to answer (her/him/it)
kiiñaqqI- (i) to make a mask
kiiqsiuq- (i) to be in great pain
killukuaq- to make a mistake, err (in it)
kipaaq- (i) to joke, be hilarious; to cause
laughter by one's hilarious mood
kumaiyaq- (t) to remove lice from
her/him/it
kupkilI- or kupkiiyaq- to pick one's
teeth clean
miquq- to sew (it)
mitaaq- (i) to joke, tell joking stories
mumik- [mumIk] or [mumik] (i) to turn
over; (i) undergo a character reversal;
(t) to turn her/him/it over; (t) to
translate it
nagligi- (t) to pity, feel sorry for, have
compassion for her/him/it
nakuaġi- (t) to like, love her/him/it
nakuu- (i) to be good, nice; (i) to be in
good health
natiq(-)1 [natiQ] floor; to
construct a floor (on it)
nau- [nagu] (i) to grow (of a plant or
wart); (i) to wax (of moon); (i) to
increase
niu- [nigu] (i) to get out of a conveyance
or a container; (t) to take her/him/it out
of a conveyance or a container
niviŋŋaq- to hang (it); (Ti) (i) to be
barely hanging, about to fall off
qaa(-) or qaaq (Nu) [qara] top side;
roof; surface; outer side of fabric; cover;
1067
kappun hypodermic needle, lancet
kigun tooth
kigliñ a sharpener for traditional hide
scraper made of brass or yearling caribou
antler; a hone, a whetstone
kiggun answer
kiiñaqqiñ a sealskin poke plug usually made
of ivory, bone, or wood (old plugs had a
carved face)
kiiqsiuġun cause of pain
killukuaġun mistake
kipaaġun hilarity
kumaiyaugaurat fine-tooth comb (used
when delousing)
kupkiliñ toothpick
miquun sewing machine
mitaun object of mockery, jokes
mumiun pancake turner, spatula
naglikkun compassion
nakuaqqun love
nakuun goodness, virtue, righteousness
natchiñ (Nu) floor; bedrock
naggun cause for growth; interest
accumulated or stock; (Ti) base of plant,
taproot
niggun ramp used to get out of a boat
niviŋŋaun hanger; hook; strap for hanging
qaati upper, front part of boot (covering the
top of the foot to the front of the ankle)
 dorsal area of fish; (t) to put a top surface
on it
qamuk- to pull or tow (it) qamun car, truck
qia- [qira] to cry, weep, shed tears (for qirrataa her/his reason for crying
her/him/it)
qilak- to knit (it) qilaun knitting needle
qinnak- (i) to be angry, fighting; (t) to qinnaun wrath, rage, violent anger
fight her/him/it
qivit- (i) to go off in a huff; to leave qivirrun reason for getting angry and
indignant; to act or behave indignantly leaving
saglu- (i) to lie, not tell the truth saglun lie, falsehood, deception
sali- [salI] (t) to cut it with scissors; (t) to salliñ thin-bladed scissors
cut her/his hair; (i) to be now cut with
scissors; (i) to cut one’s hair
sana- to whittle, carve (it = wood, sannan carving knife
soapstone, etc.)
sapi- (t) to block, obstruct her/him/it, saputit fish weir (dam in river to trap fish)
make passage unsuitable or impossible
for her/him/it; (i) to dam it = river
sila weather; atmosphere, air silan right side (of fabric)
sili- [silI] (t) to sharpen it with a silliñ whetstone; knife sharpener
whetstone
simik- (t) to plug it; (i) to be now simiksuun cork, plug, stopper
plugged
supi- (i) to break up and flow (of frozen suppun gun
river); (t) to blow it = candle flame out
tigu- (i) to take hold and hang on; (t) to tiggun potholder
take, capture, grab, or arrest her/him/it
tiŋi- (i) to take flight, to fly away; (i) to tiŋŋun airplane
become airborne (of airplane, helicopter,
rocket)
uumigi- (t) to hate, dislike her/him uumikkun hatred
uunnaak- (i) to be tepid, moderately uunnaagun source of heat; heater
warm, e.g., water, food

-un2 or :un2 or = un2 nn (limited) supply of N; one’s own N; item for one’s N
aġnaq woman; an adult human female; aġnaun (Ti) girlfriend
queen (suit in cards)
iġñiq [iġñiQ] son iġñiġutini kamasuutigisuugai he is very
proud of his sons
iqiq or (Nu) iqi corner of mouth iqiġun tattoo at corner of mouth
(whaling captains had one for each
whale caught)
iraqsraq pipe tobacco; crumb of food; iraqsraun tobacco pouch
(Ti) ground meat
satkuq weapon satkuun1 cartridge bag, ammunition

1068
 case
nuka or nukaq or nukatchiaq or nukaunġuq spouse's younger sibling's
nukaaluk younger sibling spouse
panik [panIk] daughter paniutini nakuaġikpakkai he loves his
daughters very much

-uniQ nn (limited) entity associated with the N | :u-1 nv +niQ2 vn

aġnaq woman; an adult human female;
queen (suit in cards)
aŋun man, an adult human male
avataq or avataqpak sealskin poke, a
container; sealskin float, buoy
aġnauniq wife; woman along on a hunting
party; (Nu) female maternal parallel cousin
(of a man)
aŋunnuniq or aŋutnuniq (Nu) husband;
male maternal parallel cousin (of woman)
avataayyuniq a whale that has died and
sunk to the ocean bottom; after three to
four days, the bloated carcass rises to the
surface and may be harvested (rotten meat,
but good blubber and maktak)

:unnaq vn (limited) clothes or instruments used to V | :un1 vn +naq1 nn

amaq- (t) to put her/him/it on one's back amaunnaq parka for carrying baby on one’s
in order to to carry her/him/it back (of woman)
aŋuyak- (i) to wage war; (t) to do battle aŋuyaunnat a suit of armor; soldier’s
with her/him uniform; fighting gear
ilisaq- to study or practice (it) ilisaunnaq an instrument used in learning
how to do a particular activity
ipiksaq- (t) to sharpen it ipiksaunnaq clam
kalukaq(-) or kałukaq(-) four-sided kałukaunnaq or (Nu) kałukautnaq box
hanging box drum; (i) to beat on a box drum dance song
drum during an Eskimo dance; to
perform the dance in which a box drum
is used
katak(-) entrance hole in floor of sod kataksautnaq or kataksiun (Nu) pitfall trap
house (leading to subterranean tunnel or for large terrestrial mammals
passageway); (i) to fall off
kiiraq- to crimp (it = boot sole) kiiraunnak crimping pliers, crimping tool
pilak- (i) to butcher a carcass; (t) to pilaun or pilaunnaq large knife used for
butcher it = a carcass butchering

pisaunnaq habit
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savaunnaq work clothing, uniform
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it;
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial
simaaksraq felt or cardboard wadding simaaksriuġunnaq a device used for
stuffed in a shotgun shell between shot making wadding when reloading shotgun

1069
 and powder during reloading shells or cartridges with powder
simaaksriuq- to make a simaaksraq
(for her/him or out of it)
siñik(-) sleep; (i) to sleep; (t) to spend it siñŋunnak pair of pajamas » siñŋunnakiñ
= day sleeping atilugik put on your pajamas
simik- (t) to plug it; (i) to be now simaaksriuġunnaq a device used for
plugged making wadding when reloading shotgun
shells or cartridges with powder
taliq(-) [talIq] arm, a limb attached to taliunnaq (Nu) song for arm dance
the shoulder of the human body; hand of
clock; foreleg (one of two front legs of
four-legged animal); (i) to dance in
sitting position doing an arm dance; an
Iñupiaq arm dance

+uq-1 nv to become or grow into a N § +[ġ]uq-1 nv

:uq-2 vv (limited) indicates continuous, prolonged, or repeated action § +t/raġaq- vv,

+llaq- vv, -q-1 vv
aatchaq- (i) to open one’s mouth; (i) to
open (of sea ice crack)
agik- [agIk] or agiaq- to rub, smooth, or agiukpak or (Ti) agiuppak wall of sheared
cut (it) away with a file
aġayuk- (i) to travel around; (Ti)
aġiyuk- to scout, travel to look around
from place to place
amu- (i) to be pulled out; (i) to slide
back into water after beginning to
surface (of a seal); (t) to pull her/him/it
out; (i) to withdraw money from a bank;
(t) to pick up a C.O.D. from the post
office
ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be aniuq- (i) to come out steadily,
born; (i) to emerge from the den in
spring (of hibernating animal)
aŋayu- (i) to dance Iñupiaq style; (Nu)
to dance (of a man)
aŋi-2 [aŋI] (i) to be revived, be
resurrected, come back to life
aqpat- (i) to run (of a human)
aatchauq- (i) to yawn
ice along the edge of an open lead of water
that has been formed by the grinding action
of floating ocean ice against shore-locked ice
aġayuuq- (i) to be fast; to hurry
amuuq- (t) to pull it (e.g., fish line) up and
out; to keep pulling them out
continuously; (Ti) (i) to break out in pimples
or fever rash
aŋayuuq- (Nu) (i) to dance Iñupiaq style; to
do several Iñupiaq dances
aŋiuq- (t) to reclaim or repossess it =
something stolen, sold or which was
originally given away
aqpauq- or aqpaaq- (i) to run with a
message, often at whaling time to annouce a
catch; (t) to run to them= whaling captain’s
household with a message that a whale has

1070
 just been caught
aquppi- to be sitting (on her/him/it) aquppiuq- (i) to stay seated in one spot
*attaq (root) unapproachable, attaġriuq-1 (Ti) (i) to not expect to live,
intimidating think one is about to die
avik- (i) to divide in half or split in two; avguq- (t) to slice or cut it up
(t) to divide it in half, in two pieces
avu(-) sugar; an ingredient (i) to add avuuq- (t) to season, add spices, or any other
sugar to something one is eating or ingredients to it
drinking (t) to add sugar to it; to add an
ingredient to it
ayu- (i) to go on ahead, get a head start; ayuuq- to make headway, progress (on it);
(i) to die (i) to go far (of something thrown)
iigu(-) or uigu(-) an extension; additon; iiguuq- (t) to continue to lenghten, extend it
attachment; appendix; suffix (e.g.,
ending or enclitic); (i) to now be
lengthened; (t) to lengthen, extend it; (t)
to add a suffix to it = word
iluit- or iłuit- (i) to not fit, to look iluilliuq- or iłuilliuq- or (Ti) iluilliuq- (i) to
wrong, to be sick be troubled; (i) to be miserable,
wretched, distressed; (i) to be unwell,
afflicted; (i) to be grieved, sorrowful; (i) to
be in trouble
ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or ilauq- (i) to include untruths when relating
name; companion, friend, partner; part of one’s version of an event; (i) to do things to
a whole; (i) to get a co-participant, aggravate the situation; (i) to add ingredients
co-member; (i) to become extended, to what one is making; (Ti) (i) to grimace,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house, make a funny face; (t) to keep adding things
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it; to it, one after another; (Ti) to grimace, make
(t) to come and be a co-participant with a funny face at her/him
her/him
ilammiuq- (i) to get to know someone; (t) to
get to know her/him
iññit- (i) to come upon a person or iññiuq- (i) to have visitors at one’s house
people; (i) to have many visitors; (i) to frequently; to be visited by prowlers
reach a place where there are people (of
a traveler); (t) to re-populate it (old
village, place)
itcha(-) or itchaq skin or canvas tent itchauq- (Nu) (t) to cover it = tent frame
covering; (t) to cover it =tent frame with with skins; (t) to cover it = tent with a
a tarpaulin, canvas, or skins; “…wooden tarpaulin
frame of the skylight”
kilak- (i) to get perforated; to develop a kilaaq- (i) to multiply in number, of holes;
hole; (t) to pierce, perforate, make a hole (t) to punch holes in it, perforate it
in it repeatedly
kilik- (t) to scrape it off of something; (t) kiliuq- to scrape (it) repeatedly
to scrape it = fat from something, e.g.,

1071
intestine; (t) to scrape it = inner layer off
of skin
*kipa (root) source of one’s hilarity, kipaaq- (i) to joke, be hilarious; to cause
teasing laughter by one’s hilarious mood
kunik- [kunIk] to kiss (her/him/it); (i) to kuniuq- (t) to sniff at her/him/it (as an
smack into each other (of juggling animal does)
stones); (t) to bring it near to the nose to
sniff
kuvi- [kuvI] to spill (on her/him/it); (t) to kuviuq- (i) to pour water on something; (t)
spill, pour it out to water it = e.g., plants; (t) to pour water on
it = e.g., fire
miluq- (t) to hit her/him/it with a milluuq- (i) to throw things; to pitch in a
thrown object; (t) to shout hurtful baseball game; (t) to throw things at
words at her/him her/him/it
navik- to break (it) navguq- to break (it) into many pieces
nivi(-) [nivI] place where animals and niviuq- to hover (over her/him/it); to hang
insects gather; to be attracted (to it = bait around, be near (her/him/it); (i) to be
or food) (of game animal); to flock attentive to (her/him/it); (Ti) to stick, adhere
around, hover over (her/him/it) (of birds, to the pot (of food); (Ti) (i) to be susceptible
mosquitoes, bees, etc.); (t) to cling, to stickiness (of cooking utensil)
adhere to her/him/it
pana(-) spear; double-edged blade; panauq- to spear (her/him/it) repeatedly
porcupine quill; (Nu) long spear used to
hold bait; (t) to spear her/him/it
pasi- [pasI] (t) to blame, accuse, suspect pasiuq- (t) to keep blaming her/him
her/him/it
piġu- (t) to cover her/him/it completely piġuuq- (t) to put a cover on it
(as with a blanket)
piiq- (i) to vanish, fade; (i) to move piiguq- or puiguq- to forget (her/him/it)
oneself; (i) to be removed; (i) to die; (t)
to remove her/him/it
pui- [pugi] (i) to emerge, surface; (t) to
surface “in front of” her/him/it
putu(-) a hole, puncture, perforation; (t) putuuq- (t) to create holes in it
to perforate, pierce it, make a hole
through it; (Ti) (i) to get a hole in one's
sole
puyuq(-) smoke from chimney; insect puyuuq- (i) to smoke (of fire or chimney)
repellent powder; (i) to smoke, make
smoke (of fire)
qai- [qaġI] to come (toward her/him/it) qaiguq- (i) to keep coming; (i) to bounce
back and forth (of echo); to resonate,
resound (of sound)
qalat- (i) to boil; (Nu) (i) to churn (of qalauq- (i) to continue to boil
water, esp., in wake of boat)
qalu(-) dipnet; (i) to get something using qaluuq- to bail water out of (it)

1072
a dipnet; (t) to bail water out of it = boat
qani(-) [qanI] or (Nu) qaniuq- area qaniuq- (t) to stick close by her/him
close by, nearby; (t) to accompany, take
her/him/it partway to destination
qilu(-) rope attached to side of tent (used qiluuq- (t) to stretch it
in securing tent to stake); (i) to have a
muscle cramp; (t) to attach tent ropes to
it = stake in ground or to tent side frame
(wooden stakes secured into the
permafrost standing upright about four
feet above the ground and joined
together horizontally by a long two-by-
four piece of lumber); (t) to draw it =
bow; (t) to pull it up, to stretch it taut
qimilġu- (t) to open and scrutinize it = qimilġuuq- (i) to look at, scrutinize oneself;
e.g., book, box, bag (t) to look at, scrutinize it
saglu- (i) to lie, not tell the truth sagluuq- (i) to tell lies one right after
another
saŋniq- [saŋnIq]or sagniq- (i) to be saŋniuq- (i) to be sick or in pain
exhausted, bone weary after working
hard for an extended period of time
saqu- (i) to turn, changing direction saquuq- (i) to turn or swerve repeatedly, to
meander, to weave to and fro, to zigzag
¤taksi-2 [taksI] or taksiuq-1 (Ti) (i) to ¤taksi-2 [taksI] or taksiuq-1 (Ti) (i) to bring
bring home meat from the site of a catch, home meat from the site of a catch, e.g.,
e.g., whale meat from edge of ice whale meat from edge of ice
talu(-) (Nu) door covering (originally a taluuq- or talutuq- (Nu) (i) to hunt bearded
bear skin or caribou hide hung over a seals during spring using a shooting sail, ice
tent opening); a cover to hide something; shield, or ice piled as a blind
ice shield or hunting blind, e.g., a white
camouflage screen placed on the edge of
the ice used to conceal whalers as they
wait; (t) to cover her/him/it from view;
(Nu) (t) to close it = door
tili- [tilI] (t) to send her/him on an tiliuq- (t) to order, command her/him
errand; (t) to tell her/him to do repeatedly
something
ulġu- (i) to fall, topple, or tip over ulġuuq- (t) to topple, knock them over
uŋu- or uŋuġraq- (t) to drive it = uŋuuq- (t) to drive it = animal in front of
animal into entrapment, usually a corral one, usually toward waiting hunter
or a waiting hunter; reindeer herder or
reindeer dog driving a lone reindeer back
to the herd
umiq- (t) to look closely at her/him/it umiġuq- (t) to look it over, trying to make
one’s choice

1073
-uraaq- or :uraaq- vv, nv to V slowly, leisurely; to be V-ish § +ŋuraaq- vv
aglak(-) a letter character; print pattern; aglauraaq- to doodle (on it); to write (it)
(Ti) a letter sent by mail; to write (it); (i) slowly
to vote by secret ballot
ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be aniuraaq- to slowly file out of a dance
born; (i) to emerge from the den in hall as part of a dance
spring (of hibernating animal)
iñuk(-) person; owner; core of boil; Iñupiuraaq- (i) to speak in Iñupiaq; (t) to
resident spirit; embryo of an egg; (t) to say it in Iñupiaq
surprise her/him/it
kala(-) [ENG] a color; to color (it) kalauraaq(-) coloring picture
nala- (i) to lie in a horizontal position on nalauraaq- (i) to rest lying down
one’s side or back
nikpaq- to wait expectantly for nikpauraaq- to wait expectantly and
(her/him/it) to appear (e.g., of a hunter calmly for (her/him/it) to appear
waiting for a seal to appear through its
breathing hole)
suġuk- (i) to wrestle with each other; (t) suġuuraaq- (i) to wrestle playfully; (t) to
to fight, wrestle with her/him/it; (t) tease wrestle playfully, tease her/him
her/him/it
suŋaq gallbladder suŋauraaq- (i) to be blue; (Nu, Ti) (i) to
be green
Tanik Caucasian person; white person tanŋuraaq- or tanŋurak- (i) to speak
English
umiaqtuq- (i) to travel by boat; to be out umiaqtuuraaq- (i) to be boating leisurely;
whaling (Ti) (i) to hunt sea mammals (not whale)
by boat

+uraaq nn (limited) one associated with N or being V-ed

ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or ilauraaq a dear friend or relative
name; companion, friend, partner; part
of a whole; (i) to get a co-participant,
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
ivalu(-) thread; sinew; dental floss; (t) ivaluuraaq one of two sinews in the neck
to thread it
kaliku [ENG] calico, fabric kalikuuraat scraps of cloth
nuŋu- (i) to be depleted, used up; (i) to nuŋuraaq candy
get a worn spot; (i) to be an old moon,
i.e. no moon
puvIq- (i) to be now inflated; (t) to puviuraaq or (Ti) puviuraagraq balloon
inflate it

1074
:uraġniamiñun n-terminalis including all of her/his N
isigak or isigait foot (appendage) isigauraġniamiñun including his feet
siuti ear siutiuraġniamiñun aqayyiqimaruaq she
got muddy all over including her ears

:uraq or = uraq nn a smaller version of a N; a diminutive N; N held in

endearment; immediate vicinity of N § -kuluuraq nn
= uraq nn restricted to nouns with form -VVC
aagiaq or (Nu) aagiuraq prong of an aagiuraq (Nu) prong, tine of an antler
antler; tine
aataq (Nu) older sister aatauraq older sister
aglak(-) a letter character; print pattern; aglauraq lower case letter
(Ti) a letter sent by mail; to write (it); (i)
to vote by secret ballot
aġnaq woman; an adult human female; aġnauraq white woman
queen (suit in cards)
akkupak right now akkupauraq In a short while
akłaq brown bear, grizzly (Ursus akłauraq medium-sized spider
arctos)
akłunaaq [akłunaraq] or (Ti) aglunaaq akłunauraq string
harpoon line, rope (originally of animal
skin)
aŋarraq or aŋarraaq a structure aŋarrauraq cross, crucifix
formed of two poles crossed at a ninety
degree angle near the upper end
aŋun man, an adult human male aŋugauraq small boy
ataniq source of connection; isthmus; atanaurat council members
lord, master, king; god; supreme being;
higher power
aqvaluqtaaq a circle; something aqvaluqtauraq muffin pan, tin
circular
ignilik motor propelled vessel, motor- igniligauraq inboard motor boat
driven ship
iligrak(-) sunburn; a burn; scaly skin iligrauraq pimple
from sun or windburn; pimple; (t) to get
sunburned (of skin); to become scaly (of
skin from exposure to sun or wind)
maġġaraaq sandbar; fine sand maġġarauraq very fine sand
nuliaq(-) wife; female mate (for nuliuraq girlfriend
animal); to marry (her); (i) to take a
wife
ulu or uluuraq traditional Iñupiaq uluuraq small ulu
woman's knife (in the shape of a
quarter circle with a handle usually
made of bone or ivory placed over the
sharp inner point)

1075
 umiaq(-) [umiġaq] a boat; (i) to go
hunting in an umiak for sea mammals;
(Ti) (i) to be out at whaling camp or in a
whaling boat
°saa2 (stem) [sara] front of body or
garment; area immediately in front of
something; lap, the front part of the
lower trunk and thighs of a seated
person; seaward
umiuraq wooden whaling boat; sailboat »
umiuraq atuġlakput lets use the sailboat
» saaguramni aquppiruaq she sat
immediately in front of me;
saaguramnun aquvittuaq she sat down
immediately in front of me

-uraq- or :uraq- vv to V in a small way, softly, or in play; to V surreptitiously; to

be slightly V § +ŋuraq- vv
akkuaq- (t) to catch her/him/it in the air akkuaġauraq- (i) to play catch (of
with the hands or arms; (t) to catch it children)
=an airplane and board it as it makes its
stop; (i) to bite a hook (as a fish); (t) to
catch a person before she/he leaves
unexpectedly on an aircraft
anauraġaq- (i) to play baseball anauraġauraq(-) softball game; (i) to play
softball
aniiq- (i) to be outside aniiġauraq- (i) to be outside, spending time
with one’s sweetheart
aŋuq- (t) to tag, touch her/him in a game aŋuġauraq- (i) to play tag
of tag aŋuuraq- (Ti) (i) to play tag
aqpaliġaq- (i) to frolic, run around aqpaliġauraq- (i) to move one’s legs as if
playing; to run in bursts, stopping and running when tossed in the air during the
starting blanket toss
iglaq- (i) to laugh iglaqhauraq- (i) to giggle
iluqsri- or iluġri- (Ti) (i) to develop a iluqsriraġauraq- or iluġriraġauraq- (i) to
depression, concavity; (t) to make a play, running back and forth across pliable
depression in it thin ice, makings depressions without going
through the ice
isaqqila- (i) to flap wings (of a bird); (i) isaqqilauraq- (Ti) (i) to play a game where
to dip the wings (of an airplane); to dip one hops on hands with feet twisted around
an airplane’s wings (at her/him) arms; (i) to flap the wings feebly (of sick
bird); (i) to flap the arms like wings
isivruk- to whisper (to her/him) isivruuraq- to whisper (to her/him)
kaviq- [kavIq] (i) to be red kaviġuraq- (i) to be slightly red, reddish
naqikłilaaq- (i) to now be made lower; naqikłilauraq- (i) to dance low to the floor,
(t) to lower it ground; (t) to set her/him/it very low
nivruiġuti- (i) to become quiet nivruiġutiuraq- (i) to become completely
silent
nunu- (i) to repress a desire to do nunuuraq- (i) to feel remorse, regret
something
pakak(-) (i) to rummage through things pakauraq- (i) to rummage through things
looking for something, often secretly, looking for something

1076
 surreptitiously; (i) to get into mischief;
mischief-maker
pipqaqtaq- (i) to be severely
handicapped; (i) to rarely do any activity
qalli- [qallI] to get near, close (to
her/him/it); (Nu) (t) to be approaching
her/him/it
ququq- (i) to entreat, or summon the
forces of the supernatural in order to
fulfill a wish; (t) to call to her/him
saglu- (i) to lie, not tell the truth
tukala- to kick one’s legs (at her/him/it)
pipqauraq- (i) to barely succeed; (t) to
barely succeed in doing it =activity; (t) to
barely succeed in rescuing her/him/it; (t) to
barely succeed in obtaining it
qalliuraq- to get very close (to her/him/it)
ququuraq- (Ti) to call to someone
sagluuraq- (i) to joke by telling stories
which are not true
tukalauraq- or (Ti) tukalik- (i) to kick
one’s legs

-urraaq- or ’-urraaq- nv (limited) to break or injure a N § ’= I-2 nv, ’-aq-2 nv

argak(-) or (Ti) algak finger; hand; to argaurraaq- (i) to break, injure one’s hand;
dig (in it) with hands or paws; to use an (t) to break, injure her/his hand
ice scratcher (a tool made of seal claws
mounted on a wooden handle used to
simulate the scratching of a seal to lure it
to its breathing hole)
igniqutit outboard motor; engine; power igniquurraaq- (i) to break (of engine); (t)
plant to break its engine
isigak or isigait foot (appendage) isigaurraaq- or isikkaurraaq- (i) to hurt
one’s foot, to break one’s foot; (t) to hurt
her/his foot, to break her/his foot
pi(-) [pI] (t) to take, get, procure, acquire piurraaq- (i) to now have a broken part; (t)
her/him/it; (t) to do it; (t) to say to to break some part of it
her/him; an entity
siun ear siurraaq- (i) to injure one’s ear; (t) to injure
her/his/its ear
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what; suurraaq- (i) to become damaged, broken
(t) to do what to her/him/it (the damaged or broken part is as yet
unknown)
taliq(-) [talIq] arm, a limb attached to taliurraaq- (i) to break one’s arm; (t) to
the shoulder of the human body; hand of break her/his arm
clock; foreleg (one of two front legs of
four-legged animal); (i) to dance in
sitting position doing an arm dance; an
Iñupiaq arm dance

-urraq- vv (limited) to engage or participate in V-ing

1077
 aġraq(-) (Ti) ball; (t) to kick it = ball
repeatedly
*aŋu (root) propel
aqpat- (i) to run (of a human)
aqpaliurraq- (i) to run a race
aqsak- (t) to grab something away from
her/him; to cheat her/him
aqsraq- to kick (her/him/it) repeatedly
itigaq- (i) to fail to penetrate target (of
bullet or arrow); (i) to fail to do what
one sets out to do; (t) to fail to penetrate
target (of arrow, bullet); (t) to fail to
accomplish it = what one sets out to do
nuqit- (t) to pull her/him/it
paasaaq- (i) to fall forward
accidentally; (t) to fall forward on
her/him/it, covering her/him/it with
one’s body
paaq- (t) to go to meet her/him/it as
she/he/it arrives; (t) to travel, progress
into it = wind, water current
qarġut- (i) to go over the top surface;
(t) to go over its top surface
qila(-)1 or qila shaman’s power;
shaman’s spirit; conjuring spirit; (i) to
invoke spirits (of shaman)
tikitqaaq- (i) to arrive first
aġraurraq(-) (Ti) (i) to play traditional
Iñupiaq soccer
aŋuutraq- (Nu) (i) to race by paddling
boats
aqpaliurraq- (i) to have a footrace; (t) to
do it = run a race; (Ti) (i) to take a running
jump
aqsaurraq- (i) to fight over something,
trying to gain possession
aqsrautraq- (Nu) (i) to play a ball game,
match
itigaurraq- (i) to fail to do something or
fail to get what one wants because of not
being allowed
nuqittaurraq- to have a tug of war
paasaqqaurraq- (Ti) (i) to play multiple
solitaire
paaġurraq- (i) to paddle a kayak with a
double-bladed paddle
qarġutaurraq- to bid higher
qilaurraq- (i) to drum, play the drum
tikitqaurraq- (i) to race

+urrI- or -urrI- or :urrI- or ‘rrI- or +rurrI- vv (limited) (intransitivized form of

+uti- vv) (i) to take someone or something along so both undergo the same
process | +uti- vv ~sI-3 vv § +uti- vv
+urrI- restricted to verb stems which end in -VVk or -VVq
:urrI- restricted to verb stems which end in -Vk or -Vq
’rrI- restricted to verb stems which end in -VCV
+rurrI- restricted to verb stems which end in t

:usiaq vn (limited) that which has been placed in one's possession | :uti-1 vn, ~Iq-1
nv, ±aq1 vn (this postbase is commonly combined with -ksrIt- nv as -ksriusiaq vn)
aitchuq- (t) to give her/him/it aitchuusiaq gift, item received
something
akilIt- (t) to pay her/him a wage akiliusiaq paycheck, reward
ilisaq or ilitchaq something learned ilisausiaq a particular lesson learned from
another

1078
 maġlak- to give a present to (her/him) maġlausiaq gift given at qakummisaaq,
before one dances so that (she/he) may or invitational dance
get up and dance as well
tuyuq- (i) to write a letter; (t) to send tuyuusiaq something received through a
her/him/it something; (t) to write a letter courier or through the mail
to her/him/it
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of uqausiaq information, advice, words of
leg-hold trap which when stepped on wisdom received verbally
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live

-usiit- vv (limited) manner of V-ing | -usIq vn :It-1 nv § -sausiit- vv

qanuq(-) (interrog.) how, what manner qanuusiit- (Nu) to not know what to do
or method, what condition; to do or say (with her/him/it)
what (to her/him/it)

:usuitkaluaq- nv used to not be a N or function like a N | :u-1 nv ±suit- vv +k/galuaq- vv

:usuugaluaq- nv used to be a N or function like a N | :u-1 nv +[s]uu-vv +k/galuaq- vv

+ut-1 nv to go by way of its N § -tqut- nv, -rġut-vv

-ut-2 or +ut-2 vv (limited) to render, cause to V; (with numbers) (i) to be divided into N
parts; (t) to divide it into N parts
malġuk number two malġuut- (t) to divide it into two parts
nuŋu- (i) to be depleted, used up; (i) to nuŋuutchi- (i) to eat or drink all of
get a worn spot; (i) to be an old moon, something
i.e. no moon
piŋasut number three piŋasuut- (t) to divide it into three parts
suiq- (i) to no longer have suiġut- (t) to take all of his possessions
anything

-ut-3 vv (limited) to take her/him/it along so both V; to V something including

her/hiun/it § :uti- vv
*nuk (root) movement from point to nuut- to move (her/him/it)
point
tikit- [tikIt] (i) to arrive at, reach one's tikiut-¤ or tikiuti- or tikirruti- (t) to reach
destination or goal; (t) to reach her/him/it one’s destination bringing her/him/it with
oneself
tulak- (i) to reach shore, come ashore tulaut-¤ or tulauti- (t) to bring her/him/it
ashore
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of uqaut-¤ or uqauti- (t) to speak, talk to
leg-hold trap which when stepped on her/him
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep

1079
 talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live

-utaq or ‘-utaq or +utaq or :utaq vn means of V-ing; result of V-ing § -lutaq,

±ŋutaq, :uti1, -taq(-)4, qutaq vn
aaq- (i) to raise one's head; (t) to raise aaqsiutaq or aaqsuutaq or akkiutaq sling
her/his/its head; (Ti) (i) to sit up to keep an injured arm elevated
aglu(-) coating or layer put on underside agluutaq templepiece of eyeglasses
of sled runner (usually made of hard
wood, whale jaws, or metal); whale
jawbone; (t) to put a coating or layer on
bottom of sled runners
aġġutaq1 membrane surrounding the heart;
dried stomach or bladder used as a container;
food storage poke (bag) made of dried
beluga or bearded seal stomach
anniq- [annIq] (i) to become injured; (t) anniutaq chronic pain; pleurisy
to hurt her/him/it
aquppi- to be sitting (on her/him/it) aquppiutaq chair
argiq- [argIq] or (Ti) algiq- to roast (it argiutaq roasting spit
= meat) on a spit
ayak(-)1 a pole used to prop up an ayagutaq post; upright house post
object; wall post; tent pole; the shaft of a supporting roof; (Nu) stick to prop up open
spear or harpoon; old-style, long-handled trap
spear, “big whaling harpoon” (Nelson:
65); vertical support post (of sleeping
platform);(i) to be propped up with a
pole (refers only to the moment of
completion); (t) to prop it = a leaning
object up to keep it from falling down
iksiva- (i) to be sitting iksivautaq chair
ilumiuq something inside ilumiutaq(-) fetus; something inside oneself;
something dear to oneself; something one
cannot forget; (t) to keep it (one’s opinion,
feelings) inside one, leave it unsaid
iñaviġi- (t) to hinder, slow her/him down iñaviqqutaq hindrance
iñi- [iñI] (t) to hang it up to dry iññiutaq a wooden or metal frame used to
stretch animal skins for drying
ipiq [ipIq](Nu) small, thin root; chain or ipiutaq fishline made from baleen or twine
rope
isak- (t) to reach and get it; (i) to obtain isaġutaq or isaġun projection, appendage,
it = a C.O.D. package at the post office protuberance; limb; yoke, a carrying frame
which fits over one’s shoulders
°isu (stem) end, e.g., of a word, book, isuutaq vertical line attaching net to ice
long stick hole; any line used for drawstring

1080
itiq- (i) to wake up itqutaq breakfast
kali something being dragged, towed kaluutaq tow rope
karuk- (i) to hammer; (t) to hit karrutaq or karruutaq or (Nu) katruutaq
her/him/it on the head stone hammer; firing pin of gun; one who
faces opposition boldly; a fearless person; an
insistent person
kipiġi- (i) to be anxious to do something; kipiqqutaq an expectation, an anticipation;
to persist a desire
manu upper front of shirt or parka manutaq fish bait
*naġI (root) smell, odor naġiutaq a bait

nalunait- (i) to be clear, visible, distinct, nalunaiñŋutaq or (Nu) nalunaigutaq or

audible
naniq- (i) to be caught in a trap (t) to pin
her/him/it down with weight; to travel
directly over her/him/it (of moving
conveyance); to catch it in one's trap
naniq- (i) to be caught in a trap (t) to pin
her/him/it down with weight; to travel
directly over her/him/it (of moving
conveyance); to catch it in one's trap
nanmak(-) something carried on the
back; to carry (it) on one's back or in a
backpack; (i) to play a game where one
walks around carrying others who are
holding on
napa- (i) to be standing upright, e.g., a
house, pole, tree
nasaq(-) hood; (i) to put one's hood up;
(t) to put her/his hood up
niviŋŋaq- to hang (it); (Ti) (i) to be
barely hanging, about to fall off
nullaq- (i) to set up camp for the night,
encamp; (i) to stay at a hotel
*paa [paġa] (root) movement toward
another
piġu- (t) to cover her/him/it completely
(as with a blanket)
puuq(-) [puguq] sealskin poke; a
container; a sac, covering (e.g., young
grass leaf covering stem); top edge of
(Nu) naluŋaiġutaq brand, sign, marker to
show possession
nanġutalik (Nu) leghold trap
nanġutaq (Nu) jaws of a leghold trap
nanmautaq backpack
napautaq one pole of a tripod used to
suspend pot above fire; upright marker
nasautaq hat
niviŋŋautaq rope or hook used to suspend
something
nullautaq evening meal
paġġutaq windshield or windbreak; wind
vane, not to show direction of wind, but to
direct wind to provide ventilation (usually a
whale scapula located by entry of traditional
sod house; and of walrus scapula located by
the skylight)
piġġutaq rock weight used to keep tent flap
closed
puggutaq cooking pot, pan
puugutaq (Ti) dish pan

1081
 boot where drawstring is inserted; (t) to
wrap it; (t)(Ti) to bandage her/him/it
qamuġaq- (Nu) to help pull it = dogsled qamuġautaq (Nu) towline (usually a
(of human, usu. a woman) bearded sealskin line used by a woman to
help pull a sled in olden days)
qitiq [qitiQ] waist; midpoint; middle; qitiġutaq something for lunch
middle seat in umiak
°saa2 (stem) [sara] front of body or ¤saġutaq something carried
garment; area immediately in front of
something; lap, the front part of the
lower trunk and thighs of a seated
person; seaward
saniġaakkuuq- (i) to pull sled by side saniġaakkuuttat side lashings of sled
ropes to help it along (usu. of men); (t) to
pull it = sled via ropes tied to its sides to
help it along
sanniq- (i) to turn sideways, lie down on sanniġutaq crossbar on door; boom on boat;
one's side; (Nu) (i) to go across, e.g., a crosspiece on bed of sled; (Ti) cross, crucifix
road; (t) to turn it sideways; (Nu) (t) to
go across it = road
*suġaq (root) fragment; an item suġautat supplies, necessities; possessions,
belongings
taaq(-) darkness; (i) to be dark (of day); taaġutaq an obstacle in the way of direct
(i) to be dim (of light); (i) (Nu) to be light; lampshade, screen; (Nu) curtain; (Nu)
black; (t) to block her/his/its light brow tine, a large piece of antler which
hangs down in front of face of bull caribou
tunmiġaq2 or tutipqiq or tuŋmiġaq tunmiġautat stairs
stepstool a step located at the entrance of
a traditional sod house, originally a
whale vertebra; doorstep; rung of a
ladder; a single stair; rug
taŋmik- [taŋmIk] (i) to swerve, turn taŋmigutaq a skid, board placed under
aside; (i) to ricochet, be deflected heavy object to make it easier to slide along
ground; ski
utkusik or ukkusik cooking pot utkusiutaq rope and hook apparatus used to
hold cooking pot over fire

-utaq- vv (limited) indicates prolonged action | :uq2-vv +t/raq-1 vv

iga(-) kitchen; (t) to cook it = food
kilik- (t) to scrape it off of something;
(t) to scrape it = fat from something,
e.g., intestine; (t) to scrape it = inner
Igauqtut(-) or ¤Igautaġvik (Ti) third and
last day of whaling festival (Nalukataq)
where specific parts of a whale which have
been saved for the occasion are cooked ;
(i) to celebrate the Igautaġvik
kiliutaq- (t) to scrape fat off of it = an
animal skin, to clean (it) by scraping (it)

1082
 layer off of skin

+uti1 vn the means, cause, or the reason for V-ing; or result of V-ing § +un1 vn

:uti2 or -uti nn (limited) supply of N; one’s own N; item for the N § -un2 nn

+uti- or -uti- or :uti- or ‘ti- or +ruti vv (limited)

a: comitative: (t) to take her/him/it along so both V; to V something including
her/him/it @ +urrI- or -urrI- or :urrI- or ‘rrI- or +rurrI- vv
b: benefactive: (t) to V for/to her/him/it
c: reciprocal: (i) to V each other
+uti- restricted to verb stems which end in -VVk or -VVq
-uti- or ‘-uti- restricted to verb stems which end in -Vk or -Vq
:uti- restricted to verb stems which contain a semi-final weak i
'ti- restricted to verb stems which end in a vowel
+ruti- restricted to verb stems which end in a t
examples with :uti- restricted to verb stems which end in -iC
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isiuti- or itquti- (t) to bring her/him/it
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it inside
inside, to place it inside
malik- to follow, accompany marguti- (i) to become a follower
(her/him/it)
qapiq-2 (i) to become discouraged and qapquti- (Ti) (t) to quit, give up on
give up; (i) to turn back, proceed no her/him/it
higher, farther
titiq(-) a mark or dot; (i) to be now titquti- to record, mark it, e.g., an ownership
marked with a dot or a line; (t) to mark it mark, a tally mark onto something
with a dot or a line; (t) to cut a notch in
it; (t) to mark it to indicate where one is
to cut, carve
utiq- to return, go back (for her/him/it); utquti- (t) to take her/him/it back
(t) to return to her/him = spouse after a
separation
examples with +uti- restricted to verb stems which end in -VVk or -VVq
aligaq- to tear (it); (i) to be sad, “torn aligaaġuti- (i) to come loose, come out by
up” tearing; (i) to tear out of an animal (of a
harpoon head)
aullaaq- (i) to go out camping, hunting, aullaaġuti- (t) to take her/him/it camping
trapping, to stay away from village
isiqattaaq- (i) to go to another’s home isiqattaaġuti- (t) to take her/him/it out
and visit socially; (t) to go to her/his visiting
home and visit her/him socially
kaŋiqsiuq- to investigate, study, ask kaŋiqsiuġuti- (t) to do an investigation
questions, inquire about (her/him/it) for her/him
sisuqhaaq- or sisuġaaq- (i) to be sisuqhaaġuti- (t) to be sliding downhill
sliding down a hill with her/him/it

1083
examples with -uti- or ‘-uti- restricted to verb stems which end in -Vk or -Vq
annak- (i) to escape danger annauti- (t) to save her/him/it from danger
argaq- (t) to dig a hole in snow or earth argauti- (t) to bury her/him/it in the
ground
atuq-1 to sing (it) atuuti- (t) to sing for her/him/it
aullaq- (i) to leave, go away, depart; (i) aullauti- (t) to leave with her/him/it; to
to start (of engine) take him/her out hunting, camping, on a
trip
iksaq- (i) to release an arrow or to fire a iksauti- (i) to start fighting back; (t) to
gun; to be inclined to hit, strike a blow, release it =stone from a sling; (t) to throw
start a fight, start shooting easily it = a stone, a spear, a harpoon
without restraint; (t) to start a fight with
her/him
illiq- (i) to hide and be safe from illiuti- (i) to replace someone after she/he
opponents; (t) to make a place for has already been designated
someone
ilisaq- to study or practice (it) ilisauti- (t) to teach her/him/it
iñuilaaq or iñuiłaaq or iñuilaq empty, iñuillaġuti- (i) to go visiting, but find no
uninhabited, or deserted place one at home; (i) to come upon a place, but
find the place deserted
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isiuti- or itquti- (t) to bring her/him/it
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it inside
inside, to place it inside
isumanŋutchak- (i) to become isumanŋutchauti- (t) to argue heatedly
resentful; to feel aggrieved with her/him; to hold a grudge against
her/him
kanuk- (Ti) (i) to be angry kanuuti- (Ti) (t) to be angry with her/him
kasuq- (i) to become joined (of kasuuti- (i) to meet, to keep a rendezvous
objects); (i) to close (of gap, e.g., of
ice); (i) to meet on the way somewhere,
of more than one person; (t) to meet
her/him, make her/his acquaintance; (t)
to “run” into her/him
kaviaq- (i) to be pink, reddish in color kavialliuti- (i) to appear reddish (of sun);
(t) to appear pinkish of clouds around
sunset or sunrise
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savauti- (t) to work for her/his/its benefit
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it; or behalf
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial
examples with 'ti- restricted to verb stems which end in a vowel
ai-2 [agi] (i) to go home, to come home aggisi- or aggisuuti- (t) to bring or take
her/him/it home
ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be annisi- or annisuuti- (t) to take her/him/it
born; (i) to emerge from the den in out

1084
spring (of hibernating animal)
aŋaayyu- or aŋaiyyu- or (Nu) agaiyu- aŋaayyuti- (t) to pray for her/him/it; (t) to
(i) to pray; (t) to say it = prayer hold a funeral for her/him/it
ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or illati- (i) to join, become a member; (t) to
name; companion, friend, partner; part include her/him/it
of a whole; (i) to get a co-participant,
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
ilisaġi- (t) to recognize her/him/it ilisaqquti- (i) to recognize each other
iqiagi- (t) to not feel like doing it iqiakkiuti- (t) to become unwilling, not
eager to do it
iqsigi- (t) to be afraid of, fear her/him/it iqsikkiuti- (t) to become afraid of
her/him/it
kapi- (i) to stab oneself once, to give kapputi- (t) to stick it into something, e.g.,
oneself a shot; (t) to stab, pierce a needle or pin in pincushion, fabric, etc.;
her/him/it once; (t) to give a shot, an (i) to stab each other
injection to her/him/it
mau- [maġu] (i) to sink into soft maġġuti- (t) to sink with her/him/it; (i) to
ground, mud, or snow as one takes a be unable to move in slush ice (of boat)
step; (t) to sink into it = soft ground,
mud, or snow as one takes a step
nakuaġi- (t) to like, love her/him/it nakuaqquti- (i) to love each other
pai- [pagI-] (i) to stay behind while paggisi- (t) to remain at home with
others depart, usually in the care of her/him/it caring for her/him/it
someone
pui- [pugi] (i) to emerge, surface; (t) to puggisi- (t) to surface with her/him/it
surface “in front of” her/him/it
qaunagi- (t) to watch over, take care of qaunakkuti- (i) to watch out for, take care
her/him/it; (i) to be on the alert for of each other
her/him/it
tuqu- (i) to die tuqquti- (t) to die without accomplishing
something; to die in her/his stead
with +ruti- restricted to verb stems which end in a t
aqpat- (i) to run (of a human) aqparruti- (t) to run, carrying her/him/it
it- (i) to exist; (i) to be; (i) to be present; irruti- (t) to treat her/him/it properly, right
(i) to stay
makit- (i) to stand up; (i) to get out of makirruti- (t) to stand up, holding
bed; (i) to arise; (t) to set it upright her/him/it
with :uti- restricted to verb stems which contain a semi-final weak i
atiq- (i) to travel out on ice to whaling ¤atquti- (t) to bring it = polar bear cub to
camp from the village; (i) to travel from the coast (of female polar bear with cubs)
inland towards the ocean after hunting
igliq- or iglau- (i) to be travelling; (i) to igliġuti- (t) to travel with, lead her/him/it

1085
 be running, idling (of a machine/engine);
(t) to travel it = distance
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isiuti- or itquti- (t) to bring her/him/it
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it inside
inside, to place it inside
combination of forms ‘ti- and -uti- occur in only a few of the verb stems which end
in a vowel, usually with a strong I.
ai-2 [agi] (i) to go home, to come home aggisi- or aggisuuti- (t) to bring or take
her/him/it home
ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be annisi- or annisuuti- (t) to take her/him/it
born; (i) to emerge from the den in out
spring (of hibernating animal)
qai- [qaġI] to come (toward her/him/it) qaġġisi- or qaġġisuuti- (t) to bring
her/him/it
with elemental verb stems:
ivsaiq- to be now deplete of liquid; (t) ivsaiġuti- (t) to be icebound
for a body of water to be now depleted
mau- [maġu] (i) to sink into soft maġġuti- (t) to sink with her/him/it; (i) to
ground, mud, or snow as one takes a be unable to move in slush ice (of boat)
step; (t) to sink into it = soft ground,
mud, or snow as one takes a step
silagik- (i) to be good weather silagiuti- (t) to be good weather for
her/him/it
silaqłuk(-) storm; to be stormy silaqłuuti- (t) to be stormy weather for
her/him/it
taaqsi- to become dark (of day) taaqsiuti- (t) to become dark for
her/him/it, (of day)

+utigi- vv (plus Contemporative I) immediately upon, at the same time, just as soon as
+utigi- restricted to verb stems which end in -VVk or -VVq
-utigi- restricted to verb stems which end in -Vk or -Vq
’tigi- restricted to verb stems which end in a vowel
+rutigi- restricted to verb stems which end in a t
ai-2 [agi] (i) to go home, to come home » aggisigillaan tuttaaqtuaq immediately
upon getting home, he went to bed
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; » isiutigillaan, mattaqtuagut just as soon
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it as we got in, we took our parkas off
inside, to place it inside
makit- (i) to stand up; (i) to get out of » makirrutigillaan, uqallaktuaq
bed; (i) to arise; (t) to set it upright immediately upon standing up, he spoke

:utiġuq- nv to accumulate N in large quantities | :un/ti 2 nn +ġuq-1 nv

siksrik(-) [dual siksrak, pl.siksrigit] siksrautiġuq- (i) to accummulate many
arctic ground squirrel (Spermophilus squirrels; (t) to accummulate many squirrels
parryi); (i) to kill an arctic ground for her/him
squirrel

1086
+uu- vv always, usually § +[s]uu- vv

+vaalluk- vv to finally V, after a delay; to V for the first time § +p/vaalluk- vv

+vaałłak- vv to V to excess § +p/vait- vv

immiq- (t) to fill it immivaałłak- (i) to overflow; (t) to make
it overflow
aŋi- 1 (i) to be big, large aŋivaałłak- (i) to be extremely big; (t) to
make it extremely big

+vaaq- or -vaaq- nv (limited) to be in the state of, process of V-ing or encountering

a process involving N
°aqu (stem) behind, rear, back of an aquvaaq- (i) to react, respond belatedly
object; trunk of car, bed of truck, stern after the death of a loved one
of boat; final chapter of story; some
time after; downriver end of an island
ivu- to form pressure ridges (of ice) ivuaqpaluk- or ivuvaaluk- (i) to make the
sound of pressure ridges forming (of ice)
kiavit- (i) to circle around, to spin kiavaaġni- (i) to sit in a circle formation
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of uqavaaq- (i) to have a debate; (i) to
leg-hold trap which when stepped on discuss, talk a great deal about something
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep seriously, solemnly
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live

+vait- vv to V excessively § +p/vait- vv

-vak or ~vak nn (limited) one inherently of or associated with N or V-ing

aapsak (KI) very large whale
allu seal’s breathing hole in sea ice
anaq(-) excrement, feces; dung,
manure; to defecate (it); (t) to defecate
on it; (i) to fall or shoot (of a star)
aniu packed snow
iŋutuq young female whale (choice
aapsavak (Ti) very large whale
aasivak spider
aġvak edge of hand, pads of fingertips, ball
of thumb
alluvak seal breathing hole large enough to
place a net in
Anaqtuuvak Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska
aniuvak snowbank
aŋurvak or (Nu) aŋutvak red alpine
bearberry (Arctostaphylos alpinus)
iŋutuvak large right whale

1087
 eating); young whale
kuuk [kurik] river; tributary
nauyaq seagull
nuna land, tundra, earth; inland;
country, territory, a citizen’s nation-
state
niviuq- to hover (over her/him/it); to
hang around, be near (her/him/it); (i) to
be attentive to (her/him/it); (Ti) to stick,
adhere to the pot (of food); (Ti) (i) to be
susceptible to stickiness (of cooking
utensil)
qayuuttaaq pine grosbeak (Pinicola
enucleator)
qisik [qisIk] animal skin with hair
removed; leather; rawhide (may be eaten
when starving)
sigguk(-) one mandible of bird beak;
muzzle, mouth area; (i) to thrust one’s
lips out, showing displeasure; (i) to
pout; (t) to swell when cold (of lips)
tuttu caribou (Rangifer tarandus)
umiaq(-) [umiġaq] a boat; (i) to go
hunting in an umiak for sea mammals;
(Ti) (i) to be out at whaling camp or in a
whaling boat
-vak- vv (limited) to V without doubt, thoroughly
anniq- [annIq] (i) to become injured;
(t) to hurt her/him/it
1088
kiligvak mastodon
kulavak cow caribou
kukurvak a blunt stone arrowhead used for
stunning birds
kurvak or kutvak (Nu) large, flat
arrowhead made of antler with four marks,
indentations (for shooting ptarmigan)
kuuvak Kobuk River
makvak jack (suit in cards); scoundrel;
(name used to call) someone who
displeases one
nauyavak young glaucous gull; (Nu)
western glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus)
nunavak walrus on ice
nuviuvak fly, blowfly
qayuuttavak dunlin, red-backed dunlin
(Calidris alpina)
qisivak cooked rawhide (eaten by starving
people)
sigguktuvak bristle-thighed curlew
(Numenius tahitiensis)
siituvak whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus)
taligvak northern killdeer (Charadrius
vociferus)
tullisugruk or tullivak (Nu) black-bellied
plover (Pluvialis squatarola)
tuttuvak moose
umiavak (Ti) large, open boat covered with
nine bearded seal skins with a sail
annivaktaq- (i) to have short, sharp pains
 imaq1(-) [imaQ] liquid, fluid; non- imavak- to be visibly free of ice (of ocean)
potable water; lake; sea, ocean; lagoon;
(t) to moisten it = animal hide to ready
it for scraping
naivak- (Ti) (t) to show, display it, e.g., for
sale
qai- [qaġI] to come (toward her/him/it) qaivaksaq- (t) to attract it = animal by
imitating its call; to try to attract them to
keep coming
g
sau- [sa u] to cover (her/him/it) with sauvaniq sod chinking (used to clauk holes
snow, sand, or earth, layer by layer; (t) to in traditional house construction)
skirt it = traditional house with snow

-vallIq nn probably a N
savik [savIk] or savik knife; metal savivalliq probably a knife
tiŋŋun airplane tiŋŋutivalliq probably an airplane
tuttu caribou (Rangifer tarandus) tuttuvallit probably caribou

+vallIq- vv appears to be, probably is V-ing § +p/vallIq- vv

-valuk- vv to have even the slightest trace, evidence of V-ing § +p/valuk-, +p/vallIq- vv

+vaq- or ~vaq- vv, rv (limited) to go to V or be situated in N

°asI (stem) a non-specific place; asivaq- (i) to be set aside, apart; to be put
everywhere; nowhere; someplace else; out ready for use
away from the village; something
insignificant
°ati1 (stem) area below; bottom, arvaq- to go down, come down
underside; down
igliq- [iglIq] (i) to move aside and avoid igluvaq- (i) to move aside; (t) to move
something coming at one; (i) to get out him/her/it out of the way of something
of the way; (t) to avoid being hit by it by dangerous
moving aside
kaŋiq [kaŋIq] root, source; headwater, kaŋivaqtaaq- (i) to roll up one's sleeves, (t)
source of a river; (Nu) head of a bay; to roll up her/his sleeves for her/him
foot of mountain; place where peninsula
joins mainland; (Nu) tributary river;
bone or ivory barb on toggle harpoon
line
kilu1 part of house or tent opposite door; kiluvaq- (i) to travel inland; (i) to move
south (with one’s geographical position away from the door and further into the
being Barrow, Alaska) room
kiŋu(-) rear part of any item; rear kiŋuvaq- (i) to move toward the rear; (t) to
sealskin poke in a boat (Kisautaq: 650); miss, be late for him/it
(Ti) three-quarter inch manila rope used
with whaling harpoon; large float

1089
 fastened at end of harpoon line; (i) to be
late; (i) to be over (of an activity); (i) to
be gone, have moved on (of animals); (t)
to be late for her/him/it
qakit- (t) to put it up, as on a shelf; to
pull it = boat up onto shore or ice
quli top area; gunwale, gunnel, the top
edge of a boat’s sides
°saa2 (stem) [sara] front of body or
garment; area immediately in front of
something; lap, the front part of the
lower trunk and thighs of a seated
person; seaward
°sanI (root) broadside, side
tunu back (of human body); back area;
back exterior wall of house
*uŋa (root) distant area
qagvaq- to rise (of sun); (i) to rise to
surface; (t) to bring him/it to the surface
from underground
qulvaq- or qurvaq- (i) to move further into
the room away from the door; (i) to roll
one’s sleeves up; (t) to move her/him/it
further into a room away from the door
sarvaq- (i) to move forward or oceanward;
(t) to move it towards the front
sanivaq- (i) to move to an uninhabited
place
¤tigvaq- (i) to come all the way inside, to
the back of the house; (t) to put it behind
one’s back or place it in the back of a room
tunuvaq- (i) to back up, to go to the rear
tuvaq(-) [tuvaQ] or (Ti) tugaq shore fast
ice; to come in to shore (of ice); (Ti) shore
ice
uivaq- to around, go around it = point
uŋavaq- (t) to put it aside; (i) to stray to the
side

-vġu- vv (limited) to experience N § -nġu-, -liñġu-

kiŋu(-) rear part of any item; rear kiŋuvġu- (Ti) to mourn (for her/him/it
sealskin poke in a boat (Kisautaq: 650);
(Ti) three-quarter inch manila rope used
with whaling harpoon; large float
fastened at end of harpoon line; (i) to be
late; (i) to be over (of an activity); (i) to
be gone, have moved on (of animals); (t)
to be late for her/him/it
qivġu- (Ti) or qivuġu- (Nu) to greive,
mourn for her/him/it

+viaq-1 vv might, may V § +p/viaq- vv

-viaq2 nn, rn (limited) one with characteristics of or an association with N or V-ing

1090
 aġnaq woman; an adult human female;
queen (suit in cards)
iġi- (i) to have one’s hair fall out, to lose
one’s hair
kakkik(-) [kakkIk] nasal mucus; (i) to
blow, wipe one’s nose; (t) to wipe
her/his nose
natchiq(-)1 [natchIQ] ring seal (Pusa
hispida); (i) to catch a seal
qaġruq arrow, bullet, cartridge, any
projectile
aġnaviaq female eider duck
iġviaq tanned leather
kakkiviaq or kakkivik philtrum, midline
groove in the upper lip that runs from the
top of the lip to the nose; entire area under
nose
natchiviaq (Nu) dehaired sealskin boot with
bearded sealskin sole
qaġriviaq arrow
qalluviaq pericardium, the yellowish
membrane surrounding the heart

-vigiññaġIk- vn (limited) to be a good place to V | +vIk1 vn +iññaq nn

+[g]Ik- nv
auri- (Nu) (i) to spend the summer aurivigiññaġikkamiŋnun to the place
where they like to spend the summer

+vigrait- (limited) to V excessively

su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what; suvigrait- (Ti) (i) to be too much,
(t) to do what to her/him/it excessive; (i) to be everywhere

-vigruaq-vv (limited) to V(her/him/it) steadily, unwavering) | perhaps -vik- vv

+rruaq- vv
naluksrit- (i) to become unconscious naluksrivigruaq- (i) to steadily lose
consciousness
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it) niġivigruaq- to eat (it) unwavering

-vigruayuit- vv to not V (her/him/it) much at all or infrequently | perhaps -vik- vv

+rruaq- vv -yuit-
aŋuniaq- to hunt (it) (of game animal) aŋuniavigruayuit- (i) to not hunt much at
all
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savavigruayuit- (i) to not work much at
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it; all
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial

¤-vigruŋIt- vv (limited) to V without determination

+viiññaq nn (limited) totally without question N | perhaps +vIk- nv -iññaq nn

ipiq2 [ipiQ] dirt ipiqviiññaq very dirty one
tainna or (Nu) taitna or taimanna tavra tainnaviiññaq then always
(dem. adv) in that way or manner; (Nu) like that

1091
 thus; so-so, neither very good nor very
bad

+vIk1 vn (restricted to verb stems which end in a consonant)

'vIk (restricted to verb stems which end in a vowel)
place, container, time to V or person who allows one to V
anaq(-) excrement, feces; dung, anaġvik toilet
manure; to defecate (it); (t) to defecate
on it; (i) to fall or shoot (of a star)
ani- [anI] (i) to leave, to exit; (i) to be annivik birthday
born; (i) to emerge from the den in
spring (of hibernating animal)
aŋaayyu- or aŋaiyyu- or (Nu) agaiyu- aŋaiyyuvik church
(i) to pray; (t) to say it = prayer
igliq- or iglau- (i) to be travelling; (i) to igliġvik (Ti) a trail; sewing kit
be running, idling (of a machine/engine);
(t) to travel it = distance
iqaġi- or (Ti) iqaqi- (i) to wash one’s iqaqqivik washbasin
hands and/or face; (t) to wash her/his
hands and/or face; (t) to wash it = fabric,
utensil; (t) to wash it/them = face, hands,
etc.
iqqai- (i) to discard items not wanted or iqqaivik trashcan
needed
naŋit-1 (i) to be sick naŋirvik miŋuliġaat they are painting the
hospital
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it) niġġivik table
quviasuk- (i) to be happy quviasugvik holiday
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savagvik office, place of employment
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it;
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial
su(-) (interrog.) a what; (i) to do what; suvvik or suvviuraq storage alcove in sod
(t) to do what to her/him/it house entrance passageway; small hut
where things are kept; small cache
tukku- (i) to stay as a guest tukkuvik host, person with whom one
stays when traveling

-vIk2 nn (limited) one with characteristics of or an association with N

aġnaq woman; an adult human female; aġnavik female ptarmigan (Lagopus
queen (suit in cards) lagopus)
asiaq(-) [asiraq] berry; (Nu) blueberry asiavik blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum);
(Vaccinium uliginosum); (Ti) crowberry (Ti) crowberry (Empetrum nigrum)
(Empetrum nigrum); fruit in general; (i)
to pick berries

1092
 atiq [atiQ] name; namesake; someone
who shares the same name with another
auk(-)1 [aurk] blood; (i) to bleed; (Ti) to
have a nosebleed
kakkik(-) [kakkIk] nasal mucus; (i) to
blow, wipe one’s nose; (t) to wipe
her/his nose
niġliq [niġliQ] general term for goose
(female) or gander (male)
niqi food, meat
nuna land, tundra, earth; inland;
country, territory, a citizen’s nation-
state
*qaġlIk (root) one leg of a pair of pants
suŋaq gall bladder
-vIk- vv (limited) (usually found in combination with another postbase) to V
with duration and without doubt § - atavIk- vv; -lġatavIk- vv; -viluk- vv;
-vigruaq- vv; -vigruayuit- vv; -vigruŋIt- vv
aki(-)1 [akI] corresponding value,
equivalence; cost, price, value; wage;
opposite side, other side; (Ti) north side
of the point (Point Hope); (t) to
respond, acknowledge, or answer
her/him with gestures (of one who is far
away but visible)
anak- (t) to surpass or best her/him in
competition
°ati1 (root) area below; bottom,
underside; down
kiñi- [kiñI] (i) to squat down, sit down
on honey bucket or toilet; (t) to sit
her/him down on honey bucket or toilet; and forming a sort of pouch
(t) to hold her/him= child on a toilet or
pot to urinate or defecate
natiq(-)1 [natiQ] floor; to construct a
floor (on it)
pakauraq- (i) to rummage through
1093
ativik given name, family name
augavik blood vessel
igurvIk temporal bone, temple
ikłiġvik2 [dual ikłiġvak, pl. ikłiġvigIt] Fox
Sparrow (Passerella iliaca)
kakkiviaq or kakkivik philtrum, midline
groove in the upper lip that runs from the
top of the lip to the nose; entire area under
nose
kirgavik goshawk (Accipiter gentilis);
peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus);
gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus)
niġlivIk or niġlivialuk white-fronted goose
(Anser albifrons)
niqivik hindquarter of animal
nunavik rolling tundra
qaġliviik (Nu) short knickers (above the
knee)
suŋauravik blue bead
akivik- (t) to prop something (usually a
boat) on its side
anaġvik- (t) to beat her/him soundly in a
game, to “skunk” her/him
arvik- to run down (it)
kiñiġvik- to carry something in the front of
one’s snowshirt or apron by raising the hem
natiġvik- (i) to blow, drift low along the
ground (of snow or dust)
pakauravik- (i) ro rummage secretly with
 things secretly, looking for something determination
piyumisuk- (Nu) (i) to want to leave, piyumisuvik- (i) to want to do something
go, be eager, raring to go with determination

+vikaaq vn place where one used to V regularly | +vIk1 vn -kaaq nn

miŋuaqtuq- (i) to attend school
piuraaq(-) toy; (i) to play
miŋuaqtuġvikaaq former school
piuraaġvikaaq former play area »
piuraaġvikaaqtik ilisaqqutigillaan they
recognized their former play area
immediately

+viluk- or -viluk- vv (limited) to V with intent, focus

atuun song; record; piece of music
qaniq [qaniQ] mouth, oral cavity
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of
leg-hold trap which when stepped on
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live
atuurviluk- (i) to sing a magic healing
song (of shaman)
qaniġviluk- to complain, mutter (to
her/him)
uqaviluk- (i) to “bitch,” complain,
grumble

-viñaq- vv to V loudly, forcefully, suddenly accompanied by a heavy impact

apuq- to bump or crash (into her/him/it); apuviñaq- to crash (into her/him/it)
(i) to reach shore
avaala- (i) to yell
kauk- to hammer (it = nail)
makit- (i) to stand up; (i) to get out of
bed; (i) to arise; (t) to set it upright
tut- (i) to touch ground, bottom; (i) to
land on one’s feet; (i) to lie down; (t) to tuviñaqtuaq tusaaraġa I heard it make a
cause her/him/it to touch ground
violently »
apuviñaqtuagut taigruamun
tautuŋiłługu we crashed into an oil drum
because we did not see it
avaalaviñaq- (i) to scream very loud »
avaalaviñaqtuam tupaktipalukkaaŋa the
one who screamed so loudly scared the
daylights out of me
kauviñaq- (t) to strike her/him/it with a
hammer or heavy object hard, with
violence; (Nu) (i) to hammer something
once
makiviñaq- (i) to stand up suddenly,
forcefully » makiviñaqtuaq
tuqunnasugirani isiġman he stood up
suddenly when the one that he thought he
killed came in
tuviñaq- (i) to land with a thud »
hard landing

1094
-viñiQ nn (limited) a portion, piece, remnant of N
aqiaq or (Ti) aqiak upper belly above
waist and below the ribs (of human)
ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or
name; companion, friend, partner; part
of a whole; (i) to get a co-participant,
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
kian or kiati torso, upper front part of
body; blouse
niqi food, meat
paniqtaq dried meat or fish
tuttu caribou (Rangifer tarandus)
ugrugaq a young bearded seal (perhaps ugrugaviñiq piece of dried bearded seal
one or two years old)
utuqqaQ something old
+viQ(-) nn, nv (limited)
ilu(-)2 interior, inside; abdominal cavity;
(t) to surround her/him/it
qaa(-) or qaaq (Nu) [qara] top side;
roof; surface; outer side of fabric; cover;
dorsal area of fish; (t) to put a top surface
on it
+vIQ nn (limited) final suffix of some nouns
-vit- vv (limted) to attain the process of V-ing or of the attribute of the N or R
1095
aqiaviñiq abdominal fat (of humans); (Nu)
belly
ilaviñiq piece, part, portion of something
kiativiñiq strip of fur from shoulders down
to front legs of wolverine; upper back part
from shoulders to midsection of any animal
skin
niqiviñiq piece of meat
paniqtaviñiġmik aitchuġuŋ give him a
piece of dried meat
tuttuġaviñiq rawhide caribou thong, used
for binding or lacing on snowshoe
skin
utuqqaviñiq piece of old shore-fast ice
which has broken off; chunk of thick shore
ice
iluviq(-) grave, corpse, (t) to bury
her/him/it
qarviq- to position (her/him/it) above
something
aġviq [aġviQ] [dual aġvak, pl. aġviġit,
archaic pl. aavġit; archaic rel. form aavġum]
bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus);
Pacific right whale (Balaena glacialis)
aiviq [aiviQ] [dual aivvak, pl.aivġit] walrus
(Odobenus rosmarus)
aurviq black creeping bug, about one inch
long, a hairy caterpillar
nigaviq animal haunch

°aqu (stem) behind, rear, back of an
object; trunk of car, bed of truck, stern of down on it
boat; final chapter of story; some time
after; downriver end of an island
*igu (root) looseness; an unraveling
iġi- (i) to have one’s hair fall out, to lose iġivit- to become soaked then wrinkled,
one’s hair
*isi (root) elongation, extension of
dimension
*naa (root) dimension when stretched
out
*niku (root) squatting
°saa2 (stem) [sara] front of body or
garment; area immediately in front of
something; lap, the front part of the
lower trunk and thighs of a seated
1096
aŋivit- or aŋivraq- (i) to become loose,
untied, unraveled, unwound, or
disassembled; (t) to loosen, untie,
unravel, unwind it; (t) to take apart,
disassemble it
aŋuvit- (Nu) (t) to untie it = a slip knot
aquvit- (i) to sit up or sit down; (t) to sit
iguvit- to become uncoiled, unwound, (t)
to uncoil, unwound it
of skin
isivit- (i) to be extended fully, flattened
out; (i) to stand up straight from a stooped
position; (i) to stretch out from a fetal
position; (i) to be laid out (like wet
clothing); (i) to unwind (of thread); (t) to
extend, stretch it out fully; (t) to lay it all
out
itivit- (i) to portage; (i) to fly over land
instead of following the water along the
coast (of ducks as they migrate); (i) to
take a shortcut; (t) to fly over, go over,
cross over (instead of going around), and
come down the other side of it = e.g., hill
kaivit- (i) to circle around; (i) to spin; (i)
“to celebrate the coming of the new year
with competition games”
kalivit- (i) to become stuck, stranded, (t)
to make it become stuck
naavit- (i) to spill (of a non-liquid
substance, e.g., flour); (t) to empty, pour,
dump it = non-liquid substance out
nikuvit- (i) to sit on a stool (waiting for a
seal to emerge through a hole in the sea
ice)
qivit- (i) to become offended and leave,
go off in a huff, to leave indignant, to act
or behave indignantly
saavit- (i) to proceed out to the sea or on
a river; (i) to go down to hunt on the ice,
beach, along coast; (i) to go out in front
of an audience, to go out in front of a
 person; seaward
*saki (root) a shaving
sisu- (i) to slide or glide down once
*tuak (root) rowdiness
yuġri- [yuġrI] (i) to be undecided,
unable to make up one’s mind
-viuq- vv (limited) to accuse one of V-ing
saglu- (i) to lie, not tell the truth
-vlI- vv (limited) to experience a V-ing § -lI3- vv
itiq- (i) to wake up
-vlik(-) vn, vv (limited) one that has been V-ed § -vrak- nv
immit- (i) to come upon water (e.g., of
a traveler); (i) to be waterlogged; (t) to
soak it in water
qai (Nu) wave (of ocean)
-vlIq- vv (limited) to become V-ed
akut- to mix or stir it
°aqu (stem) behind, rear, back of an
object; trunk of car, bed of truck, stern of a dance, of a woman
boat; final chapter of story; some time
after; downriver end of an island
pauk- (t) to sting her/him/it; (t) to stretch pauvliq- or ¤(Ti) pausi- (i) to become
1097
group, e.g., to dance, participate in
competitive games; (t) to put it = boat out
to sea
sakivit- (t) to scrape excess fat off it =
dried animal skin, hide, usu., seal (held
with both hands, the scraper is pushed up
and down the animal hide which is
spread over a scraping platform); (Ti) (t)
to scrape it =skin after hair is removed
savit- (t) to touch and feel her/him/it with
the hands
silivit-(i) to become full, of any container
including the stomach, (t) to fill it
completely
¤sisuvit- (Ti) (i) to burp up milk (of baby)
tivit- (i) to choke on something
tuavit- (i) to cheer, to whoop it up at a
celebration
uglivit- (t) to turn it inside out
yuġavit- (i) to talk about things one never
does; to make plans one will never fulfill
sagluviuq- (t) to accuse her/him of lying
itivli- (i) to perform certain motor acts
while asleep, e.g., to sleepwalk,
somnambulate, talk in one’s sleep
immivlik watery substance
qaivlik(-) a wave produced by a passing
boat; (i) to have waves caused by a passing
boat (of water)
akuvliqtaq hash, a cooked dish made of
several ingredients
aquvliq- (i) to bend at the knees as part of
 and stake it = skin to the ground; to stake itchy, develop an itch
it = tent to the ground; to drive it = stake
in

-vrak- or ~vrak- nv (limited) to V involving the N or R or V § -vlik(-) vn, vv

*alapi (root) ignorance; confusion
nigaq(-) snare for large game animals;
mesh of a net; (t) to snare, lasso
her/him/it
nukik [nukIk] muscle; ligament;
strength
1
ulit- to rise, flood (of water)
alavrak- (Ti) (t) to not pay attention to, not
notice her/him/it; to have her/him/it slip
one’s mind
nigavraun lasso
nukivraak- or nukivrak- or nikuvrak- (i)
to stand on tiptoe
qavrak- or qarvak- to flense, remove
blubber from (it = animal skin)
qulivrak- to splice (it = the rope); to braid
(it = rope, hair) more than three strands
ulivragaq(-) (Nu) a large ocean swell with
an overhanging crest on the verge of
breaking (considered dangerous); (i) to form
breakers (of wave) with large overhanging
crests

-vrI- or ~vrI- vv (limited) to encounter a V-ing § +rI-3 vv, -I7 vv

aġit- [agIt] to become wet or damp (of aġivri- (i) to get wrinkled skin from soaking
fabric, ground, animal hide, child’s in water, bath
diaper)
siñik(-) sleep; (i) to sleep; (t) to spend it siñaavri- (i) to doze off repeatedly; (i) to be
= day sleeping half-conscious (as from anesthesia)
tipi- (t) to be washed ashore tivri- (Ti) (i) to find something washed up
on the beach

= vrIk- vv, rv (limited) to V with intensity, or too much

°aqu (stem) behind, rear, back of an aquvrik- (i) to be low (of stern of boat)
object; trunk of car, bed of truck, stern of
boat; final chapter of story; some time
after; downriver end of an island
*kaiv (root) circular motion kaivrik- (Nu) (i) to break up, as earth in a quake

naavit- (i) to spill (of a non-liquid naavriktaq- (t) to empty it by shaking it

substance, e.g., flour); (t) to empty, pour,
dump it = non-liquid substance out
nukik [nukIk] muscle; ligament; nukivrigaq- (i) to walk on tiptoe
strength
saavit- (i) to proceed out to the sea or on saavrik- (i) to go quickly down to the water
a river; (i) to go down to hunt on the ice,

1098
 beach, along coast; (i) to go out in front
of an audience, to go out in front of a
group, e.g., to dance, participate in
competitive games; (t) to put it = boat
out to sea
ulit-1 to rise, flood (of water)
-vsaaq- vv to V again, more
atuq-1 to sing (it)
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it)
uqallak-1 (i) to speak
makit- (i) to stand up; (i) to get out of
bed; (i) to arise; (t) to set it upright
-vsak- rv, vv (limited) to set in motion an action that results in being V-ed | perhaps
-vit- vv +sak- vv, rv § +sak- vv, rv
°aqu (stem) behind, rear, back of an
object; trunk of car, bed of truck, stern of sitting position when falling from a
boat; final chapter of story; some time
after; downriver end of an island
*isi (root) elongation, extension of
dimension
*kiav (root) circular motion
piak- (i) to be slippery; (i) to slide
easily; (i) to be thin (of soup or gravy)
piiq- (i) to vanish, fade; (i) to move
oneself; (i) to be removed; (i) to die; (t) drool
to remove her/him/it
qai- [qaġI] to come (toward her/him/it)
-vvaaq nn (limited)
nauyaq seagull
-vvI- nv (limited)
aġnaq woman; an adult human female;
queen (suit in cards)
1099
ulivrik(-) rolling crest of wave on ocean; (Nu) (t) to turn
it inside out
atuvsaaq- to sing (it) again »
atuvsaaġniaqtugut kasimaanikkupta we
will sing again after we have our meeting
niġivsaaq- (i) to eat more » niġivsaaġnak
don't eat anymore
uqallavsaaq- (i) to speak again »
uqallavsaaġnak don't say another word
makivsaaq- (i) to stand up again
aquvsalak- or aquvsalaaq- to land in a
standing position (on it)
isivsalaq- or isivsalaaq- (i) to lie stretched
out
kiavsaaq(-) toy top, spinning top; to play
with a top
piavsak- (i) to suddenly become furious;
to fly into a rage
piivsak- (t) to slurp in or suck in one’s
qaivsai- (Ti) (i) to hold an invitational
dance
qivsak- (i) to fly off after impact (as a
ceramic chip)
nauyavvaaq herring gull (Larus
argentatus)
aġnavvi- (i) to flirt in an alluring way (of a
woman); (i) to exhibit prideful behavior,

-vyak- vv (limited) to be in the process of becoming V § +yyak-vv
*quvi (root) happiness, joy
siak-1 (Ti) (i) to be scattered; (t) to scatter siavyak- (Ti) (t) to scatter them
them
-vyu- vv (limited)
kaki- [kakI] (i) to prick oneself; (t) to
tattoo her/him/it; (t) to prick her/him/it
qau- [qagu] (i) for day to break
-vyuaq- vv to barely V § usually in combination with +[s]uk-1 vv
-ya- vv to easily V
aksik- [aksIk] to touch (her/him/it); (t)
to graze her/him/it with a bullet or an
arrow
anniq- [annIq] (i) to become injured; (t)
to hurt her/him/it
asiŋŋuq- (i) to begin to malfunction,
work badly
ayalu- (i) to collapse due to stress (of a
structure)
navik- to break (it)
qapiq-2 (i) to become discouraged and
give up; (i) to turn back, proceed no
higher, farther
qivit- (i) to go off in a huff; to leave
indignant; to act or behave indignantly
1100
regardless of others watching; (i) to indulge
in self-esteem (of a woman)
kakavyak- (i) to become dizzy from
breathing noxious fumes; (i) to become
asphyxiated
quvyak- (i) to become happy, joyful
kakivyugaun or kakivyuutaq small,
sharp pain, “stitch” in side when running
kakivyuutchiq- (i) to develop a sharp
pain on one’s side
qaumaavyuk- (i) to be dark and gloomy;
be foggy
aksiya- (i) to be sore, tender to the touch
anniya- (i) to hurt easily » anniyaruq
taliġa my arm is tender, hurts to the touch
asiŋŋuya- (i) to spoil easily
ayaluya- (i) to collapse easily » ayaluyaruq
una aquppiutaq this chair collapses easily
naviya- (i) to break easly » tamatkua
samma naviyarut oh, those break easily
qapiya- (i) to give up easily
qiviya- (i) to become indignant easily and
leave » qiviyaruq taigña aġnaq;
suliqutiginagu oh, that woman over there
becomes offended easily; don't pay any
attention to her
ukayaŋa- (i) to be inclined to do bad or evil
 deeds
1
uqallak- (i) to speak uqallaya- (i) to habitually blurt things out
thoughtlessly

-yaa- vv to V en masse § -ayaa- vv

-yaaq-1 vv (limited) to be inclined to V or to be V

aaŋa- (i) to be stubborn; to act against
better advice; to hold one's head high
1
aŋu- (i) to catch a game animal; (t) to
catch up with her/him/it; (t) to have seen the season
her/him/it when young; (t) to reach
her/his height
iġñiaq child, offspring
kiavit- (i) to circle around, to spin
naqsik(-) pug nose; (i) to have a pug
nose; (i) to wrinkle one’s nose; (i) to
push one’s nose up, e.g., by running into
a taut rope; (t) to wrinkle one’s nose at
her/him/it
*nav (root) joint (anatomical)
sanipaktuġaq- (t) to be staggering
siqupak- or siquvyak- (Ti) (i) to blink
the eyes
siqummaq- (i) to shatter; (t) to break or siqummayaaq- (i) to break into many
shatter it with repeated action
uiñġaq- (i) to be sleepy
aaŋayaaq- (i) to be partially conscious,
lightheaded, not clearheaded
aŋuyaaq- (Ti) (i) to catch the first whale of
iġñiayaaq- to miscarry during a pregnancy
kiavaaŋa or kiavyaaŋa- or kaivaaŋa or
kaivyaaŋa- (i) to be dizzy, feel faint,
unsteady
naqsiŋayaaq- (i) to unknowingly run head
first into a taut line, rope
navyaaq- (i) to dislocate a joint
sanipaktuġayaaġaliq- (i) to begin to stagger
side to side
siquapayyi- or siquapayaaq- (i) to squint;
close one’s eyes
pieces; (t) to break it into many pieces
uiñġayaaq- (i) to be overcome by sleepiness

-yaaq2 or = yaaq2 vn, rn (limited) result of a V-ing § -aq2 nn

aqła(-) draft (i) to be drafty aqłayaaq light breeze
aula- (i) to move around, show aullayaaq a trail, path
movement, be in motion
igliq- or iglau- (i) to be travelling; (i) to iglauyaaq certain path or route
be running, idling (of a machine/engine);
(t) to travel it = distance
itivit- (i) to portage; (i) to fly over land itivyaaq portage
instead of following the water along the
coast (of ducks as they migrate); (i) to
take a shortcut; (t) to fly over, go over,
cross over (instead of going around), and
come down the other side of it = e.g.,
hill
katit- (i) to gather, congregate, assemble; katyaak or katyaaq (Nu) place where a

1101
 (i) to become married; (i) to merge; (t) to river branches into two, two branches of
gather them together; (t) to harvest it = river, fork in a road, branch of a river
crop
kiluagnaq south wind (with one’s kiluagnayaaq southwest; southwesterly
geographical position being Barrow, wind
Alaska); to be windy from the south
(with one’s geographical position being
Barrow, Alaska); “a wind from the land”
(Jenness 1928: 53)
navik- to break (it) navyaaq bone joint
nui- [nugi] (i) to come into view, appear; nuiyaaqpak carbuncle, large growth on skin
to rise (of sun, moon); (t) to be able to
see, observe her/him/it; (Ti) (i) to look
outside, e.g., to see if someone or
something is coming
saatuquyak or (Nu) saapaqayak thin, saatuquyaaq something flat
flat stone (good for skipping on water);
(Ti) flat bone weight (used for bolas)
siŋaiyau- (i) to be pregnant (of human) siŋaiyaaq human fetus
*siv (root) hipbone area sivyaaq rounded upper end of femur at hip
joint

+yaaqi- vv (limited) to experience V

initu- (i) to be spacious, have lots of inituyaaqi- (i) to enjoy spacious
room surroundings, lots of space

-yaġaaq nn (limited)
aŋu-1 (i) to catch a game animal; (t) to aŋuyaġaaq snack eaten to tide one over
catch up with her/him/it; (t) to have seen until the main meal
her/him/it when young; (t) to reach
her/his height

-yak vn, nn (limited) final suffix of some nouns § -quyak vn

ayak or ayaaluk or aya (Ti) paternal ayaayak older sister
aunt
isuq- (i) to be turbid, murky, or muddy isuaġayak murky, muddy water
(of water)
piqaluyak large chunk of freshwater ice
from river, good for drinking water
2 g
saat- [sa at] (i) to be soft, thin, pliable, saatuquyak or (Nu) saapaqayak thin, flat
e.g., fabric or animal skin; (i) to have stone (good for skipping on water); (Ti) flat
thin hair bone weight (used for bolas)
siŋaiyau- (i) to be pregnant (of human), to
conceive

-yak- or = yak- or ~yak- vv (limited) to be inclined to V § -vyak- vv

1102
 ipi- (i) to suffocate; (i) to drown; (i) to be
hot and sweaty from lack of fresh, cool
air
sakpak- (t) to elongate, make it long,
oval in shape
siqupak- (Ti) (i) to blink the eyes
ivyanŋu- (i) to be short of breath; (i) to feel
faint; (i) to struggle to breathe
sakpayak- (i) to be flat; (t) to flatten it
siqupak- or siquvyak- (Ti) (i) to blink the
eyes

-ya(q) vn, nn, rn (limited) one that has characteristics of N or of a V-ing; final suffix of
some nouns | -yyaq vn
aapa father; grandfather (modern use)
ġ
mau- [ma u] (i) to sink into soft
ground, mud, or snow as one takes a
step; (t) to sink into it = soft ground,
mud, or snow as one takes a step
piŋu(-) isolated ice mound, knoll; dome, piŋuyaq pimple; ringworm
isolated hill; pimple, swelling on skin;
swell (crestless wave or succession of
waves); (i) to develop a pimple; to form
swells (of ocean)
*qua (root) slipperiness
aapiyaq older brother
alluiyaq a long, wooden plate with a
concavity carved lengthwise down the
middle
*anaya (root) wariness, caution
aqaya or aqiya mud
kiuġuya or kiguġuya northern lights, aurora
borealis
mauya or mauyaq soft soil or deep, soft
snow (into which one may sink)
nauyaq seagull
nusaq or nuyaq strand of head hair
nuviya cloud
puya seal oil residue [“the only things of
interest about “pooya” are its age, the
ingredients and style of its construction, and
its one great product (according to the
Inupash) – the first man” (Driggs: 34)];
grime; sticky oil; blubber rubbed on seams
of the umiak to make them waterproof
quayaqit- (i) to slip and fall

-yaq- vv (limited) to V with repetition; to assume the V condition > +t/raq-2 rv

pui- [pugi] (i) to emerge, surface; (t) to puiyaq- (Ti) (i) to surface repeatedly (of sea
surface “in front of” her/him/it mammal)
taktuk(-) fog; (i) to be foggy taktuġayaq- (i) to be somewhat foggy

+yaqtuaq- or +yaqtuq- vv to go and V § +iaq-1 vv

1103
-yasI- vv to be about to V
ayalu- (i) to collapse due to stress (of a
structure)
katak(-) entrance hole in floor of sod
house (leading to subterranean tunnel or
passageway); (i) to fall off
qapiq-2 (i) to become discouraged and
give up; (i) to turn back, proceed no
higher, farther
tikitqaurraq- (i) to compete in a race
-yatuuraq vn one that easily Vs or becomes V | -ya- vv, -tu- vv, :uraq nn
kiktuġaq- (i) to snap, break under
tension (of rope, wire, thread, tape etc.); easily » kiktuġayatuuramik akłunaamik
(t) to snap, break it under tension
navik- to break (it)
piġit- to bend (it)
uumitchak- (i) to become angry, mad
-yu- vv (limited) V-s well § -yuq- vv
miquq- to sew (it)
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of
leg-hold trap which when stepped on
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live
+yuaq- nv, vv (limited) to experience a negative feeling of N or of V-ing
alla another one, a different one;
something strange
susaa- (Ti) to hear (her/him/it); (i) to
hear news
1104
ayaluyasi- (i) to be about to collapse »
ayaluyasiŋaruq tatpigña iglualuk that old
house up there has gotten so old that it is
about to collapse
katayasi- (i) to be about to fall down »
taapkua uvva katayasiŋamarut it seems
that those are about to fall
qapiyasi- (i) to be about to give up
tikitqaurrayasi- (i) to be about to begin the
race
kiktuġayatuuraq something that snaps
aitchuġnagu do not give him rope which
snaps easily
naviyatuuraq one that breaks easily
piġiyatuuraq one that bends easily »
piġiyatuuramik aitchuġuŋ
uumitchayatuuraq give the one that bends
easily to the one that gets mad easily
uumitchayatuuraq one that angers easily »
uumitchayatuuraq ilagimagaat oh, I see
that the one who gets angry easily is with
them
miquyu- (i) sews well
uqayu- (i) to speak clearly, intelligibly
allayuaq- (i) to be wary of a stranger or an
unfamiliar situation » allayuaqłuni
qiallaktuq he cried the whole time because
he was in an unfamiliar situation and
couldn't get used to it
susaayuaq- (i) to be hard of hearing
-yuaq nn (limited)
nuġġaq calf (less than one year old) nuġġayuaq skin of newborn fawn

-yugaq- vv (limited)
nuyugaq- (Ti) to stalk (it = game animal,
prey)
pisaaġi- (i) to do on purpose, pisaayugaq- to tease (her/him)
intentionally; (t) to do something to
her/him/it on purpose, intentionally
pi(-) [pI] (t) to take, get, procure, acquire piyugaq- (i) to stalk an animal; to approach
her/him/it; (t) to do it; (t) to say to a sea mammal by crawling
her/him; an entity

= yuġaq vn (limited) final suffix of some nouns § +[ġ]aq2 vn

aayuġaq crack in sea ice kept open by
shifting currents
aŋuvit- (Nu) (t) to untie it = a slip knot aŋuvyuġaq (Nu) slip knot
kukuvyuġaq broth made of tomcod and sea
sculpin
piŋayuġaq a third
puyuġaq the middle circle of fur on a
woman’s isiġvikpaaq “sunshine ruff” made
from the belly skin of a wolf (located
between the wolverine piece which is next to
the face and the longer wolf fur on the
outside)
taptayuġaq rib cartilage; ensiform
appendage between floating ribs

-yuġnaq- vv (limited) easy, pleasing to V § -yunaq-

-yuilaq1 vn one which does not V | -yuk(-) vv or -yu- vv , vn :It-1 vv -laq vn § -suilaq vn
auk- (t) to melt, of snow auyuilaq that which does not melt;
year-round glacier
imiq(-) [imiQ] drinking water; a imiyuilaq one who does not drink liquor
beverage; an alcoholic drink; potable
liquid, broth; amniotic fluid; to drink (it)
pui- [pugi] (i) to emerge, surface; (t) to puiyuilaaq (Ti) sea animal which never
surface “in front of” her/him/it surfaces, (e.g., some fish)
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it; (t) savayuilaq one that does not work or
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it; operate; one who is never gainfully
(i) to be working, operating properly (of employed
a machine); (t) to prepare it =corpse for
burial
taiguaq(-) to read (it); a verse, anything taiguayuilaq one who never reads

1105
 to read
-yuilaq2 vn one which does not V well | -yuq(-) vv or -yu- vv :It-1 vv -laq vn
imiq(-) [imiQ] drinking water; a
beverage; an alcoholic drink; potable
liquid, broth; amniotic fluid; to drink (it)
miquq- to sew (it)
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it; (t) savayuilaq one that does not operate
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it;
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine); (t) to prepare it =corpse for
burial
uqayu- (i) to speak clearly, intelligibly
uumitchak- (i) to become angry, mad
-yuit-1 vv (limited) to never V, to not have the tendency to V | -yuk(-) vv :It-1 vv § ±suit- vv
isiqattaaq- (i) to go to another’s home
and visit socially; (t) to go to her/his
home and visit her/him socially
pui- [pugi] (i) to emerge, surface; (t) to
surface “in front of” her/him/it
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of
leg-hold trap which when stepped on
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live
uumitchak- (i) to become angry, mad
-yuit-2 vv (limited) to not be able to V well; for dire consequences to occur when one V-s |
-yuq(-) vv or -yu- vv :It-1 vv § -suit- vv
imiq(-) [imiQ] drinking water; a
beverage; an alcoholic drink; potable
liquid, broth; amniotic fluid; to drink (it)
isiqattaaq- (i) to go to another’s home
and visit socially; (t) to go to her/his
home and visit her/him socially
miquq- to sew (it)
sayuk- (i) to twitch (of bodypart)
1106
imiyuilaq one who does not know how to
handle liquor, gets drunk
miquyuilaq a bad seamstress
properly; one who is not a good worker
Uqayuilat Siberian and Southwestern
Eskimos; (Nu) includes Seward Peninsula
Iñupiat
uumitchayuilaq one who really flips out
when angry
isiqattaayuit- (i) to never go visiting
puiyuilaaq (Ti) sea animal which never
surfaces, (e.g., some fish); sea animals which
do not surface frequently, which do not
normally surface
uqayuit-1 (i) to be not able to speak at all, be
mute; (i) to not have the tendency to talk,
gossip; (i) to be discreet, tactful; (i) be able
to keep a secret
uumitchayuit- (i) to never get angry
imiyuit- (i) to be abusive when drinking, to
be out of control when drunk
isiqattaayuit- (i) to always misbehave when
visiting
miquyuit- (i) to be a bad seamstress; (i) to
never sew
sayuyuit- (i) to be a bad omen (of twitching
under the eye)
 uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of uqayuit-2 (i) to speak unintelligibly, not
leg-hold trap which when stepped on clearly
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live

-yuk(-) vv, vn (limited) to have the tendency to V; one who has the tendency to V, or
resembles a N § +[s]uu- vv
anaq(-) excrement, feces; dung, manure; anaqsiuġayuk dung fly
to defecate (it); (t) to defecate on it; (i) to
fall or shoot (of a star)
imiq(-) [imiQ] drinking water; a imiyuk(-) (i) to drink as a habit; one who
beverage; an alcoholic drink; potable drinks habitually
liquid, broth; amniotic fluid; to drink (it)
iqi- (i) to contract, tighten up, e.g., of iqiraġaayuk fly egg
worm, fist, etc.
miġiaq(-) or muġiaq(-) vomit; to vomit miġiaqsaayuk parasitic jaeger
(it); (t) to vomit on her/him/it (Stercorarius parasiticus)
nutik- to leap (over it) nuttagayuk grasshopper
nuviuvaksiuġayuk (Nu) gray-cheeked
thrush (Catharus minimus)
pamiuq tail (of mammal); (Nu) odd card pamiuġayuk tailbone, sacrum
not part of a pair (in card game of
“fives”)
pigliq- (i) to bounce; to jump up pigliġayuk grasshopper
pilġaq- to braid (it = rope, hair, seal pilġaiyuk spider
intestines)
putuguq big toe, the hallux putuguqsiuyuk stag beetle
qaluk (Nu) fish qaluksiuġayuk or qaluksiuyuk (Nu)
American osprey (Pandion haliaetus)
qiñiq- to look at, watch (her/him/it) qiñiyuk(-) one who has the tendency to
peek; (i) to have the habit of peeking
qupilġuq(-) maggot; to become maggot qupilġuqsiuġayuk (Nu) solitary sandpiper
infested (Tringa solitaria)
qinnak- (i) to be angry, fighting; (t) to qinnayuk(-) one who always gets angry or
fight her/him/it is always fighting; (i) to have the tendency
to fight
saġvaq(-) water current; (i) to have saġvaqsiuyuk harlequin duck (histrionicus
strong current (of river or ocean); (t) to histrionicus)
drift with the current; (t) for it to be
carried away by ocean or river current
tiglik- to steal (her/him/it) tigliyuk(-) (i) to steal regularly, habitually;
one who steals regularly, thief
tigu- (i) to take hold and hang on; (t) to tigguyuk thief, robber
take, capture, grab, or arrest her/him/it

1107
 tuqut- (t) to kill her/him/it @ tuqutchI-
tuggaq- (t) to prod, poke, push
her/him/it away or off with a pole or
stick
ugiaq- (i) to fight (of animals); (t) to
maul her/him/it (of animal)
uumitchak- (i) to become angry, mad
uviñŋiaq- or uviñŋiuq- (i) to whistle
tuqutchigayuk- (i) to be good at killing; to
kill frequently
tuggayuk wasp, hornet, yellow jacket
(insect)
ugiayuk(-) any animal that is fierce and
tends to maul others; (i) to be fierce (of an
animal)
uqpiksiuġayuk savannah sparrow
(Passerculus sandwichensis)
uumitchayukpaitchutin
maligniaŋitchutin you tend to get angry so
you will not come
uviñŋiaġayuk insect song

+yuma-1 vv to be eager and/or willing to V

+yuma- restricted to verb stems which end in a vowel
+suma- restricted to verb stems which end in t (note:ts → tch)
+kuma- restricted to verb stems which end in k or q (note: q+k→ġ)
ikayuq- to help (her/him/it) ikayuġuma- to be willing to help (her/him)
» ikayuġumasuuruq he is always willing to
help
isaguti- to start, begin doing something isagutiyuma- (i) to be eager to begin »
(to her/him/it) isagutiyumagaluaqtut, kiitaaŋaitkait they
are willing and eager to begin, but they
haven't been given the go-ahead yet
it- (i) to exist; (i) to be; (i) to be present; itchuma- (i) to be eager to be present, to be
(i) to stay here
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savakkuma- or savaguma- (i) to be willing
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it; to work
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial

+yuma-2 vv
1. (the short form of the present indicative intransitive verb endings and the transitive
indicative endings are used with this definition; the verb in apposition is usually in
Imperative or Optative) do, so that one may V
2. (the Imperative or Optative verb endings are used with this definition) should
definitely V
+yuma- restricted to verb stems which end in a vowel
+suma- restricted to verb stems which end in t (note:ts → tch)
+kuma- restricted to verb stems which end in k or q (note: q+k→ġ)
akilIt- (t) to pay her/him a wage » akilitchumagaasik ullautisitchik go over
to him, so that he can pay youd;
akilitchumagiñ, quviasukkumauq you

1108

atuq-2 to use (it); to wear (it)
iki-1 or iku- (i) to position or place
oneself into a container or a conveyance;
(t) to place or put her/him/it into a
container or conveyance
malik- to follow, accompany
(her/him/it)
miquq- to sew (it)
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t)
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it;
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial
should definitely pay him, so that he will be
happy;
akilitchumagiñ aikpan you should
definitely pay him, when he returns home
» naarruŋ, atuġumagaa finish it, so that he
may use it
» nutqaqta, ikuyumauq let's stop, so that
she can get in
» naatchiliqtuulaluk, malikkumauguk let
usd finish quickly, so we can come along
» utiġuviñ, una miquġumagiñ when you
return, you should sew this
» aarruŋ, savakkumagaa take it over so
that he can work on it

+yumaaq- vv (limited) intends, plans to V

+yumaaq- restricted to verb stems which end in a vowel
+sumaaq- restricted to verb stems which end in t (note:ts → tch)
+kumaaq- restricted to verb stems which end in k or q (note: q+k→ġ)
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isiġumaaq- (i) intends to enter; (t) intends to
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it enter it
inside, to place it inside
pi(-) [pI] (t) to take, get, procure, acquire piyumaaq- (i) intends to do the action; (t)
her/him/it; (t) to do it; (t) to say to intends to take it
her/him; an entity
tikit- [tikIt] (i) to arrive at, reach one's tikitchumaaq- (i) intends to arrive; (t)
destination or goal; (t) to reach her/him/it intends to reach her/him/it
tilak- to mop or scrub (it = large surface tilakkumaaq- intends, plans to mop, wash
area) (it)

+yumaatchIq- vv to decide to V
+yumaatchIq- restricted to verb stems which end in a vowel
+sumaatchIq- restricted to verb stems which end in t (note:ts → tch)
+kumaatchIq- restricted to verb stems which end in k or q (note: q+k→ġ)
aqpat- (i) to run (of a human) aqpatchumaatchiq- (i) to decide to run »
aqpatchumaatchiqsuaq illuni
aqpanniaqsimamman she decided to run,
because her cross cousin was also running
iku- (i) to get into a container or a ikuyumaatchiq- (i) to decide to board; (t) to
conveyance, to board; (t) to place or put decide to place her/him/it into a container or
her/him/it into a container or conveyance conveyance » ikuyumaatchiqsuq,

1109

ilisaq- to study or practice (it)
malik- to follow, accompany
(her/him/it)
nutqaqpata she decided to board when they
stop
ilisaġumaatchiq- to decide to study (it)
ilisaġumaatchiqsuagni unnuapak wed
decided to study all night
maligumaatchiq- (i) to decide to come
along; (t) to decide to follow her/him/it

+yumalaaq- vv to be set, ready to V with anticipation or enthusiasm

+yumalaaq- restricted to verb stems which end in a vowel
+sumalaaq- restricted to verb stems which end in t (note:ts → tch)
+kumalaaq- restricted to verb stems which end in k or q (note: q+k→ġ)
aqpat- (i) to run (of a human) aqpatchumaalaaq- (i) to look forward to
running
ikayuq- to help (her/him/it) ikayuġumalaaq- to be all set to help
(her/him)
makit- (i) to stand up; (i) to get out of makitchumalaaq- (i) to be all set to stand
bed; (i) to arise; (t) to set it upright up
miquq- to sew (it) miquġumaaq- to be all set to sew (it)
tomorrow
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it) niġiyumalaaq- to look forward to eating (it)
» niġiyumalaaqtut miqłiqtut igaaġnik the
children are all set to eat whatever you have
cooked
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savagumalaaq- or savakkumalaaq- to be
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it; set to work (on it)
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial

+yumiñaq- vv be permissible, possible, alright to V

+yumiñaq- restricted to verb stems which end in a vowel
+sumiñaq- restricted to verb stems which end in t (note:ts → tch)
+kumiñaq- restricted to verb stems which end in k or q (note: q+k→ġ)
aglak(-) a letter character; print pattern; aglakkumiñaq- may write (it) »
(Ti) a letter sent by mail; to write (it); (i) aglakkumiñaġaa uvuŋa he may write it
to vote by secret ballot here
2
atuq- to use (it); to wear (it) atuġumiñaq- may use (it) » atuġumiñaġiñ
it is okay for you to use it
isiq- (i) to enter; (i) to be placed inside; isiġumiñaq- may enter
(t) to enter, go into it; (t) to bring it
inside, to place it inside
makit- (i) to stand up; (i) to get out of makichumiñaq- (i)
bed; (i) to arise; (t) to set it upright makitchumiñaqtuguk aquvitkanikpan
wed can stand up after he sits down
niġi- [niġI] to eat (it) niġiyumiñaqtut they can eat

1110
+yumman vn the intent, desire or willingness to V
+yumman restricted to verb stems which end in a vowel
+summan restricted to verb stems which end in t (note:ts → tch)
+kumman restricted to verb stems which end in k or q (note: q+k→ġ)
ikayuq- to help (her/him/it) ikayuġumman willingness to help »
ikayuġummataitchuq he has no desire to
help
ilau- (i) to be included, be a member; to ilauyumman desire to be a member, to be
have many relatives (Ti) to receive included
shares of a whale; (t) to include her/him;
(Ti) to give her/him shares of whale
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savagumman desire to work
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it;
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial

+yummiuqpak- vv (limited) (Ti) to really want to V

aġvaktaġi- (t) to kill, catch it = whale aġvaktaġiyummiuqpak- (t) to really want
to catch this type of a whale

-yunaq- vv to be easy, pleasing to V

-yunaq- restricted to verb stems which end in k or q
+suġnaq- restricted to verb stems which end in a vowel or t
ikaaq- to cross over (it) ikaayunaq- (i) to be easy to cross
ikuk- to scrape (it = animal skin); (t) to ikuyunaq- (i) to be easy to scrape
tan (skin) by scraping it
ila(-) relative by blood, marriage, or ilasuġnaq- (i) to be easy to add something to
name; companion, friend, partner; part
of a whole; (i) to get a co-participant,
co-member; (i) to become extended,
receive a new addition, e.g., of a house,
family, or institution; (t) to add on to it;
(t) to come and be a co-participant with
her/him
kiiraq- to crimp (it = boot sole) kiirayunaq- (i) to be easy to crimp
kukiu- to cook (it) kukiusuġnaq- (i) to be easy to cook; (i) to
be easy to cook with (of stove)
qiñiq- to look at, watch (her/him/it) qiñiyunaq- or (Nu) qiñiyuġnaq- or
qiññaġIk- (i) to be pretty, pleasing to the
eye
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savayunaq- (i) to be easy and pleasing to
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it; work on
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =

1111
 corpse for burial
tautuk- to see (her/him/it) tautuyuġnaq- or tautuyunaq- (i) to be
beautiful, good-looking
tili- [tilI] (t) to send her/him on an tilisuġnaq- (i) to not be difficult to send on
errand; (t) to tell her/him to do an errand (is always willing)
something
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of uqayunaq- (i) to be easy to talk to; (i) to be
leg-hold trap which when stepped on receptive to advice
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live

-yuq- vv to do a good job of V-ing; to V well | rel -yu- vv

-yuq- restricted to verb stems which end in k or q
+suq- restricted to verb stems which end in a vowel or t
aula- (i) to move around, show aulasuq- (i) to be graceful
movement, be in motion
kiiraq- to crimp (it = boot sole) kiirayuq- (i) to be good at crimping boot
soles » igña samma aġnaq kiirayuqtuq
that woman over there does a very nice job
of crimping soles for boots
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savayuq- (i) to produce nice work
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it;
(i) to be working, operating properly (of
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it =
corpse for burial
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-shaped part of uqayuq- (i) to be a convincing speaker »
leg-hold trap which when stepped on uqayuġmivlunilu uumiñaqtuq it’s
trips the trap; (i) to talk; (t) to keep frustrating, but he is a smooth talker
talking to her/him for the purpose of
advising her/him on the proper way to
live

+yuq n (limited) final suffix of some nouns

avyuq(-) cloud of dust, smoke, mist, steam;
hot humid weather (after a rain storm) (i) to
smoke, steam, be dusty (of air)
kanayuq sculpin, “fourhorn slimy”
(Myoxocephalus quadricornis Cottus
cognatus)
kayuq (Nu) outside of upper arm above the
point of the elbow
naulayuq (Nu) least weasel (Mustela rixosa)
nigayuq open water surrounded by ice
piŋasut number three piŋayuq a third one

1112
 *qaa (root) repulsion qaayuġi- (Ti) (t) to be squeamish about
her/him/it
qayuq boiled blood broth; tea
tuuyuq downy woodpecker (Dendrocopus
pubescens)
tiŋak pubic hair tiŋayuq or (Nu) tiŋayuk long white hanging
hair (“beard”) under chin of reindeer,
caribou or moose

-yuqtilaaq- vv (i) to V to one's best; (t) to measure her/his/its ability to V

-yuqtilaaq- restricted to verb stems which end in k or q
+suqtilaaq- restricted to verb stems which end in a vowel or t
atuq-1 to sing (it) atuyuqtilaaq- to sing (it) to one's best; (t) to
measure her/his/its ability to sing »
atuyuqtilaaġaa qamma he is giving her a
test to see how well she can sing in there
miquq- to sew (it) miquyuqtilaaq- to sew (it) to one's best; (t)
to measure her/his/its ability to sew »
miquyuqtilaaqtuŋa-liuvva I am sewing as
well as I can
pi(-) [pI] (t) to take, get, procure, acquire pisuqtilaaq- (i) to perform (it = task) to
her/him/it; (t) to do it; (t) to say to one's best; (t) to measure her/his/its ability
her/him; an entity to perform » pisuqtilaaġiñ do your best
pilak- (i) to butcher a carcass; (t) to pilayuqtilaaq- to butcher (it = carcass ) to
butcher it = a carcass one's best; (t) to measure her/his/its ability
to bitcher it » pilayuqtilaaġuŋ see how well
you can butcher it
savak- to work (on it); (t) to repair it;(t) savayuqtilaaq- (t) to measure her/his ability
to shape it; (t) to execute, administer it; to work; (i) to do one’s best to work on
(i) to be working, operating properly (of something » savayuqtilaaġaa she is testing
a machine/engine); (t) to prepare it = him to see how well he can do the work
corpse for burial

+yuummIq- vv (limited)to feel V | +yuk(-) vv :uq-2 vv -mmIq- vv

uqit- [uqIt] (i) to be light (in weight) uqigyuummiq- (i) to feel light of body,
giddy (especially when worries abate or
vanish, or when one is eager to do
something one enjoys doing)

+yyaaq(-) vn, vv (limited) something that is V

auma- (i) to be thawed aumayyaaq(-) something not yet frozen (as
freshly killed game); (i) to be partially
thawed (of meat)
nauyyaaq2 enamelware; enamel utensil; a
painted dish, painted crockery
tipi odor tipayyaaq(-) meat which has been aged

1113
 slightly and then cooked; (i) to become
slightly aged (of meat)

+yyak- or ‘-yyak- vv (limited) to begin to V | perhaps +ya-1 vv ’-k-2 vv

aula- (i) to move around, show aulayyak- (i) to move, to budge
movement, be in motion
uŋa- (i) to act as if one wants to be loved uŋŋayyak- (i) to regress temporarily to
and cuddled (esp., of a child) infantile behavior to get attention or in
response to prompting from parent (of child);
(i) to be cranky, sensing that her/his mother
is pregnant with a second child (of child)

-yyaq vn (limited) item made out of N or by V-ing | -ya(q) rn

aniu packed snow aniguyyaq or (Nu) anigutyaq snow shelter;
winter den (for female polar bear)
api- to become snow-covered (of apuyyaq or (Nu) aputyaq snow block
landscape, ground); (t) for it to become shelter; snow patch; snow house
snow-covered
piŋu(-) isolated ice mound, knoll; dome, piŋuyyaq (Ti) itchy, allergic type bump or
isolated hill; pimple, swelling on skin; pimple
swell (crestless wave or succession of
waves); (i) to develop a pimple; to form
swells (of ocean)
qiku clay qikuyyaq (Ti) or qikutyaq clay; clay
utensil, pottery
g
sau- [sa u] to cover (her/him/it) with saggutyaq (Nu) snow house made of soft,
snow, sand, or earth, layer by layer; (t) to new snow
skirt it = traditional house with snow

+yyaq- or ’yyaq- vv to go and V § +iaq-1 vv

1114
Iñupiatun Uqaluit Isuŋit
Iñupiaq Word Endings

Uqallagautit Nalunaiġutiŋillu Isuŋillu

Verb Moods and Endings

Atiqausit Isuŋit
Noun Cases

1115
1116
1. Uqallagautit Nalunaiġutiŋillu Isuŋillu
Verb Moods and Endings

Verb moods express “the attitudes of the speaker towards the factual content of
the utterance” (Crystal: 223). In Iñupiaq, these attitudes are expressed by contrasting
inflectional endings of the verb usually in combination with a mood marker (a suffix)
indicating whether the speaker is asking a question, making a statement, a request, or a
command. Mood markers are also used to modify the attitude expressed in the main
verb. They may express possibility, uncertainty, conditionality, consequentiality, etc.
Mood markers also express whether the utterance is complete (contains an independent
verb) or not complete (contains a dependent verb).

A. Independent Verb Moods

Independent verbs state the main action. The Independent Verb moods in Iñupiaq
include the Interrogative, the Indicatives I and II, the Participials I, II and III, the
Kiisaimmaa, the Imperative I and II (affirmative and negative), and the Optative.

When a speaker expresses a statement, it is stated in the Indicative Mood,

Participle Mood, or the Kiisaimmaa Mood. The Indicative Mood is used to express a
present event, the Participle Mood is used to express a past event, and the Kiisaimmaa
Mood is use to express the final act, or the last event.

When a speaker or writer asks a question, the Interrogative Mood or the Optative
Mood (with rising final intonation) is used.

When a speaker or writer expresses a command, the Imperative Mood is used.

When a speaker expresses a suggestion or request, the Optative Mood is used.

Here is a presentation of the Iñupiaq Independent Verb names, mood markers and
their definitions, followed by Iñupiaq sentence examples and translations in English.

INDEPENDENT States the Main Action

VERB
Name of Mood Mood Marker, Definition and Examples:

Interrogative Mood +p/va- or +p/vi- is/did V (her/him/it)

niġivauŋ is she eating it/did she eat it
niġiva is she eating/did she eat
isiqpiuŋ did you bring it in
isiqpiñ did you enter
Indicative Mood I (t) +k/ga- or +k/gi- is V-ing her/him/it; (i) +t/ru- is V-ing
niġigaa she is eating it
niġiruq she is eating
tautukkiga I see it

1117
 tautuktuŋa I see (something)
Indicative Mood II (t) +sugaaq- or (i) +sugau- don’t you remember that… or
(excl) finally despite all odds or the time it took, the subject Vs
aitchuqsugaatin ukiaq don’t you recall that she gave you one
last fall
tikitchugaugut oh, we finally arrived
Participle Mood I (t) +t/raq- did V her/him/it;(i) +t/rua- did V
niġiraa she ate it
niġiruaq she ate
isiqtaġa I brought it in
isiqtuaŋa I entered
Participle Mood II (t) +kkaq did V her/him/it
niġikkaŋa she did eat it
niġikkaġa I ate it
Participle Mood III +k/galuaq- + Participle I did V(her/him/it), but…
niġigaluaqtaŋa she ate it, but…
niġigaluaqtuaq she ate, but…
tautukkaluaqtaġa I saw it, but…
tautukkaluaqtuaŋa I saw something, but…
Kiisaimmaa Mood (i) +p/vu- finally did V; (t) +p/va- finally did V her/him/it
kiisaimmaa niġivaa finally, she ate it
kiisaimmaa niġivuq she finally ate
kiisaimmaa tautukpaġa finally, I saw it
kiisaimmaa tautukpuŋa I finally saw (something)
Imperative Mood See (Optative – Imperative Mood Paradigm)
niġġiiñ (yous) eat
niġġiuŋ (yous) eat it
niġisitchi you all eat
Optative Mood +la or lI- let her/him/it V (her/him/it); should she/he/it V
niġili let her eat; should she eat
niġilitku let themd eat it; should theyd eat it
niġisa let’s eat; should we begin eating
tautuglagu let me see it; should I look at it
Negative Imperative +na- do not V (her/him/t)
isiġnak (yous) do not enter!
isiġnatku (youd) do not bring it in

The independent mood markers are presented below following the sequencing of
symbols in the Iñupiat Atchagat, the “Iñupiat Alphabet.”

+k/ga- or +k/gi- (t) is V-ing her/him/it Indicative I Mood

+k/galuaq- + Participle I Mood endings did V (her/him/it), Participle Mood III
but…
+kkaq (t) did V her/him/it Participle Mood II
+la or lI- let her/him/it V (her/him/it) Optative Mood
+na- do not V (her/him/t) Negative Imperative

1118
+p/va- or +p/vi- is/did V (her/him/it) Interrogative Mood
+p/va- (t) finally did V her/him/it Kiisaimmaa Mood
+p/vu- (i) finally did V Kiisaimmaa Mood
+sugau- (i) or +sugaaq- (t) don’t you remember that… or Indicative Mood II
(excl.) finally despite all odds, the subject Vs (her/him/it)
+t/raq- (t) did V her/him/it Participle Mood I
+t/ru- (i) is V-ing Indicative I Mood
+t/rua- (i) did V Participle Mood I

The Independent Mood markers and their endings are presented in the following
charts. The person and number of the subject are indicated on the right side of the chart
and the person and number of the object is indicated on the topside of the chart.
Numerals 1, 2, 3 respectively stand for the first person, second person, and the third
person. The subscripts s, d, and p respectively indicate the singular, dual, and the plural
number of either the subject or the object. The uppercase letter R following the numeral
3 indicates co-reference between the subjects of the dependent verb and the independent
verb. Intransitive endings for each mood are presented in the chart to the right of the
transitive endings. In those pages where there is no room for the intransitive chart, it is
presented on the following page.

The Indicative Moods I and II, the Participle Moods I and II, and the Kiisaimmaa
Mood use variations of the same set of endings.

The Interrogative Mood, the Optative-Imperative Mood, and the Negative

Optative-Imperative Mood use variations of the same set of endings.

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 TRANSITIVE INTERROGATIVE MOOD ENDINGS

O B J E C T

Mood INTRANSITIVE
Marker 3s 3d 3p 2s 2d 2p 1s 1d 1p ENDINGS
gu gik gI(t) giñ sik sI 1s k

sigu sigik sigiŋ1 sigiñ ↓ ↓ 1d S ñuk

↓ ↓ ← sigiŋ1 ↓ ↓ ↓ 1p U sa

+p/v I uŋ gik gI(t) ŋa siguk sigut 2s B p/vI ñ

tku sigik sigiŋ1 siŋŋa ↓ ↓ 2d J sik

siuŋ ↓ ← sigiŋ1 siñŋa ↓ ↓ 2p E si

uŋ gik gI(t) tin sik sI ŋa tiguk tigut 3s C ∅

a tku tigik2 → ↓ ↓ ↓ ŋŋa ↓ ↓ 3d T p/va k

rruŋ ← tigiŋ1 ↓ ↓ ↓ nŋa ↓ ↓ 3p t

NOTATIONS:
1
alternate ending is sigik.
2
alternate ending is tkik.

1120
 TRANSITIVE INDICATIVE MOOD I ENDINGS
O B J E C T
Mood INTRANSITIVE
Marker 3s 3d 3p 2s 2d 2p 1s 1d 1p ENDINGS
ga kka tka kpiñ vsik vsI 1s ŋa
I+ kpuk ← vuk ↑ ↓ ↓ 1d S guk
kput ← vut vsigiñ3 ↓ ↓ 1p U gut

n kkiñ tin ŋma4 vsiguk6 vsigut7 2s B tin

+k/g I+ ksik ← sik vsiŋŋa5 ↓ ↓ 2d J +t/ru sik
ksi ← si vsiñŋa ↓ ↓ 2p E sI
a ik I atin asik asI aŋa atiguk atigut 3s C q
a+ ak ↓← ↑ ↓ ↓ ↓ aŋŋa ↓ ↓ 3d T k
at ↓← It1 ↓ ↓ ↓ anŋa ↓ ↓ 3p t

NOTATIONS:
5
1
strong I palatalizes t → [ṭ] (written t, or ch when aspirated). sometimes ptiŋŋa.
6
2
sometimes ptik. sometimes ptiguk.
7
3
sometimes ptigiñ. sometimes ptigut.
4
sometimes gma.

1121
 TRANSITIVE INDICATIVE MOOD II ENDINGS
“don’t you remember, that...”
or
“finally, despite all odds or the time it took, the subject Vs”

O B J E C T
Mood INTRANSITIVE
Marker 3s 3d 3p 2s 2d 2p 1s 1d 1p ENDINGS
+ga -kka -tka +kpiñ -vsik2 -vsI 1s ŋa
+kpuk ← vuk ↑ ↓ ↓ 1d S guk
+kput ← vut -vsigiñ3 ↓ ↓ 1p U gut

-n -kkiñ -tin +ŋma4 -vsiguk6 -vsigut7 2s B tin

+sugaaq- +ksik ← sik -vsiŋŋa5 ↓ ↓ 2d J +sugau- sik
+ksi ← si -vsiñŋa ↓ ↓ 2p E sI
-ŋa -ŋik -ŋI -ŋatin -ŋasik -ŋasI -ŋanI -ŋatiguk -ŋatigut 3s C q
-ŋak ↓← ↑ ↓ ↓ ↓ -ŋaŋnI ↓ ↓ 3d T k
-ŋat ↓← It1 ↓ ↓ ↓ -ŋannI ↓ ↓ 3p t

Notations:
5
1
strong I palatalizes t → [ṭ] (written t, or ch when aspirated). sometimes -ptiŋŋa.
6
2
sometimes -ptik. sometimes -ptiguk.
7
3
sometimes -ptigiñ. sometimes -ptigut.
4
sometimes +gma.

1122
 TRANSITIVE PARTICIPLE I: T/RAQ MOOD ENDINGS

O B J E C T
Mood
Marker 3s 3d 3p 2s 2d 2p 1s 1d 1p INTRANSITIVE
ENDINGS
+ga -kka -tka +kpiñ -vsik -vsI 1s ŋa

+kpuk ← -vuk ↑ ↓ ↓ 1d S guk

+kput ← -vut -vsigiñ ↓ ↓ 1p U gut

-n -kkiñ -tin +ŋma -vsiguk -vsigut 2s B tin

+t/raq1 +ksik ← -sik -vsiŋŋa ↓ ↓ 2d J +t/rua sik

+ksI ← -sI -vsiñŋa ↓ ↓ 2p E sI

-(ŋ)a -(ŋ)ik -(ŋ)I -(ŋ)atin -(ŋ)asik -(ŋ)asI -(ŋ)anI -(ŋ)atiguk -(ŋ)atigut 3s C q

-(ŋ)ak ↓ ↑ ↓ ↓ ↓ -(ŋ)aŋnI ↓ ↓ 3d T k
-(ŋ)at ↓ -(ŋ)It2 ↓ ↓ ↓ -(ŋ)annI ↓ ↓ 3p t

Notations:
1
alternative mood marker -kkaq identified as Participial II.
2
strong I palatalizes t → [ṭ] (written t, or ch when aspirated).

Other Moods using this paradigm of verb endings:

Participle III: +k/galuaq + Participial I endings “did V (her/him/it), but....”

1123
 TRANSITIVE KIISAIMMAA MOOD ENDINGS

O B J E C T
Mood INTRANSITIVE
Marker 3s 3d 3p 2s 2d 2p 1s 1d 1p ENDINGS
+ga -kka -tka +kpiñ -vsik -vsI 1s ŋa
+kpuk ← -vuk ↑ ↓ ↓ 1d S guk
+kput ← -vut -vsigiñ ↓ ↓ 1p U gut

-n -kkiñ -tin +ŋma -vsiguk -vsigut 2s B tin

+p/vaq +ksik ← -sik -vsiŋŋa ↓ ↓ 2d J +p/vu sik
+ksI ← -sI -vsiñŋa ↓ ↓ 2p E sI
-a -ik -I -atin -asik -asI -aŋa -atiguk -atigut 3s C q
-ak ↓ ↑ ↓ ↓ ↓ -aŋŋa ↓ ↓ 3d T k
-at ↓ -It1 ↓ ↓ ↓ -anŋa ↓ ↓ 3p t

1124
 TRANSITIVE OPTATIVE-IMPERATIVE MOOD ENDINGS

O B J E C T
Mood 3s 3d 3p 2s 2d 2p 1s 1d 1p INTRANSITIVE
Marker ENDINGS
gu gik gi(t) giñ5 vsik7 vsI 1s +laŋa
+la kpuk vuk → vsigiñ6 ↓ ↓ 1d +luk
kput vut → vsigiñ ↓ ↓ 1p S +t/sa
‘uŋ1 kkI(t) ŋŋa siguk sigut 2s 1
U ‘iñ 2
uŋ2 +iñ
ruŋ3 B +tin3
gguuŋ4 +gguin4
tku tkik → siŋŋa ↓ ↓ 2d J +sitchik1
+itchik2
E +titchik3
siuŋ sigik → siñŋa8 ↓ ↓ 2p C +sitchI2
1

+itchI
T +titchI3
uŋ gik gI(t) sin sik sI ŋa siguk sigut 3s +lI
+lI tku tkik → ↓ ↓ ↓ ŋŋa ↓ ↓ 3d +lik
rruŋ sigik → ↓ ↓ ↓ ñŋa ↓ ↓ 3p +lIt

Notations:
1 4
restricted to two syllable verb stems with form (C)VCV. restricted to verb stems which end in a two vowel cluster.
2 5
restricted to verb stems which end in a k or q and to verb stems alternative form kpiñ.
6
with more than two syllables which end in a vowel; alternative form alternative form ptigiñ.
7
gittik. alternative form ptsik.
3 8
restricted to verb stems which end in a t. alternative form siŋa.

1125
 TRANSITIVE NEGATIVE OPTATIVE-IMPERATIVE
MOOD ENDINGS

O B J E C T
Mood 3s 3d 3p 2s 2d 2p 1s 1d 1p INTRANSITIVE
Marker ENDINGS
1s ŋa
1d S nuk
1p U ta
gu gik gI(t) ŋa siguk sigut 2s B k
+na tku tkik sigik siŋŋa ↓ ↓ 2d J +na sik

siuŋ sigik sigiŋ1 siñŋa ↓ ↓ 2p E sI

3s C nI
3d T tik
3p tiŋ

Notations:
1
alternative form -sigik

1126
B. Dependent Verb Moods

Iñupiaq dependent verbs indicate how, when, or why the main action expressed
by an independent verb is done. Iñupiaq dependent verb moods include the
Subordinative, the Contemporatives I, II, III, and IV, the Negative Precessives I, II, and
III, the Concessive I, II, and III, Conditionals I and II, the Consequentials I and II, the
Successive, and the Customary Mood.

The Iñupiaq dependent verb names, mood markers and their definitions are
presented below, followed by Iñupiaq sentence examples and translations in English. The
terms “realized aspect” and “unrealized aspect” indicate the action depicted in the
dependent verb as either a completed event or an event that needs to be completed,
respectively.

DEPENDENT VERB:
Name of Mood:
Subordinative Mood
Contemporative Mood I
Contemporative Mood II
Contemporative Mood III
Contemporative Mood IV
Illustrates How, When, or Why the Main Action is Done
Mood Marker, Definition and Examples
+vlu- and +łu- (realized aspect) by V-ing (her/him/it)
+lu- (unrealized aspect) by V-ing (her/him/it)
quviasukłuni itiqtuq he woke up happy
quviasugluni itiġniaqtuq he will wake up happy
naluvlugu atuŋitkiga I did not use it because I did not
know of it
nalulugu atuġniaŋitkiga I will not use it not knowing of
it
+pkaqtiłłu- and +tiłłu- (realized aspect) +
Subordinative Mood endings: while V-ing (her/him/it)
+pkaqtillu- and +tillu- (unrealized aspect) +
Subordinative Mood endings: while V-ing (her/him/it)
aimmiuraaqtiłługu isiqtuaguk we entered while she
was at home
aimmiuraaqtillugu aŋuniaġiñ you will catch her
(while she is) at home
-llaq- while simultaneously V-ing (her/him/it)
naalaktuallaan miquqtuq while listening to him, she is
sewing
miqullaġmi naalaktuaġai she is listening to them while
(she is) sewing
-ŋŋaq- (durative or past) while V-ing (her/him/it)
uqautiŋŋaan unitchaġa I left him while she was still
talking to him
miquŋŋaġmi pialatqulaitkaatigut iglumi she does not
like for us to run around in the house while she is
sewing
-mmaq- while intermittently V-ing (her/him/it)
iglaqtuulammaġmi quliaqtuaġutiraatigut she told us
while intermittently having fits of laughter

1127
Negative Precessive Mood I
Negative Precessive Mood II
Negative Precessive Mood III
Concessive Mood I
Concessive Mood II
Concessive Mood III
Conditional Mood I
Conditional Mood II
Consequential Mood I
Consequential Mood II
-ŋaunna- + Subordinative Mood Endings: not before or
without V-ing (her/him/it)
tautuŋaunnagu ukpiġiniaŋiññiraatigut he said he
would not believe us without witnessing or seeing it
katchuŋaunnani aniñiaŋiññiruaq she said she was not
leaving until she was totally satisfied
+k/galuaqtinna- or ±ŋaisillu- + Contemporative I
Mood Endings: prior, before V-ing (her/him/it)
tautukkaluaqtinnagu igisimaraa or tautuŋaisillugu
igisimaraa he threw it away before she had seen it
+k/galuaġna- Subordinative Mood Endings: without V-
ing (her/him/it)
tautukkaluaġnagu aniruaq she left without seeing him
+k/galuaqłu- + Subordinative Mood Endings: although
V-ing (her/him/it)
tautukkaluaqługu qanuŋiñmiuq although she saw
him, she did not do anything
+k/galuaq- + Consequential and Conditional Mood
endings: even when or even if one V-s (her/him/it)
uqallautigaluaġamni qanulaitchuq he does not
respond even when I tell him
uqallautigaluaġumni qanuġniaŋilgitchuq he will not
respond again even if I tell him
+k/galuaq- + Consequential and Conditional Mood
endings: because or seeing that one is V-ing (her/him/it)
aptanaġaluaġman unitchaġa I left him because he
creates so many tasks for me to do
+k/gu- or +kpa- + Consequential and Conditional
Mood endings: if or when (future) one V-s (her/him/it)
itiġumi uqallautiniaġaatin he will tell you when he
wakes up
itiqpan uqallautisaġiñ tell him when he wakes up
-tuaq- + Consequential and Conditional Mood endings:
if ever one V-s (her/him/it)
anituaġuvit malikataġniaġaatin if you ever go out, he
will chase you
+k/ga- or +mma- + Consequential and Conditional
Mood endings: when (habitual or past) one V-s
(her/him/it)
itiġami uqallautiraa he told her when he woke up
itiġman uqallautiraa he told her when she woke up
-tuaq + Consequential and Conditional Mood endings:
whenever, everytime one V-s (her/him/it)
annisituaġamiuŋ qaġġisisuugaa everytime she takes
him outside, she brings him here
anituaġami iglaŋaqpaguuruq everytime he goes
1128
 outside he always has a big smile on his face
Successive Mood I +kaluaq + Consequential and Conditional Mood
endings: after V-ing (her/him/it) for a while
aniiġutigaluaqamiuŋ utqutigaa after being outside
with her for a while, he brought her inside
aniiqsuaġaluaqami isiqtuq after being outside for a
while, he entered
Customary Mood +k/aiññi (t) customarily, traditionally, as a rule, when
one is V-ed
+t/runi (i) customarily, traditionally or as a rule, when
one V-s
ikayuġaiññi quyanaaġnaqtuq customarily when one is
given help, one says “thank you”
aarigaa uunaaliktuqtuni it is so good to eat fresh
cooked maktak

The dependent mood markers are presented below following the sequencing of
symbols in the Iñupiat Atchagat.

+k/ga- or +mma- +plus Consequential/Conditional Consequential Mood

endings: when (habitual or past) one V-s
(her/him/it)
+k/galuaġna- + plus Subordinative endings: without Negative Precessive Mood III
V-ing (her/him/it)
+k/galuaq + plus Consequential/Conditional endings: Concessive Mood II
even when or even if one V-s (her/him/it)
+k/galuaq + plus Consequential/Conditional endings: Concessive Mood III
because or seeing that one is V-ing (her/him/it)
+k/galuaq + plus Consequential/Conditional endings: Successive Mood I
after V-ing (her/him/it) for a while
+k/galuaqłu- + plus Subordinative endings: although Concessive Mood I
V-ing (her/him/it)
+k/galuaqtinna- or ±ŋaisillu- + plus Subordinative Negative Precessive Mood II
endings: prior, before V-ing (her/him/it)
+k/gu- or +kpa- + plus Consequential/Conditionl Conditional Mood
endings: (t) if or when (future) one V-s (her/him/it)
-llaq- + plus Contemporative II, III, IV endings: while Contemporative Mood II
simultaneously V-ing (her/him/it)
+lu- plus Subordinative endings: (unrealized aspect) Subordinative Mood
by V-ing (her/him/it)
+mma- + plus Consequential/Conditional endings: Consequential Mood
when (habitual or past) one V-s (her/him/it)
-mmaq- + plus Contemporative II, III, IV endings: Contemporative Mood IV
while intermittently V-ing (her/him/it)
±ŋaisillu- +plus Subordinative endings: prior, before Negative Precessive Mood II

1129
V-ing (her/him/it)
-ŋŋaq- + plus Contemporative II, III, IV endings: Contemporative Mood III
(durative or past) while V-ing (her/him/it)
±ŋaunna +plus Subordinative endings: not before V- Negative Precessive Mood I
ing (her/him/it)
+pkaqtillu- or +tillu- + plus Contemporative I Contemporative Mood I
endings: (unrealized aspect) while V-ing (her/him/it)
+pkaqtiłłu- or +tiłłu- + plus Contemporative I Contemporative Mood I
endings: (realized aspect) while V-ing (her/him/it)
-tuaq + plus Consequential/Conditional Mood endings Conditional Mood II
if ever one V-s (her/him/it)
-tuaq + plus Consequential/Consequential Mood Consequential Mood II
endings: whenever, everytime one V-s (her/him/it)
+vlu- or +łu- +plus Subordinative endings: (realized Subordinative Mood
aspect) by V-ing (her/him/it)

The dependent mood markers and their endings are presented in the following
charts. The person and number of the subject are indicated on the right side of the chart
and the person and number of the object are indicated on the top side of the chart.
Numerals 1, 2, 3 respectively stand for the first person, second person, and the third
person. The subscripts s, d, and p respectively indicate the singular, dual, and the plural
number of either the subject or the object. The uppercase letter R following the numeral
3 indicates coreference (reflexive) between the subjects of the dependent verb and the
independent verb. Intransitive endings for each mood are presented in the chart to the
right of the transitive endings. In those pages where there is no room for the intransitive
chart, it is presented on the following page.

The Consequential and Condictional Moods and the Contemporative Moods II,
III, and IV use variations of the same set of endings which represent person(s) and
number.

The Subordinative Mood uses a subset of the Optative-Imperative set of endings

which represent person(s) and number.

1130
 TRANSITIVE SUBORDINATIVE MOOD ENDINGS

O B J E C T INTRANSITIVE
ENDINGS
Mood Mood Mood
Aspect Marker 3s 3d 3p 2s 2d 2p 1s 1d 1p Marker
gu gik gi(t) tin sik3 si ŋa nuk ta 1s ŋa
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 1d S nuk
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 1p ta
U
Realized: +vlu1 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 2s B vlu
1
tin
Unrealized: +lu2 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 2d J lu2 sik
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 2p sI
E
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 3s C ni
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 3d T tik
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 3p tiŋ
Notations:
1
attached to verb stems which end in a vowel; other forms of “realized” aspect: for verb stems with final consonants k add ł → kł which may
→[x], written kh; and for verb stems with final consonant q add ł → qł which may →[X], written qh.
2
attached to verb stems which end in a vowel; other forms of “unrealized” aspect: for verb stems with final consonants k or q add l → gl and ġl which may → g
and ġ, respectively.
3
altenative form is tik.

Other Moods that use this paradigm of verb endings:

Negative Precessive Mood I: -ŋaunna- “not before.” Negative Precessive Mood II: +kaluaqtinna- or ±ŋaisillu- “prior, before.”
Negative Precessive Mood III: +kaluaġna- “without.” Concessive Mood I: +kaluaqłu- “although.”

1131
 TRANSITIVE CONTEMPORATIVE MOOD I4 ENDINGS

INTRANSITIVE
O B J E C T ENDINGS
Mood Mood
Marker 3s 3d 3p 3Rs 3Rd 3Rp 2s 2d 2p 1s 1d 1p Marker
nI tik tiŋ gu gik gI(t) tin sik3 sI ŋa nuk ta 1s Realized: ŋa
1
Realized: ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 1d S mtiłłu nuk
2
mtiłłu
1
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 1p +pkaqłu ta
2 U
+pkaqłu
nI tik tiŋ gu gik gI(t) ŋa nuk ta 2s B tin
or ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 2d J or sik
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 2p sI
E
Unrealized: nI tik tiŋ tin sik3 sI ŋa nuk ta 3s C Unrealized: gu
1 1
mtillu ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 3d T mtillu gik
+pkaġlu ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 3p +pkaġlu gI(t)

Notations:
Symbol R in 3R Subject indicates co-reference (subject of the dependent verb is the same referent as the subject of the independent verb).
Symbol R in 3R Object indicates co-reference (subject of the independent verb is the same referent as the object of the dependent verb).
1
attached to verb stems which end in a consonant.
2
attached to verb stems which end in a vowel.
3
altenative form is tik.
4
in the same time frame “while.”

Other Mood that use this paradigm of verb endings:

1132
 TRANSITIVE5 CONTEMPORATIVE II, III & IV MOOD ENDINGS

O B J E C T

Mood
3s 3d 3p 3Rs 3Rd 3Rp 2s 2d 2p 1s 1d 1p
Marker
mni ptik ptiŋ4 pku pkik pkI(t) pkiñ vsik vsI 1s

-llaq1 ptigni ptigik ptigiŋ ptigu ptigik ptigiŋ vsigiñ ptik ↓ 1d S

ptinni ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ptik ↓ 1p U
pku pkik pkI(t) pku pkik pkI(t) mŋa vsiguk vsigut 2s B
-ŋŋaq2 ptitku ptitkik vsigiŋ vsitku1 vsigik vsigiŋ vsiŋŋa ↓ ↓ 2d J
vsiuŋ ↓ ↓ vsiuŋ ↓ ↓ vsiñŋa ↓ ↓ 2p E
miuŋ migik migi(t) misin misik misI miŋa misiguk misigut 3Rs C
-mmaq3 mitku mitkik misigik ↓ ↓ ↓ miŋŋa ↓ ↓ 3Rd T
mirruŋ misigik misigiŋ ↓ ↓ ↓ miñŋa ↓ ↓ 3Rp

Notations:
Symbol R in 3R indicates co-reference (subject of the dependent verb is the same referent as the subject of the independent verb).
1
Contemporative Mood II “while simultaneously.”
2
Contemporative Mood III ”durative or past while.”
3
Contemporative Mood IV ”while intermittently.”
4
alternative form –ptik.
5
see Transitive Contemporative Mood II Alternate Endings for Intransitive Endings.

1133
 TRANSITIVE CONTEMPORATIVE MOOD II ALTERNATE ENDINGS
O B J E C T
INTRANSITIVE
Mood 3s 3d 3p 2s 2d 2p 1s 1d 1p ENDINGS
Marker

-an -agnik -isa +piñ -vsik -vsI 1s +ma

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 1d S -mnuk
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 1p U -pta
-llaq1 -an -agnik -isa +ma -mnuk -pta 2s B +piñ
1
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 2d J -llaq -vsik
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 2p E -vsI
-an -agnik -isa +piñ -vsik -vsI +ma -mnuk -pta 3s C +mi
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 3d T +mik
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 3p +miŋ

Notations:
1
”while simultaneously.”

Other Moods using this paradigm of verb endings:

Contemporative Mood III: -ŋŋaq- “durative or past while.”
Contemporative Mood IV: -mmaq- “while intermittently.”
Inquiry Mood: +mmagaaq- “check to see if.”

1134
 TRANSITIVE CONSEQUENTIAL – CONDITIONAL MOODS ENDINGS

O B J E C T
Mood 3Rs 3Rd 3Rp 3s 3d 3p 2s 2d 2p 1s 1d 1p
Marker
mni ptik ptiŋ pku pkik pkI(t) pkiñ vsik vsI 1s
ptigni ptigik ptigiŋ ptigu ptigik ptigiŋ4 ptigiñ ↓ ↓ 1d
+k/gu1 ptinni ptigik ptigiŋ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 1p S
+k/ga2 pku pkik pkI(t) pku pkik pkI(t) mŋa vsiguk vsigut 2s U
ptitku ptitkik → ptitku ptitkik → vsiŋŋa ↓ ↓ 2d B
vsiuŋ vsigik vsigiŋ vsiuŋ vsigik vsigiŋ vsiñŋa ↓ ↓ 2p J
1
+kpa ni tik tiŋ gu3 gik gI(t) tin sik sI ŋa tiguk tigut 3s E
+mma2 ŋni ↓ ↓ tku tkik → ↓ ↓ ↓ ŋŋa ↓ ↓ 3d C
nni ↓ ↓ rruŋ tigik tigiŋ ↓ ↓ ↓ nŋa ↓ ↓ 3p T
k/gu1 miuŋ migik migI(t) misin misik misI miŋa misiguk misigut 3Rs
k/ga2 mitku mitkik → ↓ ↓ ↓ miŋŋa ↓ ↓ 3Rd
mirruŋ misigik misigiŋ ↓ ↓ ↓ miñŋa ↓ ↓ 3Rp
Notations:
Symbol R in 3R Subject indicates co-reference (subject of the independent verb is the same referent as the subject of the dependent verb).
Symbol R in 3R Object indicates co-reference (subject of the independent verb is the same referent as the object of the dependent verb).
1
Conditional Mood marker expressing the “unrealized” aspect of “when.”
2
Consequential Mood marker expressing the “realized” aspect of “when.”
3
alternative form [uŋ].
4
alternative form [viṭ] or [vich] when aspirated.

Other Moods using this paradigm of verb endings:

Concessive II: +kaluaq- “even if” and “even when”, respectively.
Concessive III: +kaluaq + Consequential endings, “because, seeing that.”
Consequential Mood II: -tuaq + Consequential endings, “everytime when, whenever.”
Conditional Mood II: -tuaq + Conditional endings, “if ever.”
Successive Mood: +kaluaq + Consequential endings, “after a while.”

1135
 INTRANSITIVE CONSEQUENTIAL – CONDITIONAL MOODS
ENDINGS

Mood Marker
ma 1s
mnuk 1d
+k/gu1 pta 1p S
2 4
+k/ga viñ 2s U
vsik 2d B
vsI 2p J
1
+kpa n 3s E
+mma2 ŋnik 3d C
ta 3p T
k/gu1 mI 3RS
k/ga2 mik 3RD
miŋ5 3RP

Notations:
Symbol R in 3R Subject indicates co-reference (subject of the independent verb is the same referent as the subject of the dependent verb).
1
Conditional mood marker expressing the “unrealized” aspect of “when.”
2
Consequential mood marker expressing the “realized” aspect of “when.”
4
alternative form [viṭ] or [vich] when aspirated.
5
alternative form [mik].
Other Moods using this paradigm of verb endings:
Concessive II: +kaluaq- “even if” and “even when,” respectively.
Concessive III: +kaluaq + Consequential endings, “because, seeing that.”
Consequential Mood II: -tuaq + Consequential endings, “everytime when, whenever.”
Conditional Mood II: -tuaq + Conditional endings, “if ever.”
Successive Mood: +kaluaq + Consequential endings, “after a while.”

1136
1137
2. Atiqausit Isuŋit
Noun Cases

Nouns in Iñupiaq are marked for singular, dual, or plural number and for case.
Iñupiaq has eight noun cases – the Absolutive, the Relative, the Locative, the Ablative,
the Modalis, the Terminalis, the Similaris, and the Vialis. The Absolutive and Relative
noun cases function as subjects, objects, or possessors of other nouns in Iñupiaq sentence
constructions. The Locative, the Ablative, the Modalis, the Terminalis, the Similaris, and
the Vialis function as prepositions do in English.

A. Absolutive Case

A noun in the Absolutive Case is the name of a referent and as such functions as
the subject of an intransitive verb and the direct object of a transitive verb. All personal
names are in the Absolutive Case.

Here are examples of nouns in the Absolutive Case in their singular, dual, and
plural forms.
Singular Dual Plural
woman aġnaq aġnak aġnat
man aŋun aŋutik aŋutit
car qamun qamutik qamutit
dog qimmiq qimmik qimmit
house house igluk iglut
tent tupiq tuppak tupqit

Here are sentence examples with the Absolutive Case.

FUNCTION IÑUPIAQ EXAMPLE ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Subject of Intransitive Verb:
Aŋun qamutiqaqtuq. The man has a car.
Aġnaq ikayuqtuq. The woman is helping.
Qamun nutqaqtuq. The car stopped.
Qimmits nutqaqtuq. The dog stopped.
Iglu kaviqsuq. The house is red
Tuppak qanittuk. The tentsd are close by.
Direct Object of Transitive Verb:
Ikayuġaa aġnaq. He is helping the woman.
Nutqaqtitkaa aŋun. She stopped the man.
Niġipkaġaa qimmiq. He is feeding the dog.
Nutqaqtitkaa qamun. She stopped the car.
Tautukkikka tuppak. I see the tentsd.
Iglut tautukkai. He sees the houses.

Absolutive Case nouns may be possessed. The following possessive endings may
be attached to nouns in the Absolutive Case.

1137
ABSOLUTIVE CASE POSSESSIVE ENDINGS

P O S S E S S E D
s d p
s +[g]a1 -(k)ka -tka
P 1 d +kpuk -vuk -vuk
O p +kput -vut -vut
2 3
S s -n/:iñ ‘-(k)kiñ -tin
S 2 d +ksIk -sIk -sIk
E p +ksI -sI -sI
S s -ŋa4 -ŋik5 -ŋI(t)6
7 8
S 3 d -ŋak -ŋIk -ŋIk9
O p -ŋat10 -ŋIt11 -ŋIt11
12
R s -nI dual+nI -nI12
3Rf d +ktik -tik -tik
13
p +ktiŋ -tiŋ -tiŋ
Notations:
Symbol Rf in 3Rf Possessor indicates the subject of the independent intransitive verb has a reflexive
relationship with the subject of the dependent intransitive verb; or the subject of the independent transitive
verb has a reflective relationship with the object of the verb.
1 4
Consonant g inside the brackets [ ] is used with Alternate form :a.
5
nouns with vowel finals; stem final consonants q Alternate form ‘-k.
6
and k soften to g and ġ, respectively. Alternate form :It.
2 7
Possessed ending -n is used with singular Alternate form :ak.
8
absolutive nouns which end in a weak consonant; Alternate form ‘-k.
9
ending -iñ is used with singular absolutive nouns Alternate form :It.
10
which end in a strong consonant k or Q. Alternate form :at.
3 11
Gemination indicated by the apostrophe (‘) is Alternate form :It.
12
optional. Alternate form ‘=I.
13
Alternate form –riŋ.

Here are sentence examples using the Absolutive Case Possessive Endings.
FUNCTION IÑUPIAQ EXAMPLE ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Possessor of Subject Qamutiŋa nutqaqtuq. Her car stopped.
of Intransitive Verb: or
Qamutaa nutqaqtuq.
Igluŋa kaviqsuq. Her house is red.
or
Iglua kaviqsuq.
Possessor of Object Nutqaqtitkaa qamutiŋa. He stopped her car.
of Transitive Verb: or
Nutqaqtitkaa qamutaa.
Tautukkiga igluŋa. I see her house.
or
Tautukkiga iglua.

1138
B. Relative Case

A noun in the Relative Case is also the name of a referent (noun) and as such
functions as the subject of a transitive verb and the possessor of another noun. Singular
nouns in the Relative Case are marked with “m” or “um.” The dual and plural nouns in
Relative Case are not distinguishable from their counterparts in the Absolutive Case
except in function.

Here are examples of nouns in Relative Case in their singular, dual, and plural
forms.
Singular Dual Plural
woman aġnam aġnak aġnat
man aŋutim aŋutik aŋutit
car qamutim qamutik qamutit
dog qimmim qimmik qimmit

Here are several sentence examples with the Relative Case.

FUNCTION IÑUPIAQ EXAMPLE ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Subject of Aġnam ikayuġaa. The woman is helping him.
Transitive
Verb:
Aŋutim ikayuġaa. The man is helping her.
Possessor of aġnam qamutiŋa or the woman’s car
Possessed aġnam qamutaa
Noun:
aŋutim qimmiŋa or the man’s dog
aŋutim qimmia

Relative Case nouns may be possessors of other nouns. The following

possessor/possessed endings may be attached to nouns in the singular Absolutive Case.

RELATIVE CASE POSSESSIVE ENDINGS

P O S S E S S E D
s d p
s +gma1 (dual) +ma +gma1
P 1 d -mnuk -mnuk -mnuk
O p -pta -pta -pta
2
S s +kpIt/ñ (dual) +kpIt/ñ +kpIt/ñ2
3 3
S 2 d -vsik -vsik -vsik3
E p -vsI -vsI -vsI
4
S s -ŋata -ŋiksa -ŋI(t) or :It
S 3 d -ŋakta5 -ŋIksa -ŋIksa8
O p -ŋatta6 -ŋisa7 -ŋisa
R s ÷mI dual +mI ÷nI
3R d ÷mik ÷mik ÷mik
9 9
p ÷miŋ ÷miŋ ÷miŋ9

1139
Notations:
Symbol Rf in 3Rf Possessor indicates the subject of the transitive verb has a reflexive relationship with the
possessor of the direct object; the subject of the independent verb has a reflexive relationship with the
possessor of the subject of the dependent verb.
1 6
Alternate form +ŋma. Alternate form :atta.
2 7
Alternate form +vIt/ñ. Alternate form -ŋiksa; (Nu) -kisa.
3 8
Alternate form -ptik. Alternate form -ŋisa.
4 9
Alternate forms -ŋan or :an or :ata. Alternate form ÷mik.
5
Alternate form :akta.

Here are two sentence examples using the Relative Case Possessive Endings.
FUNCTION IÑUPIAQ EXAMPLE ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Possessor of Subject of Aakagma tautuktaa. My mother saw it.
Transitive Verb:
Aakagma nukaaluŋata My mother’s younger sibling
tautuktaa. saw it.
Possessor of Possessed aakagma igluŋa my mother’s house
Noun:
Aakagma igluŋata upkuaŋa The door of my mother’s
kaviqsuq. house is red.

C. Other Noun Cases

The other noun cases function somewhat like prepositions in English. The
Modalis Case marks the indefinite object of an intransitive verb, the instrument used to
do the action, or the manner in which the action is done; the Locative Case indicates the
location; the Terminalis Case indicates the goal of the action; the Ablative Case indicates
the origin or source of the action; the Vialis Case indicates the route, the means, or the
basis (cause) of an action; and the Similaris Case indicates a comparison of similarities.

The noun case endings for all of the noun cases excluding the Absolutive and the
Relative Cases are presented below.

Modalis Locative Terminalis Ablative Vialis Similaris

÷mik ÷mI ÷mun ÷miñ -kun ÷tun singular
(dual)+nik (dual)+nI (dual)+nun (dual)+niñ (dual)+kun (dual)+tun dual
÷nik ÷nI ÷nun ÷niñ ÷tigun ÷titun plural

All noun cases are attached to nouns in the Absolutive Case. The division sign ÷
indicates that stem final consonants k, Q, and n are retained (and assimiliated) but final
consonant q is not. The “dual” in parentheses indicates that the dual form of the
Absolutive Case is formed before the addition of the markers for the dual in all cases.
The plural case markers are attached to singular nouns in the Absolutive Case.

1140
The Modalis Case

The Modalis Case has several functions: as an indefinite object, as an instrument

or means to do an action, or as way to specify an object or an action. Here are some
examples.
FUNCTION IÑUPIAQ EXAMPLE ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Indefinite Object of
Intransitive Verb: Tautuktuq qamunmik. She saw a car.
Means or Instrument: Apuqtaa qamunmik. She crashed into it with a car.
Specification: Aitchuqtaa qamunmik. She gave him a car.
Adverb: Savaguuruq ataramik. She works constantly.

The Modalis Case also indicates “by oneself” when attached to personal noun stems.
Here are some examples:
FUNCTION IÑUPIAQ EXAMPLE ENGLISH TRANSLATION
“by oneself” Uvamnik savaktaġa. I worked on it (with no help
from anyone).
Iliŋnik piuŋ. Do it yourself.
Ilimiñik isaktaa. He got it by himself.

Absolutive Case nouns may acquire Modalis Case possessive endings. The
endings are listed below.

MODALIS CASE POSSESSIVE ENDINGS

P O S S E S S E D
s d p
s +mnik +mnik +mnik
P 1 d +ptignik +ptignik +ptignik
O p +ptinnik +ptinnik +ptinnik
S s +ŋnik +ŋnik +ŋnik
S 2 d +vsigñik +vsigñik +vsigñik
E p +vsiññik +vsiññik +vsiññik
1 4
S s -ŋanik -ŋiŋñik -ŋiññik5
S 3 d -ŋaŋnik2 -ŋiŋñik4 -ŋiŋñik4
3 5
O p -ŋannik -ŋiññik -ŋiññik5
R s ÷miñik dual +miñik ÷miñik
3Rf d ÷mignik ÷mignik ÷mignik
p ÷miŋnik ÷miŋnik ÷miŋnik
Notations:
1
Symbol Rf in 3Rf Possessor indicates the possessed Alternate form :anik.
2
noun in modalis has a reflexive relationship with the Alternate form :aŋnik.
3
subject of the verb. Alternate form :annik.
4
Alternate forms :iŋñik.
5
Alternate form :iññik.

1141
 Here are several sentence examples using the Modalis Case Possessive Endings.
FUNCTION IÑUPIAQ EXAMPLE ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Indefinite Object of
Intranstive Verb: Atuġniaqtuŋa qamutiŋanik. I will use his car.
Means or Instrument: Aiñiaġiga qamutimnik. I will fetch her with my car.
Specification: Piksraġniaqtuŋa malġuŋnik. I will take two.

The Locative Case

The Locative Case identifies the place or time where or when an event occurs.
Here are some examples.
FUNCTION:
Location: Utqiaġvigñi iñuuruq. She lives in Barrow.
Savaguuruq uvlaami. He works in the morning.

Absolutive Case nouns may acquire Locative Case possessive endings. The
endings are listed below.

LOCATIVE CASE POSSESSIVE ENDINGS

P O S S E S S E D
s d p
s +mnI +mnI +mnI
P 1 d +ptignI +ptignI +ptignI
O p +ptinnI +ptinnI +ptinnI
S s +ŋnI +ŋnI +ŋnI
S 2 d +vsigñI +vsigñI +vsigñI
E p +vsiññI +vsiññI +vsiññI
S s -ŋanI1 -ŋiŋñI4
-ŋiññI5
S 3 d -ŋaŋnI2 -ŋiŋñI4
-ŋiŋñI4
O p -ŋannI3 -ŋiññI5 -ŋiññI5
R s ÷miñI dual +miñI ÷miñI
3Rf d ÷mignI ÷mignI ÷mignI
p ÷miŋnI ÷miŋnI ÷miŋnI
Notations:
1
Symbol Rf in 3Rf Possessor indicates the possessed Alternate form :anI.
2
noun in localis has a reflexive relationship with the Alternate form :aŋnI.
3
subject of the verb. Alternate form :annI.
4
Alternate forms :iŋñI.
5
Alternate form :iññI.

Here are two sentence examples using the Locative Case Possessive Endings.
FUNCTION IÑUPIAQ EXAMPLE ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Place: Uuktuaġuŋ tamanna suppun Try that gun out behind his house.
igluata tunuani.
Time: Anniviani tikitchuaq. She arrived on his birthday.

1142
The Ablative Case

The Ablative Case identifies the origin of an item or an event, or the source of
comparison. Here are some examples.
FUNCTION IÑUPIAQ EXAMPLE ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Origin: Utqiaġvigñiñ tikitchut The ones who traveled by boat have
umiaqtuqtuat. arrived from Barrow.
Origin: Aippaaniñ qaŋa tainnaittuaq That piece of land has been that way
tamanna nuna. from time immemorial.
Source of Aŋunmiñ mikiłhaaqtuŋa. I am shorter than the man.
Comparison:
Origin: Iktumaŋŋa aġnamiñ That gun is his Christmas gift from that
aitchuusiaŋa tamanna woman over there the year before.
suppun ukiutqik
Christmaġmata.
Source of Mattumaŋŋa umiamiñ It is bigger than this boat here.
Comparision: aŋiłhaaqtuq.

Absolutive Case nouns may acquire Ablative Case possessive endings. The
endings are listed below.

ABLATIVE CASE POSSESSIVE ENDINGS

P O S S E S S E D
s d p
s +mniñ +mniñ +mniñ
P 1 d +ptigniñ +ptigniñ +ptigniñ
O p +ptinniñ +ptinniñ +ptinniñ
S s +ŋniñ +ŋniñ +ŋniñ
S 2 d +vsigñiñ +vsigñiñ +vsigñiñ
E p +vsiññiñ +vsiññiñ +vsiññiñ
S s -ŋaniñ1 -ŋiŋñiñ4 -ŋiññiñ5
S 3 d -ŋaŋniñ2 -ŋiŋñiñ4
-ŋiŋñiñ4
O p -ŋanniñ3 -ŋiññiñ5 -ŋiññiñ5
R s ÷miñiñ dual +miñiñ ÷miñiñ
3R d ÷migniñ ÷migniñ ÷migniñ
p ÷miŋniñ ÷miŋniñ ÷miŋniñ
Notations:
1
Symbol Rf in 3Rf Possessor indicates the possessed Alternate form :aniñ.
2
noun in ablative has a reflexive relationship with the Alternate form :aŋniñ.
3
subject of the verb. Alternate form :anniñ.
4
Alternate forms :iŋñiñ.
5
Alternate form :iññiñ.

1143
 Here are sentence examples using the Ablative Case possessive Endings.
FUNCTION:
Source: Uvamniñ mikiruq. He is smaller than me.
Source: Ivaaŋiññiñ qimmiaġruksraqtuaq. She got a puppy from its litter.
Source: Umiaŋaniñ supputiksraqtuaq The woman got a gun from his
aġnaq. boat.

The Terminalis Case

The Terminalis Case identifies the place, time, or entity where an event or action
stops, concludes. Here are some examples.
FUNCTION IÑUPIAQ EXAMPLE ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Termination
Point: Utqiaġvignuñ tikiññiaqtugut. We will reach Barrow.
Savaiññiġmun maaniinniaqtuŋa. I will be here until Sunday.

The Terminalis Case also identifies the subject of the embedded verb. The
embedding “verb” may be a request, a causative, or a reportative. Here are two examples.
FUNCTION IÑUPIAQ EXAMPLE ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Subject of Embedded Aġnaq ikayuquruq The woman would like the young
Verb: nukatpiamun. man to help her.
Subject of Embedded Aŋutim niġipkaġai The man fed the dogs.
Verb: iqaluit qimmiñun.

In the first example, the aġnaq “woman” makes a request. The postbase qu embodies
the request made by the woman. The verb stem ikayuq ”to help” specifies the action that
is being requested of the nukatpiaq “the young man” expressed in the Terminalis Case,
nukatpiamun “of the young man”.

In the second example, the aŋutim “the man” causes the dogs to eat iqaluit “the fish” by
causing/enabling them to eat. The postbase pkaq indicates the causation effected by the
man. The verb stem niġi “to eat” specifies the action that is being done by the qimmit
“dogs” expressed in the Terminalis Case, qimmiñun “by the dogs”. Here are two more
examples.
FUNCTION IÑUPIAQ EXAMPLE ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Subject of Embedded Aġnam isiqugaa qattaq The wowman wants the young
Verb: iglumun nukatpiamun. man to place the water barrel
inside the house.
Subject of Embedded Aŋutim niġiñiraŋi iqaluit The man reported that the dogs
Verb: qimmiñun. ate the fish.

Absolutive Case nouns may acquire Terminalis Case possessive endings. The
endings are listed below.

1144
TERMINALIS CASE POSSESSIVE ENDINGS

P O S S E S S E D
s d p
s +mnun +mnun +mnun
P 1 d +ptignun +ptignun +ptignun
O p +ptinnun +ptinnun +ptinnun
S s +ŋnun +ŋnun +ŋnun
S 2 d +vsigñun +vsigñun +vsigñun
E p +vsiññun +vsiññun +vsiññun
1
S s -ŋanun -ŋiŋñun4 -ŋiññun5
S 3 d -ŋaŋnun2 -ŋiŋñun4 -ŋiŋñun4
O p -ŋannun3 -ŋiŋñun4 -ŋiññun5
R s ÷miñun dual +miñun ÷miñun
3Rf d ÷mignun ÷mignun ÷mignun
p ÷miŋnun ÷miŋnun ÷miŋnun
Notations:
1
Symbol Rf in 3Rf Possessor indicates the possessed Alternate form :anun.
2
noun in terminalis has a reflexive relationship with Alternate form :aŋnun.
3
the subject of the verb. Alternate form :annun.
4
Alternate forms :iŋñun.
5
Alternate form :iññun.

Here are several sentence examples using the Terminalis Case possessive endings.
FUNCTION IÑUPIAQ EXAMPLE ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Subject of Qimmiŋiññun niġipkaqtaŋi She fed the fish to his dogs.
Embedded Verb: iqaluit.
Goal: Savagvimñun He went to wait at my place of
utaqqiyyaqtuaq. employment.
Subject of Iliŋnun savaqugiga. I would like for you to work on it
Embedded Verb

The Vialis Case

The Vialis Case identifies the venue, time, entity, or circumstances through which
an event occurs or the source of a comparison of differences. Here are some examples:
FUNCTION IÑUPIAQ EXAMPLE ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Venue: Seattle-kun Hawaii-muktuat. They went to Hawaii by way of
Seattle.
Circumstance: Savaapkun Anchorage- I went to Anchorage on account of my
muktuaŋa. job.

Savaaŋagun nanġaqtaġa. I praised his work.

Time: Unnuakun iglauruagut. We traveled at night.

Absolutive Case nouns may acquire Vialis Case Possessive endings. The endings
are listed below.

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VIALIS CASE POSSESSIVE ENDINGS

P O S S E S S E D
s d p
s +pkun +pkun +pkun
P 1 d +ptignun +ptignun +ptignun
O p +ptigun +ptigun +ptigun
S s +kkun +kkun +kkun
S 2 d +vsigun +vsigun +vsigun
E p +vsigun +vsigun +vsigun
S s -ŋagun1 -ŋikkun -ŋigun
2
S 3 d -ŋakkun -ŋiksigun -ŋiksigun
O p -ŋatigun3 -ŋisigun -ŋisigun
R s ÷migun dual +migun ÷migun
3Rf d ÷mikkun ÷miktigun ÷miktigun
p ÷mikkun ÷miktigun ÷miktigun
Notations:
1
Symbol Rf in 3Rf Possessor indicates the possessed Alternate form :agun.
2
noun in localis has a reflexive relationship with the Alternate form :akkun.
3
subject of the verb. Alternate form :atigun.

Here are sentence examples using the Vialis Case possessive endings.
FUNCTION IÑUPIAQ EXAMPLE ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Venue: Nunapkun apqusiuqtut. They are building a road through my
land.
Time: Piviksrautiŋagun piñiaqtuŋa. I will take his time slot.

The Similaris Case

The Similaris Case indicates similarities between entities. Here are some
examples.
FUNCTION IÑUPIAQ EXAMPLE ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Source of Comparison Utqiaġviksun Qikiqtaġruk Kotzebue, like Barrow, has a
of Similarities: qaukłiqaqtuq aġnamik. female mayor.
Uvaptun miquġnagu. Don’t sew it like I did mine.

The Similaris Case also indicates “of one’s own volition,” when coupled with the
third person reflexive pronoun stems. Here are some examples.
FUNCTION IÑUPIAQ EXAMPLE ENGLISH TRANSLATION
“of one’s/its own volition” Ilimisun qamiruaq. It became unoperational by
itself.
Inmisun aŋmaqtuaq. It opened by itself.
Katchi ilimisun The wall cracked open by
aatchaqtuq. itself.

1146
 Absolutive Case nouns may acquire Similaris Case possessive endings. The
endings are listed below.

SIMILARIS CASE POSSESSIVE ENDINGS

P O S S E S S E D
s d p
s +ptun +ptun +ptun
P 1 d +ptiktun +ptiktun +ptiktun
O p +ptitun +ptitun +ptitun
S s +ktun +ktun +ktun
S 2 d +vsiktun +vsiktun +vsiktun
E p +vsitun +vsitun +vsitun
S s -ŋatun1 -ŋiktun -ŋisun
2
S 3 d -ŋaktun -ŋiksitun -ŋisitun
O p -ŋatitun3 -ŋisitun -ŋisitun
R s ÷misun dual +misun ÷misun
3Rf d ÷miktun ÷miktitun ÷miktitun
p ÷miktun ÷miktitun ÷miktitun
Notations:
1
Symbol Rf in 3Rf Possessor indicates the possessed Alternate form :atun.
2
noun in similaris has a reflexive relationship with Alternate form :aktun.
3
the subject of the verb. Alternate form :atitun.

Here are two examples using the Similaris Case Possessive Endings.

FUNCTION IÑUPIAQ EXAMPLE ENGLISH TRANSLATION

Similarities: Qamutiŋatun qamutiqaqtuŋa. I have a car like his car.
Similarities: Iliktun miŋuliġniaġiga. I will paint it like you did yours.

1147
1148
Isukłiqpiat
Enclitics

1149
1150
ENCLITICS

Iñupiaq enclitics are suffixes that occur after the ending of a verb, a noun, a noun
case, or a demonstrative. Enclitics embed an Iñupiaq utterance in a context which
provides evidence, probability, causation, change of topic or subject, memory recaptures,
judgement, pleasantries, and conjuction.

+ata (interj.) please

Note: final consonants [q] and [k] become [ġ] and [g], respectively upon
suffixation with this enclitic.
atigiga my parka atigigaata please (give me) my parka
kamiŋik his boots kamiŋigata would (you) please (give me)
his boots
makillagiñ stand up for a minute makillagiñata please stand up for a minute
taġiuq(-) [taġiruq] salt; ocean, sea taġiuġata please (pass) the salt
water; (i) to use salt; (t) to put salt on it;
(Ti) (i) to be blue

-atai (encl) asking for permission as well as approval to V

maptutilaaqsaġlagu let me make an maptutilaaqsaġlaguatai may I measure
attempt at measuring how thick it is how thick it is
miquġlagu let me sew it miquġlaguatai may I sew it this time

-gguuq (encl) it has been said or reported that one is V-ing or V-ed
iglaaliqsuq she has visitors iglaaliqsugguuq she said that she has
visitors
iglu house iglugguuq miŋuliġniaġaa he said he would
paint the house

+kiaq (encl) I wonder, I think

note: final consonant [q] is replaced by [k] upon suffixation
akimaruaq he won akimaruakkiaq Aaŋa I think Aaŋa won
akiññagniaŋitchuq he will not win a akiññagniaŋitchukkiaq I don't think he
prize will receive a prize;
akiññagniaŋitchutkiaq akimaruat I
don't think the winners will receive any
prizes
kina [dual kitkuk, pl kitkut] (abs) whos kiñakiaq akimaniaqpa I wonder who
the winner will be
kia [dual kitkuk, pl kitkut] (rel) whoses, kiakiaq tiguaqpauŋ I wonder who
whos adopted her
qaiñiaŋitchuk the two will not come Aaŋalu Aalaaglu qaiñiaŋitchukkiaq I
don't think Aaŋa and Aalaak are coming
suna what sunakiaq akiññaktaaġiniaqpauŋ
Aaŋam I wonder what Aaŋa's prize will
be

1151
-kiataŋ (encl) because, based on the fact of it being a N or it V-ing
note: final consonant [q] becomes [k] upon suffixation
augutiaqsigik theyd are about to melt augutiaqsigikkiataŋ because theyd were
about to melt
ikayuġniaqtut they will help ikayuġniaqtutkiataŋ because they will
help
ilisimaruq he knows ilisimarukkiataŋ because he knows
qaiñiaqtuk theyd are coming qaiñiaqtukkiataŋ because theyd are
coming

+kii1 (encl) because; probably

note: final consonant [q] becomes [k] upon suffixation
atchu (excl) I don’t know atchukii (excl) don’t know, not certain at all
imma (dem adv) used when referring to immakii maybe
the aforementioned one
niġiruq she is eating niġirukkii because she is eating
qiaturuq she cries a lot qiaturukkii because she cries a lot
sagluturuk theyd tell a lot of lies sagluturukkii because theyd tell a lot of
lies
sukaitchut they are slow sukaitchutkii because they are slow

+li (encl) indicates a subject or topic change

aŋun qirriuqtuq aasiili aġnaq iqaqsriruq the man is chopping wood, and the woman
is washing clothes
aniruaŋali isiġman then I went out when he came in
Aalaak qilaktuq, uvaŋali niksiuraqtuŋa Aalaak is knitting, and I am crocheting

+liami or likii (encl) (limited) can't do anything about it, whatever happens |
+lI and ami or +lI and +kii
taammaliami can't do anything about it, whatever happens over there (not
visible);
taammalikii can't do anything about it, whatever happens over there (not
visible)
taikkaliami can't do anything about it, whatever happens over there (visible);
taikkalikii can't do anything about it, whatever happens over there (visible)

+liqaa1 (encl) everyone, everywhere, everything

kia who (relative case) kialiqaa atuġuugaa everyone, anyone
uses it
kiña, dual kitkuk, pl kitkut (abs) whos kinaliqaa everybody, anybody
sumi where sumiliqaa everywhere
sumun to where sumunliqaa or sumulliqaa to
everything, to anything, to everywhere, to

1152

suna a what
+liqaa2 (encl) now, I remember
aġnaq woman; human female; queen (in
cards)
kanani located down there (visible,
restricted)
niġiruaq he ate
tautuk- to see (her/him/it)
tautuqtaq- (t) to definitely see
(her/him/it)
+lu2 (encl) and a N; also
aġnaq woman; human female; queen (in
cards)
kanani located down there (visible,
restricted)
+luli (encl) the N and the other N
aġnaq woman; human female; queen (in
cards)
igña that one over there (visible,
restricted)
+luqaa (encl) like a N or situation
ilaa [dual iliŋik or(Ti) iligik, pl
iliŋIt or ilai] (3rd person abs
pron) she/he, her/him
qaŋa1 (adv) when, at what time in
past
+luunniiñ (encl) and then again, one might V; and then again it might have
been a N
aġnaq woman; human female; queen (in aġnaġluunniiñ it might have been a woman
cards)
aiñiaġugnaqtuŋa i might go home
qimmiq dog
saglusugnaqtuq he must be lying
+mi (encl) what about the N
aġnaq woman; human female; queen (in
1153
anywhere
sunaliqaa everything, anything
aġnaġliqaa it was a woman; now I
remember
kananiliqaa it was down there; now I
remember
niġiruaġliqaa he ate; now I remember
tautuktaġaliqaa oh yes, I saw her
aġnaġlu aŋunlu isiqtuk a woman and a
man came in
kananilu savagniaqtugut we will also work
down there
aġnaġluli aullaġniaqtuguk the woman and
I will leave
igñaluli piñiaqtuguk that one over there
and I will be partners
ilaaluqaa sure looks like her
qaŋaluqaa the exclamation is used
when something happens as it did in
the old days
aiñiaġugnaqtuŋaluunniiñ and then again, I
might go home
qimmiġluunniiñ pisugnaġikput what we
are pursuing might be a dog
saglusugnaqtuġluunniiñ and then again, he
must be lying
aġnaġmi what about the woman
 cards)
una this one here (visible, restricted, unami what about this one
closer to speaker than to listener)

+pta (encl) inevitable, inevitably, as expected

piitchuq he is not here piitchuqta oh, he's probably not here
again
samma thus sammapta qanaarraqsiñiaqtut oh,
they'll probably start quarrelling again

+ptauq (encl) also § +mmI

iksruma that one over there
ilisaġirai she recognized them
niġiruaq he ate
iksrumaptauq ilisimanimmiraa that one
over there also claims to know her
ilisaġimmiraiptauq Aalaagum Aalaak
also recognized them
niġimmiruaqtauq he also ate

+qaa (encl) (limited) rather § +liqaa

naagga or naakka (excl) no; no, stop it; una naaggaqaa una this one or if
(conj.) or you rather, this one

+qhaa (excl.) (limited) of surprise

atchu I don't know atchuqhaa heck, I don't know
naumi no naumiqhaa well done, despite all

+tuq (encl) (limited to Optatives) I wish, hope, wonder

akimaluk let’s win akimaluktuq I hope we win
siquli let her fall asleep siqulituq I hope she falls asleep
utiqtiġli let him return right away utiqtiġlituq I hope he returns quickly

[+]unnii(ñ) (encl) even, moreover; regardless, anyway (used to indicate something

unexpected or unusual)
Note: The minus sign inserted between the enclitic and the rest of the word
indicates that the enclitic unnii(ñ) is functioning as a quasi-free morpheme. Final
consonants k, q,and t become g, ġ, and r or y when unnii(ñ) functions as a bound
morpheme and remain unchanged when unnii(ñ) functions as a quasi-free
morpheme.
aŋutaiyaat boys aŋutaiyaaq-unnii or aŋutaiyaaġunnii
qaisuŋitchuaq even the boy did not want
to come
piviksraqaġaluaqami even though he piviksraqaġaluaqamik unnii or
has the opportunity piviksraqaġaluaqamiguunnii
pisulaitchuk he does not like to take part
even if an opportunity for him to take part
is available
qimmit dogs qimmit-unnii or qimmiyunnii

1154
 tusaġnaitchut even the dogs are silent
tainna like that tainna-unniiñ do it that way anyway (that
will be acceptable)
uvlaaku tomorrow uvlaaku-unniiñ tomorrow is fine,
acceptable

+vai (encl)(limited) oh, this is too V

araa no; too much araavai oh, this is too much

1155
1156
 Iiguutit
Appendices

1157
1158
 APPENDIX 1

INFLECTION OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Person Absolutive & Modalis Locative Terminalis Ablative Vialis Similaris
& Relative
Number
1s uvaŋa I uvamnik myself uvamni uvamnun uvamniñ uvapkun uvaptun
1d uvaguk wed uvaptignik ourselvesd uvaptigni uvaptignun uvaptigniñ uvaptikkun uvaptiktun
1p uvagut we uvaptinnik ourselves uvaptinni uvaptinnun uvaptinniñ uvaptigun uvaptiktun
2s ilviñ yous ilignik yourself iligni ilignun iligniñ ilikkun iliktun
2d ilivsik youd ilivsigñik yourselvesd ilivsigñi ilivsigñun ilivsigñiñ ilivsikkun ilivsiktun
2p ilivsi you ilivsiññik yourselves ilivsiññi ilivsiññun ilivsiññiñ ilivisigun ilivsisun
3s ilaa (abs.) s/he ilaanik her(self) ilaani ilaanun ilaaniñ ilaagun ilaatun
ilaan1(rel.)

3d iliŋik (abs.) theyd iliŋigñik them(selves)d iliŋigñi iliŋigñun iliŋigñiñ iliŋikkun iliŋiktun
iliŋiksa (rel.)

3p iliŋit (abs.) they iliŋiññik them(selves) iliŋiññi iliŋiññun iliŋiññiñ iliŋisigun iliŋisitun
iliŋisa2 (rel.)

3Rs ilimi oneself ilimiñik herself ilimiñi ilimiñun ilimiñiñ ilimigun ilimisun
or or or or or or or
inmi inmiñik inmiñi inmiñun inmiñiñ inmigun inmisun
3Rd ilimik selvesd ilimignik themselvesd ilimigni ilimignun ilimigniñ ilimikkun ilimiktun
or or or or or or or
inmik inmignik inmigni inmignun inmigniñ inmikkun inmiktun
3Rp ilimiŋ selves ilimiŋnik themselves ilimiŋni ilimiŋnun ilimiŋniñ ilimiktigun ilimiktitun
or or or or or or or
inmiŋ inmiŋnik inmiŋni inmiŋnun inmiŋniñ inmiktigun inmiktitun
Notations:
1
or ilaata
2
or ilaisa

1159
 APPENDIX 2

Ilaaguaġutit Atiqautchiurat Nauniŋit

Inflection of Iñupiaq “Inclusive” Pronouns

There are two sets of pronouns which speak to inclusivity. The first set is based on the
root *iluqaq or *iluġaq and the second on *tamaq.

1s iluqaġma all of me tamaġma my entirety

1d iluqamnuk both of usd tamamnuk ourd entirety
1p iluqapta all of us tamapta our entirety
2s iluqaqpiñ all of yous tamaqpiñ yours entirety
2d iluqavsik both of youd tamavsik yourd entirety
2p iluqavsi all of you tamavsi yourp entirety
3s iluqaan all of her/him/it tamaan her/his/its entirety
3d iluqaagnik both of them tamaigñik theirb entirety
or
iluqaaktun
3p iluqaisa all of them tamaisa their entirety
3Rs iluqaġmi all of her/him/it tamaġmi her/his/its entirety
3Rd iluqatik both of themd tamaġmik theird entirety
3Rp iluqatiŋ all of them tamaġmiŋ their entirety
Note:
Upper case R indicates coreference with the subject of verb.

Tamatkiunnat Atiqautchiurat Nauniŋit

Inflection of the “Exclusive” Pronouns

The root of the “Exclusive” Pronouns is *kisi.

1s kisima solely I
1d kisimnuk solely wed
1p kisipta solely wep
2s kisiviñ solely yous
2d kisivsik solely youd
2p kisivsi solely youp
3s kisian solely she/he/it
3d kisiigñik solely themd
3p kisiisa solely themp
3Rs kisimi solely she/he/it
3Rd kisimik solely theyd
3Rp kisimiŋ solely theyp
Note:
Upper case R indicates coreference with the subject of verb.

1160
 APPENDIX 3

Urriqautit Maŋŋuŋit
Iñupiaq Demonstrative Stems

Iñupiaq demonstratives are based on a system of stems which can be arranged in a

chart highlighting their basic parameters. The first basis of differentiation is Visibility.
The "Visible" category is subdivided into "restricted" and "extended" categories. The
"Not Visible" forms are not judged to be "restricted” (occupies a restricted area or is
stationary) or "extended" (occupies a large area or is in motion). Locations proximal to
the speaker are identified in the first row. The other rows identify locations distal to the
speaker. The last row contains a stem which represents a referent temporally distant to
the speaker and the listener.

Chart 1:
Visible Not Proximity to Gloss
Visible the Speaker
restricted extended
uv- mar- sam- Prox (spatial) here
ik- av- am- Dist (spatial) over there
ag- akim- Dist (spatial) over there across
pik- pag- pam- Dist (spatial) up there
pakim- Dist (spatial) on top of the roof
kan- un- sam- Dist (spatial) down there
sakim- Dist (spatial) in the cold porch; oceanward
kig- qag- qakim- Dist (spatial) out there
kiv- qav- qam- Dist (spatial) in there
im- Dist (temporal) previously mentioned and
cognitively accessible

The basic stems shown above have extended stems in the Relative Case (shown
below). The case marker for the singular stem in Relative is (t)uma, kug for the dual,
and ku for the plural. The Relative Case stems are also categorized according to
visibility and also whether they depict an object that is restricted or extended.

Chart 2:
V I S I B L E NOT VISIBLE
RESTRICTED EXTENDED
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
uuma- ukug- uku- marruma- matkug- matku- saptuma- sapkug- sapku-
iktuma- ikkug- ikku- aptuma- apkug- apku- aptuma- apkug- apku-
aktuma- akkug- akku- akiptuma- akipkug- akipku-
piktuma- pikkug- pikku- paktuma- pakkug- pakku- paptuma- papkug- papku-
pakiptuma-
kattuma- katkug- katku- uttuma- utkug- utku- sakiptuma- sakipkug- sakipku-

1161
kiktuma- kikkug- kikku- qaktuma- qakkug- qakku- qakiptuma- qakipkug- qakipku-
kiptuma- kipkug- kipku- qaptuma- qapkug- qapku- qaptuma- qapkug- qapku-
iptuma- ipkug- ipku-

The Relative Case stems shown above can acquire endings in Locative, Ablative,
Vialis, Terminalis, Modalis, and Similaris Cases. The Case endings used are shown
below in their singular, dual, and plural forms.

Case Endings for Demonstratives with a Relative Base

Singular Dual Plural Case
-ni -nagni -nani Locative
-ŋŋa -naŋŋa -naŋŋa Ablative
-uuna -nuugna -nuuna Vialis
-uŋa -nuŋa -nuŋa Terminalis
-iŋa -niŋa -niŋa Modalis
-tun -naktun -natitun Similaris

The demonstrative stems (shown below in the second, third, and fourth columns)
can acquire endings in Locative, Vialis, Terminalis and Ablative Cases (shown in the
fifth column).

Gloss Visible Not Case Case

Visible Endings Name
restricted extended
here uv- ma- sam-
over there ik- av- am-
over there across a- aŋm-
up there pik- pa- pam- ani Locative
on top of the roof paŋm- uuna Vialis
down there kan- un- sam- uŋa Terminalis
in the cold porch; saŋm- aŋŋa Ablative
oceanward
out there ki- qa- qaŋm-
in there kiv- qav- qam-
aforementioned and im-
cognitively accessible

Demonstratives in the Vialis Case can take the postbase ‘.q-4 which transform
them into verb stems. Here are several examples.
amuuna via, through over there (not amuunnaaq- via, through over there (not
visible) visible)
tatpauna via, through up there (extended tatpaunnaaq- (i) to go via, through up there
and visible) (extended and visible)
uvuuna via, through here (restricted, uvuunnaaq- (i) to go through here, via here
visible) (restricted and visible)

1162
 Demonstratives in the Terminalis and Ablative Cases can take the postbase +q-3
which transform them into verb stems. Here are several examples.

amuŋa to over there (not visible)
kanuŋa to down there, e.g. on or near ocean,
downriver, by the door (restricted and
visible)
qamuŋa to in there (not visible)
amuŋaq- (i) to go over there (not visible)
kanuŋaq- (i) to go down there, e.g. on or
near ocean, downriver, by the door
(restricted and visible)
qamuŋaq- (i) to go in there (not visible)

Demonstratives in the Absolutive and Relative Cases can take postbase

-niqłuk “a large, huge, gigantic, big N” which transforms them into nouns. Here
are some examples.

una [dual ukuak, pl ukua] this one unaniqłuk piuŋ take this big one
here (restricted, visible)
uuma [dual ukuak, pl ukua] this one uumaniqłuum aglugiraŋa this big
here (restricted, visible) one ran over it

Demonstratives in their stem and inflected forms are presented as main

entries and subentries in this dictionary as well as in the following chart.

1163
 APPENDIX 4

Maŋŋuġruallu Maŋŋuurallu
Roots and “Nominal” Stems

Main entries also include the roots of Iñupiaq words. Each root is preceded by an
asterisk /*/ and is italicized. Roots are units of meaning which do not serve as verb stems
nor are they nouns. A root cannot acquire verb or noun endings without the addition of a
postbase.

Main entries also include stems which are basically nominal but do not take the
Absolutive or Relative Case endings directly but are able to acquire the noun cases,
possessive endings, and demonstrative endings. Most of the nominal stems depict temporal
or spatial concepts These stems are marked with a degree sign ° and the entry is also
italicized indicating it is not a complete word.

A
°aanna (stem) time just beyond this moment
°ag (dem. stem) over there across, e.g., a river, a street, or a body of water (extended
and visible)
*aġI (root) dampness, moisture
°akim (dem. stem) over there across (not visible)
°aku (root) space in between, physical or temporal
*akutuq (stem) leaf
*alapi (root) ignorance; confusion
*alat (root) soft area of hand
°alġa (stem) alternative (cognitive, temporal, or physical);ancient or earliest times
*alia (root) lonliness, dullness, humorless
°am (dem. stem) over there (not visible)
°anaqa (stem) evening
*anaya (root) wariness, caution
*anmik (root) feeling of superiority
*annIq or (Nu)*atnIq (root) valuable, beneficial
*anu (root) emotional security, fortitude
*aŋa (root) manipulation, power
°aŋayu (stem) older person
*aŋI (root) failure
*aŋŋI (root) denial
*aŋI3 (root) failure
*aŋŋI (root) denial
*aŋu (root) propel
*apiq (root) inquiry
*aq (root) taking away
°aqu (stem) behind, rear, back of an object; some time after; back part (of any means

1164
 of transport); final chapter; downriver end of an island situated in the middle of a
river
*argua (root) audacious, bold
°asI (stem) a non-specific place; everywhere; nowhere; someplace else, away from
the village; something insignificant
°asu (stem) wonderment
°ati1 (stem) area below; bottom, underside; down
*attaq (root) unapproachable, intimidating
*aula (root) incompleteness, not whole
°av1 (dem. stem) over there (extended and visible)
*av2 (root) interval or distance between feet
°ava (stem) periphery,vicinity
*ava (root) yelling
*avaq (root) reappearance
*avI (root) resonance
*ayaaq (root) crisscrossing
*ayuq (root) behavioral pattern, habit
I
*iglik (root) loveableness, endearing, cute, cuddly
*igu (root) looseness, an unraveling
*iġI1 uvular sound
*iġi2 moisture
*iġnu (root) bulk
°Ik1 (dem. stem) over there (restricted and visible)
*ik2 (root) messy; dirty; disorderly § ikak-2
°ikag (stem) westward
*ikpik source of discomfort
°ili (stem) 3rd person self
°iluġaq or iluqaq (stem) entirety, totality, whole § *tamaq
*ilak1 (root) distraction, confusion, discord, not aligned, dissonance, disharmony
*ili3 (root) ¤tenderness
*iliġa (root) gratitude, happiness
*ilima (root) suspicion, apprehension
*iliq1 (root) portion
*iliq2 (root) movement
*ilisI (root) spirit, energy
°Im (dem. stem) in the aformentioned past
°ima (stem) content
*iñaviq (root) hindrance
*ipiqtu (root) sadness, depression, despondence
*ipu (root) closed mouth
*iqIk (root) laziness, lack of enjoyment, boring, uninspiring, lack of eagerness,
unwillingness, lack of initiative, lack of energy, lethargy
*iraq1 (root) width
*iraq2 (root) small segment

1165
*iruq- (root) disapproval
*isi (root) elongation, extension of dimension
°isu (stem) end, e.g., of a word, book, long stick
*itqa (root) to be prepared
K
**ka1 (deep root) descending § *kat, kaniQ(-), kanġaq-, katak-
**ka2 (deep root) impact, contact § karuk-, kasak-, kasuk-, kasuq-, kati-, katit-, kauk-
*kaiv (root) circular motion
*kama (root) awe, respect
°kan (dem. stem) down there, on or near the ocean, downriver, or by the door
(restricted and visible)
°kanag (stem) northwards
*kanŋu (root) feeling of shame, embarrassment, shyness
*kappia (root) feeling of fright, danger
*kayu (root) enthusiasm
°kI1 (stem) of interrogative pronouns
*kiav or *kaiv (root) circular motion
°kig (dem. stem) area outside (restricted and visible)
*kii (root) facial part
*kim (root) unpleasantness
*kipa (root) source of one’s hilarity, teasing of
*kipiq (root) desire for an optimun outcome
*kipuyu (root) obtuse, slow to comprehend
°kisI (stem) aloneness
°kIv (dem. stem) in there, or up the coast (restricted and visible)
**ku (root) downward movement or orientation § kurraq-, kurruk-, kusIq-, kutaaq-,
kutit-, kuuk, kuvI-, kusulugaq, kutchuq
*kuksra (root) doubt, lack of confidence
*kummaa (root) need
M
*maġ (root) canine sound; howl
*maluk (root) strangeness, oddity
*maluka (root) inferior
*mamia (root ) feeling of distress, offense
*manŋa (root) tension
*map (root) popping noise
°mar (dem. stem) here (extended and visible)
*masaq (root) pleasure
*mau (root) sea ice
*mialuk (root) hunger
*migvi (root) stingy
*miġvi (root) dislike
*misik (root) expectation of a happening
*misu (root) healthy look
*mita (root) depth level

1166
*mitik (root) bounce
*muġ (root) saturation
*munaq (root) caretaking
*muq (root) curve
N
°na (stem) where
*naa (root) dimension stretched-out
*nag (root) suffering
*naglik (root) compassion, mercy, sympathy, pity
*naġI (root) smell, odor
*nak (root) attachment
*naku (root) goodness, pleasure
°nali (stem) even, in line, straight forward
*napaaq (root) to be upright continuously
*nau (root) forward upward process
*nav (root) joint
*nayak (root) nodding
*nig (root) cold
*niġu1 (root) graspable
*niġu2 (root) wideness
*niki (root) unevenness
*niku (root) squatting
*niuQ (root) to inhale, intake, breathe in
*nuiq (root) perhaps barb or prong
*nuk (root) movement from point to point
*nuyu (root) timidity, fearfulness, waryiness
P
*paa (root) movement toward another
°pag (dem. stem) up there on the wall, the ceiling, or in the sky above eye level; up
there away from the ocean; up there, upriver (extended and visible)
°pagma (stem) present time
°pakim (dem. stem) up there on roof (not visible)
*pala (root) improvement
°pam (dem. stem) up there, e.g., inland, upriver, upstairs (not visible)
*pamaq (root) nurturance
*paquq (root) contamination, taboo
*pati (root) palm of hand action
*pau (root) soot
*pik1 (root) upward movement
°pIk2 (dem. stem) up there on the wall, the ceiling, or in the sky above eye level; up
there away from the ocean; up there, upriver (restricted and visible)
*pilaaq (root) child care
*pilġataq (root) to finally do
*pimaq (root) affection
*piññaq (root) pleasing, beautiful

1167
*piŋi (root) source of worry
*piq (root) bend, curve
*pirraq (root) capability
*piruġaq (root) down coast
*pivik (root) of the optimal, the best, the finest
*piya1 (root) waning in strength
*piya2 (root) mistreatment
*piyumI (root) willingness, eagerness, hopefulness
*piyu (root) a challenge
*pu (root) moisture
*puk (root) depth
*pula (root) visiting
*pusi (root) face down position
*puv (root) air cavity/space; swelling; expansion of air
Q
°qa (stem) indicates time
*qaa (root) repulsion
*qaama (root) optimism, elation, confidence
°qag (dem. stem) out there (extended and visible)
*qaġlik (root) one side of pants
°qakim (dem. stem) out there in the shed or in the neighbor’s house (not visible t
speaker or listener who are inside another house)
*qaku (root) future time
°qam (dem. stem) in there (not visible)
*qama (root) leeward
*qati (root) bass quality of one’s voice
*qau (root) consciousness, awareness, alertness
*qaunak (root) carefulness
°qav (dem. stem) in there or up the coast (extended and visible); in Canada o
Greenland (not visible at the moment but has been observed or seen previously)
*qiġa (root) stiffness
*qiġi (root) squeakiness
*qii (root) convulsion
*qiiqi (root) creaking § *qiġi
*qikI1 (root) distortion
*qiki2 (root) creakiness
*qila (root) speed
*qipta (root) drowsiness
*qua (root) slipperiness
*qui (root) quiver, tremble, shiver
*quki (root) cleanliness, tidiness
*qulaq (root) incomprehensible
*quŋu (root) worry
*quta (root) slope
*quvi (root) happiness, joy

1168
S
°saa2 (stem) [sara] front of body or garment; area immediately in front of something;
lap, the front part of the lower trunk and thighs of a seated person; seaward
*sai (root) relaxation
*saiñġi (root) chagrine, frustration, regret
*saġima (root) appreciation
*saki (root) a shaving
°sakim (dem. stem) out there in the arctic entry (not visible)
*sakiq1 (root) sibling-in-law
*sakiq2 (root) hard to do
*salu (root) cleanliness
*salva (root) edge
°sam1 (dem. stem) under here (not visible)
°sam2 (dem. stem) down there, e.g., far out on the ocean, downriver, or downstair
(not visible)
*samI (root) satisfied appetite
°sanI (root) broadside, side
*saŋi (root) compulsive eating
*saq (root) expulsion of air through mouth
*siga (root) a sizzle, gurgle, rushing sound
*sikkIk (root) catch a dream
*sila (root) adjacent section
*siliq (root) sense, cognizance
*sipik1 (root) emergence, disconnection
*siqu (root) reduction to smaller elements
*sirga (root) anxiety
*siv (root) hipbone area
*sivii or sivaa (root) incline, slope
*sivI (root) duration
°sivu (stem) front part of anything, frontage; bow of boat; time prior; front wall of
house
*sua (root) intensity, strength, power
°sugna (stem) direction
*suġ (root) aggression
*suġa (root) fragment, an item
*suk (root) presence
*suksraq (stem) an item
°suqpa1 (stem) whereabouts
*suqpa2 (root) shame, uncomfort
*susaq (root) audible
*susaun (root) action | +saq- vv -usIq vn > su(-)
T
*taaniq (root) distant appearance
*tagi (root) feeling of not being welcomed
*taġi (root) reflection of image

1169
°takkuQ (stem) presence of
*taksIq (root) a summons song or call
*taluq (root) sternness, intimidating
°tamaq (root) entirety, whole
*tasI (root) linkage
*tata (root) extreme apprehension, anxiety
*tiġik (root) silence
*tivsI (root) mirth, humorous
*tuak (root) rowdiness
*tug (root) hidden, out of sight
*tuniq (root) endurance, fortitude; hardness of surface
°tuŋi (stem) direction of
*tupit (root) apprehension, uneasiness, spookiness
*tusaq (root) audible
*tusiQ (root) limping
U
°ua1 (stem) westerly
*ua2 (root) exuberance
*ui (root) uncooked
*uiq (root) drawn to; strong inclination
*uivI (root) astute, judicious,discriminating, discerning
*ukI (root) winter
*ulgia (root) feeling of being different
*uluq (root) unsteadiness
°un (dem. stem) down there, e.g., on or near the ocean, downriver, or by the door
(extended and visible)
*una (root) tiredness, crankiness
*unI (root) behind, time prior
*uŋa (root) distant area
*uŋi (root) gathering into small folds
*upku (root) barrier
*uquma (root) weightlessness
*urgia (root) onset of illness
*urrIq (root) guidance, instruction
*uu (root) heat, warmth
*uumI (root) anger, hatred, dislike
*uv1 (root) now, today
°uv2 (dem. stem) here (restricted and visible)
°uva (stem) for first person personal pronouns
*uviñŋi (root) a whistling
*uyaq (root)

1170
 APPENDIX 5

Tuqłuġautit
Iñupiat Kinship

For the Iñupiat, kinship is a social system wherein individuals have familial and
ancestral ties either by blood, marriage, or adoption. A tiguaq "adopted child" is
considered a full-fledged member of the adoptive family but at the same time still
expected to maintain all of his/her connections to his/her biological family. A tiguaq had
two sets of parents - the adoptive parents and the biological parents. This system still
holds although the responsibilities and benefits of belonging to a particular kinship group
are not as pronounced as they were around the turn of the century.

In traditional times, individuals as members of an Iñupiat kinship system were

expected to cooperate in support and protection of the extended family, the ilagiit. The
ilagiit in turn provided each member the basic human needs of food, shelter, and
companionship. The Iñupiaq term ilagiit "those involved in a relationship where each
is/has a part" indicates that each person and his/her role is essential in the maintenance of
the ilagiit. The relationship that is maintained is a kinship one.

Before the influence of the non-Iñupiat in the homeland of the Iñupiat, kinship
ties formed the basis of an individual's participation in his/her community. Burch (1975)
based on his interviews with Iñupiat in his study of the changing family relationships in
Northwest Alaska, found that in traditional Iñupiat communities (as opposed to present
communities) "kinship ties were emphasized at the expense of all others." For example,
kinship ties determined one's membership in a hunting crew. Analyses of memberships
in hunting crews, showed that most traditional crews were composed of siblings, their
siblings' spouses, and their respective children; and that this pattern persisted "long after
the end of the traditional period" times into the transitional period. (Burch:22-24)

Kinship relationships involving two members in the ilagiit from different

generations such as the ataatagiik "grandfather or grand uncle and grandchild" and
aanagiik "grandmother or grand aunt and grandchild" were fostered. The ataata
"grandfather or grand uncle" or aana "grandmother or grand aunt" would look after the
grandchild, who in turn would run errands or do other chores for the ataata or the aana.
Each child was raised to be on the lookout for the needs of elderly people.

Kinship Terminology

The kinship charts shown (in the following pages) from the perspective of the
female and from the perspective of the male, respectively, show a nine generation spread
in terminology from the ilummiq "great-great-grandparent" to the ilummiq "great-great-
grandchild". The repeated use of the terms ilummiq (in levels 1 and 9) and amau (in
levels 2 and 8), may reflect the traditional Iñupiaq practice of naming children after one's

1171
deceased relatives and subsequently calling them by the kinship name instead of the
personal name. The following paragraph is taken from Jenness (1991:7):

"Every person has a soul (nap.an), which wanders about until the time
of birth, when it enters the child and stays with it through life. But the
nap.an is inexperienced and unable to look after the child. At birth,
therefore, the child is called by the name of the past person - man or
woman - who died in the neighbourhood, or if several have died since
the last birth, by all their names. Now when a person dies the body is
buried the following day, but the nap.an (or nap.ata ) lingers in the
house till the fourth day (if a man) or the fifth day if a woman. Then it
is expelled, but remains at the grave until the child is born in the
neighbourhood. When the child receives the deceased's name, the
deceased's nap.an at the same time enters the child and becomes its
atka or guardian spirit (kina atka = what is his name). The child has
now a double relation to the people in the neighbourhood… It
embodies the nap.an of the deceased - so in addressing the child you
address it as if it were the deceased. Thus a woman may call her own
or another's child 'mother' or 'grandmother'."

The atka protects the child (Ibid.:7, 85), until its own nap.an is sufficiently
developed to maintain its own person. Because of the practice of atka , parents were
"loth [loath] to punish their children, though they do punish them at times" (Ibid.).

According to Jenness (Ibid:33), Mrs. Brower informed Stefansson that she

addressed her oldest son with the kin term that refers to her "father's elder sister" atchaaŋ
literally "my dear aunt"; and her second son with ataataruaŋ, literally "my dear
grandfather." In another instance, Jenness (Ibid:69) reports that a brother and sister
called the son of the brother their apaaŋ, literally "my dear father" since he is named
after their father.

The term ilummiq which refers to either "a great-great-grandparent" or "a great-
great-grandchild" has as its base meaning the stem ilu which translates into "interior".
ilummiq indicates that a cycle is now complete. The relational distance from a "core" to
another "core" has been reached.

The term uvaŋa which translates into "I" has three morphemes, uv "here,
confined to this space", a “space and position marker” and ŋa "first person singular".
This person is usually identified as the "ego" in kinship terminology (c.f. Burch:64-65).

From the perspective of a male uvaŋa , the wife is identified as nuliaq, literally
"one that one has sexual intercourse with"; whereas from the perspective of a female
uvaŋa , the husband is identified as ui. The closest linguistic relative of ui is uigu, "an
extension". In contrast to the English term "husband" which means "manager or steward,
as of a household" (The American Heritage Dictionary 1985:628), the Iñupiaq term ui
suggests the genitor role of the husband.

1172
 In addition to nuliaq "wife" and ui "husband", the terms aġnaat and aŋutaat are
used to designate the wife and the husband, respectively. The terms aġnaat and aŋutaat
indicate a social role rather than a sexual one. The plural possessive ending at "their
NOUN" attached to the nouns aġnaq "woman" and aŋun "man" emphasize the roles that
women and men play in their families. The plural possessive ending indicates a
responsibility not just to the spouse but to the rest of the members of the household. The
literal translations of aġnaat and aŋutaat are "their woman" and "their man",
respectively.

Bilineal Kinship and Qataŋŋutigiit “Children of Partnerships”

Iñupiat trace their ancestral lineage from both parents. Both sets of relatives are
important to one's identity and standing in a community. The same terminology is
applied to each set (matrilineal or patrilineal) of great-great-grandparents, great-
grandparents, grandparents, granduncles, grandaunts, and aunts and uncles. The uvaŋa
could count on either set of relatives for support.

It was to the benefit of one's kindred to extend one's kinship through the practices
of marriage and qataŋŋutigiit. Qataŋŋutigiit are kin whose parents exchanged spouses
to produce children based on this relationship. As an alliance mechanism the exchange
of spouses "often had to take place at a fair or messenger feast, the only two occasions on
which individuals from different societies met with any regularity. In any case, once the
union had been established, it continued for the lifetime of the members, regardless of
whether or not sexual relations that established it were ever repeated" (Burch :106).

The custom of qataŋŋutigiit is no longer openly practiced as a custom of the

Iñupiat. Its demise began at the turn of the century when Iñupiat accepted the authority
of the missionaries and adopted Christian ways of behavior.

Tuqłuġautiniq “Kinship Naming”

Tuqłuġautiniq is a social custom wherein members of a kinship group call each

other by their kinnames showing love, respect, and warmth towards that particular
individual. Tuqłuġautiniq reenforced ties of kinship and fostered special relationships
between different members of a kinship group.

Each kin term can be transformed into a tuqłuġaun, a vocative form of a kin
term. In the following, the first column presents the Iñupiaq kin terms, the second
column gives the English translation of the kin term, the third column presents the
vocative form in Iñupiaq, and the fourth column gives the English translation.

1173
Iñupiaq Kinship English Vocative form of English Translation
Term Translation Iñupiaq Kinship
Term
ilummiq "great-great- ilummiiŋ "you, my dear great-
grandparent" or great grandparent." or
"great-great- "you, my dear great-
grandchild" great grandchild."
amau or "great-grandparent" amauŋ or "you, my dear great-
amaułuk or amaułuuŋ grandparent." or
"great-grandchild" "you, my dear great-
grandchild."
ataata "grandfather" or ataataaŋ "you, my dear
"granduncle" grandfather" or "you,
my dear granduncle"
aana "grandmother" or aanaaŋ "you, my dear
"grandaunt" grandmother" or "you,
my dear grandaunt"
aŋak or "uncle" aŋaaŋ or "you, my dear uncle"
akkaaka akkaakaaŋ
atchak or "aunt" atchaaŋ or "you, my dear aunt"
ayaaluk ayaaluuŋ
aŋutiqan "paternal parallel aŋutiqaaŋ "you, my dear paternal
cousin" parallel cousin"
aġnaqan "maternal parellel aġnaqaaŋ "you, my dear maternal
cousin" parallel cousin"
illuq "cross-cousin" illuuŋ "you, my dear cross-
cousin"
aatauraq or "elder sister" aatauraaŋ or "you, my dear elder
aakatchiaq or aakatchiaŋ or sister"
ayaayak ayaayaaŋ
aapiyaq or "elder brother" aapiyaaŋ or "you, my dear elder
aniŋak or aniŋaa or brother"
aŋayu aŋayuuŋ
aqqaluk "younger brother” (of aqqaluuŋ "you, my dear younger
a woman) brother"
nukaaluk "younger brother” (of nukaaluuŋ "you, my dear younger
a man) or "younger brother” (of a man) or
sister” (of a woman) "you, my dear younger
sister” (of a woman)
nayaaluk "younger sister” (of a nayaaluuŋ "you, my dear younger
man) sister” (of a man)
iġñiq "son" iġñiiŋ "you, my dear son"
panik "daughter" paniiŋ "you, my dear
daughtger"

1174
nuaġaaluk "niece" or "nephew" nuaġaaluuŋ "you, my dear niece or
(of a woman) nephew” (of a woman)
uyuġu "niece" or "nephew" uyuġuuŋ "you, my dear niece or
(of a man) nephew” (of a man)
tutik or "grandchild" tutiiŋ or "you, my dear
tutaaluk or tutaaluuŋ or grandchild"
tutitchiaq or tutitchiaŋ or
iñġutaq or iñġutaaŋ or
iluttałiuraq iluttałiuraaŋ

List of Kin Terms

Kinship Terms Ilatigun Taiguusit

relative ila or ilauraaq

mother aaka
stepmother aakaksraq
father aapa
step father aapaksraq
grandmother aakaaluk or aanaaluk or aana
grandfather aapaaluk or ataata or taata (Nu)
great-grandmother amau or amaułuk or amauluk
great-grandfather amau or amaułuk or amauluk
great-great grandmother ilummiq or ilulliġiaq (Ti)
great-great grandfather ilummiq or ilulliġiaq (Ti)

spouse tuvaaqan
wife nuliaq or aġnauniq or aġnaat
head or first wife nuliaqpak
secondary wife nukarak
husband ui or aŋunnuniq or aŋutaat
co-husband aŋutauqan or nuliaqan
daughter panik
adopted daughter paniksraq
son iġñiq or iññaaluk
adopted son iġñiksraq
granddaugher tutik or tutaaluk or tutitchiaq or iñġutaq
grandson tutik or tutaaluk or tutitchiaq or iñġutaq
great-granddaughter amau or amaułuk or amauluk (Ti)
great-grandson amau or amaułuk or amauluk (Ti)
great-great-granddaughter ilummiq or ilulliġiaq (Ti)
great-great-grandson ilummiq or ilulliġiaq (Ti)

sibling aniqan

1175
elder sister aatauraq or aakatchiaq or aataq (Nu) or
agitchiaq (Ti) or ayaayak (Ti)
elder brother aapiyaq or aniŋak or aŋayu or aniŋaaluk
or aapiaq
woman’s younger sister nukaaluk or nukatchiaq or nukaq
man’s younger sister nayak or nayaaluk
woman’s younger brother aqqaluk
man’s younger brother nukaaluk or nukatchiaq or nukaq
twin malġi
step sibling through spouse exchange qataŋŋun or qataŋun (Ti)

aunt atchak
paternal aunt (father’s sister) atchaaluk (Nu) or ayak (Ti) or ayaaluk
(Ti)
maternal aunt (mother’s sister) ¤attuaq (Nu) or
¤ayaġruksaaq (Ti)
paternal aunt-in-law (father’s brother’s asuġaq
wife)
uncle aŋak, aŋaaluk
paternal uncle (father’s brother) akkaaka
maternal uncle (mother’s brother) aŋatchiaq or akkaaka (Nu)

cousin aññaq or suunaaq (Nu)

matrilineal parallel cousin (child of aġnaqan
mother’s sister)
patrilineal parallel cousin (child of father’s aŋutiqan
brother)
cross cousin; joking partner illuq or illualuk
woman’s female cousin; woman’s female uumaaq
friend of same age

mother-in-law aakaruaq or aanaruaq

father-in-law aaparuaq
husband’s older brother aiġaaluk
husband’s older brother’s wife aŋayunġuq
husband’s younger brother sakiġaq or sakialuk
husband’s younger brother’s wife nukanġuq
sister-in-law/daughter-in-law/wife of ukuaq
grandchild
sister-in-law ukuaġaaluk
brother-in-law/son-in-law/husband of niŋau
grandchild
nephew or niece (of a man) uyuġu
nephew or niece (of a woman) nuaġaaluk or uyuġu

1176
one of two co-wives or co-husbands aippaq
step relative agitchiaq
namesake atiq
one’s namesake’s wife; (Ti) one’s uuma
namesake’s spouse; married couple’s
namesake friend; sweetheart’s namesake

(Nu) man’s male friend of same age; cousin suunaaq

girlfriend (of man) nuliuraq
widow (female) uilgaġniq or uilgaġniq (Ti)
widow (male) nuliiġñiq or nuliilgaġniq (Ti)
a spinster, unmarried woman who refuses uilgasuk or uiluaqtaq
to marry
bachelor, unmarried man nuliilgasuk or nuliiygasuk
boyfriend aŋutaun (Ti) or uiguraq (Nu) or uiŋŋuaq
bridegroom, fiance uiksraun
parent of one’s son-in-law or nulliq
daughter-in-law

In the following kinship charts the uvaŋa “I” marks the “ego” traditionally used
in the development of kinship charts. The numerals in front of each Iñupiaq kinship term
refer to footnotes. The footnotes for the first two charts are on separate pages from the
charts.

1177
 Ilagiit
IÑUPIAQ KINSHIP CHARTS

North Slope Iñupiat Consanguineal (related by blood) Kin Terms from the Perspective of a Female.
Notations: Ω indicates a female; ∆ indicates a male; and + indicates a bond by marriage.
18Ω/∆ 18Ω/∆ 18Ω/∆ 18Ω/∆
ilummiq ilu mmiq ilummiq ilummiq

1∆ + 1Ω 1∆ + 1Ω 1∆ + 1Ω 1∆ + 1Ω
amau amau amau amau

∆ 2Ω 3∆ + 4Ω ∆ 2Ω ∆ 2Ω 3∆ + 4Ω ∆ 2Ω
ataata aana aapaaluk aakaaluk aapaalu aana ataata aana aapaaluk aakaaluk ataata aana

Ω + 5∆ ∆ + 6Ω 7∆ + Ω 8Ω + ∆ 9∆ + Ω
aŋak atchak aapa aaka atchak aŋak

10Ω ∆ 10Ω ∆ 11Δ + Ω 12Ω Ω + 13∆ 14∆ 14Ω + ∆ 10Ω 15∆ 10Ω ∆
aŋutiqan illuq aapiyaq aatauraq uvaŋa ui aqqaluk nukaaluk aġnaqan illuq

Ω 16∆ Ω+∆ Ω +∆ Ω ∆
nuaġaaluk ukuaq iġñiq panik ukuaq uyuġu

∆ + 17Ω 17∆ 17Ω 17∆ + Ω

tutik tutik tutuk tutik

∆ + 1Ω 1∆ 1Ω 1∆ + Ω
amau amau amau amau

18∆/Ω 18∆/Ω
ilummiq ilummiq

1178
Notes:
1 also "amaułuk" or “amauluk” (Ti).
2 also "atchaaluk".
3 also "ataata"or "taata" (Nu).
4 also "aana" or "aanaaluk".
5 also "akkaaka".
6 "attuaq" or "atchaaluk" (Nu) or "ayak" or "ayaaluk" (Ti).
7 "ataata" (Ti).
8 "attuaq" (Nu) or "atchaaluk" (Ti) or “ayak” (Ti).
9 also "aŋaaluk" or "aŋatchiaq" or"akkaaka".
10 also "aññaq".
11 also "aataq" (Nu) or "agitchiaq" or "ayaayak" (Ti).
12 also "aniŋak" or "aŋayu" or "aniŋaaluk".
13 also "aŋunnun" or "aŋunnuniq" or "tuvaaqan".
14 also "nukatchiaq" or "nukaq" or "nukaaluk".
15 "aŋunnuniq" (Nu).
16 also "uyuġu".
17 also "tutaaluk" or "tutitchiaq" or "iñġutaq".
18 also “ilu lliġiaq” (Ti).

1179
North Slope Iñupiat Consanguineal (related by blood) Kin Terms from the Perspective of a Male.
Notations: Ω indicates a female; ∆ indicates a male; and + indicates a bond by marriage.

18Ω/∆ 18Ω/∆ 18Ω/∆ 18Ω/∆

iỊummiq iỊummiq iỊummiq iỊummiq

1∆ + 1Ω 1∆ + 1Ω 1∆ + 1Ω 1∆ + 1Ω
amau amau amau amau

∆ 2Ω 3∆ + 4Ω ∆ 2Ω ∆ 2Ω 3∆ + 4Ω ∆ 2Ω
ataata aana aapaaluk aakaaluk ataata aana ataata aana ataata aana ataata aana

Ω + 5∆ ∆ + 6Ω 7∆ + Ω 8Ω + ∆ 9∆ + Ω
aŋaaluk atchak aapa aaka atchak aŋaaluk

10Ω ∆ 10Ω ∆ 11Ω + ∆ 12∆ 13Ω + ∆ 14∆ 14Ω + ∆ 10Ω 15∆ 10Ω ∆
aŋutiqan illuq aatauraq aapiyaq nuliaq uvaŋa nukaaluk nayaaluk aġnaqan illuq

Ω ∆ Ω + ∆ Ω +∆ Ω ∆
uyuġu iġñiq panik uyuġu

∆ + 17Ω 17∆ 17Ω 17∆ + Ω

tutik tutik

∆ + 1Ω 1∆ 1Ω 1∆ + Ω
amau amau

18∆/Ω 18∆/Ω
iỊummiq iỊummiq

1180
Notes:
1 also "amaułuk" or “amauluk” (Ti).
2 also "atchaaluk".
3 also "ataata" or "taata" (Nu).
4 also "aana" or "aanaaluk".
5 also "akkaaka" or “aŋak”.
6 "attuaq" or "atchaaluk" (Nu) or "ayak" or "ayaaluk" (Ti).
7 "ataata" (Ti).
8 "attuaq" (Nu) or "atchaaluk" (Ti) or “ayak” (Ti).
9 also "aŋak" or "aŋatchiaq" or "akkaaka"(Nu).
10 also "aññaq".
11 also "aataq" (Nu) or "agitchiaq" or "ayaayak" (Ti).
12 also "aniŋak" or "aŋayu" or “aapiaq” or "aniŋaaluk".
13 also "aġnauniq" or "tuvaaqan".
14 also "nukatchiaq" or "nukaq".
15 also "aŋunnuniq" (Nu).
17 also "tutaaluk" or "tutitchiaq" or "iñġutaq"; and for Ulġuniġmiut (Wainwright, Alaska,
18 "ilu ttałiuraq" or “ilu lliġiaq” (Ti).

1181
North Slope Iñupiat Affinal (related by marriage) Kin Terms
Notations: Ω indicates a female; ∆ indicates a male; and + indicates a bond by marriage.

Ω+∆ ∆+Ω ∆+Ω ∆ +Ω Ω +∆

aana ataata aana ataata

1Ω + ∆ Ω+∆ ∆+Ω Ω+∆ ∆+Ω ∆ + 2Ω

asuġaq aŋaaluk aŋaaluk atchak aaparuaq aakaruaq

∆+Ω Ω+∆ Ω + ∆ (older) ∆ + Ω (younger) 3∆ + 4Ω 3Ω

niŋau ukuaq uvaŋa ui aiġaaluk aŋayunġuq sakiġaq nukanġuq sakiġaq

∆+Ω ∆+Ω Ω+∆ Ω+∆  Ω ∆

niŋau ukuaq ukuaq niŋau  uyuġu

Ω+∆ Ω+∆
ukuaq niŋau

Notes:
1 "ayak" or "ayaaluk" (Ti) or “atchak” (Ti).
2 also "aanaruaq".
3 also "sakialuk" or “sakiġauraq” (Ti).
4 also “nukaunġuq” (Ti).

1182
 APPENDIX 6

Sikukun Taggisit
Ice Terms

Sixty-five (65) terms for ice are in this list. Sixteen (16) of which are based on the term
siku “ice”.

agiukpak or (Ti) agiuppak wall of sheared ice along the edge of the open lead that has
been formed by the grinding action of the free ice against the shore-locked ice
alliviñiq ice under another piece of ice which may surface due to ocean currents or wake of
boat
apuqtinniq ice which has been pushed onto shore
arguqtaġniq or arguqtinniq newly formed thin ice on the downwind side of a ploynya or
lead
asitaq cracked ice made by force of moving ice when it attaches to free floating ice
ataitchuaq shore ice not anchored to ocean floor
atiġniġaq new ice which forms along pre-existing ice
aulaniq moving lead ice
aunniq or aupkaġniq rotten ice
augniqsraq patch of ground from which the snow has melted while the surrounding area
still has snow; area where sea ice has become dangerous due to melting
avarraullaktuaq large ice floe which breaks off from the landlocked ice and begins to
move in a circular motion
ayaaqtinniq ice trapped in a narrow part of a river or lead
ayiupaq ice chipped off by ocean waves
ayuksraq piece of ice that does not freeze to shore-fast ice and goes out with ocean current
I
iġnigluq crushed, thin, young ice found in ice cracks
igniġnaq stretch of smooth ice parallel to shore between pressure ice ridges and beach
ikuġaaġniq ice adhering to ice that has been added to shore ice
ikuġaaq(-) depression on ice full of water; to become full of depressions full of water (of
ice on ocean)
illagauraq ice which has begun to melt and although solid is spongy and dangerous
imiŋniq mound of earth or ice that makes an echoing sound when stamped on
imuniq young ice which has been crushed by moving ice
irriqutit diamond dust or ice crystals in the air (indicating that a cold spell is imminent)
isaamaniq narrow piece of ice that juts out from the main piece of ice
ivuniġauraq small ice pressure ridge
ivuniq ice pressure ridge
ivuniqpaaluk or ivuniqpait big ice pile, pressure ridge
K
kanġilaq or (Nu) kanġutailaq smooth ice with no frost on top
kaniqtaq ice formed by frost; fragile, refrozen ice
kaŋiqłuk bay, inlet; indentation in sea ice where whales often surface

1183
kiapku solid pancake ice
kisisaq1 or kisitchaq grounded ice pile (which keeps landlocked ice from floating away);
grounded iceberg
kukługaq chunk of ice in house placed over water bucket to melt, drip, providing drinking
water
M
mauraġaq(-) small ice floe used as stepping stone
mayuqtinniq ice on the beach
mayuqtitaq(-) slush ice pushed onto to shore
miġaliq(-) (Ti) slush ice; slush and small chunks of new sea ice which wash up on shore
in fall; to be covered by small chunks of sea ice in fall (of beach)
mitik1 (Nu) slush ice (in a fishing hole)
mitu(-) (Nu) first chunks of ice which form in ocean in the fall (clings to nets)
muġałłiq or (Ti) miġaliq or muġaliq slush ice, waterlogged snow (on ocean) (foam-like
in appearance), snow and thin ice on water when freeze-up begins, slushy ice which
forms on shore at the first freeze
muġrak slush ice
N
napaayuq upright ice cake
nilak layer of granular snow found under another layer (can be melted for potable water);
moist crushed ice
nutaġun fresh snow on ice-free water; refrozen crack less than ten feet wide
nutaqłiq smooth ice covered by snow with moisture between the ice and the snow
P
paaġiiq ice propelled by the wind and ocean current simultaneously in opposite directions,
making it appear to move
pauk(-) ice that serves as an anchor to shore-fast ice
piŋu(-) isolated ice mound; knoll, dome; isolated hill; pimple, swelling on skin; swell
(crestless wave or succession of waves); (i) to develop a pimple; to swell (of ocean)
piqaluyak large chunk of freshwater ice from river, good for drinking water; multiyear sea
ice that has become fresh due to multiyear thawing
piquniq mound formed by pressure from below; place where river ice over deep water is
pushed up so that it cracks and water flows through
pituqqiq flat, secure ice at edge of ocean lead (where whaling camp can be set up at the
end of the trail that’s been made)
puġrak (Ti) slush ice
puktaaq floating mass of ice; iceberg, large piece of ice
puktaaqat ice floe attached to another ice floe
Q
qaatchiñiq (Ti) depression on ice filled with water
qaiġilu ice with irregular surface features, partly rough and partly smooth
qaiġilġuq (Nu) ripple on ice
qaimġuq first shore ice in fall
qaimŋuq white frozen edge of water; frozen foam on beach; (Ti) smooth ice parallel to
shore, a cake of ice smoothed by spray
qaiqsuaqtat smooth ice between areas of rough ice

1184
qaivaġniq flat round cakes of ice frozen together
qanaiñaqtuaq pack ice moving directly toward shore fast ice
qaŋatchiniq (Ti) ice with hollow space beneath it (easy to fall through)
qaŋattaaq ice or snow which has one edge partly off the ground; hollow area (as from
erosion); hollow area between the ice and the water
qimaktinniq shore fast ice left behind when the ice is carried away by an ocean current
qinu(-) layer of slush ice which forms on ocean at freeze up and clings to shore; to form a
thin layer of slush ice (of ocean at freeze-up)
quasa or quasiraq(-) or quasiraaq(-) bare, smooth ice on lake or pond which one can
slide on; (i) to slide along swiftly on a slippery surface; to skate
qukhiaq (Nu) small cracks which fan out through ice or glass
S
sagrat assembled pieces of ice traveling with the current in ocean
sarri or (Ti) sarrik floating ice pack away from shore-fast ice
siġmiq or (Ti) siġmiq(-) substance that hardens and can be used for patching; patch for
sled runners of water and snow to improve their sliding; (Ti) ice which forms on boat
or sled; (t) for it=boat or sled to get covered with ice; ¤glacier
siiqsinniq water flowing through crack in ice; underground springs, water flowing out of
the ground; frozen overflow on top of river ice; glaciated stream (melts in summer)
siku(-)1 ice; to freeze over; to become icy
sikuaq(-) thin ice on body of water; (Ti) ice on boat or sled; to become covered with thin
ice (of water); (Ti) to ice over (of boat or sled)
sikuatchiaq(-) newly formed thin ice
sikuayaaq(-) new ice, young ice on water; to have new ice, young ice (of water)
sikuġaq (Nu) small chunk of floating ice
sikuġlak(-) or sikuġlalaaq frozen rain and snow on ground; hailstone; (Ti) icicle; (Ti) old
packed snow good for drinking water; to freeze over ground or snow (of rain); to start
forming (of ice); to hail; (Ti) (i) to form (of icicle); to get packed hard so that it is good
for drinking water (of snow)
sikuġliñiq ice formed from water spilled on something
sikulġauraq (Nu) new thin ice
sikuliaġruaq ice which is about one and a half feet thick
sikuliaq young ice formed around edge of old solid ice on open lead
sikuliuraq newly formed ice
sikulluataq freshwater ice
sikunaq(-) ice fog; ice crystals which settle out of the air; for there to be ice fog, ice
crystals in the air
sikuqqaq (Ti) block of ice
sikuqqat small icefloes
sikutchiaq new ice
suġaiñŋuġruaq very large mass of pack ice
T
tuvaq(-) or (Ti) tugaq or tuvaġruaq shore-fast ice; to come in to shore (of ice); (Ti) shore
ice
tuvaqtaq shore fast ice covering only a portion of the beach
tuuniq cracked ice made by force of main pack ice

1185
U
utuqqaviñiq piece of old shore-fast ice which has broken off; chunk of thick shore ice

1186
 APPENDIX 7

Aputikun Taggisit
SnowTerms

There are seventy-six (76) terms listed for snow and frost in this dictionary. Six
(6) terms are based on the stem:
api- to become snow-covered from snowfall (of landscape, ground);
(t) for it to become snow-covered from snowfall”
Many of the terms are based on the shape, quality, and condition of the snow.

A
agniq(-) or aŋniq(-) blizzard, snowstorm, blowing snow; (i) for there to be a blizzard
aluktinniq snow cliff
aġviuraq snowdrift in the shape of a whale back (usually about 30 feet in length)
aniu packed snow
aniuvak mound of hard packed snow; snowbank
aniuvauraq a snowdrift with a sharp downwind side and a more inclined upwind side
apiqqaaġun first snowfall
apiqqammiaq(-) or apirġammiaq new snow
apitchiq snowdrift; female polar bear which bears young in a hollow snowdrift
apivaalluqqaaġniq first lasting snowfall of the year
apun snow (lying on a surface); fallen snow
apuyyaq or aputyaq (Nu) snow block shelter; snow patch
aqilluk a bank of deep soft snow
aqilluq (Nu) soft snow
aqiluqqaq soft snow
auksalaq or auksałłak rapidly melting snow
I
iksiaksraq snow to be melted for drinking water
ilu(-)1 frost in house; (t) to form frost on it
K
kaataq (Ti) maktak which has thick blubber sliced off; block of hard snow for building a
snow house
kaniq(-) frost; (i) to be covered with light frost; (t) to have light frost cover it =
ground,house or any object
kanġuraq (Nu) light or spotty frost
kaniġaaġruk(-) (Nu) frost, rime; to form a layer of frost
kaniġruaq(-) heavy frost; (i) to form a thick layer of frost
katiġruġniq (Ti) snowdrift
M
manuġli(-) (Ti) frost from breath; (i) to form frost from breath (e.g. of parka ruff)
masak(-) or matchak(-) slush, waterlogged snow; to be damp of ground
masallak(-) damp snow; (i) to be damp snow (damp enough for making snowballs)

mauya or mauyaq soft dirt or deep snow into which one may sink as one walks

1187
mauyaqisaaq soft deep snow
mavsa or mapsa overhanging snowdrift, ready to fall; snow cornice; overhang; spleen
mavsaq(-) (ti) or (nu) mavsat- deep soft snow; (i) to fall into deep soft snow; (i) to fall
down, creating a snowslide (of snow cornice)
miġaliq(-) (Ti) slush ice; slush and small chunks of new sea ice which wash up on shore
in fall; to be covered by small chunks of sea ice in fall (of beach
milik very soft snow
misak(-) wet ground, slush, swamp; waterlogged snow; (i) to be slushy (of snow), be
wet (of ground)
misałhak slushy surface of young saltwater ice; water-soaked ground, swamp
misulik sleet, wet snow
mitik1 (Nu) slush ice (in a fishing hole)
muġałłiq or (ti) miġaliq or muġaliq slush ice, waterlogged snow (on ocean) (foam-like
in appearance), snow and thin ice on water when freeze-up begins, slushy ice which
forms on shore at the first freeze
N
natiġvik(-) snow swiftly drifting along the ground (usually blowing not above the knee); (i)
to blow, drift low along the ground (of snow or dust)
natiqłit(-) snow swiftly blowing along the ground (with drifts no higher than the ankle); (i)
to be at the bottom (of it); to be as far down as one can go
nikuvlalaaq(-) (Ti) corn snow, good for drinking water; (i) to be good, as frozen meat that
has been frozen then thawed, then frozen again, and it has ice crystals
nilak layer of granular snow found under another layer (can be melted for potable water);
moist crushed ice
niñŋuq3 soft snow packed on top of sod house (to provide extra insulation for the house)
niviluk(-) wet snow; (i) to be unkempt, slovenly (of a person); to be damp, slushy (of
snowy and rainy weather
nivviġiksi- to become wet enough to stick together (of snow)
nutaġaq young person; fresh powder snow
nuturuk packed snow (good for making snow house)
P
patuk(-) frost of breath on ruff; to be wet or foggy; to form on the parka ruff (of frost)
piagnaq snow condition good for sled travel
piqsiq(-) wet snow storm; (i) to be stormy with wet blowing snow in the air
pukak granular snow found under hard packed snow, good for melting into water
pukarraaq (-) (Ti) old packed snow good for drinking water; (i) to get packed hard so that
it is good for drinking water
Q
qakuak frost on ground
qannik(-) snowflake; falling snow; (i) to snow
qannialaaq(-) light snowfall; (i) to snow lightly
qaŋattaaq ice or snow which has one edge partly off the ground; hollow area (as from
erosion); hollow area between the ice and the water
qaquq(-) (Ti) frost on ground; (t) to become frosted over (of land)
qayuqłak ripple on surface of snow
qiġuviak refrozen slush

1188
qikaaluk- (i) for it (usu., snow or ice) to be crunchy when walked upon
qikiġġaq creaking noise made by walking, running, crawling on frozen snow
qikkuaq(-) (Ti) frost on ground; (t) to get frosted over (of land
qimuagruk snowdrift blocking trail or in lee of high building; high snowdrift
qiqsruqqaq(-) hardened glazed snow in spring time especially during the night after a
thaw; for it to be frozen again so one can travel without sinking into the wet snow
qivliġnaq small frost crystal
quvyugaġnaq white-out snow weather condition
S
saggutyaq (Nu) snowhouse made of soft, new snow
sikuġlak(-) or sikuġlalaaq frozen rain and snow on ground; hailstone; (Ti) icicle; (Ti) old
packed snow good for drinking water; to freeze over ground or snow (of rain); to start
forming (of ice); to hail; (Ti) (i) to form (of icicle); to get packed hard so that it is good
for drinking water (of snow)
silli q snow made crusty and hard by strong winds (most suitable for making snow houses)
silli ġruaq hard and shiny surface snow
silli qsruq super hard, often icy snow
sitliq (Nu) hard snow, windpacked snow
sisuuk(-) snowslide (esp. of snow over a creek); avalanche; (i) to slide (esp. of snow over
creek)
sisuuksraq (Nu) snow cornice; snow build up as a potential avalanche
U
upkaġanak snow with hard top and soft underneath
uupkaaġnaq (Nu) snow with hard top and soft underneath

1189
 APPENDIX 8

Piviksrakun Taggisit
Names of Segments of Time

Temporal nouns are presented in this appendix. The temporal noun referent is
placed in the center of the list indicated with an asterisk (*). Arrows pointed upwards (↑)
indicate the future, and arrows pointed downwards indicate the past.
The two temporal interrogatives which elicit the following temporal nouns in the
following names are:

qakugu “when in future time”

qaŋa “when in past time”

Names of Largest Segments of Time

aippaanigu ↑ in the very distant future

taimanigu ↑ in the distant future
pagmami or pagmapak * nowadays, in modern times
taimani ↓ in /at the past
aippaani or alġaani ↓ in olden times; in ancient times, beyond the
memory of living man

Names of Segments of Time from Today to Year-before-Last and to Year-after-Next

ukiutqigu ↑ year after next

ukiuġu ↑ next year
ikpaksraaġu(n) ↑ in a few days
uvlaakutqigu ↑ day after tomorrow
uvlaaku(n) ↑ tomorrow
uvlupak * today
unnuŋman/ikpaksraq ↓ yesterday
unnuŋmatqik/ikpaksratqik ↓ day before yesterday
ikpaksraaq/qaŋaqisuuraq ↓ a few days ago/recently
ukiuq ↓ last year
ukiutqik ↓ year before last

Names of Segments of Time from Now to A-Long-While-Ago to In-A-Long-While

aaqagusaaq/aaqagusaaġu ↑ in a long while

aaqagu ↑ in a while
aaqaguqisuuraq ↑ in a short while
akkupak * now
akkuqisuuraq ↓ a short while ago

1190
akku ↓ a while ago
akkusaaq/akkusaaġruk ↓ a long while ago

Names of Segments of Time from Right-Now to Night-before-Last to the Morning-after-

Tomorrow-Morning

uvlaatqigu ↑ morning after tomorrow morning

unnuatqigu ↑ night after tonight
uvlaaġu ↑ tomorrow morning
unnuaġu ↑ tonight
akkupak * now
uvlaaq ↓ this past morning
unnuaq ↓ last night
uvlaatqik ↓ yesterday morning
unnuatqik ↓ night before last night

Names of Segments of Time from Current Summer to Summer-before-Last-Summer to

Summer-after-This-Coming-Summer

upinġaatqigu ↑ summer after this coming summer

upinġaksratqigu ↑ spring after this coming spring
ukiutqigu ↑ winter aftet this coming winter
ukiatqigu ↑ fall after this coming fall
upinġaaġu ↑ this coming summer
upinġaksraġu ↑ this coming spring
ukiuġu ↑ this coming winter
ukiaġu ↑ this coming fall
upinġaapak * this current summer
upinġaksraq ↓ this past spring
ukiuq ↓ this past winter
ukiaq ↓ last fall
upinġaaq ↓ last summer
upinġaksratqik ↓ spring before this past spring
ukiutqik ↓ winter before last winter
ukiatqik ↓ fall before last fall
upinġaatqik ↓ summer before last summer

1191
 APPENDIX 9

Uvluġiatigun Taggisit
Names of Stars and Constellations

Aagruuk (dual) two stars, Vega and a lesser star in the constellation Lyra known as the
Morning Star, Suvulliik (Spencer: 258); “Vega… agrǔ-lu-bwǔk” (Ra y 1885: 56);
the appearance of the Aagruuk signal the new year, the reappearance of the sun
(Jenness 1924: 183B cited in MacDonald: 49); “a large bright one above a much
smaller, less brighter one; the larger star is Vega “Uvluġiaqpak =a big star which
appear above the horizon in late December, an indication that the Solstice is past and
that the days will soon grow longer” (source not known); together these two stars are
also known as Ayaqhaaġnailaq “time when you can not play string games”
(Etalook 1983 cited in MacDonald: 50); “…Vega and two other stars not visible
agru-la-wik so called from rising at certain seasons just before daylight.” (Simpson
cited in Bocktoce: 351) § Sivulliq

Aulasuilaq or Uvluġiasugruk (from Pete Sovalik of Barrow, Alaska) North Star, or Polaris
in constellation Ursa Minor/ uvlukkaluami naakka unnuakkaluami
kiavaluktuam qitqani aulasuitchuq taamna uvluġiaq during the day as well as
during the night this star does not move from the center of revolution (Aiken 2009) |
-suilaq- vn or +lu(q)2 rn +iaq2 nn -sugruk(-) nn, vv

Iglupiaqtalik [lit. “one with a pair”] perhaps a combination of constellations Orion,

Auriga, and Gemini; “The turf house (iglupeaqtalik) is a combination of the
constellations Orion, Auriga, and Gemini.” (Ingstgad: 209)

Ivruqsii [lit. “sod pick,” a constellation so named because the shape of the star grouping is
said to resemble a tool used to dig sod or moss] constellation Cassiopeia;
“Cassiopeia i’bro-si” (Ray 1885: 56); “Cassiopea Ibrsk-si-sin ‘the house builder’”
(Simpson, cited in Bockstoce 1988: 351)

Nanmatchiaq [lit. “like a hunchback”] constellation ¤Draco

Nannuġruit [lit. “large polar bears”] constellation Pleiades » “the Pleiades are nannorjuit
polar bears” (Jenness: 529)

Paatchuktuurat constellation Ursa Minor, Little Dipper » “The star Aidebarfan, with the
cluster of the Hyades, and other smaller ones around, are called Pa-chúkh-lu-rin,
‘the sharing-out’ of food, the chief star representing a polar bear just killed, and the
others the hunters around, preparing to cut up their prize, and give each hunter his
portion.” (Simpson: 271); “66. Pleiades… pa-tǔ’k-tu-rĭn (Ray: 56); “aasii Little
Dipper-mik pisuuraŋat Paatchuktuuranik taivlugu” (Aiken 2010) [and they
called the Little Dipper Paatchuktuurat] § Siquvsiqqat

1192
Putyuutchiak or Putyuutchaak or [lit “two crabs” or “close together like the thumb and
forefinger when held just a little ways apart”] (Nu) constellation ¤Cepheus , two
stars

Puyyutchiaq constellation (this constellation consists of two small stars that are either very
close or part of the constellation ¤Draco Nanmatchiaq)

Puuq or Puuksraq [lit. “seal-skin bag”] constellation Cetus (the whale);“The Sealskin Bag
(pûgjaq) is the constellation Cetus.” (Ingstad: 209-210)

Qayuuttaq (Ti) constellation Ursus Major, Big Dipper

Qutugruk constellation of four stars (thought to resemble a collarbone, seen in winter);

“Ko-tog-eu-in ‘The collar bones’ are the Twins, Castor & Pollux, with two others
Capella & a small star which are placed in pairs slightly inclined to each other thus
having a fanciful resemblance to the slope of those bones or rather the shoulders in
the human frame.” (Bockstoce: 351) | perhaps +ruk3 nn

Siquvsiqqat or (Nu, Ti) Siqupsiqqat [lit. “shattered ones”] constellation Ursa Minor,
Little Dipper (a constellation which consists of a number of closely spaced stars
that have the appearance of something which has been broken and shattered into
several pieces] | +mit- vv =sI3- vv +[ġ]aq1 vn ‘-t3 nn (pl mkr) § Paatchuktuurat

Sivulliq or Suvulliik [lit. “the first two”] the two stars Arcturus and Muphrid in
constellation Bootes; “67. Arcturus…. si-bwŭd’-li” (Ray: 56); “Time is measured by
the sun when it is visible, or by some of the stars at night. For instance, they say ‘we
started when the sun was yonder (in the heavens) and travelled till it was yonder.’
Arcturus, Sibwu’dli, is the time-piece of the seal-netters. When this star has passed
over to the east they know that dawn is at hand and that netting is nearly over.”
(Murdoch 1890: 41) » qauġaqsimman alliġiik taapkuak qaŋattaaniktiġmagnik
qausuuruq when dawn is approaching and when the two [stars] that are one on top
of the other have risen, then dawn occurs; “taapkuagguuq qaŋattaaniktiġmagnik
uvluq nuirraqsisuuruq” (Matumeak 2009) [it is said that right after those two
(stars) rise the day breaks]; “uvlum tuŋaani nuisuuruq; qaum sivuuraŋani
qausaŋaiñŋaan nuisuuruq; qulliġiiksuk aagruuk uvlumi sivulliuguraġuuruq;
aŋiuraqtuaq sivulliusuuruq” (Aiken 2009) [as daylight approaches it becomes
visible; it becomes visible right before daylight comes; the aagruuk are one on top
of the other; the bigger (star) appears first] | -llIQ nn § Aagruuk

Tupqit (Nu) [lit. “tents”] a constellation (the four stars of the bowl of the Big Dipper said
to be four tents to which three hunters on foot are running) » tuviġġat airut
tupiġnun the three hunters [stars] are said to go home to the houses | :It nn §
Tuttuġruk, Tuvaat

Tuttuġruk constellation Ursa Major, Big Dipper » “Ursa major (tail)… tǔ’k-tu-o-ru-ǐn.”
(Ray: 56), so named because the handle of Big Dipper resembles a single caribou

1193
 horn extending from the head or ladle of the dipper; constellations Tupqit and
Tuvaat are contained in this constellation” | -ġruk nn

Tuvaat or Tuviġġat or Tuvaatchiat [lit. “hunters”] a combination of three stars which

make up the handle of constellation Ursa Major Tuttuġruk “Big Dipper” | -t3 (pl
mkr) § TupqIt, Tuttuġruk

Tuvaurat or Tuviġġat [lit.“hunters”] a constellation of three stars of Orion’s belt »

“71. Orion’s Belt… tǔ-at-san” (Ray: 56) | :uraq nn -t nn § Paatchuktuurat

Uvluġiaqpak [lit. “big star”] star Vega in constellation Lyra (its first appearance above
the horizon in late December signals the start of increasing daylight hours) | +lu(q)2
rn +iaq2 nn +qpak(-) nn

Uvluġiasugruk North Star (from Pete Sovalik) | +lu(q) rn +iaq1 nn

-sugruk(-) nn, vv § Aulasuilaq

1194
 APPENDIX 10

Iñupiaqsiñivut
Iñupiaq Names

In this section, Iñupiaq names are presented in the 1972 orthography. The intent
is not to replace the original spellings of names based on the English alphabet, but to
provide those who wish to use the Iñupiaq orthrography the opportunity to do so.
Dimond Jenness, an ethnologist with the Canadian Arctic Expedition in northern
Alaska and Canada in 1913 to 1916 summarizes best the traditional Inuit and Iñupiaq
beliefs about souls, naming, and namesakes. He writes “every person has a soul
(nap.an), which wanders about until the time of birth, when it enters the child and stays
with it through life. But the nap.an is inexperienced and unable to look after the child. At
birth, therefore, the child is called by the name of the last person – man or woman – who
died in the neighbourhood, or if several have died since the last birth, by all their names.
Now when a person dies the body is buried the following day, but the nap.an (or nap.ata)
lingers in the house until the fourth day (if a man) or the fifth day if a woman. Then it is
expelled, but remains at the grave until the next child is born in the neighbourhood.
When the child receives the deceased’s name, the deceased’s nap.an at the same time
enters the child and becomes its atka or guardian spirit…The child has now a double
relation to the people in the neighbourhood. It embodies the nap.an of the deceased – so
in addressing the child you address it as if it were the deceased. The atka protects the
child, guarding it from harm….The atka does not leave the child, but its influence wanes
as the years go by.” (Jenness 1991: 7-8)

A Aanġuyuk Aġluŋaq
Aaġiusiñ Aaŋa Aġnaatchiaq
Aaġlu Aaŋiyak Aġnaġituaq
Aaġluaq Aaġaaliq Aġnaġuluk
Aaġuraq Aapiaq Aġnaġuniq
Aahaaliq Aaqhaaliq Aġnaitchiaq
Aaka Aaqhaalliq Aġnaksraq
Aalaak Aaquaksraaluk Aġnałhaluk
Aalguuraq Aaquatchiaq Aġnaniaq
Aalialuk Aaquk Aġnaq
Aaluk Aaquluk Aġnaqpaluk
Aamiġirik Agavlak Aġnasagaq
Aamniq Agiaq Aġnatuk
Aana Aglaaluk Aġnauraq
Aanalliaq Agliġuq Aġnavigaq
Aanaruuraq Agnuk Aġnaviña
Aanauraq Aguk Aġnigalak
Aanavak Aġġak Aġniiñ
Aanayyuk Aġiunnaq Aġniiña

1195
Aġnik Anaqulutuk Aqisaaluk
Aġniuraq Aniġaaġniq Aqitaksraq
Aġvaluq Aniqsuaq Aqivgaaluk
Aġviqsan Aniqsuayaaq Aqivgaq
Aġvitchiaq Aniivak Aqivgiayaaq
Aiġana Aniuvak Aqiviana
Aimaq Anivak Aqłuŋaq
Aisaana Annaġutchiaġruk Aqpaluk
Aitchuusiaq Annaġutchialuuraq Aqpauraq
Aiviq Annaġutchiq Aqpayuk
Akłaatchiaq Annaqaq Aqpik
Akłaq Annaqtuuq Aqpiksraq
Akłiñiq Annayak Aqsakaaq
Akugaq Anŋiaġruk Aqsikataq
Akuġluk Anŋik Aqsiataaq
Akuilaq Anuġi Aquilaq
Akuiyaq Anupqana/Aŋupqana Aquppirun
Akuvaaq Aŋalik Aqvaluq
Akutchuk Aŋaqiñ Argagiaq
Alaalik Aŋaqiña Argailaq
Alaġiaq Aŋarraaluk Argaitchuaq
Alaluk Aŋarraaq Argaluk
Alaq Aŋasak Arriñaaq
Alasuk Aŋmaalik Asagaq
Alasuuraq Aŋŋaaq Asakkaq
Alivrun Aŋŋiaġruk Asatchaq
Alivruna Aŋŋiaq Asiaġiñ
Alliñaaluk Aŋurruk Asiaŋŋataq
Aluiqsi Aŋutitchiaq Asisauġruaq
Aluk Aŋutuqsan Asisaun
Alukkaluk Aŋutuqsana Asuaq
Aluniq Aŋuyak Asugiaq
Aluŋauq Apakiiña Asuġiaq
Aluuraq Apayauq Atammak
Alak Apiġi Atanaaq
Amaġuaq Apiqsrauraq Ataŋaaġruuraq
Amaġugaaq Aqak Ataŋan
Amaġuq Aqamak Ataŋana
Amakak Aqamniq Ataŋauraq
Amaulik Aqaŋŋiq Atchuġunnaq
Amayun Aqargiq Atqaan
Amayuuraq Aqargiuluk Atqaana
Amiqqaq Aqargiun Atqaksaaq
Anaġi Aqarġiuna Attaġnaq
Anaġutchiq Aqiaġuq Atuaŋaruaq
Anaksraq Aqiŋa Atumiqsan

1196
Atuqtuaq Iglauttaq Iñuuraq
Aukpak Igñaviña Iŋaluaq
Auktalik Iguaqpak Iŋigluk
Aullaġiña Iġlaŋasaq Iŋilluk
Aullaġruaq Iikuluk Iŋilluuraq
Aullaqsruaq Iipak Ipaaluk
Avaiyak Iituk Iqaġiñ
Avammiq Ikaaq Iqaġiña
Avaqqana Ikaġusaq Iqaluk
Avasak Ikayuaq Iqilaluk
Avatchiaġliq Iki Iqilan
Avialuk Ikiaqpak Iqilana
Avik Ikiun Iqilasuk
Avilluq Ikiuna Iqitqiraq
Avilluuraq Ikkaayuk Iqqaġaq
Aviŋŋasuk Ikkaiyuk Iqquk
Aviq Ikpik Iqsiññaq
Aviugan Iksrik Iqsraq
Aviugana Ikugana Irattuan
Aviugauraq Ikusik Iriġruaq
Aviuk (also short for Illiaq Iriqłuk
Aviugana Ilaaniq Iritchiaq
Aviuksaatchiaq Ilaitchuk Iritchiluk
Aviyuk Ilavgaq Isaaġaaluk
Avu Ilġuaq Isaġulik
Avvuuraq Ilġutchiaq Isauġana
Ayagiaq/Ayaġiaq Iliaġan Isauġauraq
Ayagruk Iliaġruaŋuluk Isigak
Ayaiyaq Iliappak Isigraktuaq
Ayakak Iliaq Isiksraqtuaq
Ayałhuq Iliiyaq Isiutak/Isiutaktuaq
Ayapan Ilippak Isuġaaq
Ayapana Ilisiuraq Isuqtuaq
Ayaqi Iluqtun Itaałłuk
Ayauniq Ilusiñ Itchuaġaq
Ayauniqpak Ilusiña Itiġruk
Ayugiña Imaġliq Ittaaq
Ayyuvi Immaqtuuq Itqiliuraq
Innaviña Ivaaq
I Inuqtuaq Iviqqaksraq
Igaaksraq Iññaviña Iviqqan
Igalaaq Iñugniilaq Iviqqana
Igasak Iñugruaq Ivrulik
Igaugaq Iñuquqłak Iyaaq
Iglaaq Iñuquyuk Iyaġun
Iglaġuktaq Iñuałuuraq

1197
K Kisautaq Maniksaq
Kakianaaq Kisik Manuġli
Kakiññaaq Kisisaq Manuġliña
Kalik Kivvaq Manuluk
Kalika ¤Kulaq or Qulak Manuluuraq
Kaliksuna Kukulan Manuna
Kaliku Kullaluk/Kullaluuraq Maŋuyaaluk
Kalikutaq Kullaq Maŋuyak
Kanaaq Kumak Maptiġaq
Kanayuq Kunagnana Maqpik
Kanayuuraq Kunaŋnauraq Masauna
Kaŋiġaaluk Kunak Masu
Kaŋiġan Kunayaq Masuliaq
Kaŋiliqpak Kunaniq Matummialuk
Kaŋisan Kunilukualuk Matummiaq
Kaŋisaq Kunnaan Mayak
Kapuyuk Kunnaana Mayuiñ
Kasak Kunnaluaq Miġiñmusi
Kasivġuna Kunniaq Mikiana
Katagiaq Kunŋan Miligruaq
Katairuaq Kunuk Miluk
Kataksiña Kunullaq Miñġun
Kataktuġvik Kunuyaq Miñġuna
Kataliq Kupaaq Miñŋuq
Kataliuraq Kurraluk Miŋuk
Katauq Kusiq Misaniq
Katak Kusuk Misik
Katuaq Kuuġġuq Mitchak
Katuk Kuuk Mitiktaun
Kavisiġluk Kuukpik Mitiktauna
Kaviulluk Kuutchiq Mumiġan
Kaviuluk Kuutuuq Mumiġana
Kayuqtuuraq Kuuvak
Kiasik N
Kiiriq M Naataq
Kilaktaq Maasagruaq Naggusiaq
Kiligvak Maasak Nagruk
Kimak Maiyyuk Naġiaq
Kimmik Makkalik Nakaaq
Kimmialuk Makpii Nalikkak
Kiñaviaq Maksruk Namniq
Kiŋmayuuq Maligialuk Nanauq
Kippauyuyuq Maligialuuraq Nanauvak
Kipuġana Maligian Nanauyaaq
Kipuġauraq Maligiana Nanmak
Kivalliq Mamaŋiña Nanuq

1198
Naŋinaaq Niksik Panikpak
Napaaqtuq Niŋiuq Panikpaluk
Napaġiaq Nipik Panitchiaq
Napaniq Niqqaktuaq Paniŋaluk
Narvan Nivikkana Paniulak
Narvana Nuġġasaq Paniunayuk
Nasaġluk Nuiraaġruaq Panniaq
Nasaġniq Nuiraaq Panniñġuna
Nasuaġnaq Nuisilaaq Papigluk
Nasualuk Nuiyaaq Papiġuq
Nasualuuraq Nukapiġaq Patik
Nasuaq Nuksana Patiktitaq
Nasuayaaq Nukik Patkutaq
Nasugraq Nuliaq Patugnaq
Nasuk Nuliatchiaq Patuk
Nasukpak Nullautaq Pauqqaasiñ
Nasuksraq Nulluataq Pausan
Nasuŋuluk Nunamiu Pausana
Natchiġun Nuŋŋasak Pausauraq
Natchiq Nuŋuluk Pauyuŋiña
Natiġvayuk Nusaŋiña Pauyuuraq
Natkusiaq Nusaŋiuraq Payuk
Nauluŋiaq Nutaaq Pigaaluk
Naunaġiñ Nuuŋaq Piluluk
Naunaġiña Nuvuk Piŋatuk
Nauriaq Nuyaaġiq Piŋusugruk
Nauyaq Piqalu
Nauyyaq P Piquk
Navaluk Paamiu Piquuraq
Nayaakkiq ¤Paatchuk Pituk
Nayuisan Pagnasuk Pivsuk
Nayuk Pagnisualuk Pualu
Nayukuk Paġualak Puayuuraq
Niaqualuk Paisaq Punyu
Niaquq Pakak Putqaq
Niaquqtutilaaq Palaŋan Putuguq
Niayuq Pamiilaq Putuilaq
Nigaaluk Pamiuq Purruq
Nigruun Pamiuġyuksaaq Puukak
Niġliq Paniattaaq Puvak
Niġliġaaluk Panigiuŋuluk Puya
Niġukkaiyaaq Panigiuq Puyyuk
Niġuvaaluk Panigluk
Niġuvan Panigruaq Q
Niġuvana Panik Qaaniq
Niġuvauraq Panikpaaluk Qaaqattak

1199
Qaġġaq Qiġñak Quuniq
Qaġġualuk Qiilu Quupak
Qaġġuna Qiiñaaq Quuttuk
Qaġmak Qikuaq Quvalaaq
Qaiġilaq Qiliġniq Quvan
Qaiyaan Qilaavsuk Quvana
Qaiyauraq Qilavsaq
Qaiyuk Qilġialuk S
Qalak Qiliġniq Saalaaġruk
Qalayauq Qimiġluk Saali (Charlie)
Qalayauŋuluk Qimmiksan Saaŋiaq
Qalġiyan Qimmiksaq Saavġaq
Qalġiyaġruaq Qimmiq Sagvayuaq
Qaliaq Qimmiuraq Saġġan
Qallu Qinŋusaaq Saġġana
Qaluaq Qiñŋusaaq Saġġauraq
Qalutaksraq Qiñuġan Saġvan
Qalutchuk Qiŋaqtaq Sailaq
Qannik Qipi Sakiagaq
Qaŋattaaluk Qipiġiaq Sakiq
Qaŋŋuaq Qiruk Sakkaaluk
Qapqan Qitiġruaq Sakkan
Qapqana Qitik Samak
Qapuk Qiugaaluk Samaruna
Qaqaun Qiugaq Samaruuraq
Qaqsu Quġanna Samataq
Qaqsuuraq Quġlaq Sanniq
Qargiuluk Qukik Satuġiña
Qarri Quksraaq Saullaaq
Qasuniq Qulġuna Savak
Qattaq Qulliuq Savik
Qaumaluk Qunmiġu Savikpaligauraq
Qaummaġun Qunmiġun Saviyyaġluk
Qaummałuk Qunmiġuq Siakuk
Qaunnaq Qunŋu Sigraktuaq
Qaviġiñ Qunŋualuk Siġvan
Qaviuraq Qunŋuna Siġvaun
Qavviayaaq Quŋusiq Siġvauyuŋaq
Qavvik Quŋuyuk Siitchiaġruaq
Qayaq Qupałuk Sikiaġruk
Qayaaq Qurġun Sikkattuaq
Qayaaluk Qusaiyaaq Siksraktuaq
Qayaiyaqtualuk Qusiġuna Siksrikkaaq
Qayuuttaq Qusivġun Siliuna
Qiatun Quttaasin Silamiu
Qiġñagaaluk Qutuk Silamiutchiaq

1200
Silatqutaq Taġiuq Tukummiq
Silauyaq Tagliñ Tukummiuraq
Siliun Taipan Tulugaq
Siliuna Taipana Tuluk
Silligaaq Taiyugaaq Tumaatchaq
Siluatchiaq Takkak Tuniq
Simigluaq Takłiñ Tuniqtaq
Simik Taksruk Tupinġaaluk
Siŋatuuq Takpaan Tupinŋaaluk
Sirraġiña Takpana Tuquttaq
Sirraq Taktuk Tutigruaq
Sirraun Taliq Tuuggaq
Sirrauna Tapa Tuukkaq
Sisualik Taqalak Tuuluk
Siullik Taqalakisaq Tuułuk
Siulluk Taqtu Tuuqłak
Siutchiaġruaq Taqulik Tuurraq
Suakpak Tarrualuk Tuurrauraq
Sukanaaqpauraq Tarruayaaq Tuutaq
Suksraaluk Tarruq Tuuyyaq
Suksran Tarrualuk Tuvaaq
Suksrana Tatqaviña Tuvaatchialuk
Suluk Tauqsiaq Tuyyaq
Suŋaqsan Tauttuq
Suŋauravik Tavviñ U
Suqłuk Tavvialuk Uałuk
Suqqaq Tiġigluk Ugana
Suusuk Tiġigruaq Ugiaqtaq
Suuyuk Tiġiġruaq Ugran
Suuyualuk Tiġiksruaq Ugruaq
Suvaliq Tiġiqsi Uguannaq
Suvałiq Tiġitquuraq Uġiiña
Suvlu Tigluk Uġrisaq
Suvluuraq Tigusiaq Uġruaq
Suvyualuk Tigutaaq Uġruġaaluk
Tigutaaqpaluk Uġruun
T Tilaġġiyaq Uimuaq
Taagiiluk Tiŋuk Uiññiq
Taagruk Tiŋuuraq Ukaqquk
Taalak Tiriq Ukpiaqhaaq
Taaliaq Titqiaq Ukpik
Taałak Tugli Ukpiqsaun
Taaqpak Tuġiña Ulaaq
Tagiaġiña Tuiġan Ulġiñ
Tagnak Tukak Ulimaq
Taġġaq Tukkayak Ulimaun

1201
Uluaqtuun Upqik Uuruq
Uluġġaq Usak Uusuuraq
Umialigaaq Usarak Uvigaq
Umiaq Usisan Uvluaq
Umigluk Utaatak Uvluġiaq
Umigluk Utigauraq Uvyaq
Umittaq Utigruaq Uvyuaq
Unagiiġaaluk Utik Uyaġaaluk
Unaliiña Utkusik Uyaġaatchiaq
Uŋalaq Uttaatak Uyaġak
Uŋaruq Utuałuuraq Uyalu
Uqaqquk Utuaġaaluk Uyuġuaq
Uqilliaq Utuan Uyumġaq
Uqpik Utuana
Uqpiksaun Utuayuk Y
Uqsi Utuktauraq Yaayyuk
Uqsrualuk Uula Yugu
Uqumailaq Uumiñaq Yuisaaluk

1202
 THE IÑUPIAT COUNTING SYSTEM

by
Wm. Clark Bartley

The Iñupiat have traditionally used a base-20-sub-base-5 counting system, technically

known as a "penta-vigesimal system". This indicates that counting is based on groups of
five "units", which groups are, in turn, combined into larger groups, composed of four
"sets of five". In short, this means that the overarching structure of the system is based
on "scores" (or "twenties"). As Iñupiaq numbers become progressively greater, the
regroupings by five's and by four's alternate. This characteristic produces a two-
dimensional system with a number grid instead of a one-dimensional number line.

The decimal system is handy because the fingers can be used as counters. The Iñupiat
base-20 system clearly extends this notion to the toes, as well. The Iñupiat counted on
one limb at a time, so there were four groups of five, hence the sub-base 5 — and the
two-dimensional system. The human body may be considered the living model of the
earliest abacus or counting board. Even the prototype of the Babylonian base-60 counting
system used points on the body to keep track of numbers. The majority of human
counting systems are body-based. Some of the Iñupiaq number words clearly reflect their
corporal origins. "Tallimat", the word for five, for example, is related to the Iñupiaq word
"taliq", meaning "arm". The word for ten, "qulit", means something like "top", suggesting
that it refers to both of the arms on the top half of the body. The word for eleven in most
Inuit-speaking communities, including some Iñupiaq-speaking communities, means "it
goes down", an indication that one is now counting on the toes. Further evidence is found
in the word "akimiaq", Iñupiaq for fifteen. "Akimiaq" means something like "it goes
across", implying that counting will now cross over and continue on the other foot.

The connection to the human body is most apparent in the Inuit words used for twenty.
Throughout the entire Inuit-speaking world, there is a clear human association. Most Inuit
dialects use the same word for "person" as for "twenty". The Iñupiaq word for twenty,
"iñuiññaq", is a word denoting a "complete person". In Inuktitut dialects, spoken in
Eastern Canada, they use the word "avatit", signifying "all the extremities" of the body.
Some have proposed that even the Iñupiaq word "atausiq", for "one", is probably also
derived from a reference to the human body. "Atausiq" (or some close cognate variation,
such as "atauceq") is used, almost universally, everywhere an Inuit dialect is spoken.

One special feature of the Iñupiat counting system is the post-base "-åutaiøaq", which
anticipates any number, (except "tallimat"), which regroups a preceding place value. This
post-base suggests that a number is one less than the word stem to which it is attached.

Counting (and numbers) play differing roles, depending on the culture. How extensive
the counting system must be is determined by what is counted, as well as by how
important it is to quantify certain objects. In some cultures, there may be no real need to
count higher than fifty or a hundred. In other cultures, it is important to account for very
large quantities of some things, so the number system will extend to higher numbers.
Until relatively recently, there was rarely a need for Iñupiat to count much above 400.
However, when reindeer herding was introduced, the Iñupiat herders sometimes needed
much higher numbers to account for each reindeer in a large herd. More recently still,
Iñupiat youth in the village of Kaktovik developed an elegant notation system to
represent their numbers in written form. Almost immediately, people recognized that the
numerals had several advantages over the Arabic numerals when carrying out arithmetic
operations. Consequently, the Iñupiat counting system began to be used in schools for
teaching math—with dramatic results. Both reindeer herding and the school math setting
introduced new cultural demands, requiring extension of the traditional counting system.
Counting has played many roles in traditional Iñupiaq culture. One of the major roles has
been managing the yearly requirements of a family for food, clothing, and fuel. The arctic
is very unforgiving, and among the harshest environments on earth. Until recently, with
the growth of the cash economy introduced after contact with Western culture, Native
families could not survive unless they could manage their resources with foresight and
prudence. So accurate counting could be a matter of life or death: a family could literally
starve, or freeze to death. Counting served to assure that stores of fish, meat, and animal
fat or oil were sufficient to sustain the entire family through a long arctic winter.

The number of fish a family held in storage would often be much, much higher than 400,
but fish needn't be counted individually. It was the mass of fish, not the number of the
fish, which was important to a family's survival. Many more small fish could fit on a fish
rack than large fish. Therefore the fish rack often served as the unit of measure for fish.
Larger animals, on the other hand, were counted individually. Skins and pelts, that could
be used for making clothing, boats, or even shelter, were bundled together; the skins of
larger animals were bundled in groups of five, whereas those from smaller animals were
fastened together in bundles of twenty. The wife and mother in any Eskimo household
knew how many bundles were required for a particular purpose, such as sewing a parka.
Counting was also essential in traditional barter trade. Arctic peoples from as far away as
Siberia regularly attended the annual trade fairs, held until early in the twentieth century.
There they could trade their own local goods for useful and necessary articles from other
regions in order to supplement the products of their own labor, hunting and gathering.
As mentioned above, the Iñupiat counting system is a two-dimensional system. By
contrast, the decimal system is linear, based only on powers of ten. Ten units, (or 1's),
become 10, ten tens make 100, ten hundreds are 1,000, ten thousands give us 10,000, etc.
In the Iñupiat counting system, five ones (or ‚'s), are 5 (‰), four fives render 20 (‚¸),
five score (twenties) becomes 100 (‰¸), four hundreds yield 400 (‚¸¸), five four-
hundreds produce 2,000 (‰¸¸), and four two-thousands are 8,000 (‚,¸¸¸). Below are
the Kaktovik Iñupiaq numerals used for notation of Iñupiaq numbers:
¸ ‚ ƒ „ ‡
‰ ¡ £ ¤ ¥
¿ µ ã õ ë
Ã Õ Ë º ¬ (Twenty is written as‚¸.)
When naming larger numbers in Iñupiaq, as in most languages, one begins by stating the
term that expresses the largest place value. Next, one states the term for the second-largest
place value, continuing until the lowest place value is reached and spoken. The speaker simply
skips places that are empty of value, (i.e. have a zero-value). In Iñupiaq, when no places are
empty, the speaker will alternate between place values that are five times the next-lowest
place value and those that are four times the next lowest place value. The system is a base-20
system precisely because the place-values alternate between factors of five and of four times
the preceding place value; five times four is 20. This produces a two-dimensional system.
Horizontally the oral system is theoretically infinite, but vertically, spoken numbers are
limited to two places: the basic place-value units, and five times the basic place-value units.

However, the traditional oral system can easily be expanded beyond the two spoken, vertical
place values. For specific purposes, some Inuit communities expand the simple base-5
system higher. One example is the special, base-five counting system, used in Greenland, for
counting and binding birds together when hunting from a kayak in order to use the weight of
the birds to maintain stability and to balance the load on the kayak. However, all the places in
the oral system can, in theory, be extended infinitely higher and lower. The base-5 axis can
be extended one or more places higher or lower in order to make calculation simpler when
using the penta-vigesimal system to solve math problems. Below is a chart, showing the
place values, in both Arabic and Kaktovik numerals, of the various places when the spoken
system is expanded vertically. The band of value places shown in gray indicates places used
in the spoken counting system. The capitalized letters, shown in the center, indicate the
spoken order of the corresponding oral number words, beginning with "A".

1,000,000 50,000 2,500 125 6.25 .3125

¡‰,¸¸¸ ¡,‰¸¸ ¡‰¸ ¡‰ ¡.‰ .¡‰
….

200,000 10,000 500 25 1.25 .0625

‚‰,¸¸¸ ‚,‰¸¸ ‚‰¸ ‚‰ ‚.‰ . ‚‰
….

40,000 2,000 100 5 .25 .0125

A C E G I K
‰,¸¸¸ ‰¸¸ ‰¸ ‰ .‰ .¸‰
8,000 400 20 1 .05 .0025
B D F H J L
‚,¸¸¸ . ‚¸¸ ‚¸ ‚ .‚ .¸‚
1,600 80 4 .2 .01 .0005
‡¸¸…
.
‡¸ ‡ .‡ .¸‡ .¸¸‡
320 16 .8 .04 .002 .0001
Õ¸ Õ .Õ .¸Õ .¸¸Õ .¸¸Õ
In the chart, note that when moving up or down, the place values increase or decrease by a
factor of five. When moving left or right the place values increase or decrease by a factor of
20. When moving diagonally down and left or up and right, the place values increase or
decrease by a factor of four, and when moving diagonally up and left or down and right, the
place values increase or decrease by a factor of 100. Also notice the Kaktovik numerals in
each horizontal row is a numeral, or a pair of them, which remains constant across the row,
only changing the place value where those numerals occur, as they increase or decrease by
a factor of 20. The vertical double line separates whole numbers from vigesimal fractions.

The oral Iñupiaq counting system uses "tallimat", with or without a post-base, (e.g.
tallimat, tallimakipiaq, tallimagliaq, etc), to indicate value five-times that of the next-
lower place-value. For example, the value is 5 when the next-lower place value is 1; it is
100, when the lower place value is 20; an 2,000 when the lower place value is 400, etc.
The oral system uses "qulit", qulikipiaq, quliagliaq, etc, to show value twice five-times
(or 10 times) the value of the next-lower place value; for example, 10 when the lower
place value is 1; 200 when the lower place value is 20; 4,000 when the lower place value
is 400, etc.). In the same way it uses "akimiaq", with or without a post-base, (e.g.
akimiaq, akimiakipiaq, akimiagliaq, etc.) to indicate value thrice five-times, (or 15
times), the value of the basic unit value of the next-lower place. For example, 15 when
the lower place value is 1; 300 when the lower place value is 20; 6,000 when the lower
place value is 400, etc. By contrast, "malåuk", "piÿasut" and "sisamat" are used in the
lower sector, or place, with or without a post-base, to indicate respectively a value two-,
three-, or four-times the value of the basic value unit in that lower "sector", or "place".

In order to represent this oral system simply with symbols, every Kaktovik numeral contains
information about two places: a lower place value and an upper place value, (whose value is
five times the value of the lower place). In both sectors, a single straight stroke is used to
represent one unit of value; two strokes represent two units of value; three strokes represent
three units of value; etc. This means that mathematically, both ‚ and ‰ represent one value
unit; both ƒ and ¿ represent two value units; both „ and à represent three value units. The
difference is that the stroke pattern used in the lower sector is rotated ninety degrees to the
left and elevated when written to show the value in the upper "sector", or "place".

The elevation shows that the stroke pattern occupies a different place and has a higher
place value. The rotation and elevation together remind us that the rotated form has a value
five times greater than in the place below. They also remind us that "qulit" and "akimiaq"
are the appropriate oral stems, rather than "malåuk" and "piÿasut". When both "sectors",
(or "places") of one Kaktovik numeral contain strokes indicating value, the upper and lower
strokes are graphically connected. If there are no strokes in one of the places, (or sectors),
that sector without any strokes is deemed empty, (as though it contained a zero).
"Suitchuq", the equivalent of zero, is only needed when there is absence of value in both
the upper and lower sector. "Suitchuq" is a dual-place holder, normally signifying that both
the lower "sector, or "place" it occupies, as well as the upper "sector, or "place", are empty.

The following chart shows the place values for a large, whole number, written with Arabic
numerals and occupying five places in the decimal system. It also shows the equivalent of
the same number, using only four Kaktovik numerals, yet occupying eight places. The
chart also indicates, (in parentheses), how that place value is determined as a multiple of
the place value of the preceding place in the system. Note the linear nature of the decimal
system, which has only one base in contrast to the penta-vigesimal system, which has both
a base and sub-base, and places are arranged both vertically and horizontally.
Arabic Numeral Place Value

1,000 100 10 1
Decimal
thousands hundreds tens ones
Place Values
[10 3 ] , [10 2 ] [101 ] [10 0 ]
.

Kaktovik Numeral Place Value

Iñupiaq
‰,¸¸¸ ‰¸¸ ‰¸ ‰
Upper-sector (5 X 8,000) (5 X 400) (5 X 20) (5 X 1)
Place Values forty-thousands two-thousands hundreds fives
40,000 2,000 100 5
.

Iñupiaq
‚,¸¸¸ ‚¸¸ ‚¸ ‚
Lower-sector (4 X 2,000) (4 X 100) (4 X 5)
Place Values eight-thousands
8,000
, four-hundreds
400
scores
20
ones
1
[20 3 ] [20 2 ] [20 1 ] [20 0 ]
. ,

When written with the Kaktovik Iñupiaq numerals, the equivalent of the number 97,531,
for example, occupies eight places in the Iñupiaq place-value system, whereas it occupies
only five places in the decimal system. Nevertheless, only four numerals are required to
express 97,531 in Kaktovik numerals: ã,„Õµ. Fewer numerals are needed because each
Kaktovik numeral expresses quantities for two places in the Iñupiaq place-value system,
as shown in the chart below. Notice the column of Kaktovik numerals highlighted in
gray; also notice how those Kaktovik numerals, shown in third column, are composed of
the two stroke patterns in the fourth column. (Forms in parentheses are non-rotated forms.)

97,531 in the Decimal System ã,„Õµ = 97,531 in the Iñupiaq System

¿ (ƒ) 2 forty-thousands
ã ƒ 2 eight-thousands
(¸) 0 two-thousands
9 ten-thousands „ „ 3 four-hundreds
7 thousands à („) 3 hundreds
5 hundreds Õ ‚ 1 score
3 tens ¿ (ƒ) 2 fives
1 ones µ ‚ 1 ones
The second and the last columns in the preceding chart indicate the place values of each
place in the respective systems. The first and fifth columns specify, in Arabic numerals,
how many multiples of each place value there are. The fourth column gives the stroke
pattern of the forms used in a Kaktovik numeral to indicate the same value that is shown
in the fifth column. When the form of the basic stroke pattern has been rotated and
elevated, the non-rotated form is given in parenthesis so that its relationship to the Arabic
numerals of the fifth column is clearer. Finally, in the third column, the reader sees the
complete Kaktovik numeral that is composed from two elements in the fourth column.

Since contact with the West began, Inuit-speaking communities have experienced strong
interference and pressure from the English, French, Russian, and Danish counting systems.
For the typical person who knows the decimal system better than the local Inuit penta-
vigesimal system, confusion tends to set in as the numbers get higher. The confusion arises
from the fact that in English, the word "forty" is related to the word "four", whereas, for
example, the Iñupiaq word equivalent to 80 is derived from the Iñupiaq word for four. As
Inuit began to be educated to use the decimal system, unless they were very familiar with
their traditional system, they easily equated or confused their word for 80 with the English
word for 40. Also, the English word "thirty" is related to the words "third" and "three",
whereas in Iñupiaq, as in other Inuit dialects, the word equivalent to 60 is derived from the
Iñupiaq word for three. Therefore, educated Inuit also confused their word for 60 with the
decimal number 30. This has resulted in a tendency, during the post-contact period, for
numbers 30 and above to fall into disuse. In some communities, the traditional Inuit sub-
base-5 structure has even mutated into a sub-base-10 system, thus making the local,
traditional counting system more compatible with the decimal system. This tendency has
been particularly marked in Eastern Canada. However, this change obscures some of the
genius and simplified calculation benefits of the traditional Inuit system.

The following eleven pages are intended to assist Iñupiaq learners and speakers to become
more familiar with the Iñupiat counting system. In each column of the table, the Kaktovik
numeral, the Iñupiaq number name, and the decimal equivalent are given, in that order.
The table is divided into groups of five to visually distinguish each group of five. The
Iñupiaq for every whole number up to the equivalent of 400 are given, as well as the
equivalent of "zero". After 400, Larger Iñupiaq number words for multiples, of 400; 8,000;
160,000; and 3,200,000 are shown, from which the reader can extrapolate the remaining
Iñupiaq numbers and Kaktovik-numeral counterparts almost up to 2,048,000,000,000,000.

Compare the Kaktovik numerals to the Iñupiaq number words. Notice how, for each
Kaktovik numeral, both place values are generally read separately. Exceptions, such as
"itchaksrat" exist, not unlike "eleven" in the English system. Also pay attention to
numbers ending in "-åutaiøaq", just above lines separating the cycles or groups of five.
These numbers cause some difficulty to those unfamiliar with the Iñupiat counting
system. However, although this feature may seem a nuisance at first, it is, nevertheless,
an excellent linguistic cue that aids students learning to do complex computation quickly
on a penta-vigesimal, Iñupiaq abacus or counting board.
 TABLE OF IÑUPIAT COUNTING SYSTEM
with Kaktovik numerals (first column) and Arabic numeral equivalents (third column)
¸ suitchuq (*see note) 0 ‚¸ iñuiññaq 20 ƒ¸ malåukipiak 40
‚ atausiq 1 ‚‚ iñuiññaq atausiq 21 ƒ‚ malåukipiaq atausiq 41
ƒ malåuk 2 ‚ƒ iñuiññaq malåuk 22 ƒƒ malåukipiaq malåuk 42
„ piÿasut 3 ‚„ iñuiññaq piÿasut 23 ƒ„ malåukipiaq piÿasut 43
‡ sisamat 4 ‚‡ iñuiññaq sisamat 24 ƒ‡ malåukipiaq sisamat 44
‰ tallimat 5 ‚‰ iñuiññaq tallimat 25 ƒ‰ malåukipiaq tallimat 45
¡ itchaksrat 6 ‚¡ iñuiññaq itchaksrat 26 ƒ¡ malåukipiaq itchaksrat 46
£ tallimat malåuk 7 ‚£ iñuiññaq tallimat malåuk 27 ƒ£ malåukipiaq tallimat malåuk 47
¤ tallimat piÿasut 8 ‚¤ iñuiññaq tallimat piÿasut 28 ƒ¤ malåukipiaq tallimat piÿasut 48
¥ quliÿÿuåutaiøaq 9 ‚¥ iñuiññaq quliÿÿuåutaiøaq 29 ƒ¥ malåukipiaq quliÿÿuåutaiøaq 49
¿ qulit 10 ‚¿ iñuiññaq qulit 30 ƒ¿ malåukipiaq qulit 50
µ qulit atausiq 11 ‚µ iñuiññaq qulit atausiq 31 ƒµ malåukipiaq qulit atausiq 51
ã qulit malåuk 12 ‚ã iñuiññaq qulit malåuk 32 ƒã malåukipiaq qulit malåuk 52
õ qulit piÿasut 13 ‚õ iñuiññaq qulit piÿasut 33 ƒõ malåukipiaq qulit piÿasut 53
ë akimiaåutaiøaq 14 ‚ë iñuiññaq akimiaåutaiøaq 34 ƒë malåukipiaq akimiaåutaiøaq 54
à akimiaq 15 ‚à iñuiññaq akimiaq 35 ƒÃ malåukipiaq akimiaq 55
Õ akimiaq atausiq 16 ‚Õ iñuiññaq akimiaq atausiq 36 ƒÕ malåukipiaq akimiaq atausiq 56
Ë akimiaq malåuk 17 ‚Ë iñuiññaq akimiaq malåuk 37 ƒË malåukipiaq akimiaq malåuk 57
º akimiaq piÿasut 18 ‚º iñuiññaq akimiaq piÿasut 38 ƒº malåukipiaq akimiaq piÿasut 58
¬ iñuiññaåutaiøaq 19 ‚¬ malåukipiaåutaiøaq 39 ƒ¬ piÿasukipiaåutaiøaq 59
* "Suitchuq" is a cardinal, used to express the value of nothing or zero; "kisitchisaåvik" is used as an ordinal to show order as when counting or to express the power of zero
 TABLE OF IÑUPIAT COUNTING SYSTEM (cont.)
with Kaktovik numerals (first column) and Arabic numeral equivalents (third column)
„¸ piÿasukipiaq 60 ‡¸ sisamakipiaq 80
„‚ piÿasukipiaq atausiq 61 ‡‚ sisamakipiaq atausiq 81
„ƒ piÿasukipiaq malåuk 62 ‡ƒ sisamakipiaq malåuk 82
„„ piÿasukipiaq piÿasut 63 ‡„ sisamakipiaq piÿasut 83
„‡ piÿasukipiaq sisamat 64 ‡‡ sisamakipiaq sisamat 84
„‰ piÿasukipiaq tallimat 65 ‡‰ sisamakipiaq tallimat 85
„¡ piÿasukipiaq itchaksrat 66 ‡¡ sisamakipiaq itchaksrat 86
„£ piÿasukipiaq tallimat malåuk 67 ‡£ sisamakipiaq tallimat malåuk 87
„¤ piÿasukipiaq tallimat piÿasut 68 ‡¤ sisamakipiaq tallimat piÿasut 88
„¥ piÿasukipiaq quliÿÿuåutaiøaq 69 „¥ sisamakipiaq quliÿÿuåutaiøaq 89
„¿ piÿasukipiaq qulit 70 ‡¿ sisamakipiaq qulit 90
„µ piÿasukipiaq qulit atausiq 71 ‡µ sisamakipiaq qulit atausiq 91
„ã piÿasukipiaq qulit malåuk 72 ‡ã sisamakipiaq qulit malåuk 92
„õ piÿasukipiaq qulit piÿasut 73 ‡õ sisamakipiaq qulit piÿasut 93
„ë piÿasukipiaq akimiaåutaiøaq 74 ‡ë sisamakipiaq akimiaåutaiøaq 94
„à piÿasukipiaq akimiaq 75 ‡Ã sisamakipiaq akimiaq 95
„Õ piÿasukipiaq akimiaq atausiq 76 ‡Õ sisamakipiaq akimiaq atausiq 96
„Ë piÿasukipiaq akimiaq malåuk 77 ‡Ë sisamakipiaq akimiaq malåuk 97
„º piÿasukipiaq akimiaq piÿasut 78 ‡º sisamakipiaq akimiaq piÿasut 98
„¬ sisamakipiaåutaiøaq 79 ‡¬ tallimakipiaåutaiøaq 99
‰¸ tallimakipiaq 100 ¡¸ tallimakipiaq iñuiññaq 120
‰‚ tallimakipiaq atausiq 101 ¡‚ tallimakipiaq iñuiññaq atausiq 121
‰ƒ tallimakipiaq malåuk 103 ¡ƒ tallimakipiaq iñuiññaq malåuk 122
‰„ tallimakipiaq piÿasut 104 ¡„ tallimakipiaq iñuiññaq piÿasut 123
‰‡ tallimakipiaq sisamat 103 ¡‡ tallimakipiaq iñuiññaq sisamat 124
‰‰ tallimakipiaq tallimat 105 ¡‰ tallimakipiaq iñuiññaq tallimat 125
‰¡ tallimakipiaq itchaksrat 106 ¡¡ tallimakipiaq iñuiññaq itchaksrat 126
‰£ tallimakipiaq tallimat malåuk 107 ¡£ tallimakipiaq iñuiññaq tallimat malåuk 127
‰¤ tallimakipiaq tallimat piÿasut 108 ¡¤ tallimakipiaq iñuiññaq tallimat piÿasut 128
‰¥ tallimakipiaq quliÿÿuåutaiøaq 109 ¡¥ tallimakipiaq iñuiññaq quliÿÿuåutaiøaq 129
‰¿ tallimakipiaq qulit 110 ¡¿ tallimakipiaq iñuiññaq qulit 130
‰µ tallimakipiaq qulit atausiq 111 ¡µ tallimakipiaq iñuiññaq qulit atausiq 131
‰ã tallimakipiaq qulit malåuk 112 ¡ã tallimakipiaq iñuiññaq qulit malåuk 132
‰õ tallimakipiaq qulit piÿasut 113 ¡õ tallimakipiaq iñuiññaq qulit piÿasut 133
‰ë tallimakipiaq akimiaåutaiøaq 114 ¡ë tallimakipiaq iñuiññaq akimiaåutaiøaq 134
‰Ã tallimakipiaq akimiaq 115 ¡Ã tallimakipiaq iñuiññaq akimiaq 135
‰Õ tallimakipiaq akimiaq atausiq 116 ¡Õ tallimakipiaq iñuiññaq akimiaq atausiq 136
‰Ë tallimakipiaq akimiaq malåuk 117 ¡Ë tallimakipiaq iñuiññaq akimiaq malåuk 137
‰º tallimakipiaq akimiaq piÿasut 118 ¡º tallimakipiaq iñuiññaq akimiaq piÿasut 138
‰¬ tallimakipiaq iñuiññaåutaiøaq 119 ¡¬ tallimakipiaq malåukipiaåutaiøaq 139
 TABLE OF IÑUPIAT COUNTING SYSTEM (cont.)
with Kaktovik numerals (first column) and Arabic numeral equivalents (third column)
£¸ tallimakipiaq malåukipiaq 140 ¤¸ tallimakipiaq piÿasukipiaq 160
£‚ tallimakipiaq malåukipiaq atausiq 141 ¤‚ tallimakipiaq piÿasukipiaq atausiq 161
£ƒ tallimakipiaq malåukipiaq malåuk 142 ¤ƒ tallimakipiaq piÿasukipiaq malåuk 162
£„ tallimakipiaq malåukipiaq piÿasut 143 ¤„ tallimakipiaq piÿasukipiaq piÿasut 163
£‡ tallimakipiaq malåukipiaq sisamat 144 ¤‡ tallimakipiaq piÿasukipiaq sisamat 164
£‰ tallimakipiaq malåukipiaq tallimat 145 ¤‰ tallimakipiaq piÿasukipiaq tallimat 165
£¡ tallimakipiaq malåukipiaq itchaksrat 146 ¤¡ tallimakipiaq piÿasukipiaq itchaksrat 166
££ tallimakipiaq malåukipiaq tallimat malåuk 147 ¤£ tallimakipiaq piÿasukipiaq tallimat malåuk 167
£¤ tallimakipiaq malåukipiaq tallimat piÿasut 148 ¤¤ tallimakipiaq piÿasukipiaq tallimat piÿasut 168
£¥ tallimakipiaq malåukipiaq quliÿÿuåutaiøaq 149 ¤¥ tallimakipiaq piÿasukipiaq quliÿÿuåutaiøaq 169
£¿ tallimakipiaq malåukipiaq qulit 150 ¤¿ tallimakipiaq piÿasukipiaq qulit 170
£µ tallimakipiaq malåukipiaq qulit atausiq 151 ¤µ tallimakipiaq piÿasukipiaq qulit atausiq 171
£ã tallimakipiaq malåukipiaq qulit malåuk 152 ¤ã tallimakipiaq piÿasukipiaq qulit malåuk 172
£õ tallimakipiaq malåukipiaq qulit piÿasut 153 ¤õ tallimakipiaq piÿasukipiaq qulit piÿasut 173
£ë tallimakipiaq malåukipiaq akimiaåutaiøaq 154 ¤ë tallimakipiaq piÿasukipiaq akimiaåutaiøaq 174
£Ã tallimakipiaq malåukipiaq akimiaq 155 ¤Ã tallimakipiaq piÿasukipiaq akimiaq 175
£Õ tallimakipiaq malåukipiaq akimiaq atausiq 156 ¤Õ tallimakipiaq piÿasukipiaq akimiaq atausiq 176
£Ë tallimakipiaq malåukipiaq akimiaq malåuk 157 ¤Ë tallimakipiaq piÿasukipiaq akimiaq malåuk 177
£º tallimakipiaq malåukipiaq akimiaq piÿasut 158 ¤º tallimakipiaq piÿasukipiaq akimiaq piÿasut 178
£¬ tallimakipiaq piÿasukipiaåutaiøaq 159 ¤¬ tallimakipiaq sisimakipiaåutaiøaq 179
¥¸ tallimakipiaq sisamakipiaq 180 ¿¸ qulikipiaq 200
¥‚ tallimakipiaq sisamakipiaq atausiq 181 ¿‚ qulikipiaq atausiq 201
¥ƒ tallimakipiaq sisamakipiaq malåuk 182 ¿ƒ qulikipiaq malåuk 202
¥„ tallimakipiaq sisamakipiaq piÿasut 183 ¿„ qulikipiaq piÿasut 203
¥‡ tallimakipiaq sisamakipiaq sisamat 184 ¿‡ qulikipiaq sisamat 204
¥‰ tallimakipiaq sisamakipiaq tallimat 185 ¿‰ qulikipiaq tallimat 205
¥¡ tallimakipiaq sisamakipiaq itchaksrat 186 ¿¡ qulikipiaq itchaksrat 206
¥£ tallimakipiaq sisamakipiaq tallimat malåuk 187 ¿£ qulikipiaq tallimat malåuk 207
¥¤ tallimakipiaq sisamakipiaq tallimat piÿasut 188 ¿¤ qulikipiaq tallimat piÿasut 208
¥¥ tallimakipiaq sisamakipiaq quliÿÿuåutaiøaq 189 ¿¥ qulikipiaq quliÿÿuåutaiøaq 209
¥¿ tallimakipiaq sisamakipiaq qulit 190 ¿¿ qulikipiaq qulit 210
¥µ tallimakipiaq sisamakipiaq qulit atausiq 191 ¿µ qulikipiaq qulit atausiq 211
¥ã tallimakipiaq sisamakipiaq qulit malåuk 192 ¿ã qulikipiaq qulit malåuk 212
¥õ tallimakipiaq sisamakipiaq qulit piÿasut 193 ¿õ qulikipiaq qulit piÿasut 213
¥ë tallimakipiaq sisamakipiaq akimiaåutaiøaq 194 ¿ë qulikipiaq akimiaåutaiøaq 214
¥Ã tallimakipiaq sisamakipiaq akimiaq 195 ¿Ã qulikipiaq akimiaq 215
¥Õ tallimakipiaq sisamakipiaq akimiaq atausiq 196 ¿Õ qulikipiaq akimiaq atausiq 216
¥Ë tallimakipiaq sisamakipiaq akimiaq malåuk 197 ¿Ë qulikipiaq akimiaq malåuk 217
¥º tallimakipiaq sisamakipiaq akimiaq piÿasut 198 ¿º qulikipiaq akimiaq piÿasut 218
¥¬ qulikipiaåutaiøaq 199 ¿¬ qulikipiaq iñuiññaåutaiøaq 219
 TABLE OF IÑUPIAT COUNTING SYSTEM (cont.)
with Kaktovik numerals (first column) and Arabic numeral equivalents (third column)
µ¸ qulikipiaq iñuiññaq 220 㸠qulikipiaq malåukipiaq 240
µ‚ qulikipiaq iñuiññaq atausiq 221 ã‚ qulikipiaq malåukipiaq atausiq 241
µƒ qulikipiaq iñuiññaq malåuk 222 ムqulikipiaq malåukipiaq malåuk 242
µ„ qulikipiaq iñuiññaq piÿasut 223 ã„ qulikipiaq malåukipiaq piÿasut 243
µ‡ qulikipiaq iñuiññaq sisamat 224 ㇠qulikipiaq malåukipiaq sisamat 244
µ‰ qulikipiaq iñuiññaq tallimat 225 ㉠qulikipiaq malåukipiaq tallimat 245
µ¡ qulikipiaq iñuiññaq itchaksrat 226 ã¡ qulikipiaq malåukipiaq itchaksrat 246
µ£ qulikipiaq iñuiññaq tallimat malåuk 227 㣠qulikipiaq malåukipiaq tallimat malåuk 247
µ¤ qulikipiaq iñuiññaq tallimat piÿasut 228 㤠qulikipiaq malåukipiaq tallimat piÿasut 248
µ¥ qulikipiaq iñuiññaq quliÿÿuåutaiøaq 229 㥠qulikipiaq malåukipiaq quliÿÿuåutaiøaq 249
µ¿ qulikipiaq iñuiññaq qulit 230 ã¿ qulikipiaq malåukipiaq qulit 250
µµ qulikipiaq iñuiññaq qulit atausiq 231 ãµ qulikipiaq malåukipiaq qulit atausiq 251
µã qulikipiaq iñuiññaq qulit malåuk 232 ãã qulikipiaq malåukipiaq qulit malåuk 252
µõ qulikipiaq iñuiññaq qulit piÿasut 233 ãõ qulikipiaq malåukipiaq qulit piÿasut 253
µë qulikipiaq iñuiññaq akimiaåutaiøaq 234 ãë qulikipiaq malåukipiaq akimiaåutaiøaq 254
µÃ qulikipiaq iñuiññaq akimiaq 235 ãà qulikipiaq malåukipiaq akimiaq 255
µÕ qulikipiaq iñuiññaq akimiaq atausiq 236 ãÕ qulikipiaq malåukipiaq akimiaq atausiq 256
µË qulikipiaq iñuiññaq akimiaq malåuk 237 ãË qulikipiaq malåukipiaq akimiaq malåuk 257
µº qulikipiaq iñuiññaq akimiaq piÿasut 238 㺠qulikipiaq malåukipiaq akimiaq piÿasut 258
µ¬ qulikipiaq malåukipiaåutaiøaq 239 㬠qulikipiaq piÿasukipiaåutaiøaq 259
õ¸ qulikipiaq piÿasukipiaq 260 ë¸ qulikipiaq sisamakipiaq 280
õ‚ qulikipiaq piÿasukipiaq atausiq 261 ë‚ qulikipiaq sisamakipiaq atausiq 281
õƒ qulikipiaq piÿasukipiaq malåuk 262 ëƒ qulikipiaq sisamakipiaq malåuk 282
õ„ qulikipiaq piÿasukipiaq piÿasut 263 ë„ qulikipiaq sisamakipiaq piÿasut 283
õ‡ qulikipiaq piÿasukipiaq sisamat 264 ë‡ qulikipiaq sisamakipiaq sisamat 284
õ‰ qulikipiaq piÿasukipiaq tallimat 265 ë‰ qulikipiaq sisamakipiaq tallimat 285
õ¡ qulikipiaq piÿasukipiaq itchaksrat 266 ë¡ qulikipiaq sisamakipiaq itchaksrat 286
õ£ qulikipiaq piÿasukipiaq tallimat malåuk 267 ë£ qulikipiaq sisamakipiaq tallimat malåuk 287
õ¤ qulikipiaq piÿasukipiaq tallimat piÿasut 268 ë¤ qulikipiaq sisamakipiaq tallimat piÿasut 288
õ¥ qulikipiaq piÿasukipiaq quliÿÿuåutaiøaq 269 ë¥ qulikipiaq sisamakipiaq quliÿÿuåutaiøaq 289
õ¿ qulikipiaq piÿasukipiaq qulit 270 ë¿ qulikipiaq sisamakipiaq qulit 290
õµ qulikipiaq piÿasukipiaq qulit atausiq 271 ëµ qulikipiaq sisamakipiaq qulit atausiq 291
õã qulikipiaq piÿasukipiaq qulit malåuk 272 ëã qulikipiaq sisamakipiaq qulit malåuk 292
õõ qulikipiaq piÿasukipiaq qulit piÿasut 273 ëõ qulikipiaq sisamakipiaq qulit piÿasut 293
õë qulikipiaq piÿasukipiaq akimiaåutaiøaq 274 ëë qulikipiaq sisamakipiaq akimiaåutaiøaq 294
õà qulikipiaq piÿasukipiaq akimiaq 275 ëà qulikipiaq sisamakipiaq akimiaq 295
õÕ qulikipiaq piÿasukipiaq akimiaq atausiq 276 ëÕ qulikipiaq sisamakipiaq akimiaq atausiq 296
õË qulikipiaq piÿasukipiaq akimiaq malåuk 277 ëË qulikipiaq sisamakipiaq akimiaq malåuk 297
õº qulikipiaq piÿasukipiaq akimiaq piÿasut 278 ëº qulikipiaq sisamakipiaq akimiaq piÿasut 298
õ¬ qulikipiaq sisamakipiaåutaiøaq 279 ë¬ akimiakipiaåutaiøaq 299
 TABLE OF IÑUPIAT COUNTING SYSTEM (cont.)
with Kaktovik numerals (first column) and Arabic numeral equivalents (third column)
ø akimiakipiaq 300 Õ¸ akimiakipiaq iñuiññaq 320
 akimiakipiaq atausiq 301 Õ‚ akimiakipiaq iñuiññaq atausiq 321
à akimiakipiaq malåuk 302 Õƒ akimiakipiaq iñuiññaq malåuk 322
Ä akimiakipiaq piÿasut 303 Õ„ akimiakipiaq iñuiññaq piÿasut 323
Ç akimiakipiaq sisamat 304 Õ‡ akimiakipiaq iñuiññaq sisamat 324
É akimiakipiaq tallimat 305 Õ‰ akimiakipiaq iñuiññaq tallimat 325
á akimiakipiaq itchaksrat 306 Õ¡ akimiakipiaq iñuiññaq itchaksrat 326
ã akimiakipiaq tallimat malåuk 307 Õ£ akimiakipiaq iñuiññaq tallimat malåuk 327
ä akimiakipiaq tallimat piÿasut 308 Õ¤ akimiakipiaq iñuiññaq tallimat piÿasut 328
Ã¥ akimiakipiaq quliÿÿuåutaiøaq 309 Õ¥ akimiakipiaq iñuiññaq quliÿÿuåutaiøaq 329
ÿ akimiakipiaq qulit 310 Õ¿ akimiakipiaq iñuiññaq qulit 330
õ akimiakipiaq qulit atausiq 311 Õµ akimiakipiaq iñuiññaq qulit atausiq 331
Ãã akimiakipiaq qulit malåuk 312 Õã akimiakipiaq iñuiññaq qulit malåuk 332
Ãõ akimiakipiaq qulit piÿasut 313 Õõ akimiakipiaq iñuiññaq qulit piÿasut 333
Ãë akimiakipiaq akimiaåutaiøaq 314 Õë akimiakipiaq iñuiññaq akimiaåutaiøaq 334
ÃÃ akimiakipiaq akimiaq 315 ÕÃ akimiakipiaq iñuiññaq akimiaq 335
ÃÕ akimiakipiaq akimiaq atausiq 316 ÕÕ akimiakipiaq iñuiññaq akimiaq atausiq 336
ÃË akimiakipiaq akimiaq malåuk 317 ÕË akimiakipiaq iñuiññaq akimiaq malåuk 337
ú akimiakipiaq akimiaq piÿasut 318 Õº akimiakipiaq iñuiññaq akimiaq piÿasut 338
ì akimiakipiaq iñuiññaåutaiøaq 319 Õ¬ akimiakipiaq malåukipiaåutaiøaq 339
˸ akimiakipiaq malåukipiaq 340 º¸ akimiakipiaq piÿasukipiaq 360
Ë‚ akimiakipiaq malåukipiaq atausiq 341 º‚ akimiakipiaq piÿasukipiaq atausiq 361
˃ akimiakipiaq malåukipiaq malåuk 342 ºƒ akimiakipiaq piÿasukipiaq malåuk 362
Ë„ akimiakipiaq malåukipiaq piÿasut 343 º„ akimiakipiaq piÿasukipiaq piÿasut 363
ˇ akimiakipiaq malåukipiaq sisamat 344 º‡ akimiakipiaq piÿasukipiaq sisamat 364
ˉ akimiakipiaq malåukipiaq tallimat 345 º‰ akimiakipiaq piÿasukipiaq tallimat 365
Ë¡ akimiakipiaq malåukipiaq itchaksrat 346 º¡ akimiakipiaq piÿasukipiaq itchaksrat 366
Ë£ akimiakipiaq malåukipiaq tallimat malåuk 347 º£ akimiakipiaq piÿasukipiaq tallimat malåuk 367
ˤ akimiakipiaq malåukipiaq tallimat piÿasut 348 º¤ akimiakipiaq piÿasukipiaq tallimat piÿasut 368
Ë¥ akimiakipiaq malåukipiaq quliÿÿuåutaiøaq 349 º¥ akimiakipiaq piÿasukipiaq quliÿÿuåutaiøaq 369
Ë¿ akimiakipiaq malåukipiaq qulit 350 º¿ akimiakipiaq piÿasukipiaq qulit 370
˵ akimiakipiaq malåukipiaq qulit atausiq 351 ºµ akimiakipiaq piÿasukipiaq qulit atausiq 371
Ëã akimiakipiaq malåukipiaq qulit malåuk 352 ºã akimiakipiaq piÿasukipiaq qulit malåuk 372
Ëõ akimiakipiaq malåukipiaq qulit piÿasut 353 ºõ akimiakipiaq piÿasukipiaq qulit piÿasut 373
Ëë akimiakipiaq malåukipiaq akimiaåutaiøaq 354 ºë akimiakipiaq piÿasukipiaq akimiaåutaiøaq 374
Ëà akimiakipiaq malåukipiaq akimiaq 355 ºÃ akimiakipiaq piÿasukipiaq akimiaq 375
ËÕ akimiakipiaq malåukipiaq akimiaq atausiq 356 ºÕ akimiakipiaq piÿasukipiaq akimiaq atausiq 376
ËË akimiakipiaq malåukipiaq akimiaq malåuk 357 ºË akimiakipiaq piÿasukipiaq akimiaq malåuk 377
˺ akimiakipiaq malåukipiaq akimiaq piÿasut 358 ºº akimiakipiaq piÿasukipiaq akimiaq piÿasut 378
ˬ akimiakipiaq piÿasukipiaåutaiøaq 359 º¬ akimiakipiaq sisamakipiaåutaiøaq 379
 TABLE OF IÑUPIAT COUNTING SYSTEM (cont.)
with Kaktovik numerals (first column) and Arabic numeral equivalents (third column)
¬¸ akimiakipiaq sisamakipiaq 380 ‚¸¸ iñuiññakipiaq (traditional form) or, 400
¬‚ akimiakipiaq sisamakipiaq atausiq 381 in reindeer herding & math iøagiññaq
¬ƒ akimiakipiaq sisamakipiaq malåuk 382 ƒ¸¸ malåuagliaq 800
¬„ akimiakipiaq sisamakipiaq piÿasut 383 „¸¸ piÿasuagliaq 1,200
¬‡ akimiakipiaq sisamakipiaq sisamat 384 ‡¸¸ sisamaagliaq 1,600
¬‰ akimiakipiaq sisamakipiaq tallimat 385 ‰¸¸ tallimaagliaq 2,000
¬¡ akimiakipiaq sisamakipiaq itchaksrat 386 ¡¸¸ tallimaagliaq iøagiññaq 2,400
¬£ akimiakipiaq sisamakipiaq tallimat malåuk 387 £¸¸ tallimaagliaq malåuagliaq 2,800
¬¤ akimiakipiaq sisamakipiaq tallimat piÿasut 388 ¤¸¸ tallimaagliaq piÿasuagliaq 3,200
¬¥ akimiakipiaq sisamakipiaq quliÿÿuåutaiøaq 389 ¥¸¸ tallimaagliaq sisamaagliaq 3,600
¬¿ akimiakipiaq sisamakipiaq qulit 390 ¿¸¸ quliagliaq 4,000
¬µ akimiakipiaq sisamakipiaq qulit atausiq 391 µ¸¸ quliagliaq iøagiññaq 4,400
¬ã akimiakipiaq sisamakipiaq qulit malåuk 392 㸸 quliagliaq malåuagliaq 4,800
¬õ akimiakipiaq sisamakipiaq qulit piÿasut 393 õ¸¸ quliagliaq piÿasuagliaq 5,200
¬ë akimiakipiaq sisamakipiaq akimiaåutaiøaq 394 븸 quliagliaq sisamaagliaq 5,600
¬Ã akimiakipiaq sisamakipiaq akimiaq 395 ø¸ akimiagliaq 6,000
¬Õ akimiakipiaq sisamakipiaq akimiaq atausiq 396 Õ¸¸ akimiagliaq iøagiññaq 6,400
¥Ë akimiakipiaq sisamakipiaq akimiaq malåuk 397 ˸¸ akimiagliaq malåuagliaq 6,800
¬º akimiakipiaq sisamakipiaq akimiaq piÿasut 398 º¸¸ akimiagliaq piÿasuagliaq 7,200
¬¬ iñuiññakipiaåutaiøaq or iøagiññaåutaiøaq 399 ¬¸¸ akimiagliaq sisamaagliaq 7,600
 ¬¬¬ atausiqpautaiøaq 7,999 ¬.¬¬¬ iñuiññaqpautaiøaq 159,999
‚.¸¸¸ atausiqpak 8,000 ‚¸.¸¸¸ iñuiññaqpak 160,000
ƒ.¸¸¸ malåuqpak 16,000 ‰¸.¸¸¸ tallimakipiaqpak 800,000
„.¸¸¸ piÿasuqpak 24,000 ¿¸.¸¸¸ qulikipiaqpak 1,600,000
‡.¸¸¸ sisamaqpak 32,000 ø.¸¸¸ akimiakipiaqpak 2,400,000
‰.¸¸¸ tallimaqpak 40,000 ¬¬.¬¬¬ iøagiññaqpautaiøaq 3,199,999
¡.¸¸¸ tallimaqpak atausiqpak 48,000 ‚¸¸.¸¸¸ iøagiññaqpak 3,200,000
£.¸¸¸ tallimaqpak malåuqpak 56,000 ‰¸¸.¸¸¸ tallimaagliaqpak 16,000,000
¤.¸¸¸ tallimatqak piÿasuqpak 64,000 ¿¸¸.¸¸¸ quliagliaqpak 32,000,000
¥.¸¸¸ tallimaqpak sisamaqpak 72,000 ø¸.¸¸¸ akimiagliaqpak 48,000,000
v¿.¸¸¸ quliqpak 80,000 ‚.¸¸¸.¸¸¸ atausiqpakaippaq 64,000,000
µ.¸¸¸ quliqpak atausiqpak 88,000 ‚¸.¸¸¸.¸¸¸ iñuiññaqpakaippaq 1,280,000,000
ë.¸¸¸ quliqpak malåuqpak 96,000 ¿¸.¸¸¸.¸¸¸ qulikipiaqpakaippaq 12,800,000,000
Ã.¸¸¸ quliqpak piÿasuqpak 104,000 ‚¸¸.¸¸¸.¸¸¸ iøagiññaqpakaippaq 25,600,000,000
¬.¸¸¸ quliqpak sisamaqpak 112,000 ¬¬¬.¬¬¬.¬¬¬ atausiqpakpiÿatchaåutaiøaq 511,999,999,999
Ã.¸¸¸ akimiaqpak 120,000 ‚.¸¸¸.¸¸¸.¸¸¸ atausiqpakpiÿatchaq 512,000,000,000
Õ.¸¸¸ akimiaqpak atausiqpak 128,000 ‚¸.¸¸¸.¸¸¸.¸¸¸ iñuiññaqpakpiÿatchaq 10,240,000,000,000
Ë.¸¸¸ akimiaqpak malåuqpak 136,000 ¿¸.¸¸¸.¸¸¸.¸¸¸ qulikipiaqpakpiÿatchaq 102,400,000,000,000
º.¸¸¸ akimiaqpak piÿasuqpak 144,000 ‚¸¸.¸¸¸.¸¸¸.¸¸¸ iøagiññaqpakpiÿatchaq 204,800,000,000,000
¬.¸¸¸ akimiaqpak sisamaqpak 152,000 ¿¸¸.¸¸¸.¸¸¸.¸¸¸ quliagliaqpakpiÿatchaq 2,048,000,000,000,000
Barrow

Init
Area references
Salliñaaq1
North

Uŋallam salliñaaŋa8 NW NE Niġġum salliñaaŋa5

Northwest Northeast

3
Ualiñaaq4 W Utqiaġvik
Barrow
E Kivaliñaaq
West East

Uŋallam kiluliñaaŋa7 SW SE Niġġum kiluliñaaŋa6

Southwest Southeast

1 Salliq 5 Akunġak sallivļu kivallivļu

S
2 Kilulliq 6 Akunġak kilullivļu kivallivļu
3 Kivalliq 7 Akunġak kilulivļu uallivļu Kiluliñaaq2
4 Ualliq 8 Akunġak sallivļu uallivļu South
Barrow

Sumi
Locations
Unna unani
North

N
Akunġagni Akunġagni
uttumalu aptumalu NW NE uttumalu qaptumalu
Northwest Northeast

Avva avani W Utqiaġvik

E Qavva qavani
Barrow
West East

Akunġagni Akunġagni
paktumalu aptumalu SW SE paktumalu qaptumalu
Southwest Southeast

S
Pagga paani
South
 Barrow

Saġvait
Ocean currents
Kanaŋŋaiññaq
North
N
Qaisaġnamiñ
iļumuktuuraaqtuaq Ikagnamiñ1
NW NE
Northwest Northeast

Qaisaġnaq Utqiaġvik Piruġaġnaq2

West
W Barrow E East

Kiluagnamiñ Piruġaġnamiñ
atchagnauraaqtuaq SW SE qatchiguraaqtuaq
Southwest Southeast
S
1 qava��amiñ sa�vaq
2 paa��amiñ sa�vaq
Atchaġnaq3
3 ava��amiñ sa�vaq South
Barrow

Anuġit
Winds
Kanagnaq
North
N
Uagnaaġruk NW NE
Ikagnaq
Northwest Northeast

Uŋalaq
West
W Utqiaġvik
Barrow E Nigiqpaq
East

Uŋalaq Nigiq
qatchiksuq SW SE qatchiksuq
Southwest Southeast
S
Kiluagnaq
South
Umiapiaq Aŋuun
Open skin-covered boat Paddles

Umiam sauniŋi
Boat frame

Sivua Tulimaaq Uvaagiitkutaq Kusaaq Akuq Tunusiġaq Qulaaġun Aqua

Bow Rib Lower runner Keel Outer keel Outside runner Gunwale Stern

Taliqpiñmun
Tukaqti
Starboard
Rope

Kiglu
Deck
Qiḷaguuraq Aquppiviuraq
Rope platform Saumiñmun
Captain’s position
Port
Niutaq Iļunmugiitkutak Tuurvik Igļaaq Niutaq
Keel support Keel runners Inside runner Keel braces Keel support
 Kiglu
Umiapiaq Igļaaq
Aquppiviuraq
Deck
Open skin-covered boat Captains position
Keel brace
Uvaagiitkutaq
Lower runner Aqua
Umiam iļua Tuurvik
Interior of boat Inside runner Stern
Tunusiġaq Qulaaġun
Outside runner Gunwale
Avataqpak
Float/buoy Amiq
Skin/hull

Tulimaaq
Rib
Tukaqti Iksuġiq
Rope Paddlers seat
Kilua
Iksuġiq Seam
Paddlers seat Aqua
Cross-section of stern
Iksuġiq Tulimaaq
Paddlers seat Rib
Sivua Kapuqtim aquppiutaŋa Tugrun
Bow
Qiļaguuraq Harpooner’s seat Lacing Qulaaġun
Rope platform Gunwale
Tunusiġaq
Outer runner Amiq
Skin/hull
Tuurvik
Inner runner Igļaaq
Kusaaq Keel brace
Keel Uvaagiitkutaq
Iļunmugiitkutaq Lower runner
Keel runner Akuq
Outer keel
 Qayaq
Kayak
Qayaqtuqtuaq
Kayaker

Saniġaaniñ Avataqpak
Side view Seal-skin float

Tulimaaq Akuq
Rib Taquaqaġvik Sheer line
Food, water container
Nuŋuqsruġiitkutaa ammim
Paddle rest
Sivua Aqua
Bow
Stern

Paaġutik
Paddle

Maunaaq
Kilua Hatch Amia
Qulaaniñ Seam
Top view Skin

Sivua Aqua
Bow Stern

Tulimaaq Akua Igļaaq Siaksraaq

Masik Rib Sheer line Rear cross-beam Runner
Front cross-beam

Aulayaitkutaat masiŋit Kusaq Ayaaġun Aulayaitkutaat igļaat

Support ridge for front cross-beams Keel Cross-beam Support ridge for rear cross-beams
 Qayaq
Kayak

Nuiyaaqpak
Bird dart

Unaaq
Seal spear
Nuiyaaqpait
Avataqpak
Prongs
Seal-skin float

Akłunaaq
Rope
Unaaq
Spear

Unaaq
Nuiyaaqpak Spear
Bird dart

Nuiyaaqpak
Bird dart with throwing board

Nuiyaaqpak Miļļuuġun
Bird dart
Throwing board

Miļļuuġun
Throwing board

Naulaq Naulaq
Bird dart tip Spear head
 Umiirautit
Boat sled, without umiak

Umiirautit
Boat sled, with umiak

Uniat Kiavļuutak
Upright
Sled
Kiavļuun
Nayummisaq Handle bar
Asiġñiŋik Upright support
Bow (brow), Naqitaqpik
front of runners Igļaaq Payaŋaiyautik
Rail
Sled deck panel/cross piece Braces

Akłunaaq
Tow rope Makitaraġaaġvik
Siku
Runner Aglu Foot step, where sled driver stands
Base or bottom
of sled runners
 Aġviġmiñ niŋit
Bowhead whale shares

Aŋunġiutaq3
Niŋiq 2
Fresh meat
Qiŋaq1 Common share 0 6

Blowhole Tavsi4 Scale in feet

Mid-section
Suqqait10 Uati5
Baleen Ventral flank
Itiġruġaq5
Between flukes
and ventral flanks

Kuuġuq6
Utchik 9
Anal opening
Tongue Sakiq8 Iri
Sides of mouth Eye Taliġuq7
Tavlu Flipper Aqikkaak5
Chin Agliġuq
Jawbone Flukes

1 Whaling captain’s share; cut about two feet around the qiŋaq.
2 Common share for the whaling crews and villagers who help flense and butcher the whale.
3 Aŋunġiutaq and maktak are served at the captain’s home several days after the whale is caught.
4 Tavsi is an extra share for the captain’s crew.
5 Uati, itiģruģaq and aqikkaak are the captain’s share.
6 Kuuġuq indicates where the uati section begins.
7 During the Spring whale hunt, one taliġuq is for the harpooner and the other is shared with other whaling crews during the hunt.
During the Fall hunt the harpooner receives one taliġuq and the other is shared by those helping to flense and butcher the whale.
8 Very oily section with thin maktak on the inside.
9 One half of the utchik is the captain’s share and the other half is shared by those helping to flense and butcher the whale.
10 One half of the suqqait is the captain’s share and the other half is shared by those helping to flense and butcher the whale.
Niaqum Sauniŋi Kavraq
Human skull Crown of head

Qauq
Frontal bone
Qavlunaaq
Eye brow ridge
Qiŋaaq Irisiñiq
Bridge of nose Eye socket
Qiŋaġnaaq
Nose bone

Kakkiviaq
Philtrum
Qullimġat
Allimġat Upper teeth
Lower teeth
Tavlu
Chin

Qauq
Frontal bone
Niaquq
Parietal bone,
Nuŋŋaq side of the head
Ridge along
bone of nose
Igurvlk
Qiŋaġnaaq Temporal bone
Nose bone
Qinŋuq
Tunusuk
Zygomatic
(upper cheek bone) Occiput, rounded area
at back of head,
nape of neck
Kigutit
Teeth
Agliġuq
Mandible (jaw bone)
Tavlu
Chin
Kaŋiļipqaq
Molar
Timim Sauniŋi Niaquq
Cranium
Human skeleton, front view

Igurvik Qiŋaaq
Bridge of nose
Temporal bone;
temple of head Agliġuq
Nigavlu Lower jaw
Shoulder joint
Qutuk
Sakiak Clavicle
Sternum
Isatigit Tulimaat
Cartilage Ribs
Qayuuttauraq Kiñiġniq
Lower tip of sternum Humerus
Nuvuliġaq Kuyapikkat
Vertebral column
Floating rib
Navlu
Isaġutauralgit Arm joint
Lumbar vertebra Amiļġaq
Kuutchiñaaq Ulna
Pelvis Ikiipkuq
Sivyaaq Radius
Hip joint Tayaġniq
Iŋi Wrist
Groin, front part Argautit
of pevlic bone Metacarpals
Argait Kuvlu
Hand Argait Thumb
Qiqpak Phalanges
Femur
Sitquq Navlu
Patella Knee joint

Kanagaq Kanagaq
Shinbone Tibia
Amiļġaq Amiļġaq
Fibula Fibula

Qamŋaq
Isigak Ankle bone
Foot Iñugaurat
Toes
Putuguq
Big toe
Timim Sauniŋi Niaquq
Cranium
Human skeleton, back view

Tunusuk Agliġuq
Occiput Lower jaw
Quŋusiq
Qutuk Neck
Clavicle Pikusuk
Lower neck,
Kiasik upper back
Scapula
Kiñigniq Kuyapikkat
Humerus Vertebral column
Tulimaat
Ikusik
Ribs
Elbow
Isaġutauralgit
Lumbar vertebra
Amiļġaq
Kuutchñaaq Ulna
Pelvis Ikiipkuq
Sivyaaq Radius
Hip joint Tayaġniq
Carpals
Pamiugayuk
Cocyx Kuvlu
Argautit Thumb
Metacarpals
Qiqpak Argait
Femur Phalanges

Kanagaq
Tibia
Amiļġaq
Fibula

Qamŋaq
Ankle bone
Iñugaurat
Toes Kimmitquq
Heel bone
 Iglu
Ivrulik Kataligaaq Iglu Dwelling
Traditional Sod House 1256
1267
1200

Saniġaaniñ 1254
1210
1252 1520
Side view 1220
1522
1500
Pallitchat 1104
1260
850
195
Entrance Iga 1250
370 938 930 1500
Kitchen
1120 1102
180 380
910 932
1040 934

220
1010 940 1558
1091
200 1554 1554
150 300
238 1020
160 400 305

Qanitchat
Entryway/tunnel

Pagga paani Unna unani

South North

Qulaaniñ
900 1380 1310 1106 1500
Top view

1100
Pallitchat Qanitchat 1104

Entrance Entryway/tunnel 1302

238 1400 500 1340

100 400

936
938
930
180 190 1000

1102
200 1345
920
385
220 400
1302
370
195 1342
1384
Iga 305
1100
Kitchen
300

1310 1106 900

Iglu
Dwelling
Taggisiŋi Ivruligum Kataligaam Suġusiŋisa
Terms and nomenclature of the Traditional Sod House
Pallitchat Entry mound Iglum katchiŋi Iglu walls
100 Isiġiaq Entry to entryway 1100 Iglum katchiŋi Iglu walls
150 Tunmiqqat or Tugmiġautat Entry steps 1102 Tunua North wall
160 Tutipqiq or tugmiġaq Entry step (whale skull or vertebra) 1104 Sivuġaa South wall
180 Pallitchat or pallisat Entry mound/square entrance combing or frame 1106 Saniqqak East and west walls
190 Paa Entry to entryway hole 1120 Piqtat or katchit Wall planks
195 Paġġutaq or piiqsi Windvane in entry hole (whale scapula)
Iglum qiỊaŋa Iglu roof
Qanitchat Entryway/tunnel 850 Tuurraq Ridgepole
200 Qanitchat Entryway 1200 Iglum qiỊaŋa Iglu roof
220 Tuurraq Entryway main beam 1210 Tunuata qiỊaŋa Short pitch of roof (north side)
238 Qanait Entryway roof planks 1220 Sivuġaata qiỊaŋa Long pitch of roof (south side)
400 IỊiqpik or niqiqaġvik Food storage alcoves 1250 Igaliq or igalaaq Skylight
500 Suvvik Clothing storage alcove 1252 Igalaam avalua Skylight frame
1400 Maqpik Frozen food storage bin 1254 Ugruit iŋaluaŋit Skylight membrane (bearded seal intestines)
(on the left as one enters the entryway) 1256 Niugutit Membrane archers baleen
1260 Qiŋaq Ventilation hole
Iga Kitchen 1267 Paġġutaq Ventilation windvane
300 Iga Kitchen
305 Iggaviksraq Kitchen foundation pit Iglum suġauttaŋi Household furnishings
370 Puyuuġvik Kitchen smokehole 1302 Tuniqtaq or Naniq or qulliq Stone lamp (soapstone)
380 Ivruq Kitchen roof sod covering 1310 Ayaksriqpik Blubber hanger dowel
385 Kaugaqsivik or uukłivik Cutting board (whale scapula) 1340 Qattaq Water barrel
1342 Quġvik Chamber pot (honey bucket)
Iglu House 1345 Itiqqitchiaq Male urinal bucket
900 Iglu House 1380 Iññitchat aniuqaġviit Snow melting rack (on east wall)
910 Natiq Floor 1384 Pallitchat or
920 Natqit Floor planks Iññitchat paniqsiiviit Drying rack (west wall)
930 IgỊiq Sleeping platform or bench
932 Ayyak Sleeping platform vertical support posts Ivruq Sod walling
934 Akimuksaaġun Oblique horizontal support member 1500 Ivruq Sod walling
936 Ikaaqsaaġutit Sleeping platform planks 1520 Ivruq Sod roofing
938 Akiñ or sayyagiitkutaq Sleeping platform head beam (crossbeam) 1522 Saattuat nunat Thin sods on roof (no mineral soil)
940 Qaaniq Space below/under sleeping platform 1554 Sayyagiitkutaq Log cribbing at sides of sod wall
1558 Ikiaq Extra wide base to sod wall
Katak Entrance into iglu
1000 Katak House entry hole
1010 Akpagiaq Katak entryway
1020 Tunmiqqat Steps up to katak (dug into ground)
1040 Avalu Katak cribbing
1091 IỊiqpik kamiqaġvik Storage alcove for boots
APPENDIX 23

Niġrutit Atiŋit
Names of Mammals

A
aaġlu killer whale (Orcinus orca)
aġviġluaq grey whale (Eschrichtius robustus)
aġviq bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus); Pacific right whale (Eubalaena japonica)
aiviq walrus (Odobenus rosmarus)
akłaq brown bear, grizzly (Ursus arctos)
amaġuq wolf, grey wolf (Canis lupus)
amaġupiaq white wolf (a color phase of Canis lupus)
amaġuuraq coyote (Canis latrans)
aviŋŋaq or (Ti) (PB) aviñŋaq [aviŋŋaQ] or aviñŋauraq lemming (Lemmus
trimucronatus ( =L. sibiricus)); northern red-backed vole (Clethrionomys rutilus);
northern vole (Microtus oeconomus) and (Microtus miurus)
I
iggaġriq or (Nu) iyyaġriq black bear (Ursus americanus)
illaatqusiq porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum)
¤iluqutaq (Ti) porcupine
immulivik domestic cow; dairy
imnaiq or (Nu) ipnaiq dall sheep, mountain sheep (Ovis dalli)
itiġiaq(-) weasel, ermine (Mustela erminea)
K
kayuqtuq red fox (Vulpes vulpes)
kigiaq (Nu) beaver (Castor canadensis)
kiligvak mammoth, mastodon
kiññiq ten-legged mythical polar bear § qupquġiaq
kivgaluk muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus)
M
maġamnasiq a black seal with a hide “deep black, patterned with small whitish circlets”
N
naaġaayiq frog, northern wood frog (Rana sylvatica)
nanuq polar bear (Ursus maritimus)
natchiq(-) ringed seal (Pusa hispida)
naulayuq (Nu) least weasel (Mustela nivalis)
niġrułłuk beast; legendary water animal; dinosaur
niutuiyiq lynx (Lynx canadensis)
P
pałuqtaq beaver (Castor canadensis)
pamiuqtuuq otter (Lutra canadensis)
pikukturuaq camel
pisukkaaq fox; (Ti) white fox (Alopex lagopus)
Q

1235
qagrurauraaqtuq (Ti) wolverine with patches of white fur on sides
qaiġulik ribbon seal (Histriophoca fasciata)
qairaliq (Ti) young seal in spring; young whale which comes north for first time
qairaliuraq (Ti) young seal
qasigiaq spotted seal; harbor seal (Phoca vitulina)
qavvik wolverine (Gulo gulo)
qavviatchiaq or (Ti) qaviatchiaq marmot (Marmota broweri)
qayaġulik ringed seal (Pusa hispida)
qianġaq cross fox (Vulpes vulpes)
qianġaqtuluk blue fox (Alopex lagopus)
qiġñiqtaaluk black wolf
qiġñiqtaq black fox, silver fox (Vulpes vulpes)
¤qiġñiqtuligruaq (Nu) big sheep with black horn stubs
qilaŋmiutaq or qilaŋmiutauraq collared lemming (Dicrostonyx spp.)
qilalugaq beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas); narwhal
qimmiq dog (Canis lupus forma familiaris)
qiŋaġluk porcupine
qupquġiaq or (Nu) qupquġaq mythical ten-legged polar bear § kiññiq
qunŋiq reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)
qusrkhaaq arctic fox, white fox (Alopex lagopus)
S
saggaq caribou with new hair; caribou skin with new hair
sakłataiyaq red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus)
siksrik arctic ground squirrel (Spermophilus parryi)
siksrikpak arctic marmot (Marmota broweri)
sisuaq white whale, beluga (Delphinapterus leucas)
T
tiġiganniaq arctic fox (Alopex lagopus)
tiqituġaq young caribou
tiqituġaurat or tiqittut herd of cows and calves
tuttu caribou (Rangifer tarandus)
tuttuqłuk pig
tuttuqpak horse
tuttuvak moose (Alces alces)
U
ugiġñaq (Nu) sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus)
ugruk bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus)
ugruŋnaq shrew (Sorex: spp.)
ukalliq [ukallIq] or ukalliatchiaq or ukałłiatchiaq snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus)
ukallisugruk Alaska hare (Lepus othus)
ullutiksralik (Nu) medium-sized ram, four years old
uluksralik four- or five-year-old sheep, not quite fully grown
umiŋmak musk ox (Ovibus moshatus)

1236
APPENDIX 24

Nauriat Suġusiŋisalu Atiŋit

Names of Plants and Plant Parts

A
aiġaq plant with edible roots, vetch (Oxytropis nigrescens)
akutuak (Nu) a short reddish willow found along rivers in mountains, tundra
akutuqpak broad leaf
akutuqpalik any plant with broad leaves
alguniq mold-like growth on whale meat or maktak which has been in an ice cellar for a
long time
amaaq small secondary root of plant, e.g. spruce root with which baskets are made
aŋurvak or (Nu) aŋutvak red alpine bearberry (Arctostaphylos alpinus)
aqłakataq [lit. “something that is blown about”] cotton grass (Eriophorum angustifolium
or E. scheuchzeri)
aqpik cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus)
aqpiqutaq cloudberry plant
asiaq berry; (Nu) blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum); (Ti) crowberry (Empetrum nigrum);
fruit in general
asiaġruaq potato
asiaqpak (Ti) prune
asiavik blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum); (Ti) crowberry (Empetrum nigrum)
asiaviqutaq (Nu) blueberry plant
asiayaaq (Ti) raisin
avaatchiqiq (Nu) bracket fungus (Ganoderma applanatum)
avaatchi tree fungus burned as mosquito repellent
I
igruŋnaq rosehip
ikkuqutit heather used for starting fires (Cassiope tetragona)
iŋalugaaluk edible seaweed (Porphyra laciniata)
ipiġaqtuun long taproot of plant
ipiq(-) (Nu) small, thin root
ippiq pink plume (has large, long sweet leaf) (Polygonum viviparum); bistort (Polygonum
bistorta)
itqiliaġruk or ¤(Nu) itqiliġruaq woolly lousewort (Pedicularis lanata)
ivik or ivigaaq blade of grass; grass; sedges (Carex)
ivruq(-) sod or moss (Rhytidium rugosum) (used for siding and roof of traditional Iñupiaq
house, for topping of underground ice cellar, and grave)
K
kanuŋŋiq type of willow (Salix arbusculoides)
kavlaq black bearberry (Arctostaphylos alpinus)
kikarat willow stumps |
kimagluk (Ti) an edible green
kimmigñaq1 lowbush cranberry; lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea

1237
kivviġiruaq (Nu) Arctic finger lichen, a lichen with finger-like hollow thallus (Dactylina
arctica)
M
maniq(-) [maniQ] tussock; moss (Dicranum rugosum), used with stove lamps; “…the
moss, mû’nĭk, furnishes wicks for the lamps.” (Murdoch as reported by Powell 1892:
59); clump of grass; (t) to bury, enclose it with tussocks, clumps of grass
masu an edible tap root of plant; eskimo potato; alpine sweetvetch (Hedysarum alpinum)
masu aiġaq edible root; Parry’s wallflower (Parrya nudicaulis)
masuqutaq alpine sweetvetch (Hedysarum alpinum)
milukataq (Ti) Arctic sweet coltsfoot (Petasites frigidus)
N
niaqunak long tree root; tussock
ninŋuq2 cottonwood poplar (Populus deitoides)
niqaaq reindeer lichen (Cladonia spp.)
nunaŋiak(-) alder (Alnus crispa); (t) to dye it with the red dye obtained from alder
nuvulukutaq (Nu) grass flower, floret
P
palauvaksraġiitchuaq weed
palliksraq dried plants, wood, cottonwood leaves; cottony bud of willow (uqpik); cottony
tufts of arctic cotton grass (Eriphorum spp.) used for tinder to start fires; pussy willows
palliq (Nu) dried plant, wood, arctic cotton
papaksraq (Nu) Labrador tea (Ledum decumbens)
paunġaqutit or paunġaqutaq leaves of crowberry or blackberry (Empetrum nigrum)
¤pautnaq (Nu) edible plant with edible root
pikniq (Nu) arctic pendant grass (Arctophila fulva)
pilaġaqutaq (Nu) heather (Cassiope tetragona) or club moss (Lycopodium selago)
pilġaurat dwarf shrub (Cassiope tetragona)
Q
¤qaġliuraq (Nu) reindeer moss (fine texture)
qaiġuq bark of tree
qaqauraq (Nu) bistort (Polygonum bistorta or P. viviparum )
qasalluq thick cottonwood bark; scab
qiliqsrauttat (Nu) clump of willows with one trunk
qimmiuraq green bud of a willow stem
qimmiurat [lit. ‘little dogs”] tundra cotton (Eriophorum spp.)
qisiqsiun tree branch; spruce needle
quaġaq sourdock, sourgrass, wild spinach (Rumex arcticus)
qunmun asiaq (Nu) bog cranberry (Oxycoccus microcarpus)
quŋulliq wild rhubarb; sour grass; mountain sorrel (Oxyria digyna)
quŋulliġñaq sourdock (Rumex)
quppiqutaq edible young fireweed shoots (Epilobium angustifolium)
¤qusimmaq wild rhubarb (Polygonum sp.)
qutliiraq (Nu) Woolly Lousewort (Pedicularis lanata)
S
saġvaniq grass found floating on river, dried and used to insulate the sod house
sakiaguraq or sakiagauraq (Nu) Labrador Tea (Ledum palustre decumbens), plant which

1238
 grows low among rocks
salgiġruaq (Ti) stinkweed (Artemesia tilesii)
sargiq or sargiġruaq stinkweed, “Alaska sage,” cotton wormwood (Artemesia tilesii)
¤sigiruqisak or sigruqisak (Nu) shrub birch; arctic dwarf willow; prostrate growing willow
with round leaves
¤sigraqutchiq tree fir, needles
siiġñaq(-) or (Ti) siiġnaq- fruit; (i) to be sour, sweet or tart
suraġruaq tobacco leaf
T
taqalukisaksraq (Nu) brightly colored tundra flower (believed to turn into a butterfly
taqilakisaaq northern buttercup (Ranunculus sp.)
tilaaqiaq Labrador tea (Ledum sp.)
tinnik bearberry (Arctostaphylos alpina)
tiŋauraq dried black moss used for tinder
tiŋaurat lichen
tulukkam asiaŋa [lit.“raven’s berry”(Nu) any berry of various types, considered inedible
for humans, e.g. juniper berry, soapberry, highbush cranberry
tulukkam nauligaaŋa [lit. “raven’s spear” parasitic plant on alder roots, northern
groundcone (Boschniakia rossica)
¤tungaum asiaŋa nagoonberry (Rubus arcticus)
U
uġru spongy moss (Sphagnum spp.) dried and used for a diaper liner
uġruq1 moss from swampy ground used for dog food | perhaps +ruq1 vn
¤uliq a plant used for starting fire
ullaq or ullauraq tuft of plant (used to build fires), fluff, “cotton” from plant or tree, e.g.,
from cottonwood
uqpik willow bush (Salix rotundifolia)(added to seal oil for preservation)
uqpigauraq (Nu) medium-sized willow
uqpiŋñaq (Nu) highbush cranberry plant (Viburrium edule)
uqpivik (Nu) ptarmigan willow (Salix alaxensis) (has long catkin)
urgiiliq or urgiiłiq birch tree (Betula neoalaskana)
utŋułuk or utŋuq (Nu) old, hard spruce gum
utqiq (Ti) potato
uummaq fresh green plant; green wood; forest, greenwood; live tree

1239
APPENDIX 25

Qupilġut Atiŋit
Names of Insects

A
aalumiu or aalumiaq sea snail; brown hairless worm
aasivak large spider
anaqsiuġayuk dung fly
aurvik hairy caterpillar
aviŋŋaurayuuq (Nu) an insect with a long snout; snout beetle (Coleoptera: curulionidae)
I
igutchaq bumblebee
igutchaqpak kapputilik scorpion
igutchatchiaq warble fly (Oedemagena: tarandi)
itqiq louse egg
K
kayuŋŋiuqsruurat small, red organisms found in water (e.g., from Imiqpak near Piġniq)
kiktuġiaq mosquito
kumaġuq worm which lives in ponds
kumak louse (Pediculus humanus capitis); larva of caribou botfly; (Nu) smooth white bug
found in tree trunks (eaten by woodpeckers)
M
mavrayuuq moth
milugiaq solitary wasp; (Ti) bumble bee; sucker fish (Catastomus catastomus)
milugiatchiaq gnat, tiny mosquito, white-socks fly or “no-see-um”
miluyuuq caribou botfly (Oedemagena tarandi)
minŋuq or miñŋuq ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
N
nigruaġruk small spider
niulġiq Dragonfly (Odonata)
niviaġruk small swamp fly
niviuvak (Ti) big housefly
nuiyaaqpak carbuncle, large growth on skin
nuviuvak blowfly, bluebottle fly
P
pamiuqtuuraq mosquito larva
pau water beetle
pigliġayuk grasshopper
pilġaiyuk spider
pilġayuuraq small spiders that hang from their webs
Q
quaqta(-) pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis)
quglugiaq (Nu) small water worm (moves by twisting itself)
qupilġuq(-) maggot; worm

1240
qupilġuġruaq sea worm (edible, without spines)
qupilġuksraq insect egg; blowfly egg; (Ti) maggot
¤qumak (Ti) worm found in bearded seal intestine: tapeworm (Cestoda)
T
tagiuq larva of throat botfly, smooth (not fuzzy) edible worm found in nasal cavity of
caribou during spring
taqalukisaq (Nu) or (Ti) taqalakisaq butterfly (Lepiodoptera)
tuggayuk wasp, hornet, yellow jacket (Hymenoptera: vespidae)

1241
APPENDIX 26

Tiŋmiat Atiŋit
Names of Birds

A
aanaruiñ suliuqpa Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis)
aanaruun kiviruq or aanaruk kiviruq (Nu) Northern Dipper; Water Ouzel (Cinclus
mexicanus)
aaqhaaliq or aaqhaalliq or (Ti) aaġaaliq or (Nu) aahaaliq Oldsquaw Duck or Long-
tailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis)
aatqarruaq or (Nu) aatqatruaq Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus); Peregrine Falcon (Falco
peregrinus)
aġnaviaq female Eider Duck
aġnavik female Ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus)
aiłuqtuq Surf Scoter (Melanitta perspicillata
aivġit nauyaŋat Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis)
aiviqiak [aiviqirak] Pectoral Sandpiper (Calidris melanotos)
akpa or atpa or (Ti) akpaaluuraq Common Murre (Uria aalge)
amaullik or amauligruaq or (Ti) amaulligaaluk Common Eider (Somateria mollissima)
amaułłigaaluk or (Nu) amautligaq Snow Bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis), Wnowbird
¤aŋatqiaq (Ti) small duck which lands on ocean
aqargiq Willow Ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus)
aqpaqsruayuuq Sanderling (Calidris alba); Red-breasted Merganser; Red Necked Grebe
(Mergus serrator)
¤aqtuaq Rhinoceros Auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata)
argiq (PB) Oldsquaw Duck or Long-tailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis)
auksruaq Red Phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius)
avataligauraq or avatalik (Ti) Snow bunting, Snowbird (Plectrophenax nivalis)
aviłuqtuq or aviłuqtaq Surf Scoter (Melanitta perspicillata)
I
igirraq Sabine’s Gull (Xema sabini)
igniqauqtuq Steller’s Eider (Somateria stelleri)
ignisaiłaq Boreal Chickadee (Poecile hudsonicus)
¤ikłiġvik2 Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca)
iksriktaayuuq Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularia); Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla flava)
iŋaġiq or (Ti) iŋaġiaq Black Guillemot (Cepphus grylle)
iŋitqaq Pelagic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pelagicus)
iqirgagiaq Sabine’s Gull (Xema sabini)
iqsraġutilik Canada Goose (Branta canadensis)
iqsralik Crested Auklet (Aethia cristatella)
iriġi (Nu) or iraiyayuuq Northern Shrike (Lanius excubitor)
isuŋŋaq or isuŋŋatchiaq (Nu) Long-tailed Jaeger (Stercorarius longicaudus)
isuŋŋaġluaq (Ti) jaeger
isuŋŋaġluk or isuŋŋaaluk Pomarine Jaeger (Stercorarius pomarinus)

1242
ivugaq Pintail Duck (Anas acuta); mallard (Anas platyrhychos)
K
kanayuuraq Robin (Turdus migratorius)
kaŋuq Snow Goose (Chen hyperborea)
kiiriq Canada Jay, Camp Robber (Perisoreus canadensis)
killalik White-winged Scoter (Melanitta fusca)
kimmitquiłaq (Nu) Sanderling (Calidris alba)
kirgavik Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis); Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus); Gyrfalcon
(Falco rusticolus)
kirgaviatchauraq or tiŋmiaġruum kirgavia (Nu) Merlin (Falco columbarius); gnat,
no-see-um
kirgavigruaq (Nu) Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)
¤kurrakuraq (Nu) Semi-palmated Plover (Charadrius semipalmatus)
kurugaq Pintail Duck (Anas acuta)
kurugaġnaq American Wigeon (Anas americana)
kurukaałhusiq or kurukaaluġusiq (Nu) Green-winged Teal (Anas crecca)
kuukukiaq Common Snipe (Capella gallinago
kuyapigaqturuq American Robin (Turdus migratorious)
L
livalivaq (Nu) Semi-Palmated Sandpiper (Calidris pusilla)
livalivauraq (Nu) Least Sandpiper (Calidris minutilla)
livaluġauraq or lavluġauraq Least Sandpiper (Calidris minutilla)
M
malġi Pacific Loon (Gavia pacifica)
miġiaqsaayuk Parasitic Jaeger (Stercorarius parasiticus)
misapsaq (Nu) Tree Sparrow (Spizella arborea)
misikaaġaq or misikaaqqauraq or (Nu) misiqqaaqaq Black-capped Chickadee
(Poecile atricapillus)
¤misiqqaaqauraq Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla flava)
mitiq Eider Duck; ¤(Nu) female Eider Duck (Somateria spectabilis)
mitaaluk large Eider Duck
mitiġvik (Ti) a large black bird (said to have a 10-foot wing span)
mitilugruaq Emperor Goose (Chen canagica); (Nu) female eider duck
mitqutaiłaq Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea)
N
naataq Great Gray Owl (Strix nebulosa)
naataqpak Barred Owl (Strix varia)
nagrulik Pallid Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris arcticola)
napaaqtum aqargia Spruce Grouse (Canachites canadensis)
napaaqtum qargia Sharp-tailed Grouse (Pediocetes phasianellus)
nasaiŋaruaġruk Bonaparte’s Gull (Larsus Philadelphia); Black Headed Gull (Larus
riducundus)
nauyaq seagull
nauyatchiaq Mew Gull (Larus canus)
nauyavak young Glaucous Gull; (Nu) Western Glaucous Gull (Larus hyperboreus)
nauyavasugruk Glaucous Gull (Larus hyperboreus)

1243
nauyavvaaq Herring Gull (Larus argentatus)
nayaŋŋak Common Scoter (Melanitta nigra)
niaquqtuġruk or niaquqtuaġruk Hawk Owl (Surnia ulula)
niġliq general term for goose (female) or gander (male)
niġlinġaq Brant (Branta berniola)
niġlaaq gosling (young goose)
niġlivik or niġlivialuk White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons)
niksaaktuŋiq Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus)
nipaiłuktaq Short-Eared Owl (Asio flammeus)
nukaisiġaq or nukasiġaq Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)
nukusiġaq (Nu) Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)
nukuutchiqiq Belted Kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon)
nunuqsiġiiłaq Bufflehead Duck (Bucephala albeola)
nuŋŋaqtuaġruk (Nu) White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys)
nuvaksruk (Nu) Baird’s Sandpiper (Calidris bairdii)
nuviuvaksiuġayuk (Nu) Gray-cheeked Thrush (Catharus minimus)
P
paisugruk Red Breasted Merganser (Mergus serrator)
papiktuuq Northern Harrier (Circus cyaneus)
piiġaq Gray-cheeked Thrush (Hylocichla minima)
pirulliq (Ti) Male Spectacled Eider (Somateria fischeri)
piuġaq (Nu) Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla flava)
piuġavik (Nu) American Pipit (Anthus rubescens)
putukiiłuk American Pipit (Anthus rubescens); Lapland longspur (Calcarius lapponicus)
putukiiłukpak Smith’s Longspur (Calcarius pictus)
putukiułuk (Nu) Lapland Longspur (Calcarius lapponicus)
puvviaqtuuq Pectoral Sandpiper (Calidris melanotos); Buff- breasted Sandpiper
(Tryngites subruficollis
puvviaqtuuyaaq Baird’s Sandpiper (Calidris bairdii)
Q
qaiŋŋiq Green-Winged Teal (Anas carolinensis)
qalġuusiqsuuq (Nu) Smith’s Longspur (Calcarius pictus)
qaluksiuġayuk or qaluksiuyuk (Nu) American osprey (Pandion haliaetus)
qaqłuqpalik Greater Scaup (Aythya marila)
qaqłuqtuuq Lesser Scaup ( Aythya affinis); shoveler (Anas clypeata)
qaqsrauq Red-throated Loon (Gavia stellata)
qargagiaq (Nu) Sabine’s Gull (Xema sabini)
qargiq ptarmigan
qaugak duck
qaugavik male white eider duck
qavaasuk Spectacled Eider (Somateria fischeri)
qayuuttaaq Pine Grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator)
qayuuttaayuuq or (Nu) qayuuttavauraq Junco (Junco hyemalis)
qayuuttavak Dunlin, Red-backed Sandpiper (Calidris alpina)
qayyiiġun or qayyiuġun Northern Phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus)
qianaruutuuq or qiaranatuuq Golden Crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia atricapilla)

1244
qiłaŋŋaq Horned Puffin (Fratercula corniculata)
qiłġiq Rough-legged Hawk (Buteo lagopus)
qiŋalik or (Ti) qiŋaligaaluk King Eider (Somateria spectabilis)
qugruk Tundra Swan (Cygnus columbianus)
qupałuk Lapland Longspur (Calcarius lapponicus)
qupałupiaġauraq Snow Bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis), snow bird
qupilġuqsiuġayuk (Nu) Solitary Sandpiper (Tringa solitaria)
qurraquraq Semi-palmated Plover (Charadrius semipalmatus)
S
saavġaq Common Snipe (Capella gallinago)
saġvaqsiuyuk Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus)
¤saksagiaq or saksaŋiaq small gray bird (perhaps a redpoll)
saksakiq or saksaŋiq or saksaŋiuraq Redpoll (Carduelis flammea); Hoary Redpoll
(Carduelis hornemanni)
satqagiiłaq Buff-breasted Sandpiper (Tryngites subruficollis)
saviiġaviiq Gray-cheeked Thrush (Catharus minimus)
siggukpaligauraq Dunlin (Erolia alpina)
sigguktuvak (Nu) Bristle-thighed Curlew (Numenius tahitiensis)
siituvak Whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus)
siłiłisuqtuq Wandering Tattler (Heteroscelus incanus)
suġliq Horned Grebe (Podiceps auritus)
suġlitchauraq Red-necked Grebe (Podiceps grisigena)
suluktaatchialik Bohemian Waxwing (Bombycilla garrulus)
suŋaqpaluktuŋiq Yellow Warbler (Dendroica petechia); Yellow-Rumped Warbler
(Dendroica coronata)
¤suŋutlulluuq Varied Thrush (Ixoreus naevius)
T
taasiŋiq or taatchiŋiq Common Loon (Gavia immer)
taatchiŋiraq Junco (Junco hyemalis)
takpiiłaaġruk Boreal Owl (Aegolius funereus)
taligvak Northern Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)
tatirgak Lesser Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis)
tiŋmiaġruk or tiŋmiaġruuraq small bird; sparrow
tiŋmiaġruum kirgavia Merlin (Falco columbarius)
tiŋmialugruaq (Ti) little bird with long beak (usually seen in fall)
tiŋmiaq medium-sized bird (eg. dove, robin); fowl; bird of prey, e.g. gull, hawk, jaeger,
duck
tiŋmiaqpak American Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos
tiŋmiaqpauraq Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe)
¤tullignaq Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria interpres)
tullik (Nu) American Golden Plover (Pluvialis dominica)
tullisugruk or tullivak (Nu) Black-bellied Plover (Pluvialis squatarola)
tulugaq Raven (Corvus corax)
tulugaġnaq Bank Swallow (Riparia riparia); Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota
tulugaġnauraq Tree Swallow (Iridoprocne bicolor)
tulugagnauraq or ¤tulukkatun ittuq Rusty Blackbird (Euphagus carolinus)

1245
turraaturaq Pacific Godwit; Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica)
tuullik or (Nu) tuutlik Golden Plover (Pluvialis dominica); Yellow Billed Loon (Gavia
adamsii)
tuullikpak Black-belled Plover (Pluvialis squatarola)
tuunġaaġruk Surf Scoter (Melanitta perspicillata); (Nu) White-winged Scoter (Melanitta
fusca)
tuunġaaġrupiaq Common Scoter (Melanitta nigra)
tuutalluk igniqauqtuq Steller’s eider (Polysticta stelleri)
tuuyuq Downy Woodpecker (Dendrocopus pubescens)
tuuyuqpak Hairy Woodpecker (Dendrocopus villosus); Northern Three-toed Woodpecker
(Picoides tridactylus)
U
ugiihiq Baldpate; American Widgeon (Mareca americana)
ukiuqtaq or (Nu) kirgavik ukiuqtaq [lit. “that of the winter”] Gyrfalcon (Falco
rusticolus)
ukhiukhiuq (Nu) Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)
ukpik Snowy Owl (Nyctea scandiaca)
¤ulluk (Nu) goose with red bill
uqłaqtaq (Nu) Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularia)
uqpiksiuġayuk Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis)
uqpiksiuyuk [lit. “one that frequents willows”] Redpoll (Acanthis flammea)
¤utchutchaakiq or utchutchaaqiq dark gray bird with a pointed forked tail, when they
hover they spread their tail feathers outward; Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea)
¤uviñauyuk Common Scoter (Oidemia nigra)
¤uviñŋuayuuq (Nu) Lesser Yellowlegs (Tringa flavipes)

1246
APPENDIX 27

Iqaluillu Imanġillu Igliġallu Atiŋit

Names of Fish, Mollusks, and Crustaceans

A
aanaakłiq broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus)
aanaakłiiŋiq (Nu) whitefish
amaqtuuq humpback salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)
aŋayuqaksraq (Nu) Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus)
aŋayuqagrauraq (Ti) small fish like trout (from Kuukpak River)
aqaluk (Ti) fish
aqaluaq (Ti) tomcod (Microgadus proximus)
aqaluayaaq (Ti) sardine
aqalugruaq (Ti) salmon
aqalukpak or aqalukpiaq or aqalukpik (Ti) trout
¤atmaġuq (Nu) small fish with spots, no scales
¤ayatqik (Nu) type of dog salmon which is bad to eat (deadly to sea gull and bear); silver
salmon; red salmon in Colville that turn back to ocean after swimming upstream
I
igliġaq or (Ti) igliġiaq1 krill, small shrimp (Euphasia spp.)
ilari jellyfish
iłhuaġniq boreal smelt (Osmerus dentex)
iłuuqiñiq blackfish (Dallia pectoralis)
imaniq clam
iqaluk or (Nu) qaluk fish
iqaluaqpak or (Nu) qaluaqpak lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)
iqalugaq tomcod (Gadus ogac); codfish
iqalugruaq or (Nu) qalugruaq chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)
iqalukpak king salmon (Oncorhyncus tshawytscha)
iqalukpik arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus)
iqalusaaq least cisco, small dark whitefish (Coregonus sardinella);
K
kakilaġnaq or kakilasak stickleback, tiny fish [kakilisak ‘stickleback’ (Gasterosteus
aculeatus) (Schultz-Lorentzen: 109)]
kanayuq sculpin, “fourhorn slimy” (Myoxocephalus quadricornis Cottus cognatus
kanayuġaałik (Nu) small freshwater fish
kayuŋŋiuqsruurat fast red organisms found in water (e.g. from Imiqpak near Piġniq)
M
milugiaq solitary wasp; (Ti) bumble bee; sucker fish (Catastomus catastomus)
N
naaġaayiq frog, northern wood frog (Rana sylvatica)
naulayuuraq ¤(Ti) shrimp § also igliġaq
naullaġnaq small sea mollusk
nimiġiaq arctic lamprey (Lampetra camtschatica); water worm; eel; snake; serpent

1247
nuvayulġiq (Ti) jellyfish
P
paŋmagrak capelin (Mallotus villosus)
¤piaqługruaq big silver-colored fish
pikuktuuq broad humped whitefish (Coregonus nasus)
puyyugiaq, putuguqsiuyuk crab
Q
qaaktaq arctic cisco (Coregonus autumnalis)
qaaliġiq (Nu) fish with small hump on back of head (found in Colville River); (Ti) tough
white fish (Coregonus sp.)
qaluk(-) (Nu) fish; (i) to catch fish
qalluqłuk (Nu) big fish told of in stories; size of kayak said to be found at Narvaqvak lake
qaluaq (Ti) tom cod (Microgadus proximus)
qaluaqpak (Nu) lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)
qalugruaq (Nu) dog salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)
qalukpik (Nu) Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus); Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma)
qalusaaq (Nu) herring |
S
saviġuunnaq round whitefish (lots of fat) (Prosopium cylindraceum)
sii1 sheefish (Stenodus leucichthys nelma)
siułik or siulik northern pike (Esox lucius)
sulukpaugaq arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus)
T
¤taġyaqpak (Nu) king salmon (Oncorhynohus tschawytscha)
tipuk whitefish (Coregonus autumnalis)
¤tiritchiq monstrous mythical reptile with four (or six) short legs, with alligator-like tail,
rocky scaled skin, long neck and small head
tittaaliq burbot, mudshark; ling cod (Lota lota)
U
uqsruqtuuq herring
uugaq Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida); tomcod (Microgadus proximus)
¤uviłłuq (Ti) long clam

1248
APPENDIX 28

Uqallagautit
Exclamations

A
a listen!; hark!; oops!
aa or aaŋ yes, I know; I agree
aa (expresses exasperation, criticism or dismay over what another person does or says;
said in breathy voice)
aaqanuq I guess so; maybe so; perhaps
aakhaa it’s not right!; you’re lying!
aallalii shame on you!; not like that!
aannaa oh, my! oh!
aannagu wait; wait a minute
aaññaŋaa or aaññuŋuu oh, how cute! adorable!
aaŋ yes
aaglukiaq yes, that is right; I agree
aaqan or aaqagu or aaqagun wait!; wait a minute!; later on; in a while
aaqhaaŋ uumaa my goodness!; oh dear!
aaqqaa phew, what a bad smell!; how foul smelling!; it stinks!
aarigaa good!; oh, how nice! wonderful!; that’s good!; awesome!
aasi don’t!; stop it!
aasii suruq or aasii suva and so what!; what difference does it make to you; what’s it to
you
aatahai (Nu) such cute little things!
aatakaa or aatukuu oh, how little!
aatchikaaŋ what a narrow escape! look out!
aattai oh, how cute!; oh, how pretty!
aillukiaq yes, that is right! I agree!
aiy is that so
¤akkaa it stinks
akkakaa enough!, what a lot!
akłaa too bad! oh no! (exclamation of impatience with self for making a mistake)
alappaa or alappuu oh, it’s cold!
aliuġnaġaa how amazing! wow!
alakkaa alas! oh, no! something didn’t go right; that’s too bad
allai yuk!
amai isn’t that so; (Ti) I don’t know
amii don’t you agree; isn’t that so
amiami or amiamikii well....based on whatever...; well, just the same
amma (Nu) really
ammi don’t be stupid!
ammiumaa oh, don’t be stupid!; don’t you dare!; that’s nonsense!
anaa (Nu) oh my!

1249
anaŋŋaa (Ti) how cute!
aniqsa luckily; its a good thing!
annaa (Ti) (exclamation of grief, sadness)
annii (exclamation of pain, sorrow, or disappointment)
aŋ here, take it
aŋŋuuŋ quit it; leave it alone; don’t do that, stop doing that
apai or apay (Ti) enough!; that’s plenty! too much!
aqh wow!
ara something is wrong!
araa no, I don’t want to; oh, no!; too much!; (showing dismay) oh, oh, you’re going to get
in trouble!;
araavai it is too much, too excessive
araumaa (exclamation of pain, sorrow or disappointment; can be said in a loud voice to
someone who is being a bother or a pest)
araq or araqhaa or araa how big!; impressive!; wow! cool!
arii ouch! it hurts!
arraa I’ve had it! (said when something goes wrong); wow! oh my! (when one is
astonished)
asugupta fortunately, luckily, it’s a good thing
asulu you’re so right; should have done so
asuluasu so, that’s the reason, no wonder
asulukiaq that’s right!
ataa (Nu) (Ti) silence! be quiet! listen! (as to a strange nois
ataguna give it to me, and let me see what I can do; look at this!
atainna (Ti) its right over there!
atakhii oh, look at that!
ataŋ listen!
atchaan almost! that was close!
atchu I don’t know
atchuamiiq I jokes!
atchuhaa don’t know, beats me
atchukii don’t know, not certain at all
atta listen, be quiet! be silent!
auk (Ti) I’m tired!
ayyai that was close! almost!
CH
chach or chatchii very good
H
hauk oh, I am so tired! I’m exhausted! (used mostly by old folks)
I
i oops!
iaqi don’t!
ii yes
iii (exclamation of fear or alarm, said in a throaty breathy voice)
iiii (moan or groan expressing sadness or sickness)
iikiaq yes, I think so

1250
iiq it’s scary
iiqinii or iirigii I’m scared, I don’t want to; it was scary
iitittii (cry of surprise when burned or hurt, or when one narrowly escapes an accident)
iivaluk yes, I guess so
ikkahii look, its over there
ikkii icky; oh, how dirty
iksrumaa! hey! you over there! (suffix +a can be added to all relative demonstrative
pronouns to produce an exclamatory vocative)
ilaiññaq unnii regardless of the outcome!
imani at last, finally, about time
immaami maybe that is the situation
immahii oh, the previously mentioned one
imma ilaanni maybe so
immakiaq I think...; I wonder...
immaliqaa oh, I almost forgot …
immakii maybe
imma qanuq maybe so
K
ka (Nu) go ahead! go on!
kaasi or aasi that’s enough! don’t! stop it! (said to a child)
kaviuk! kaviuk! kaviuk! (shouted while making little circles with the index finger in the
air or while pointing at someone trying to make her/him blush ; considered bad
manners)
ki come on, on with it, do it, go ahead
kiami okay, fine (subject is convinced)
kiamiki okay then; okay okay
kiata (Nu) or kiita let’s give it a try; let’s go!; (Nu) go ahead! go on!
kiata okay then; (Ti) right away
kiataŋ let’s see you do it!
kihaa come on! let’s go! enough of this nonsense!
kii see what happens when you do that! I told you so!
kiika or kiikaa or kiikavsaaq or kiikalu I want more!; more!; keep it up, keep up the
good work!
kiiki keep it up, you asked for it, you do not deserve any pity or sympathy
kiikii or ki! ki! more!, again!
kiisaimma or kiisaimmaa finally, at last
kiita let’s go!; are you ready
kiq give it all you’ve got!! try your best! try harder!
M
maannaasii aw shucks! it’s happening again!
maannakiaq now, that’s how it should be or be done!; perfect!; you did it just right!
maannapayaaq now, that’s better! much better!
maanna tavra you think you’re doing right but it’s wrong; that’s not a very smart thing
you’re doing
maannapayaaq tavra oh, that is so annoying
mam this time I’ll succeed

1251
N
naagga or naakka no
nalaiñ not very much; do it right; be careful; take it easy; don’t mess up
nanii wow, that really showed them (e.g. when boxer hits his opponent with a good one
punch; or when one has a good rebuttal)
naumi no
naumi qanuq I guess not
naumiunnii no, after all
naumipayuk una good work (said to someone considered unlikely to accomplish the task)
nauŋ where
nauŋmi where is it then
Ñ
ñiaq don’t!, don’t do that!
Q
qanuġliqaa by any means, in whatever manner or style
qanukkiaq I wonder how (way or manner, in what condition)
qanuqpiviñ imña my goodness! why are you carrying on so
qaŋaluqaa oh, just like the way it used to be long ago
qaŋami taima oh, it has been a long time ago
qhai! qhai! (shouted when arrivals come into view)
qilamik hurry up!
qakugulu good-bye; see you later sometime
quyanaq good riddance! got what he deserved!
quyanaq or quyanaqpak thank you! |
S
saa or sa or cha huh; what; what did you say
samma let me see it (extending hand with palm up)
sammaami let me see it then (for verification)
sammakii it is highly probable considering the circumstances
sii it’s cold! (used by old folks from Nuvuk instead of alappaa “it’s cold!”)
suahii or suaqhii (Nu) what’s that
su iluqaan everything
suksraq what good is it! never mind! it is of no
suksraq una this one is good for nothing!
sunauvva and all the while; lo and behold
suniayuġattuq it’s just as well; it doesn’t matter
suuramik unnii definitely, without any exception
suagguuq maybe, just maybe; perhaps
suasii una lo and behold, here it was again!
suvaluk especially so; in particular
T
taammaliami just let her/him be over there (not visible), can’t do anything about it,
whatever happens happens
taamnaasuuna you are impossible; he is impossible; oh, you!
taima or tarva or tavra that’s true!, that’s it!; that’s enough! stop!
taimmalikii so what, nothing can be done, so let be

1252
tainna (Nu) enough!
taikuu [ENG] thank you
talak come (said to dogs)
tarva or tavra yes, I know; that’s right; that is all, that’s the end; that’s enough, stop it
tasamma stop it; that’s all
tausaqsiŋaasuuna! or tausaqsiŋa-haa! exclamation of displeasure or disgust used to get
attention before one scolds
tavrakiaq I think, guess that is it
tavrakii it happened, couldn’t be avoided and can’t be helped!
tavrapayaaq that is better; that’s more like it
tavrapiallak precisely! exactly!
tavratualuk or tavratuaq that’s all, that was the last one
tavrauvvaa all of a sudden; at once, immediately
U
una no way!
usii you remember, you know
usiuvva oh, I thought so...
uumaa hey, you!; hey, don’t!
uuñuŋuu oh, how little, small!
uutukuu or (Nu) uutukuhuu how little! how small!
uvva here it is, take it!
uvvahii or uvvii here is the situation; here are the facts; look! here it is!
uvvaliqaa oh yes, here it is! (remembering); now I understand the situation
Y
yaa of displeasure, disbelief, surprise
yai1 or yaiy or yach wow! very nice! just right!
yai2 too bad! alas!
yaqhii my goodness!; oh, no!, too bad!

1253
APPENDIX 29

Tatqit Atiŋit
Names of the Months

January Aġraurraġvik (Ti) month of January; “The January moon (month) was
sometimes called Agrawagvik after the football” (Rainey: 257)
Aullaqtuġvik month of January » “IV. [1853] Dec 30, Au-lak’-to-win,
departing (to hunt the reindeer.” (Simpson: 261)
Nutaqsivik month of April; (Ti) month of January » “In January (often called
Nutak-sivik, moon of whittling), the umeliks summoned their crews to
scrape all the wooden paddles and spear handles. In the hunt these must
look new and unblemished because they were then less liable to be seen by
the whale, but, if seen, they were pleasing to him in this condition.”
(Rainey: 257)
Ukiutchiaq New Year; (Nu) month of January
¤Unigmiġvik month of January
February Avataqpaksriuġvik [lit. “time for making the sealskin floats used in the whale
hunt”] (Ti) month of February (Rainey: 257)
Irraasugruk [lit. “extremely cold weather”] month of February » “V. 1854,
Jan. 28, Ir’-ra shu’-ga-run sha-ke-nat’-si-a, great cold (and) new sun.”
(Simpson: 261)
Siqiññaatchiaq [lit. “bright new sun”] month of February » “V. 1854, Jan.
28, Ir’-ra shu’-ga-run sho-ke-nat’-si-a, great cold (and) new sun.”
(Simpson: 261)
March Amiqtuġvik [lit. “time to put the skins on the boats”] month of March
Igliiliġvik (Nu) the month of March (so named because it is the time of year
when ptarmigan travel)
Isiqsiliġvik [lit. “time when mist forms”] month of March » “VI. [1854]
Feb. 27, E-sek-si-la’-wing. (Simpson: 261)
Paniqsiivik or Paniqsiqsiivik [lit. “time for drying”] month of March
Siqiññaasugruk [lit. “bright sun”] month of March » “…sakin’aasuguruq,
‘Sun gets high’” (Spencer: 475)
April Nutaqsivik month of April; (Ti) month of January » “In January (often called
Nutak-sivik, moon of whittling), the umeliks summoned their crews to
scrape all the wooden paddles and spear handles. In the hunt these must
look new and unblemished because they were then less liable to be seen by
the whale, but, if seen, they were pleasing to him in this condition.”
(Rainey: 257)
Qargiliġvik [lit. “when ptarmigan appear”] month of April
Qilġit Tatqiat [lit. “month of the rough legged hawks”] month of April
Tiŋmirrat Tatqiat [lit. “month of birds”] month of April
Umiaqqavik months of April and May
May Nuġġiaqtuġvik [lit. “time to hunt calves”] month of May
Qaugait Piviat (PB) month of May » “VIII. [1854] April 27,

1254
 Ka-wait-piv’-i-en birds [ducks] arrive.” ( Simpson: 261)
Suppivik or (Nu) Supruġvik month of May
Suvluġvik or Suvligvik month of May; “It was Suvluravik tatqiq, ‘the moon
when rivers flow,’ a season when everyone felt free and happy.” (Nelson:
94)
June Iġñivik [lit. “time when caribou give birth”] month of June
Qaugait Anniviat (PB) month of June » “IX. [1854] May 26,
Ka-wai-a-niv’-i-en birds hatched. X. [1854] June 25 Ka-wai'-lan
pa-yan-ra'-wi-en (young) birds [eider ducks] fledged.” (Simpson: 261)
July Iñukkuksaivik [lit. “time for raising the young”] month of July
Isavik or Itchavik [lit.“moulting time”] month of July
Nukatpiat Itchaviat [lit. “moulting time of ganders”] month of July
Qaugalaat ¤Payaŋaiġviat month of July » “X. [1854] June 25, Ka-wai’-lan
pa-yan-ra’-wi-en (young) birds [eider ducks] fledged.” (Simpson: 261)
August Amiġaiqsivik [lit. “time when the velvet sheds from the caribou’s antlers”]
month of August » “XI. [1854] July 25, A-mi-rak’-si-win.” (Simpson:
261)
Amiġiksivik [lit. “time when the skins are ready”] month of August
Aqavirvik [lit. “moulting time”] month of August
Tiŋŋivik [lit. “time to take flight”] month of August
September NiġlaalgIt Tiŋŋiviat month of September
Sikuaqtuġvik [lit. “time when thin ice forms”] month of September
Tuttut Amiiqsiviat or Amiiqsivik (Nu) month of September
Ukiagraaq(-) (Ti) early autumn, month of September
October Nuliaġvik [lit. “caribou breeding time”] month of October
Sikkuvik or Sikuvik [lit. “time when ice forms”] month of October
Sullivik or Sulivik [lit. “time to make things”] months of October and
November » “I. 1853, Oct, 2. Shud’-le- wing, sewing.” (Simpson: 260)
¤Tatqitchiaq (Nu) month of October
November Karruaġviat or Taġġaqtuġviat (Nu) month of November
Nippivik [lit. “when the sun sets”] month of November
¤Qinnuvik month of November
Quyyavik Thanksgiving; month of November
Sullivium Aippaa [lit: “the other of the time to make things”] month of
November » “II. [1853] Nov. 1, Shud’-le-wing ai-pa, sewing.”
(Simpson:260)
Taġġaqsiuġvik or Taġġaqtuġvik or Taġġaqtuġviat [lit. “time to follow one’s
shadow”] (Nu) month of November (when a ram starts to follow his own
shadow in bright moonlight, it also becomes interested in mating)
December Aagruliġvik [lit. “time when the two stars ‘Aagruuk’ appear”] month of
December
Kaivirvik month of December; “III. [1853] Nov 30, Kai-wig’-win,
rejoicing. (Simpson: 261)
Siqinġilaq [lit. “one with no sun”] month of December
¤Umiqsraġvik or Umigraġvik month of December
Uvluilaq [lit. “one which lacks daylight”] month of December

1255
Uyaliġvik month of December

1256
 Kaŋŋiuġviit
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Jenness, D, (1928). Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913-18. Volume XV:
Eskimo Language and Technology. Part A: Comparative Vocabulary of the Western
Eskimo Dialects. Southern Party – 1913-16. Ottawa. F. A. Acland, Printer to the
King’s Most Excellent Majesty.
Jenness, Stuart E., Editor (1991). Arctic Odyssey, The Diary of Diamond Jenness 1913-
1916. Canadian Museum of Civilization. Hull, Canada.
Johnson, Michele M. (1995). Barrow Wildflower Sketchbook, Flowering Plants of
Barrow, Alaska; published by North Slope Borough.
Kaplan, Lawrence D. (1981). [Anaktuvuk Pass-Nunamiut Inupiaq wordlist]. From
fieldwork ca. 1981 with Arctic John Etalook, Justus Mekiana, et al.], Native
Language Center Archive, University of Alaska Fairbanks.
Kaplan, Lawrence D. (1982). [Point Hope Inupiaq wordlist]. From fieldwork ca. 1982
with Frances Rock, David Frankson, Jimmy Killigvuk et al.)]. Native Language
Center Archive, University of Alaska Fairbanks.
Kaplan, Lawrence D. (1982). Consonant Alternation in Inupiaq Eskimo in International
Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 48, No. 4. Pp. 385-393. The University of
Chicago Press.
Kaveolook, Harold, Honorary Ph.D. (1974). Malġuk Quliaqtuak: Aahaalliglu
Piayaaŋiļļu & Aŋiqpaktuaq Aviŋŋaq Two Stories: The Old Squaw and Its Ducklings
& The Large Lemming. Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska
Fairbanks.
Kaveolook, Harold, Honorary Ph.D. (1975a). Allagiich Igluŋich Iñupiat: Different Kinds
of Houses, Barrow School Iñupiat Program, North Slope Borough School District,
Barrow, Alaska.
Kaveolook, Harold, Honorary Ph.D. (1975b). Akłulaaliuġniq Natchium; Amianiñ Making
Rope from Sealskin, Barrow School Iñupiat Program, North Slope Borough School
District, Barrow, Alaska.
Kaveolook, Harold, Honorary Ph.D. (1975c). Natchiqsiuŋniq Kuvraqtuqługich: Catching
Seal with a Seal Net, Barrow School Iñupiat Program, North Slope Borough School
District, Barrow, Alaska.
Kiligvuk, Jimmy Asatchaq. (Unpublished manuscript of stories told by Asatchaq to Bud
Kanayurak at the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory in Barrow, Alaska circa late
1960s).
Kisautaq-Leona Okakak (1981). Puiguitkaat, 1978 Elder’s Conference, North Slope
Borough Commission on History and Culture, North Slope Borough, Barrow,
Alaska.
Krauss, Michael E. (2007). “Keynote-Mass Language Extinction and Documentation:
Race Against Time”. In Miyaoka, Osahito; Sakiyama, Osamu: Krauss, Michael E..
The Vanishing Languages of the Pacific Rim. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 3-
24.
MacDonald, John (1998). The Arctic Sky, Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore, and Legend. Royal
Ontario Museum / Nunavut Research Institute.
MacLean, Edna Ahgeak; Newell, Raymond; & van Holk, André, G.F. (1981). Ivruligum
Kataligaam Suġusiŋisa Taggisiŋit Iñupiatunlu Taniktunlu: Iñupiaq and English

1258
 Nomenclature for Traditional Kataligaaq House Parts. Unpublished manuscript.
MacLean, Edna Ahgeak (1981). Abridged Iñupiaq and English Dictionary. Alaska
Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, and North Slope Borough
Iñupiaq Language Commission, Barrow, Alaska.
MacLean, Edna Ahgeak (1986). North Slope Iñupiaq Grammar, First Year. Alaska
Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks.
MacLean, Edna Ahgeak (1986). North Slope Iñupiaq Grammar, Second Year. Alaska
Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks.
MacLean, Edna Ahgeak (1995). Inupiaq Narratives: Interaction of Demonstratives,
Aspect, and Tense, Vols. I & II. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Stanford
University.
Murdoch, John (1892). Ethnological Results of the Point Barrow Expedition. In Powell,
J.W: Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the
Smithsonian Institution 1887-’88. Washington Government Printing Office.
Murdoch, John (1890). Notes on Counting and Measuring Among the Eskimo of Point
Barrow, The American Anthropologist, Vol. III, Jan. 1890.
Nageak, Vincent (1975). Ataatalugiik. Alaska Native Language Center, University of
Alaska Fairbanks.
Nageak, Vincent (1976). Upinġaksrami Aŋuniaġniq Hunting in Springtime. Barrow
School Iñupiat Program, North Slope Borough School District, Barrow, Alaska.
National Geographic Society (1999). Field Guide to the Birds of North America. Third
Edition. National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C.
Nelson, Richard (1980). Shadow of the Hunter. The University of Chicago Press.
Chicago & London.
Okakok, Leona Simmonds (1973). [Iñupiaq Lexical File]. Including items from Webster
and Zibell and Okakok’s own fieldwork especially with Edith Tegoseak, alphabetized
by Iñupiaq bases. Native Language Center Archive, University of Alaska Fairbanks.
Pulu, Tupou L; Ramoth-Sampson, Ruth; Newlin, Angeline (1980). Whaling: A Way of
Life Aġviġich Iglauniŋat Niġinmun. University of Alaska Anchorage.
Rainey, Froelich G (1947). The Whale Hunters of Tigara. Anthropological Papers of The
American Museum of Natural History, Volume 41: Part 2. New York.
Ray, Lieut. P. H. (1885). Report of the INTERNATIONAL POLAR EXPEDITION TO
POINT BARROW, ALASKA. Washington Government Printing Office.
Schultz-Lorentzen (1927). Dictionary of the West Greenlandic Eskimo Language.
Meddelelser om Grønland LXIX. C.A. Reitzels Forlag. København.
Simpson, John (1875). The Western Eskimo in A Selection of Papers on Arctic
Geography and Ethnology, Reprinted and Presented to The Arctic Expediton of 1875
by The President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society; London:
John Murray, Albemarle Street.
Spencer, Robert F. (1959). The North Alaskan Eskimo, A Study in Ecology and Society.
Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 171. United States
Government Printing Office, Washington.
Spriggs. Dr. S.R. (1905). [Iñupiaq vocabulary file and notes]. Native Language Center
Archive, University of Alaska Fairbanks.
Sturm, Matthew (2009). Apun, the arctic snow. University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks,
Alaska.

1259
Thalbitzer, W. (1904) A Phonetical Study of the Eskimo Language Based on
Observations Made on a Journey in North Greenland 1900-1901. Meddelelser om
Grønland 31. Copenhagen.
Webster, Donald H. and Thelma A. Webster (1968). Let’s Learn Eskimo. Summer
Institute of Linguistics, Fairbanks, Alaska.
Webster, D.H. and W. Zibell (1970). Inupiat Eskimo Dictionary. Summer Institute of
Linguistics. Fairbanks, Alaska.

1260
 Iñupiaqtun Kaŋiqsiuġvitka
Iñupiaq Sources

Listed below are the individuals who shared their knowledge of Iñupiaq to provide new
entries or to provide clarification. The dates in parentheses indicate dates of
communication as a source. Quyanaqpauraq!

Ahgeak, Joseph (1980-87). (personal communication.)

Ahgeak, Maria Brower (1980-87). (personal communication.)
Ahgeak, Beverly Adel (2009-2011). (personal communication)
Ahgeak, Max and Kathy (2011). (personal communication.)
Ahgeak, James and Mae (2011). (personal communication.)
Aiken, Jonathan (2011). (personal communication.)
Aiken, Wesley (2009-2011). (personal communication).
Bodfish, Emma (2010-2011) (personal communication)
Brower, Eugene (2011). (personal communication.)
Brower, Ronald H. (2011). (personal communication.)
Etalook, Arctic John (~1975). (interviews by Leona Okakok using Spriggs List).
Hugo, Ellen (1996). Elders’ Conference in Barrow, Alaska).
Hugo, Doris (2009). (personal communication).
Itta, Harold (1982). (personal communication)
Itta, Harold (1985). (unpublished collections of stories and life experience narratives told
to Edna MacLean)
Itta, Molly (2009). (personal communication).
Kiineeveauk, Leo (2008-2009). (personal communication)
Matumeak, Warren (2009). (personal communication).
Pederson, Molly (2009-2011). (personal communication).
Solomon, Eli (2011). (personal communication.)
Tuzroyluke, Claudia (2009). (personal communication).
Tuzroyluke, Seymour (2009). (personal communication).

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1262
Taniktun Uqaluit Iñupiatun Arriŋisa Paqirrutait
English to Iñupiaq Wordfinder

1263
1264
Ilisimaraksrat Taniktun Uqaluit Iñupiatun Arriŋisa Paqirrutaiññi
English to Iñupiaq Wordfinder List Introduction

The following list will assist individuals find Iñupiaq words in the dictionary. It is
an alphabetical list of English words found in the English definitions of Iñupiaq words in
the dictionary. It is not an English to Iñupiaq dictionary.

The English main word entry is highlighted in bold followed by a colon. After
the colon, the English main word entry is represented by the sign [~] when additional
English words are needed to clarify the use of the English entry. Following the English
entry, the page number for the equivalent Iñupiaq word, which follows immediately, is
given. When there are several Iñupiaq equivalent word entries, they are separated by
commas. When an Iñupiaq word entry does not have a page number immediately
proceeding, it is found on the same page as the previous Iñupiaq word entry. The notation
(Ti) immediately following the Iñupiaq word entry indicates the word is used by speakers
of Tikigaq (Point Hope, Alaska) Iñupiaq; and, the notation (Nu) immediately following
the Iñupiaq word entry indicates the word is used by speakers of Nunamiut (Anaktuuvak
Pass, Alaska) Iñupiaq. The lack of any notation indicates the word is used by other North
Slope Alaska speakers of the Iñupiaq language.

The equivalent Iñupiaq word may have a minus sign [-] immediately following it.
When there is no minus sign, it indicates the Iñupiaq word is a noun. When the Iñupiaq
word is followed by a minus sign, it indicates the word is a verb stem. When the Iñupiaq
word is followed by a minus sign enclosed in parentheses, it indicates the word may
function as a noun as well as a verb stem.

The English main word entries often have subentries listed after them separated
by semicolons. Some main entries (e.g., ice, snow, travel, whale, out there, skin) have
numerous subentries.

Taxonomic names of plants, mammals, fishes, insects, and birds, and the symbols
indicating the transitivity of verb stems are not included as they are already included in
the dictionary main entries.

Exclamations are entered separate from the entry that equates with the verb stem
or the noun stem.

Iñupiaq postbases and endings are presented including the signs which indicate
the morphological processes that occur to connect the postbase or ending to the verb stem
or the noun stem. The learner is referred to the introductory pages of the Iñupiatun
Akunniġutit Iñupiaq Postbases section to become familiar with the signs.

The learner is advised to find the Iñupiaq equivalent of the English word in the
main section of the dictionary for further information and usage.

1265
 A tuvaatqik-; ~ to jump high 380
2
aah: 127 ii
abandon: 633 unit-, 118 igit-, 118
iksi-2, 531 suksraaq-
abandoned: 532 suksraaqtaupiallak-;
~ village 174 iniqaġliq
abdomen: 309 naaq(-) (Ti), 309 narraak;
cramp in ~ 223 kakiplugun (Nu);
get a cramp in one’s ~ 223
kakiplugusiq- (Nu)
abdominal: ~ cavity 160 ilu(-)2; ~ fat 74
aqiaviñiq; ~ fat of ground
squirrel 421 qalliñ; ~ viscera
142 ilaġviit; elongated, oval-
shaped ~ organ 604 tunusisaq;
have ~ cramps 309 narraaġiit-;
have ~ pains 309 narraaq-, 161
ilunŋu-; large, ventral, ~ blood
vessel 445 qigluk(-)1; strain with
~ muscles 517 siŋulluq(-)
abhor: 312 naġġugipiallak-
abhorrent: 312 naġġunapiaġataq-
ability: ~ to V 808 -llaniq; ascertain
one’s ~ 385 pilgutilaaq-, 394
pisuqtilaaq-; become confident
in one’s ~ 507 siimmak-; equal
in ~ 307 naammagiik-; equal to
another in ~ 317 naligi-; have ~
to V 805 -lla-; have less ~ than
another 633 uniktuuma-; have
more ~ than another 633
uniktuuma-; lose one’s ~ to do
good work 500 savayuili-; not
equal to another ~317 naligiŋit-;
not trust another’s ~338
nikasugi-; take pride in one’s ~
226 kamatchak-; try with all
one’s ~ 393 pisatilaaq-, 394
pisuqtilaaq-
able: 385 pilla-; ~ to V 805 -lla-; barely ~
to talk 128 iggiit-; barely ~ to V
807 -llapqaq-; ~ to bear
much pain 59 anuqsru-; ~ to
hear 608 tusaqsraġi-; ~ to holler
loud enough to drive caribou in
the desired direction 614
1266
pigla-; ~ to keep a secret 643
uqayuit-1; ~ to participate 398
piyumiñaq-; ~ to perform well
384 pilgu-; ~ to procure 115
ayuqsraaŋit-; ~ to see something
586 tautuŋa- (Nu); ~ to see or
observe someone or something
349 nui-; ~ to see well in the
dark 547 taaqsiulgu-; ~ to
tolerate freezing temperatures
459 qiqisiit-; ~ to use 95 atullasi-2;
~ to use snowshoes expertly
550 taglukalgu-
abominable: 312 naġġunapiaġataq-
abomination: 312 naġġunapiaġataqtuaq
abnormal: 41 allanaq-; act ~
sometimes 513 silaivyaŋaaq(-)
(Ti)
abnormally: ~ small being 62
aglisuilauraq
abort a litter: 355 nuŋuri-1; cause
something to ~ 355 nuŋuri-2
about: ~ to V 684 -aqsI-, 1104 -yasi-,
962 +saaqsI-; be ~ with a hole in
one’s clothing 39 alliraq-; move
~ 60 aŋala- (Nu); not ~ to V 864
+niayuġat-; rush ~ 71 aptatilaaq-;
travel ~ 17 aġayuk-, 18 aġiyuk-
(Ti), 22 aġyuk-
above: area ~ 467 qulaa; located in
area ~ 467 qulaani; position ~
468 qulaanuk-, qulaŋiuti-
abreast: situated ~ 564 tapitaaġiiksit-
walk ~ 564 tapit-
absent: 210 inŋit-, inġit-, 380 piit-; ~
regularly 380 piitqataliq-
absent-minded: 279 makautaŋaaq-; ~
person 279 makautak
abstain: 388 piŋillak-
abundant: for N to be ~ 1062 :ukkaq-
abuse: 386 pimaqłuun; ~ another 378
piaqługi-; ~ each other 398
piyuuti-1; ~ someone 397 piyuk-,
piyuaq-; silent because of ~
342 nipaiłuksi-; not offer
 resistance to ~ 397 piyuksiq-
abused: ~ one 397 piyuaġniq, 398
piyyuq; allow to be ~ 397
piyuksiq-, piyuaqsiq-
abusive: ~ when drinking 169 imiyuit-
abyss: 303 mitailaq
accelerate: 242 kayummak-, 531 sukasi-
accept: 35 akuqtuq-2; not ~113
ayaktuq-3; not ~ things for free
610 tutqaatu-; not willing to ~
another’s presence 76
aqpiksraq-
acceptable: 409 qaamanaq-; done well
and ~ 338 nikanait-; consider
acceptable 146 iluaġi-; not ~ 35
akuqtuġnaġumiñait-
accepted: anything or anyone ~ 36
akuqtuaq; ~ bid 317 nalliun
accepting: ~ of people 180
iñugluaqtait-
accessible: one ~ 590 tigusiññaaq(-);
one easily ~ 481 satqummiaq;
make easily ~ 481 satqummii-
accident: 301 miqivsaq(-); injured
in an ~ 274 kuttaq-; have an ~
397 piyaqquq-, 397 pisaqquq-,
301 miqivsaq(-); scene of ~ 397
piyaqquġvik; survive an ~ 383
pilluk-; time of ~ 397
piyuqquġvik
accidently: ~ burn or scorch 145
iliktitchi-; ~ cut oneself 256
kiliq-; ~ drag something 224
kaligaq-, kalikłuk-; ~ encounter
361 paaqsaaq-; ~ fall backwards
347 nivvaqhaaq-; ~ fall
forwards 359 paasaaq-; ~ fall
headlong from a high place 314
nakkaqtaq-; ~ fire (a gun)100
aullai-; ~ let a hooked fish escape
101aulasaq-; ~ rub against 14
agiuqasiraaq- (Ti), 323
nanuiqasiraq-; ~ urinate 68
aŋuuq-, 465 quġmiattuq-
accommodations: offer ~ 599
tukkiqsuq-
1267
accompany: 390 piqasiq-; 282 malik-;
go to another’s house to ~ 316
nalaut-2
accomplish: ~ easily 412 qaġagi-; ~
quickly 385 pillaktiq-; think
that one can ~ a task 55
anmikkiuti-
accountant: 286 maniliqiri
accordance: ~ with 316 nalaut-1
accordion: 338 niinaaq
accrual: 330 nauyuqtaaġniq
accumulate: ~ a lot of blubber 644
uqsrak-; ~ N in large quantities
1086 :utiġuq-; for pus to ~
166 immak(-)
accumulated: ~ interest 330 naggun;
person who has ~ enough
wealth to eliminate worry
about survival 416 qagniq
accusation: 373 pasikkun
accuse: 373 pasi-, pasigi- (Ti); ~ of lying
482 sagluviuq-; to V 865 +niġaq-
accustomed: become ~ 96 atuqqiguti-;
something that one is ~ to 437
qaurrisaq
ace (suit in playing cards): 608 tusaq,
tusaqpak, 538 susaq, susaqpak
Achilles tendon: 258 kimmitquun (Ti)
acknowledge: 26 aki(-)
acquainted: become ~ with 155
ilitchuġi-
acquire: 387 piññak-; ~ N 866 -nik-1,
875 -nnak-, 970 +sI-2
acrid: become 418 qakkiññaqsi-; get ~
taste in mouth 418 qakkit-
acrophobia: 323 naŋiaqtu-, naŋiaq-
across: go ~ 492 sanniq-; go ~ back and
forth 131 ikaktaq-, ikaktiq-
across from each other: 26 akigiik(-)
act in what way: 428 qanusiġaq-
active: 194 iqiit-
Adam’s apple: 128 iisaġniq
add: 148 ila(-); easy to ~ to 151
ilasuġnaq-
addition: 148 ilaaq(-)
addition (in mathematics): 151
 ilaraġaġniq
additional piece: tapiq(-) 563
adept: 394 pisuq-
adequate: 306 naama-
adhere: 343 nipit-, nipitchit- (Nu)
adjust: 316 nalautit-2
administration: 60 aŋalatchirit
admission charge: 206 itqun
adopt: 590 tiguaq(-)
adopted child: 562 tammaġnauraq, 590
tiguaq(-)
adoptive parent: 590 tiguuvik
adrift: experience of being ~ 620
uisauniq; person ~ on ice floe 620
uisaq, 594 tiktaq; ~ on an icefloe
620 uisau-
adroit: 392 pirraġik-
adult: 436 qatqiñŋaruaq; become an~
436 qatqit-; grow into an ~ 181
iñukpaŋŋuq-
adultery: 41 allatuun; commit ~ 41
allatuq-
advertisement: 286 maniuġun
advice: 642 uqausiaq
adze: 625 ulimaun; use an ~ 625 ulima-
affect: ~ emotionally 161 ilunŋutchai-
affected: adversely ~ by flood 626
ulluti-; deeply ~ emotionally 59
anuaqsruit-, 162 ilunŋutchak-;
negatively ~ by an experience 59
anusiñŋuq-
affection: 391 piqpakkun; express ~ 119
igligi-, 354 nuniaq-; have great ~
for someone 386 pimaġi-
affirmation: 319 nalupqinaiyaun
afflicted: one ~ 147 iluilliuqtitauruaq
affliction: 147 iluilliuġun or iłuilliuġun
affront: 392 pisaaŋŋan
aforementioned (not visible):164 imña,
553 taimña, 164 iptuma, 553
taiptuma; from that one ~ 164
iptumaŋŋa, 553 taiptumaŋŋa; in
the ~ past 553 taimani;
located with that one ~ 164
iptumani, 553 taiptumani;
similar to that one ~ 164
1268
iptumatun, 553 taiptumatun; to
that one ~ 164 iptumuŋa, 553
taiptumuŋa; via that one ~
164 iptumuuna, 553
taiptumuuna; (with) that one ~
164 iptumiŋa, 553 taiptumiŋa
afraid: 196 iqsi-, 332 navia-; become ~
196 iqsikkiuti-, iqsiññiuq-,
iqsitchak-
African American: 400 Puksripak, 401
Purgiq, 402 Pursriq, 547
Taaqsipak
after: ~ V-ing for a while 749, 1129,
1135 +k/galuaq- plus
Consequential Mood endings
afterbirth: 38 alġaaq, 372 papaaq
afternoon: 461 qitiġusianikpata; become
late ~ 635 unnuksraaq-
afterwards: 78 aquvatigun, 261
kiŋuagun
again: V ~ 780 -lgIt-, 1035 -tqIk-1, 1099
-vsaaq-; ~ and again 1035
-tqigaaq-
age: be close in ~ (of siblings) 282
maligiik-
aged: become ~ (of whale meat and
blubber) 81 arguniq-
aggravating: 654 uumiñaq(-)
aggrieved: feel ~ 208 isumanŋutchak-
agile: 99 aularruġik-
ago: few days ~ 138 ikpaksraaqisuuraq,
ikpaksraaq; not very long ~ 428
qaŋakisuuraq, 587 tavraqiatchiaq;
sometime ~ 138 ikpaksraasugruk
agree: 217 iviġaumagi-; ~ with someone
409 qaamagi-
agreeable: 409 qaamanaq-
agreement: in ~ 87 atausiŋŋuq-
ahead: area directly ~ 317 nalimun;
begin moving ~ 112 ayak-2; go ~
220 ka (Nu), 243 ki2; go on ~ of
others 113 ayu-, 527 sivuqqiaq-
(Nu); point straight ~ 525
sivukkik-; position oneself
straight ~ 525 sivukkiksi-;
proceed ~ together 113 ayaa-;
 progress far ~ of others 633
unisuġi-; run ~ 312 naġruk-; stay
~ 407 qaaŋiummati-; surface ~
and to the right 139 ikpiq-
aid: give ~ out of compassion 311
nagliktuq-
ailment: 528 suaŋairrun
aim: ~ with a gun or bow129 iiguti-,
iigusima-
air bubble: 404 puvla, 420 qalak(-); ~s
made by sea mammal
underwater 420 qalaliaq(-)
air conditioning: 335 niglanaaq
airborne: become ~ 594 tiŋi-
airplane: 595 tiŋŋun
airport/airstrip: 303 mitchaaġvik,
milvik, mirvik
alas: 5 aannaa
Alaska hare: 621ukallisugruk
alcove: storage ~ 154 iliqpik, iliqpiuraq,
291 maqpik2; 416 qakpik,
qakitpik, qakpiuraq, 432 qaqpik,
541 suvvik, suvviuraq
alder: 354 nunaŋiak(-); dye sealskin red
with ~ 98 auksinġi-; sealskin
dyed in red ~ 98 auksinġaq
alert: 343 nipuŋannaqtaili-, 436
qaurimmaaġik-, 438 qaunagi-,
qaunakkiaġik-, 458 qiptait-, 477
quviqtaili-; become ~ 448 qikallit-
alibi: 373 patchiñ, patchisi; acquire an ~
373 patchisiq-, patchitchiq-
align: ~ side by side in contact 374
patiktit-
aligned vertically: 336 nigvigi-
alive: 653 uuma-; barely ~ 397
piyagniuq-; become ~ 654
uummak-
all: ~ of something147 iluqaan, iluġaan,
iluqaġmi, 556 tamaan; ~ of me
147 iluqaġma; ~ of them 147
iluqaisa, 148 iluqatiŋ; ~ of us 147
iluqapta; ~ of yous 147 iluqaqpiñ;
~ of you 147 iluqavsi
all of it: 147 iluġani, iluqani
all of the time: 86 ataramik; V ~ 991
1269
-suŋaiññaq-
allotted: ~ time or place 397 pivik
allow: ~ to V 1031 mtit-1, +pkaq-1, 1034
mtitaq(-), +pkaqtitaq-
almost: 88 atchaan, 115 ayyai; ~ V 932
±qqayaq-; ~ like a N 1048
+tun-qayaq
almost all: 148 iluqatiqqayaq
alone: 266 kisimġiuq-; left ~ 266
kisiŋŋuq-; dance ~ playing a
drum 305 mumiq(-); dance
together ~ to their “kimmun.”
of a married couple 661 yuġaq(-)
(Ti); leave one ~ 529 sugiŋit- (Ti);
not want to be ~ 235 kappiaŋa-;
one ~ with no relatives 266
kisimġaaq; one left ~ 266
kisiŋŋuqtaq; stand ~ for quite
some time 446 qikaaluk-1
alongside: 492 saniqqaŋiq-
alphabet: Iñupiat ~ 88 atchagat
alpine: ~ sweetvetch 293 masu,
masuqutaq
already: ~ V-ed 677 ±anik-2
also: V ~ 844 +mmI-1; 1153 +lu2
alternatives: explore all ~ 433 qaqutkit-
although: ~ V-ed 747 +k/galuaq- plus
Subordinative Endings; 749
+k/galuaq- plus Contemporative I
and II Endings
altocumulus clouds: 265 kilgaviurat (Ti)
altocumulus and cirrus clouds: for
there to be both ~ 265 kilgaviurat
(Ti)
altogether: 560 tamatigun (Nu)
always: ~ V 992 +[s]uu-; ~ like that 588
tavra tainnaviiññaq
amaze: 226 kamatchai-
amazed: 40 aliuġusuk-, aliuq-; become ~
40 aliuġutchak-, 226 kamatchak-,
kamasuala-
amazing: how ~ 40 aliuġnaġaa
ambitious: 412 qaġait-
amend: 146 iluaqsruq-
amendment: 146 iluaqsruun
American Golden Eagle: 594
 tiŋmiaqpak
American Golden Plover: 601 tullik
American Osprey: 422 qaluksiuġayuk,
qaluksiuyuk
American Pipit: 396 piuġavik (Nu); 402
putukiiłuk
American Robin: 277 kuyapigaqturuq
American Widgeon: 273 kurugaġnaq,
617 ugiihiq
ammonia: 213 itiġuq
ammunition: 364 paġnan, paqnatit (Nu);
~ case 413 qaġruqaġvik, 497
satkuun1; small ~ bag 393
pisiksisauraq (Nu)
amniotic fluid: 168 imiq(-); break (of ~ )
168 imġiqsi-
amount: 63 aktilaaq(-)
amulet: 5 aanġuaq, aanġuluk; provide
someone with an ~ 5 aanġurriq-;
person with an ~ 5 aanġurrulik;
small ~ 5 aanġuuraq, aanġuluuraq
amused: become ~ and start laughing
119 iglaġutchak-
amusing: 38 alianait-
Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska: 326 Naqsraq;
50 Anaqtuuvak, Anaqtuġvik
anal opening: ~ of whale 275 kuuġuq
ancestor: 525 sivulliq, 261 kiŋuniq (Nu)
ancestors: 525 sivulliaġruit (Nu)
ancestral: ~ song 257 kimmun (Ti)
anchor: 265 kisaq(-), 340 niksikpak
ancient: ~ artifact 23 aippaaġnisaq, 356
nutipnisaq (Nu); ~ times 24
aippaani, aippaapak, 38 alġaani
ancient site: 429 Qaŋmali
ancient townsite of Ipiutak Culture:
190 Ipiutaak
and: 1153 +lu
and again: 9 aasiasii
and, all the while: 535 sunauvva
and, furthermore: 9 aasii suli
and so now: 657 uvvaasiiñ, uvvaasii
and, so then: 553 taimmaasii
and, so what: 9 aasii suruq, aasii suva
and then: 588 tavra suli; ~ consequently
587 tavraliasii
1270
and then this: 657 uvvasuli
and then what: 10 aasi suruq (Ti)
anesthesia: put under ~ 436
qaurimaiyaq-
anesthetize: 436 qaurimaiyaq-
angel: 201 isaġulik
anger: 454 qinnaun
angle: ice thrust up at a sharp ~ 98
augaŋaruaq; leaning at a sharp ~
98 augaŋa-; set at an ~ 129 iigaq-
angry: 454 qiniq-, qinnak-, 654
uumisuk-; become ~ 231
kanuallak- (Ti), 396 piunġiq-, 454
qinnaliq-, 654 uumila-,
uumitchak-; become ~ with 654
uumitchauti-; becomes ~ quickly
454 qinnaya-, 654 uumitchaya-;
make someone ~ 454 qinnai-,
qinni-; be~ with someone 231
kanuuti- (Ti), 454 qinnauti-
angrily: V ~ 827 -łłak-, 828 -łłaktaq-
animal: 337 niġrun; adult male ~ 63
aktuġruaq; baby ~ 378 piayaaq; ~
exhausted from running 371
paŋallaq; female ~ 19 aġnasalluq;
front part of ~, including the rib
cage 435 qatigak, qatigaak; full-
grown male ~ 63 aktuġruaq;
make its characteristic call (of ~)
420 qalġuq-; stalk an ~ 591
tiġiigaq-
animal’s call: 420 qalġuġniq
ankle: 516 siŋiġñiq
ankle bone: 424 qamŋaq
announce:154 ilisimapkaq-
annoy: 70 aptari- (Ti), 217 iviġaŋit- 372
pavri-
annoyance: endure ~ 354 nunummi-
another: 40 alla
answer: 26 aki(-), 267 kiu-, kiggun; ~
angrily 267 kiuniqłak-; merely ~
267 kiugiññaq-; ~ nastily 267
kigguqłak-; not hesitate to ~ 267
kiunasaaŋit-
ant: 252 kiktuqsralik
anticipate: 337 niġiugi-
anticipation: ready to V with ~ 1110
+yumalaaq-, 264 kipiqqutaq
antisocial: 291 maqunialiq-
antler: 311 nagruk(-); fight with ~ 311
nagrugmik-, 312 nagruuti-; grow
~s 311 nagri-; middle section of
caribou ~s 351 nukuġun; prong
of ~ 2 aagiaq, aagiuraq (Nu); tip
of ~ 358 nuvułhuq, nuvułhuuq
(Nu)
anus: 212 itiq
anvil: 82 arvik(-)
anxiety: experience ~ 597 tirruksi-
anxious: ~ to have done 264 kipiqqutaġi-
anyone: 243 kiñapayaaq
anything: 534 sumigliqaa
anyway: 46 amiami, amiamikii
apathetic: become ~ 151 illatit-
appear: 181 iñukpalliq-, 349 nui-, 525
sivuġaŋiuti-; 557 takkuġmuq-; ~
appear in court: 482 sagviq-
appearance: 177 iññaq (Nu), 455 qiññaq;
have a good ~ 177 iññaġik-,
iññaaġik-, 386 pimmaaġik-; not
have a good ~ 177 iññaġiit-
appears: to V 896 +p/vallIq-
appease: 26 akayugnaiq-
appellation: 551 taiñiq
appendix: 496 saqulupqutaq(-)
appetite: develop an insatiable ~ 490
samiiq-; have an insatiable ~ 490
samiit-; lack an ~ 337
niġisuvyuaq-
appetizer: 68 aŋuyaġaaq
applaud: 374 pattakula-
application: 165 immiqsuaksraq
appraise: 27 akiksriq-
appreciated: feel ~ 482 saġimasuk-
appreciation: show ~ 397 piviuttak-
apprehensive: 241 kavya-, 271 kukragi-
(Nu), 527 sivuuġa-, 606 tupinŋa-;
~ about 627 uluġiagi-; ~ about
the unfamiliar 41 allasuk-;
become ~ 51 anayatchak-, 606
tupinŋasi-, tupinŋatchak-; trying
to make someone ~ 51
1271
anayasaaq-; ~ waiting to hear the
worst 308 naallaġluummi-
apprehension: 156 ilimasuun; cause
extreme ~ 569 tataiñaq-
approach: 626 ullak-
approachable: 605 tuŋiġuġnaq-
April: 356 Nutaqsivik, 433 Qargiliġvik,
451 Qilġit Tatqiat, 595 Tiŋmirrat
Tatqiat, 629 Umiaqqavik
apron: 478 saaġuaq(-); 479 saaġurri-
aptitude: 394 pisuġniq
arch: 390 piqtiq-
arch the body as it sounds (of whale):
390 piqsaq-, piqtalugiu-, piquaq-
archer’s finger and wrist guard: 449
qillutit
Arctic char: 62 aŋayuqaksraq, 192
iqalukpik, 422 qalukpik
Arctic cisco: 407 qaaktaq
Arctic coast dweller: ~ in Canada 429
Qaŋmaliq
Arctic cod: 653 uugaq
Arctic finger lichen: 270 kivviġiruaq
(Nu)
Arctic flounder: 328 nataaġnaq
Arctic fox: 475 qusrkhaaq
Arctic grayling: 534 sulukpaugaq
Arctic ground squirrel: 509 siksrik(-);
wear an ~ parka 510 siksrigaaq-
Arctic hare: 621 ukallisugruk
Arctic lamprey: 341 nimiġiaq
Arctic marmot: 510 siksrikpak, 443
qavviatchiaq
Arctic Slope: 512 silaliñiq
Arctic sweet coltsfoot: 299
milukataq
Arctic Tern: 304 mitqutailaq, 649
utchutchaakiq, utchutchaaqiq
Arctic white fox: 590 tiġiganniaq
area: from the ~ below 91 atimiñiñ; ~
immediately adjacent 512
silagauraq; located in ~ below
91 atimiñi; raised ~ 409
qatchiraaq(-); to ~ under 90
ataanun, 91 atimiñun
argue: 264 kipuqłak-, 426 qanaaq-, 430
 qapiqsiġiirruti-; ~ heatedly 430
qapiqtaili-
argument: ~ against an issue 360
paaqłaktaun
argumentative: 430 qapiqtailisalgu-
arm: 558 taliq(-); break ~ 558 talliaq-;
run down the ~ from hands (of
liquid) 233 kaŋimuk-; outside of
upper ~ 242 ¤kayuq (Nu); upper
~ muscle 79 aqvaluaq
armpit: 634 uniq
arm signals: make ~ 412 qaġa-2; use ~
to communicate 647 urriqa-
armed forces: 68 aŋuyait
armor: suit of ~ 69 aŋuyaunnat, 435
qatigaaġun
army: 68 aŋuyait
arm-wrestle: 231 kaŋiġmik-
arrange: 173 inillaktuq-; ~ bedding 101
aummitchiuq- (Ti);
arrivals: recent ~ from the east 440
qavaŋŋaat
arrive: 592 tikit-; ~ after being at
another location enroute 64
aŋirraq-; ~ at N 848 ÷muaglaaq-;
~ despite the slim odds 592
tikirruaq-; finally ~ 592
tikilġataq-; ~ quickly and safely
592 tikisiq-; ~ too late to see 262
kiŋuvaq-; ~ upon a sad situation
592 tikiññiġluk-; ~ with a bad
disposition 592 tikkiġluk-
arrive and drop anchor: ~ (of ship)
629 umiaqpiq-
arrogant: 6 aaŋit-, 526 sivunmuutu-
arrow: 413 qaġruq, qaġrupiaq;
feathered ~ 413 qaġruq sululik;
~ with sharp bone head 329
natqulik
arrows: make ~ 413 qaġri-
arrowhead: 329 natquq; flint ~ 270
kukigralik (Ti); ~ with a forked
point 486 sallisilik (Nu)
articulation: ~ of a joint 389 piġinniq,
piġniq; ~ of a word 551 taiñiq
artifact: ancient ~ 38 alġaaniqsaq(-),
1272
185 iŋilġaaġnisaq, 332 navraaq
as if: 890 -ŋŋuq-3 plus Conditional
Endings
as far as: 667 -aglaaq-
as much as you want: 76
aqpiktutilaaqtun
as soon as: ~ one V-s 962 +saġluqqaaq-,
1086 +utigi- plus
Contemporative I Endings
ascend: 469 qunmuk-; ~ steadily 469
qunmuktuq-
ascertain: 82 asiġui-; finally ~ 531
sukuimmaġiksi-
ash: 19 aġra; become ~ covered 20
aġrit-; ~ from outdoor fire 424
qammiuġniq; rake for fireplace
~ 20 aġraiyaun
ashamed: 231 kanŋusuk-; become ~
231 kanŋutchak-; feel ~ of 230
kanŋugi-, 284 malukagi-; feel ~
for 610 tutqaagi-
ashore: bring ~ 600 tulauti-; come ~ for
someone or something 600
tullaqi-; washed ~ 595 tipi-
ashtray: 505 sigaaqaġvik
aside from that fact: 90 ataagun
taaptuma
ask: 70 apiġi-, apiqsruq-, apriqsri-;
afraid to ~ for a favor from a
higher authority 85 ataniqsraq-;
~ for something 177 iñiqsruq-; ~
to be V-ed 1037 -[t]qu-
askew: become ~ 197 iqu-
asleep: 515 siñik(-); fall ~ 519 siqu-
assemblage: 231 kanŋut
assemble: 87 atautchimuk-
assess: 27 akiksriq-, akigriq- (Ti)
assign: ~ someone a task 391
piraksriq-; ~ tasks 391 piraksrii-
assignment: 391 piraksriaq,
piraksriusiaq
assist: 56 anniqsuq-, 132 ikayuq-,
ikayui-; take time to ~ 132
ikayuliktuq-
assist in a matter of life or death: 183
iñuuli-
assistance: 57 anniqsuun, 132 ikayuġniq
assistant: 132 ikayuqti
asthma: have ~ 224 kalikłuk-1
astonish: try to ~ 40 aliuqsaaq-
astonished: 40 aliuq-
astounded: 40 aliuq-
at: 1142 ÷mi, 835 ÷miit- (see located:)
at last: 163 imani
at once: 588 tavrauvvaa
at that very moment: 588 tavra tavrani
Atigun Pass, Alaska: 91 Atiġun
atlatl: 299 milluuġun, 355 nuqsraq (Nu)
atmosphere: 512 sila, 660 uyumiŋa
nunam; refractory layer of ~
through which shamans must
pass to reach the moon 660
uyumiq(-)
atqasuk: 91 downslope
Atqasuk: 91 Atkasuk, Alaska
attached: 84 ata-; something ~ 396
pituqquq
attack: 280 maksrigvigi-
attempt: 653 uuktuaq-; always do with
one ~ 87 atausiaqtiqataġuu-;
begin to ~ to V forcefully 863
+niaqtuaqsi-; complete task in
one ~ 87 atausiaq-; make ~s to
stand up 280 maksrukaktaq-;
make sudden ~ to V 969
+saqtiq-; ~ to provoke into
anger 454 qinnaguksaaq-; ~ to V
864 +niatak-, 866 +niluk-, 872
+nIt-1; ~ to V forcefully 864
+niaqtuq-, 862 +niala-
attention: call ~ to something 659
uvyak-, uvyaqi-; demand
constant ~ 70 aptanaq-; need ~
438 qaunagnaq-; not pay ~ 343
nipuŋa-; not pay ~ to 36 alapigi-,
alavrak-, 533 suliqutigiŋit-, 540
suunnaġilait-; one worthy of ~
538 suqun; pay ~ 308 naalaġni-;
pay ~ suddenly 640 uputi-; pay
no ~ to whether it is day or night
513 silaiq-; regard as not worthy
of ~ 535 supasaġiŋit-; require
1273
special ~ 79 aragnaqsi-; rod used
to direct ~ 591 tikkuaġaun; try to
gain ~ 455 qiñiqusaaq-; wave
arms to get ~ 352 nuluġaq-
attentive: 343 nipuŋait-, 347 niviuq-, 477
quviqtaili-
attentively: listen ~ 293 masaġni-
attract: 414 qaivaksaq-
attractive: ~ (of a woman) 18 aġnaġik-;
create something ~ 177
iññaaġiñaaq-
attribute: have the ~ indicated by V
881 ±ŋa-
audacious: 81 arguaŋa-, arguaŋaaq-,
alguaŋaaq- (Ti), 231 kanŋuit-;
feel ~ 81 arguasuk-
audible: 538 susaġnaq-, 608 tusaġnaq-
auger: 345 niuqtuun
August: 46 Amiġaiqsivik, Amiġiksivik,
73 Aqavirvik, 595 Tiŋŋivik
aunt: 88 atchak; aunt-in-law: paternal
~ 84 asuġaq; maternal ~ 94
attuaq (Nu), 111 ayaġruksaaq
(Ti); paternal ~ 111 ayak (Ti),
ayaaluk, atchaaluk
aurora borealis: 247 kiguġuya,
kiguġuyait (Ti)
auscultate: 308 naalak-
authority: 60 aŋalatchiñ, aŋalarrun, 85
ataniġnaqun, 226 kamanaqsiliq,
kamanaun
autumn: 622 ukiaq; early ~ 621
ukiaksraaq
available: make ~ 386 piñaqutigi-; one
~ 590 tigusiññaaq(-)
avalanche: 521 sisuuk(-)
avoid: 323 naŋaq-, naŋaa- (Ti); ~ eye
contact 338 nika-; ~ people
180 iñugluaqtau-; ~ a pursuing
killer whale 2 aaġliñġu-; ~ taboo
472 quŋuġi- (Nu); ~ someone
with a disease 15 agliqsraq-
avenge: 28 akisauti-
awake: 212 itquma-; become fully ~
194 iqiiq-; become wide~ 458
qiptaiq-
awaken: ~ someone 194 iqiiqsaq-
aware: become ~ 1 aaŋayaaŋaŋaiq-;
become ~ of 155 ilitchuġi-;
suddenly become ~ of 155
ilitchuġiniqłak-, ilitchuqqiġluk-
(Nu)
awe: in ~ of 40 aliuġitigi-; one held in ~
40 aliuġun
awl: 234 kapuqqaun (Nu), kaputtaun (Ti),
402 puttun, putuliuġun
axe: 51 anauttaq(-), 188 ipiġauttaq;
double-bladed ~ 104 avanmulik,
122 igluktuulik; blade of ~ 250
kiiñaq, kigiñaq (Ti); dull (of ~)
250 kiiñait-
axilla: 634 uniq
B siiġnaiyaun (Ti)
babble: ~ (of river) 290 maqsraluk,
maksraluk, 483 saġvaluk-
baby: 156 ililgauraq, 462 qitunġauraq;
premature ~ 40 alivsuk,
alivsuuraq
babyish: act ~ wanting affection 636
uŋa-; one who acts ~ 636 uŋaaq
babysit: 384 pilaaqtuaq-
babysitter: 384 pilaaqti, pilaaqtuaqti
bachelor: 351 nuliilgasuk, nuliiygasuk
back: 603 tunu; ~ facing front 604
tununmun; fall on one’s ~ 604
tunuillak- (Ti); have bent ~ 172
imuŋaaq-; lower ~ makisiq (Ti); ~
muscle 216 ivaluliñiq; position ~
facing front 604 tununmuk-;
strain a ~ muscle 449 qiluqqit-;
upper ~ 2 aaġiak, 383 pikusuk;
back and forth: go ~ 649 utiġmik-,
utiqtaq-
back up: 604 tunuvaq-
backbone: 277 kuyapikkat
backpack: 403 puuġriñġaq, 322
nanmaun; place and carry in
backpack 323 nanmiuti-,
natmiuti- (Nu)
backpacking: go ~ 322 nanmau-
backwards: 262 kiŋunmun
1274
bacon: 492 saniqsuk
bad: 386 piluk-; become ~ 386 piluksi-;
have a bad N 700 +[g]iit-; ~ N
897 -pałłuk(-)
badly: do ~ 386 pimaqłuk-; to V ~ 897
-pałłuk(-); V ~ 833 -maqłuk-
bad-tempered: 180 iñugiit-; cause for
being ~ 180 iñugiirrun
bag: 403 puukataq; hunting ~ 17
aġġiññaq
Baird’s Sandpiper: 357 nuvaksruk, 405
Puvviaqtuuyaaq
baked: be not fully ~ (of bread) 273
kupkaq- (Ti)
baking powder: 404 pupsaun (Ti),
puvlagulaun
baking soda: 508 siiġñaiyaun,
bald: 356 nusait-, nuyait-; become ~
304 mitquiq-, 355 nusaiq-, 649
uti-~ spot 649 utiniq
Baldpate: 617 ugiihiq
baleen: 538 suqqaq
ball: 20 aġraq(-) (Ti), 73 aqsraaq(-), 114
ayuktaq(-), 306 muqpaaq; play ~
73 aqsriqi- (Nu); roll something
into a ~ 26 akavalik-
balloon: 404 puviuraaq, puviuraagraq
(Ti)
band: 430 qaptuġaq(-) (Nu); ~ of beads
worn around forehead 334
niaquun (Nu)
bandage: 285 mamitaq(-)
bank account: 133 iksraq
Bank Swallow: 601 tulugaġnaq
banker: 286 maniliqiri
bar: 168 imiġvik
barb: 13 aggaġiitkutaq, ~ on hook 29
aki(-)2
barber: 263 kivraqti, 486 saliri
bare: 436 qattaq-; absolutely ~ 436
qattatit-
barefoot: 227 kamillaaq-; become ~ 227
kamillaq-
barely: just ~ V 911 -pqauraq(-); ~
manage to V 1026 mt/liġruaq-
barge: 361 paatchiġruaq
bark: 277 lałłak-, 452 qiluk-; ~ in
anticipation 278 makhak-,
makuk-, maqhuk-
bark: ~ of tree 415 qaiġuq; ~ of
cottonwood tree 409 qasalluq
Barred Owl: 310 naataqpak
barrel: 436 qattaġruk; water ~ 436
qattaq; wooden ~ 168
imġusiaġruk
barricade: 495 sapusiq-
barrier: 495 sapukutaq, sappun
Barrow, Alaska: 650 Utqiaġvik,
Utqiaġviit, 623 Ukpiaġvik
barometer: 512 silasiun
Bar-tailed Godwit: 607 turraaturaq
barter: 29 akitchaq-
Barter Island, Alaska: 407 Qaaktuġvik
base: ~ of something 329 natqa
base coating: ~ of sled runner 16 aglu
baseball: ~ 51 bat anauraġaun; ~ glove
32 akkuaġaun; play ~ 51
anauraġaq-, 50 anaullaġaq- (Ti); ~
player 50 anaullaġaqti, 51
anauraġaqti
baseball pitcher: 299 miluqtuqti (Ti),
milluuqti-
based on the facts: 608 tunŋa-
bashful: feel ~ 41 allayuaq-
bask: ~ (of seals on ice) 417 qakuma-
(Ti)
basket: woven ~ 17 aguummak,
aguummaq (Nu), 36 akuummak
(Ti)
basket sled: 451 qilġit
bath: take a ~ 220 ivvaq-, ivvaqtuq-
bathroom: 50 anaġvik
bathtub: 220 ivvaġvik
batter: ~ in baseball 50 anaullaġaqti (Ti)
bay: 233 kaŋiqłuk
bay loudly: ~ (of dog or wolf) 278
maġġukpak- (Ti)
be: ~ as V as 1025 mtigi-1; ~ the one who
must/should V 1049 +t/ruksrau-
beach: 551 taġium siñaa; be near the ~,
of lead 91 atikit-; ~ covered by
1275
small chunks sea ice (of ~) 296
miġaliq(-); find something
washed up on the ~ 596 tivri-; ~
forcefully 416 qakisatit-; land on
~ 600 tulak-
beached: ~ carcass 514 silu; ~ ice 296
mayuqtinniq
bead: 535 suŋauraq; band of ~ worn
around forehead 334 niaquun
(Nu); blue ~ 490 samataq (Ti),
535 suŋauravik (Nu); bluish ~ 535
suŋauraviŋñaq (Nu); large, green
~ 535 suŋauraqpak (Nu); to string
~s 357 nuvi-; string of ~s worn
under the nose 224 kakitlugun
(Nu); trade ~ with bluish inner
stripe 161 ilummilik; white ~ 477
quviqti (Nu)
beaded earrings: 565 taquuppik (Nu)
beadwork: 535 suŋaurriqi-
beam: support ~ 28 akimuksaaġun;
cross ~ 28 akiñ
bean: 272 kumauraq, 339 niliġnaq (Ti)
bear: brown ~ 32 akłaq; black ~ 117
iggaġriq, iyyaġriq (Nu); polar ~
323 nanuq; yearling ~ 108
avinnaaq
bearberry: 68 aŋurvak, (Nu) aŋutvak,
593 tinnik; black ~ 241 kavlaq
beard: 418 qakiġlugun (Ti), 630 umik2;
grow a ~ 630 ummak-
bearded seal: 617 ugruk(-), 39 aligraq
(Ti); bag made of a ~ stomach 17
aġġutaq1; cleaned, dried and
stretched intestine of ~ 184
iŋaluk; delicacy made out of
chopped outer intestional
membrane of a ~ 444 qiaq; emit
a long, piercing sound (of ~) 107
aviuqtaq-; infant ~ 617
ugruayaaq; ~ meat and blubber
sewn or tied in a bale for storage
600 tuktaq; newborn ~ 40
aligrauraq (Ti); piece of dried ~
617 ugrugaviñiq; spot a ~ 617
ugrugunaaq-; waterproof parka
 made from ~ intestine 512
silaŋŋaaq; worm found in ~
intestine 470 qumak (Ti); young
~ 617 ugrugaq
bearded seal oil: 617 ugriñġaq
bearded sealskin: knee-high boots with
~ soles 617 ugruligaak, ugrullak; ~
rope 599 tugrun; sailboat
covered with nine ~s 629
umiavak (Ti); sailboat covered
with seven ~s 629 umiavauraq
(Ti); seal-hunting boots with ~
soles 295 mauqsruutik (Nu)
beast: 337 niġrułłuk
beast of burden: 223 kakakti, 322
nanmakti, 454 qimukti
beat: 27 akiisit-; ~ soundly, as in a game
49 anaġvik-; ~ (of heart or
artery) 589 tigliqtaq-
beautify: ~ N 700 +[g]iksaq-
beautiful: 387 piññaġnaq-, 586
tautuyuġnaq-, tautuyunaq-; find ~
387 piññaġi-
beaver: 247 kigiaq (Nu), 368 pałuqtaq
because: 86 atakkii, atakii (Ti),
atakkiataŋ, 427 qanukkiataŋ, 1152
-kiataŋ, +kii1; 749, 1129, 1135
+k/galuaq- plus Consequential-
Conditional Endings
because of someone: 393 pisigi-
because of the fact: 587 tavrakii
beckon: 352 nuluġaq-
become: ~ a N 719 +[ġ]uq-1, 890
2
mŋŋuq-
bed: 611 tuttaat, 515 siñigviit; get out of
~ and dress 280 makitiq-; go to ~
177 iññaq-, 211 itchaataaq-, 610
tuttaaq-; go to ~ early 315
nallaġnaġiaq-; go to ~ (of a baby)
308 naanaaq-; lie down on the
bed with 315 nallauti-; prepare ~
605 tuŋiusiuq-; ~ sheet 605 tuŋiun
bedding: 101 aummisit (Ti), 108 avrat,
471 qummatit (Nu), 605 tuŋiutit,
646 uqummatit; fix the ~ 101
aummitchiuq-
1276
bedrock: 329 natchiñ (Nu)
bedspread: 408 qaliġuaq
before: 524 sivuani; ~ one V-s 1130,
1131 +k/galuaqtinna- or ±ŋaisillu-
plus Subordinative Endings; not ~
V-ing 1130, 1131 ±ŋaunna- plus
Subordinative Endings
beg: 185 iŋiq-, 186 iŋiula-, 456 qiññuaq-,
600 tuksiq-; ~ in prayer 600
tuksiaq-
beggar: 378 piatchiaqtaqti
begin: 100 aullaqi-, aullaġnii-, 202
isaguti-; ~ to V ~ 684 -aqsI-, 851
-naguti-, 952 -rraqsI-, 965
+saq-2; ~ to V first 968
+saqqaaq-; ~ singing 53 anitchi-;
~ try to V 873 +niusIq-; ~ trying
to forcefully V 863 +niaqtuaqsi-
beginning: 100 aullaqisaaq(-); ~ of song
33 akpirrun, 53 anitchaun; ~ of
summer 639 upinġaatchiaq
behave: 641 uqaqsiġiaq-
behavior: 538 suraġautchiq, suraġausiq;
~ full of happiness, love, and joy
477 quvianġuniq
behavioral: have a certain ~ pattern
426 qanuġit-
behead: 60 aŋarraq-
behind: 254 kiluanin, kiluanun; ~ each
other 503 siakłauri-; position
oneself ~ another 604
tunuanuk-; traverse ~ 604
tunutqut-
belief: 623 ukpiġun; not have ~ 623
ukpiġutait-
believe: 623 ukpiq-; ~ in 623 ukpiġi-;
jokingly try to convince
someone to ~ 623 ukpiqsaaq-; ~
that one is V or is V-ing 856
+nasugi-
bell: 106 aviluqtaun, 35 akuġluk(-) (Ti),
436 qattauraq(-)
bellows: 404 puviqsiñ (Nu), puviun
belly: have discomfort in one’s ~ 160
ilugiit-; have big ~ 309 naaqtu-,
narraktu-; lower ~ 35 akuaq (Ti),
 (Nu); upper ~ 74 aqiaq, aqiak
(Ti)
belongings: 530 suġautat
below: ~ someone or something 90
ataani; get ~ someone or
something 90 ataŋiq-2
belt: 551 taġigraq (Ti), 564 tapsi (Nu),
588 tavsi(-), 591 tiġiksraq(-); ~
with a tail sewn in the back 370
pamiuqtaq; ~ worn for packing
baby in parka ~ 411 ¤qagrugaun,
417 qaksrugautaq (Nu)
Belted Kingfisher: 351 nukuutchiqiq
beluga: 451 qilalugaq, 521 sisuaq; ~ net
522 sisuaqsiun
bend: ~ forward 402 put-; ~ backwards
252 kikiik-,431 qaqaq-; ~ over
139 iksrik-; ~ something 111
ayaktuq-2, 389 piġit-
bend head: ~ to the side 313 naiq-
bend knees: 78 aquvliq-, aquvliqtaq-,
bent: 389 piġiŋa-, 504 siatqiŋit-
bent with age: 172 imullak-; become ~
97 auġak-, auġaŋasi-; ~ with head
lowered 367 paluŋasi-
bent back: have ~ 172 imuŋaaq-
bequeath: 407 qaaŋiqsit-
berate: go ~ 530 suġruk-
berries: fetch ~ from one’s supply 83
asiaqsruq-; grow (of ~) 83
asirriñiaq-; mix ~ into something
83 asirriq-; obtain a supply of ~
83 asiagusi-
berry: 83 asiaq; any inedible ~ 601
tulukkam asiaŋa
berry picking: go ~ 83 asiaġniaq-,
asiaġiaq-
beside: go ~ someone or something 491
saniġaanuk-
besiege: 105 avat-
best: 330 nauma-, 49 anaktiksrait-; ~
choice 321 nanġaaq; for the
~ 163 iłualluk-; ~ part 397
piviksaq, pivigniq; 823
nakuułhaaq(-); be the ~
performer 823 pisułhaaq-; to V
1277
to one’s ~ 1113 -yuqtilaaq-
best regards: 332 nayaaŋŋaq
betray: 25 aitchuutigi-, 254 killuaq-
betrayer: 25 aitchuutiginniktuaq
better: that is ~ 587 tavrapayaaq
between: get ~ something and
something else 162 iluŋiq- (Nu);
placed ~ two things 136
ikiaqtit-; space ~ 34 akunġaq
beverage: 168 imiq(-); hot ~ 345
niuqqaq(-), 662 yuuqqaq (Ti)
beyond: from the area ~ 367 uŋataaniñ;
in the area ~ 637 uŋataani; to the
area ~ 637 uŋataanun; via the
area ~ 637 uŋataagun
biased toward: 217 iviġaumagiłhaaq-
bib: 288 manuġun, manuilisaq
Bible: 641 Uqalugiksuat
big: 62 aŋi-1
big-boned: 499 sauniġluk-
Big Diomede Island, Russia: 166
Imaqłin
Big Dipper: 444 Qayuuttaq (Ti), 611
Tuttuġruk
big toe: 402 putuguq
bight: 233 kaŋŋiñiq, kaŋŋiññauraq (Ti),
404 puviaq
bid: 317 nalliun, nallisaun, nallit-; ~
higher 409 qarġutaurraq-; make
the highest ~ 94 atqunałhaaq-
bile: taste or smell of ~ 535 suŋaġnit-;
vomit a small amount of ~ 535
suŋaqsruq-; vomit quantities of
~ 535 suŋŋiqi-
bill: 27 akiliaksraq; 27 akiliaksriq-
binoculars: pair of ~ 198 iriġruak, 455
qiñiġautik (Nu); look through ~
198 iriġruaġaq-, iriġruaq(-)
birch bark: 407 qaalu (Nu)
birch tree: 647 urgiiliq, urgiiłiq
bird: 594 tiŋmiaq; ~ hunting 473
qupałłiaq-; small ~ 437 qaugaluk,
594 tiŋmiaġruk; medium sized ~
594 tiŋmiaq
bird dart: nuiyaaqpak(-)2 349; throw a
~ 349 nuiqsaq-
bird net: ~ attached to end of stick 51
anauvak(-)(Ti)
bird of prey: 594 tiŋmiaq
Birnirk, Alaska: 379 Piġniq; placename
for the point northeast of ~ 81
Arguġaq
birth: 52 aniñiq (Nu), 53 anniñ; about to
give ~ 127 iġñisuk-; give ~
127 iġñi-; give ~ (of an
unmarried woman) 7 aapailli-;
give ~ shortly after a
previous ~ 283 maliksi-
birthday: 53 annivik; have a ~ 53
annivilit- celebrate a ~ 53
anniviliqi-
birthmark: 99 auktaq
birthplace: 52 aniñiq (Nu)
birthright: 85 ataniġnaqutiksriusiaq, 262
kiŋuvaannaktaaksraun; give
someone a ~ 85 ataniġnaqutiksrit-
biscuit: 306 muqpauraq, 355 nuqpauraq
(Ti), 432 qaqqiaq (Ti); make ~s
355 nuqpauriuq- (Ti)
bistort: 432 qaqauraq (Nu), 190 ippiq
bite: 247 kii-, 249 kiiññik-; 249 kiiñiq; ~
and cause to become rabid 284
malukalipkaq-; ~ each other 247
kiggisi- (Nu); ~ a hook 32
akkuaq-; insect ~ 376 pauŋniq; ~
pieces off 288 maŋiaq-; ~
repeatedly 248 kigmaq-; single ~
of food 562 tamuaq; take a ~ 249
kiisi-
bit more: ~ more V 900 -payaaq(-); one
that is a ~ V 900 -payaaq(-)
bitter: taste ~ 256 kimnaq-, 535
suŋaġnit-, 595 tivraġluk-; become
~ 418 qakkiññaqsi-
bitterness: 254 killuqsraun
black: 288 maŋaqtaaq, 548 taaqtaq,
288 maŋaq-, 446 qiġñiq-,
qiġñiqtaaq
black bear: 117 iggaġriq
black bearberry: 241 kavlaq
Black-bellied Plover: 601 tullisugruk,
tullivak, 611 tuullikpak
1278
black bird: 304 mitiġvik (Ti)
Black-capped Chickadee: 302
misikaaġaq, misikaaqqauraq,
misiqqaaqaq (Nu)
blackened: become ~ from soot 375
pautiq-
blackish: 446 qiġñaaq-
blackfish: 163 iłuuqiñiq
black fox: 446 qiġñiqtaq
Black Guillemot: 184 iŋaġiq, iŋaġiuraq
(Ti)
Black Headed Gull: 327 nasaiŋaruaġruk
black seal: 278 maġamnasiq
black wolf: 288 maŋaqhaaluk, 446
qiġñiqtaaluk
bladder: 313 nakasuk; dried ~ used as
container 17 aġġutaq1; have a
full ~ 313 nakatchit-; inflated ~
403 puuġuq (Ti); swim ~ of fish
400 puktan, 404 puviġaaq
blade: flint ~ 248 kiglak(-) (Nu); ~ of
paddle 305 mulu2
blame: 360 paqsraq-, 373 pasi-, pasigi-
(Ti), patchisigi-; ~ someone else
373 pasiññik-
blamed: get ~ 373 pasipkaq-
blank: 14 aglait-
blanket: 624 ulik(-)
blanket-toss: 289 mapkuq; 320
nalukataq-; ~ song 320
nalukataun; people holding the ~
and tossing jumpers 320
nalluaqtit
blaze:135 ikuala-
bleed: 99 aunaaq-, aunaaqsruq-; ~ from
the mouth 98 arriqi-
blessing: 57 anniqsuusiaq, 85
ataniġnaqutiksriusiaq, 311
nagliktuun, 477 quviasaaġusiaq
blind: to become ~113 ayau-
blind for a hunter: 343 nipri (Nu)
blink: 519 siqunġipak-, siqunġipaktaq-,
siqupak-, siqupaktaq-, siquvyak-
(Ti)
blister: skin ~ 410 qaaqsruġniq, qaaġruq
(Ti); ~ (of skin) 410 qaaqsruq-
blizzard: 17 agniq(-); develop into a ~
17 agniġuq-, aŋniġuq-; have a ~
17 aŋniġu- (Ti)
1
block : ~ of hard snow 221 kaataq (Ti);
~ of wood 136 ¤ikIk1; cut ~s of
hard-packed snow 221 kaattiq-;
slice ~s of snow 221 kaat-; snow
~ shelter 69 apuyyaq, aputyaq
(Nu)
block2: 494 sapi-; ~ another’s view
547 taalutaq(-); ~ from
proceeding 495 savri-; ~
someone’s entrance or exit 359
paaŋiq-; ~ someone’s exit 494
sapimmi-
block and tackle: 277 kuyapigaurat
blocked: ulitit- 625; ~ as one’s ascent
171 imnit-
blood: 98 auk(-); become covered in ~
98 auguaqtaq-, auguqtaq-; boiled
~ broth 443 qayuq; broth made
from caribou ~ 443 qayusaaq; ~
bruise 98 arriqsinniq; clotted ~
98 augiaq(-); collect ~ 98 arri-;
completely covered in ~ 99
aukviiññaq; dark ~ from
stomach 288 maŋaqtuaq auk; get
~ on oneself 98 auguaq-; have ~
in one’s breath (of wounded
whale) 54 aniġniġluaqi-; make
broth from ~ 98 arri-; move
around to stimulate ~ flow 99
auvsaaqtiqi-; prepare broth with
~ 435 qatchiuq-; receive ~
transfusion 98 arriq; soaked
through with ~ 98 arriqsit-;
spurt forth (of ~) 518
siqpagaala-; transfuse ~ 98
arriq-
blood relative: 148 ila(-), 323 nanmiñiq;
deal directly with a ~ 323
nanmiñiqtuq-
blood vessel: 98 augavik, aukkun, 565
taqak; feel prolonged pain from
one’s large, ventral, abdominal
~ 445 qigluuraaq-; large ~ 565
1279
taqakpak; large ventral,
abdominal ~ 445 qigluk(-)1
bloody: something ~ 98 augulaaq(-)
bloodless: ~ animal carcass 98 augiqsaq
bloodletting: cut between the eyes to
perform ~ 34 akulirri-; small
knife for ~ 234 kappugauraq;
perform ~ 596 tira-, 638 uŋuyut-
bloomers: 413 qaġliurak, qaġliuraak
blow: ~ downstream (of wind) 52
anisaġniq- (Nu); ~ hard causing
limited visibility (of snow and
wind) 588 tavruŋatchauraq(-), 657
uvuŋatchauraq-; ~ lightly (of
wind) 536 supimaaq-; ~ on
something repeatedly 537
suvluaqtuq-; ~ with light snow
426 qanikłuk(-) (Nu)
blowfly: 357 nuviuvak; ~ egg 474
qupilġuksraq
blowhole: ~ of whale 456 qiŋaq; part of
head of whale near the ~ 340
niksiutaq (Ti)
blubber: ~ 644 uqsruq, uqruq (Nu),uġruq
(Ti); be old (of ~) 523 sivaniq-2;
braided intestines filled with ~
518 siqqiak; cook ~ 116 igaraq-,
523 sivaraq-; cut ~ into strips 355
nurri-; cut piece of frozen ~ 236
karriaq (Nu); flense ~ from
animal skin 441 qavrak-, qarvak-,
486 saliguq-; fresh ~ 356
nutaġġiñġaq; make seal oil from
~ 302 misiġarriuq-; oil from
rendered whale 21 aġviñġaq;
piece of ~ 441 qavsiraq, qavsiraaq
(Ti); render (of ~) 118 igit-1;
rendered ~ 302 misiġaaq(-);
rendered ~ in seal oil 328
natchiñġaq(-); ~ rubbed on
seams of umiak for
waterproofing 405 puya; slab
of seal ~ 644 uġruqtiġun (Ti);
sticky, burnt ~ 58 anŋun, 176
iñġausiñiq; slice or strip of ~ 355
nurriaq; ~ strip set on a post 111
 ayaksraq, 176 iñġausiq; ~ used as
fuel 519 siqpan; whale skin with
~ attached 281 maktak
blue: color ~ 535 suŋauraaqtaaq; 535
suŋauraaq-, 605 tuŋuq-, 638
uŋuraġaaq- (Nu)
blue or green: 645 uquaq- (Nu);
something ~ 645 uquaqtaaq
blueberry: 83 asiavik, asiaq (Nu);
~ plant 83 asiaviqutaq (Nu)
bluebottle fly: 357 nuviuvak
blue fox: 444 qianġaqtuluk
bluff:138 ikpik
blurt: easily ~ 641 uqallaya-
blush: 240 kaviġluksi-
board:132 iku-, iki-1
board of trustees: 84 atanaurat
boast: 641uqaqpagaaq-, 642 uqavigaaq-
boastful: 226 kamanni-, kamanniraaq-
boat: 628 umiaq; become icebound (of
~) 300 miñiqutipkaq-; beach (of
~) 416 qaki-; fetch a ~ 630
umiisuq-2; icebound ~ 306
muqutipkaq; inboard motor ~
134 igniligauraq, ignilik; make a
~ 629 umiġġi-; need a ~ 629
umiilliuq-, umiagilliuq-; pilot a ~
78 aqut-; pitch in rough waters,
of 186 iŋiulliuq-; prepare one’s ~
629 umiiqi-, umialiqi-; push ~
into water 243 kiamit-, kaimit-;
push off ~ into water with a pole
112 ayyauq-; put oars on ~ 191
ipusiq-; ride low in water (of ~)
399 pukkit-; ride high in water,
of ~ 400 puqtu-; rock (of ~) 23
aiłhuuq-, 443 qayaqhiuq-, 658
uvaagaq-; skin-covered open
~ 629 umiapiaq; stop alongside
another ~ 373 paqtit-; emerge
behind a ~ 77 aqquaq-; take in
water (of ~) 166 immak(-); travel
by ~ 629 umiaqtuq-; two-masted
~ 282 malġulik; unable to move
in slush or ice (of ~) 294
maġġuti-; wake of ~ 104
1280
avalluaġniq
boat frame: 498 saunġit, 629 umiam
sauniŋi
boat ramp: 345 niggun
boat sled: 629 umiirautit
boating: ~ leisurely 629 umiaqtuuraaq-
bodily waste: 291 maqquq
body: 593 timi; either side of ~ above
hips 565 taqtunak; ~ hair 304
mitquq; hurt on side of ~ 565
taqtunnaq-; on the ~ 593
timaagun
bog cranberry: 471 qunmun asiaq (Nu)
Bohemian Waxwing: 533
suluktaatchialik
boil1: 420 qalat-; ~ over 648
utchiqsruula-; continue to ~ 420
qalauq-
boil2: 114 ayuaq(-); core of ~ 114 ayuam
iñua, 178 iñuk(-); treat (give
medicinal aid) a ~ 114 ayurriqi-
boiled meat: 116 igaapiaq, 652 uurq
boisterously: yell ~ during a celebration
113 ayalik(-)
bola: 451 qilamitautit; catch with a ~ 444
qiamit-; kill with a ~ 451
qilamitaq-; something caught
with a ~ 451 qilaptaq(-),
qilapsaq(-) (Nu)
bold: 37 alguaŋaaq-, 80 arguaktit-, (Ti)
226 kamait-, 447 qikiit-, 495
sapiqsralait-
boldly: act ~ 628 uluġiit-
bolt: ~ of fabric 224 ¤kakkiaq
bomb: whaling ~ 410 qaaġaun
Bonaparte’s Gull: 327 nasaiŋaruaġruk
bone: 498 sauniq; have ~ stuck in one’s
throat 499 saunnit-; ~ from
which marrow is extracted 374
patiġniq; soft ~s of children 328
natatqulaat; work with ~ 499
saunniqi-
bone marrow: 374 patiq(-); implement
used to remove ~ 498 saulluun,
saulluutaq; suck ~ out 374
patiqsruk-
bone weary: 493 saŋniq-
book: 281 maqpiġaat, makpiġaat, 551
taiguat
boom: ~ on boat 492 sanniġutaq; ~ of
sailboat 439 qauqqiñ, 599
tukiqtuun (Nu);
boot: 227 kamik(-); front, upper part
of ~ 408 qaati(-); fur strip on
top of ~ 468 qulipaq; handmade
~ 227 kammiaq; remove ~ 227
kamŋiq-; sea ice ~ 551 taġiitkun;
~ sole: 95 atuŋak(-); trim on top
front of ~ 525 sivuġun
boots: caribou leg skins ~ with fur
inside 285 mamillak; fancy,
short ~ 227 kamalaurak; get
water over the top of one’s
~ 467 qulaakkuq-, qulaaniktuq-;
knee-high, caribou fur boots
204 isiktuut; long, waist-high ~
227 kamigruak; long, winter ~
made from carigou leg skins
204 isiktuut; make ~ 227
kammi-, kammiuq-; man’s knee-
high, dress ~ 92 atikuluk,
atikuluatchiak; mid-calf,
caribou fur ~ 96 atvaukkak; not
wear ~ 227 kamŋit-; short,
caribou fur boots 78 aquptitaak,
aqupititak; take ~ off 227
kamŋiyaq-; waterproof ~ 432
qaqłiik(-),73 aqaġlik(-) (Ti);
women’s black and white long
~ 148 ilaaqtuutiligaak
bop in water: 351 nukłuġaq- (Nu)
border: 104 avalu(-), avati, 107 avgun,
515 siñi
Boreal Chickadee: 124 ignisailaq
Boreal Owl: 556 takpiilaaġruk
boreal smelt: 163 iłhuaġniq
boring: 38 alianaq-, 193 iqianaq-
born: 52 ani-
borrow: 94 attaqsi-; ~ N from another
household 687 -atchiaq-; ~ tent
605 tupaatchiaq-
borrowed: something ~ 96 atugaq,
1281
atukkaq
boss: 226 kamanaġniqsraq, 438 qaukłiq
boss around: 226 kamalatchi- (Ti)
botfly: caribou ~ 299 miluyuuq
both: ~ of themd 147 iluqaagnik, 148
iluqatik; ~ of usd 147 iluqanuk,
iluqamnuk; ~ of you 147
iluqavsik
bother: 152 ilaksia-
bothered by noise: 457 qipimmisuk- (Ti)
bothersome: 372 papriñaq- (Nu)
bottom: 328 nataaq(-); attach a ~ 328
nataaq(-); ~ layer 89 alliñaaq; one
on ~ 89 alliq
bounce: 380 pigliq-, 429 qaŋattałik-; ~
along 429 qaŋattałiktaq-; ~ back
649 utiġrak-; ~ off 28 akiŋŋaq-,
303 mitigrak-, 333 nayaŋŋatit-
bouncing: 380 pigliqtaq-
bouncy: 380 pigliġik- (Ti)
boundary: 107 avgun
bow: archer’s ~ 393 pisiksi; ~ sheath
393 pisiksisaq, pisiksitchak; small
~ 393 pisiksigauraq; ~ without
braided sinew 449 qiluiññaq
bow: ~ of boat or kayak 524 sivua
umiam
bow: 254 kisi-, 402 put-; ~ one’s head
509 sikit-
bow deck: 247 kiglu, 459 qirgi (Ti)
bow drill: 248 kigmiġaq, kigmiaq,
kiŋmiaq, 345 niuqtuun
bowel movement: have a ~ 50 anaq(-);
have frequent ~s 50 anaaġaq-
bowhead whale: 20 aġviq; female ~ with
calf 20 aġvaalik; infant ~ 20
aġvaaq; hunt ~s 21 aġvaŋniaq-;
large, female ~ 187 iŋutuvak;
large, male ~ 415 qairaliġruaq,
648 usiŋŋuaq, usiŋŋuaġruaq; male
~ 649 usiŋŋuatchauraq; mature
male ~ 648 usiŋŋuaġaaluk (Ti);
medium size ~ 648 usiŋuatchiaq
(Ti); newborn female ~ 187
iŋutuayaaq, iŋutugrauraq (Ti);
newborn male ~ 648
 usiŋŋuagrauraq (Ti); old female ~
187 iŋutualuk; small, male
~ 416 qairalliuraq; ~ trapped
under ice with a polygon-
shaped breathing hole 42
allutuqtuaq aġviq; two-year-old
male 416 qairalliq; very large,
male ~ 648 usiŋŋuatchiasugruk
(Ti); young female ~ 187 iŋutuq;
young ~ which resembles a grey
whale 187 iŋutuurapiaq
bowl: 161 iluligauraq, 162 ilutuuġuraq,
432 qaqasauraq, qaqisauraq; small
~ 388 piŋalu (Ti)
bowlegs: 218 ivluuk; have ~ 218 ivluŋa-
bowstring: ~ 355 nuqaqti
boy: 67 aŋutaiyaaq, aŋugaiyaaq, 350
nukatpiaġruk; small ~ 67
aŋugauraq; teenage ~ 350
nukatpialuk, nukatpialugruaq
boyfriend: 68 aŋutaun (Ti), 618 uiguraq
(Nu)
box: 114 ayupqaq, 247 kigiunniq; large ~
247 kigiunniġruaq,
kiguunniġruaq; small ~ 247
kigiunnauraq, kiguunnauraq
box drum: 225 kalukaq(-), kałukaq(-); ~
dance 225 kałukaun; ~ dance
song 225 kałukaunnaq,
kałukautnaq (Nu)
bracelet: 558 taliġaq (Nu), 589
tayaġniġun, tayyat (Ti)
bracket fungus: 106 avaatchiqiq (Nu)
brag: 226 kamasaaq-
braid: 385 pilġaq-, 469 qulivrak-, 599
tugli1, 599 tugliliqsuq-
braided seal intestines: 470 qulivrat, 624
ulamiq-
brain: 412 qaġasaq, 431qaqasaq, qaqisaq
branch: tree ~ 461 qisiqsiun
brand: 318 nalunaiñŋutaq, nalunaigutaq
(Nu), nalunaiñŋutchiq-,
nalunaigutchiq- (Nu),
naluŋaiġutchiq-
Brant: 337 niġlinġaq
brass: 375 patukpak (Ti), 658 uvluyuilaq
1282
brassiere: 299 miluġutik
bread: 401 punniq; hard ~ 289
mapkuqtaaq
bread dough: 36 akutaq, 326 naqitaq,
401 punniksraq; make ~ 326
naqitchi-
break1: 332 navik-; ~ cleanly 504 siggit-;
~ (of car or truck) 332 navik-; ~
frozen ground looking for roots
in winter 236 karruaq-; ~ into
many pieces 332 navguq-; ~
simultaneously into many pieces
332 navguluula-, navguluu-,
navguluuti-; would ~ each time
332 navigaq-
break2: ~ (of amniotic fluid) 168
imġiqsi-
break away from shore ice: ~ (of ice
pack) 620 uit-
break through thin ice: ~ to breath (of
whale) 380 pikak- (Nu)
breaker: 186 iŋiulikpak; form ~s (of
waves with large, overhanging
crests) 626 ulivragaq(-) (Nu);
make ice on shore (of ~) 415
qaimŋuli-; ~ on shore 410
qaaqtaq(-), 411 qaggaq(-)
breakfast: 212 itqutaq; cook ~ 212
itqutchiuq-; eat ~ 212 itqutchiq-
breast: 298 miluk(-); ~ meat of bird 41
allatchiaq; woman’s ~ 217
iviaŋŋiq; ~ of bird 435 qatik, 611
tuttuuraq
breastbone: 484 sakiat, sakiagit; top end
of sheep ~ 438 qauk (Nu)
breath: 54 aniġniq; catch one’s ~ 54
aniqsaappit-; cause others to be
out of ~ 187 ivri-; gasp for ~ 10
aatchaġruummisiññaq-; have
blood in one’s ~ 54 aniġniġluaqi-;
short of ~ 54 aniġnitchiaq-, 188
ivyanŋu-, 596 tipisia-; out of ~ 54
aniqtipki-, 187 ipraaġuq- (Nu),
ipratchiaġuq- (Nu), 188 ivyanŋuq-
breathe: 54 aniqsaaq-
breathing: 54 aniqtiġi-; have difficulty ~
 187 ipisia-
breathing hole: ~ of seal 42 allu; ~ of
trapped whale 456 qiŋaaġaġvik
breech birth: 262 kiŋuppiŋaraq
breeches: ankle-length, sealskin
breeches with fur out 328
natchiaġruuk, natchiviak (Ti);
child’s fur breeches with hole
for diaper 227 kamaaluk (Ti);
man’s ankle-length, fur
breeches 86 atarruuk (Ti); man’s
fur breeches 412 qaġliik;
waterproof sealskin ~ 413
qaġliaġruuk (Ti); woman’s ~ 40
aliqsik (Ti)
breeze: 59 anuqsraaq(-), anuqsralaaq(-),
75 aqłanaaq, aqłayaaq(-); light ~
59 anuqsraaġik(-)
breezy: 59 anuqsraaq(-), anuqsralaaq(-),
75 aqłayaaq(-)
brew beer: 169 immiuq-
brewed: ~ (of tea) 264 kipit-
bridegroom: 618 uiksraun
bridge: 131 ikaaġun, ikaun, ikautit
bridge of nose: 34 akuliaq, 456 qiŋaaq
bridle: 248 kigmialiq-, kiŋmialiq-,
kigmirriq-, kiŋmirriq-; 439
qauġutchiq-; ~ for sled reindeer
439 qauġutik
bright: 437 qaummaġik-; something
very ~ 437 qaummaġruaq; too ~
457 qiŋŋaġnaq-
brightly lit: 322 nanniaġik-
brim of hat: 245 kiavaġun, kaivaġun
bring: 414 qaġġirri-, qaġġisi-, 478
saagaq(-); ~ along 225 kaluq-; ~
from up the coast 268
kivaŋŋauti-, 572 tatkivaŋŋauti-; ~
from there 130 ikaŋŋauti-
bring food: 377 payuk-
bring inside: 206 isiuti-, itquti-, 569
tatkiaŋŋauti-
Bristle-thighed Curlew: 505
sigguktuvak
broad: 137 ikiqtu-, 197 iraqtu-
broad humped whitefish: 383
1283
pikuktuuq
broad-jump: 104 avluġaatchiaq(-)
broad whitefish: 5 aanaakłiq
broken: 332 naviŋa-; ~ piece 332 navvaq,
520 siqummaq; ~ pieces 327
naqtuqqat
broom: 592 tilaġġisit
broth: 168 imiq(-), imiġaq; blood ~ 443
qayuq, qayusaaq; make blood ~
98 arri-, arriuq-; prepare ~ with
blood 435 qatchiuq-; tomcod and
sea sculpin ~ 272 kukuvyuġaq
brother: elder ~ 7 aapiyaq, 53 aniŋak;
younger ~ of female 76 aqqaluk;
younger ~ of male 349
nukaaluk, nukatchiaq, nukaq
brother-in-law: 341 niŋau
Browerville, Alaska: 120 Igluqpaurat
brown: color ~ 595 tiŋukpalaaq, tiŋuŋnaq
(Nu); to ~ something by cooking
145 iligraaq(-)
brown bear: 32 akłaq
brown sugar: 548 taaqtaq avu
bruise: 49 anaaġniq, 633 unataġniq, 589
tigluuraq(-), tigluuralaqi-,
tigluuraqi- (Ti); 49 anaaq-
bruised: become 49 anaaqtit-
brush: ~ against 570 tarraq-, 570 tati-; ~
away 142 ilagaq-; ~ off snow 69
aputaiyaq-, 219 ivsuk- (Ti); path
cut through ~ 252 kiksraq; ~
teeth 249 kigutigiksaq-
brusque: 378 piaqłaŋa-
brute: 182 iñupałłuk
bullet hole: 135 ikiġuraq1 (Nu)
burst: 410 qaaq(-); ~ out 212 itiksraq-; ~
out yelling 434 qasak-, qasala-,
qatchala-
burst into flames: 458 qipputit-,
qippuatit-
bubble: 420 qalak(-); air ~ 404 puvla3,
puvlaq
bubble up: 404 puvlak-
bubbles: 405 puvruk, 431 qapuk,
qapukłuk; air ~ made by sea
mammal underwater 420
 qalaliaq(-); develop gas ~ (of
food) 404 puvlak-; make ~
underwater 405 puvlaqtuula-;
sea foam ~ 431 qapuk
bubbly: form ~ foam 431 qapquti-
bucket: 650 utkusik; ~ handle 189 ipiun;
honey ~ 465 quġriñiq, 466
quqtaq; large wooden ~ 390
piqtalik; mop ~ 592 tilagvik;
slop~ 276 kuviqpik, kuviqsaġvik
(Ti); urinal ~ 213 itiqqitchiaq
buckle: 348 nuġlu
buckshot: 413 qaġruurat
bud: 330 nagguviksraq, naunġaq;
develop ~ s (of plant) 517
sipkiq-; green ~ of willow stem
453 qimmiuraq
buddy: 150 ilannaq, ilauraaq
budge: 100 aulayyak-, 426 qanŋuq-;
unable to ~ 77 aqtuq-
budget: 120 igliġutiksraŋa savaam
Buff-breasted Sandpiper: 498
satqagiilaq, 405 puvviaqtuuq
Bufflehead Duck: 354 nunuqsiġiilaq
bug: smooth white ~ found in tree
trunks 272 kumak (Nu)
build: ~ a N 801 -liuq-; ~ a kayak 443
qayyi-; ~ a wall 238 katchili-
bulky: 126 iġnutu-
bull: ~ caribou 363 pagniq
bullet: ~ casting 275 kuviaq (Nu); ~
mold 275 kuvirrivik
bull’s eye: 556 taksraq (Nu)
“bullroarer”: 167 imigluktaaq(-)
bumble bee: 125 igutchaq, 298 milugiaq
(Ti)
bump: 72 apuq-; bounce when hitting a
~ 429 qaŋattałik-; ~ en masse 72
apua-; hit a bump 279
makłukaq-; ~ one’s head 238
kati-; ~ repeatedly 72 appuq-;
bumpy: 197 iqsuliŋa-
bundle: 457 qipitaq
buoy: 400 puktaġun
burbot: 597 tittaaliq; hook for snagging
~ 195 iqłak(-)1
1284
burden: 645 uqumailliraun, uqumailutaq;
troubled by a ~ 645
uqumailliraq-
burn: 652 uunniq, 133 iki-2
burned: 652 uutiqtit-
burnt area: 134 ikiniq
burp: 339 niksaak-, 420 qalak(-); have a
wet~ 521 sisugiak-
burrow: 521 sisi
bury: ~ covered with sand 441 qaviat-; ~
enclosing with tussock 287
maniq(-); ~ in a grave 162
iluviq(-); ~ in the ground 80
argauti-, 200 irrii-; ~ in the
ground to ferment 207
isivanniqsii-
buried: something ~ in a grave 162
iluviqtaq
business: 499 savaaq, savaaq igliqtuaq
busy: 70 apta-, 486 sakuk-, 500 savaluk-;
cause someone to be ~ 70 aptari-;
constantly ~ 481 sagla- (Ti)
but: 14 aglaan; did V, but 747
+k/galuaq- plus Indicative
Endings
but to no avail: V, ~ 845 +mmI-4 plus
Negative Subordinative endings
plus +lu
butcher: 384 pilak-
butterfly: 565 taqalukisaq (Nu),
taqalakisaq (Ti)
buttock: 352 nuluq, 195 iqquk; fall and
hurt one’s ~s 352 nulluaq-1; have
a protruding ~ 195 iqqiŋa-; lie
with ~s up in the air 401 pusiŋa-;
protrude the ~s 195 iqqiq-;
shake one’s ~s 195 iqquiqiluk-,
196 iqquktaq-, iqqumiktaq-; slap
someone on the ~s 195 iqquaq-;
stand holding one’s ~ out 195
iqquksimaaq-
button: 313 naktuġiq, 613 tuutauraq
buttonhole: 613 tuutauraġvik
buy: 585 tauqsiq-, 539 susi-; go and ~
585 tauqsiġiaq-; ~ on credit 26
akiġruq- (Ti), akiilaq(-); money
 to ~ with 539 susisiksraq; ~ N
970 +sI-2
buy fare for transportation: 133
ikkusiq-
by all means: 426 qanuġliqaa
bylaw: 395 pitqurauraq
C utkusigauraq2, ukkusigauraq
cache: 353 nunataqaġvik, 570 tatigi; ~
food 343 niqausi-; food ~ made
of piled-up tussock 287
maniqtaqaġvik (Nu); ice ~ 450
qilaktaq; ~ made of ice blocks
511 sikuttat1; ~ of food made by
lemmings 388 piŋniq; raised ~
136 ikiġġat; small underground
~ 457 qiŋniq; ~ something
underground 200 irrii-, 353
nunat-, nunataq-, nunatchi-
cached food in tundra: 287 maniqtaq
(Nu)
calamity: 147 iluirrutiqpak, 163
iłuirrutiqpak
calendar: 597 titiqqat
calf: ~ in its first winter 348 nuġġaq,
nuġġaaġruk; ~ in its second
winter 348 nuġġaatchiaq; ~ of
leg 261 kiŋuġaq
call: 475 ququula-; ~ an animal to
come 556 taksiqsuq-; ~ from a
distance 640 upyak-; make the
~ of a ptarmigan 432 qaqaula-
call for question (parliamentary
procedure): 527 sivunniqsa
calloused: become ~ (of skin) 281
maksi-
calm: become ~ (of wind or water) 435
qasuaq-, 477 quunniġuq-; ~ (of
water) 477 quunniq-; ~ (of
person) 456 qiñuit-
calm and quiet: 598 tuaksruit-
camel: 383 pikukturuaq
camera: 455 qiñiġaun
camp: ~ in a protective enclosure 479
saaġuaqsiq- (Nu); set up ~ for
the night 352 nullaq-; set up ~
1285
near the ocean 551 taġiuqtiq-
camping: go ~ 100 aullaaq-
Camp Robber: 251 kiiriq
camp stove: 523 siuġruk
camouflage: 343 nipri (Nu)
can1: ~ V 805 -lla-
can2: 436 qattauraq (Ti); tin ~ 650
can opener: 16 agmaun
Canada Goose: 194 iqsraġutilik
Canada Jay: 251 kiiriq
Canadian: ~ inuk 429 Qaŋmalialuk (Ti),
370 Pamiuligaaluk; ~ Inuit 419
Qakmaliurat (Nu), 429
Qaŋmaliurat; ~ dance song
306 mumaaqun (Nu); perform a
~ dance 306 mumaaqi- (Nu)
candle: 243 kialuuraq, 374 patquraq,
patiquraq
candy: 354 nuŋuraaq
canker: 129 iitiilik
canoe: 443 qayaġiaq
canned food: 436 qattauraġmiutaq (Ti)
can’t do anything about it, whatever
happens happens: 545
taammaliami
cannot: ~ do 495 sapik-; ~ V 776 -lait-
canvas: 605 tupiksraq (Nu), 623
ukiłhaaq, ukilhaaq, 643 uqiłhaaq
505 sigraaq; dark, heavy ~
225 kalikuġruaq
canyon: 171 imnaġruit, 477 quunġut
cap: 327 nasautaq
capable: ~ of V-ing excessively 780
-lgu-1
cape: 624 uligaaq
Cape Halkett, Alaska: 207 Isuk;
residents of ~ 207 Isuŋmiut
Cape Lisbourne, Alaska: 620 Uivvaq
capelin: 371 paŋmagrak
capsize: 260 kiñŋu-, kiñŋut-; cause boat
to ~ 630 umiut-; ~ in a boat 630
umiu-; ~ in kayak 443 qayau-
car: 424 qamun
carbuncle: 349 nuiyaaqpak
carcass: bloated, whale ~ 105
 avataayyuniq; ~ of sea mammal
on beach 514 silu; find an
animal ~ 607 tuquŋarraq-; ~ of
seal 207 isivanniq
card: playing ~ 377 piannaq(-); deck of
~ s 377 piannat; lose at ~s 377
piannau- (Nu)
care: not ~ for 532 suksraġinġiq-,
sugraġiñġiq-
carefree: live a ~ life 412 qaġa-
careful: 438 qaunatqik-, qaunakłaaq-, 540
suurimmaaq-; be ~ 316 nalaiñ; ~
in a dangerous situation 51
anayaktuq-, anayaktuaq- (Ti),
anayasuk-; ~ to repay favors 610
tutqaatu-, tutqaaq-
carefully: observe ~ 455 qiñiġaaq-;
think over ~ 208 isumalaaq-,
isumalaaġutigi-
careless: 438 qaunatqiit-, 499 savaġluk-;
become ~ and negligent 151
illatit-
carelessly: do ~ 382 pikałłaktaq-; drag ~
224 kalikłuk-2, kaliukłuk-,
kalikhaaq-, kaliukhaaq-; throw ~
299 miluqhiuti-, miluġiuti-
caress: 374 patalġi-; begin to ~ 374
patalġiaqsi-
caretaker: 333 nayuqti, 438 qaunaksri
caribou: 611 tuttu; adult male ~ 363
pagniq; adult male ~ nearly
full-grown 350 nukatagaaluk;
adult male ~ just matured 350
nukatagaġruaq; antlerless
female ~23 aimaġnaq; ~ botfly
299 miluyuuq; ~ calves 611
tuttuqpaiyaat; closely packed
herd of ~ 570 tatimmirat; ~ cow
272 kulavak; cure ~ meat by
covering it with snow 379
piġuri-; few ~ 611 tuttuġaurat;
flat part of digestive system of
~ 38 alġaaġusiq; go ~ hunting
611 tuttuliaq-; harvested ~ 611
tuttutaaq; herd of ~ 611
tuttuġaaġruit, tuttusalait;
1286
hunt ~ 611 tuttuliqi-, tuttunniaq-;
hunt ~ from a kayak in a lake
327 narvaqtuq-; kill a ~ 611
tuttut-; old ~ cow 272
kulavagruatchiaq; one-year-
old ~ 61 aŋayukłiġaq; sight ~
611 tuttuġunaaq-; skin of ~ leg
203 isik; skin of ~ neck 472
quŋiaq; spring skin of ~ 639
upinġaksralliq; summer skin of
~ 611 tuttutchiaq, 639 upinġalliq;
summer skin of ~ leg ~ 344
niutchiaq (Nu); three-year-old ~
bull 61 aŋayukłitqik; two-year
old ~ 61 aŋayukłiaġruk (Nu);
very old, adult male ~ 363
pagniaġruatchiaq; very old,
skinny, female ~ 272
kulavagruatchauraq; young,
adult female ~ 272 kulavauraq;
white belly fur of ~ 400 pukik; ~
with new summer hair 481
saggaq, saggaatchauraq; winter
skin of ~ 622 ukiulliq; young ~
596 tiqituġaq; young, adult male
~ 350 nukatagaq, nukatagauraq
caribou brain: cooked ~ 430 qaqasalik,
qaqisalik
caribou skin: ~ boot sole pad 504
siaksruisaaġutik (Nu); cast-off bit
of ~ 156 iliġnaaluk, iliġniq (Nu); ~
dog belly wrap 564 tapsiaq (Nu),
588 tavsiaq; ~ long boots 524
sivuġaligaak(-); ~ of newborn
fawn 348 nuġġayuaq;~ parka 475
qusuŋŋaq(-), qusuŋŋaaġruk; piece
of ~ soaked in human urine 303
misuqupak
carpenter: 221 kaamniq, 460 qirriqiri; ~
tool 490 sanalġun (Ti)
carpentry level: 658 uvaaŋatilaaġun,
uviŋatilaaġun
carry: ~ an armload 478 saagatlakaaq-
(Nu), saagałłakaaq; ~ as a load
648 usikataq-; ~ by its handle(s)
337 niġumiaq-; ~ close to one’s
 chest 657 uvuŋaġmik-; ~ for a
period of time 45 amak-; have
something to ~ 479 saakkiq-; ~
in front of one’s snowshirt or
apron by raising the hem and
forming a sort of pouch 259
kiñiġvik-; ~ in one’s arms 117
igammiaq-, 590 tigumiaq(-); ~ on
one’s back 45 amaaq-, 322
nanmak(-); ~ over one’s
shoulder 196 iqsruk-, iqsruktuq-;
~ on shoulders 223 kakaaq-; ~
on one’s shoulders over a
portage 291 maqik-; ~ over
shoulder 196 iqsruk-; ~ on top
of one’s head 241 kavraġmik-;
prepare to ~ on one’s back 322
nanmiuq-; ~ pressed to the body
with one’s arms 193 iqisimaaq-;
~ provisions 565 taquaq(-); take
something to ~ 590 tigumirriq-;
~ under one’s arm 627
uluġuak-, 634 unġuaq- (Nu),
uniġmik-; ~ under one’s chin
288 manuġmik; ~ using a yoke
26 akigaq-2; ~ with one’s teeth
248 kigmiaq(-), kiŋmiaq
carrying frame: 201 isaġutaq, isaġun
carry on: ~ noisily 377 piala-
cartilage: 328 natatquq, natatquaq, 137
ikik2; ~ between sternum and
rib 202 isatigit, isatkit (Nu); rib
~ 564 taptayuġaq
cartridge: ~ bag 5 aanaatchiaq (Ti);
497 satkuun1; shell ~ of firearm
213 itiġruk
carve: 490 sana-; ~ ivory 612
tuugarriqi-
carving knife: 298 millik, mitlik (Nu)
cascade: 465 quġluq-
casket: 403 puuq(-)
cast a spell: 61 aŋatkuaq-, aŋatkuk-
casting rod: 468 qulaaniun (Nu)
castrate: 124 igruiq-
cat: domestic ~ 265 kiriuraq (Ti), 267
kitiuraq
1287
catapult: 303 mitigligaun
cataract: ~ of eye 477 quviqti, 624
ulik(-); get ~s 477 quviqsiq-
catastrophe: 147 iluirrutiqpak
catch: ~ something being lowered 29
akkiq-; ~ someone or something
free falling 32 akkuaq-; ~ the
first whale of the season 67
aŋuyaaq- (Ti)
catch oneself saying or doing something
unexpected: 392 pisallakani-
catch: play ~ 32 akkuaġauraq-
catch up: 66 aŋŋuti-
catcher: ~ in baseball 32 akkuaġaqti
caterpillar: 102 aurviq
catkin: qipmiuraq (Nu)
cattle: 369 pamiqsaat
caucus: 642 uqauraqtuuraġiaġniq, 641
uqanni-, 642 uqauraqtuuraq-
caught between two objects closing in:
476 quġġuti-
cause: ~ for V-ing 1065 +un1
caution: 438 qaunakłaaġun; disregard ~
343 nipuq-; regard with ~ 373
paquġi-; require ~ 51 anayanaq-
cautious: 51 anayaktuq-, anayaktuaq-
(Ti), anayasuk-, 156 ilimasuk-,
438 qaunakłaaq-; become ~ 156
ilimatchak-; cause to become ~
156 ilimatchai-, 306 munaġnaq-
cautiously: V ~ 873 +niuraaq-; move ~
51 anayaktuq-, anayaktuaq- (Ti)
cave: 409 qatchiniq (Ti); 407 qaanaaq,
415 qaiġułuk (Nu), qaiġusuk
cavity: abdominal ~ 160 ilu(-)2; create a
~ 160 iluli-; ear ~ 523 siunŋuraq;
eye ~ 199 irisiñiq; nasal ~ 530
suġlu; ~ of sheep horn 404
puvak; oral ~ 426 qaniq
caw: 409 qaaq-, qaaqtuq-
cease: ~ V-ing 806 -llaiq-, 881 ±ŋaiq-; ~
wanting to V 985 +[s]uiq-, 991
+[s]unġIq-
cease: ~ being helpless: 384
pilatitaanġiq-; ~ being slow or
hesitant 385 pilġataanġiq-
celebration: 477 quviasugvik; ~ after
sewing season (usually in
December) 222 kaivinniq
cellar: underground ice ~ 505 siġluaq(-)
cemetery: 162 iluvvivik
census: 93 atchiiñiq
center: 461 qitiq; reach the ~ 462
qitqanuaglaaq-; via the ~ 462
qitqagun
center trace: ~ for dog sled 461
qitiġaaġun
centerboard: 81 arguġaun, arguqtuun,
argumuktuun, 491 sanimuktuun,
492 sanipuun
centipede: 304 mitquilaq
ceremony: four day sitting ~ 77
Aquppiyut (Ti)
certain: is it ~ 746 V+k/galuaq- plus
Interrogative Endings
certainty: 319 nalupqinait-
certified: 173 inillaŋa-, 281
makpiġaaqaq-, maqpiġaaqaq-
chafe: 46 amiġait-
chain: 225 kalimniq (Ti), 457 qivliġit;
dog ~s 396 pituutat
1
chair : 77 aquppiutaq, 139 iksivautaq
chair2: 100 aullarri
challenge: 49 anakkisaaq-, 360
paaqłaktaun
chamber pot: 465 quġvik
champion: 55 aniumaniqsraq
chance: 397 piviksraq
Chandalar Indians: 659 Uyaġaaġmiut
(Nu)
change: ~ N or another 1035 -tqIk-1;
undergo a ~ 41 allaŋŋuq-
changed: have ~ 209 inġiq-
channel of water: for ~ to open
167 immiq-2
chapped: ~ skin 47 amiġluk(-); become
~ 47 amiġli-; become dry and ~
47 amiġluli- (Ti); have ~ hands
79 argagluk-
chapter: 107 avgun
character: one’s ~ 200 irrusiq
charcoal: 101 aumaraq1
1288
charge: ~ (of an animal) 638 upak-,
upaktuq-
charm: 394 pisuqsaaġun; death-
inducing ~ 24 aitchuġniġluun
charming: 394 pisuqsaaq-
charms: sacred ~ 470 qulugukłut
chase: 282 malikataq-, 283 maliqataq-,
malliuti-; ~ animal into boat 113
ayyaqi-; ~ animal into water 403
puuvri-; ~ animal toward hunter
638 uŋuuq-; ~ away 638 uŋut-,
uŋuullaq-
chatter: for the teeth to ~ from cold or
fever 15 agliġula-, 235 kapkaluk,
570 tatiġila- (Ti), 597 titiġila- (Ti)
chatterbox: 643 uqqaqtu-
cheap: 27 akiit-
cheat: 72 aqsak-, 216 ivayaq-, 395
pitqik-
check: ~ on someone or something
557 taku-, 660 uyavgaq-; ~ to
determine what one is doing 534
summagaaq-
checker: ~ piece 546 taammak(-)
checkerboard: 546 taammagvik
checkers: game of ~ 546 taammak(-); an
abolute loser in a game of ~ 49
anaġviktauraq
cheek: 194 iqsraq, 627 ulunnaaq;
frostbite on ~ 153 ilguġniq,
iluguġniq, irguġniq; ~ pocket of
squirrel 194 iqimiuttak; have
food in ~ pocket (of squirrel)
194 iqimiutchiq-; slap on the ~
194 iqsraaq-
cheek bone: 454 qinŋuq; side of ~ 627
uluak
cheer: 598 tuavit-
chef: 116 igari
cherish: 397 piviuttaġi-
cherished: ~ item 314 nakuaq
chest: (anatomical) 281 malak (Ti), 481
satqak
chest of drawers: 48 amuraġaat
chew: 562 tamuq-; something to ~ 562
tamuqasiraaq, tamuqatchiaq,
chew cud: 562 tammuġiksaq-
chewing gum: 274 kutchuq
child: 148 ilaalugruaq, 301 miqłiqtuq,
462 qitunġaq; dear ~ 6
aaññuŋuuraq; illegitimate ~ 7
aapailaq; mother and ~
recently born 156 ililgauraġiik;
~ of N 1035 -tkuayaaq; ~ raised
by someone other than its
parents 180 iñuguqtitaq
childbirth: begin ~ 100 aulayyauti-; die
at ~ 127 iġñiñiġluk-
childhood: item used or eaten during
~ 180 iñugruun
childless couple: 348 nuġġailak
children: bear ~ 463 qitunġi-; take care
of ~ 156 ililgarriqi-, 301
miqłiqsiqiñiq
chill: shiver from a sudden ~ 135
ikiaqsalaaq-, 136 ikiaqsaq- (Ti),
653 uulikuvsuaq-
chills: have ~ 136 ikiaqsunŋu-,
ikiaqtala-, 463 qiunŋuliq-
chilly: 459 qiqsia-, qiqisia-, 463
qiunŋu-; ~ (of weather) 463
qiunŋunaq-
chin: 586 tavlu; extend ~ 586
tavlumiaq-
chin tattoo: 586 tavluġun
china: ~utensil 448 qikłiq
chip: 625 ulimmaq(-), 300 miŋŋuaq-
(Ti), 329 natqiq- (Nu), 625 uliq-2,
ulliaq-; curved wood ~s 484
sakiġmiat; whittling ~ 490 sannaq
chiropractor: 332 navyarriqiri
chisel: 247 kigiaq(-) (Nu); use a ~ 248
kigiaqtuq-
choice: 317 naliġaaq; make a ~ 317
naliġak-; have no ~ 426
qanuġviit-
choke: 336 niġilik-, 597 tivit-, 614 tuvit-
(Ti); ~ someone by squeezing the
throat 132 ikaurak-
chop: ~ wood 460 qirriuq-; ~ ice with an
ice pick 612 tugguq(-)
chopping: ~ board 82 arvik, 373 parvik
1289
choppy: ~ of body of water 411
qagraluk- (Ti)
choreographed: ~ dance or song 503
sayuun
Christian: 623 ukpiqtuaq
Christmas: 270 Kraisimaġvik: celebrate
~ 270 Kraisimaq-
chronic pain: 57 anniutaq; develop ~ 57
anniutchiq-
chuckle: 462 qitusuk-
chum salmon: 192 iqalugruaq, qalugruaq
church: 60 aŋaayyuvik; ~ elder 629
umialignaq; go to ~ 60
aŋaayyuliaq-
cigar: 505 sigaaqpak
cigarette: 504 sigaaq(-); ~ butt 505
sigaaġruaq; hand-rolled ~
172 imuraq; ready-rolled ~ 172
imurauraq; roll a ~ 172 imuri-1
circle: 79 aqvaluqtaaq, 245 kaivallagun
(Nu), kiapsaluqtuaq (Nu); go
around in a ~ once 245
kaivallak-, kaivaluisaaq-; go
around in ~s 245 kaivaluk-; go
partway around a ~ 245
kaivalugaaq- (Nu); sit in ~ 245
kiavaaġni-
circular: 79 aqvaluŋŋaġik-
circumspect: 208 isumatu-
cirque: ~ in mountains 422qaluŋniq,
qaluqsraq
cirrus cloud: 494 saŋŋitchuaq (Ti); form
~ 494 saŋŋit-2 (Ti)
citizen: ~ of N 839 ÷miuyaaq; ~ of a
town or village 353
nunaaqqiġmiu
city: 174 iniqpak
claim: 186 iŋmak-, 386 pimaaq-; ~ as
one’s relative 386 pimaaqtuq-; ~
land 353 nunni-
clam: 165 imaniq; long ~ 658 uviłłuq
(Ti); ~ shell 188 ipiksaunnaq
clamp: 339 nikisitaun
clan: 420 qalgi (Ti); be in ~ house 420
qalgimiu- (Ti); go to ~ house 420
qalgirraq- (Ti); ~ house in Point
 Hope 413 Qaġmaqtuuq (Ti);
members of ~ house
Qaġmaqtuuq 413 Qaġmaqtuut
(Ti)
clang: make a loud ~ 106 aviluaqpatit-,
aviluġaq-
clansman: 433 qargisaġmiuyaaqan
classification: 428 qanutchiuniq
clavicle: 476 qutuk; ~ of caribou 514
simik (Nu)
claw: 270 kukigmik-, 558 tallik-; grow,
of ~ 271 kukkak-, kukkik-
claw-like: any ~ device 272 kumŋun,
kumŋutit (Nu)
claws: 406 puyyuutik; dig with ~ 365
pakik-, paksrak-; ptarmigan
without hair under its ~ 121
iglit
clay: 448 qiku, 448 qikuyyaq; make an
old-style ~ pot 374 patikkiuq-;
old-style ~ pot 374 patigaq; ~
pottery 325 naparaq; ~ utensil
448 qikuyyaq
clean: 189 ipqit-, 487 saluma-,
salummaq-; ~ by beating 593
tiluk-, tiluktuq-; enjoy wearing ~
clothes 467 qukinniraaq-; feel
not ~ enough 467 qukisuk-; feel
the house is too ~ 467 qukigi-;
have a ~ house 467 qukinaq-; ~
the house 467 qukinaqsi-; ~ the
house meticulously 467
qukinnaksaq-, 487 salummaksaq-
cleanse: 616 uaq-
clear: ~ and very calm (of weather) 41
allaqtit-; ~ sky 41 allaġniq; ~,
of weather 41 allaq-, 343 nipta-;
~ (of water) 209 isuit-
cleat: 396 pittuq
clench: ~ one’s teeth 247 kii-
clever: 490 sanatu-, 500 savvaġik-, 501
savituu-
cliff: 171 imnaaġuq, 138 ikpik, 190
ipnaq (Nu), 389 piŋuluk; high,
steep ~ 170 imnaq; reach steep
~ 171 imnit-; snow ~ 43
1290
aluktinniq; yellowish substance
found at base of ~ 171 imnaim
alua
climb: 33 akpakaq-, 295 mayuq-; ~ a
mountain 296 mayuaq- (Nu); ~
up a slope nonstop 296
mayusaaq-
cling: ~ to net 304 mitu(-) (Nu)
clitoris: 649 usuuraq
clock: 518 siqiñġuraq; long hand of ~
556 takiruaq
close1: 630 umik(-); ~ in 465 quġġuti-; ~,
of a gap 476 quut-; ~ (of an
opening) 234 kapigli- (Ti); ~ up,
of ocean lead 164 imaiq-
close2: by 425 qanit-, qaniuq-; 425
qanikun; finally get ~ 421
qallilġiñaq-; get ~ 421 qalli-,
qallisi-; get very ~ 421 qalliuraq-;
have intense desire to be ~ 425
qaniñŋaq-; not ~ by 425
qanikunŋilaaq; position ~ by 425
qaninaaq-
closer: get ~ 421 qallilaaq-
close-minded: 386 piñait-
clot: 124 igruq-
clothesline: 176 iñiaġvik
clothespin: 247 kiggiñ
clothing: 58 annuġaaq; cause to put on
an article of ~ 92 atipkaq-; cut a
hole in ~ to cause death 158
ilisiiyaq-; decorative strip on ~
335 nigraq; feel discomfort from
ill-fitting ~ 138 ikpigi-; for ~ to
be too small 297 mikigi-; full-
length, one-piece ~ 625 ulipquaq
(Ti); go about with a hole in
one’s ~ 39 alliraq-, alliraaq-; have
no ~ 58 annuġait-; ill-fitting (of ~)
338 nikanaq-; loose (of ~) 82
asiñila-; inner fur ~ 162 ilupaaq;
make ~ 58 annuġarri-; make
winter ~ 646 uquqsriuq-; used ~
96 attuq; outer ~ 408 qaliġuaq;
perforation in ~ 253 killaq; piece
of ~ 58 annuġaaq, atnuġaaq(-)
 (Nu); put warm, winter ~ on 646
uquqsaq-; remove outer ~ 543
taaktiq-; shake ~ 533 suluktuq-;
take ~ off 294 mattaq-; too small,
of ~ 570 tattuq-; too tight (of ~)
570 tati-; unintentionally put on
~ backwards 480 salliqi-; warm,
winter ~ 646 uqut (Nu); wide (of
~) 338 niġutu-; winter ~ 622
ukiuqsiutit; ~ with fur side in 285
mamuqquq; work ~ 500
savaunnaq
cloud: 357 nuviya; dark ~ 557
taktukłuk; altocumulus ~ 265
kilgaviurat (Ti); cirrus ~ 494
saŋŋitchuaq (Ti); cumulus ~ 617
ugruuraq (Ti), 652 uunnaqłuqun,
uunaġnaqun; partial ~ cover 357
nuviyalaaq(-); rain ~ 357
nuviyaqłuk; storm ~ 357
nuviyyaqłuk
cloudberry: 76 aqpik; ~ plant 76
aqpiqutaq
cloudless: 357 nuviyait-, nuvuyait-
cloudy and windy: 450 qilagluk-;
become ~ 448 qilagluksi- (Ti),
450 qilagluksi-
clown: 462 qitusuksaun
club: 51 anaullaun, 459 qiqsiñ, 633
¤unataun; 51 anaullaq-; sealing ~
3 aaġuraq(-)2; ~ (suit in playing
cards) 79 argalaq
club moss: 384 pilaġaqutaq
clump: ~ of willows with one trunk 451
qiliqsrauttat (Nu)
clumsy: 1 aamaŋaaq-
coagulate: 124 igruq-
coal: 43 aluaq; ~ deposit site 11
aatqigraqtuuq; haul ~ 43
aluaqsaq-; live ~ 101 auma(-);
mine for ~ 43 alurriqi-; put ~ in
stove 43 alurriq-; put ~ in stove
repeatedly 43 alurriqsuq-
coal miner: 43 alurriqiri
coal scuttle: 43 aluaqaġvik
coarse: 247 kigrak-, kigirak- (Nu),
1291
kiglak-; ~ gravel 598 tuapak
coast: 551 taġium siñaa; bring
cubs to the ~ (of polar bear) 91
atqurri-
coastal people: 551 taġiuġmiut
coat: 473 quppiġaaq
cock: ~ hammer of firearm 8 aaqtit-; ~
lever of rifle 191 ipuk-
cocked gun: ~ on tripod 393
pisiktuġaq(-)
cocyx: 369 pamiuġayuk, pamiguyaaq (Ti)
coerce: 85 atanniqsuq-
coffee: 275 kuukpiaq, kuuppiaq
coffee pot: 221 kaaviliuġun
coffin: 403 puuq(-)
coin: 520 siqumniq
cold (ailment): 357 nuvak(-); catch a ~
357 nuvaksi-; have a ~ 357
nuvak(-)
cold: 37 alappaaq-, 446 qiiyanaq-;
always ~ 446 qiiyanałhaiññaq-; be
~ (of one’s back) 604 tunuiyaq-;
become ~ 446 qiiyaliq-; become
extremely ~ (of weather) 200
irriŋŋuq-; begin to get ~ 462
qiuliqsit- (Nu); cause another to
become ~ 463 qiuri-; draft of ~
air entering house 102 auġniq,
auġnaaq; drink a ~ beverage 168
imiġaaq(-); enter house (of ~ air)
102 auġniq-; experience respite
from ~ weather 200 irrailuġaaq-;
extremely ~ (of weather) 200
irriliq-; extremely ~ weather 200
irriġruaq; feel ~ 446 qiiya-, 463
qiusunŋu-; feel very ~ 459 qiqsia-,
qiqisia-; have ~ ears 523
siutaiyaq-; oh, it’s ~ 37 alappaa;
rush in (of ~ air) 296 mayuallak-;
severe, ~ weather 200 irri; suffer
~ feet 203 isigaiyaq-; suffer ~
hands 79 argaiyaq-; very ~
weather 446 qiiyannaq; walk
struggling against the ~ 361
paqqiuq-
cold entry or entryway: 425 qanitchat,
 qanitchaq (Nu, Ti), 606 tuqsruk; in
the ~ 615 uani (Ti)
cold storage: 291 maqpik2, 335 nigliqpik,
446 qiġniq
collar: 473 quŋusiġun; put a ~ on 473
quŋusiġusiq-
collared lemming: 450 qilaŋmiutaq,
qilaŋmiutauraq
collapse: 113 ayalu-; for a house to ~
630 umik(-)1; for a sled to ~ 640
upkulik-; ~ suddenly 172 imuliq-
collect: 238 katiqsri-
collection: 238 katiqsrat
colon: 195 iqłu
color: 437 qaummasiq(-); shade of ~
437 qauniq
coltsfoot: 289 mapkutitaaġruaq
Colville River: 275 Kuukpik
comb: 159 illaigutit; delousing ~ 272
kumaiyaugaurat; ~ one’s hair
159 illaiqsuq-
combination: 87 atautchimuktat
come: 413 qai-; ask someone to ~ 414
qaitqu-; continue to ~ 414
qaiguq-; ~ en masse 414 qaiyaa-;
~ home 22 ai-2, aggiq-; ~ home
joyfully 22 aipqaulligaq-; ~ in en
masse 205 isaa-; ~ loose 13
aggaq-; ~ more frequently than
others do 414 qaisuupiksuaq-; ~
near and pass by 605 tuŋiġuq-;
not ~ out immediately
52 anikallaŋit-, 414 qaikallaŋit-; ~
out (of stars) 655 uvluġirriq-; ~
out steadily 53 aniuq-; ~ to go
through this area 293
maunnaaġiaq-; ~ to stay
291 maaniitchaqtuq-; ~ to visit
414 qaiqattaaq-; urge to ~ 414
qaiqsruq-, qaitquuq-; would not
~ each time 414 qaiŋitchaq-
come from: ~ the N 837 ÷miñŋaq-; ~
where 534 sumiñŋaq-
come from down: ~ here (not visible)
488 samaŋŋaq-; ~ there (visible)
228 kanaŋŋaq-, 631 unaŋŋaq-
1292
come from in there: ~ (not visible) 423
qamaŋŋaq-
come from out there: ~ (visible) 246
kiaŋŋaq-, 410 qaaŋŋaq-; ~, in the
arctic entry (not visible) 485
saŋmaŋŋaq-; ~ in the shed or
the neighbor’s house (not
visible) 418 qaŋmaŋŋaq-
come from over there: ~ (visible) 130
ikaŋŋaq-, 103 avaŋŋaq-; ~ (not
visible) 44 amaŋŋaq-; ~ across
(visible) 11 aaŋŋaq-; ~ across
(not visible) 30 aŋmaŋŋaq-
come from there: ~, up the coast 268
kivaŋŋaq-, 440 qavaŋŋaq-
come from under here: ~ (not visible)
488 samaŋŋaq-1
come from up there: ~ (visible) 381
pikaŋŋaq-, 362 paaŋŋaq-; ~ (not
visible) 368 pamaŋŋaq-; ~ on the
roof of the house (not visible)
366 paŋmaŋŋaq-
come out the other side: 52 aniguq-
comedian: 281 maksaq, 462
qitusuksaun
comfort: 477 quviasaaq-
comforted: 79 araksiu- (Ti)
coming: 414 qaisaq-
command: 593 tilliñ, tiliuq-
commandment: 395 pitquraq
commentator: 642 uqaqti
committee: 391 piraksriqsat, piriksraqtaat
commode: 466 quqtaq
“common” dance song: 95 atuutipiaq(-)
Common Eider: 45 amaullik,
amauligruaq, (Ti) amaulligaaluk
Common Loon: 548 taasiŋiq, taatchiŋiq
Common Murre: 32 akpa, atpa,
akpaaluuraq (Ti)
common river grass: 383 pikniq (Nu)
Common Scoter: 333 nayaŋŋak, 612
tuunġaaġrupiaq, 658 uviñauyuk
Common Snipe: 481 saavġaq, 275
kuukukiaq
communication: be in ~ 608
tusaammati
community: 353 nunaaqqiq
communion: ~ bread 401 punniġuraq,
punniq (Ti)
companion: 148 ila(-), 390 piqan, 613
tuvaaqan; acquire a ~ 24 aippiq-;
be a ~ 564 tappiq-; get a ~ 390
piqasiq-; have a ~ 178 iññiq-;
have a good ~ 149 ilagik-;
provided with a ~ 121 iglu(-);
recruit someone as a ~ 122
iglunnak- (Nu); traveling ~ 120
iglauqan
companionship: provide ~ 178
iññiqsuq-
compass: 557 taktuksiun
compassion: 161 ilunŋusuun, 310
naglikkun; capacity for ~ 310
naglikkutiqaġniq; feel ~ 161
ilunŋu-, 310 nagligi-,
nagligutchak-; deserve ~ 310
naglignaq-
compassionate: 310 naglikkutiqaq-, 311
nagliksraq-, nagliktau-
compel: 85 atanniqsuq-; ~ to V 1031
1 1
mtit- , +pkaq- , 1034 mtitaq(-),
+pkaqtitaq-
compensation: award ~ 360 paaqłiq-;
make ~ and no longer
responsible 85 ataŋaiq-
compete: 49 anaktaq-; ~ in an
interlocked arms game 558
taliġmik-; ~ in a balancing game
5 aanaruuraq(-); ~ in dog racing
458 qipmiġiksilaaq- (Nu); ~ in a
finger-pull competition 79
argagmik-
competent: 501 savitu-
competition: celebrate new year with ~
games 222 kaivit-; challenge
someone to a ~ 49 anakkisaaq-;
feel that one can win in ~ 55
anmigi-; ~ games 461
qitiktuaġutit, 661 yuġaq(-) (Ti),
yuġaliq(-); offer a rematch in ~
49 anakkit-, anaksit- (Ti);
participate in ~ games 49
1293
anaktaq-; participate in wrist-
pull ~ 80 argaunmik-; play ~
games 461 qitik-; replace in ~ 26
akiaq-; surpass in ~ 49 anak-
competitive: become more ~ 507
siimmak-; have ~ spirit 507
siġmaaq-; stir someone increase
~ spirit ~ 507 siimmai-
competitors: paired ~ 121 iglugiit (Ti),
160 illuġiit, 360 paannaġiik (Ti)
complete: 307 naari-, naat-1; ~ despite
the odds 307 naarruaq-
complete a project: lack something to ~
306 naalgiuq-
completed: 173 inillallak- (Ti)
completion: be at final stage of ~ 307
naasaaq-1
complain: 426 qaniġviluk-, 635
unniġluktuq-, 641 uqamayuk-
complaint: 635 unniġluktuun, 641
uqamayuun
compose: ~ a song 95 attuliuq- (Ti)
composition: written ~ 14 aglaaq
computer: 431 qaqasauraq
concave: become 160 iluġri-
conclude: ~ an event 18 aġiusaaq-
condemn: 207 isivġiq-
condemnation: 532 suksraunġiun
condition: 177 iññaq (Nu); one in this ~
210 innaittuaq; reach a certain ~
426 qanuġili-, qanuġili-; return to
the same ~ as before 218 iviqtit-
confess: 59 anuti-, 469 quliaq-; make
someone ~ 469 quliaqtit-
confidence: 319 nalupqisuutairrun; have
~ 338 nikasuŋit-; have ~ in
someone 409 qaamagi-; lack
~ 338 nikasuk-, nikanniuq-
confident: 76 aqpik-2, 319 nalupqisuŋit-,
nalupqisuutait-; 271 kuksrait-, 495
sapiksralait-
confined: 449 qilutaak-
confirm: ~ that one is V, V-ing, or V-ed
860 +nI-1
confiscate: 590 tiguri-2
conflict: be in ~ 654 uumigiik-
confront: 479 saat-1; ~ and argue 480
sanmiraq-; decide to ~ 398
piyuumikkiuti-; ~ each other
aggressively 398 piyumisuuti-
confronted: be ~ disparagingly 479
saatit-
confuse: 37 alavri-, 259 kinnaksai-, 624
ulavri-
confused: 259 kinnaksaq-, 396
pitqusiksrait-; become ~ 36
alapit-, 624 ulapit-, ulavri-, 625
uliptaaqi-; make someone ~ 624
ulapitit-
confusion: 36 alapirrun
congeal: 124 igruq-
congealed: lump of ~ milk 215 ituk
congregate: 231 kanŋuummaq-
congregation: 60 aŋaayyuliqiruat
conjure: ~ supernatural powers 61
aŋatkit-
connect: cause to ~ 237 kasuqtit-; ~
house to municipal utilities 396
pituk(-)
connected: 84 ata-, 222 kaipiktit-, 244
kiapiktit-; ~ to each other 237
kasuummi-
connecting: bone ~ floating ribs to
breastbone 358 nuvuliksraq; ~
ribs to breastbone 202 isatigit; ~
strip between body and sole of
boot 248 kigmiġun, kiŋmiġun,
249 kiipkaġun, 253 killiġuaq,
killiġauraq (Ti), 605 tugnaaq,
tuŋnaaq
connection: source of ~ 85 ataniq
connectors: 85 attatit
considerate: 438 qaunatqik-
conscientiously: work ~ 499
savaałłik-
conscious: 436 qaurima-; partially ~ 1
aaŋayaaq-
consciousness: cause someone to lose ~
106 avaaġniq-; lose ~ 318
naluksrivigruaq-, naluksrit-;
regain ~ 436 qauri-, qauġri-;
regain ~ suddenly 437
1294
qauriñiqłak-
consequence: be of no ~ to another 529
sugiŋit-, suginġiq-, suginŋiq-;
something of ~ 540 suunnaq
consequently: 587 tavraasiiñ
consider: ~ in a certain way 427
qanuqigi-; ~ something to be
acceptable 146 iluaġi-; ~
something to be not acceptable
147 iluigi-
consonant: 551 taiñiġruaq; alveolar ~
249 kigutit tunuaguaqtaq; labial ~
432 qaqłukuaqtaq; pharyngeal ~
128 iggiakuaqtaq; retroflex ~ 426
qanġum qitqaguaqtaq; uvular ~
641 uqalaurakuaqtaq; velar ~ 426
qanġum tunuaguaqtaq
constant: 355 nuŋusuit-; demand ~
attention 70 aptanaq-
constantly: 86 ataramik, 176 iñiġlugu; ~
V 991 -suŋaiññaq-, 825
-łhaiññaq-, -łġaiññaq- (Nu); ~ beg
435 qasilliqsu-; ~ busy 481 sagla-
(Ti); ~ following 283 maliktuaq-,
maliqquk-; moan and groan ~
129 iiqtuaq-; move ~ 383 pikit-;
move around ~ 383 pikaala-;
need attention ~ 438 qaunagnaq-;
one who moans and groans ~
129 iiqhiiluk(-); person who goes
around visiting ~ 661
yuggiqsuuq; ~ scolded 528
suaksiq-
constellation: ~s Orion, Auriga, and
Gemini 122 Iglupiaqtalik; ~
Cassiopeia 219 Ivruqsii; ~Draco
322 Nanmatchiaq; ~ Pleiades 323
Nannuġruit; ~ Ursa Minor 520
Siquvsiqqat, 359 Paatchuktuurat;
~ Cepheus 403 Putyuutchiak
(Nu); ~ Cetus 404 Puuq; ~ of two
small stars which is part of
constellatin Draco 406
Puyyutchiaq; ~ Ursus Major 444
Qayuuttaq; ~ of four stars 476
Qutugruk; ~ Bootes 525 Sivulliik;
 ~ of four stars 606 Tupqit; ~ of
three stars 614 Tuvaat, Tuvaurat
constipated: 584 tattui-; become ~ 50
anallaiq-
contemporary: a ~ 184 iñuuqan; almost
a ~ 184 iñuuqatikavsak
container: 403 puuq(-), 105 avataq,
avataqpak, 161 ilulik; be deep (of
~) 400 puqtu-; be shallow (of ~)
399 pukkit-; berry ~ 23 aimmaq
(Nu); cooking ~ 116 igauġun,
iggan, iggavik, 117 iggavik; dried
stomach or bladder used as a ~
17 aġġutaq1; emptied ~ 164
imaiku(-); fill a ~ with snow 55
aniuliqsuq-; ~ for portioning out
dog food 43 alġun, aluġvik; ~ for
storing arrow feather 534
suluun; get out of a ~ 344 niu-;
hold a ~ underneath another to
catch any spillage 29 akkiqsima-;
~ in which food cures or
ferments 98 autchiivik; load
them into a ~ 133 iksruq-; move
something into another ~ 349
nuksi-; ~ for odds and ends 537
suqaġviuraq; platform on which
snow is placed to melt and drip
into a water ~ 120 iglisiq, iglisit
(Ti); position or place oneself
into a ~ 132 iki-1, iku-; reach into
a ~ 239 kau-; small ~ 540
suummak, 611 tuummaq; small
water ~ 168 imġugauraq; spill by
shaking the ~ 310 naavrik-; ~ to
age whale meat 298 mikigaun;
water ~ 168 imiqaġvik
contempt: hold ~ for someone 262
kipagi-
content: 610 tutqik-
contentious: 430 qapiqtailisalgu-
contentment: 610 tutqiun; cause for ~
217 iviġaun
contiguous United States: arrived from
the ~ 11 aaŋŋaq-; from the ~ 11
aaŋŋa; in the ~ 11 aani; object
1295
obtained from the ~ 12
aaŋŋaqtaq; people from the ~ 11
aaŋŋaġmiut
continual: 355 nuŋusuit-
continue: ~ V-ing 686 +atavIk-,
+lġatavIk-; encourage to ~ 243
kiiqsruq-; purposefully ~ after
being told not to 152 ilaġġi-;
unable to ~ traveling 495
sapnaaq- (Nu); ~ to the next
segment 129 iiguiññaq-; want to
~ 153 ilasi-; ~ without expected
stop 222 kaipqaq-, 244 kiapqaq-
continue to: ~ add 151 ilaraġaq-, ilauq-;
~ answer 267 kiuma-, kiumŋa-
(Ti); ~ blame 373 pasiuq-; ~ boil
~ 420 qalauq-; ~ cast out 53
anitaġaq-; ~ catch up 66 aŋusuk-;
~ come 414 qaiguq-; ~ creak 597
tiriiqila-; ~ cry inconsolably 483
saimmallaiq-; ~ discard, throw
away 118 igitqataq-; ~ disturb
152 ilaġġisigi-; ~ do 202
isagunŋa-; ~ do something
pleasant or beneficial 621
uiviili-; ~ doubt 37 alguaqtuq-
(Ti), 81 arguaqtuq-; ~ encourage
tenderly 79 araaġi-; ~ flash 437
qaummatitaq-; ~ follow 282
maliġuaq-; ~ get closer 421
qalliiññaq-; ~ get sick 147
iluilliqpiiññaq-; ~ get worse 147
iluilliqsiiññaq-; ~ grind one’s
middle finger against something
507 siimiaq- (Nu); ~ hop 356
nuttagaq-; ~ laugh 1 aaqsallaiq-; ~
lengthen 129 iiguuq-; ~ make
boots 227 kammiuq-; ~ make
mistakes 254 killukuaqtaq-; ~
meet 231 kanŋuuma-; ~ open 16
agmalat-, aŋmalat-; ~ point 591
tikkuaqtuq-; ~ pull 49 amuuq-,
355 nuqiiq-, nuqiittaq-, nuqiqsraq,
nuqimik-; ~ push 593 tinuraq-; ~
remain calm 504 siaksruisaaq-; ~
repeat unintentionally 625
 uliqqataq-; ~ respond 29 akiuq-; ~
say “yes” 64 aŋŋaq-; ~ smell an
odor 312 naima-; ~ strain at
harness or line 449 qiluqipagaq-;
~ taste 653 uuksiraġaq-; ~ tell lies
482 sagluqiraq-; ~ test 653
uuktuq-; ~ use as tradition 96
atuuma- (Ti); ~ wait 649 utaqqik-;
~ want 394 pisuuma-; ~ work
very hard 486 sakuk-, sakuuk-; ~
worsen 147 iluilliqsiiññaq-
continuously: 534 sunun aglaan; beg ~
456 qiññuaqtuqtuiññaq-; cook ~
116 igauq-; cry ~ 444 qirruk-;
drink ~ 168 imillak-, 169
imiqtuaq-; drip ~ 274 kusiqsuaq-;
exit ~ 53 aniuq-; flow ~ 290
maqiugaq-; pull ~ 355 nuqiiq-;
talk cooingly to someone ~ 472
qunuugaq-; walk in and out the
door ~ 359 paaqtuqit-; work ~
until completion 500
savaktuiññaq-
continuum: break in ~ 507 sirruġaġniq
contract1: 281 maqpiġarriaq
sivunniutikun
contract2: ~disease 324 naŋirrutinnak-
contract3: 193 iqirġaq-, iqiraġaq-
contradict: 152 ilatchiŋit-, 360
parraqłak-, 621 ukaŋŋaaq-
contradiction: 27 akilliliqsuun
contrary: 254 killukuaŋa-, 360 paaqłaŋa-;
proceed despite advice to the ~
526 sivunmuu-
control: 85 atanniqsima-; loose ~ 100
aullai-; unable to ~ 376 paya-
conundrum: 318 nalunaġniq
convalesce: 295 mavsiq-
conversation: have a lively ~ 643
uqqaaġik-
convex: 52 aniŋa-
convince: 643 uqayut-; hard to ~ 506
siġġaġnaq-
convinced: 283 maliksuktitau-, 623
ukpiq-; easily ~ 623 ukpiqtau-
convulsion: have a ~ 359 paa-, 463
1296
qiuġruq- (Ti); have an epileptic ~
446 qiiqsruq-
cook: 116 igari, iga(-);~ an animal head
334 niaqqiuq-; ~ a N 801 -liuq-; ~
by boiling 116 igapiaq-; ~ fresh
meat 66 aŋunġiuq-; put meat in a
pot to ~ 116 igarriq-; ~ using hot
rocks 659 uyaqqiuġuti-
cooked food: 116 igaaq
cookie: 432 qaqqulauraq, qaqquliayaaq
(Ti)
cooking: ~ grate 650 utkutchiqpik;
earthen ~ pot 117 igavaun; ~ pot
116 igauġun, 450 utkusik,
ukkusik, 468 qulivsiun, 403
puggutaq; rope and hook to hold
~ pot 650 utkusiutaq
cool: 335 niglaumaaq(-), nigliñaq-; add
ice or cold water to ~ something
335 niglit-; become ~ 335 niglaq-,
niglaqsiq-; blow on something to
~ 335 niglisaaq-; set aside to ~
335 niglaqsiq-
cool: 79 araq, araqhaa, 9 aarigaa
cooperate: ~ well 360 paammaaġik-,
paammaġik-
cooperation: 360 paammaaġiigñiq
cooperative: 360 paammaaġik-,
paammaġik-, 386 pilluġik-
copper: 231 kanŋuyak, kanŋuyaq (Nu),
kannuyaq (Ti)
Copper Inuit: 419 Qakmalialuit (Nu)
copulate: 351 nulik-; ~ (of animals) 343
nipitaq-
copy: make a ~ 81 arrili-
cordial: 43 alumiġaq-
core: soft ~ of tree 509 sikkat
corkscrew: 458 qivyaq (Ti)
corned beef: 611 tuttuġluayaaq (Ti)
corner: 194 iqirġaq, 232 kaŋiġalluk, 591
tiġitquq; ~ post 232 kaŋiġalluum
ayaŋa; to ~ someone or
something 232 kaŋiġaaqtit-
cornered: ~ by hunter 232 kaŋiġaaq-
corporation: 231 kanŋut
corpse: 472 quŋuq (Nu); buried ~ 162
 iluviq
corral: build a ~ 233 kaŋiqqiuq-;
caribou ~ 232 kaŋiġaq(-),
kaŋiġaq sisamalik (Nu); caribou ~
with four rows of snares 520
sisamailik (Nu); to ~ caribou 232
kaŋiġaqtuq-; site for caribou ~
232 kaŋiġaqtuġvik
correct: be ~146 iluaq-, iłuaq-; to ~ 146
iluaqsruq-, iłuaqsruq-, iluaġruq-
(Ti)
corruption: 291 maqurrun
cosmetics: 315 nakuuqsautit
cost: 26 aki(-)
cotton grass: 74 aqłakataq, 367
palliksraq, 453 qimmiurat
cottonwood poplar: 341 ninŋuq2
cotton wormwood: 497 sargiq
cough: 466 quiq-, quiġluk- (Ti), quiqsuq-,
quqhiq-, quqhik-; have slight ~
466 quiqłuk-
coughing fit: have ~ 466 quiġutchak-
couple: married ~ 351 nuliaġiik
council: 84 atanaurat
counsel: receptive to ~ 642
uqautisuġnaq-
counselor: 513 silġiqsuiri
count: 266 kisit-; item included in the ~
266 kisisaq2
counted: items already ~ 266 kisisaat
courtroom: 207 isivġiqsivik
cousin: 49 anaaq (Ti), 60 aññaq, 540
suunaaq (Nu); cross~ 160 illuq,
illualuk; matrilineal parallel ~
19 aġnaqan; paternal ~ 160
illuayaaq (Ti); patrilineal
parallel ~ 68 aŋutiqan; woman’s
female ~ 654 uumaaq
Covenant Box: 487 Salumaruaq
Kiguunniq
cover: 294 matu(-), 379 piġu(-), 406
qaa(-), qaaq (Nu); 630 umik(-);
379 piġuuq-, 408 qalliq(-);
caribou skin tent ~ 592 tilaiññiit
(Nu); clothing ~ 479 saakutaq; ~
completely 379 piġu(-); outer
1297
~ 408 qaliġuaq; protective ~ for
index and middle finger 449
qillutik; remove ~ 630 umŋiq-; ~
tent frame with skins 211
itchauq- (Nu); ~ with a blanket
101 aummisi- (Nu), 624 ulik(-); ~
with rocks 659 uyaġaaq-; ~ with
sand 441 qaviat-; ~ with snow,
sand, or earth 498 sau-
covered: become ~ with dew 617
uġġuk-; become ~ with frozen
rain crystals (of ground) 500
saviqquuraqtit-; become ~ with
thin ice (of water) 510 sikuaq(-);
~ porch 551 taġġisimavik; ~ with
animal hair 492 sannak-; ~ with
floating ice 511 sikut-; ~ with
hard snow (of trap) 367 paluq-2
(Nu)
covering: door ~ 559 talu(-) (Nu); extra
~ 407 qaakutaq; ~ of hard snow
to conceal trap 294 matuaq, 630
umigaq (Nu); put a ~ 407
qaakutaq-; remove the skin ~ of
umiak, kayak, or drum 47
amiiq-, amiiyaq-; skin ~ of kayak
443 qayyiñġaq (Nu); skin ~ of
umiak 46 amiq(-); tent ~ 210
itcha(-), itchaq, itchat; top ~ 408
qaliq(-)
coveralls: 86 ataraak, atarruuk (Ti), 162
ilupiqquk, ilupiġuk, 469 quliksak
covet: 138 ikłik-, ikłigi-, 241 kaviuq-,
kaviuġi-, 609 tusu-; ~ a person
eating but is unable to join in
128 iisaq-2; ~ a dead person’s
possession 385 piliñġu-
coveted: 241 kaviuġnaq-, kaviuqtau-
covetous: become ~ 241 kaviuġutchak-
covetousness: 241 kaviuqqun; 609
tutchun
cow: domesticated ~ 170 immulivik
co-husband: ~ in a polyandrous
marriage 68 aŋutauqan,
 23 aippaq, 351 nuliaqan; two
men who are ~s 351
nuliaqatigiik
co-parents-in-law: 352 nulliġiik(-)
co-wife: 23 aippaq
coyote: 45 amaġuuraq
crab: 406 puyyugiaq, 402 putuguqsiuyuk
crack: 327 naqtuġaaq(-) (Ti), 474 qupsaq-
(Ti); an open ~ 466 qukhaq(-),
473 quppaq; develop small ~s
466 qukhiq- (Nu); grow (of ~) 473
quppaġuq-; ~ in ice covered with
snow 473 qumniq; ~ in multiple
places 474 quvluula-; to ~
lengthwise 473 qupi(-); not
develop ~s easily 474
quvluliyait-; small ~s which fan
out through ice or glass 466
qukhiaq (Nu)
cracker: small ~ 432 qaqqulauraq,
qaqquliayaaq (Ti)
crackle: 289 mapkuluk-, 350 nukłuq-
cramp: 223 kakiplugun (Nu), 449 qilu(-);
get a ~ 223 kakiplugusiq- (Nu);
have abdominal ~s 309
narraaġiit-; have a muscle ~ 449
qiluqqit- (Nu)
cramped: 570 tattuqit-
cranberry: lowbush ~ 257 kimmigñaq1
cranium: 334 niaquq
cranky: 180 iñugiit-, 632 unasuk-
crash: ~ against shore (of waves) 410
qaaq(-) (Nu); ~ into 72 apuq-,
apuġnik-; ~ into suddenly 72
apusatit-
crave: ~ change of diet 109 avusuk-; ~
food 128 iipak-, 296 mialuksaq-,
mialuksi-
crawl: 359 paammak-
crazy: 259 kinnaŋa-, kinnaŋaaq-; act ~
259 kinniqi-; become ~ 259
kinnaġuq-, 208 isumaiq-; cause
someone to become ~ 259
kinni-; ~ person 258 kinnaq;
slightly ~ 259 kinnaŋakavsak-
creak: 446 qiiqiġiiluk-
1298
creaking noise: ~ made by frozen snow
when walked, ran, or crawled
upon 448 qikiġġaq; make ~ 445
qiġġiġġaq- (Ti), 448
qikiġġaaqpaluk-, qikiġġaqtaq-
creator: ~ in Iñupiaq mythology 601
tuluŋiksraq
creditor: 26 akiilaqtuqtitchiri
creep: 359 paamġuq-
crest: ~ of bird 354 nuŋŋaq; rolling ~ of
wave on ocean 626 ulivrik(-)
crestless: ~ wave 388 piŋu(-)
Crested Auklet: 194 iqsralik
crew: ~ of N 1035 -tkuk/t
cribbing: wall ~ 503 sayyagiitkutaq; ~ of
entrance door 104 avalu(-)
crime: 386 pimaqłuun
crimp: ~ a boot sole 249 kiiraq-; easy to
~ 249 kiirayunaq-
crimping pliers: 249 kiiraunnak
cripple: 661 yapu; 344 niugallak
criterion: 316 nalaunŋaruksraq
critic: 452 qimilġuiri
critically: improve in health after being
~ ill 181 iñuksraŋŋuq-; observe ~
313 naipiqtuq-
criticism: endure ~ 286 manimmi-
criticize: 28 akiŋŋaq-; 109 avutqak-, 284
mamiasaaq-
criticized: become distressed due to
being ~ 284 mamiatchak-
crooked: 197 iquisit-, iquŋa-, 496
saquŋa-, 525 sivukkiit-;
slightly ~ 496 saquŋakavsak-
crop: bird’s ~ 404 puviaq; ptarmigan’s
~ 404 puviatchiaq
cross1: 61 aŋarrauraq, aŋarraak,
aŋarraurak (Ti)
cross one’s arms: 234 kapiksi-, 222
kaipiksi-, kaipiksimaaq-, 244
kiapiksi-, kiapiksimaaq-
crossbar: 492 sanniġutaq; blocked with
~ 492 sanniġutchiq-
crossbeam: front ~ of kayak 293
masik; rear ~ of kayak 121
iglaaq; ~ behind hatch of kayak
 110 ayaaġun; ~ of tent frame
467 qukłuk
cross brace: ~ of blanket toss 447 qiki
cross-cut saw: 263 kivluun
cross fox: 444 qianġaq
crosspiece: ~ on bed of sled 121 iglaaq,
131 ikaaqsaaġun, 492
sanniġutaq, sanniqsaq; break (of
~ on sled bed) 653 uukkalik-; ~
on sled handle 376 payaŋaiyaun
cross rib in deck of kayak: 110
ayaaqsaaġun
cross over: 131 ikak-1, ikaaq-, 395
pitluk-; easy to ~ 131 ikaayunaq-
crotch: 317 nalikkaak, nalikkak
crouch: 470 qumaq-; ~ down (of animal)
367 palluq-
crouching position: stalk in ~ 591
tiġiksruq-
crowberry: 83 asiavik (Ti); leaves of ~
376 paunġaqutit
crowd: 180 iñuġaaġruk, 183 iñusalait
crown: ~ of head 241 kavraq2
crown (ornate headdress): 334 niaquġun
crucifix: 61 aŋarrauraq, 492 sanniġutaq
(Ti)
cruel: 309 naglikkutait-, 392 pisaaŋa-,
pisaaŋati-
crumb: 230 kanalluq, kanġalluq,
kanŋaluk (Ti); ~s 230 kanuqqait
crumble: 600 tuksruk-
crumple: 475 quqquq-, 627 ulluaq-
crumpled: 627 ulluuŋa-, ulluaŋa- (Ti)
crunch: 433 qaqquluu-
crunchy: ~ item 433 qaqquluk
crush: 236 karumit-
cry: 444 qia-; ~ continously 444 qirruk-;
make someone ~ 444 qiari-,
qiarriññik-; make someone ~
repeatedly 444 qiamilat-; ~
repeatedly 1 aaraġaq-; ~ violently
1 aa-; ~ wanting to go with
someone 328 natchik-
cry out in pain: 81 ariila-
cry out long and loud: 107 aviu-,
aviuliq-
1299
crybaby: 444 qirranaaq
crying: stop ~ 483 saimmaq-
crystal: 437 qaulluq, qaulluuraq,
qaummałuk, qaummałuuraq, 443
qayuŋnilik
cube: 194 iqirġalik
cuddly: 119 iglignaq-
cumulonimbus cloud: qaliquttaq (Ti)
cumulus cloud: 652 uunnaqłuqun,
uunaġnaqun; scattered ~s 195
iqłapqutaq
cunning: 392 pisaasuq-
cup: 168 imġun, 422 qallun, qallugauraq
cure meat: 98 autchii-
curl: ~ hair 26 agaliksaq (Ti), 457
qivralugauraq(-)
curly: ~ hair 26 agaliŋa-, akatiŋa-
current: see ocean current, river
current
curse: 61 aŋatkuaq-, aŋatkuk-, 158
ilisiiyaq-; 641 uqallaqłuun; 641
uqamaqłuk-, uqamaqługvigi-,
uqamaqłuuti-
curtain: 559 talukiyaaq
custom: 385 pilġusiq, 391 piraġausiq,
533 suliġusiq (Nu)
customarily: ~ when one V-s 1129
+t/runi; ~ when one is V-ed 1129
+k/gaiññi
cut: ~ it 263 kipi-; ~ in half 107 avik-,
263 kivliq-; ~ a piece 107 aviksi-;
~ hair 263 kivraq-, 486 sali-; ~
into lengths ~ 263 kivluq-; with
scissors 486 sali-; ~ sod 408 qaat-
cut and wound: ~ repeatedly 256
killiaq-, killiaqtuq- (Nu)
cut through the water: 474 quppiula-
(Nu)
cut up raw, frozen meat or fish: 464
qurri-
cut-off piece: 263 kippaq
cute: 6 aaññaŋaaq-, 11 aattaiq-; oh how ~
11 aattai, 50 anaŋŋaa (Ti)
cutting board: 107 avguġvik, avguivik,
240 kaugaqsivik, 653 uukłivik
cutting implement: 107 avguun
cutting teeth: 525 sivuġat
D consider too ~ 332 naviagi-; ~,
dairy: 170 immulivik
dall sheep: 171 imnaiq, 190 ipnaiq (Nu)
damage: ~ one’s N 699 +[g]iilI-; ~
baleen 538 suqqaaq-
damaged: become ~ 540 suurraaq-
damp: 18 aġiñaq-, aġiññaq(-), 23 ailaq-,
82 arruumaaq-; become ~ 18
aġit-, 301 mitchak-; ~, cool
weather 23 ailaġnaq(-); let
something become ~ 82
arruksiaq-; ~ (of ground) 293
masak(-); ~ snow 293
masallak(-)
dampen: 166 imaqtiq-
dampening skin: 166 imaqsiñ
damper of stovepipe: 476 quuqłiġun,
630 umiktaun (Ti); close ~ 476
quuqłiq-, 630 umiktaq- (Ti)
dampness: 23 aillaq
dance: ~ American style ~ 65 aŋŋuaq-
(Ti), 229 kanaakkiu-, 399 pualla-
(Nu); go out and ~ with another
who is already dancing 480
saavviqi-; ~ holding a fan and
swaying 660 uyupqaq- (Nu); ~
Iñupiaq style~ 17 aġġi-,
61aŋayu-, 660 uyuk-, 616
uamipiaq-, uamit-; ~ low to the
floor 326 naqikłilauraq-; make
small ~ movements 430
qapiksaq- (Ti); ~ like a man (of
a woman) 68 aŋutau-
dance a choreographed dance: 503
sayuq-
dance headdress: loon’s bill ~ 505
sigguktaak, sigguktaq
dancehall: Iñupiaq ~ 17 aġġivik; non-
Iñupiaq ~ 229 kanaakkiuvik
dances: perform Iñupiaq ~ 61
aŋayuuq-
dandruff: 197 iqsu
danger: in ~ 51 anayanniuq-; feel ~ 332
navianniuq-, 235 kappiasuk-
1300
dangerous: 51 anayanaq-, 196
iqsiñaq-; 332 navianaq-;
of ice 323 naŋiaġnaq-; not ~ 196
iqsiñait-
daring: 324 naŋiit-, 628 uluġiasuuralait-
dark: 288 maŋaq-, 547 taaqsi-; become
~ (of day) 548 taaqsiuti-; feel
one’s way in the ~ 374 patala-,
pattala- (Ti); have difficulty
seeing in the ~ 548 taaqsiulguit-;
very ~ 548 taatchaatun
dark and gloomy: 437 qaumaavyuk-
darkness: 547 taaq(-), taaġniq; not be
adjusted to ~ (of eyes) 547
taaqsima-; show signs of ~ 548
taaqtuliq-; stay in ~ 547 taaġmiu-
darting gun: 331 nauligaun; ~ with
harpoon toggle head and a large
wooden handle 400 puktaraġaq
daughter: 370 panik; parent and ~ 370
panigiik; step~ 370 paniksraq
daughter-in-law: 624 ukuaq
dawn: 437 qau-, qagguvik, qaurugraq
(Ti), 655 uvlaatchiaq,
uvluayaaq(-); ~ steadily 437
qausaġataq-; wait for ~ 437
qautchiq-, qautchiġruq-
day: 656 uvluq(-); ~ after tomorrow
636 uŋaliagu, uŋalliagu (Nu),
655 uvlaakutqigu; all ~ long 656
uvlupaiqługu; ~ before
yesterday 635 unnugmatqik, 636
uŋaliani, uŋalliani (Nu), 138
ikpaksratqik; during the ~ 656
uvlumi; spend the ~ 655 uvli-;
third ~ 656 uvluk piŋayuak
days: several ~ ago 138 ikpaksraaq, 428
qaŋakisuuraq; in a few ~ 138
ikpaksraaġu
daybreak: 437 qagguvik
daylight: 656 uvluu-; amount of ~ 656
uvluqtutilaaq; become ~ 437
qaummak-; become longer (of
~) 518 siqiññak-; 656 uvluqtusi-;
source of ~ 656 uvluun
dead: act like one ~ 607 tuqunaraġri-; ~
animal or person 607
tuquŋaraq; remains of ~ game
animal 452 qilluq; (Nu) find
remains of ~ game animal 452
qilli-; the ~ who will return some
day 621 uivvaqsaat
deaf: 608 tusaalait-; become ~ 608
tusillaq-; partially ~ 608
tusaarraġiit-, tusarraġiit-
dear: my ~ N 880 -ŋ
death: 606 tuqqun; close to ~ 377
piaġiiq-, 419 qakuaglaaġnaq-;
nearing ~ before one’s time to
die 175 inuaqsi-; escape ~ 383
pilluk-
debate: have a ~ 642 uqavaaq-
debt: 26 akiġruun (Ti), akiilaq(-), 172
imuŋaaq (Ti)
decapitate: 334 niaquiq-
decay: 291 maquli-
deceitful: 392 pisaasuq-
deceive: 481 sagluqi-
deceived: 482 sagluqipkaq-
December: 2 Aagruliġvik, 222
Kaivirvik, 518 Siqiñġilaq, 631
¤Umiqsraġvik, Umigraġvik, 655
Uvluilaq, 660 Uyaliġvik
deception: 481 saglun, 482 sagluqun
decide: 209 isummiq-, 398
piyuumitchak-, 526 sivunniq-; ~
to V 1108 +yumaatchIq-
decompose: 96 au-
decrease: 150 ilaŋŋaq-; ~ amount of V-
ing 882 ±ŋakłI-; ~ in volume of
contents 164 imakikłi-
deduce: ~ that N should be possessed
763 -ksramaaq-
deep: 90 atchik-, 211 iti-; ~ hole
465 quġġiq; very ~ 303 mitait-
deep water by the shore: 475 qutailaq
deeper: become ~ 90 atchiksi-
deck: ~ of playing cards 377 piannat
defame: 494 saŋut-
defeat: 26 akiili-, 27 akiisit-; admit ~ 495
sappit-; be unable to ~ someone
1301
376 paya-; conclusively ~ 366
palaq-
defeated: 27 akiit-, 274 kutchuq-
defecate: 50 anaq(-), 291 maqu-2
defend: 28 akisauti-; 152 ilatchiŋit-; not ~
oneself 152 ilatchiq-, ilatchiaq-
deference: 447 qiksiksraun
defiled: 487 salumait-
definitely: 540 suuramik unnii, 323
nanmiñiq
deflate: 340 nilit-, 404 puviiq-
deflector: snow ~ 28 akiłhun; set a snow
~ 28 akiłuliq-
degraded: ~ person 179 iñuaġruk
dehaired: ~ sealskin boots 321
nalukatautik, 328 natchiviaq (Nu)
delay: 6 aannagutaaq-, 8 aaqagutaaq-,
175 iñaviqqutaq(-), 300
miñaumigi-
delayed by blizzard: 17 agniñġu-
delegate: 593 tilirauruaq
deliberately: 392 pisaq-, pisaaġi-; V ~
873 +niuraaq-, 956 +saaġi-
delinquent: ~ (of bills to be paid) 407
qaaŋiuti-
deliver: ~ a package 143 ilaaguaq- (Ti)
delouse: 493 saŋik-; ~ in a leisurely,
relaxed manner 493 saŋiksuaq-
demanding: 85 atanġusuk-; become ~ 85
atanġutchak-
demeanor: 177 iññaq (Nu); improve
one’s ~ 146 iluaqsaq-, iłuaqsaq-
demon: 159 ilitqusiqłuk
den: animal ~ 521 sisi, siñ (Nu), 520
sirraq2; do into ~ for the winter
630 umŋuti-; winter ~ for female
polar bear 54 aniguyyaq
denial: 379 piilaaġniq
denigrated: ~ person 179 iñuaġruk
dense: 659 uvsik-
dent: 475 quqquq-
dentist: 248 kigusiqiri; ~ tools 248
kigusiqqutit
deny: ~ knowledge of 379 piilaaq(-),
piilatchi-, piilaaġi-, piilaaġuti-
deodorant: 595 tipaiyaun
deodorizer: 595 tipaiyaun, tipigiksaun destruction: 532 suksraunġiqsat
depart: 100 aullaq-, 112 ayak-2, 486 detach: completely ~ 84 ataiq-
sakkiq-; ~ quickly 53 anisiq- detachable: ~ harpoon head 444
deplete: 355 nuŋuri-3, nuŋut-, 355 qialġun; ~ spearhead 330
nuŋutchi-; ~ N 728 :Iġuti- naulaq
depleted: 354 nuŋu-, 530 suiq- detached: become ~ 84 ataiq-, 85
depleted of liquid: 219 ivsaiq- ataŋiq-1,
depopulate: 181 iñukpaluiq- deteriorate: have one’s N ~ 699
depressed: become ~ 190 ipiqtutchak- +[g]iilI-
depression1: 189 ipiqtunaq- determined: 338 nikait-, 526
depression2: ~ in sea ice filled with sivunmuu-; ~ to do something
water 141 ikuġaaq(-), 408 definite 398 piyumisuvik-
qaapkaġniq (Ti), 408 qaatchiñiq detest: 312 naġġugipiallak-
depth: 211 itiniq detestable: 312 naġġunapiaġataq-
derision: 262 kipaun detritus: 230 kanuqqait
descend: 55 anmuk-, 91 atqaq-, 89 deuce (in playing cards): 515 simmaun,
arvaq-, 341 niŋi-; ~ en masse 91 simmiun, simmaugauraq, 613
atqaa- tuusiuraq
descendant: 261 kiŋuniq, kiŋuvaaq, 330 develop: ~ a strong tendency to V 989
330 nauniq(-) +[s]uksI-
desease: 324 naŋirrun device: 530 suġusiq
desert: 353 nunagluktuaq devil: 612 tuunġaq(-)
deserted: ~ place 180 iñuilaaq; find the devious: 392 pisaasuq-
place ~ 180 iñuillaġuti- devoid: become completely ~ of N 729
design: 455 qiññaq, qiññaksraq; have :Iġutiuraq-
large, repeating ~ designs 14 dew: 219 ivsa, ivsaq, 617 uġġuksraaq(-);
aglaktu-; have no ~ 14 aglait-; become covered with ~ 617
tusk-shaped ~ 242 kayuaġun, 288 uġġuk-; for ~ to be on the
manusiñik, manusiññak ground 219 ivsaliq-; wet from ~
desirable: be equally ~ 317 naliġunaq- 617 uġġuu-
desire: 142 ilaŋa-, 257 kimiñaq- (Ti), dewclaw: 276 kuvluġuq
263 kipiġniuġun, 264 kipiqqutigi-; dexterous: 99 aularruġik-, 392
383 piksramaaq-; lose ~ to V pirraġik-
968+sausiiq-; not have the ~ to V diagonal: ~ line 537 supiaq; make a ~
992 +[s]uvyuaq-; ~ to V 1111 line 537 supiaq-; travel in a ~
+yumman line 537 supiaq-
desk: 14 aglagvik diagonally: sail ~ to the wind 537
desolation: 532 suksraaqtaupiallagniq supiaġaq-
despair: 532 suksraaqtaupiallagniq dialect: not speak ~ correctly 604
despite: ~ the fact that one may V 809 tuŋautqutaq-; speak with
-llatuaq- different ~ 274 kutak-
despondent: 189 ipiqtusuk-; become ~ dialects: 642 uqautchit
190 ipiqtutchak- diamond: ~ dust 200 irriqutit; ~ (suit in
destroy: 520 siqupsi-, siquvsi-, 532 playing cards) 146 illulik, 602
suksraunġiq-, 291 maqut-; ~ a N tumiŋŋuaq (Ti); something
764 -ksraunġIq- ~shaped 146 illulik

1302
diaper: 280 makkaq(-); children’s fur
breeches with hole for ~ 227
kamaaluk (Ti); moss used as ~
280 makkaksraq (Nu); put a ~ on
280 makkaq(-); spongy moss
dried and used for ~ liner 618
uġru; wash ~s 280 makkiqi-;
wear ~s 280 makkaqtuq-
diaper rash: have a ~ 652 uuq-
diaphragm: 230 kanivaun, 298 milik
(Nu), miligaq
diarrhea: 212 itisiaq; have ~ 50
anaqhiaq-, anaqtaq-, 160 iluaq-2,
212 itiktaq-, itigiaq-, itiksi-,
did (indicative): ~ V 1118 +t/rua- plus I;
~ V someone or something
1118, 1121 +t/raq-
did (interrogative): ~ V 1117, 1120
+p/va, +p/vi
die: 551 taġniġiq- (Nu), 606 tuqu-; ~
because of 607 tuqqutigi-; ~ en
masse 607 tuquġaq-; ~ from
overeating 336 niġġiññailik-; ~ in
one’s sleep 212 itiŋit- ; think that
one is about to ~ 94 attaġri-; ~
suddenly 356 nusilik-, 400
puksiññaq-
die to the last one: 261 kiŋullak-
diesel: ~ oil 645 uqsruġruaq
diet: 371 pannaksaq-; crave a change of
~ 109 avusuk-; grow up with it in
one’s ~ 180 iñuguqsautigi-
different: find ~ 624 ulgiagi-, ulgiasuk-
(Ti)
difficult: ~ to do 485 sakiġnaq-
difficulty: have ~ in V-ing 806 -llaiq-; V
with ~ 910 -pqaqtaq-
diffident: 94 attaqsraq-
dig: 346 nivak-, 80 argaq-; ~ furiously
with hands or paws 365
paksrala-; ~ through 365 pagrak-
(Ti)
dim: 547 taaqsilaaq-
dime: 589 tiansauraq
diminutive: ~ N 890 ±ŋuraq, 1074 :uraq;
~ person or animal 15
1303
aglisuilauraq
dimple: 162 ilutuniq (Ti), 211 itiqsraq,
itiġraq (Ti)
dinosaur: 337 niġrułłuk
dip: 302 misuk-; food ~ 43 alugraaq(-)
(Ti); ~ food into seal oil 43
alugraaq(-) (Ti); ~ out 422
qalutaq-; seal oil ~ 302
misiġaaq(-); ~ wings (of an
airplane) 202 isaqqila-
dipnet: 421 qalu(-)
dipper: 168 imġusiq, imġusiuraq, 422
qallun, qalusiġaq (Nu), 444
qayuuttaq; small ~ 169
immiugauraq
dipthong: 599 tugliġiik
direction: 526 sivuniq, 647 urriqsuun;
going which ~ 529 sugnamuk-;
fly in every ~ 594 tiŋmiġala-;
from which ~ 529 sugnamiñ;
from which ~ is the wind
blowing 529 sugniqpa; give ~ 647
urriqsuq-, urriqsuuti-; head in a
specific ~ 526 sivunniq- (Nu); one
situated farthest in the ~ from
which the wind is blowing 81
arguqłiq; ~ in which one is
heading 526 sivunniġvik (Nu);
process of changing ~ (of wind)
305 mumiqqaq; separate from
one another and go in different
~s 104 avanmuk-; shatter, flying
in every ~ 380 piksagaala-; ~
toward inland 254 kilulliq;
travel down to the coast in a
northwest ~ 392 piruġaaq-; travel
down to the coast in a
southwesterly ~ 615 uanmuk-;
travel in an upstream ~ on ice or
land 205 isiqsaaq-; travel in what
~ 529 sugnamuk-; turn, changing
~ 496 saqu-, saqut-; turn in the
desired ~ 525 sivukkiaq- (Nu),
sivukkiq-; turn quickly, looking
in different ~s 463 qiviqit-; walk
out in the ~ of open water 295
 maut-; what ~ 427 qanunmun;
which ~ 535 suŋnamun;
windward ~ 81 arguġnaq; wrong
~ 254 killunmun; see from (that
direction) over there
dirt: 189 ipiq2; get ~ on one’s face 262
kippii-; ~ on face 262 kipak (Ti)
dirty: 189 ipqu-, 131 ikkiiq-; become ~
132 ikakłiqi-, ikkak-, ikkaktit-,
189 ippak-; very ~ one 189
ipiqviiññaq
disagree: 29 akiuġuti-
disagreeable: 25 aka-: ~ person 179
iñugiilaq
disagreement: 92 atiŋirrun; have a ~ 91
atinġiq-, 92 atiŋŋit- (Ti)
disappear: 562 tammaulliq-, ~ into the
shadows 551 taġġit-; ~ from view
559 talit-
disappointed: 430 qapiqpaŋa-
disapproval: elicit ~ 201 iruġnaq-;
express ~ 201 iruġi-
disapprove: 426 qanmigi-
disassembled: ~ item 64 aŋivraaq,
aŋiptaq
disaster: 147 iluirrutiqpak
discard: 118 igit-2, 195 iqqaq-
disciple: 155 ilitchitquraq, 282 maliġuaqti
discipline: 329 natqiksruq-, natqiksruun
discomfort: 610 tutqiili-
disconcerting: find ~ 163 iłuigi-
disconnect: ~ power to one’s house 263
kipi-, kivri-
disconnected: 84 atait-
discouraged: 430 qapiŋa-; become ~ 339
nikatchak-, 494 sapiliq-; become
~ and quit 430 qapiq-2; cause to
become ~ 339 nikatchai-; easily ~
430 qapiya-; try not to become ~
430 qapiqsaili-
discrete: 438 qaunakłaaq-
discretion: 438 qaunakłaaġun
discuss: 640 uqaġaaq-
discussion: 233 kaŋiqsiuvsaaġniq; hold a
~ 233 kaŋiqsiuvsaaq-
disease: 324 naŋirrun; catch a ~ 10
1304
aannik-; keep catching ~s from
others 10 aannigaq-
disgraceful: 231 kanŋunaq-
disgusted: ~ by 409 qaaliŋagi-
disgusting: 386 pilupiallak-
dish rag: 616 uaqtiġun
disharmony: cause of ~ 25 akarrun
dishes: wash ~ 403 puggutchiqi-,
puugutchiqi- (Ti), puggutauriqi-,
422 qallugauriqi-
dishonor: 540 suuŋilaġi-
disinfectant: toilet ~ 466 quqsiqun
dislocate ~ a joint: 332 navyaaq-, 383
pilluaqi-, pillui-, pilluktit-
dislike: 180 iñugluaġi-, 297 miġvigi-,
miġvisuk- (Nu); 312 naġġugi-,
386 pilugi-; intensely ~ 386
pilugipiallak-; ~ V-ing 990
+[s]ulait-
dismember: ~ at the joints 332
navyaaqtiq-; ~ caribou feet 383
pilaaq- (Nu)
disobedient: 226 kamakkutait-, 642
uqaqsiġiit-
display: 286 mannisaq, mani-; ~ for sale
313 naivak- (Ti)
displeasure: show ~ wrinkling nose 457
qiŋałłuak-; voice ~ repeatedly 8
aaqqaala-
disposition: 200 irrusiq; have a bad ~
209 irrusiġiit-; have a good ~ 209
irrusiġik-
disrupt: 25 akatchi
disruptive: 25 akatchi-
dissension: cause for ~ 25 akarrun,
akałłuqutau-; 312 naġluŋŋatigi-
distance: ~ between objects 34 akullaq;
be in the ~ 105 avasit-; be long,
of distance 137 ikiqtu-; be short,
of ~ 137 ikikit-
distinct: 319 nalunait-; become ~
318 nalunaiq-
distinguish: ~ between items 265
kipuyuŋaiq-
distorted: for the horizon to be ~ due to
air distortion 176 iñipkaġaa
 silam, iŋipkaġaa silam; become ~
197 iqu-
distract: 36 alapisaaq-, 624 ulapisaaq-;
purposely ~ 173 inat-
distress: assist in times of distress 183
iñuuli-; cause emotional ~ 57
anniġñaq(-); feel ~ 284 mamiat-;
holler in ~ 619 uiġuala-
distressed: become ~ 284 mamiatchak-;
feel ~ 147 iluilliuq-, iłuilliuq-,
iluilliuq- (Ti), 284 mamiagi-
distribute: 416 qaitchisuu-
disturb: 152 ilaksiuq- (Nu)
ditch: 162 iluqsraq
dive: 314 nakkaq-; ~ into water (of
swimming bird or animal) 16
agluq-2, 191 ipuqhuq-, ipuġuq-,
ipuqhumiq-, ipuġumiq-; ~
repeatedly 314 nakkaaġaq-; ~
suddenly 314 nakkaqtiq-; ~,
swoop down, and catch 521
sisuk-; ~ toward 601 tuluaġaq-
diver: 314 nakkaġaqti
divide:102 autaaq-,107 avik-; ~ into
halves 282 malġuut-; ~ into
thirds 388 piŋasuut-; ~ into
fourths 521 sisamaut-; ~ into
fifths 559 tallimaut-; ~ into sixths
210 itchaksraut-; ~ into sevenths
558 tallimat malġuut-; ~ into
eighths 559 tallimat piŋasuut-
diving: arch the body high out of the
water prior to ~ (of a sea
mammal) 306 muqpak-
dividend: 102 autaaġun
division: 102 autaaġniq
divorce: 108 avit-; grant a ~ 108 avitit-
divorced: 880 avinŋa-
dizzy: 25 aiyaaŋa-; become ~ 223
kakavyak-, 246 kiavranŋu-,
kiavyaaŋa-, 257 kimni-
do: 377 pi(-); ~ something for someone
393 pisi-; ~ something to a N 798
-lIqi-; ~, so that one may V 1107
+yuma-2
do one’s best: 398 piyumiñaqtilaaq(-)
1305
dock: boat ~ 479 saavirviksraq
doctor: 184 iñuunniaqti
dodge arrows: 655 uuyuliaq-
doer: 538 suri
does not: one that ~ V 984 -suilaq, 1105
-yuilaq1; one that ~ V well 1105
-yuilaq2
dog: 453 qimmiq, 458 qipmiq (Nu); ~
chain: 396 pituk(-), 457 qivliq;
curl up (of ~) 472 qunaluk-; ~
food 279 maġiun, 453
qimmilisigraq, qimmilisi; ~
harness 58 anu, 634 unġuagun
(Nu); harness ~s 634
unġuagusiqsuq- (Nu); ~ house in
snow 521 sisigaq; lead ~ 526
sivulliuqti; lead the ~s 525
sivulliġruq- (Ti); leader of ~s 526
sivulliqsi; ~ mush 43 aluk(-); ~
muzzle187 ipraġun (Nu); ~ whip
458 qipmiliqun (Nu); ~ with
circles around eyes 198 iriġutilik;
~ with hanging ears 562
taniktaaluk (Nu)
doily: 89 alliġauraq
doll: 182 iñuŋŋuuraq; make a ~ 182
iñuŋŋurri-
dollar: 560 tamalguq (Ti)
dome: 287 maniġaq, 388 piŋu(-)
donate: 24 aitchui-
donation: 25 aitchuun
don’t: 9 aasi, 116 iaqi, 221 kaasi, 358
ñiaq
don’t be stupid: 48 ammi
don’t do that: 65 aŋŋuuŋ, 358 ñiaq
don’t know, beats me: 88 atchuhaa,
atchukii
don’t mess up: 316 nalaiñ
don’t you agree: 46 amii
don’t you dare: 48 ammiumaa
don’t you remember: 647 usiiñ; 1118
+sugaaq-, +sugau-
door: 358 paa, 639 upkuaq(-), 559 talu(-);
install a ~ 359 paggutchiq-;
located opposite the ~ 254
kilumi; open (of ~) 640 upkuit-,
 ukkuit-; open the ~ 640 upkuiq-,
upkiiq- (Ti), ukkuiq-; outer ~ 636
uŋalliq, 513 silalliq; take away
from the ~ into the room 255
kiluvauti-
doorbolt: 492 saniqsaq(-) (Ti)
doorknob: 590 tiguġiq, tiguġliq
doormat: 43 aluiyaun
doorsill: 32 akpagiaq (Nu)
doorstep: 609 tutipqiq
dorsal: ~ surface of fish 406 qaa(-), 468
quliik; ~ area of whale 453
qimiġluit (Ti)
dorsal fin: 45 amaq(-), 534 suluun
dot: 597 titiq(-), 613 tuuġniq
doubt: 37 alguagi- (Ti), 319 nalupqisuun;
319 nalupqisuk-; continue to ~ 37
alguaqtuq- (Ti)
doubtful: 271 kuksranaq-; ~ about
someone 494 sapiktugi-
doughnut: 645 uqsrukuaqtaq; cooking ~
for making ~s 646
uqsrukkuaqsiuġun
down: barely made it ~ 91 atqapqauraq-;
go ~ 89 anmuk-; straight ~ 89
anmuiññaq
down here (not visible): 488 samma1;
be located ~ 488 samaniit-1;
come from ~ 488 samaŋŋaq-1;
go ~ 488 samuŋaq-1; go via,
through ~ 488 samuunnaaq-1;
from ~ 488 samaŋŋa1; from the
one ~ 488 saptumaŋŋa1; from
(the direction) ~ 488
samaŋŋamiñ1; located ~ 488
samani1; located with the one ~
488 saptumani1; similar to the
one ~ 488 saptumatun1; the one
~ 488 samna1, 488 saptuma1; to ~
488 samuŋa1; to the one ~ 488
saptumuŋa1; towards ~ 488
samuŋanmun1; via ~ 488
samuuna1; via the one ~
488 saptumuuna1; (with) the one
~ 488 saptumiŋa1
down there (visible, restricted, without
1306
or with emphasis): 228 kanna1,
555 takanna2; be located ~ 227
kananiit, 554 takananiit-; come
from ~ 228 kanaŋŋaq-, 554
takanaŋŋaq-; go ~ 228 kanuŋaq-,
555 takanuŋaq-; go via, through
~ 228 kanuunnaaq-, 555
takanuunnaaq; from ~ 227
kanaŋŋa, 554 takanaŋŋa; from
that one ~ 228 kattumaŋŋa, 555
takattumaŋŋa; from (that
direction) ~ 228 kanaŋŋamiñ,
554 takanaŋŋamiñ; located ~ 227
kanani, 554 takanani; located
with that one ~ 228 kattumani,
555 takattumani; similar to that
one ~ 228 kattumatun, 555
takattumatun; that one ~ 228
kanna2, 555 takanna1, 228
kattuma, 555 takattuma; to ~ 228
kanuŋa, 555 takanuŋa; to that
one ~ 228 kattumuŋa, 555
takattumuŋa; towards ~ 228
kanuŋanmun, 555
takanuŋanmun; via ~ 228
kanuuna, 555 takanuuna; via
that one ~ 229 kattumuuna, 555
takattumuuna; (with) that one ~
229 kattumiŋa, 555 takattumiŋa
down there (visible, extended, without
or with emphasis): 631 unna2,
584 taunna1; be located ~
631unaniit-, 584 taunaniit-; come
from ~ 631 unaŋŋaq-, 584
taunaŋŋaq-; go ~ 631unuŋaq-,
584 taunuŋaq-; go via, through
~ 631 unuunnaaq-, 585
taunuunnaaq-; from ~
631unaŋŋa, 854 taunaŋŋa; from
that one ~ 631 uttumaŋŋa, 585
tauttumaŋŋa; from (that
direction) ~ 631 unaŋŋamiñ, 584
taunaŋŋamiñ; located ~ 631
unani, 584 taunani; located with
that one ~ 631 uttumani, 585
tauttumani; similar to that one ~
 632 uttumatun, 585 tauttumatun;
that one ~ 631 unna1, 584
taunna2, 631 uttuma, 585
tauttuma; to ~ 631 unuŋa, 584
taunuŋa; to that one ~ 632
uttumuŋa, 585 tauttumuŋa;
towards ~ 631 unuŋanmun, 584
taunuŋanmun; via ~ 631 unuuna,
585 taunuuna; via that one ~
632 uttumuuna, 585
tauttumuuna; (with) that one ~
632 uttumiŋa, 585 tauttumiŋa
down there, far out on the ocean,
downriver, or downstairs (not
visible): 489 samma2, 567
tasamma2; be located ~ 489
samaniit-2, 567 tasamaniit-2;
come from ~ 488 samaŋŋaq-2,
567 tasamaŋŋaq-2; go ~ 489
samuŋaq-2, 568 tasamuŋaq-2; go
via, through ~ 489
samuunnaaq2, 568
tasamuunnaaq-2; from ~ 489
samaŋŋa2, 567 tasamaŋŋa2; from
that one ~ 489 saptumaŋŋa2, 568
tasaptumaŋŋa2; from (that
direction) ~ 489 samaŋŋamiñ2,
567 tasamaŋŋamiñ2; located ~
489 samani2, 567 tasamani2;
located with that one ~ 489
saptumani2, 568 tasaptumani2;
similar to that one ~ 489
saptumatun2, 568 tasaptumatun2;
that one ~ 489 samna2, 568
tasamna2, 489 saptuma2, 568
tasaptuma2; to ~ 489 samuŋa2,
568 tasamuŋa2; to that one ~ 490
saptumuŋa2, 568 tasaptumuŋa2;
towards ~ 489 samuŋanmun2,
568 tasamuŋanmun2; via ~ 489
samuuna2, 568 tasamuuna2;
via/with that one ~ 490
saptumuuna2, 568
tasaptumuuna2; (with) that one ~
490 saptumiŋa2, 568
tasaptumiŋa2
1307
downhill: run ~ 44 alvik- (Ti)
downstairs: rarely come ~ 91
atqapqaqtaq-
downward: 89 anmun
Downy Woodpecker: 613 tuuyuq
doze off repeatedly: 515 siñaavri-
draft: 74 aqła(-), 75 aqłayaaq(-)
drafty: 74 aqła(-), 75 aqłayaaq(-)
drag: 224 kaliksraq-, 225 kalit-; ~ over
one’s shoulder 633 uniaq-, 634
uniqqiuti-
dragonfly: 345 niulġiq
drain: 290 maqi-
drainage ditch: 275 kurriaq
drawer: 48 amuraġaaq
drawstring: 188 ipiaq(-), 374 pattiġraq
(Ti),637 uŋiġun; ~ casing 637
uŋiġvik; ~ on pant cuffs 372
paqtiġrak (Ti)
dread: 527 sivuuġanaq(-); 527
sivuuġagi-
dream: 516 siññaktuq(-); ~ a good omen
522 sitkiuma-; have a bad ~ 516
siññaġluk-
drenched: something or someone ~ 23
aillaq
dress: 408 qaliġuuraq(-), 461 qitauraq(-);
58 annuġaaqtuq-, 227 kamiktuq-,
657 uviñiġuq (Ti)
dresser: 48 amuraġaat
dried meat or fish: 371 paniqtaq;
partially ~ 371 paniqłuktaq
dried out: become ~ (of meat) 370
pannaqłuk-
drift: ~ with current 483 saġvaqsiq-; ~
in a boat 594 tiksiq-
drifting icefloe survivor: 167
immiññauraq
driftwood: 224 kalikłuk, 596 tivraq;
pieces of ~ scattered along the
beach 503 siamġut; ~ that can
split and bend 341 ninŋuq(-)1,
ninŋu-; ~ tree with root system
attached 333 niaquptalik
drill: 345 niuqtuq-; ~ bit: 511 siku2; bow
~ 134 igniqsuun, 248 kigmiaq; ~
 chuck 374 pattaq (Nu); motor ~
345 niuqtuun
drink: 168 imiq(-); alcoholic ~ 168
imiq(-); give a ~ 169 imiqtit-,
immit-; give someone a ~ 168
imiksrit-; ~ habitually 169
imiyuk-
drinking water: 168 imiq(-);
drip: 274 kusiq-, kusiġaq-, kutit-; chunk
of ice placed over water bucket
to melt and ~ 271 kukługaq; ~
continuously 274 kusiqsuaq-; ~
extensively 465 quġluula-,
quġmi-; ~ once 252 kilak-1 (Nu);
piece of blubber suspended
above lamp which melts and ~s
into lamp 176 iñġausiq; place a
receptacle to catch a ~ 274
kutchiilitchiq-, kutchitchiq- (Ti);
platform on which snow is
placed to melt and ~ into a
water container 120 iglisiq,
iglisit (Ti); ~ repeatedly 252
kilaaq-1 (Nu)
dripping: pan to catch ~s 176 iñġaun;
receptacle to catch ~ liquid 274
kutchiilisaq; ~ steadily 274
kutaaq-; that which is ~ wet 23
aillałak
drive: ~ animal away 638 uŋullaq-,
uŋuullaq-; ~ animal into
entrapment 638 uŋu, uŋuuq-; ~
in a desired direction 525
sivukkiaq- (Nu); ~ a reindeer sled
454 qimuksiraq-; ~ a vehicle 425
qamutitaq-
drive something in: 289 maŋuk-, 375
pauk(-); ~ a wedge 465
qugraqtuq- (Nu)
drizzle: 504 sialualaaq- (Ti)
drool: 465 quġliaq(-), 618 uġuliaq- (Nu);
suck in one’s ~ 380 piivsak-
droop: 368 pału-, pałuŋa-
drop: 237 katai-; ~ and land on 238
kataqqi-; ~ gifts through
rooftop vent 238 kattaġruk- (Ti);
1308
let ~ from the sky 238
kattaqsruq-
drop of liquid: 274 kusiġñiq
drown: 187 ipi-, ipit-
drowsily: nod ~ 333 nayaŋaq-
drum: 450 qilaun; become better
sounding (of ~) 168 imiksi-;
groove around outside of ~
frame 266 kitigaġvik; ~ handle
372 paplu (Nu), 376 pavlu; ~skin
203 isi; skin for ~ 203 isiksraq;
string that holds ~ skin to frame
266 kitigaq (Nu)
drum stick: 236 kasaun
drummer: 450 qilausiraqti, qilaurraqti
drunk: 168 imiŋa-; stupidly ~ 169
immaqłuk-
drunkard: 168 imiŋaraq
dry: 367 paliuma-; become ~ 367
paliq-, 370 paniq-, panaaġruk-,
paniġruk-; begin to ~ 367
parruk-; item set out to ~ 370
paniqsiaq; set out to ~ 370
paniqsiq-, paniqsirriq-,
paniqsirriuti-; something hung
up to ~ 176 iñiaq, iñiraq; very ~
367 pallaġik- (Nu), 371 pannaġik-,
371 pannatchaatun (Nu); wait for
something to ~ 370 paniqsii-
dry lake: 166 imaiġñiq
duck: 437 qaugak(-); ~ decoy: 303
mitchauraq; ~ hunting: 438
qaukkiaq-; lie in wait for ~s 303
mitchiuq-
duckling: 437 qaugalaaq
dull: 188 ipkit-, 250 kiiñait-; become ~
188 ipkiq-
dull object: 188 ipkilaq
dumb: 401puqiit-
dump site: 118 iksivik, iktaqaġvik, 310
naaptiġvik; ~ out 310 naaptiq-; ~
out by shaking it 310
naavriktaq-; take to the ~ 118
iksi-1; work at the ~ 118 iksiqi-
dumpster: 118 iksivik, iktaqaġvik, 195
iqqaivik
dung fly: 50 anaqsiuġayuk
Dunlin: 505 siggukpaligauraq, 444
qayuuttavak; Red-backed ~
444 qayuuttavak;
durable: 396 piutuġniq-
duration: ~ of life 183 iñuuniqtutilaaq;
be long in ~ (of daylight) 656
uvluqtu-; be of long ~ 524 sivisu-,
sivisuuraq-; be of short ~ 524
sivikit-; short ~ 524 sivikisuuraq;
work for a short ~ 500
savałauraq-
during the last few days: 138
ikpaksraapak
dusk: 563 tanuġaksi-
dust: 492 sanik, sanikłuk, 110 avyuq(-);
blow ~ 72 apyulak-; be covered
in ~ 492 sannak-; diamond ~
200 irriqutit; shake to remove ~
219 ivsuk-
dusty: 492 sanŋu-
duty: 499 savaaksraun
dwarf: 62 aglisuilauraq, 179 iñugaqutlik
(Nu)
dwarf shrub: 385 pilġaurat
dwarf willow: 304 mitquapik (Nu)
dye: 264 kipit-, kipitchiun
dyed item: 264 kipitchiaq
dying: 607 tuqusia-, tuqusiala-
dynamic: 528 suaŋa-
dysfunctional: become ~ 163
iłuilliqpiiññaq-
E qavuunnaaq-, 583 tatqavuunnaaq-;
each: ~ N 805 -llaa(-), 899 -payaaq; ~
time one V-s 900 -payaaq- plus
Consequential or Conditional
Endings; would V ~ time 1016
+[t/r]aq-3; would V someone or
something ~ time 1005 +[t/r]aġi-
each other: V ~ 1083 +uti-
eager: 398 piyumisuk-, 619 uisu-;
become ~ 398 piyumitchak-; ~ to
go 242 kayaŋŋiq-; ~ to V 1108
+yuma-1
ear: 522 siun; ~ cavity 523 siunŋuraq;
1309
have cold ~s 523 siutaiyaq-; hurt
~s by making a loud, piercing
noise 467 qukiq-, qukiya- (Nu);
injure ~ 523 siurraaq-, siuttaaq-
ear wax: 274 kutchuġruaq; dry ~ 591
tiġri (Ti)
earache: have an ~ 523 siusiqi-, siutigiit-
eardrum: 450 ¤qilaugauraq (Ti), 117
igalauraq (Nu)
early: V ~ 852 +naġiaq-; not V ~ 750
±kaŋIt-
early: not return ~ 649 utikallaŋit-
early evening: 50 anaqatchauraq,
anaqatchiaq, anaqasaaġiaq
early morning: 655 uvlaatchauraq; do in
~ 655 uvlaaġuaq-
earring: 523 siutiġun, 348 nuġluġun;
beaded ~ s 565 taquuppik (Nu);
pair of ~s 523 siutiġutik
east: 268 kivalliq; area located ~ 268
kivaliñaaq; arrivals from the ~
440 qavaŋŋaat, 583 tatqavaŋŋaat;
blizzard from the ~ 334 nigiqłuk;
location ~ 440 qavva qavani, 583
tatqavva tatqavani; ocean current
flowing from the ~ 392
piruġaġnaq; people who travel ~
to trade 268 kivaliñaat; ~ side,
~ward 268 kivaliñiq; towards ~
268 kivanmun, 440 qavuŋanmun,
583 tatqavuŋanmun, 615 uanmun
(Ti); travel ~ 441 qavuŋaq-, 583
tatqavuŋaq-; travel via ~ 441
~ wind 334 nigiq, nigiqpaq(-),
368 pamagnaaq (Ti); via ~ 441
qavuuna, 583 tatqavuuna
easterly wind: 90 atchaġniq
easily: ~ V-s 1100 -ya-; one that ~ V-s or
~ becomes V 1104 -yatuuraq
easy: ~ to obtain 393 pisuġnaq-; ~ to do
393 pisuġnaq-, 395 pitchiġiaq-,
507 siġliġnait-; ~ to V 984
+suġnaq-, 1111 -yunaq-
eat: 336 niġi-; ~ before retiring for the
night 352 nullautchiġaaq-; ~
 continuously 337 niġituiññaq-;
go and ~ 337 niġiyaqtuq-; ~
heartily 284 mamŋatchi-; ~ late
336 niġikallaiq-; ~ lunch
461 qitiġusiq-; ~ N 1053 +tuq-3; ~
quickly 70 apqałak-, 336 niġiliq-;
~ some 396 pituq-; ~ something
quickly 70 apqałak-, 631
umnisaq-; ~ supper 352
nullautchiq-; take someone out to
~ 337 niġiyaqtuuti-; ~ the best
part 563 taŋiq-; ~ to the bone
264 kipkaq-; ~s too much 336
niġġiqsu-
eater: quick ~ 631 umni-; slow ~ 631
umniit-
eating: do without ~ 620 uisa-1
eaves: 407 qaanaaq
ebb: ~ (of enthusiasm) 242 kayumŋiq-; ~
of tide 166 imaiq-, imakłi-
ebb tide: be at ~ (of sea) 593 tinit- (Nu)
ecchymosis: 98 arriqsinniq
echo: 28 akiługaq, akiłuk(-),
akiłuktaq-akiraġaq-, 283
maliktaqutchiġaq-, 435
qasiŋŋuqtaq-, 415 qaiġuq-,
qaiġuatitaq-, 523 sivanuaq- (Ti)
echo chamber: act as ~ 435 qasiŋŋuq-
eclipse: 400 pula-
eczema: 259 kiñiq(-)
eddy: 246 kiavraaq(-)
eddies: line of ~ in ocean 385 pilġaġniq
edge: 104 avalu(-), 515 siñi; be by the ~
367 pallik-
edible: every ~ bit 336
niġiñaqtualimauraq,
niġiñaġumiñauraqtuaq; ~ green
257 kimagluk (Ti); gather ~ roots
293 masut-; gather ~ green
leaves 190 ippiġniaq-; ~ green
leaf 190 ippiq (Ti); lemming’s
cache of ~ roots 347 nivi; ~ root
650 utqiq (Ti); ~ seaweed 185
iŋalugaaluk; ~ sea worm 474
qupilġuġruaq; stem of ~ plant
313 nakautaq; ~ taproot 293
1310
masu; ~ young fireweed 474
quppiqutaq; ~ worm found in
nasal cavity of caribou 550
tagiuq
educated: 154 ilisaŋa-
eel: 341 nimiġiaq
effeminate: acts ~ 591 tiipaktayuk-
effort: exert all of one’s ~ into winning
507 siġmaaq-; gather one’s
strength for an all-out ~ 289
mapkuq-, 506 sii-; involve much
time and ~ 501 savinnaq-
effortless: 412 qaġanaq-
egg: 287 mannik; freshly laid ~ 517
siŋulluq
egg beater: 287 manniliqun
eggshell: 287 mannium sauniŋa, 498
saunaaq
egg white: 328 natatquq
egg yolk: 182 iñuksraun, 595 tiŋuk
Eider Duck: 303 mitiq; female ~ 19
aġnaviaq; large ~ 303 mitaaluk;
male white ~ 438 qaugavik
eight: number ~ 558 tallimat piŋasut; ~,
(in playing cards) 327 narvalik
(Nu), 469 quliligaq
eighteen: number ~ 30 akimiat piŋasut
eighth: one 558 tallimat piŋasuat
eighty: number ~ 521 sisamakipiat
either one: 317 nallipayaaŋak
elastic: 569 tasiraġaaq, 617 ugligaq
elated: to become ~ 409 qaamatchak-
elbow: 141 ikusik(-); armwrestle with
interlocked ~s 231 kaŋiġmik-;
hobble on ~s 141 ikusimigaq-;
hurt ~ 141 ikutchiaq-; ~ joint 332
navlu; lean on ~ 141
ikusiksimaaq-; ~length mitten 24
aiqpak; ~ someone repeatedly
141 ikusigmik-; stovepipe ~ 389
piġiŋaluk
elder: 651 utuqqanaaq
electric shock: get an ~ 464 quaqsaaq-
electricity: 465 quaqsaaġautit
elevate: 469 qulvaqtiq-
elevated: 428 qaŋata-; become more and
 more ~ 469 qutchiksi-,
qutchiksisiiññaq-; ~ land 469
qutchimaraaq
elevation: high in ~ 260 kiŋik- (PB);
higher in ~ 469 qulvasik-
elevator: 296 mayuaġaun
eleven: number ~ 468 qulit atausiq
elongate: ~ and make it oval in shape
486 sakpak-
elongated: oval and ~ 486 sakpaŋa-
embarrassed: 427 qanuġviit-
ember: 101 auma(-)
embrace: 193 iqit(-); ~ warmly 193
iqimmak- (Ti), iqimmaaq-
embryo: ~ of an egg 178 iñuk(-), 179
iñua; form an ~ 179 iññuk-
emerge and flow: 407 qaamit-
emergency: be in an ~ 235 kappiatuq-;
~ provision 638 upaluġiitkutaq
emit a long piercing cry: ~ (of bearded
seal) 107 aviuqtaq-
emotion: have strong ~s 534 sułłaya-
emotional: 534 sułłaya-; ~ support 333
nayumman; become more ~ 528
suammak-; cause ~ distress 57
anniġñaq(-)2; experience an ~
shock 606 tuqpallak-; troubled
by heavy ~ burden 645
uqumailliraq-
emotional reaction: scource of an ~ 59
anuaqun
emotionally: affect ~ 161 ilunŋutchai-; ~
dear to me 161 ilumnun; deeply
affected ~ 33 aksia-,162
ilunŋutchak-; ~ fragile 57 anniya-;
~ shocked 464 quaqsaaq-; ~
stable 603 tuniqtu-; ~ stimulus 59
anuaqun; ~ strong 99
aulayaiqsima-; ~ vulnerable 59
anuaqsruit-
Emperor Goose: 304 mitilugruaq
employee: ~ of N 1035 -tkuayaaq; 500
savakti
employment: 499 savaaq
empty:164 imait-; almost ~ 164 imakit-
en masse: arrive ~ 22 aggia-, 592
1311
tikisaaq-; board ~ 687 ikuayaa-;
come ~ 414 qaiyaa-; descend ~ 91
atqaa-; enter ~ 205 isaa-; fall
asleep ~ 519 siqua-, siquayaa-;
land on shore ~ 600 tulasaaq-;
leave ~ 52 ania-; return ~ 649
utaa-; sit down ~ 77 aquptaa-, 687
aquviayaa-; stand up ~ 280
makia-, maksraa-; travel ~ to the
mountains 545 taalġaa-
enamelware: 332 nauyyaaq2
encountered: something ~ 316
nalaugaŋaraq
encourage: 79 arak-, 430 qapiŋaisaaq-;
continue to ~ tenderly 79 araaġi-;
~ to continue 243 kiiqsruq-,
~ to increase one’s effort 507
siimasaaq-; ~ to proceed 243
kiiqsruq-; ~ to raise one’s
expectations 337 niġiuksruq-; ~
to V 1037 -[t]qusaaq-
encouragement: 149 ilalġun, 430
qapiŋaisaaġun,
encouraging: 398 piyumiñaqtaatun (Nu)
end: its ~ 207 isua; ~ of a bone 207
isugluk; ~ a story 354 nuŋŋit-
(Ti); reach the ~ 207 isukłit-
endearing: 119 iglignaq-, 391 piqpagnaq-
ending: 307 naarrun
endless: 207 isuit-, 355 nuŋusuit-
endurance: 603 tuniqsimman;
competition games of ~ 661
yuġaq(-) (Ti), yuġaliq(-)
endure: 123 iglutuq-, 286 manimmi-; ~
annoyance 354 nunummi-
enduring: 603 tuniqtu-, tuniqsima-
enema: 213 itiqsiun (Ti); give an ~
50 anaqtitaq-, 213 itiqsiutit- (Ti)
enema equipment: 50 anaqtitaun
enemy: 28 akilliq, 654 uumigiri
enemies: 27 akilliġiik(-)
energetic: 412 qaġait-, 389 pipika-, 502
sayyaaġik-
energy: be full of ~ 528 suaŋa-; sources
of ~ 135 ikummatit; unit of ~ 135
ikumman
engine: 134 igniqutit; break
an ~ 134 igniqutaiyaq-,
igniquurraaq-
English: in ~ 562 Taniktun; ~ word 562
Taniksiñ; ~ name 562 Taniksiñiq;
speak ~ 562 Tanŋuraaq-;
translate into ~ 562 Taniksi-
enigma: 40 aliuqtuġnaq
enjoy: 315 nakuuqsri-;~ a pleasing meal
242 kayummiraq-; ~ another’s
company 182 iñunnaraaq-, 385
pillatu-, 563 tapagi-; ~ V-ing 810
-llatu-, 877 -nnaraaq-; ~ V-ing,
after an absence from the
activity 909 -pqaŋa-
enjoyable: get in the habit of doing
something ~ 619 uiġit-, uiġñaaq-,
621 uiviili-
enlarge: 62 aglilaaq-, 517 sipaaq-
enlightened: become ~ 1 aaŋayaaŋaŋaiq-
enough: that’s ~ 69 apai; 69 apaiq-,
306 naama-; not have ~ 175
inuŋalliuq-
enough of this nonsense: 243 kihaa
enrage: 654 uumitchai-, uumitchaktit-
enraged: exit ~ 52 aniłłaktaq-
enroll: 92 atchii-
enroute: meet while ~ 70 apqusaaq-
enter: 205 isiq-; ~ en masee 205 isaa-;
force someone to ~ 205 isiqsitaq-;
~ a house repeatedly 205
isauġiq-; narrowly ~ 205
isipqaułłik-; not ~ right away 205
isikallaŋit-; ~ a crack (of snow or
rain, or smoke) 206 isiqtuq-; ~
via crack and form a pile of
snow (of snow) 521 sisit-; ~
violently 205 isiniqłak-
entering: commence ~ 206 isiqsaq-
entertain: 315 nakut-
entice: 241 kaviuġuksaaq-, 283
maliksuguksaaq-; 395
pitqusaaq-; ~ to V 990
+[s]uksaaq-
entirety: my ~ 560 tamaġma; her/his/its
~ 560 tamaan, tamaġmi; theird ~
1312
560 tamaġmik, tamaigñik; their ~
560 tamaġmiŋ, tamaisa; ourd ~
560 tamamnuk; our ~ 560
tamapta; yours ~ 560 tamaqpiñ;
yourd ~ 560 tamavsik; your ~ 560
tamavsi
enthusiasm: be ready to V with ~ 1110
+yumalaaq-
entirely: 147 iluġani, iluqani
entrance: outer ~ mound of sodhouse
367 pallitchat
entrance door cover: 479 saakutaq
entrapment: ~ area 638 uŋurrivik; drive
animal into ~ 638 uŋu-, uŋuraq-
entreat: 435 qasili-1, 475 ququq-
entry: ~ to entryway of sodhouse 205
isiġiaq
entry steps: 609 tunmiqqat
entryway: 425 qanitchat
envelope: 403 puuksraq
environment: 183 iñuuniaġvik,
iñuuniaġvium irrusia
environmental impact statement: 183
iñuuniaġvium irrusiata
allaŋŋuġniaġniksraŋagun
maqpiġarriaq
envision: 586 tautuktuuraaq-
envy: 609 tutchun; 609 tusu-; cause ~ 609
tusunaq-; ~ one who V-s 889
±ŋŋuq-1
epidermis: ~ of human 658 uviñiq; ~ of
whale 441 qavausiq
epileptic: 446 qiiqsruġuu-
equal: become ~ 92 atisi-; have ~
abilities 317 nalliuma-; ~ (of
persons) 317 nalliummati-; one ~
in size 307 naammiaq
equalization: 92 atisaġniq
equally: 95 atunim
equals: two ~ in every aspect 317
nalliġiik; be ~ 307 naammagiik-,
317 nalimmak-
equipment: 393 pisaun
equity: 316 nalaunŋaruaq
equivalence: 26 aki(-)
erase: 14 aglaiyaq-
eraser: 14 aglaiyaun
erect: 203 isivvaġik-, 325 nappaq-;
become very ~ 203 isivvaġiksi-
erection: get an ~ 653 uummai-
ermine: 212 itiġiaq(-)
errand: be sent on an ~ 593 tilirau-; ~
boy 262 kipaluk(-), 269
kivgaluk(-); send on an ~ 593 tili-
escape: 56 annak-, 305 mularilġi- (Nu),
452 qimak-; block an animal’s ~
233 kaŋiŋiq-; ~ death 383 pilluk-;
have something or someone ~
56 annai-; help ~ 384 pilluuti-;
narrowly ~ 52 anipqaułłik-, 56
annapqaullik-, 384 pillupqaułłik-,
397 pivsukaq-; what a narrow ~
11 aatchikaaŋ
Eskimo: ~ ice cream 36 akutuq
esophagus: 128 iggiaq
especially so: 541 suvaluk
essential: 583 qavaŋŋaat
establish: ~ something 173 inillai-
estimate: 298 miksraut-, migraaq- (Ti); ~
the depth of water 269 kiviġraq-
(Ti)
eternal: 207 isuit-
even1: 406 qaaġrait- (Nu); small and ~
crimping 249 kiirauraq(-); sew ~
stitches 255 kilugik-
even: 1154 +unniiñ
even if: ~ one V-s 748, 1129, 1135
+k/galuaq- plus
Consequential-Conditional
endings
even when: ~ one V-s 749, 1129, 1135
+k/galuaq- plus
Consequential-Conditional
Endings
evening: 50 anaqaksraq, 635 unnuk(-); in
the ~ 50 anaqaksrami, anaqami;
during this ~ 50 anaqapak; early
~ 50 anaqasaaġiaq; this ~ still to
come 50 anaqagu; ~ meal 352
nullautaq; spend the ~ 50
anaqaksri-; ~ evening 50
anaqatuaq(-)
1313
eventually: ~ V 781 -lġiñaq-; will ~ V
989 +[s]uliġñiaq-
everlasting: 355 nuŋusuit-
every: ~ N 899 -payaaq
every kind: 534 sunigliqaanik
everyday: 656 uvlumiñiñ, uvlutuaq(-)
everyone: 182 iñupayaaq, iñulimauraq
(Nu)
everything: 530 su iluqaan, 535
sunapayaaq, 536 supayaat; believe
that one knows ~ 6 aaŋit-; eat ~
on one’s plate 190 ippaq-; have
the habit of getting into ~ and
causing mischief 365 pakkaqtu-;
have ~ ready 638 upaluŋait-; lack
~ 379 piilliuq-; take ~ another
owns 560 tamatkii-
everytime: ~ one V-s 1048, 1129 -tuaq(-)
or 900 -payaaq- plus
Consequential Mood endings; V
~ 752 ±kasak-
everywhere: 306 namulliqaa, 534
sumiliqaa, sumipayaaq
evidence: 563 taŋiq; have slightest ~ of
V-ing 897 -paluk(-)2
evident: it is ~ that the SUBJ has V-ed,
is V-ing, or is V 975 msima-1
evil: 386 piluun; 208 isumalluaġiit-, 378
pigiit-; inclined to do ~ deeds 621
¤ukayaŋa-; ~ one 378
pigiitchuaq; ~ person 182
iñupałłuk; ~ spirit 159 ilitqusiqłuk
exalted: 226 kamanaqsirau-
examine: ~ property 207 isivġii-
example: use as an ~ 647 urriqutigi-
exceed: 517 sipit-, sippiq-
exceeding: V, ~ expectations 897
-pałłuk(-)
excessive: 79 araaq-, 541 suvigrait-
excessively: 93 atqunaq; capable of V-
ing ~ 780 -lgu-1, 942 ’-qtu-; V ~
893 +p/vait-, 896 -paluk(-)1
exchange: 514 simmiq-
excited: become~ 528 suallak-; 620
uitchak-, tuavaallak-
excitedly: react ~ 655 uutkummiq-
exclude: 299 minit-, 341 nimit-; to ~
from group 143 ilaaguaq-
excrement: 50 anaq(-); ~ hanging from
rectum 446 qiiłłuaq
excuse: 373 patchiñ, patchisi; make ~s
373 patchisiqsuq-
executive session: 438 qaukłiłhiñat
exert: ~ force 494 saŋŋiqsruq-; ~ oneself
and become red in the face 517
siŋŋuktit-
exhaust: give off ~ 536 suppuqtaq-; ~
pipe 536 suppuqtaġvik,
suppuqtaun
exhausted: 177 iñiqtuq-, 493 saŋniq-
exist: 209 it-
existed: possibility ~, but did not V 886
±ŋisiq-
exit: 52 ani-, 53 anniññaaq; ~ then enter
53 aniuġiq-; ~ with 53 annisi-,
annisuuti-
expect: 302 misigi-
expectation: 264 kipiqqutaq; V,
exceeding ~s 897 -pałłuk(-)
expense: 286 maniksuun
expensive: 29 akisu-
experience: 361 paaqsaaq-; ~ an
encounter with an event 70
apqusaaq-; ~ a hallucination 40
aliuġataq-; ~ lack of N 732
:illiuq-; ~ tingling sensation
136 ikiaqtalaaq-; ~ N or a V-ing
1053 +tuq-3
expertise: 394 pisuġniq
explain: begin to ~ oneself as one gives
up 602 tuniugaqsi-; ~ oneself 482
sagviq-
explode: 410 qaaq(-) ~ multiple times
410 qaġaaq-; ~ with laughter 119
iglaqhuaq-
expose: 486 salapqiq-
exposed: 486 salapqiq-
extended: 203 isivit-
extension: 129 iigu(-), iiguniq, 619
uigu(-); furtherest ~ 619 uiguqłiq
extent: to the ~ of V-ing 998 +t/laaq-
plus Conditional, Consequential
1314
or Contemporative I Endings
extinguish: 424 qamit-; become ~ 424
qami-
extravagant: 286 maniksuq-
extract: 637 uŋayut-
eye: 198 iri; area below the ~ 470
qulvitquq; cross ~s 314 naku-; get
film on the ~ 625 uliksiq-;
foreign object in the ~ 199
irriutaq; get something in
one’s ~ 199 irrit-; injure ~ 198
iraġuq-, iraġuaq-; ~ lens 198
iraqumak; one without ~ 198
irailaq
eyelash: 519 siqpik
eye patch: 294 mattutaq; wear an ~ 294
mattutaqtuq-
eyebrow: 441 qavlu
eyebrow ridge: 34 akunġak, 441
qavlunaaq; ~ of caribou 535
suŋŋuq
eyeglasses: 198 irgaak; ~ for reading,
sewing, or working 198 irgaak
sullisik (Nu); put ~ on 198
irgaaq(-)
eyelashes: ~ of both eyes 452 qimiġiak
eyelid: area under both lower ~s 470
¤qulviraġiak; lower ~ 470
qulvi(-); upper ~ 408 qalliñaaq
eyes: close ~ 519 siqunġiq-; have ~ open
620 uisa-; indicate with the ~ 199
irimik-, iyimik-; open ~ for the
first time 620 uiri-; rolled back,
of ~ 446 qiiŋa-; to water (of ~)
470 qulviliuġruk-
eyesight: have good ~ 198 irigik-, 556
takpik-; have poor ~ 198 irigiit-,
199 iriluk(-), 556 takpiit-; one
with poor ~ 556 takpiilaq;
weaken (of one’s ~) 556 takpiili-
F
fabric: outer side of ~ 406 qaa(-); ~ with
a checkered pattern 121
igluuralik
1
face : 250 kiiñaq; become blue in the ~
 605 tuŋiqsi-; fall on one’s ~ 288
maŋikaq-; made a ~ in contempt
197 iquraq-; make an angry face
250 kiiñaġiiliuq- (Nu); make a
funny ~ 195 iqłaŋa-, 250
kiiñaġiit-; see one’s ~ 250
kiiñaqsi-
face2: 479 saat-1, saammi-; able to ~ a
crisis well 384 pilgu-; ~ another
angrily 479 saavaqi- (Nu); come
~ to ~ accidently 361 paaqsaaq-;
not able to ~ a crisis well 384
pilguit-; turn to ~ the opposite
direction 604 tunut-
facing: 480 sanmi-; ~ toward 479
saatmun (Nu)
factory: 533 suliuġvik
fade: 512 silali-, 616 uaġi-,
fail: have as one’s failure 212 itigaġi-; ~
to accomplish what one sets out
to do 212 itigaurraq-; ~ to
penetrate target 211 itigaq-; ~ to
procure game 63 aŋiluŋaq-
faint: 436 qaurimaiq-, 172 imuliq-, 548
taaqtipkaq-; feel ~ 1 aanŋu-, 607
tuquanŋu-
faith: 623 ukpiġun; not have ~ 623
ukpiġutait-
faithful: 161 ilumuuq-, 603 tuniqsima-
fake: ~ fur 304 mitquŋŋualik; ~ N 889
±ŋŋuaq(-)
falcon: 253 kilgavik (Ti), 265 kirgavik
fall (season): 622 ukiaq; ~ after this
coming ~ 622 ukiatqigu; ~ before
last ~ 622 ukiatqik; conduct ~
whaling 622 ukialliksiuq-; crack
along the first shore ice in ~ 190
ipsiññiq; early ~ 622 ukiaksraq;
first shore ice in ~ 415 qaimġuq;
for an animal to go into a den in
~ 630 umŋuti-; hunt during the ~
622 ukialliġñiaq-; last ~ 622
ukiaq; late ~ 622 ukiaviuraq(-);
spend the ~ 622 ukiaqsiq- (Nu);
this coming ~ 621ukiaġu
fall: about to ~ off a hook 346
1315
niviŋapqauraq-; ~ and create a
snowslide (of snow) 290 mapsat-
(Nu); ~ and hurt one’s buttocks
352 nulluaq-1; ~ and land on
one’s hands 111 ayappaqhaaq-; ~
behind 283 mallit-; cause
something to ~ while going by
carelessly 224 kalikłuk-2,
kaliukłuk-, kalikhaaq-,
kaliukhaaq-; cause someone or
something to ~ off 238 kataktit,
kataktitchi-; cause something or
someone to ~ over 624 ulġut-;
cause someone to trip and ~ 309
naakłit-; ~ even further 237
katapiksuaq-; ~ from a height
199 irit-, 200 irukkaq-, irupkaq-;
~, hitting the back of one’s head
and becoming partially
unconscious 106 avaaġrak-; ~
inbetween two things 136
ikiaqtit-; ~ (of overhanging
snow) 653 uukkaq-, uukkaaq-,
uupkaq- (Nu), uupkaaq-; ~ (of
snow) 426 qannik(-); ~ on
something or someone (of
snowslide) 295 mavsati- (Nu);
slip and ~ 464 quayaqit-; ~ to the
ground fainting 172 imuliq-
fall asleep: 515 siñaaqsi- (Ti), siñiksaq-,
519 siqu-; ~ en masse 519 siqua-,
siquayaa-; eventually ~ 519
siqullak-; take a long time to ~
516 siñikallaiq-; try to ~ 519
siquniaq-; ~ soundly 401
puliġuq-; ~ while leaning over
something 401 pułallak-
fall backward: 347 nivvaktaq-, 604
tunuallak-, tunuiłłak-; ~ forcefully
347 nivvaqhaaq-; ~ backwards,
of one’s head 8 aaġlutit-; ~ with
head raised high looking
backwards 347 niviġiaq- (Ti)
fall down: ~ flat on something 359 paa-
(Ti); ~ flat on one’s face 272
kuniłukaq-, 288 maŋik- (Nu),
 maŋikaq-; ~ (of one’s pants) 269
kiviqi-; ~ the stairs 237 kataktaq-
fall forward: 401 pusikaq-, 403 puukaq-;
~ suddenly 359 paałłak-,
paałłakaaq-, paasaaq-, 367
palluqhaaq-, palluqhiaq-,
palluqhiaqtaq-
fall headfirst: 314 nakkaq-, 359
paasakaaq-; ~ dead or wounded
288 maŋik- (Nu), 289 maŋiksiq-;
~ from a high place accidently
314 nakkaqtaq-;~ over heels 273
kurraqhaaq-, kurraqhuaq-
fall into: ~ the atmoshere and burn (of
“shooting star”) 50 anaq(-); ~
water 165 imaaq-;~ deep, soft
snow 295 mavsaq(-) (Ti),
mavsat- (Nu); ~ a trance 89
alvaq- (Ti)
fall off: 237 katak-; ~ , one by one 237
katagaq-
fall out: ~ (of one’s hair) 126 iġi-, 649
uti-
fall over: 624 ulġu-, 403 puuk- (Ti)
fall short: 174 inuq-, 634 uniuqtit-; ~ in
one’s search 634 uniuq-
falling: catch something while it is ~ 29
akkiq-; afraid of ~ down from a
high place 323 naŋiaq-; hold on
to something to keep from ~ 29
akkiqsima-; keep something or
someone from ~ 29 akkiqsima-;
land in a sitting position ~ from
a standing position 78
aquvsalak-, aquvsalaaq-; make
noise ~ 108 avsak-; that which is
used to catch something ~ 29
akkiñ
fallopian tubes: 188 ipiak
false: 563 taŋiġit-
falsehood: 481 saglun
female: ~ animal 19 aġnasalluq; adult
human ~ 18 aġnaq; adolescent
human ~ 19 aġnaiyaaq; ~ dog 19
aġnasuk
family: 156 ililgaaġiit; extended ~ 148
1316
ilagiit, 151 ilat nanmiñiq; ~ of N
1035 -tkuk/t; immediate ~ 62
aŋayuqaaġiit, 462 qitunġaġiit
famine: 220 kaagnaq, 343 niqailliuġnaq
fan: 75 aqłanaaġun, aqłayaaġun,
aqłanaaqtit-
far: 636 uŋasik-; ~ away, barely visible
105 avasik-; consider to be too
~ away 637 uŋasigi-
far apart: 35 akuttu-
fare: 133 ikkun; pay for one’s ~ 133
ikkusiq-
fart: 340 niliq(-); ~ excessively 340
nillaq-
farther: area ~ down 89 arva;
become ~ apart 35 akuttusi-;
proceed no ~ 430 qapiq-2; unable
to proceed ~ 490 samnaaq-
farthest to the side: 104 avalliq
fast1: 531 suka-, 242 kayumik-
fast2: 336 niġiŋailaq-
fastened: ~ tightly 70 apiktit-
fasting: 336 niġilailaġniq
fat: 374 patiġik- (Nu), 405 puvala-, 466
quiñi-, quivtit- (Ti), 551 taġutu-;
abdominal ~ 74 aqiaviñiq; ~
around animal ribs 625
ulikataq; back ~ of ruminant
603 tunnuq; become ~ 466
quiñisi-, quiññak-2; 658 uviññak-;
consider to be too ~ 466
quiñigi-; extremely ~ one 466
quiññiiqłak; kidney ~ from
caribou or whale 565 taqtuġutit;
liquid from boiled ~ 524
sivaraaq (Ti); not have much ~,
of ruminant 438 qaunnakit-; ~ of
caribou or moose 315 nakuraq;
~ one 466 quiññiiq; ruminant ~
438 qaunnaq; ~ renders to oil
118 igit-1; save ~ from broth 399
puiññi-; scoop off ~ 430 ¤qapiq-1
(Nu); ~ which rises to the top
of broth 399 puiñiq
father: 7 aapa; call him ~ 7 aapaaqtuq-;
my ~ 7 aapaa; say ~ 7 aapaaq-
father and son: 127 iġñiġiik
father-in-law: 7 aaparuaq
fathom: 201 isagniq, 306 naaġniq
faultless: 373 pasiaksrait-
favorable: 409 qaamanaq-
fawn: caribou with a ~ 348 nuġġalik;
caribou without a ~ 348
nuġġailaq; newborn ~ 348
nuġġaayaaq; ~ in its first winter
348 nuġġaq, nuġġaaġruk; parka
made of skins of newborn ~s
348 nuġġayuat; skin of newborn
~ 348 nuġġayauq
fear:196 iqsigi-
fearful:196 iqsi-; become ~ while
boating, climbing, or flying 324
naŋiatchak-
fearfully: react ~ to loud noise 570
tatavrua-
fearsome: 358 nuyuaġnaq-
feast: have a ~ 344 niqinaqi-; food for a
~ 344 niqinaqun
feather: wing ~ 304 mitquq, 533 suluk(-)
feather headdress: 533 suluktat
February: 105 Avataqpaksriuġvik, 200
Irraasugruk, 518 Siqiññaatchiaq
feces: 50 anaq(-)
feeble: ~ person 376 payaappak
feebly: cry out ~ 342 nivlia-; flap wings
~ 202 isaqqilauraq-
feed: 336 niġipkaq-; ~ dog solid food 279
maġiaq-
feet: be narrow (of ~) 408 qaatikit-; be
wide (of ~) 408 qaatitu-; born ~
first 262 kiŋuppiŋa-; extending to
one’s ~ 204 isigauraġniamiñun;
have big ~ 204 isigaktu-; have
foul smelling ~ 204 isigagluk-;
have small ~ 204 isigakit-; point
straight forward (of ~) 525
sivukki-
ferment: 96 au-
fermented mixture of walrus meat or
seal flippers and blubber: 647
urraq
fermented mixture of whale meat,
1317
tongue and “maktak”: 297
mikigaq(-); make “mikigaq” 297
mikikki-
femur: 459 qiqpak, 51 anauttaq(-)(Nu);
round end of ~ at hip joint 517
sipyaaq (Nu)
fertilizer: 330 nagguksaun
fetal: assume a ~ position 470
qumaŋiuma-; stretch out from a
~ position 203 isivit-
fetch: ~ a N 737 :isuq-, 763 -ksraisuq-,
937 +qsruq-1, 1017 +taq-4, +saq-1;
22 ai-1, aikłiq-; ~ belongings or
equipment 530 suġautaisuq-; ~
berries 83 asiaqsruq-; ~ packed
snow 55 aniutaq-; ~ sod 353
nunataq-; ~ something 532
suksraisuq-; trail used to ~ fresh
water 169 imiqtaqtuġiaq
fetish: 397 puyaaqun, 606 tupitqaq
fetus: 161 ilummiq; animal ~ 216 ivlauq;
human ~ 516 siŋaiyaaq
fever: 652 uunnaun; flushed with ~ 231
kannuktit- (Nu), kannuqłuk- (Nu);
have a ~ 265 kirriq- (Ti); high ~
652 uunnautiqpak
few: 177 iñugiakit-, 137 ikit-2, 181
iñukisuurat, ikikit-, 441
qavsiqiurat; one with ~ N-s 756
-kisuuraq; very ~ 177
iñugiakisuurat
fewer: become ~ 181 iñukikłi-
few days: ~ ago 138 ikpaksraaqisuuraq;
during the last ~ 138
ikpaksraapak; in a ~ 139
ikpaksraaqisuuraġu
fiancé: 618 uiksraun
fiancée: 351 nuliaksraun, nuliaksraq
fiber: ~ in meat 187 ipak
fibula: 47 amilġaq, 47 amirġaq, 500
saviġuuraq2
fidelity: 623 ukpiġnaqtilaaq
fifteen: number ~ 30 akimiat
fifth one: 558 tallimaat, tallimaq (Nu);
provide with a ~ 559 tallimmiq-
fifty: number ~ 282 malġukipiat qulit
fig: 498 saunaaŋilaaq (Ti)
fight: 454 qinnak-, 29 akiuġuti-, 201
isagvigi-; ~ back 28 akisaq; ~ (of
animals) 617 ugiaq-; ~ (of
married couple) 374 pattuq-; ~
over an object 72 aqsaurraq-; ~
viciously (of dogs) 616 ugik-
file: 499 saunniqun; 612 tuugarriqun;
13 agik-, agiaq(-), 14 agiun1
filed: something ~ 13 aggiq
fill: 165 immiq-1, 269 kivvii-; ~
completely 514 silivit-, silvit-,
625 ulipkaaq-; ~ a container with
snow 55 aniuliqsuq-; ~ a crack
659 uvsiqsruq-; ~ cracks in the
house 65 aŋmaiyaq-; ~ a groove
in sled with lashing 452
qimiaq(-); ~ a gun with
gunpowder 20 aġriq-; ~ to the
brim 468 qulimmak-; ~ too much
165 immivaałłak-; ~ a water
barrel with ice 511 sikuliqsuq-
filled: become ~ with smoke 206 isiqsi-;
braided intestines ~ with
blubber 518 siqqiak; caribou
stomach ~ with fat, then cooked
and dried 270 kivviq; caribou
gut ~ with fat cooked, set
overnight to harden and eaten
as a cracker 434 qasaġuaq,
qisaġuaq; depression in sea ice ~
with water 408 qaapkaġniq (Ti),
qaatchiñiq (Ti); ~ to the brim 317
nalimmak-; ~ with rubbish 528
suaqłuu-
filler: ~ applied on underside of sled
runner 16 aglu(-), 506 siġmiq,
siġmiq(-) (Ti) ; apply a ~ 506
siġmik-; sled with ~ applied on
runner 506 siġmilgit
filling: be in the process of ~ something
165 immiqsuq-
filter: 537 suqłuiyaun, suqłuiyaq-
final episode: 307 naarrun
finally: 163 imani, 251 kiisaimmaa; ~ V
686 +ataq-2, -lġataq-2, 781
1318
-lġiñaq-, 893 +p/vaalluk-, 955
+ruiññaq-, 1006 +taiññaq-
finally accomplish something: 385
pilġatchi-
find: 372 paqit-; not ~ 216 ivvaġluk-; ~
one another 372 paquti-
finger: 37 algak (Ti); fourth ~ 297
mikilġaq; little ~ 194 iqitquq,
iqitquuraq, iqitquluuraq, 213
itiqquuraq
finger-pull: 73 aqamak-, ~ 432
qaqauġmik-; ~ with the middle
finger 462 qitiqłiġmik-,
qitiġliġmik- (Ti), qitiġliġmigaq-; ~
with the pinkie 195
iqitqiluuraġmik-; with the ring
finger 297 mikiliġaġmik- (Nu)
fingers: 79 argait; balls on tips of ~ 37
alannaat
fingertips: hold on with ~ 270
kukimmala-
finish: 174 iniq- (Ti), 307 naatchi-,
naat-1; ~ quickly 307 naatiq-,
naatiqtuq-
fir: ~ needle 505 ¤sigraqutchiq
fire: 134 igniq; blaze (of ~) 135 ikuala-;
build a ~ 134 igniqsuq-, 271
kukuk-; build a ~ outside 134
igniqauq-; burst into flames 135
ikuallak-; crackle (of ~) 356
nuttagaala-; flare up (of ~) 134
igniqpalliaġaq-, inŋiqpalliaġaq-,
330 nauġala-, nauġallak-; put into
~ 460 qirriuti-; ~ starter 134
ikirrutiksraq, 135 ikkutiksraq,
ikkutigraq (Ti); ~ stone 134 igniñ,
iŋniñ, ignisiq, iŋnisiq
fire: ~ a gun 139 iksaq-, 289 mapqaq-,
mapqatit-, 365 pakik-, 393
pisiksaq-; ~ at a target 314
naksiġaq-
firearm: bolt action ~ 413 qaġriġaġnaq-
fire drill (tool): 134 igniqsuun, 345
niuqtuun, 248 kigmiaq(-), 336
niġġun (Nu); ~ bow 374
pattaqtuun (Nu); mouthpiece of ~
 249 kiŋmiġaq
fire extinguisher: 424 qaptiġun; use ~
424 qaptiq-
fire pail: 19 aġra, 20 aġraqtuqtuaq (Ti)
firepit: 515 siñiġutit (Nu)
fireweed: ~ shoots 474 quppiqutaq
firewood: chop ~ 460 qirri-2, qirriuq-
firing pin: ~ of gun 236 karrutaq,
karruutaq, katruutaq (Nu)
firmament: 450 qilak(-)1
first: 526 sivulliu-; ~ N 930 ±qqaaq(-);
strive to be the ~ to V 932
+qqaurraq-; V ~ 930 ±qqaaq(-); V
for the ~ time 893 +p/vaalluk-
first light of daylight during winter:
547 taaluaq (Nu)
firstborn: 61 aŋayukłiq
fish: 192 iqaluk(-), 422 qaluk(-) (Nu), 73
aqaluk (Ti); 192 iqalliqi-; ~ bait
288 manutaq; dried ~ 397 pivsi; ~
eggs 540 suvak; fermented ~ 98
auruq; ~ for least cisco 192
iqalusarriqi-; ~ gill 293 masik; gut
~ 192 iqaluliqi-; one of two white
“rocks” in head of ~ 432
¤qaqitcham uyaġaŋa (Nu);
pile up ~ 408 qalliñiaq- (Nu); ~
roe 540 suvait; ~ scale 240
kavisiq; small ~ 192 iqalugauraq;
small, freshwater ~ 229
kanayuġaalik (Nu); ~ spine 276
kuyapigatchiat; ~ using a net 276
kuvraqtuq-
fishbone: 499 saunniutaq
fisherman: 192 iqaluŋniaqti
fishhook: 339 niksik(-); tangle in water,
of bait on ~ 347 nivitchiq-
fishing: 340 niksiksuq-; go out ~ 192
iqalliaq-, iqalugniaq-, iqaluksiuq-,
340 niksiksuġiaq-
fishing line: 189 ipiun, ipiutaq
fishing pole: 340 niksiksuun
fishnet: 276 kuvraq(-); check ~ 276
kuvraqsruq-; set a ~ 276 kuvriq-
fishtail: 492 saniuġrugaq-
fish tail: 517 ¤sipik, 372 papiġuq
1319
fish trap: 192 iqaluŋniutit (Nu),
559 taluyaq (Nu); fish using a ~
559 taluyaqtuq- (Nu)
fist: 193 iqit(-); clench ~s and teeth in
frustration 446 qiiligruk-; have
a ~ fight 419 qakiqtaq-,
qakiqtauti-; hit on the chin with
~ 418 qakiq-2; hit repeatedly
with ~ 419 qakimik-; make a ~
126 iġmak-, 193 iqi-; make a ~
ready to strike 419
qakiqsaġuma-; side of ~ 589
tigluun; strike with ~ 589
tigluk-, tigluaq-
filter through sea ice: ~ (of fresh melt
water) 259 kiñiqtit-
fit: 218 iviq-, 307 naammagi-,
naammak-, naammaksi-; be a
tight ~ 570 tattalauraq-
five: bundle of ~ 122 iglut; number ~
558 tallimat
five-gallon kerosene can: 137 ikkauraq,
itkauraq (PB)
five-gallon gasoline can: 644
uġruqaġvik (Ti)
fixed: need to be ~ 284 malukanaq-
flag: 557 takuyaq, 149 ilalliñ (Ti); raise
a ~ 558 takuyyiq-
flagpole: 558 takuyyiġvik
flap: 219 ivsuluk-, 220 ivuktaq- (Nu); ~
rapidly 219 ivsula-; ~ repeatedly
219 ivsuktaq-
flash: 437 qaummatit-; continue to ~ 437
qaummatitaq-
flashing: ~ light 28 akiługaq
flask: 313 nakasuŋŋuaq; gun powder ~
592 tilaammaayuutnaq (Nu)
flat: 415 qaiq-, 486 sakpayak-; fall ~ on
one’s face 272 kuniłukaq-; ~ on
one’s back, fast asleep 415
qaiqsatit-; fried ~ bread 374
pasiksitaaq (Nu); have a good, ~,
smooth surface 406 qaagik-,
qaaġik-; large, ~ arrowhead 273
kurvak, kutvak (Nu); ~, long and
oval 486 sakpayaŋa-; long, ~
 stone 593 timmaallaayuuq (Nu); ~
piece of sea ice 245 kiapku; ~,
round cakes of ice 415
qaivaġniq; ~, secure ice at edge
of lead 396 pituqqiq; slough on ~
tundra 275 kuugaaġruk; small
mound isolated in ~ area 389
piŋuktaaq; smooth and ~ 415
qaiq-; something ~ 415 qaiqsaaq,
481 saatuquyaaq (Nu); thin and ~
290 maptukit-; thin, ~ stone 481
saatuquyak, saatuquyaak (Ti),
saapaqayak (Nu)
flatland: ~ in the mountains 125
iġġiilġuq
flatten: 486 sakpayak-
flatus: ~ 340 niliq(-)
flawless: 306 naama-
fledgling: 594 tiŋiqqammiaq,
tiŋiqqammialaaq
flee: 304 muġrui-, 387 piñiġli-, 452
qimaa-, qimak-, qimaaraq-,
qimaaratchi-; cause to ~ 452
qimaari-, qimai-
flense: 441 qavrak-
flensing log: 441 qavragvik
flicker: 424 qavsuktaq-, 476 quulliquraq-,
519 siquvyaktaq-
flight: take ~ 594 tiŋi-; barely take ~ 594
tiŋipqaułłik-; be in~ 594 tiŋmi-;
frighten into ~ 594 tiksri-, tigri-;
make noise in ~ (of ducks) 438
qauqallit-
flipper: fore ~ of seal, walrus or whale
558 taliġuq
flinch: 628 uluġiapak-, uluġiasuk-; ~
from 627 uluġiagi-; try to make
someone ~ 628 uluġiasaaq-
flint: 134 ignisiq, 16 aŋmaaq; tool with a
~ point: 16 aŋmaaqtuun; work
with ~ 16 aŋmarriqi-
flirt: 502 sayuŋa-, 591 tiipak, tiipaktaq-
float: 399 pukta-, 401 pupta-; appear to ~
above the horizon 269 kiviktit-;
large ~ fastened at end of
harpoon line 260 kiŋu(-); net ~
1320
400 puktaġun; sealskin ~ 105
avataqpak; second, sealskin ~ 429
qaŋasiġaq, qaŋatchiġaq (Ti); small
~ for use with whaling harpoon
229 kanasiġaq, kayasiġaq (Ti); ~
to the surface 400 puktakkaq-,
puktallak-, puktaq-; wooden,
pear-shaped ~ with four hooks
and line 285 manaq(-)
float on back in water: ~ (of seal) 441
qavaq-; ~ intermittently (of seal
or walrus) 441 qavaġaq-,
qavaġauraq-
floating: begin ~ away (of shore-fast
ice) 614 tuvaiyagaaq-; ~ bog 340
nilaptaaq; ~ grass on river 483
saġvaniq; ~ platform 417
qakummavik
floating ice: carried out to sea on ~ ice
594 tiktau-; covered with ~ ice
511 sikut-; have ~ ice in river 510
sikkiqi-; ~ ice pack 497 sarri,
sarrik (Ti); ~ mass of ice 400
puktaaq; small chunk of ~ ice 510
sikuġaq (Nu)
floating rib: 358 nuvuliġaq; bone
connecting ~s to breastbone 358
nuvuliksraq; ensiform
appendage between ~s 564
taptayuġaq;
flock: 231 kanŋut; 346 nivi(-)
flood: 625 ulit-, uli, ulinniq
floor: 328 natiq(-)1; ~ planks 329
natchisit, natqit;
flooring: install ~ 329 natchiq-; lay
temporary ~ 329 natchisiq-,
natchitchiq-; prepare ~ 329
natchi-
flour: 366 palauvak; ~ sack 366
palauvaun
flour shifter: 124 igruiqqaiyaun (Ti)
flow: 290 maqi-; break up and ~ (of
frozen river) 536 supi-; ~
continuously 290 maqiugaq-;
emerge and ~ spreading over a
surface 407 qaamit-; for one
 to move around to stimulate
blood ~ 97 auksaaqi-,
auksaaqtiqi-, auvsaaqtiqi-; for
water to ~ over the top of the
ice 114 ayuksraq-; ~ out through
a small opening 508 siiqsit-;
place a windbreaker to catch
the ~ of air to direct into the
house 361 paġġutchiq-; ~
rapidly 465 quġmi-; ~ together
as one 87 atausiŋŋuq-; ~ toward
shore 596 tipisaġniq(-); ~ up
through a hole in ice (of water)
536 suvlik-; ~ upriver 206
isiqsaġniq-
flower: 330 nauriaq; grass ~ 358
nuvulukutaq; tundra ~ 564
taqalukisaksraq (Nu)
flowing: area covered by newly ~ liquid
407 qaaminniq; begin ~ again (of
river) 96 augniġrak-; ~ from the
east out to sea 392 piruġaġniq-; ~
from west 414 qaisaġniq-; ice
trapped in a narrow part of a ~
river 110 ayaaqtinniq; ocean
current ~ away from shore
northwards 90 atchaġnaq; ocean
current ~ directly toward shore
556 taksaġnaq; ocean current ~
from the east 392 piruġaġnaq;
ocean current ~ from the
southwest 254 kiluagnamiñ
atchaġnauraaqtuaq saġvaq; ocean
current originating in the west ~
toward shore 414 qaisaġnaq;
ocean current ~ toward land 206
isiqsaġnaq; river ~ underground
at the base of a mountain 531
sukaq; stop ~ (of stream) 263
kipi-; water ~ through crack in
ice 508 siiqsinniq
fluid: 165 imaq(-); bodily ~ 219 ivsa;
joint ~ 165 imaġiak(-)
fluke: bowhead whale ~ 74 aqikkaq
flute: 537 suvluaqtunġaq
fly1: ~ an airplane 595 tiŋŋutitaq-; ~
1321
away 594 tiŋi-; ~ away taking
something 595 tiŋŋulliq-, tiŋŋuti-;
~ a kite 437 qaugauraq(-); ~ in
every direction 594 tiŋmiġala-,
595 tiqqala-; ~ off 380 piksak-,
381 piksik-; ~ off after impact
464 qivsak-, qivsaktiq-, 458
qipsak-; ~ off into pieces 464
qivsagaala-; ~ open 279
makłuak-; ~ over land 213 itivit-;
~ over and land on the other
side 595 tiŋmiukaktaq-;
~ through turbulent weather
414 qailliuq-; ~ very low over
water 374 patikuraq-
fly2: ~ eggs 193 iqiraġaayuk
fly into a rage: 377 piavsak-; cause
someone to ~ 377 piavsai-
fly swatter: 374 patkutaq
foam: 431 qapuk, qapuli-, qapukłuli-,
qapquti-; frozen ~ on beach 415
qaimŋuq
foam at the mouth: 174 innuli-
fog: 556 taktuk(-)
foggy: 343 niptait-556 taktuk(-);
somewhat ~ 557 taktuġayaq-
fold: 171 imu-, 465 qugluk-; ~ arms
across chest 193 iqisimaaq-; ~ a
knife blade 388 piñŋuqtit-; ~
inward 476 quumiŋa-; ~ (of knife
blade) 387 piñŋuq-; ~ line 465
quglugniq; ~ making less bulky
126 iġnukłi; ~ over 193 iqmak-
(Nu), 465 quglugniq- (Ti)
folded: ~ over 564 tapit-
folding: ~ knife 388 piñŋuqtaq; ~ sewing
kit 172 immurvik
follow: 282 malik-, maliġi-, maligaq-; ~
everywhere 283 maliqquk-,
maliqquuti-, maliqsruq-, 284
malak-; ~ shortly after 282
malikpakaq-
follower: become a ~ 283 marguti-,
malguti-
food: 343 niqi; bring ~ 377 payuk-, 471
qumiu-; experience lack of ~ 343
 niqailliuq-; fetch ~ 343 niqaisuq-;
~ for a feast 344 niqinaqun; game
animal killed for ~ 344
niqsaqtaq; get ~ by buying or
trading 78 aquviq-; have an
abundance of ~ 337
niġisuksiunġiq-; have ~
remaining 344 niqiku-; ~
ingredient 344 niqisiun,
niqłiuġun; ~ left over from
preparing meal 47 amirriaq;
procure ~ 343 niqiksraq-; run
out of ~ 343 niqaiġuti-, niqaiq-;
set ~ down on table to eat 344
niqłiqsui-; save ~ to eat later 32
akkutchiq-; ~ saved to be eaten
later 32 akkutchiaq; prepare ~
344 niqiksriuq-
food and water box: 565 taquaqaġvik
food dip: ~ of seal oil 43 alugraaq(-) (Ti),
302 misiġaaq(-)
food dish: animal ~ 43 alġun, aluġvik
food poisioning: 336 niġġiġluk-
fool: 513 silaivyaŋaaq(-) (Ti), 258 kinnaq,
259 kinnalaaq (Nu), 658 uviłłik(-);
behave like a ~ 259 kinnaŋaaq-
foolish: 208 isumalluaġiit-, isumatupiaŋit,
259 kinnau-, 657 uviłłiktaq-,
uviłłiŋa-, 658 uviłłik(-), uviłłi ŋa-
foolishly: talk or act ~ 82 asiliqi-
foot: 204 isigak; injure one’s foot 204
isigaurraaq-, isikkaurraaq-,
isikkaaq-
football: 114 ayuktaq(-), 486
sakpayaqtaq; play ~ 114
ayuktaq(-)
foothill: 453 qimialuk
footprints: leave ~ 601 tuvliġaq-
footrace: have a ~ 75 aqpaliurraq-
foot step: ~ on sled 280 makitaraġaaġvik
footwear: for one’s ~ to be too small
204 isigakit-; for one’s ~ to
become too small 204 isigakikłi-
foramen: ~ in spinal column 591
tikalaaq
for instance: 587 tavrakii, 657 uvvakii
1322
forbearance: 286 manimmilgun
force: ~ to V 1031 mtit-1, +pkaq-1, 1034
mtitaq(-), +pkaqtitaq-
forced: ~ to talk 642 uqaqtitaq-
forcefully: V ~ 827 -łłak-, 1094 -viñaq-
forehead: 439 qauq; press ~s together
334 niaquġmik-
foreboding: 527 sivuuġanaq(-)
foreleg: 525 sivuġaq (Ti), sivulliq(-), 558
taliq(-); ~ sinew 524
sivuġaġluqun, sivuġaġlugun
foreign accent: speak with ~ 274 kutak-
foremost: 525 sivuġaqłiq
foresight on gun: 313 nakataq
forest dweller: 653 uummaġmiu
forever: 164 imuŋa, 553 taimuŋa
forget: 380 puiguq-, piiguq-, 403 puuguq-
(Ti)
forgive: 533 suliqutigiŋaiq-,
suliqutigiŋaiqsi-
forgiveness: 533 suliqutigiŋaiġun
fork: 223 kakiuraq
former: ~ N 757 -kkaluaq1
formidable: 494 sapiġnaq-; ~ one 494
sapiġnaqtuaq
fornication: 41 allatuun; commit ~ 41
allatuq-
forsake: 531 suksraaq-
forestall: 185 iŋiaq-
fortitude: have ~ 519 siqsu-, 528 suama-
fortunately: 54 aniqsa, 84 asugupta
forty: number ~ 282 malġukipiat
forward: 526 sivunmun
fossilized item: 185 iŋilġaaġnisaq
foundation: 289 maŋŋuq
foundation pit: ~ for house 346
nivautiniq; ~ for kitchen of sod
house 117 iggaviksraq
foundation pilings: 325 nappaqutat,
nappaġutit
fountain: 291 maqsraluktuaq,
maksraluktuaq
fountain pen: 302 misuktaun
four: ~ groups 520 sisamait; number ~
521 sisamat; ~ (in playing cards)
117 igalaaq
fourteen: number ~ 30 akimiaġutailat
fourth one: 520 sisamaat, sisamaq
fourths: divided into ~ 521 sisamaut-
fox: 394 pisukkaaq; arctic white ~ 590
tiġiganniaq; 444 cross ~ qianġaq
Fox Sparrow: 138 ikłiġvik2
fowl: 594 tiŋmiaq
fowler: 594 tiŋmiaġniaqti
fracture: 332 navvaq, 350 nuki-, nukkaq;
~ (of glass or ceramic) 326
naqtuq-
fragile: 443 qayaŋnaq-
fragment: 520 siqummaaq-,
siqummayaaq-, siqummaq
frame: ~ for stretching animal skins
176 iññiutaq; have a bulky ~ 499
sauniġluk-; have a well-
portioned ~ 498 sauniġik-
frayed: 195 iqłiq-; become ~ 124
igumit-; ~ edge 125 iguptaq
free: 225 kalimŋaŋit-; become ~ 85
ataŋaiq-; ~ item 26 akiilaaq; set ~
84 atanġiq-; someone set ~ 84
atanġiqsitaq
freedom: 84 atanġiqsau-
freeze: 459 qiqit-, 445 qiġitiq- (Ti); ~ to
death 462 qiu-; ~ meat 464
qurri-; wait for something to ~
459 qiqitchiq-; ~ without snow
cover 459 qiġruġaaq-
freeze dry: 405 pivitquqsaq-
freezer: 459 qiqsraqaġvik, 335 nigliqpik
(Nu)
frequently: 34 akulaitchuami
fresh kill: uunalaaq(-) (Ti)
Friday: 559 Tallimmiġñiq,
Tallimmaŋŋuq; be ~ 559
Tallimmiq-
fried meat: bite-sized bits of ~ with
gravy 43 aluuttaġaaq, 517
siqinaqtaq (Nu)
friend: 108 avilaitqan;be a ~ 108
avilaitqatigi-; good ~ 150
ilannaq; dear ~ 151 ilauraaq;
man’s male ~ of same age 540
suunaaq (Nu)
1323
friendly: 150 ilamaatqik-, ilammiutqik-
182 iñuŋniq-, 209 irrusiġik-, 559
taluġnait-, 360 paammaaġik-,
paammaġik-
frighten: 196 iqsitchai-, 569 tatamni-; ~
an animal 503 siaksrit-; ~ an
animal away by one’s smell 405
puvlaq-; ~ away an attacking
animal 638 uŋulġusaaq-
frightened: ~ and cry out in fear 235
kappiala-; easily ~ 196 iqsisu-,
569 tatasuk-; ~ enough to quit
569 tatamit-
frightening: very ~ 569 tatamnaq-
frog: 308 naaġaayiq
from: ~ the N 1146 ÷miñ
from a place other than where it
belongs: 83 asiñiñ
from down here: ~ down here (not
visible) 488 samaŋŋa1
from down there: ~ (visible) 227
kanaŋŋa, 631unaŋŋa
from here: ~ (visible) 657 uvaŋŋa, 292
maaŋŋa
from in there: ~ (not visible) 423
qamaŋŋa
from out there: ~ (visible) 246 kiaŋŋa,
410 qaaŋŋa; bring in ~ 246
kiaŋŋauti-; ~ in the arctic
entry (not visible) 485
saŋmaŋŋa; ~ in the shed or the
neighbor’s house (not visible)
418 qaŋmaŋŋa
from over there: ~ (visible) 130 ikaŋŋa,
103 avaŋŋa; ~ (not visible) 44
amaŋŋa; ~ across (visible) 11
aaŋŋa; ~ across (not visible) 30
aŋmaŋŋa
from (that direction) down there: ~
(visible) 228 kanaŋŋamiñ, 631
unaŋŋamiñ; ~ (not visible) 488
samaŋŋamiñ
from (that direction) in there: 423
qamaŋŋamiñ
from (that direction) out there: ~
(visible) 246 kiaŋŋamiñ, 410
 qaaŋŋamiñ; ~ in the arctic entry
(not visible) 485 saŋmaŋŋamiñ;
~ in the shed or the neighbor’s
house 418 qaŋmaŋŋamiñ
from (that direction) over there: ~
(visible) 130 ikaŋŋamiñ, 103
avaŋŋamiñ; ~ (not visible) 44
amaŋŋamiñ; ~ across 11
aaŋŋamiñ (visible); ~ across (not
visible) 30 aŋmaŋŋamiñ
from (that direction) there: ~, up the
coast 268 kivaŋŋamiñ, 440
qavaŋŋamiñ
from (that direction) up there: ~
(visible) 381 pikaŋŋamiñ, 362
paaŋŋamiñ; ~ (not visible) 368
pamaŋŋamiñ; ~ on the roof of
the house (not visible) 366
paŋmaŋŋamiñ
from that one down there: ~ (visible)
228 kattumaŋŋa, 631 uttumaŋŋa;
~ (not visible) 488 saptumaŋŋa
from that one in there: 267
kiptumaŋŋa, 423 qaptumaŋŋa;
from that one out there: ~ (visible)
246 kiktumaŋŋa, 410
qaktumaŋŋa; ~ in the arctic
entry (not visible) 484
sakiptumaŋŋa; ~ in the shed or
the neighbor’s house (not
visible) 417 qakiptumaŋŋa
from that one over there: ~ (visible)
130 iktumaŋŋa, 103 aptumaŋŋa;
~ (not visible) 44 aptumaŋŋa; ~
across 12 aktumaŋŋa; ~ across
(not visible) 30 akiptumaŋŋa
from that one previously mentioned:
164 iptumaŋŋa, 553 taiptumaŋŋa
from that one there: ~, up the coast
267 kiptumaŋŋa, 440
qaptumaŋŋa2
from that one up there: ~ (visible) 381
piktumaŋŋa, 362 paktumaŋŋa; ~
(not visible) 368 paptumaŋŋa; ~
on the roof of the house (not
visible) 365 pakiptumaŋŋa
1324
from (the direction): ~ under here (not
visible) 488 samaŋŋamiñ
from there: ~, up the coast 268
kivaŋŋa, 440 qavaŋŋa
from (this direction): ~ here (visible)
657 uvaŋŋamiñ, 292 maaŋŋamiñ
from this one: ~ here (visible) 656
uumaŋŋa, 292 mattumaŋŋa; ~
under here (not visible) 488
saptumaŋŋa
from up there: ~ (visible) 381 pikaŋŋa,
362 paaŋŋa; ~ (not visible) 368
pamaŋŋa; ~ on the roof of the
house (not visible) 366
paŋmaŋŋa
front: be in ~ 480 salliu-; be in ~ of a
group 480 satchaaq-; get in ~ 524
sivuġaanuk-; located far in the ~
480 satchik-; one in ~ 480 salliq
front of garment: upper ~ 288 manu
frontal bone: 438 qauq
frost: 230 kaniq(-), kaniġaaġruk(-) (Nu),
375 patuk(-); ~ on ground 448
qikkuaq(-) (Ti); be covered with
~ 230 kaniq(-); be covered with
~ (of parka ruff) 288 manuġluk-,
manuġli(-) (Ti); heavy ~ 230
kaniġruaq(-); light ~ 230
kanġuraq (Nu); small, ~ crystal
464 qivliġnaq; ~ from
breath on parka ruff 288
manuġli(-), 375 patuk(-); ~ in/on
house 160 ilu(-)1; ~ on ground
420 qakuak, 433 qaquq(-) (Ti) to
form ~ 160 ilu(-)1; to form a
thick layer of ~ 230 kaniġruaq(-)
frostbite: ~ on cheek 153 ilguġniq,
iluguġniq, irguġniq; get a patch
of ~ 294 matŋiq- (Nu); patch of ~
294 matŋiġniq (Nu)
frostbitten: 294 matŋiqtuq- (Nu), 405
puvitquq-, 445 qiġitiq- (Ti), 459
qiqitiq-; get ~ from grabbing
something cold 405 puvitquqtit-;
~ on the face 153 ilguq-, iluguq-,
irguq-
frosted over: to become ~ (of land) 433
qaquq(-) (Ti), 448 qikkuaq(-)
froth: 431 qapukłuk
frown: 58 annut-, 559 taluġnaq-; ~ a lot
58 annutu-
frozen: 459 qiqi-, qiquma-; break up
and flow (of ~ river) 536 supi-;
creak underfoot easily (of ~
packed snow) 448 qikiġġaġnaq-;
cut piece of ~ meat or blubber
236 karriaq (Nu); cut up ~ meat
or fish 464 qurri-, qurriuq-; eat ~
meat or fish 464 quaq(-); ~ fish
452 qimaktiraaq; fish stored
together and ~ 347 nivirat; flat,
round cakes of ice ~ together
415 qaivaġniq; ~ food storage
alcove 291 maqpik2; loosen items
~ together 439 qauqtiġii-; ~ meat
or fish 464 quaq(-); ~ meat set
aside to thaw 288 manŋuksiaq(-);
~ overflow on top of river ice
508 siiqsinniq; partially ~ 459
qiquayak-; ~ rain and snow 510
sikuġlak(-), sikuġlalaaq; sled of ~
moosehide 425 qamuun,
qamuutaq; ~ solid (of shallow
water) 374 patit-; ~ thing 459
qiqsraq, qiqumaraq; white ~ edge
of a body of water 415 qaimŋuq
frugal: 276 kuvsit-
fruit: 508 siiġñaq, 83 asiaq
frustrate: 453 qimmaksai-
frustrated: 453 qimmaksaq-, 483
saiñġisuk-, saiñġusuk-, 653
uuligruk-, uuligruktaq-
frustrating person, object or event: 654
uumiñałak, uumiñaq
fry: 374 pasiksitaq- (Nu)
frying pan: 517 siqaniq(-)
fugitive: 452 qimmaq; be a ~ 199
iriġaqtuq-
fulfilled: 316 nalaut-1, nalautit-1, 563
taŋŋiq-
full: 165 imaukkaq-; become ~ 514
silivit-, silvit-; ~ to bursting 595
1325
tiŋŋiq-
full from eating: 344 niqinŋuq-; feel
overly ~ 309 naaqsunŋu-, 344
niqinŋu-
full moon:167 imigluktit- (Ti), 306
naaġuq-
fun: have ~ 39 aliasuŋit-; have
boisterous ~ 598 tuavaala-; make
~ of 462 qitusuksautigi-
fund: ~ account 143 ilaaguaŋaruaq
manik
fungus: bracket ~ 106 avaatchiqiq (Nu);
tree ~ 106 avaatchi
funnel: 276 kuviuġvik; an oil ~ 644
uqsriqsuun, (Ti) uġriqsivik
funny: 462 qitusuŋnaq-; 473
quŋuyugnaq-
fur: 304 mitquq; choice piece of ~ 378
pigigñiq; thick (of ~) 607 turġu-
furious: 454 qinnautipiaġataq-
fur socks: pair of knee-high ~ 40 aliqsik
further and further out: 104 avallaq-
furtherest: ~ inland point of a lake 456
qiñŋu; ~ area away from the
door in a house 456 qiñŋu
furthermore: 532 suli; and ~ 9 aasi suli;
and then, ~ 588 tavra suli
fuss: 390 piqpak-
future: 398 piyumaaqtuaq; ~ event 398
piyumaaqtuaq; in the distant
~ 553 taimanigu; in the very
distant ~ 24 aippaanigu; to the ~
526 sivunmun
fuzzy: ~ (of cloth) 463 qiviusuk-
G
gaff: 29 akigaq (Ti), (Nu), 468 qulaaniun
(Nu); ~ for fish 468 qulaaniq-
gaff of sailboat: 439 qauqqigauraq (Nu)
gain: ~ a member 150 ilannak-; ~
possession 387 piññaktaaġi-
gallbladder: 535 suŋaq
gallop: 371 paŋalik-
galloping: 371 paŋaligmik
gamble: 481 saaptaq-, 286 manigaq-
game (recreation): 5 aanaruuraq(-); 9
 aaquaksraluuraq(-), aaquluuraq(-);
10 aatchakisaaq-; 72 aqsaaq-; 80
argaugaatchiaq(-); 110 ayagaaq(-),
112 ayaqhaaq(-); 122
iglukisaaq(-), (Ti) iglukusaaq(-);
154 ilisaġnaiq- (Ti); 199
iriġauraq(-); 202 isaqqilauraq-
(Ti); 222 kaipsalugaq(-) (Nu); 223
kakisuġaaq(-); 238 kattagaat; 245
kiapsalugaq(-), ¤kaipsalugaq(-)
(Nu); 278 magrikaqtaq- (Ti); 287
manna mannaa; 290 maq; 292
marra marraaq- (Nu); 299
miluuġuti- (Nu); 322 nanmak(-);
324 napaatchak(-), napaatchaq(-)
(Ti); 359 paasaqqaurraq- (Ti); 371
paŋaligaq-; 372 paqqaurraq- (Ti);
377 piannaun; 393 pisiktaŋŋuaq-
(Nu);429 qapaksiraq- (Ti); 458
qiputaq(-); 546 taammak(-); 558
taliġmik-; 559 tallimattaaq- (Nu);
564 taptauraq- (Nu); 627 uluġiak-;
661 yuġaq(-) (Ti), yuġaliq(-)
game animal: 66 aŋŋun; become
plentiful (of ~) 114 ayuġnaiq-;
cache ~ in rocks 659 uyaġaaq-;
catch ~ 65 aŋu-; ~ caught in
autumn 622 ukialliq; cook fresh
~ 66 aŋunġiuq-; cornered by
hunter (of ~) 232 kaŋiġaaq-;
experience hardship due to
shortage of ~s 66 aŋŋutailli-; fail
to procure ~ 63 aŋiiññaq-,
aŋiluŋaq-; harvested ~ 66 aŋuraq;
hunt ~ 66 aŋuniaq-; kill one’s
first ~ 66 aŋunġaq-; look for ~s
from a high vantage point 327
nasit-, 328 nasiqsruaq- (Nu),
nasiqsruq-; process ~ 344
niqqak-; remains of dead ~ 452
qilluq (Nu); scarce of ~ 66
aŋŋutait-, 114 ayuġnaq-; stalk ~
358 nuyugaq- (Ti); startle ~ 387
piñiġli-
gander: 350 nukatpiaq
gang up on: 46 amilluti-
1326
gardener: 330 nautchialiqiri
garment: full-length, one piece ~ 94
attaqtaaq (Ti); upper front of ~
288 manu
garter belt: 341 niŋiyaitkun
gas: suffer from excess ~ 405 puvliqi-
gas mixed with oil: 109 avulik
gasoline: 644 uqsruq, 645 uqsruġruaq
gasp: ~ after crying hard 283 maliktuq-;
~ for breath 10
aatchaġruummisiññaq-, 187
ivruattuq-, ivruaqtuq- (Ti), 454
qiniqqaluk-
gate: 639 upkuaqpak
gather: 231 kanŋuq-, kanŋu- (Ti), katŋuq-
(Nu), 238 katit-, katiqsri-,
katiqsruq-; ~ berries 83 asirri-; ~
edible green leaves 190
ippiġniaq- (Ti); ~ edible roots 293
masut-; go ~ eggs 287
mannigiaq-; ~ into pleats 637
uŋiq-, uŋiraq-, uŋirraq- (Ti); ~
necessary supplies for trip 638
upaluŋaiyaq-; ~ one’s
possessions 367 paluŋaiq- (Nu);
~ one’s strength and make an
all-out effort 289 mapkuq-; ~
one’s strength for an all-out
effort 506 sii-
gathered: something ~ 400 pukuaq
gathering: a large ~ of people 231
kanŋuqpait; ~ place for animals
and insects 346 nivi(-)
gear: fighting ~ 69 aŋuyaunnat
generations: 261 kiŋuġaaġiit
generous: 505 sigñatait-
generosity: 505 sigñataiññiq
gentle: 13 aggaŋait-, 378 piaqłuktaŋit-,
383 pikałłaktautait-; have a long ~
sloping plane 505 sigiŋaaq-; have
a ~ slope 475 qutaŋŋiaġik-; ~
slope at base of mountain 407
qaaniq (Nu)
gesture: 352 nuluġaq-, 647 ¤urraaq-; ~ to
do likewise 155 ilimik-;
unfriendly ~ 132 ikauraak(-); ~
 when sighting caribou 486
salik-, saliktuq- (Nu)
get out of the way: 86 atain
ghost: 40 aliugaq
giddy: feel 643 uqigyuummiq-
gift: ~ received 25 aitchuusiaq; ~ given
25 aitchuun; N given as a ~ 764
-ksrirrun; N received as a ~ 765
-ksriusiaq
gift exchange: practice of ~ during
trading 533 Suliruk
giggle: 119 iglaqhauraq-
girl: 19 aġnaiyaaq, 62 agliñġaaq (Nu),
347 niviaqsiaġruk; teenage ~ 347
niviaqsialugruaq
girlfriend: ~ of male 19 aġnaun (Ti), 352
nuliuraq
give: 24 aitchuq-, 416 qaitchisuu-; ~ a N
765 -ksrit-; ~ someone something
to carry 479 saakkiq-, saakkit-
give it all you’ve got: 150 ilaŋa
mininnagu, 243 kiq
give it to me, and let me see what I can
do 86 ataguna
give up: 430 qapiq-2, 565 taqit-, 188
ipiġaq-3, ipaġaq- (Ti), 602 tuni-2; ~
easily 430 qapiqsiġiaq-; not ~
easily 430 qapiqsiġiit-; ~ on
someone 339 nikatchauti-, 430
qapquti-1 (Ti); ~ one’s plans 274
kutchuq-
given away: 416 qaisaġi-; something ~
416 qaisaq; something to be ~
416 qaisaksraq
glacier: 400 puktaaġruaq auyuilaq
gland: beaver scent ~ 124 igruk; ~
between caribou’s front toes
602 tuvlisaun; have a swollen ~
in lower part of chin next to
neck 419 qakiġluuk(-)
glare: 455 qiñiġruaq-,
qiññaġluk-
glass: 437 qaummałuk; ~ lantern
chimney 28 akiłhun; magnifying
~ 62 agliraġaun, 63 aŋinaq; ~
window 117 igalauraq
1327
glass bottle: 302 misuġuqtuun
Glaucous Gull: 332 nauyavasugruk
Western ~ 332 nauyavak
get carried away: 25 aiyuili-
glide: 521 sisu-
glimpse: 625 uliq-1, uliqtiq-; catch a ~
447 qiksilliq-
glitter: 464 qivliqtaq-
glory: 226 kamanaun
glove: 79 argaaq; boxing ~ 419
qakiqtaun
glue: 343 nipirrun
gnash: 597 tiriqtaq-, tiriqtitaq-
gnat: 298 milugiatchiaq
gnawed: ~ item 247 kiggiq
go: 100 aullaq-; ~ and V 969 +saqtuaq-,
-saqtuq-, 725 +iaq-1; ~ to a N 848
÷muk-; ~ to (possessed) N 880
-nuk-; ~ home 22 ai-
go around: 637 uŋatqut-
go directly to: 603 tuniġi- (Ti)
go down to the river: 391 pirik- (Nu),
piriksaaq- (Nu)
go how far: 428 qanutuaglaan
go out and deal with a troublesome
person: 53 anniqi-
go out there: 247 kiuŋaq-, 571 tatkiuŋaq-
go to excess: 25 aiyuili-
goal: 313 naksiq(-), 592 tikisaksraq,
tikirviksraq; soccer ~ 107 aviuvik,
aviuraġaġvik
goalpost: 160 iluaqsuġaq (Ti)
going so far as: ~ to V 998 +t/laaq-
plus Conditional, Consequential
or Contemporative I Endings
gold: 286 manik kaviqsuaq
Golden Crowned Sparrow: 444
qianaruutuuq, qiaranatuuq
Golden Plover: 611 tuullik, tuutlik (Nu)
golf: to play ~ 11 aayyutaaq-, 115
ayyutaaq
good: ~ 9 aarigaa, 315 nakuu-, 9
aarigaaq-; ~ at V-ing regularly
953 -rruġIk-; ~ N 812 -lluataq(-);
have a ~ N 700 +[g]Ik-
good luck charm: 323 nanuġun
good riddance: 478 quyanaq; ~, to give
someone what is deserved 478
quyanaġniqsuq
good thing, luckily: 54 aniqsa
good together: for two things to be ~
177 iññaġiik-
good work: 331 naumipayuk una
goodbye: 419 qakugulu
goodness: 315 nakuun
goose: 337 niġliq; White-fronted ~ 337
niġlivik; ~ with red bill 626
¤ulluk (Nu); ~ with young 337
niġlaalik
Goshawk: 265 kirgavik
gosling: 337 niġlaaq
gossip: 494 saŋutchiri; ~ maliciously
494 saŋut-; 643 uqqaqtu-
got what she/he deserved: 478 quyanaq
govern: 60 aŋalataġi-
governing board: 84 atanaurat, 642
uqaqsitaaqtitchirit
governor: 240 kavanaq
grab: ~ but be unable to hold 590
tigula-; ~ and not let go 590
tigummiraq-; ~ one by one 590
tiguullaq-; ~ repeatedly 590
tigguk-; ~ roughly 589 tigguġluk-
grace from God: 311 nagliktuutiqpak
graceful: 392 pirraġik-
gracefully: jump up ~ 300
minŋiqhiallak-
gradually: ~ begin to V 963 +saiññaq-
grain: ~ of rice 500 saviġuuraq1; ~ in
wood 187 ipak
grammar: 100 aullasiat uqaluit
grandchild:161 iluliġaaq, 176 iñġutaq,
609 tutaaluk, tutik, 610 tutitchiaq;
youngest ~ 610 tutitchauraq
grandchild and grandparent: 610
tutigiik
granddaughter: 161 iluliġaaq, 176
iñġutaq, 609 tutaaluk, tutik, 610
tutitchiaq
grandfather: 7 aapaaluk, 86 ataata, 548
taata (Nu)
grandmother: 4 aakaaluk, aanaaluk,
1328
aana; be without a ~ 4 aanait-;
call her ~ 4 aanaaqtuq-; my ~ 4
aanaa; say ~ 4 aanaaq-
grandmother and grandchild: 4
aanalugiik(-)
grandparents: 548 taataak (Nu)
grandson: 177 iññaaluk; 161 iluliġaaq,
176 iñġutaq, 609 tutaaluk, tutik,
610 tutitchiaq
granduncle: 86 ataata; my ~ 86 ataataa; ~
and grandnephew or
grandniece 86 ataataalugiik
granular: 400 pukagriŋa-
grapnel: 118 igiłhaq
grass: 217 ivigaaq, ivik; blade of dead ~
217 iviġruaq; blades of ~ 217
ivgit; fresh, green ~ 217 ivigirrat;
grow (of ~) 217 ivvi-
grasshopper: 356 nuttagayuk, 380
pigliġayuk
grate: ~ in oven 653 uukłiqpik
grateful: 156 iliġasugvigi-, 482
saġimasuutigi-; become ~ 156
iliġatchak-
grave: 162 iluviq
gravel: 278 maġġaq; fetch ~ 278
maġġaqsaq-
gravestone: upright ~ 325 napaqutaq
graveyard: 162 iluvvivik
gravy: 366 palauvaaq
gray: 460 qirġiaq-; ~ hair 460 qirġiq;
something ~ 460 qirġiaqtaaq
Gray-Cheeked Thrush: 357
nuviuvaksiuġayuk, 379 piiġaq,
501 saviiġaviiq
Gray-Crowned Rosy Finch: 240
kaviqsuaq saksaŋiq
gray wolf: 45 amaġuq
great-aunt: 4 aana; be without a ~ 4
aanait-; call her ~ 4 aanaaqtuq-;
my ~ 4 aanaa; say ~ 4 aanaaq-
great-grandchild: 45 amau, amaułuk,
amauluk (Ti), 161 iluliġaaq, 610
tutitchiatqiun, tutitqiun (Ti),
tutaalutqiun (Ti)
great-granddaughter: 45 amau,
 amaułuk, amauluk (Ti)
great-grandfather: 45 amau, amaułuk,
amauluk (Ti)
great-grandmother: 45 amau, amaułuk,
amauluk (Ti)
great-grandparent 45 amau, amaułik,
amauluk (Ti)
great-grandparent and great-
grandchild 161 iluliaġaġiik
great-grandson: 45 amau, amaułuk,
amauluk (Ti)
Great Gray Owl: 309 naataq
great-great-grandchild 161 ilummiq,
ilulliġruaq (Ti)
great-great-granddaughter: 161
ilummiq, ilulliġruaq (Ti)
great-great-grandfather: 161 ilummiq,
ilulliġruaq (Ti)
great-great-grandmother: 161
ilummiq, ilulliġruaq (Ti)
great-great-grandparent: 161 ilummiq,
ilulliġruaq (Ti)
great-great-grandson: 161 ilummiq,
ilulliġruaq (Ti)
Great Horned Owl: 350 nukaisiġaq,
nukasiġaq
Greater Scaup: 432 qaqłuqpalik
greasy: 645 uqsruulaaq(-), uqsruu-
green: ~ 535 suŋaaqtaaq; 535 suŋaaq-;
become ~ (of land) 535
suŋauraaqsi-
Green-Winged Teal: 273 kurukaałhusiq,
kurukaaluġusiq (Nu), 415 qaiŋŋiq
green wood: 654 uummaq
greet: 361 paġla-; ~ each other 361
paġlati-
greeting: 361 paġlan
grey whale: 21 aġviġluaq
griddle: 373 pasiksitaaġvik, pasiksitaun
(Nu)
grieve: 463 qivġu- (Ti), 464 qivuġu- (Nu)
grievious: 189 ipiqtunaq-
grill: 650 utkutchiġvik
grimace: 250 kiiñaġiili-, 151 ilauq- (Ti),
grime: 405 puya
grimy: 406 puyau-; become ~ 405
1329
puyat-, 406 puyauq-
grin: 119 iglaġusuk- , 473 quŋuyuk-
grind: ~ teeth 557 takuq-; ~ meat
557 takuutitaq-
grinder: meat ~ 557 takuutik; tallow ~
520 siqupsin (Ti)
grindstone: 222 kaivrak, kaivraun (Nu),
246 kiavrak
grizzly bear: 32 akłaq
groin: 185 iŋi
groom: ~ N 700 +[g]iksaq-
groove: 247 kigagniq, 597 titiqtuġniq;
burnt ~ on tinder wood 452
qimiaġaat
gross: 386 pilupiallak-
ground: 353 nuna; solid ~ 609
turviatchiaq
grounded: become ~ (of ice) 266
kisitchiq-; ~ ice 266 kisitchat
ground beetle: 300 minŋuq, miñŋuq
grow: 330 nau-; set aside to ~ 62
aglitchiq-; ~ slowly 62 aglisuit-; ~
steadily 62 aglitchik-; ~ taller 62
agli-
growl: ~ of stomach 470 quluk-,
quluula-, quluulaq- (Ti); ~ of
animal 421 ¤qaliŋu-, 617 ugiala-
growth: cause for ~ 330 naggun;
develop a ~ 121 iglaŋmiutchiq-
(Nu); mold-like ~ on maktak 38
alguniq; new ~ 330 naullaġnaq;
pus-filled ~ 121 iglak (Nu);
wartlike ~ 108 avraq
grudge: 535 sunŋun; hold a ~ 208
isumanŋu-, 535 sunŋu-; hold a ~
against 208 isumanŋutchauti-
grumble: 641 ¤uqanayuk-, 643 uqaviluk-
guardian: 306 munaqsriri
guess: 316 nalautchaq-; ~ correctly 316
nalaut-1; I ~ so 1 aaqanuq, 127
iivaluk; I ~ not 331 naumi qanuq;
I ~ that is it 587 tavrakiaq
guess what I have: 534 sunalikum
guest: 615 tuyuġmiaq; stay as ~ 599
tukku-, 616 tuyuġmi-
guideline: 282 maliġuagaksraq
guidelines: 602 tuvraaksrat
guidepost: rock cairn ~ 181 inuksuk
guilty: 373 patchisau-
guitar: 266 kitaaq
gull: 331 nauyaq
gums: 137 ikkik
gun: 536 suppun; barrel of ~ 244
kiapsiqsuġvik; ~ cleaning rod 375
paugiyaun; have a shell stuck in
the ~ chamber 225 kalivsi-; load
~ with ammunition 413 qaġriq-,
qaġriqsuq-; ~ oil 645 uqsruġun;
percussion ~ of ~ 241
kavlu (Nu); reach for a ~ 536
supputiksruq-; shoot a~ 536
supputitchaq-, supputisaq- (Nu)
gun bore: inside of a ~ 458 qippuit
gunpowder: 19 aġra, aġraq
gunsight: 316 nalautirrun
gunwale: 467 quli, qulaaġun; two forks
of ~ at either end of umiak 230
kannaak
gurgle: ~ of flowing water 483
saġvaluula-, 504 sigaallak- (Nu)
gust: 414 qaisaaġaq- (Ti)
gusty: 536 supikałłaktaq-, supiłhaqtaq-
(Nu)
Gyrfalcon: 11 aatqarruaq, aatqatruaq
(Nu), 622 ukiuqtaq, kirgavik
ukiuqtaq (Nu)
H hammer: 240 kauk-, kautaq(-), kaugun
habit: 209 ilġusiq (Ti), 184 iñuusiq, 393
pisaunnaq, 394 pitqusiq; form a ~
115 ayuġit-, ayuġak-; form a bad
~ 115 ayuġiili-; have bad ~s 395
pitqusiġiit-; unconscious ~ 100
aullasiq; 538 suqusiq
habituate: 115 ayuġit-
habituated: 621 uiviili-
hail: 328 natatquġnaq; to ~ (of frozen
balls of rain and snow) 510
sikuġlak(-)
hailstone: 510 sikuġlak(-), sikuġlalaaq
hair: cut ~ to the scalp or skin 463 ;
qiuġaq-; for one’s ~ to grow long
1330
355 nutchak-; grow gray ~ 449
qilġili- (Ti), 460 qirġili-; gray ~
449 qilġiq, (Ti), head of ~ 355
nusat, nuyat; 460 qirġiq; part ~
473 quppiq-; part in ~ 473
quppiġñiq; pull someone’s ~ 355
nuyaaqtuq-; wash~ 334 niaqqiqi-,
355 nutchiqi-;
hairbrush: 159 illaigutit, 415 qaiqsautit
(Nu), 492 sanŋiyautit (Nu)
hairclip: 599 tugliġun
hair clippers: 263 kivrautik
hairpin: 473 quppiġun, quppiqsaaġun
(Nu)
hairspring: 355 nuyaġaq (Nu)
Hairy Woodpecker: 613 tuuyuqpak
half: 107 avvaq; break in ~ 325 napi-;
earn ~ 325 nappannak-; ~ of a
dollar 473 qupi(-); receive ~ 107
avvannak-; something cut in ~
325 nappaq
Half Moon Three: name of reindeer
ranch on North Slope Alaska 37
Alaqtaq
half-sister: 333 nayagraq (Ti)
hallucinate: 40 aliuqtuq-
hallux: 402 putuguq
hallway: 606 tuksruuk
halo: 104: avaluġun, 246 kiavraġun, 437
qaumaniq; ~ around sun 222
kaivraġun
(Ti), 236 karuk-; ~ into a shape
236 karri-; small ~ used to chip
flint 329 natqiun, natqiutaq (Nu)
hand: 79 algait (Ti), argait, argak, 122
iglupiaq; edge of ~ 20 aġvak(-)1;
have a withered ~ 79 argakit-; hit
with edge of ~ 20 aġvaŋmik-;
support oneself with one’s ~ 111
ayappak-
handcuffs: 451 qiliġutik
handbag: 403 puukatauraq
handicapped: be severely ~ 389
pipqaqtaq-
handkerchief: 224 kakkiiyaun
handle: 191 ipu(-), 337 niġumiutaq, 590
tigguvik
handrail: 111 ayappiqtuk
hands: 79 argait; have cold ~ 79
argaiyaq-; have large ~ 79
argaktu-; hold ~ 569 tasiuq-,
tasiuqtuaq-; shake ~ 149 ilali-;
with both ~ 122 igluktun,
igluktuuq-
handsome: 68 aŋutigik-
handstand: do a ~ 325 naparaġaaq-
handy: something kept ~ 481
satqummiaq
handyman: 262 kipaluk(-)
hang: ~ out to dry 176 iniuqqaq-; ~ up
346 niviŋŋaq-; ~ up to dry 176
iñi-; take hold and ~ on 589 tigu-
hangar: clothes ~ 346 niviŋŋaun
hanging: 346 niviŋa-; ~ on hook or peg
313 naksima-
hangover: have a ~ 168 iminŋu-
happen: 316 nalautit-1; let V ~ 1040
+[t]sii-, 1041 +[t]sIq-
happy: 477 quviasuk-; become ~ 477
quviatchak-, quvyak-; to feel ~
enough to feel like working 410
qaamasuk-; make someone
happy 477 quviatchai-, 478
quyali-; be very ~ 156 iliġasuk-
harassed: ~ individual 311 nagriaq
hard: V ~ 928 +qpak(-)
hard surface: get tired of lying or
walking on ~ 603 tuninŋuq-
harden: 521 sisi-, sisit-2; ~ of bones 499
saunnak-
hardship: 507 siġliġniuġun; cause ~ (of a
task) 311 nagniġutau-;
experience ~ 507 siġliġniuq-
hare: snowshoe ~ 621 ukalliq; Alaska ~
621 ukallisugruk
hark: 1 a
Harlequin Duck: 3 aahaaliġñaq (Nu),
483 saġvaqsiuyuk
harm: 386 pimaqłuun
harmonica: 426 qanikkuaġnaq; play ~
426 qanikkuaġaq-
1331
harness: 58 anu(-); individual dog trace
attached to the ~ 207 isuġaq, 462
qitunġaq (Nu); main harness line
461 qitiġaaġun; old style dog ~ 59
anupiaq (Nu); ~ webbing 59
anuksraq; ~ webbing which
runs down dog’s back 604
tunuunagun (Nu)
harpoon: 331 naulik(-), naulaqpak;
detachable ~ head 444 qialġun; ~
head 290 mapsataq; iron rod for
~ shaft 118 igimaq; ~ line 32
akłunaaq, aglunaaq (Ti), 39 aliq
(Ti); large, whaling ~ 234
kapusiun, 331 nauligaq(-),
nauligaun; piece of bone between
~ shaft and point 410 qaatiq;
sealing ~ 331 naulgun (Ti); shaft
of ~ 111 ayak(-)1, 234 kapusiun;
small float for use with whaling
~ 229 kanasiġaq, kayasiġaq (Ti);
throw a ~ 139 iksauti-; toggle
head of ~ 613 tuukkaq; walrus ~
632 unaaqpak; whaling ~ with
flint or iron spearhead in
foreshaft 422 qalugiaq(-),
qalugiaqtuun
harpooned: ~ object 331 naullaq
harpooner: 234 kapuqti, 331 nauligaqti,
526 sivumiuri (Ti), 527 sivuti,
~’s seat 1225 kapuqtim
aquppiutaŋa; whaling ~’s song
106 avataqsiun
harvest time: 263 kivluivik
has: one which ~ V-ed, or ~ been V-ed
883 ±ŋaraq
hash: 36 akuvliqtaq
hat: 327 nasautaq(-); old, worn-out ~
327 nasautaaqłuk
hatch: ~ of kayak 295 maunaaq2
hatchet: 189 ipiġauttauraq
hate: 654 uumigi-; ~ each other 654
uumikkuti-; begin to ~ someone
654 uumikkiuti-
hatred: 654 uumikkun
haughty: 6 aaŋaaq-; become ~ 6
 aaŋasi-; ~ and full of pride 379
piġuq-
haul: 17 agraq-
haul ashore: ~ whale’s ventral area
meat and maktak 616 uasiqi-
haunch: 335 nigaviq
have: ~ something 537 suqaq-; ~ a N 919
-qaq-; ~ attribute indicated by V
881 ±ŋa-, 881 ±ŋaaq(-); ~ as one’s
N 694 +[g]i-; ~ not V-ed
882 ±ŋait-
Hawk Owl: 334 niaquqtuġruk,
niaquqtuaġruk
haze: 206 isiq(-), 343 niptailaq
hazy: 253 killiluk-, 206 isiġiak-; become
~ 343 niptaiq-
he: 143 ilaa
head: 334 niaquq; cook an animal ~334
niaqqiuq-; hang one’s ~ 509
siki-; have ~ bent down 402
punŋa-; hit on the ~ with
implement 236 karuk-; injure
one’s ~ 334 niaqquaq-, niaqqi-;
keep one’s ~ low for a while 509
sikimmi-; lower ~ 273 kurraq-,
kurraqsruq-; raise the ~ 7 aaq-;
shake ~ side to side 334 niaqula-
headache: have a ~ 334 niaquġiit-,
niaqunŋu-; develop a ~ 334
niaquġiiliq-
headband: 334 niaquġun, 439 qauqsiaq;
put a ~ on 334 niaquġusiq-
headdress: loon ~ 432 qaqigluk,
qaqiilluuk
headfirst: fall ~ 314 nakkaq-; fall ~ dead
or wounded 288 maŋik- (Nu),
289 maŋiksiq-; cause to fall ~
dead or wounded 289 maŋiksit-
(Nu)
headlong: accidently fall ~ 314
nakkaqtaq-
headway: make ~ 114 ayuuq-
headwaters: go to ~ 233 kaŋimuk-
heal: 146 iluaqsi-, iłuaqsi-, 285 mavruuq-;
~ (of a wound or sore) 285
mamit-, mamittaq- (Nu); ~ (of a
1332
broken bone) 601 tumaq-; let the
body ~ 593 timaqsiq-
healing: ~ song 74 aqiun; sing a ~ song
74 aqiq-; sing a magic ~ song 95
atuurviluk-; shaman’s magic
song for ~ 95 atuułłuk
health: 502 sayak, 593 timim iluaġniŋa;
be in good ~ 315 nakuu-;
improve in ~ 181 iñuksraŋŋuq-;
regain ~ 180 iñuguq-; regain ~
after illness 397 pivallak-
healthy: 502 sayaktu-, sayaqtu-, 530
suġait-; ~ animal 344
niqqaaġiksuaq; become ~ after
an illness 528 suaŋŋak-; have
strong and ~ dogs 453
qimmiġluk-; look ~ 586 tauttugik;
strong and ~ mentally and
physically 376 payaŋait-; well
and ~ 377 piaġik-
hear: 538 susaa- (Ti), 608 tusaa-; ~ bad
news 608 tusaaniġluk-; want to
hear more 608 tusaanġaiqi-;
hearing: hard of ~ 538 susarraġiit-,
susaqsuit- (Ti), 608 tusaarraġiit-,
tusarraġiit-; have sharp ~ 538
suaarruġik-; imagine ~ 608
tusaaruuraaq-
hearing aid: 523 siutiġun, 608 tusaggan
heart: 654 uumman; beat fast and
hard (of ~) 240 kauksiq-, 654
uummatitchiaq-
heart attack: have a ~ 654 uummasiqi-
heartburn: have ~ 508 siiġlanŋu-
hearth stones: 659 uyaġait
hearts (suit in playing cards): 196
iqqulik (Nu)
heat: 652 uunnaq; enjoy ~ from a fire
373 pasiaq-, pasiksiaq-, pasiksiq,
pasiksit-; ~ food or water 652
uunaqsii-; ~ rocks 659 uyaqqiuq-;
hot rocks used for ~ 659
uyaqqiuġutit; mirage created
by ~ 660 uyumiq(-); ~ oil 523
sivaraq-; shimmer from ~ (of
atmosphere) 660 uyumiq(-);
 source of ~ 652 uunnaagun;
suffer from ~ 652 uunniqi-,
uunaqsi- (Ti); warp or wrinkle
from ~ 450 qiluk-; ~ waves from
land 660 uyumiq(-)
heatedly: argue ~ 208 isumanŋutchauti-,
430 qapiqtaili-
heater: 652 uunnaksaun; smoke (of a ~
backfiring) 206 itchiala-
heathen: 623 ukpiqtuaguŋitchuaq
heather: 135 ikkuqutit, 384 pilaġaqutaq
(Nu)
heating: ~ fuel 135 ikumman; ~ pad 97
auktuun; use a ~ pad 97 auktuuq-
heat rash: have a ~ 652 uuq-
heavier: become ~ 645 uqumaili-
heavy: 646 uqumait-, 565 taqtunaktu-;
become thick and ~ (of fur) 645
uqumaiq-; ~ blanklet 625
uligruaq; find too ~ 645
uqumaigi-; ~ frost 230
kaniġruaq(-); push a ~ sled 243
kaimŋuġaq-; strike a ~ blow 51
anauviñaq-, 240 kauviñaq-
heel: 257 kimmik(-); hit with ~ 257
kimmik(-); hit with ~ repeatedly
257 kimmiaq-; ~ print 253 killiq2
heel bone: 258 kimmitquq
helix (of ear): 608 tusaggun
hell: 310 nagliksaaġvik, 562 tammaġvk
help:132 ikayuq-; go and ~ 132
ikayuġiaq-; seek ~ when in
danger 56 annaksaq-; take time
to ~ 132 ikayuliktuq-
helper: 132 ikayuqti
helpful: 94 attaġnait-, 538 suqutau-;
be so ~ that another hardly
needs to do any work 412
qaġanaq-; be not ~ 94 attaġnaq-
hem: 465 quglugniq, 623 ukpinniq,
ukpit-
her: 143 ilaa; according to ~ opinion
144 ilimiñi, inmiñi; from ~ 143
ilaaniñ, inmiñiñ; in ~ own way
144 ilimisun, inmisun; like ~ 143
ilaatun; located with ~ 143
1333
ilaani; to ~ 143 ilaanun; with ~
143 ilaagun;
here, take it: 657 uvva
herself: 143 ilaata, ilaan; by ~ 144
ilimiñik, inmiñik; by ~ alone 144
ilimisun, inmisun; from ~ 144
ilimiñiñ, inmiñiñ; similar to ~
144 ilimisun, inmisun; located
with ~ 144 ilimiñi, inmiñi; to ~
144 ilimiñun, inmiñun; to be by
~ 144 ilimigun, inmigun; with ~
144 ilimigun, inmigun
herd: 231 kanŋut; large ~ of caribou
235 karrait; ~ of caribou cows
and calves 596 tiqituġaurat,
tiqittut
herd of animals: go into a ~ 278
maġġuti-
herder: 302 misiksriri
here (visible): 657 uvva, 292 marra; be
located ~ 657 uvaniit-, 291
maaniit-, come from ~ 657
uvaŋŋaq- , 292 maaŋŋaq-;
from ~ 657 uvaŋŋa, 292 maaŋŋa;
from this one ~ 656 uumaŋŋa,
292 mattumaŋŋa; from this
direction ~ 657 uvaŋŋamiñ, 292
maaŋŋamiñ; go ~ 657 uvuŋaq-,
293 mauŋaq-; go via, through ~
657 uvuunnaaq-, 293 maunnaaq-;
located ~ 657 uvani, 291 maani;
located with this one
~ 656 uumani, 292 mattumani;
similar to this one ~ 656
uumatun, 292 mattumatun; this
one ~ 656 una, 292 manna, 656
uuma, 292 mattuma; to ~ 657
uvuŋa, 293 mauŋa; to this one ~
656 uumuŋa, 292 mattumuŋa;
towards ~ 657 uvuŋanmun, 293
mauŋanmun; via ~ 657 uvuuna,
293 mauna; via/with this one ~
656 uumuuna, 292 mattumuuna;
(with) this one ~ 656 uumiŋa,
292 mattumiŋa
hereinafter: 292 maaŋŋaaglaan
heritage: 364 paisat
hernia: 410 qaaġiaq; develop a ~ 410
qaaġirriq-
herring: 422 qalusaaq (Nu), 645
uqsruqtuuq
Herring Gull: 332 nauyavvaaq
hesitation: V without ~ 1046 +tualuk-
hex: 61 aŋatkuaq-, aŋatkuk-, 158
ilisiiyaq-
hexagon: 232 kaŋiġallulik itchaksranik
hey, don’t: 654 uumaa
hiccup: 125 igusiġaq-, 128 iisuġaq- (Ti),
596 tipsulliq- (Nu)
hidden: ~ object 199 iriqtaq
hide: 199 iriq-; ~ with cunning 199
iriġaqtuuti-; ~ safely 145 illiq-
hide-and-seek: “it” in a game of ~ 172
imu
hiding: 199 iriqsima-
hiding place: ~ where hunter waits for
animal to pass by 232 kaŋiġaq(-)
high: ~ in elevation 469 qutchik-; feel
something is too ~ 469 qutchigi-
highbush cranberry plant: 644
uqpiŋñaq (Nu)
higher: bid ~ 409 qarġutaurraq-
highest: ~ point 408 qaapiaq
highest quality or characteristic: one
with the ~ of being V or V-ing
824 -łhaaq(-)
highkick: ~ ball 73 aqsraatchiaq(-);
compete at ~ 73 aqsraatchiaq(-),
621 ukalliaġaq- (Ti)
highland: 469 qutchimaraaq
highlands: 469 qurvaq
high-pitched: 435 qatikit-, 523
sivaniq-1
hilarious: 262 kipaaq-; think that
someone is ~ 119
iglaġuŋnaġasugi-
hilarity: 262 kipaaġun
hill: 453 qimiq2, qimiġaq; dome-shaped
~ 334 niaquptaq, niaquptauraq
(Nu); isolated ~ 388 piŋu(-)
him: 143 ilaa; according to ~ opinion
144 ilimiñi, inmiñi; from ~ 143
1334
ilaaniñ, inmiñiñ; in ~ own way
144 ilimisun, inmisun; like ~ 143
ilaatun; located with ~ 143
ilaani; to ~ 143 ilaanun; with ~
143 ilaagun;
himself: 143 ilaata, ilaan; by ~ 143
ilaanik, 144 ilimiñik, inmiñik; by
~ alone 144 ilimisun, inmisun;
from ~ 144 ilimiñiñ, inmiñiñ;
similar to ~ 144 ilismisun,
inmisun; located with ~ 144
ilimiñi, inmiñi; to ~ 144
ilimiñun, inmiñun; to be by
~ 144 ilimigun, inmigun; with ~
inmigun
hind: ~ of bird 470 qulusuk
hinder: 175 iñaviġi-, iñaviqqutaq(-),
iñaviqqutchiq-
hindmost: ~ one 604 tunulliq
hindquarter: 305 mumiq, 344 niqivik,
623 ukpan
hindrance: 175 iñaviqqutaq(-), 495
sapunnaun;~ for V-ing 852
+nailutaq
hinge: metal ~ 446 qiiqiġiaq, 459
qiqiġiaq
hip: 623 ukpan; injure ~ 523 sivviaq(-)
hipbone: 523 sivviaq(-); injure one’s ~
523 sivviaq(-)
hip boots: 188 ipialik, 376 pauŋŋaak;
woman’s long ~ 524
sivuġaligaak(-)
hip joint: 523 sivyaaq
hiss: 507 siilak-
history: 173 inillaaniŋaruat
historical account: 641 uqaluktuaq
hit: ~ repeatedly with object 51
anaumik-; ~ violently 51
anauniqłak-; ~ with object in
one’s arm 50 anau-; ~ with a
thrown object 299 miluq-
hives: contract ~ 52 aniŋarualiqsuq- (Ti);
develop ~ 637 uŋŋi-, uŋilak-
hoar: depth ~ 400 pukak
hoarse: 128 iggiit-; become ~ 128
iggiiq-; to sound ~ 128
 iggiiłuktaq-, iggiiluktaq-
Hoary Redpoll: 486 saksakiq, saksaŋiq,
saksaŋiuraq
hobby: 39 aliitkun
hold: 590 tigummi-; ~ on one’s lap 480
saġliaq(-); ~ one’s head in one’s
hands 29 akkiqsimaaq-
hold hands: 569 tasiuq-, tasiuqtuaq-
hold on: ~ to something for support 112
ayappaksimaaq-; ~ with fingers
365 pakiksima-
hole: 402 putu; be full of ~s 394 pitaaq-,
402 putruq- (Nu); dig a ~ 211
itiqsri; ~ in ground 422
qalutuŋnauraq (Nu), 365 pakkiq; ~
in the frozen ground 80
argaġniq; make a ~ 394 pitak-;
melt through leaving a ~ (of ice)
97 aupkaq-; melted ~ on ice 97
aupkaġniq; naturally made ice ~
394 pittaq; ~ worn in boot sole
402 purruq(-)
holler to drive caribou: 613 tuvaaq-,
tuvaaqtuq-
hollow: 428 qaŋattaaq, qaŋataaq, 660
uyamik; have a ~ core 162 iluŋa-;
have a rich, ~ sound (of drum)
167 imik-, 168 imikpatit-; ice
with ~ space underneath 428
qaŋatchiniq (Ti); ~ in snowbank
407 qaaniq; ~ core of tube 660
uyamik; reach into ~ place 239
kau-; scoop out a ~ 407 qaanarri-
Holy Spirit: 159 Ilitqusiġiksuaq
home: 22 aimaaġvik, aimmivik; be also ~
22 aimmimmi-; be at ~ 22
aimmi-1; come ~ 22 ai-2; go ~ 22
ai-2; go away from ~ 550
tagiaqtuq-; make oneself at ~ in
another’s house 180 iñuilliqi-;
make someone feel at ~ 610
tutqiksit-; remain at ~ to be with
someone 364 paggisi-; return ~
after been gone a long time 22
aggiqi- (Nu), 63 aŋilġaq-
homebrew: 169 immiaq; make ~ 169
1335
immi-
homebuyer: prospective ~ 120
iglusiyumalaaqtuaq
homeless: ~ person 600 tukkuilaq
hometown: 180 iñuguġvik
homeward: 22 aiñmun; go ~ 22 aiñmuk-
hone: ~ a stone blade 248 kigli- (Nu)
honest: 395 pitqiksiġautait-
honor: 226 kamanaqsiliq, 321 nanġaun;
321 nanġaq-
hood: 327 nasaq(-); make a ~ 327
natchi-, natchiuq-
hoof: 270 kukik1, kukiilik; soft pad
within the ~ of sheep 34
akunniġun
hook: a ~ 347 niviŋŋavik; 159 illaq-, 339
niksigaq(-), niksigauraq; ~
something ~ 29 akikaq-, akit-;
fish ~ 339 niksik(-); ~ objects 339
niksigai-
hook and line: retrieve wounded game
from the sea with a ~ 285
manaq(-); use the ~ for
retrieving seals 285 manaqtuq-
hop: ~ on one foot once 308 naanŋiq-; ~
on one foot repeatedly 309
naanŋiraq-; ~ over something 302
misigaq-
hope: 337 niġiukkun; 337 niġiuk-; have a
lot of ~ 398 piyumitchuqtu-; I ~
1154 +tuq
horizon: appear to float above the ~ 269
kiviktit-; bright, white sky on the
~ 471 qunŋuq; hazy ~ 471
quniqłuk
horizontal: lie in ~ position 315 nala-
horizontally: be in line ~ 315 nalaŋiq-
horn: 225 kałuutik, 311 nagruk, 626 ullun
(Nu); to ram ~s (of sheep) 423
qałuk- (Nu)
horn (musical instrument): 420
qalġuqtaun; play a ~ 420
qalġuqtaq-
Horned Grebe: 530 suġliq
Horned Owl: 351 nukusiġaq (Nu)
Horned Puffin: 451 qilaŋŋaq
hornet: 612 tuggayuk
horrid: 312 naġġunapiaġataq-, 386
pilupiallak-
horse: 611 tuttuqpak
hospitable: 43 alumiġaq-, 549
tagialanait-
hospital: 324 naŋirvik
hospitality: 600 tukkuliiñiq; lack ~ 43
alumiġait-
host: 600 tukkuq; be a good ~ 610
tutqigñaq-; have a good ~ 599
tukkuġik-
hostile: not ~ 69 aŋuyautait-
hot: 651 uunaq-; become ~ 652
uunnaġuq-; become red ~ 437
qaummaqsi-; ~ wind 652
uunnaqłuk
hot pad: 97 auktuuġun
hotel: 352 nullaġvik; ~ room 600
tukkumavik; stay at a ~ 352
nullaq-
hour: one ~ 131 ikarraq, 222
kaivallagniq, 245 kiavallagniq
house: 120 iglu(-); frame ~ 120 igluqpak;
go from ~ to ~ 205 isauġaq-;
live in a ~ 121 iglutuq-; have a ~
as one’s ~ 120 igluliuti-; huge,
old ~ 120 iglusugrualik; move
into a ~ 121 iglutiq-; old ~ 120
iglualuk
housefly: 357 nuviuvak, 347 niviuvak
(Ti)
household: 120 igluqatigiit; ~ amulet 3
aaġuraq
how: 426 qanuq(-); ~ is 426 qanuġit-
how amazing: 40 aliuġnaġaa
how are you: 426 qanuġli, qanuġli
samma
how big: 79 araq, araqhaa
how cute: 50 anaŋŋaa (Ti)
how far: 534 sumuaglaan, sumun aglaan;
go ~ 534 sumuaglaaq-
how foul smelling: 8 aaqqaa
how long ago: 428 qaŋaaglaan
how many: 441 qavsit, qavsiñik
how much: 428 qanutun
1336
how nice: 9 aarigaa
how small: 655 uutukuu, uutukuhuu (Nu)
how unfortunate: 5 aannaa (Ti), 427
qanuq suli
however: 14 aglaan
howl: 278 magu-
hug: 193 iqit(-); ~ warmly 193
iqimmak- (Ti), iqimmaaq-
huge: ~ one 63 aŋŋiiq; ~ old house 120
iglusugrualuk; ~ person 182
iñuniqłuk; ~ tussock 287
maniġruaq; ~ N 871 -niqłuk, 984
-sugruk(-)
huh: 116 haiy, 478 saa
hull: 593 timi
hum: 171 imŋaluk-
human: 178 iñuk(-); act like a ~ 180
iñugriŋa-; adult ~ female 18
aġnaq; adult male ~ 67 aŋun;
become an ~ (of ~)337
niġrutiġuq-; female ~ baby 19
aġnaiyaaq; male ~ baby 67
aŋutaiyaaq; ~ who could
metamorphose into an animal
337 niġrutiġuġaaq
human presence: have signs of ~ 178
iññiqima-1; sign of ~ 178
iññiqimaniq
human race: 182 iñupayaaq
human skin: 658 uviñiq, uviñik, uvinik
(Ti); become wrinkled from
oversoaking (of ~) 18 aġivri-;
blister on ~ 410 qaaqsruġniq,
qaaġruq (Ti); burn on ~ 652
uutiqtinniq; calloused ~ 295
maunna, maunni(-); chafe ~ 46
amiġait-; cut on ~ 256 killiq;
scaly ~ 145 iligrak(-); scrape
one’s ~ 47 amiiġruk-, 256
kiliuġruk-; swelling on ~ 388
piŋu(-)
humble: 226 kamasaaŋit-, 456 qiñuit-,
qiñuisaaq-, 495 sapiqsraq-
humbleness: 456 qiñuiññiq
humorous: 598 tivsiñaq-; find someone
~ 598 tivsigi-, tipsigi- (Nu)
humerus: 258 kiniġniq, 259 kiñiġñiq
humility: 226 kamanaġniaŋiññiq, 456
qiñuiññiq; lower one’s head in ~
273 kurruk-
hump: ~ on back of killer whale 2
aaġlum iñua; ~ of a hunchbacked
person 325 napiniq; ~ behind
moose’s head 383 pikusuk
humpbacked salmon: 45 amaqtuuq
hunchbacked: 325 napiŋa-
hundred: number one ~ 558
tallimakipiat; number two ~ 468
qulikipiat; number three ~ 30
akimiakipiat; number four ~ 180
iñuiññakipiat, 151 ilagiññaq
hunger: experience ~ 220 kaaŋniuq- (Ti),
kaaksiu-, 336 niġisuksiu-
hungry: 220 kaak-; become ~ 220 kaaliq-
hunt: 66 aŋuniaq-, 69 aŋuyyiuq- (Nu),
387 piñiaq- (Ti) ability to ~ 66
aŋuniallaniq; hunt on the cliffs
171 imnaqtuq- (Ti); ~ seals using
a shooting sail 559 taluuq-,
talutuq- (Nu)
hunter: 66 aŋuniaqti; ~’s call to animal
420 qalġuun; be a good ~ 344
niqsayuq-, 395 pitchik-, pitchuq-;
eat a young ~’s first animal
game kill 66 aŋunġautituq-;
~ on foot 613 tuvaaq; ~ in
hiding at caribou corral 232
kaŋiġaġmiu; young ~’s first
game animal kill 66 aŋunġaun
hunting: begin ~ regularly 66
aŋuniaqqattaliq-; ~ implements
497 satkut; ~ partner 183
iñuunniaqan; wooden ~ bow
wound with braided sinew for
extra strength 385 pilġaalik
hurl: ~ a bola 451 qilamitchaq-; ~ a
rock using a sling 146 illutchaq-
hurry: 448 qilamik; 17 aġayuuq-, 618
uġniksruq-, 448 qilamiqsruq-,
127 iġñiqsruq-, 162 iluŋiqsruq-
hurt: 57 anniġñaq-; ~ someone or
something 57 anniq-
1337
husband: 618 ui, 66 aŋunnuniq; her ~
67 aŋutaat; co-wives’ ~ 67
aŋurriŋ, aŋutriŋ (Nu); ~’s older
brother 23 aiġaaluk; ~’s older
brother’s wife 62 aŋayunġuq;
~’s sister 485 sakialuk; take a ~
618 uiñik-;~’s younger brother
485 sakiġaq; ~’s younger
brother’s wife 350 nukaunġuq;
~ of grandchild 341 niŋau
husky: 565 taqtunaktu-
hyoid bones: 132 ikauraak(-), 606
tupquraak
hypocrite: 623 ukpiŋŋuaqtuaq
hysterical: 242 kavyattuala-
I
I: 657 uvaŋa
I agree: 1 aa, 6 aaŋ, 23 aillukiaq
I don’t know: 45 amai (Ti), 88 atchu;
say ~ 88 atchuuq-
I don’t want to: 79 araa
I guess not: 331 naumi qanuq
I guess so: 1 aaqanuq, 127 iivaluk
I guess that is it: 587 tavrakiaq
I joke: 88 atchuamiiq
I think so: 127 iikiaq
I think that is it: 587 tavrakiaq
I told you so: 251 kii3
I want more: 251 kiika, kiikavsaaq
I wonder…: 163 immakiaq
I wonder how: 427 qanukkiaq
I wonder why: 534 summankiaq,
summantakiaq
I’m exhausted: 116 hauk
I’m scared, I don’t want to: 129 iiqinii
I’m tired: 99 auk2 (Ti), 116 hauk
I’ve had it: 81 arraa
ice: 510 siku(-)1; area of
dangerous, melting sea ~ 96
augniqsraq; area of ~ with
melting ~ patches 159
illagauraq; assembled pieces of ~
traveling with ocean current
482 sagrat; bare, smooth ~ 464
quasa; beached ~ 296
mayuqtinniq; become covered
with ~ (of sled or boat) 505
siġmiq(-) (Ti); block of ~ 511
sikuqqaq (Ti); break up (of ~ in
river) 510 sikkiqi-; chunk
of freshwater ~ 390 piqaluyak;
cracked ~ made by force of
moving ice when it attaches to
free floating ~ 24 aisitaq, 612
tuuniq; crushed, thin, young ~
found in ice cracks 126 iġnigluq;
depression on ~ filled with
water 408 qaatchiñiq (Ti); flat,
round cakes of ~ frozen
together 415 qaivaġniq; flat,
secure ~ at edge of ocean lead
396 pituqqiq; floating mass of ~
400 puktaaq; floating ~ pack
away from shore-fast ice 497
sarri, sarrik (Ti); form (of ~) 510
sikuġlak(-) sikuġlalaaq (Ti);
fragile, refrozen ~ 230 kaniqtaq;
fresh ~ 304 mitu(-); freshwater
~ 511 sikulluataq; frozen mixture
of ~ and water applied as filler
to base of sled runners 506
siġmiq; grounded ~ pile 266
kisisaq1; indentation in sea ~
233 kaŋiqłuk; isolated ~ mound
388 piŋu(-); moist crushed ~ 340
nilak; mound of ~ which emits
an echo when stamped on 168
imiŋniq; moving lead ~ 99
aulaniq; narrow piece of ~ that
juts out from the main piece of
ice 201 isaamaniq; new ~ 510
sikuayaaq(-), 511 sikutchiaq;
new ~ which forms along pre-
existing ice 92 atiġniġaq; newly
formed sea ~ 304 mitu(-) (Nu);
511 sikuliuraq; newly formed,
thin ~ 510 sikuatchiaq(-),
sikulġauraq (Nu); newly formed
thin ~ on the downwind side of
an ocean lead 81 arguqtaġniq,
arguqtinniq; old shore-fast ~ 651
1338
utuqqaviñiq; open water
surrounded by ~ 335 nigayu,
nigayuq; pack ~ moving
directly toward shore-fast ice
425 qanaiñaqtuaq; ripple
on ~ 415 qaiġilġuq (Nu); rotten ~
97 aunniq, aupkaġniq; shore ~
415 qaimġuq; shore ~ not
anchored to ocean floor 84
ataitchuaq; shore-fast ~ 613
tuvaq, tugaq (Ti), 614 tuvaġruaq;
shore-fast ~ covering only a
portion of the beach 614
tuvaqtaq; shore-fast ~ left
behind when the shore ice is
carried away by an ocean
current 452 qimaktinniq; slush ~
304 muġałłiq, miġaliq (Ti), 304
muġrak, 454 qinu; slush and
small chunks of sea ~ which
wash up on shore 296 miġaliq(-);
slush ~ in fishing hole 303 mitik
(Nu); slush ~ pushed onto shore
296 mayuqtitaq(-); small chunk
of floating ~ 510 sikuġaq (Nu);
smooth ~ along beach 123
igniġnaq, 415 qaimŋuq (Ti);
smooth ~ between areas of
rough ice 415 qaiqsuaqtat;
smooth ~ covered by snow with
moisture between the ice and
the snow 356 nutaqłiq; smooth ~
free of frost on surface 230
kanġilaq, kanġutailaq (Nu); solid
pancake ~ 245 kiapku; thin ~ on
body of water 510 sikuaq(-);
trapped in river or lead 110
ayaaqtinniq; ~ under another
piece of ~ 89 alliviñiq; visibly
free of ~ (of ocean) 166 imavak-;
upright ~ cake 324 napaayuq;
very large mass of pack ~ 530
suġaiñŋuġruaq; wall of sheared ~
13 agiukpak, agiuppak (Ti);
young ~ formed around edge of
old solid ice on open lead 510
 sikuliaq; young ~ which has been
crushed by moving ice 172
imuniq
ice adhering to ice that has been added
to shore ice: 141 ikuġaaġniq
ice anchoring shore-fast ice: 375 pauk(-)
ice cellar: first level of ~ 468 quliġuaq
(Ti); underground ~ 505
siġluaq(-); clean ~ 505 siġlurriqi-
ice chipped off by ocean waves: 113
ayiupaq
ice chisel: 612 tuuq(-)
ice crack: for the ~ to open up much to
one’s disadvantage: 10
aatchauti-; ~ kept open by
shifting currents 11 aayuġaq;
open ~ 473 quppaq; ~ usually
covered with snow 473 qumniq
ice crystals: ~ in the air (diamond
dust) 200 irriqutit, 511
sikunaq(-); have ~ in meat 510
sikuġlakavsaŋa-
ice floe: 105 avarraullaktuaq, 400
puktaaq; ~ attached to another
~ 400 puktaaqat; ~ used as
stepping stone 294
mauraġaq(-); small ~ s 511
sikuqqat
ice fog: 110 avyuġruaq, 511 sikunaq(-),
556 taktugruaq
ice formed by frost: 230 kaniqtaq
ice formed from water spilled on
something: 510 sikuġliñiq
ice hockey: play ~ 372 paqqaurraq- (Ti),
11 aayyutaaq-, 115 ayyutaaq-
ice on sled or boat: 510 sikuaq(-)
ice placed over water bucket to drip
making drinking water: 271
kukługaq
ice pressure ridge: 220 ivuniq; form ~s
219 ivu; form ~s rapidly 220
ivulaqi-; large ~ 220
ivuniqpaaluk, ivuniqpait; make
the sound of ~s forming 219
ivuaqpaluk-, ivuvaaluk-; small ~
220 ivuniġauraq
1339
ice propelled simultaneously in
opposite directions: 360 paaġiiq
ice pushed onto shore: 72 apuqtinniq
ice scratcher: 80 argaun, argautit, 272
kumigautit, kumŋun, kumŋutit
(Nu); use an ~ 79 argak(-),
ice skates: 464 quasirautik
ice which does not freeze to shore-fast
ice and goes out with ocean
current: 114 ayuksraq
ice which forms on sled or boat: 506
siġmiq(-) (Ti)
ice which is about one-and-a-half feet
thick: 510 sikuliaġruaq
ice with hollow space beneath: 428
qaŋatchiniq (Ti)
ice with irregular surface features:
415 qaiġilu
ice with one edge overhanging the
water: 428 qaŋattaaq
iceberg: 400 puktaaq; grounded ~ 266
kisisaq1
icebound: become ~ (of boat) 219
ivsaiġutipkaq-, ivsaiġuti-, 300
miñiqutipkaq-; ~ boat 306
muqutipkaq
icicle: 274 kusulugaq, kutulugaq (Nu),
510 sikuġlak(-), sikuġlalaaq (Ti);
form (of ~) 274 kusulukki-
icy: become ~ 510 siku(-)
Icy Cape, Alaska: 443 Qayaiqsiġvik
idea: 208 isuma(-)
identification: put ~ on 319
nalunaiqsruq-
idle: 210 ittuaq-, 412 qaġa-1, 541
suviqsiq-
idol: 184 iñuuraq; worship an ~ 184
iñuuraqpaktuq-
idolatry: 184 iñuuraqpaliqiniq
if ever: ~ one V-s 1130, 1135 -tuaq(-)
plus Conditional Mood endings
ignite: 133 igniġuq-, 134 ikit-
ignorant person: 513 silaivyak (Ti)
ignore: 492 saniqqi-, 533 suliqutigiŋaiq-,
suliqutigiŋit-
ill at ease: 610 tutqaaq-; cause someone
 to feel ~ 10 tutqaatchai-
illness: 535 suniġluk (Nu); feel an ~
coming 647 urgiasuk-
illuminated: 28 akiłuk(-)
illustration: 154 ilisaurrun
imagine: 625 uliqqa-; ~ hearing 608
tusaaruuraaq-; ~ seeing 455
qiñiqtuuraaq(-)
imitate: 82 arriraq- (Ti), 200 irruaq-, 602
tuvraq-, 647 urriqat-; ~ mockingly
201 iruġi-
immediately: 6 aannapak, aatnapak
(Nu), 31 akkupaiññaq, 588
tavrauvvaa; 448 qilamik
immediately after: ~ one V-s 822
+luqqaaq-; 845 +mmI-2 plus
truncated Intransitive Indicative I
Endings (the consonants t/r are
omitted) + lu
immediately upon: ~ V-ing 845 +mmI-2
plus truncated Intransitive
Indicative I Endings (the
consonants t/r are omitted) + lu;
1086 +utigi- plus
Contemporative I Endings
immerse: 516 siŋit-; ~ in water to soak
167 immitchii-, 260 kiñit-; ~ in
mixture of snow and water to
temper metal 522 sitri- (Nu)
immersed: ~ in religion 60
aŋaayyusiqi- (Ti)
imminent: 637 uŋasiñġiq-
immobile: 99 aulalait-, 100 aulayait-, 427
qanulait-
immoral: 208 isumalluaġiit-
immortality: 184 iñuusaġataġniq
immune: ~ to consequences of taboo 15
agliġit- (Ti)
impact: 41 allaŋŋuġniaġniksraq; V with
a heavy ~ 1094 -viñaq-
impair: ~ one’s N 699 +[g]iilI-
impatience: speak angrily from ~ 426
qanmiksaaq-
impatient: 453 qimmaksaq-
impediment: 147 iluirrun, 446 qiġrun
(Nu); ~ for V-ing 852 +nailutaq;
1340
acquire an ~ 446 ¤qiġrusiq- (Nu)
imperceptive:1 aamaŋa-
impersonate: 200 irruaq-
impetigo: 256 killiġruaq
impetuously: V ~ 1056 +tuula-
implement: 530 suġusiq
important: 349 nuimanaq-; act ~ 226
kamanni-, kamanniraaq-
impossible: feel that something is ~ to
do 494 sapiġi-
impregnate: 516 siŋaiyyi- (Ti); ~ with a
male child 127 iġñiliuq-
impressed: 226 kamatchak-,
kamasuutigi-
improve: 315 nakuqsi- (Ti, Nu),
nakuuqsaq-, nakuuqsi-, 366
palaŋŋaktaaq-
impure: become ~ (of water) 537
suqłuk(-)
impurity: ~ in water 537 suqłuk(-)
in: ~ the N 1142 ÷mi; be ~ N 835 ÷miit-
(see located:)
in particular: 541 suvaluk
in there (not visible, with or without
emphasis): 423 qamma, 581
tatqamma; come from ~ 423
qamaŋŋaq-, 581 tatqamaŋŋaq-;
from ~ 423 qamaŋŋa, 580
tatqamaŋŋa; from that one ~ 423
qaptumaŋŋa1, 581
tatqaptumaŋŋa; from that
direction ~ 423 qamaŋŋamiñ,
581 tatqamaŋŋamiñ; go ~ 423
qamuŋaq-, 581 tatqamuŋaq-; go
via ~ 423 qamuunnaaq-, 581
tatqamuunnaaq-; located ~ 423
qamani, 580 tatqamani, 423
qamaniit-, 580 tatqamaniit-;
located with that one ~ 423
qaptumani, 581 tatqaptumani;
similar to that one ~ 423
qaptumatun1, 581 tatqaptumatun;
that one ~ 423 qamna1, 581
tatqamna, 423 qaptuma1, 581
tatqaptuma; to ~ 423 qamuŋa,
581 tatqamuŋa; to that one ~
 423 qaptumuŋa1, 581
tatqaptumuŋa; towards ~ 423
qamuŋanmun, 581
tatqamuŋanmun; via ~ 423
qamuuna, 581 tatqamuuna;
via that one ~ 423 qaptumuuna1,
581 tatqaptumuuna; (with) that
one ~ 423 qaptumiŋa1, 581
tatqaptumiŋa
in there (visible, restricted, with or
without emphasis): 269 kivva;
572 tatkivva; come from ~ 268
kivaŋŋaq-, 572 tatkivaŋŋaq-;
from ~ 268 kivaŋŋa, 572
tatkivaŋŋa; from that one ~ 267
kiptumaŋŋa1, 572 tatkiptumaŋŋa;
from that direction ~ 268
kivaŋŋamiñ, 572 tatkivaŋŋamiñ;
go ~ 268 kivuŋaq-, 572
tatkivuŋaq-; go via ~ 269
kivuunnaaq-, 572
tatkivuunnaaq-; located ~ 268
kivani, 572 tatkivani, 268
kivaniit-, tatkivaniit-; located
with that one ~ 267 kiptumani,
571 tatkiptumani; similar to that
one ~ 268 kiptumatun, 572
tatkiptumatun; that one ~ 267
kimña, 571 tatkimña, 267
kiptuma, 571 tatkiptuma; to ~
268 kivuŋa, 572 tatkivuŋa; to
that one ~ 268 kiptumuŋa, 572
tatkiptumuŋa; towards ~ 268
kivuŋanmun, 572
tatkivuŋanmun; via ~ 269
kivuuna, 572 tatkivuuna; via that
one ~ 268 kiptumuuna, 572
tatkiptumuuna; (with) that one ~
268 kiptumiŋa, 572 tatkiptumiŋa
incapable: ~ of action 427 qanulait-
incautious: ~ person 51 anayailaq
incense: 595 tivraġiksaun
incinerate: 134 ikipkaq-
incinerator: 134 ikipkaivik
incline: steep ~ 285 managaaraq
incisor: 509 sikłaq(-) (Nu), 524 sivuaq,
1341
525 sivuliñaaq (Ti)
incisors: 526 sivuluat
include: 264 kiputi-; 564 taputi-; ~ in
the wrapping of something else
172 immuquti-
included: 564 taputi-, tapurrau-
including: ~ all of her/his N 1075
:uraġniamiñun
inconsiderate: 438 qaunatqiit-, 610
tutqaanaq-
incorporate: 231 kanŋuu-
incorrect: 563 taŋiġit-
increase: 149 ilalaaq-
incredible: 40 aliuġnaq-
indecisive: 427 qanuġniugaq- (Nu),
427 qanuqsausiit-; become ~ 427
qanuqsausiiq-
indemnify: 85 ataŋaiq-
indentation: ~ along edge of ice 233
kaŋiqłuk
index finger: 591 tikiq; finger-pull with
the ~ 591 tikiġmik-; shake ~
sternly 591 tikalauraq-; thumb
and ~ held in opposition 406
puyyuuk
indignantly: leave ~ 463 qivit-
indispensable: 380 piitchuit-
indistinct: 253 killiluk-, 319 nalunaq-;
become ~ 319 nalunaqsi-
individual: 87 atausiġaaq
individually: 87 atausiullaa,143
ilaagullaa, 182 iñullaa; V ~ 805
-llaa(-)
indoors: 205 isiġmiu-; stay ~ for a while
205 isiġmiuraaq-
indulge: 369 pamat-
industrious: 192 iqait-, 194 iqiit-, 412
qaġait-, 499 savaałłik-, 500
savvaqtu-
inedible: 336 niġiñait-
inexpensive: 27 akiit-
infant: 52 aniqqammiaq,
aniqqammialauraq,
aniqqammiayaaq,
aniqqammiuraq, 301
miqłiqtuuraq, 315
 nalaquyauraq,
infantile: regress temporarily to ~
behavior 636 uŋŋayyak-
infection: 166 immak(-); develop an ~
82 arruk- (Nu); have a severe ~ of
the hand 79 argaiq-
inflate: 404 puviq-
inflexible: 386 piñait-, 84 atammiŋa-; 445
qiġattaq- (Nu), 462 qitukkait-
(Nu);
influence: have ~ over each other 538
surratigiik-; ~ someone 564
tapurri-; ~ someone to acquire
socially unacceptable habits
115 ayuġiili-; ~ someone to
habituate to something 115
ayuġaksaq-; ~ someone
negatively115 ayuġiili-, 291
maqut-; ~ someone to resembles
one’s actions 264 kipit-; try to ~
someone to V 1037 -[t]qusaaq-;
try to ~ someone to say “yes” 64
aŋiqusaaq-
inform: 469 quliuti-, 641 uqallauti-
information: 642 uqausiaq; relate ~
which upsets or angers someone
83 asiŋŋuqsaaq-
infrequently: V ~ 910 -pqaqtaq-, 1091
-vigruayuit-
ingest: ~ liquid intermittently 345
niuġmigaq-, niuqsigaq- (Ti)
inhabited: ~ place 182 iñulik
inherit: 262 kiŋuvaannak-
inheritance: 262 kiŋuvaat; potential ~
262 kiŋuvaannaktaaksraun
inhospitable: 336 niġiñait-, 550
tagialanaq-, 610 tutqaanaq-
iniquity: 386 piluun
initiative: know that someone has no ~
194 iqigi-; have ~ 194 iqignait-;
have no ~ 194 iqignaq-; try to
make someone lose their ~ 194
iqiasaaq-
injure: 398 piyyuaq- (Ti); ~ ear 523
siurraaq-, siuttaaq-; ~ hand 80
argaurraaq-; ~ head 334 niaqqi-;
1342
~ hipbone 523 sivviaq(-); ~ knee
508 siitquaq-; ~ occiput 432
qaqatchi-; ~ pelvic bone 275
kuutchiññaaq-; ~ shinbone 456
qiŋarraaq-; ~ wing 202 isaqquaq
injured: 57 anniq-, 274 kuttaq-; have
~ foot 204 isikkaaŋa-
inland: 353 nuna, 362 paani; ~ end of
lake 212 itiq; pass on the ~ side
254 kilutqut-; far ~ 255
kiluvasik-; ~ people 353
nunamiut, nunataġmiut; toward ~
254 kilunmun; travel from ~
towards ocean 91 atiq-; travel ~
255 kiluvaq-; via further ~ 255
kiluvaqpatigun (see
demonstratives under stems:361
°pag and 368 °pam)
in-laws: 352 nulliġiit
inlet: 161 iluliaq, 233 kaŋŋiñiq,
kaŋŋiññauraq (Ti), 404 puviaq,
569 tasiq; ~ between two
sandbars 515 siñġaq, siññaq (Ti);
~ along an ice lead 233
kaŋiqłuk,
innards: ~ of seals 153 ilġavik
innermost: ~ one 160 ilulliq, 232 kaŋilliq
innocence: 373 patchisaiññiq
innocent: 373 patchisait-
inquire: 1025 mtilaaq-, 839 +mmagaaq-;
~ about the price of an item 29
akisutilaaq(-); ~ about someone
or something 233 kaŋiqsiuq-
inseam: 229 kanak
insect: 474 qupilġuq(-); ~ egg 474
qupilġuksraq
insect bite: 376 pauŋniq
inseparable: 108 avilait-
inside: something ~ 161 ilumiuq
inside the other: one ~ 234 kapitaaġiik(-)
insistent: 526 sivunmuu-
insole: 387 piñiq; put ~ in boots 387
piññiq-
insolent: 432 qaqłuaġik-, 526
sivunmuutu-
instance: for ~ 587 tavrakii
instinct: 100 aullasiq
institution: ~ of N 1034 -tkuk/t
instruct: ~ someone on how to do
something correctly 317
nalġuqsruq-
instruction: 115 ayuqiqsuun, 391
piraksriun, 647 urriqsuun; give
someone moral ~ 115 ayuqiqsuq-
insufficient: 46 amigaq-, 175 inuŋa-, 307
naamait-; measure an ~ amount
175 inuŋanaaq-
insulate: 162 ilupaaq(-)
insulation: 162 ilupaaq(-); moss ~ 101
aumaqun
insult: 82 asiksruq-, 392 pisaaŋŋan
intend: 398 piyumaaq-; ~ to let V occur,
but… 1034 mtitchaġataġaluaq-,
+pkaqtitchaġaluaq-; ~ to V 1109
+yumaaq-, +kumaaq-, +sumaaq-;
~ to go out 53 aniyumaaq-; ~ to
arrive 592 tikitchumaaq-; ~ to
enter 205 isiġumaaq-; ~ to mop
592 tilakkumaaq-
intended for: 609 tunŋa-
intense: V at an ~ level 672 -ala-; begin
to V at an ~ level 674 -allak-
intensely: ~ dislike 654 uumigipiallak-
intensity: V with ~ 901 -piaġataq(-); V
with intensity each time 901
-piaġataġaq-; V something with
intensity each time 901
-piaġataġaġi-
intent: 398 piyumman; have no ~ to V
864 +niayuġat-; ~ to V 1111
+yumman
interest: 263 kipiġniuġun
interfacing: 445 qiġattat
intermittently: feel faint ~ 1
aanŋuraġaq-; ingest liquid ~ 345
niuġmigaq-, niuqsigaq- (Ti); lie on
one’s back ~ (of seal or walrus)
441 qavaġaq-, qavaġauraq-; sun
breaking through clouds ~ 518
siqiñiqsruktaq(-); ~ V-ing 1127,
1133 -mmaq- plus
Contemporative Mood IV
1343
endings
internal organ: 160 iluġun; ~s 153
ilġavik
interpret: 305 mumik-
interpreter: 305 mumiksiri, 642 uqaqti
interrogate: 70 apiqsruqtaq-,
apiqsruqtuq-
intersection: 239 kayyaaq, katyaaq (Nu);
two roads or rivers which share
an ~ 238 kayyaaġiik
intestines: braided seal ~ 470 qulivrat;
clean the ~ 516 siŋik-; cooked
caribou ~ 45 amaniilik, 46
amiñilik; ptarmigan ~ 185
iŋaluatchiat; small ~ of a human
and terrestrial mammals 185
iŋaluat; small ~ of a squirrel 361
paalaaq
intestinal membrane: remove ~ 445
qiagiyaq-
intimidate: 527 sivuuġasaaq-, 560
taluqsralliaġi-
intimidated: 527 sivuuġa-; become ~
560 taluqsratchak-; easily ~ 560
taluqsrau-; not easily ~ 559
taluqsrait-
intimidating: consider ~ 94 attaġi-
intimidation: 527 sivuuġasaaġun
intolerable: find~ 333 nayulguit-
introduction: ~ of paper 100
aullaqisaaq(-)
Inuit: 181 Iñuit
Inupiaq: 182 Iñupiaq; ability to speak
in ~ 183 Iñupiuraallaniq; in the ~
language 183 Iñupiatun; like an
~ 183 Iñupiatun; one’s ~ name
182 Iñupiaqsiñ, Iñupiaqsiñiq;
speak in ~ 183 Iñupiuraaq-;
translate into ~ 182 Iñupiaqsi-
invalid: 96 atuġnaġumiñait-
invaluable: 27 akiksrait-
investigate: 233 kaŋiqsiuq-, 452
qimilġuuq-
invisible: 557 takunait-
invitational dance: gift given at an ~
279 maġlaun; give a gift at an ~
 279 maġlak-, maġlai-; give a gift
to each other at an ~ 279
maġlaktuuti-; gift received at an
~ 279 maġlausiaq
invite: 25 aiyugaaq-, 414 qaipkai-
invited: be ~ 25 aiyugaaqsiu- (Ti)
iron1: pair of ~ pieces 134 ignisik; ~
rod for harpoon shaft 118
igimaq
iron2: 415 qaiqsaq-, qaiqsaun
irrational: become ~ 396 piunġiq-
irresponsible: 438 qaunatqiit-
is (present Indicative): is V-ing 1117,
1121 +t/ru- plus intransitive
Indicative endings; ~ V-ing
someone or something 1117,
1121 +k/ga-, +k/gi- plus transitive
Indicative endings)
is (present Interrogative): ~ V-ing
1117, 1120 +p/va, +p/vi plus
Interrogative endings
is that so: 25 aiy
island: 448 qikiqtaq; barrier ~ split
into two 137 ikirriq(-);
downriver end of an ~ 372
papikkaq (Nu); upriver end of
an ~ 412 ¤qaġġaq (Nu)
isolate: 266 kisimġuqtaaq-
isthmus: 85 ataniq
it doesn’t matter: 535 suniayuġattuq
it happened, couldn’t be avoided and
can’t be helped: 587 tavrakii
it is highly probable: 488 sammakii
it was scary: 129 iiqinii
itch: 376 paumit-, pauvliq-, pausi- (Ti);
cause to ~ 376 pauvri-; develop
pimples that ~ 637 uŋŋi-;
relieve an ~ 272 kumik-
item: ~ especially made for men 68
aŋutiqtaq
it’s a good thing: 84 asugupta
it’s always like that: 588 tavra
tainnaviiññaq
it’s cold: 37 alappaa, 506 sii2
it’s going to get you and it’s scary: 128
iiq
1344
it’s happening again: 277 maannaasii
it’s just as well: 535 suniayuġattuq
it’s not right: 1 aakhaa, 6 aaŋhaa
itself: be by ~ 145 inmikkuaq-
ivory: 612 tuugaaq; old ~ 414 qailiñiq
J
jack (suit in playing cards): 156 ililgaaq
(Ti), 281 makvak
jacket: not be wearing a ~ 294
mattaaq-
jackstones: 238 kattagaat; to play ~ 238
kattagaaq-
jade: 204 isiŋnaq
Jaeger: 209 isuŋŋaq, isuŋŋaġluaq (Ti)
jail: 590 tigutaaġvik, 206 isiqtit-; bail
out of ~ 53 annisiq-; be in ~ 206
isiqtau-; put in ~ 590 tigutaaq-,
tigurau-2
jam: 323 nanuktaaġun
jammed: become ~ 225 kalivit-
January: 20 Aġraurraġvik (Ti), 100
Aullaqtuġvik, 356 Nutaqsivik
(Ti), 623 Ukiutchiaq (Nu), 634
¤Uniġmigvik
jawbone: remove ~ 16 agluq-1; whale ~
15 agliġuq, 16 aglu(-)
jealous: become sexually ~ 493
saŋiatchak-; extremely sexually
~ 493 saŋiaktu-; sexually ~ 493
saŋiak-, saŋiagi-
jealousy: 609 tutchun; express ~ 388
piŋa-
jelly: 323 nanuktaaġun
jellyfish: 138 ikpiaġruk,153 ilari2, 357
nuvayulġiq (Ti)
jerk: ~ and drag 356 nusukaq-; ~ and
pull 355 nuqiksraaq-, 356
nutchugaq-
jib: 611 tuugauraq
jig for fish: 101 aulasaq-
jigging stick: 101 aulasaun; one of two
ice ~s used wind fishing line 49
amuuġun
jigging tackle: ~ for tomcod 285
manaq(-)
jingle: 523 sivaniqtaq-
job: 499 savaaq; have a good ~ 499
savaaġik-
John River 250 Kiiñaqvak
join: 149 ilaliuti-, 151 illati-
joint: bone ~ 18 aġimmiq, 64 aŋimniq
(Ti), 332 nalvu, navyaaq, 390
piqqiq; ~, esp., in joined pieces
of wood 222 kaippaq, 244
kiappiq; inside of a ~ 389
piġliġniq (Nu); first ~ of middle
finger 507 simiun (Nu); fluid in
~s 165 imaġiak(-); rounded
upper end of femur at hip ~
523 sivyaaq, sipyaaq (Nu);
swollen ~ 332 navyaaġluksiñiq;
treat one’s ~s 332 navyarriqi-
joke: 303 mitaaġun; 262 kipaaq-, 596
tipsisaaq- (Ti); I ~! 88
atchuamiiq; ~ around with
someone 160 illuġruq- (Ti);
tell ~ing stories 303 mitaaq-; ~
with 160 illuġi-; ~ by telling
stories which are not true 482
sagluuraq-
joking partner: 160 illuq, illualuk
jostle: 496 saqi-, saqit-, saqiraq-
jolt: ~ along 415 qaiġilliuq- (Ti);
experience a ~ 606 tuqpallak-
jolted: 333 nayaksatit-, nayaŋŋatit-
jowls: 419 qakiġluuk(-)
joy: 477 quvianġun, quviasuun; to cause
~ 477 quvianaq-; behavior full
of love, ~, and happiness 477
quvianġutu-; sweet ~ 156
iliġasuun
joyful:156 iliġasuk-, 466 quiliqta-
joyless: become ~ 190 ipiqtutchak-
joyously: ~ contented 477 quvianġu-
judge: 207 isivġiqsi, 642
uqaqsitaaqtitchiri; 207 isivġiq-
judgment: 207 isivġiun
juggle: 122 iglukisaaq(-),
iglukusaaq(-)(Ti)
juice: ~ of fruit, meat, or vegetables
219 ivsa
1345
July: 181 Iñukkuksaivik, 202 Isavik,
Itchavik, 350 Nukatpiat Itchaviat,
438 Qaugalaat Payaŋaiġviat
jump: ~ across 302 misik-; ~ down 330
nautkiaq-; ~ on a jumping
board 10 aatchakisaaq-, 320
nalukatauraq- (Ti); ~ over 330
nauktaq-; ~ up and down
excitedly 300 minŋala-, 300
minŋiqtaq-; ~ up and down in
the same spot 460 qirgiqtaq-; ~
up and land on the same level
as one started 300 minŋiq-,
mitŋiq- (Nu); ~ up from a
kneeling position 459 qirgiq-,
qisrgiq-; ~ up suddenly and flee
380 pikiaq-
jump in and out of water: ~ (of fish)
380 pikiaġaq-
jump rope: 225 kaliviqtaun; 225
kaliviqtaq-; game of ~ where
two hold the ~ and a third
jumps 80 argaugaatchiaq(-)
jumper on the blanket-toss: 320
nalukataqtuaq
jumping board: 10 aatchakisaun, 320
nalukatauraun (Ti); jump on a ~
10 aatchakisaaq-, 320
nalukatauraq- (Ti)
Junco: 444 qayuuttaayuuq,
qayuuttavauraq (Nu), 548
taatchiŋiraq
junction: 239 kayyaaq
June: 127 Iġñivik, 437 Qaugait
Anniviat
just barely: ~ V 910 -pqaułłIk-, 911
-pqauraq(-)
just right: done ~ 278 maannakiaq
just when: ~ one is about to V 685
-aqsimmipkaq- (plus affirmative
Subordinative Endings)
justice: 316 nalaunŋaruaq
justify: 316 nalaunŋasipkaq-
juvenile: 356 nutaġaq
juxtaposition: those in ~ 491
saniġaqłiġiik(-); be in ~ 491
 saniġaqłiġiik(-)
K keg: 168 imġusiaġruk, 436 qattaġruk
kayak: 443 qayaq; capsize in ~ 443
qayau-; have ~ race 360
paaġutraq- (Nu); place for rope
on ~ 564 tapqaq2; use a ~ 443
qayaqtuq-
keel: ~ of kayak 273 kusaq; main ~ of
umiak 274 kusaaq, 276 kuyaaq
(Ti); outer ~ of umiak 35 akuq
keel brace: ~ of umiak 121 iglaaq
keel runner: ~ of umiak161
ilunmugiitkutaq
keel support: ~ of an umiak 346 niutaq
keep: ~ alive 184 iñuut-; ~ awake 605
tupaaq-; ~ busy 500 savaluk-; ~
close to the ground 359
¤paamiq-; ~ at a distance 637
uŋasiktit-; ~ from harm 598
tugluaqsima-; ~ hood on 327
nasapak-; ~ in front of oneself
479 saamiutaq(-); ~ in mind 215
itqauma-, itqagi-; ~ in one’s
pocket 23 aiñiġmiutaq(-); ~ a
nocturnal routine 305 mumiiŋa-;
~ one’s arms behind one’s back
45 amaqsimaaq-; ~ one’s arms
inside one’s parka 471 qumiik-,
qumiikhaaq-, qumiksimaaq-; ~
one’s back turned 604
tunuqsruq-; ~ operational 120
igliqtit-; ~ a rendezvous 237
kasuuti-; ~ secret 65 aŋŋigi-,
aŋŋikkuti- (Ti); ~ someone
amused 315 nakut-; ~ someone
company 178 iññiqsima-; ~
something hidden 530 suilauri-;
~ supplied with water 168
imiqaqtit-; ~ on trying 264
kipiqsruq-; ~ to oneself 161
ilumiutaq(-); uable to ~ one’s
eyes open 383 pillitchi-; unable
to ~ up 283 mallit-, 633 uniktit-;
~ up 317 nalliummati-; ~ vigil
635 unnui-; ~ vigil for game 339
1346
nikparriq-
keep doing this: 210 innasiġaq-
kept doing that: 554 tainnasiġaq-
kerchief: 327 nasaġaq, nasaġauraq,
nasaġaaq (Ti)
kerosene: 645 uqsruqłuk
kerosene stove: 504 siggaġluilaq
key: 395 pitchiġiiyaun
kick: 73 aqi-; ~ with bottom of the feet
599 tukiq-, tukala-, tukalik- (Ti),
tukiġnik-; ~ repeatedly 73
aqsraq-; ~ violently without
warning 73 aqiniqłak-
kidney: 565 taqtu; ~ fat from caribou
or whale 565 taqtuġutit
kill: 392 pisaġi-, 607 tuqut-; ~ a
wounded animal 312 nagruq-,
404 puuvsaq; try to ~ a
wounded animal 324 naŋit-2 (Ti)
killed: about to be ~ violently 532
suksraugaqsi-
Killdeer: Northern ~ 557 taligvak
killer whale: 2 aaġlu
Killiq River, Alaska: person from ~
253 Killiġmiu
kind: 13 aggaŋait-, 94 attaġnait-,
150 ilamaatqik-
kind: one of a ~ 81 arriilaq
kindling: 271 kukuun, kukuutiksrat, 133
igniksraq, igniġutiksraq
kindness: 311 nagliktuun
king: 628 umialik
king (suit in playing cards): 224
kalalliaq
kingdom: 628 umialgun
King Eider: 456 qiŋalik, qiŋaligaaluk
(Ti)
king salmon: 192 iqalukpak, 551
taġyaqpak (Nu)
kiss: 272 kunik-, kunipiq-
kitchen: 116 iga(-), 117 iggavik; ~ of
sodhouse 116 iga(-)
kitchen cabinet: 421 qallugauraqaġvik
knapsack: 17 aġġiññaq
knead: ~ bread dough 326 naqitchi-
knee: 508 siitquq(-), sitquq(-), sitquġiaq
(Nu); flex ~s 508 sitquġraq-;
injure ~ 508 siitquaq-, sitquaq-;
press down with one’s ~s 508
sitquġmik-
knee joint: 332 navlu
knee pad: 522 sitquġun
knee strings of boots: 372 paqtiġraq
kneel: 477 quvsuk-, quvsuktaaq-, 508
siitquq(-), sitquq(-); ~ in before
someone or something 522
sitquġvigi-
knickers: 413 qaġliviik (Nu)
knife: 501 savik; blood-letting ~ 234
kappun, kappugauraq; bone ~ 510
sikuiyaun; butchering ~ 384
pilaun, pilaunnaq; carving ~ 298
millik, (Nu) mitlik; crescent-
shaped ~ 626 ulu, uluuraq;
double-bladed ~ 104 avanmulik,
122 igluktuulik; flint ~ 248
kiglak(-) (Nu); pocket ~ 388
piñŋuqtaq; ~ sharpener 513
silliñ; ~ sheath 250 kiiñailisaq
(Ti), 660 yaġałhaq,
yaġiłhaq,yaġalġaq, yaġarqhaq
(Nu); skinning ~ 3 aagun, aaksiñ,
aaksiññaq; whale flensing ~ 21
aġviuġun, 239 kaugaq2(-) (Nu),
(Ti), 501 saviuraqtuun, 612
tuggaun, tuggautaq (Nu, Ti);
whittling ~ 490 sannan
knit: 450 qilak-2
knitting needle: 451 qilaun
knock: 589 tigluktuq-
knock-the-wind-out: 161 ilunŋuq-
knock-kneed: 476 quumiŋa-, quuŋa-
knoll: 388 piŋu(-)
knot: 348 nuġlu, 451 qiliġniq; slip ~ 68
aŋuvyuġaq (Nu); tie ~ 451 qiliq-,
qiliqsruq-; tie a slip ~ 68
aŋivruqqiq- (Nu); tie into a ~ 451
qiliq-; tighten ~ 430 qaptit- (Ti);
untie ~ 451 qiliġutaiq-; ~ in
wood 29 akiġuq, 635 unŋuq
know: 154 ilisima-; get to ~ and
1347
become comfortable with
someone 101 aunniuq-; get to ~
someone 150 ilammiuq-; not ~
318 nalu-; not ~ what to do 428
qanuusiit- (Nu)
knowledge: 154 ilisimman; deny ~ of 65
aŋŋirri-, aŋŋirrisi-
known: make someone or something ~
318 nalunaiq-
knuckles: 419 qakiqtautit (Nu)
Kobuk: Upper ~ people 420 Qalamiut
(Nu)
Kobuk River: 275 Kuuvak
Kobuk valley: people of the ~ 275
Kuuvagmiut
Kotzebue, Alaska: 448 Qikiqtaġruk
krill: 120 igliġaq, igliġiaq
Kuparuk River: 275 Kuukpaaġruk
L
labor (giving birth): 127 iġñisuk-; begin
~ 127 iġñisuliq-
Labrador tea: 372 papaksraq, 484
sakiaguraq, 592 tilaaqiaq
labret: 613 tuutaq; beaded bone ~ 65
aŋmaluaq;
lacing: ~ of skin to boat frame 599
tugrun
lack: ~ N 736 :It-1; ~ some things 638
upaluŋa-
ladder: 296 mayuġautat, mayuġauttat
ladle: 165 immiqsuun, 422 qallun, 444
qayuuttaq
lagoon: 165 imaq(-), 569 tasiġaaġruk; ~
behind Wainwright, Alaska 165
Imaġruk; ~ between Barrow and
Browerville, Alaska 202 Isatquak
lake: 327 narvaq; ~ immediately north
of Barrow, Alaska 168
Imiqpaniqłuk; ~ immediately
south of Birnirk, Alaska 168
Imiqpak; long, narrow ~ 556
taksruk
lake trout: 73 aqalukpak or aqalukpiaq
or aqalukpik (Ti), 192 iqaluaqpak,
 422 qaluaqpak (Nu)
lamb: 171 imnaiyaaq, 220 ivutuq
lame: become ~ 539 susialliq- (Ti)
lamentation: 445 qiglukpagniq
lamp: 321 naniq, 468 qulliq1; raise the
~ flame 135 ikuappak-
lamp chimney: 28 akisiġun, akiłhun
lamp wick: adjust ~ 583 tatqik-; ~
adjuster 91 atqun
lance: point for a killing ~ 68 aŋuvigaq
land1: 353 nuna; acquire ~ 353
nunanik; be one’s ~ 353 nunagi-;
~ between two rivers at
confluence 34 akuliġaq (Nu);
claim ~ 353 nunni-; edge of ~
253 killi; elevated ~ 469
qutchimaraaq; fly over ~ 213
itivit-; heatwaves from ~ 660
uyumiq(-); large expanse of low
~ 329 natiġnaq; low, swampy ~
126 iġimniq; ocean current
flowing toward ~ 206
isiqsaġnaq; passage of water
between bodies of ~ 137 ikiq;
point of ~ at one end of bay 358
nuvugraq (Ti); point of ~
exposed to prevailing wind 81
arguġaq; promontory 358
nuvuk, 591 tikiġaq, tikiġauraq;
reach ~ 353 nunalit-, nunnit-; be
rocky ~ 353 nunagluk-; round a
point of ~ when traveling by
boat 620 uivaqsaaq-; small point
of ~ 358 nuvuġaluk, nuvuġauraq,
nuvuġaq; ~ smoothly 609
tulluataq-; survey ~ 353
nunniqi-; ~ where one lives and
subsists 183 iñuuniaġvik; wide,
of ~ 90 atchaqtu-; wind from the
~ 254 kiluagnaq
land2: fall and ~ on one’s hands 111
ayappaqhaaq-; fly over
and ~ on the other side 595
tiŋmiukaktaq-; ~ from flight 303
mit-, mitchaaq-; ~ in a sitting
position when falling from a
1348
standing position 78 aquvsalak,
aquvsalaaq-; jump and ~ on
same level 300 minŋiq-, mitŋiq-
(Nu); ~ on one’s back 347
nivġallak-; ~ on one’s feet 609
tut-; ~ on shore en masse
600 tulasaaq-; slip and ~ on a
hard surface 443 qayuiłłak-,
qayuillak- (Ti); ~ to one side of
one’s target 121 igluaq-
landing: come in for a ~ 303
mitchaaġiaq-; fall forward
suddenly, ~ face down 359
paałłak-; ~ place for a boat 600
tulagiaq, tulagvik; ~ strip 303
mitchaaġvik, milvik, mirvik
land otter: 370 pamiuqtuuq
language: 642 uqausiq
languages: 642 uqautchit
lantern: ~ chimney 28 akiłhun; break a
~ chimney 28 akiłhurraq-;
kerosene ~ 322 naniġuaq
Lapland Longspur: 473 qupałuk, 403
putukiułuk (Nu)
large: 62 aŋi-1; extremely ~ 63
aŋivałłak-; find too large 63
aŋigi-; ~ N 871 -niqłuk, 928
+qpak(-), 964 -saktaq; make too ~
63 aŋinaaq-, agnaaq-; one not so
~ 63 aŋillaŋilaq
larger: 546 taaniqtu-; much ~ 63
aŋipiksuaq-; make appear ~
546 taaniqtunaq-
larva: ~ of caribou botfly 272 kumak,
550 tagiuq
lash: 599 tugrut-; ~ skin cover to umiak
frame 613 tuut-
lashed: things ~ together 451 qiliqtat
lashing: 451 qilġun, 599 tugrun; ~ for
lower runners of sled 355
nuqaġun
lasso: 335 nigaq(-), nigaqtuun, nigavraun;
loop on ~ 644 uqsiq, uqsi
last: ~ one 77 aqulliq; ~ week 77
aqulliġmi savaiñŋaiñŋaisa
late: 261 kiŋuġautchi-, kiŋuġauti-;
 sleep ~ and stay up late 305
mumiqłiq-; stays up ~ 378
piggaqtu-
later: 6 aannagu, 261 kiŋuagun,
kiŋulvatigun; become ~ 6
aannaguliq-, 8 aaqaguili-, 419
qakuguili-
laugh:118 iglaq-; ~ at 119 iglautigi-; ~
loudly 119 iglaqhaqtaq-; ~ so
hard one has difficult taking a
breath 1 aaqsallaiġaq-; try
to make someone ~ 118
iglaġuksaaq-, 462 qitusuksaaq-,
qitusuksai-; ~ very hard 187
ipputigi-
laughable:119 iglaġuŋnaq-
laughing: burst out ~ 119 iglaqhuaq-,
517 sipkiq-, 595 tivsitchai-,
tivsitchak-; unable to stop ~ 1
aaqsallaiq-
laughter: cause ~ 119 iglaġuŋnaq-
launch: ~ a boat 112 ayak-2, 243
kaimit-, kiamit-, 479 saavit-
launching: umiak ~ place at whaling
camp site 48 ammuaq
launder: ~ clothes 191 iqaqsri-
laundry: 192 iqaqsrivik; clean ~ 191
iqaqsrat; dirty ~ 191
iqaqsraksrat; do someone’s ~
192 iqaqsrisi-; do the ~ 192
iqaqsri-
lava: 659 uyaġak ikualaruaq
law: 85 atanniuġun, 395 pitquraq; break
a ~ 332 navgi-; hold trial in a
court of ~ 642 uqaqsitaaq-
law-abiding: 281 makpiġaaġik-,
maqpiġaaġik-
lawbreaker: 14 aglagiit- (Ti), 281
makpiġaaġiit-, maqpiġaaġiit-
lawyer: 395 pitquraliqiri
laxative: 50 anaġnaq
lazy: 193 iqianġutu-, iqiasuu-, iqiasuk-;
become ~ 194 iqiatchak-;
~ person 194 iqiasuaq
lead1: 100 aullati-; ~ the way 526
sivulliq-; ~ with a leash 569
1349
tasikuaq-; run ahead, passing
others to take the ~ 312 naġruk-
lead2: 620 uiñiq; be near the beach
(of ~) 91 atikit-; flat, secure ice
at edge of ocean ~ 396 pituqqiq;
for there to be a ~ 620 uiñŋa-;
ice path or trail through shore-
fast ice to the edge of ocean ~
396 pituqqit; to break off inside
~ (of shore-fast ice) 614
tuvaiyaq-; to surface in an inlet
in a ~ 233 kaŋiqłuaq-
3
lead : 643 uqhaq, 617 uġġaq; ~ for
bullets 413 qaġruksaun; pour ~
into mold to make bullets 276
kuviri (Nu); fill bullets with ~ 364
paġnasi-
leaf: broad ~ 36 akutuqpak
leak: ~ (of liquid) 175 iñġaq-; ~ out,
of air 508 siiq-; ~ (of non-
liquid) 229 kanġaq-
lean: ~on for support 333 nayummak-,
nayummi-; ~ on a secure object
49 anaggusimaaq-; lean on
something 129 iigaq,
iigaqsimaaq-; something to
~ on to support one’s hand 112
ayapqun
leap: 356 nutik-; ~ repeatedly 280
magrikaq-
learn: 155 ilit-; ~ to V 809 -llasI-; ~ of
her/habits 155 ilit-; ~ how to do
battle 69 aŋuyyiuq- (Nu)
learner: be a slow ~ 155 ilitchitchiġiit-
leash: dog ~ 569 tasikuaġun
least cisco: 192 iqalusaaq
Least Sandpiper: 277 livalivauraq (Nu),
livaluġauraq, lavluġauraq
least weasel: 331 naulayuq
leather: 127 iġviaq, 460 qisik; prepare
~ by softening 462 qitummak-;
smoked tanned ~ 206 isiqsiaq;
soak ~ 398 pulauq-; ~ strip
between body and hard sole of
boot 638 uŋirviaġun; tanned ~
127 iġviaq; wide ~ thong used
 for snowshoe webbing 603
tuniksraq (Nu); work with ~ 127
iġvirriqi-
leave: 100 aullaq-; ~ home without
intention of returning 100
aullau-; ~ a job due to
dissatifaction 336 niguq-;
prepare to ~ 490 sanagi-
lee: 423 qamaniq, qamanaaq2
left: 498 saumik; ~ hand 498 saumik
left behind: really try to be ~ 633
unisinniapiaq-
left-handed: 498 saumiñmuŋa-; ~
person 498 saumik
leftover: 149 ilaku(-); ~ N 766 -ku(-);
have food ~ 344 niqiku-; food ~
from preparing food 47
amirriaq; have ~ 517
sippakuulaaq-; ~ half 107
avvaku; remnant ~ 47 amiku;
something ~ 517 sippaq,
sippaku, 563 taŋiq; ~ bone 499
sauniku
leftovers: ~ to be discarded 486
saksranikut
leg: 344 niu; bow one’s ~s 218 ivluq-;
break a ~ 344 niuggaaq-; bring
~s against one’s body 126
iġmak-; bring ~s together
tightly 476 quumik-; calf of ~
261 kiŋuġaq, kiŋuqqaq; cross ~s
and sit 496 saqpiluksi-; foreleg
525 sivuġaq (Ti), sivulliq(-); ~ of
furniture 344 niulu; extend
one’s ~s 522 sitchuq-, 599 tukiq-;
have long ~s 229 kanaktu-; have
short ~s 229 kanakit-; hind ~
261 kiŋuġaġliq, kiŋulliq1; inner ~
229 kanak; lower ~ 229 kanagaq;
move arms and ~s around 104
avala-, 347 nivġala-; muscle of ~
313 nakasugnaq; one with short
~s 229 kanakisuuraq;remove
animal skin ~ 204 isikki-; ~ skin
of caribou 203 isik; spread
one’s ~s 104 avlaak-; swing the ~
1350
514 siluk-, siluktaq-; upper hind
~ 51 anauttaq(-);
legend: 633 unipkaaq(-); supporting
story to a ~ 112 ayapqutaq; tell a
~ 633 unipkaaq(-); two ~s told
with supporting stories 112
ayapqutillak
legendary: ~ fish-like creature 443
qayułuk (Nu); ~ flying whale
467 quktuġaq; ~ little person 2
aaġaayiq; ~ water animal 337
niġrułłuk; ~ wild baby 125 iġaaq
(Ti), 129 iiġaaq (Nu)
legging: full-length skin ~ 93 atpaugaq
(Nu)
legislation: 395 pitqurriaksraq
leisurely: V ~ 999 -t/raġaaq(-), 891
+ŋuraaq-, 1074 -uraaq-; V ~ first,
then 809 -llaqqaaq- plus
Affirmative Subordinative I
Endings
lemming: 107 aviŋŋaq; ~’s
underground cache of food 343
niqautit
lend: 94 attaqsipkaq-, 96 atuqtit-
lender: money~ 26 akiilaqtuqtitchiri
length: 556 taktilaaq(-); measure ~ 556
taktilaaq(-); too long in ~ (of a
garment) 35 akuqtu-
lengthwise: cut ~ 507 siik-
lengthy: 524 sivisu-, sivisuuraq-
leprosy: 256 killiġruaq; have ~ 256
killiġruaqtuq-
Lesser Sandhill Crane: 570 tatirgak
Lesser Scaup: 432 qaqłutuuq
Lesser Yellowlegs: 658 uviñŋuayuuq
lesson: ~ already learned 154 ilisaq; ~
already studied 153 ilisaaq; ~
learned from another person
154 ilisausiaq; ~ to be learned
154 ilisaksraq, 155 ilitagraq (Ti);
~ to be studied 153 ilisaaksraq;
lethargic: become ~ 539 susunġiq-
let me see it: 488 samma3
let me see it then for verification: 488
sammaami
let’s give it a try: 243 kiata (Nu), kiita,
kiataŋ (Ti)
let’s go: 243 kiata (Nu), kiita, kiataŋ (Ti)
letter: upper case ~ 14 aglakpak
level: highest ~ 408 qaatchiaq
lever: 219 ivrutaq(-), 191 ipugaun,
ipugautaq; lift with a ~ 191 ipuk-
lever-action: ~ rifle 191 ipugaġnaq
suppun
levy: 27 akiliaksriq-
liberty: 84 atanġirrun
library: 281 makpiġaaqaġvik,
maqpiġaaqaġvik
lice: infested with ~ 272 kummak-;
caribou covered with ~ 272
kumaksralliq; look for ~ 272
kumaiqsuaq-; rid of ~ 272
kumaiq-
lichen: caribou ~ 343 niqaaq, 593
tiŋaurat
lick: 43 aluk(-); ~ repeatedly 43
aluktuq-
lick lips moistly and loudly: 301
misaq-
lie1: 481 saglun, 482 sagluqun; 481
saglu-; tell ~s 482 sagluuq-
lie2: ~ down 315 nallaq-; ~ horizontal
incessantly 315 nalaqhik-; ~ on
one’s back 315 nala-, 463 qivi-;
~ down with 315 nallaqasiq-
lie in wait: ~ for animals 232
kaŋiġaqsimaaq-
life: breath of ~ 179 iñuggun; come to ~
184 iñuutchak- (Ti); duration
of ~ 183 iñuuniqtutilaaq; make ~
easier for another 412
qaġasilaaq-; way of ~ 179
iñuggusiq, 183 iñuuniusiq
(Nu); ~ force 551 taġniq
lift: 269 kivik-; ~ repeatedly 269 kivvak-
ligament: 350 nukik; ~ under tongue
449 qillun, qillutaq
light: 321 naniq, 437 qaummaq, 468
qulliq1; beam of ~ 28 akiłuk(-)
light bulb: 405 puvlauraq, 469 qulliuraq
lightening: sheet ~ 437 qaumatitaq(-);
1351
strike (of ~) 437 qaumatitaq-
lighter in color: become ~ 436 qataak-
lightheaded: feel ~ 1 aaŋayaaŋa-
like: 182 iñunnagi-, 314 nakuaġi-; ~ a
food 284 mamaġi-
like previously: 554 tainna suli
like that: 554 tainna, taimanna; be ~
554 tainnait-, tamait-; not ~ 554
tainnaŋilaaq
like this: 209 inna, iminna, imanna
likeness: 81 arri1
limb: 201 isaġutaq, isaġun; ~s 202
isatigit, isatkit (Nu)
limber: 192 iqait-
limp: 394 pisuapaktaq-, 539 susiat- (Ti),
609 tusiat-, tusiqhuk-,
tusiqhuktaq-, tusiapiktaq-
line: 597 titiġniq; ~ attaching net to ice
hole 207 isuutaq; two objects in
line 317 naligiik(-); ~ used to
string fish 357 nivviñ
line of chain: 503 siakkaat
line up: 261 kiŋuġaqłigiik-, 604
tunulliġiiksit-
linen: 623 ukiłhaaġiksuaq
ling cod: 597 tittaaliq
linger: 346 nivigaq-
lingonberry: 257 kimmigñaq1
liniment: 14 agiun2 (Ti), 323 nanuun;
rub ~ on 323 nanuluk-
lining: 162 ilupaaq; stomach ~ 202
isaġuaq
lint: 492 sanik(-);become covered with
~ 492 sannak-; remove ~ 492;
sanŋiyaq-
lip: 432 qaqłu; have ~s tightly closed
401 pummiq-, 640 upummiq-;
~ plug 613 tuutaq
lips: 432 qaqłuuk
lip of whale: get a share of ~ 432
qaġlunnak- (Ti)
liquid: 165 imaq(-); ~ from boiled fat
or blubber 524 sivaraaq (Ti); ~
which has seeped or oozed out
508 siiġñiq; something pounded
into ~ 240 kaugaq2; sprinkle ~
 on something 518 siqqiłłaqtiq-;
spurt out (of ~) 536 suppuqhiaq-
liquor: 546 taaŋŋaq(-)
listen: 308 naalaktuaq-
listen: 1 a, 84 ataa (Nu) (Ti), 86 ataŋ, 94
atta
little: V a ~ 824 -łauraq(-)
little bit: V a ~ 767 -kuluuraq(-)
Little Dipper: 359 Paatchuktuurat
litter: 528 suaqłuk; be clear of ~ 528
suaqłuiq-
live: ~ 183 iñuu-; fight to ~ 376
payagniuq-; ~ for a short while
183 iñuuliqtuuraq-; not expect to
~ 94 attaġriuq- (Ti); ~ with 184
iñuuqatigi-, 210 itqatigi-
live in: ~ a winter den 54
aniguyyaqtuq-; ~ a N 1053 +tuq-3
lively: 389 pipika-, 445 qiġġait-, 653
uumalaaq-; have ~ conversation
643 uqqaaġik-
liver: 595 tiŋuk; small pieces of ~ and
tendons stuffed in rumen of
caribou and allowed to age 595
tiŋugaq
living: make a ~ 183 iñuuniaq-
lo, then again: ~ it appears or happens
unexpectedly 528 sua, sua una,
suasiuna, suasiavsruma, 535
sunauvva
load: a ~ 648 usiq1, usiaq(-); carry as a
~ 648 usikataq-; have a full ~
648 usiŋmigauraq-; leave part of
~ behind 18 aġlik-, 452
qimatchi-; lose ~ 648 usiiq-; ~
onto a mode of transport 133
iksruq-; ~ a mode of transport
648 usilliq-; regret not being
able to carry part of another’s ~
18 aġliqi-; remove ~ 648 usiiyaq-
load capacity: have a large ~ 648
utchiqsu-; have a small ~ 648
utchikit-
loaf pan: 401 punnilivik
loathe: 312 naġġugipiallak-
located: ~ above 469 qulvani; ~ behind
1352
254 kiluani; ~ under 90 ataani
located: with the N 1142 ÷mI
located here: 291 maani, maaniit-, 657
uvani, uvaniit-
located down there: ~ (visible)
227 kanani, kananiit-, 631
unani, unaniit-; ~ (not
visible) 489 samani2, samaniit-2
located in there: ~ (not visible) 423
qamani, qamaniit-
located further over there: 103
avaniqpani, 548 taavaniqpani
located out there: ~ (visible) 246 kiani,
kianiit-; ~ (not visible) 410
qaani, qaaniit-; ~ in the artic
entry (not visible) 485 saŋmani,
saŋmaniit-; ~ in the shed or the
neighbor’s house (not visible)
418 qaŋmani, qaŋmaniit-
located over there: ~ (visible) 130
ikani, ikaniit-, 175 iñani (Nu); ~
(not visible) 44 amani, amaniit-;
~, across (visible) 11 aani,
aaniit-; ~, across (not visible) 30
aŋmani, aŋmaniit-
located there: ~, up the coast (visible)
268 kivani, kivaniit-; ~, up the
coast (not visible) 440 qavani,
qavaniit-
located under here: ~ (not visible) 488
samani1, samaniit-1
located up there: ~ (visible) 381 pikani,
pikaniit-, 362 paani, paaniit-; ~
(not visible) 368 pamani,
pamaniit-; ~, on the roof of the
house (not visible) 366 paŋmani,
paŋmaniit-
located with that one down there: ~
(visible) 228 kattumani, 631
uttumani; ~ (not visible) 489
saptumani2
located with that one in there: ~
(visible) 267 kiptumani; ~ (not
visible) 423 qaptumani
located with that one out there: ~
(visible) 246 kiktumani; ~ (not
 visible) 410 qaktumani; ~ in the
arctic entry (not visible) 484
sakiptumani; ~ in the shed or
the neighbor’s house (not
visible) 417 qakiptumani
located with that one over there: ~
(visible) 130 iktumani, 103
aptumani; ~ (not visible) 44
aptumani; ~ across (visible) 12
aktumani; ~ across (not visible)
29 akiptumani
located with that one previously
mentioned: 164 iptumani, 553
taiptumani
located with that one up there: ~
(visible) 381 piktumani, 362
paktumani; ~ (not visible) 368
paptumani; ~ on the roof of the
house (not visible) 365
pakiptumani
located with this one here (visible):
656 uumani
location: in what ~ 534 sumi; ~ east
440 qavva qavani, 583 tatqavva
tatqavani; ~ north 584 taunna
taunani, 631unna unani; ~
northwest 34 akunġagni
uttumalu aptumalu; ~ northeast
34 akunġagni uttumalu
qaptumalu; ~ south 362 pagga
paani, 573 tatpagga tatpaani; ~
southeast ~ 34 akunġagni
paktumalu qaptumalu; southwest
~ 34 akunġagni paktumalu
aptumalu
lochia: 259 kiñiq(-)
lock: 255 kiluissaun, kiluitchaq,
kiluusaun; 255 kiluutchaq(-),
kiluusaq(-) (Nu) kiluissaq-, 394
pitchiġiiyaq-, pitchiġiiyaun; ~ in
or out 256 kiluutchauti-
loins: 185 iŋi, 588 tavsiaq
lonely: 38 alianniuq-, 39 aliasuk-; not
feel ~ 39 aliit-
long: 556 taki-; be ~ (of a ridge) 203
isimŋaaq-; become ~ 556 takłi-;
1353
made ~ 556 taŋnaaq-; something
~ 556 takiłhuyuk, takkiiq
long for: 263 kipiġniuq-; ~ the past 260
kiŋiaŋa-
long-lived: 330 nauniq(-)
long time: V for a ~ 685 -ataq-1,
-lġataq-1, 962 +saġataq-
longitudinal: ~ rib of kayak frame 596
tippik
longnose sucker: 441 qaviqsuaq
Long-tailed Jaeger: 209 isuŋŋaq,
isuŋŋatchiaq, (Ti) isuŋŋaġluaq
Long-tailed Duck: 8 aaqhaaliq,
aaqhaalliq, 2 aaġaaliq (Ti), 3
aahaaliq (Nu)
look: ~ at 454 qiñiq-; ~ around 455
qiñiġayuk-; ~ away 37 alaq-,
alaqtiq-; ~ for 455 qiñaa-; ~
healthy 586 tauttugik-; ~
pleasing from the side 492
saniqqiŋŋaġik-; ~ unhealthy 586
tauttugiiq-; ~ through a spyglass
606 tuqłuaġaq-; ~ up 2 aaġluq-
look at this: 86 ataguna
look, here it is: 657 uvvahii
look, its over there: 130 ikkahii
look out: 11 aatchikaaŋ
lookout: 328 nasirvik, nasiqsruġvik; look
for game from a ~ 328 nasiqsruq-
loop: ~ on lasso 644 uqsiq
loose: 99 aulaya-, 435 qasuŋa-; become
~ 64 aŋivit-, aŋivraq-, 84 ataiq-,
85 ataŋaiq-,100 aulayyiq-; come
~ 13 aggaq-, aggai-, 279 maki-,
magluaq-; come ~ tearing 39
aligaaġuti-; ~ (of clothing) 82
asiñila-; cut ~ 263 kipputi-; have
difficulty jarring ~ 426
qanŋullaiq-; ~, not taut 494
saŋŋiit-; pry ~ 85 ataŋiq-1, 439
qauq-; ~, not tied to stake 396
pituit-
loosen: 64 aŋivit-, aŋivraq-; boil to ~
feathers 401 puqłaq-; ~ things
439 qauqtiġii-, qauqtiq-
loosened: ~, come apart 124 igumit-
lopsided: 616 ugaaŋa- lower teeth: 89 allimġat
lord: 85 ataniq loyal: 161 ilumuuq-
lose: 27 akiit-; ~ one’s way 561 loyalty: 623 ukpiġnaqtilaaq
tammaa-, 624 ulamaa-; ~ luck: good ~ charm 323 nanuġun
something 114 ayuri-, 562 lukewarm: 265 kirrak-, 338 niġumik-,
tammai- niġummaak-
lost: 561 tammaq-; ~ forever lullaby: 73 aqaun, 290 mapsaun; sing a ~
553 taimmau-; ~ person on ice 290 mapsaq-2, 295 mavsaq-
562 tammaġniq lumbar vertebra: 202 isaġutauralgit;
lot: have a ~ to say 641 uqaksraqtu-; vertebrae above the ~ 264
talk a ~ 641 uqalutu-; V a ~ kipkaqsiġiilat
984 -sugruk(-), 1007 -taktuaq- lumber: 460 qiruit; ~ for framing 104
lottery: 316 nalautchaqtuaq avaluksrat
loud: 342 nipatu-; too ~ 467 qukiġñaq- lump: 124 igruiqqaq (Ti)
louder and louder: 167 imigluksi- lunch: 462 qitiqquutaq (Ti), 461
loudly: talk ~ 482 saġmak-; echo ~ qitiġutaq; eat ~ 23 ailliliq- (Nu),
415 qaiġuatit-; speak angrily ~ 461 qitiġusiq-, 462 qitiqquutchiq-
426 qanmiksaaq- (Ti)
louse: 272 kumak; ~ egg 215 itqiq lung: 404 puvak; ~ of beluga whale or
love: 315 nakuaqqun, 391 piqpakkun, seal 404 puvagraaq (Ti)
397 piviuttaqqun; 314 lure: 241 kaviuġuksaun, kaviuġuksaaq-,
nakuaġi-, 390 piqpagi-; begin to 283 maliksuguksaaq-; ~ to V 990
~ 315 nakuaqqiuti-; ~ each +[s]uksaaq-
other 315 nakuaqquti-; grow to ~ lurk: ~ behind the shadows 550
315 nakuaqqiaguti-; message taġġiraq-
of ~ 332 nayaaŋŋaq lying: you’re ~ 1 aakhaa
loveable: 119 iglignaq-; find lynx: 346 niutuiyiq
someone or something ~ 119
igliksraq- M
loved one: 149 ilamaaq; call someone a Mackenzie River Delta, Northwest
~ 149 ilamaaqtuq- Territories, Canada people: 184
loving: 315 nakuaqsri- Iñuvialuit, 653 Uummaġniut
low: 326 naqit- maggot: 272 kumak, 474 qupilġuksraq
low area along a bluff: 138 ikpiilġuq (Ti)
lower: 91 atpaq-, arvaq-, 326 naqikłi-, magnet: 343 nipitchak, nipinnaq
naqikłilaaq-, 341 niŋit-; ~ part of magnifying glass: 62 agliraġaun, 63
mountaintop 326 naqilġarteuq; aŋinaq
set at ~ setting 89 anmuktaaq- mail: deliver ~ 15 agliqi-; something
lower area: 89 alliñiq, atliñiq (Nu) sent via ~ 615 tuyuun; something
lower back: 280 makisiq (Ti); have pain received via ~ 615 tuyuusiaq
in the ~ 280 makitchaq- (Ti) mailbox: 615 tuyuusiaqaġvik
lowest: ~ one 329 natiqłiq mainsail: 77 aqulliġaq
low-pitched: 435 qatitu- maintain: 120 igliqtit-
lowbush cranberry: 257 kimmigñaq1 makeup: apply ~ 19 aġnaġiksaq-
lower jaw: 15 agliġuq male: ~ human 67 aŋun; ~ animal 67
lower neck: 383 pikusuk aŋusalluq; young ~ 356

1354
 nutaġauraq
malfunction: begin to ~ 83 asiŋŋuq-,
147 iluilliq-, iluilliq-, iłuilliq- (Ti)
malicious: 378 pigiit-, 392 pisaaŋa-; ~
gossipmonger 494 saŋutchiri
maliciously: gossip ~ 494 saŋut-; scratch
~ 461 qisuk-
malign: 494 saŋut-
make: ~ a N 801 -liuq-; ~ an amulet 5
aanġurri-; ~ one’s bed 11
aatqik-; ~ something too large
63 aŋnaaq-; ~ a basket 17
aguummi-; ~ a contribution 24
aitchui-; ~ Eskimo “ice
cream” 36 akutchi-;~ a fuss 25
aka-; ~ a large hook 29 akikki-;
~ a fancy parka hem 35 akki-; ~
oneself confused 36 alavri-; ~
rope 32 akłunarri-; ~ something
385 pili-, piliuq-; ~ something
shorter 35 akukikłilaaq-; try to ~
someone feel lonely 39 aliasaaq-;
try to ~ someone become
uncomfortable 41 allasaaq-;
~ mush for dogs 43 alliuq-,
make a point: 482 sagviq-
malice: V with ~ 833 -maqłuk-
Mallard: 623 ukhiukhiuq (Nu)
mammoth: 256 kiligvak
man: 67 aŋun; become old (of a ~) 62
aŋayuqaaq-; have sexual
relations with a ~ 68 aŋutituq-;
little, old ~ 62
aŋayuqaksraatchiaq, 67
aŋugaatchiaq; old ~ 62
aŋayuqak, aŋayuqaksraq, 548
taataruaq; middle-aged ~ 67
aŋugaatchiałak; (Nu); short,
strong ~ 183 iñuqhiuraq; young ~
350 nukatpiġauraq, nukatpiluk
mandible: 15 agliqquk, 633 uniaġaak
mannequin: 182 iñuŋŋuaq
manure: 50 anaq(-)
many: 47 amirġaq-, 177 iñugiak-; ~ N
964 -salait; there are ~ N-s 1060
:u-3
1355
map: 353 nunauraq
March: 47 Amiqtuġvik, 120 Igliiliġvik,
206 Isiqsiliġvik, 370 Paniqsiivik,
Paniqsiqsiivik, 518
Siqiññaasugruk
marijuana: 410 qaaq(-); smoke ~ 410
qaaq(-)
mark: 300 miŋuaq-
marmot: 443 qavviatchiaq, qaviatchiaq
(Ti), 510 siksrikpak
marriage: man rejected for ~ 351
nuliaġluaqtaq
married: become ~ 237 katchuutit- (Ti),
238 katitit-, katitiq- (Nu); newly ~
couple 238 katinġaatchiak
marry: 238 katit-
marvel: 40 aliuq-, 226 kamanniuq-
mask: 250 kiiñaġuq(-); half-~s 529
suglut (Ti); make a ~ 250
kiiñaqqi-; name of wooden ~ 584
tatqivluq; wooden mold for
making ~s 250 kiiñaqqivik
masked dancer: 619 uiŋuraq(-)2 (Ti)
masquerade: 404 puuqtaluk(-),
puuqtałuk(-); 618 Uiŋuraq(-) (Ti);
song sung during ~ dance 619
uiŋuraun (Ti)
mast: 324 napaksraq (Nu), 325 napaqti
master: 85 ataniq
mastodon: 256 kiligvak
match: 135 ikun
mate: 351 nulik-
maternity: ~ ward 127 iġñivik
mathematics: 266 kisisaat; addition in ~
151 ilaraġaġniq; substraction in ~
149 ilaiġaġniq
matrilineal: ~ cousin 19 aġnaqan
mattress: 409 qarraaq; ~ pad 89 alliġaq
mature: 176 iñiqi-
maul: 616 ugik-; have disposition to ~
617 uggiqi-
May: 348 Nuġġiaqtuġvik, 437 Qaugait
Piviat, 536 Suppivik, 537
Suvluġvik
maybe: 164 imma qanuq; 163 immakii,
528 suagguuq
maybe so: 1 aaqanuq, 164 imma qanuq,
163 imma ilaanni
maybe that is the situation: 163
immaami, 553 taimmaami
me: 657 uvaŋa; according to ~ 657
uvamni; compared to ~ 657
uvamniñ; from ~ 657 uvamniñ;
like ~ 657 uvaptun; to ~ 657
uvamnun; with ~ 657 uvapkun,
uvamni
mean: 392 pisaaŋa-, pisaaŋati-; become ~
85 ataniġnaqsi-; feel ~ 654
uumisuk-; have a ~ countenance
231 kanuk- (Ti)
means: by any ~ 427 qanuġliqaa; ~ for
V-ing 1065 +un1, 872 +niuti,
niun; long to do something but
have no ~ to do it 539 susuksiu-;
~ of doing something 393
pisaun; ~ of protection 57
anniitkutaq, anniyaitkutaq; ~ of
V-ing 1078 -utaq; via which ~
539 sutchikun
meaning: 526 sivuniq; be the ~ of a
word 526 sivuniġi-
meander: 497 saquuq-
measles: contract ~ 240 kaviqsi-
measure: ~ one’s ability to V 1113
-yuqtilaaq-; ~ the depth of
water 211 ititilaaq-; ~
the narrowness of something 48
amisilaaq-; ~ one’s ability to
perform 385 pilgutilaaq-; ~
out an insufficient amount 175
inuŋanaaq-; ~ the size of
someone or something 34
aktilaaq(-); ~ the thickness 290
maptutilaaq-
measurement: ~ of breadth of arms
outstretched 306 naaġniq; ~ of
breadth of hand 79 argagniq; ~
of the thickness of the slice of
whale’s tail cut off for the
captain who has caught his
first whale 38 alguniq; one foot
in ~ 204 isigagniq
1356
meat: 301 mipkuq, 344 niqipiaq;
boneless ~ 344 niqpik; cook ~
344 niqłiuq-; cut ~ for cooking
653 uukłi-; cut ~ into small
pieces 199 iritqi- (Ti); cut up
raw, frozen ~ or fish 464
qurri-; dried surface of ~ 407
qaalu; fresh ~ and maktak 66
aŋunġiutaq; fried ~ 517
siqinaqtaq (Nu); frozen ~ 464
quaq(-); gnawed ~ 336 niġġiq;
prepare ~ for cooking or eating
344 niqłiqi-; old ~ 343 niqaaqłuk;
~ prepared for cooking 116
igaaksraq; rare ~ 619
uipasulaaq(-), uipayaaq (Ti);
select the best ~ 343
niqiksramaaq-
meat grinder: 557 takuutik
meaty: 344 niqitu-, niqqaqtu-
medical: ~ doctor 545 taakti; provide ~
treatment 545 taaktigu-
medically: minister to someone ~ 183
iñuunniaq-
medication: externally applied ~ 301
miŋuluun
medicine: 293 marasiq; cough ~ 466
quiqsunŋuiyaun; ~ for pain 57
anniġñaiyaun; pill or liquid ~ 128
iiraġaq; ~ for snowblindness 146
illuiyaun
meek: 396 piunialait-, 456 qiñuit-
meet: ~ someone 237 kasui-, kasuq-; ~ a
dead end or an impasse and
take another route 490
samnaaq-; go and ~ someone
or something 626 ullauti-; ~
someone by chance 70
apqusaaq-; ~ with them one
at a time 72 apuġaq-
meeting: 237 kasimaniq; a closed ~ 642
uqauraqtuuraġiaġniq; hold a ~
236 kasima-, 238 katima- (Ti);
hold a lengthy ~ 231 kanŋuuma-;
hold a ~ with or about someone
237 kasimmati-, kasimmatigi-;
 minutes of a ~ 237 kasimanġit; ~
place 237 kasimmavik; purpose
of a ~ 237 kasimman; ~ agenda
237 kasimmatiksrat
meeting house site by river in
Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska: old ~
231 Kanŋuummavik
melt: 97 auk-; ~ into water165
imaġuq-; ~ quickly 97 aułłak-; ~
snow 55 aniulliuq-; ~ (of snow or
ice and cause difficulty for
someone) 97 auguti-
melting: ~ sea ice 96 augniqsraq
member: 148 ila(-); 151 ilau-1; become a
~ 149 ilaliuti-; include someone
as a ~ 148 ilagi-; ~ of N 1035
-tkuayaaq
membrane: ~ attached to an animal’s
stomach 295 mavsa; ~ between
egg shell and egg white 203
isiaġuraq, isiaq, isiguraq (Ti); ~
scraped from dried animal skin
285 mamiq; outer ~ of walrus or
bearded seal intestines 117
igalaaksraq; remove the ~ 285
mamiiyaq-
memento: 364 paisaq, 380 piiguitkaaq
men: two, old ~ 62 aŋayuqaksraatchiak
menace: 398 piyuumigi-
mend: ~ a hole 39 allaiq-, allaiyaq-, 252
killaiyaq-
menstruate: 4 aalġu-, 15 agliq-(Ti)
menstruation: 4 aalġunaq
mentally: 209 isummataagun; ~ ill 259
kinnaŋa-, kinnaŋaaq-
memory: 215 itqaumman
merely: ~ a N 715 +ġruiññaq
merge: ~ with 149 ilaluktaġiliuti-
Merlin: 265 kirgaviatchauraq (Nu), 594
tiŋmiaġruum kirgavia
mesentery: 211 itchauraq, 336 nigvik; ~
stuffed with the contents of the
rumen 269 kivviġruaq
message: contain a good ~ 633
unipkautigik-; ~ of love 332
nayaaŋŋaq;
1357
messenger: 271 kukilukti; ~ from a
whaling crew announcing the
successful kill of a whale 75
aqpaaqtuaq; people who send ~
to the Messenger Feast 257
kimik
Messenger Feast: 269 Kivgiq(-), 419
Qakummisaaq(-) (Ti); compete in
a marathon run leading to the ~
75 aqpatau-; host village to a ~
269 kivgit
messy: one who is disorganized and ~
131 iksaluk(-); 131
iksaluŋaaq-, 132 ikak-2, ikaŋa-
metacarpals: 80 argautit
metal: 501 savik, 501 saviłhaq, savilġaq
(Ti); softened ~ 64 aŋipkaqtaq
metamorphose: 155 ilimmaq-
meteorite: 655 uvluġiam anaŋa
Mew Gull: 332 nauyatchiaq
microphone: 642 uqaun
middle: 34 akulliq; at the ~ 462
qitiqpaq-; ~ seat in umiak 461
qitiq
middle finger: 462 qitiqłiq
midget: 62 aglisuilauraq, 182
iñuŋuluuraq
midpoint: 461 qitiq; go to ~ 462
qitqanuk-
midsection: ~ of whale 588 tavsi
midwife: 127 iġñipkairi, iġnirualiqiri (Ti)
might: ~ V 902 +p/viaq-
might as well: ~ V 857 +natipak
mildew: 645 uquk(-)
milk: 170 immuk; ~ an animal 170
immuli-
millstone: 366 paluavaksriuġvik
mimic: 200 irruaq-
mind: 208 isuma(-); change one’s ~ 208
isumalitqik-; find peace of ~ 610
tutqiksi-; keep on ~ 215
itqauma-, itqagi-; lose one’s ~
208 isumaiq-; lose peace of ~
610 tutqiiq-; plant idea in
another’s ~ 209 isummiqsuq-;
speak one’s ~ 264 kipinŋusuk-
miniature: ~ N 767 -kuluuraq(-) qaluiq-
mink: 212 itiġiaqpak moan and groan: 129 iila-, iiq-, iiqtuaq-
miracle: 40 aliuġnaqtuaq; perform ~s mob: 179 iññuqłuit
226 kamasausiqi- mock: 262 kipagi-, kipautigi-, 303
mirage: 176 iñirraq mitautigi-
mirror: 550 taġġaqtuun model: 602 tuvraaksriun
misbehave: 4 aanailli-, 642 uqaqsiġiit- moderate: become ~ in temperature
miscarriage: have a ~ 40 alivsuk-, 127 after being cold (of weather)
iġñiayaaq(-) 200 irraiq-
miscarry: 127 iġñiayaaq(-) moderately: improve ~ 366 palaŋa-; ~
mischief: get into ~ 364 pakak(-); have warm 652 uunnaak-
the habit of getting into modesty: 456 qiñuiññiq
everything and causing ~ 364 moisten: 190 ipsiq- (Nu), 219 ivsiq-, 293
pakkaqtu- matchaktiq-, misaktiq-
mischief-maker: 364 pakak(-) moisture: 23 aillaq
mischievous: 12 agak(-), 364 pakak(-); molar: 232 kaŋilipqaq, kaŋiliaq (Ti),
become ~ 13 aggaktit- kaŋiliñaaq (Ti)
misery: 163 iłuilliuġniq, 189 molasses: 298 milaasiq
ipiqtusuutiqpak mold: 645 uquk(-); ~like growth on
misfire: 274 kutchuq- whale meat or maktak 38
misleading: 83 asiŋñaq-; give a ~ alguniq
impression 149 ilamat- moldy: become ~ 645 uquk(-); become
mismatched: 662 ¤yuukiik- ~ (of animal fat) 537 supi(-)
mispronounce: 551 taggiqłuk-, mollusk: 330 naullaġnaq
taimaqłuk- Monday: 87 Atausiŋŋuġniq,
1
miss : ~ someone who is absent 39 Atautchiiġñiq; be ~ 87
aliasugi- (Ti), 380 piitchi-; Atausiŋŋuq-, Atautchiiq-, 299
miss2: barely ~ 397 pivsukaq-. ~ 389 Minġuiqsiŋaiġñiq, 500
pipsukaq-; ~ a target 83 asitqut- Savalliq-, Savalliq- (Ti)
missed: be ~ 624 ulgianaq- (Ti) money: 286 manik(-)3; earn ~ 286
missing: 380 piit- maniññak-; have no ~ 286
mission: 391 piraksriusiaq maniit-; spend all ~ 286 maniiq-
mist: 206 isiq(-), 300 miñik(-) monocle: 198 irgaaq(-)
misty: 23 ailaġnaq(-), 300 miñik(-), month: 597 titiġaq; be a new ~ 583
miññi-, miñikula- tatqiñik-; last ~ 583 tatqimi
mistake: 254 killukuaġun; make a ~ aqulliġmi; next ~ 583
254 killukuaq-, killuaq- (Nu) tatqilitqikkupta; this ~ 583 tatqimi
mistreat: 378 piaqługi-, 389 pipałłuk- mattumani
mitten: 24 aitqan, aatqan, aaqqan; ~ moon: 583 tatqiq; barely visible (of ~)
harness 59 anukuutak, anakuutaq 583 tatqiġluk-; be a half~ 122
(Nu); ; pair of trail ~s 399 igluŋŋuq-, 473 quppaŋŋuq-; full,
pualuk; ~ string 49 anakuutaq of ~ 306 naaġuq-; shine brightly,
(Nu), 58 anu(-), 451 qilġun; of ~ 583 tatqiaġik-
“mitten game”: play the ~ 299 Moon Man: 39 Alignik
miluuġuti- (Nu) moose: 611 tuttuvak; back fat of ~ 603
mix: 36 akut-, 60 aŋalat-, 186 iŋut-, 422 tunnuq; fat of ~ 315 nakuraq;

1358
 fatty intestine of ~ 535
suŋaġniq; foreleg sinew of ~ 524
sivuġaġluqun, sivuġaġlugun; hair
hanging under lower jar of cow
~ 660 uyamitquq (Nu); hump
behind ~’s head 383 pikusuk;
leg sinew of ~ 344 niuliñġaq;
long, white “beard” of ~ 593
tiŋayuq
moosehide: sled of frozen ~ 425
qamuun, qamuutaq (Nu)
mop: 126 iġġuutit, 592 tilautit; 592
tilak-
moral: ~ instruction 38 alġaqsruun
more: 251 kiika; to want ~ 251
kiikaluuŋa-; V ~ 1099 -vsaaq-
more importantly: 541 suvaluk
moribund: 377 piaġiit-
morning: 655 uvlaaq; ~ after
tomorrow ~ 655 uvlaatqigu; this
past ~ 655 uvlaaq; tomorrow ~
655 uvlaaġu; yesterday ~ 655
uvlaatqik
mortal: 607 tuqulisuu-
mortise: 400 pukkuq(-)
mosquito: 252 kiktuġiaq; ~ net 252
kiktuġiiñŋutaq; ~ repellent 252
kiktuġiaqsiun
mosquito larva: 370 pamiuqtuuraq
moss: 218 ivruq, 287 maniq(-), 618
uġruq1; brown ~ 305 mumikataq;
dried black ~ 593 tiŋauraq
most: to V the ~ 825 -łhamaaq-
moth: 295 mavrayuuq
mother: 3 aaka; ~ and child recently
born 156 ililgauraġiik; call her ~
4 aakaaqtuq-; my ~ 3 aakaa; say ~
4 aakaaq-; your ~ 4 aakari
mother-in-law: 4 aakaruaq, 5 aanaruaq
motion: make a ~ (in parliamentary
procedure) 173 inillaisuk-
motionless: become ~ 99 aulayaiq-
moult: 201 isa(-)
moulting duck: 201 isa(-)
mound: 389 piŋuptanaaq (Nu), 521
sisiqutat; ~ formed by
1359
pressure from below 390
piquniq; small ~ 409
qatchimaraaġuraq
mountain: 125 iġġi; ~ base with
gradual slope 658 uvaagniq,
uvaaŋaniq
mountainous region: 469 qutchimaraaq
mountain sheep: 171 imnaiq
mountain sorrel: 472 quŋulliq
mountainside: 286 maniñaaq, maniñiq
mourn: 261 kiŋunġuu-, 262 kiŋuvġu-,
445 qiglugi-, 456 qiñu-,
qiñunġuu-, 504 siaqqa-
mourning song: 444 qirran
mouth: 426 qaniq; ~ area 505 sigguk(-);
close the ~ 191 ipummiq-; corner
of ~ 194 iqiq, iqi (Nu); gum of ~
214 itkiq, ikkiq; open one’s ~ 10
aatchaq-; put something in the ~
646 uqummirriq-; roof of ~ 450
qilagaq; side of ~ of bowhead
whale 485 sakiq; something in
the ~ 646 uqummiaq; tattoo at
corner of ~ 194 iqiġun; to water,
of ~ 128 iipagaq-; wipe
one’s ~ 598 tivliiyaq-
mouth of the river: 205 isiġiaq,
isiqsaaġniq, 358 paa; river water
on top of ice at ~ 166
immaktinniq; towards ~ from
upriver 52 anisaanmun
mouthpiece: ~ of firedrill: 249
kiŋmiġaq; ~ of sealskin poke 404
puviliñ, puviutaq
move: ~ amidst a crowd 35 akunniraq-;
~ and become visible 339
nikisit-; ~ aside 627 uluq-, 628
uluġiatuaq-, uluġiattuq-, 121
igliq-, 122 igluvaq-, 380 piiqsaaq-,
piiqtaaq- (Ti); ~ away 83 asivaq-;
~ backwards 262 kiŋuppiaqtuq-;
begin to ~ 100 aulayyak-; ~
cautiously 51 anayaktuq-,
anayaktuaq- (Ti); ~ constantly
383 pikit-, pikaala-; continually ~
550 taggiqsuaq; ~ from place to
 place 349 nuktaq-, 550 tagiq-; ~
further into the room 255
kiluvaq-, kiluvaqtaaq-, 469
qulvaq-, qurvaq-; ~ in a circle 245
kiavaluk-, kaivaluk-; ~ into a
house 121 iglutiq-; ~ into shade
551 taġġit-; ~ items aside to
make room 145 illiqsaaq-; ~ a
little from one’s position 349
nuutaaq-; ~ lower and lower 89
anmuksiiññaq-; make something
~ 99 aulat-; ~ out of the way 83
asivaqtaaq-; ~ sideways 491
saniñmuk-; ~ slightly to the side
492 sanniqsaallak-; ~ something
using the feet 204 isigagmik-; ~
things aside to make room 145
illiqsaaq-; ~ through something
dense 357 nuviraq-; ~ to action
swiftly 639 upaluq-; ~ to another
place 349 nuut-, nuktiq-; ~ to
higher level 469 qunmuktaaq-; ~
to the beach to hunt during the
summer 391 piruaq-, piruaqtiq-
(Ti); ~ to the side 491
saniñmuktaaq-; ~ to uninhabited
place 492 sanivaq-; ~ with 349
nuurruti-
move about: 60 aŋala- (Nu), aŋałhuiq-,
99 aula-, 157 iliqsraq-, iliġraq-
(Ti), 457 qipiktuq-, qipiktula-; ~
excitedly 591 tiiqtala-; ~ on one’s
knees 509 sitquqsraq-
move arms and legs: 104 avala-
move forward: 526 sivunmuu-; ~ or
oceanward 480 sarvaq-,
sarvaqtaaq-; ~ forward together
87 atautchikuaq-
move in rhythm: 333 nayaksaq-
move up and down: 431 qaqaqtaq-
moved to tears: 59 anuaqsruit-
movement: make a ~ 157 iliqit-; ~
sideways 491 saniñmuiññaq
movie: 455 qiñiqsitaat, qiñiqtuaq; go to
a ~ 455 qiñiqsitaaġiaq- (Ti);
watch a ~ 455 qiñiqsitaaq-
1360
much: involve ~ time 501 savinnaq-; V
not ~ at all 1091 -vigruayuit-
much more: V ~ 905 -piksuaq-
much to one’s annoyance: 86 atagupta
mud: 73 aqaya, aqiya; apply ~ 73
aqayyiq-; become stuck in
~ 73 aqayyit-; one with ~ on its
surface 73 aqayaulaaq(-)
mud puddle: 166 imaqsuk
muddy: 73 aqayaulaaq(-); ~ water 209
isuaġayak, 209 isuq-, isuġluk-
mudshark: 597 tittaaliq
muffler: neck ~ 326 naqsiaq
multiplied: number ~ by four hundred
754 -agliaq
mumblety-peg: knife to play ~ 325
nappaqsuġaaġun; play ~ 325
nappaqsuġaaq-
murder: 179 iñuaġun, iñuaqtaġi-, 182
iñuktaġi-; ~ weapon 179
iñuaġun; commit ~ 179 iñuaq-
murderer: 179 iñuaqti; serial ~ 179
iñuaqtuqti, 182 iñuktalik, 183
iñuqaġnailaq
murky: 209 isuq-
muscle: 350 nukik; ~ calf of leg 516
siŋŋiq; harden up (of ~) 76
aqsri-; hardened bicep ~ 76
aqsriñiq; have stiff ~s 445
qiġġaq-; have a ~ cramp 449
qiluqqiññiq; have sore ~s 494
saŋniŋa-; large, back ~ 216
ivaluliñiq; leg ~ 313 nakasugnaq;
neck ~s of caribou 247
kiglasuiññaq; rounded ~ 422
qalugauraq (Nu); sprain a back ~
449 qiluqqit-; top ~ of heel 258
kimmitquq; upper arm ~ 79
aqvaluaq
muscular: 350 nukigluk-
mushroom: 79 argaiġñaq
music: 95 atuutit; piece of ~ 95 atuun;
play ~ 95 atuqtuuraq(-)
musical: ~ instrument 95 atuqtuuraq(-)
musician: 95 atuqtuuraqti
musk ox: 630 umiŋmak
muskrat: 269 kivgaluk
must: ~ V 1049 +t/ruksrau-; one that ~ V
1049 +t/ruksraq
musty: 82 arruumaaq-
mutter: 342 nivlia-
muzzle: 505 sigguuk(-), 630 umilġuq,
umilġuuk; 505 sigguġun; dog ~
187 ipraġun (Nu), ivraġun;
walrus’s ~ 630 umilġuaq
my: 657 uvaŋa
my goodness: 8 aaqhaaŋ uumaa, 661
yaqhii
my goodness, why are you carrying on
so 427 qanuqpiviñ imña
myself: 657 uvamnik; by ~ 266
kisimatchiaq, 657 uvaptun,
uvapkun
mystery: 318 nalunaġniq
mythical: ~ animal 304 mittayyak; ~
flying whale 477 quutquġaaq; ~
person able to ascend from the
ground 86 atałiq; ~ polar bear
260 kiññiq, 474 qupquġiaq; ~
“sky people” 86 atallit (Ti); ~
small person 183 iñuqułłigauraq,
iñuqułłik, iñuqullik (Ti)
N miġiaqsunŋu-
nagoonberry: 602 ¤tungaum asiaŋa
nail: 252 kikiak; hammer ~s 252
kikiaktuq-; pull ~s out 252
kikiiyaq-; ~ something down
252 kikiaktuuti-; step on a ~ 531
sukkit-
naked: 58 annuġait-, 192 iqaqtait- (Ti); ~
below waist 227 kamillaaq-, 648
usillaaq-; ~ person 58
annuġaagilaq
name: 93 atchiq-; call by ~ 606 tuqłuq-;
give a ~ to someone 93 atchiuti-;
given ~ 93 ativik ; learn what ~
someone has 93 atiqsi-; ~ of
person 92 atiq, 93 atiġusiq;
~ of something 551 taggiñ, 551
taiñiq
namesake: 92 atiq, 471 qumnaaluk,
1361
qumŋaluk (Ti); my namesake 93
atiitiga (Ti); ~’s wife 653 uuma;
~’s spouse 653 uuma (Ti); your ~
93 atiitin
nap: take a ~ 404 puuvsi- (Ti)
napkin: 217 ivgun, 598 tivliiyaun
narrow: 47 amit-, 131 ikarrakit-, 197
irakit-, 338 niġukit-; become ~
137 ikikłi-; ~ part 48 amilġuq; ~,
of feet 408 qaatikit-;
measurement of ~ part 48
amisilaaq(-)
narrow escape: what a ~ 11 aatchikaaŋ
narrowly: ~ V 910 -pqaułłIk-, 911
-pqauraq(-)
narwhal: 612 tuugaalik
nasal cavity: 530 suġlu
nasty: become ~ 438 qaunakłaanġiq-
nation: 353 nunauruat
nations: 353 nunat
native: ~ of N 839 ÷miu, +miuq
naturally: 356 nutim
navel: 420 qalasiq
navigate: 527 sivut-
navigator: 526 sivumiuri (Ti), 527 sivuti
(Ti)
nauseous: feel ~ 297 miġiayanŋu-,
nautical sheet: 355 nuqittaun
necessary: 57 anniqsuutau-
neck: ~ 473 quŋusiq; break the ~ 473
quŋutchiaq-; have sore~ 473
quŋusiñŋu-; kill with a mortal
to the ~ 473 quŋusiññaqtaq-; ~ of
animal 473 quŋusiñiq; lower ~
383 pikusuk
necklace: 473 quŋusiġugauraq, 660
uyamitquaq
neck opening (of garment): 349 nuilak;
have a large ~ 349 nuik-,
nuilatu-; have a small ~ 349
nuilakit-
need: ~ to V 1049 +t/ruksrau- vv; be in
~ of 272 kummaaluk-, ~ 660
yaayyuksaaq-; be in desperate ~
of 114 ayuq-, 184 iñuqqiaguti-,
 272 kummaala-; develop an
insatiable ~ 490 samiiq-
needle: 301 miqsruun, 304 mitqun; bone
~ used in webbing 353 nuluun,
nuluunnaq; sharp ~ 464
quagruilaq; skin sewing ~ 464
quagrulik
needy: 175 inugraliq- (Ti); become ~
inugraliq- (Ti)
negotiation: 527 sivunniun
neighbor: 513 silalliq
neighbor’s house: by way of the ~ 418
qaŋmuuna, 580 tatqaŋmuuna;
come from the ~ 418
qaŋmaŋŋaq-, 580
tatqaŋmaŋŋaq-; from the
direction of the ~ 418
qaŋmaŋŋamiñ, 580
tatqaŋmaŋŋamiñ; from the one
in the ~ 417 qakiptumaŋŋa, 579
tatqakiptumaŋŋa; from the ~ 418
qaŋmaŋŋa, 580 tatqaŋmaŋŋa; go
by way of the ~ 418
qaŋmuunnaaq-, 580
tatqaŋmuunnaaq-; go to the ~
418 qaŋmuŋaq-, 580
tatqaŋmuŋaq-; located in the ~
418 qaŋmani, 579 tatqaŋmani;
located with the one in the ~
417 qakiptumani, 579
tatqakiptumani; one in the ~ 417
qakimna, qakiptuma, 578
tatqakimna, 579 tatqakiptuma;
out there in the ~ 418 qaŋma,
579 tatqaŋma; similar to that
one in the ~ 417 qakiptumatun,
579 tatqakiptumatun; to that one
in the ~ 417 qakiptumuŋa, 579
tatqakiptumuŋa; to the ~ 418
qaŋmuŋa, 580 tatqaŋmuŋa;
towards the ~ 418
qaŋmuŋanmun, 580
tatqaŋmuŋanmun; via that one
in the ~ 418 qakiptumuuna, 579
tatqakiptumuuna; with that one
in the ~ 417 qakiptumiŋa, 579
1362
tatqakiptumiŋa
nephew: ~ of man 660 uyuġu; ~ of
woman 348 nuaġaaluk, 660
uyuġu
nerve: 350 nukiġuq-
nerves: sensory ~ 155 ilitchuqqutiŋi
timim; stretch one’s ~ to the
limit 311 nagniq-, naŋniq-
nest: 617 uglu; find a bird’s ~ with eggs
or young in it 381 pikiut-; sit on
eggs in ~ 215 itquq-, itquŋa-
nestling: 10 aatchauqtuŋiq,
aatchauqtuŋialaaq,
aatchausiayaaq (Nu)
net: 276 kuvraq(-); catch something
with a ~ 276 kuvraq(-); pull ~ out
from under the ice 48
ammuktuq-; rope tied to end of a
~ 456 qiñŋusaaq; small ~ for
catching whitefish 596 tippun; ~
with large mesh to catch
whitefish 5 aanaakłiqsiun
net fishing: ~ from shore 497
saquutituq-
net rope: 48 ammun, ammuktuun
never: ~ V 986 ±suit-, 1106 -yuit-1
never mind: 532 suksraq
new: 356 nutaaq, nutau-; ~ N 1022
-tchiaq(-), 1021 -tchauraq(-);
get something ~ 395 pitchiaq-; ~
growth 330 naullaġnaq; ~ ice
along existing ice 92 atiġniġaq; ~
ice 510 sikuayaaq(-) (Ti), 511
sikutchiaq; ~ ice attached to
shore ice 129 iiguaq; ~ snow
69 apiqqammiaq(-), apirġammiaq;
~ thin ice 510 sikulġauraq (Nu); ~
whaling captain with first whale
caught 21 aġvanġaq(-) (Ti); ~
year 623 ukiutchiaq
newborn: 52 aniqqammiaq,
aniqqammialauraq,
aniqqammiayaaq, aniqqammiuraq
(Ti), 296 miġayauraq; ~ bearded
seal 40 aligrauraq (Ti); ~ fawn
348 nuġġaaq, nuġġaiyaaq; ~
 female bowhead whale 187
iŋutuayaaq, iŋutugrauraq (Ti); ~
male bowhead whale 648
usiŋŋuagrauraq (Ti);
mother whale with ~ 308
¤naalunŋiaġiik; ~ pup 453
qimmiayaaq (Ti); ~ seagull 331
nauyaaq; skin of ~ fawn 348
nuġġaiyuaq
newlyweds: 351 nuliaġiitchiak
news: 608 tusaayugaaq, tutchaq; cause
for good ~ 608 tutchaġik-; good ~
608 tusaayugaaġiksuaq; hear bad
~ 608 tusaaniġluk-, tutchaġluk-
new year: 623 ukiutchiaq
next in order: be ~ 599 tugliu-
next room: the one in the ~ 545
taamamnatchiq
nibble: ~ food 247 kigak-, kigaluk-
nice: 315 nakuu-
niece: ~ of man 660 uyuġu; ~ of woman
348 nuaġaaluk, 660 uyuġu
night: 635 unnuaq; all ~ 635
unnuaqtutilaatun; ~ before last
635 unnuatqik; during this ~ 635
unnuapak; every ~ 635
unnuatuaq; last ~ 635 unnuaq;
late ~ 635 unnuaġruaq; tomorrow
~ 635 unnuatqigu; wait for ~ to
come 635 unnuaqsii-; worsen as
~ progresses 635 unnuuti-
nightgown: 516 siñŋunnaq
nightmare: have a ~ 470 qumaŋia-, 516
siññaġliuq-, 646 uqumaŋia-
night worker: 635 unnuiri
nimble: 60 aŋalarruġik- (Nu), 99
aularruġik-, 445 qiġġait-
nimbus: 437 qaumaniq
nine: number ~ 468 quliŋŋuġutailat; ~
(in playing cards) 466 qukalik
(Nu)
nineteen: number ~ 180 iñuiññaġutailaq
ninety: number ~ 521 sisamakipiat qulit
nipple: 305 mulu2
no: 308 naagga, naakka, 331naumi; say
~ 308 naaggaaq-
1363
no, after all: 331 naumiunnii
no wonder: 84 asuluasu
Noatak, Alaska: person from ~ 324
napaaqtuġmiu, 353 Nunataaġmiu
nocturnal: keep a ~ routine 305
mumiiŋa-
nod: ~ drowsily 333 nayaŋaq-; ~ “yes”
64 aŋiq-; ~ while watching
others dance 84 asiq-
noise: hear ~ 342 nipallit- (Nu); make a
banging ~ 541 suvatit-; make a
crashing ~ repeatedly 540
suvaluktaq-; make a lot of ~ 342
nipaala-; make a loud ~ (of
engine) 215 ittutit-; make a ~
once 70 apsatit - (Nu), 531
sukpaluk-; make a vocal ~ 342
nivliq-; make ~ as one moves
182 iñuksrula-; make loud ~s to
frighten animals 434 qasaktuq-;
make ~ with wood 460
qirukpaluk-, qirukpaluu-; make
normal “people” ~ (of a group
of people) 180 iñugruk-, 181
iñukpaluk-; pound repeatedly
making ~ 70 apsaktaq- (Nu);
proceed without ~ 342 nipailaq-
noisier: become ~ 342 nipatusi-
noise-maker: 167 imigluktaaq(-); toy ~
167 imigluktaun
noisy: 342 nipatu-, 503 siaksruk(-);
become less ~ 342 nipakłi-; find
too ~ 342 nipatugi-
nomadic: ~ people living between
Barrow and Herschel Island 180
Iñuilaaġmiut (Ti)
nonstop: V ~ 808 -llak-2
noon: 462 qitiqqaq-
noose: rope with ~ 453 qimiutaq (Nu)
north: 480 salliñiq; area ~ of Barrow,
Alaska 480 salliñaaq; for the
wind to blow from the ~ 229
kanaŋniq-, 335 niġġum tuŋaaniñ
(Ti); location ~ 631 unna unani,
584 taunna taunani; ocean
current flowing away from
 shore to the ~ 90 atchaġnaq;
ocean current flowing from the
~ 229 kanaŋŋaiññaq saġvaq; ~
side 27 akiliñaaq; towards ~ 334
niginmun (Ti), 335 niġġum
tuŋaanun (Ti); ~ wind 131
ikagnaq, 229 kanagnaq, 334 nigiq
(Ti), nigiqpaq (Ti, Nu)
North Star (celestial): ~ in constellation
Ursa Minor 99 Aulasuilaq, 655
Uvluġiasugruk
northeast: area located ~ 335 niġġum
salliñaaŋa; area located ~ of
Barrow, Alaska 335 niġġum
salliñaaŋa; blow from the ~ 131
ikagniq-, 368 pamakŋaaq- (Nu);
location ~ 34 akunġagni uttumalu
qaptumalu; ocean current
flowing from the ~ 131
ikagnamiñ saġvaq; ~ wind 131
ikagnaq, 94 atuagnaq, 268
kivaŋnaq(-) (Ti), 334 nigiq (Nu)
northern buttercup: 565 taqilakisaaq
Northern Dipper: 5 aanaruun kiviruq,
aanaruk kiviruq
Northern Fulmar: 25 aivġit nauyaŋat
northern groundcone: 601 tulukkam
nauligaaŋa
Northern Harrier: 372 papiktuuq
Northern Killdeer: 558 taligvak
northern lights: 267 kiuġuya, kiguġuya
Northern Phalarope: 444 qayyiiġun,
qayyiuġun
northern pike: 507 siilik, 522 siułik,
siulik
Northern Shrike: 199 iriġi (Nu),
iraiyayuuq
Northern Three-toed Woodpecker: 613
tuuyuqpak
northwest: 229 kanagnaq, kanaŋnaq, 232
¤kaŋiġnaq (Ti); area located ~
636 uŋallam salliñaaŋa; area
located ~ of Barrow, Alaska 636
uŋallam salliñaaŋa; ~ current 414
qaisaġnamiñ ilumuktuuraaqtuaq
saġvaq; location ~ 34 akunġagni
1364
uttumalu aptumalu, 232
¤kaŋiġnaq (Ti); travel down
towards the coast in
a ~ direction 392 piruġaaq-; wind
229 kanagnaq, kanaŋnaq, 334
nigiqpapiaq (Ti), 615
uaŋnaaġruk(-), uagnaaġruk,
uaknaaġruk(-)(Nu)
nose: 456 qiŋaq; ~ bone 456 qiŋaġnaaq;
bridge of ~ 456 qiŋaaq; have a
runny ~ 224 kakkili-; have an
upturned ~ 422 qaluŋa-; long
and turned up (of ~) 278
maguŋaaq- (Nu); ridge along
bone of ~ 354 nuŋŋaq; tip of ~
272 kuniun
nosebleed: have a ~ 98 auk(-), 99 auktit-
nostril: 565 taqpak; flare of ~ 565
taqpak (Ti); both ~s 457 qiŋŋak
not: ~ the N 884 ±ŋiłaaq, +ŋilaaq; ~ V
887 ±ŋIt-, 737 :It-1
not able: one ~ to V 775 -lailaq; ~ to
come loose 426 qanŋullaiq-; ~ to
continue to travel 495 sapnaaq-
(Nu); ~ to decide 427
qanuqsausiit-; ~ to do well 384
pilguilluq-, 384 pilguit-;
~ to hear 608 tusaalait-; ~ to
holler loud enough to drive
caribou in the desired direction
613 tuvaaqsiit-; ~ to tolerate, put
up with 384 pilguit-; ~ to V
775 -lailaq; ~ to V due to social
circumstances 970 +sausiit-; ~ to
V well 986 ±suit-, 1106 -yuit-1
not bother: ~ to V 979 +siqiŋIt-
not before: ~ V-ing 884 ±ŋaunna- plus
Subordinative Endings
not capable of doing task: feel ~ 338
nikagi-; realize that one is ~ 338
nikagiliq-
not get much: 389 pipasaŋit-
not have: ~ N for very long 701
+[g]ipasaŋIt-
not to be taken lightly: 80 arguanait-
notch: 252 kikkaq, 299 miliq2; make a ~
 251 kiki-
nothing: 396 piuŋilaq; ~ can be done 553
taimmalikii; 83 asiu-; have ~ to
do with someone anymore 18
aġiu-, aġiut-; have ~ 530 suit-;
one with ~ 530 suilaq
noun: 93 atiqausiq
November: 236 Karruaġviat, 342
Nippivik, 454 ¤Qinnuvik, 478
Quyyavik, 533 Sullivium Aippaa,
550 Taġġaqsiuġvik,
Taġġaqtuġvik, Taġġaqtuġviat
now: 31 akkupak, 363 pagmami; until ~
428 qaŋapak; ~ is time to V 856
+naqsI-
now, I understand the situation: 657
uvvaliqaa
now, that is how it should be done: 278
maannakiaq
now, that’s much better: 278
maannapayaaq
nowadays: 363 pagmami, pagmapak,
429 qaŋmami (Nu)
now then: 277 maanna
nudge: 496 saqisaallak-, 593 tinniqsuq-
Nuiqsut, Alaska: 349 Nuiqsat
numb: 436 qaurimait-
number: 266 kisirrun, kisitchiñ, 372
paqirrun (Nu)
numbers: 266 kisitchisit, kisirrutit; be in
low in a sequence of ~ 90 atchik-
numeral: 266 kisirrun, kisitchiñ
numerous: 177 iñugiak-; become ~ 177
iñugiaksi-; less ~ set 177
iñugiakipayaat; ~ N 964 -salait
nurse: 306 munaqsrauraq; ~ (of
child) 298 miluk(-); ~ a child
299 miluktit-
nursing: stop ~ 299 miluguiq-
nurture: 369 pamaġi-, 180 iñuguq-,
iñuguqtit-;181 iñukkuk-,
iñukkuksaq-
nut: 432 qaqquaq, qaqquġnaq (Ti)
O qaqatchi-
oar: 67 aŋuun; long ~ 191 ipun; ~ to
1365
whale 370 pamiuqtit-
oarlock: 191 ipurvik; ~ hole 191
ipusiġvik
oatmeal: 293 matchaaq
obedience: 226 kamakkun, kamaksriñiq
obedient: 641 uqaqsiġiaq-
obey: 225 kamagi-, kamaksri-, 226
kamasuk-; does not ~ 226
kamasulait-, kamatchait-
oblique horizontal support beam: 28
akimuksaaġun
oblong hole: cut an ~ 623 ukit-;
something with ~ 623 ukiññiq
obnoxious: 385 pilġusiġiit-
obscure: 253 killiluk-
observant: ~ agliġik- (Ti); ~
consequences of taboo 15
agliqtau-
observation: 438 qaunakkun
observe: ~ carefully 455 qiñiġaaq-; ~
closely 313 naipiqtuq-, naipit-; ~
critically 313 naipiqtuq-
observer: 455 qiñiqti
obsessed: cause someone to become ~
259 kinni-
obstacle: 108 avrailutaq(-), 386
piñailutaq; be an ~ 108 avriaq-; ~
for V-ing 852 +nailutaq; create
an ~ 386 piñailutchiq-; set up
an ~ 495 savluaq-, sapluaq- (Nu),
sapluaqtuq- (Nu), sapnautchiq-
(Nu)
obstinate: 313 nakiġiit-, 526 sivunmuu-,
sivuniqtuuq-
obstruct: 494 sapi-; ~ another’s view
547 taalutaq(-)
obstruction: visual ~ 547 taalutaq(-)
obtain: 202 isak-, 381 piksraq-; ~ food
for one’s family from others115
ayuvsaaq-; ~ without hardship
115 ayuqsraŋit-
obtuse: 1 aamaŋa-
obvious: become ~ 482 sagviq-
occiput: 604 tunusuk; injure the ~ 432
occur: 316 nalautit-1; let V ~ 1040
 +[t]sii-
occurrence: rare ~ 419 qakkutigun
ocean: 551 taġiuq; lie far out in the ~,
out of reach 480 sarvasik-;
located far in the ~ 480 satchik-;
one closest to the ~ 584
taunnatchiq; reflect sunlight (of a
calm ~ surface) 464 qivlaaq-
ocean current: be carried away by ~
594 tiŋit-; flow from the east
out to sea (of ~) 392
piruġaġniq-;
flow from the west (of ~) 414
qaisaġniq-; ~ flowing away from
shore 90 atchaġnaq; ~ flowing
from the east 392 piruġaġnaq; ~
flowing from the north 229
kanaŋŋaiññaq saġvaq; ~ flowing
from the northeast 131 ~
ikagnamiñ saġvaq; ~ flowing
from the northwest 414
qaisaġnamiñ ilumuktuuraaqtuaq
saġvaq; ~ flowing from the
southwest 254 kiluagnamiñ
atchaġnauraaqtuaq saġvaq; ~
flowing from the southeast 392
piruġaġnamiñ qatchiguraaqtuaq
saġvaq; ~ flowing from the west
toward shore 414 qaisaġnaq; ~
flowing directly toward shore
556 taksaġnaq; line of eddies in
ocean where two ~s meet 385
pilġaġniq; shoreward ~ 596
tipisaġniq(-); situation where a
warm southerly wind and the ~
from the northwest causes the
ice to come in 367 palusagnaq;
travel with ~ 120 igliġniq- (Ti),
483 saġvaqsiuraaq-,
saġvaqsiiraaq- (Ti)
ocean swell: 388 piŋu(-)
oceanwards: 480 sanmun; directly ~
480 sanmuiññaq; move towards
the ocean 480 sarvaq-
ochre: 218 ivisaaq(-); place where ~ is
found 218 Ivisaaq
1366
octagon: 232 kaŋiġallulik tallimat
piŋasunik
October: 351 Nuliaġvik, 510 Sikkuvik,
Sikuvik, 533 Sullivik, Sulivik, 583
Tatqitchiaq
odor: 312 naggiñ, 595 tipi; develop a
strong ~ 595 tippak-; emit a
burning ~ 135 ikisuŋnit-; have a
strong ~ 595 tipitu-; unpleasant ~
595 tipigluk(-)
odorless: become ~ 595 tipaiq-
offal: 486 saksranikut
offend: 82 asiksruq-
offended: 284 mamiagi-; cause to go
away ~ 463 qivri-1; no longer
easily ~ 285 mamiiq-1; not easily
~ 285 mamiit-
offensive: ~ remark 608 tusaqłiġaun
offer: ~bid 317 nallisaq-
offering: 25 aitchuun, 286
manilitchiñiq; give an ~ 286
manilitchi-; ~ plate or basket 24
aitchuivik
office: 499 savagvik
official entity: 85 ataniġnaqutiqaqtuaq
offspring: 127 iġñiaq, 462 qitunġaq;
young ~ of birds 377 pialaaq
often: 34 akulaitchuami; do ~ 378
pigayuk-
oh, darn: 278 maannapayaaq tavra
oh, dear: 8 aaqhaaŋ uumaa
oh, don’t be stupid: 48 ammiumaa
oh, how cute: 6 aaññaŋaa, aaññuŋuu, 11
aattai, 654 uuñuŋuu
oh, how dirty: 131 ikkii
oh, how nice: 9 aarigaa
oh, how little: 10 aatakaa, aatukuu
oh, how pretty: 11 aattai
oh, I almost forgot: 163 immaliqaa
oh, I am so tired: 116 hauk
oh, I thought…: 647 usiuvva
oh, it has been a long time ago 428
qaŋami taima
oh, its cold: 37 alappaa, alappuu
oh, look at that: 86 atakhii
oh, my: 5 aannaa, 8 aaqhii, 49 anaa
 (Nu), 81 arraa
oh, no 44 alakkaa, 79 araa, 661 yaqhii
oh, oh, you’re going to get into trouble:
79 araa
oh, the previously mentioned one: 163
immahii
oh, yeah: 4 aakhaa
oh, yes, here it is: 657 uvvaliqaa
oh, yes, that’s what happened: 587
tavraliqaa
oh, you are impossible: 586
taamnaasuuna
oh, you are so exasperating: 632
unaasuuna
oil: 644 uqsruq; apply or rub ~ on 645
uqsruqtiq-; rendered ~ 118
iginniq; rendered ~ for lamp
322 nanniun or nanniutiksraq
(Nu)
oil drum: 551 taigruaq
oil refinery: 645 uqsruġrualiuġvik
oil rig: 345 niuqtuun
oil-soaked: become ~ 644 uqsrit-
oily: 645 uqsruulaaq(-), uqsruu-
ointment: 323 nanuun; rub ~ on 301
miŋuluk-
okay: 243 kiami
okay then: 243 kiamiki, kiata
old: despite being ~ 651 utuqqauniñani;
grow ~ 651 utuqqaġuaq- (Ti),
utuqqali-; grow ~ (of man) 62
aŋayuqaaq-; grow ~ (of woman)
9 aaquaq-; ~ N 675 -aluk; ~ man
62 aŋayuqak, aŋayuqaksraq;
rather ~ one 651 utuqqavialuk;
something ~ 651 utuqqaq; 651
utuqqau-; very ~ 651
utuqqautaktuaq-; ~ woman 9
aaquk, aaquaksraq
Old Squaw Duck: 8 aaqhaaliq,
aaqhaalliq, aahaaliq (Nu)
olden days: in ~ 24 aippaani; just like
in the ~ 428 qaŋaluqaa
oldest: ~ one 651utuqqauniqsraq
omen: 331 nausaaq(-); bad ~ (twitching
under the eye) 502 sayuyuit-; ill
1367
~ 331 nausaaġluk(-); receive an
ill ~ 331 nausaaġluksi- (Nu),
nausaapałłuk-
omitted: 299 mittau-
on: ~ the N 1142 ÷mi; be ~ the N 835
÷miit-
once: 87 atautchimi
once in a while: V ~ 805 -llaa(-), 805
-llaayugaaq-; would V ~ 848
+mmiraq-
one: number ~ 86 atausiq; ~ that does
not V 775 -lailaq; ~ that is not
able to V 775 -lailaq; ~ that is V-
ing 1047 +t/ruaq; ~ that must V
1049 +t/ruksraq
one-by-one: V ~ 805 -llaa(-)
one-inside-the-other: 162 ilupaaġiik
one’s own: 323 nanmiñiq
one with: ~ a N 785 -ligaaq(-), 787 -lik
oneself: to/for ~ 144 ilimnun
onion: 23 aiñaq
only: 265 kisian; ~ the N 826 -łhiñaq(-),
-łġiñaq(-)(Nu); become the ~ one
left 266 kisiŋŋuq-; the ~ N 1045
-tualuk, -tuaq
oops: 1 a, 116 i
ooze: 165 imaġiak(-), 508 siiq-
open:16 agma-, aŋma-, agmaq-, aŋmaq-,
195 iqpa-, iqpaq-, iqpiq-;
~ wide 565 taqpa-, taqpaq-
open the door: 640 upkuiq-
open water at edge of shorefast ice:
166 imaqpiaq
open water along beach in front of
shorefast ice: 253 killiŋiqsinniq
operate: ~ on ear 523 siusiqi-; ~ on
someone 384 pilaktuq-; ~
something 500 savaqi- (Ti); ~
something well 500 savayuq-
operating properly: 499 savak-
operational: keep ~ 120 igliqtit-
opinion: in her/his ~143 ilaani; in
her/his (reflexive) ~ 144 ilimiñi;
in your (singular) ~143 iligni; in
your (dual) ~ 143 ilivsigñi; in
your ~ 143 ilivsiññi; in my
 opinion 657 uvamni; in our
(dual) opinion 657 uvaptigni; in
our opinion 657 uvaptinni; self ~
208 isumakkusiaq
opinionated: 519 siqquq-
opponent: 28 akilliq
opportunity: 385 pillaniq, 397 piviksraq;
will have the ~ to V 756 +k/gisi-
oppose: 27 akilliliq-, akilliliqsuq-, 28
akilliqsruq-. 29 akiuġuti-, 254
killuġi-, 360 paaqłak-; violently ~
360 parraqłak-
opposed: 29 akiuq-, 217 iviġaumait-, 361
paaqsaaŋa-
opposition: 27 akilliliqsuun
opposite: ~ side 26 aki(-)1; on ~ side 26
akiani
oppress: 311 nagliksaaqtit-
oppression: 311 nagliksaaqtirrun, 645
uqumailliraun
opthalmologist: 199 iriliqiri
optometrist: 199 iriliqiri
or: 308 naagga, naaggaqaa
ordinance: 391 piraksriun
orifice: 65 aŋmaq (Ti), (Nu)
organ (musical): 326 naqittaġnaq
organisms: red ~ in water 242
kayuŋŋiuqsruurat
organization: 231 kanŋuuruat; be an ~
231 kanŋuu-
organize: ~ a whaling crew 629
umiġġiq-
orgasm: cause ~ 465 quaqsaaqtit-
origin: 232 kaŋiq
original: ~ N 903 -piaq(-)1
originally: 356 nutim
orphan:156 iliaġruk, iliappak,
iliappałuk, iliappałuuraq; become
an ~ 149 ilaiq-
orthopedist: 499 saunniqiri
other: ~ side 26 aki(-); the ~ 599 tugli2;
the ~ side, not this side 12
agnatchiq
overdo: 185 iŋattaq-, iŋattaqtiqpait-
overloaded: 648 usiagukkaq-,
usiaŋukkaq- (Ti)
1368
ouch: 81 arii
out: go ~ 52 ani-
out there (visible, restricted without or
with emphasis): 246 kigga,
571 tatkigga; be located ~ 246
kianiit-, 570 tatkianiit; come
from ~ 246 kiaŋŋaq-, 570
tatkiaŋŋaq-; from ~ 246 kiaŋŋa,
570 tatkiaŋŋa; from that one ~
246 kiktumaŋŋa, 571
tatkikitumaŋŋa; from that
direction ~ 246 kiaŋŋamiñ, 570
tatkiaŋŋamiñ; go via, through ~
247 kiunnaaq-, 571 tatkiunnaaq-;
located ~ 246 kiani, 570 tatkiani;
located with that one ~ 246
kiktumani, 571 tatkiktumani;
similar to that one ~ 246
kiktumatun, 571 tatkiktumatun;
that one ~ 246 kigña, 571
tatkigña, 246 kiktuma, 571
tatkiktuma; to ~ 247 kiuŋa, 571
tatkiuŋa; to that one ~ 246
kiktumuŋa, 571 tatkiktumuŋa;
towards ~ 247 kiuŋanmun, 571
tatkiuŋanmun; via ~ 247 kiuna,
571 tatkiuna; via that one ~ 246
kiktumuuna, 571 tatkiktumuuna;
(with) that one ~ 246 kiktumiŋa,
571 tatkiktumiŋa
out there (visible, extended without or
with emphasis): 410 qagga,
578 tatqagga; be located ~ 410
qaaniit-, tatqaaniit-; come from ~
410 qaaŋŋaq-, 578 tatqaaŋŋaq-;
from ~ 410 qaaŋŋa, 577
tatqaaŋŋa; from that one ~ 410
qaktumaŋŋa, 578 tatqaktumaŋŋa;
from that direction ~ 410
qaaŋŋamiñ, 577 tatqaaŋŋamiñ;
go ~ 411 qauŋaq-, 578 tatqauŋaq-
go via, through ~ 411
qaunnaaq-, 578 tatqaunnaaq-;
located ~ 410 qaani, 577
tatqaani; located with that one ~
410 qaktumani, 578
 tatqaktumani; similar to that
one ~ 410 qaktumatun, 578
tatqaktumatun; that one ~ 410
qagna, 578 tatqagna, 410
qaktuma, 578 tatqaktuma; to ~
411 qauŋa, 578 tatqauŋa; to that
one ~ 411 qaktumuŋa, 578
tatqaktumuŋa; towards ~ 411
qauŋanmun, 578 tatqauŋanmun;
via ~ 411 qauna, 578 tatqauna;
via that one ~ 411 qaktumuuna,
578 tatqaktumuuna;(with) that
one ~ 411 qaktumiŋa, 578
tatqaktumiŋa
out there (down there in the sodhouse
entrance tunnel, traditionally) in
the arctic entry (not visible):
485 saŋma, 566 tasaŋma ; be
located ~ 485 saŋmaniit-, 566
tasaŋmaniit-; come from ~ 485
saŋmaŋŋaq-, 566 tasaŋmaŋŋaq-;
from ~ 485 saŋmaŋŋa, 566
tasaŋmaŋŋa; from that one ~
484 sakiptumaŋŋa, 566
tasakiptumaŋŋa; from that
direction ~ 485 saŋmaŋŋamiñ,
566 tasaŋmaŋŋamiñ; go ~ 485
saŋmuŋaq-, 566 tasaŋmuŋaq-; go
via, through ~ 485
saŋmuunnaaq-, 566
tasaŋmuunnaaq-; located ~ 485
saŋmani, 566 tasaŋmani; located
with that one ~ 484
sakiptumani, 566 tasakiptumani;
similar to that one ~ 484
sakiptumatun, 566
tasakiptumatun; that one ~ 484
sakimna, 565 tasakimna,
sakiptuma, 565 tasakiptuma; to ~
485 saŋmuŋa, 566 tasaŋmuŋa; to
that one ~ 485 sakiptumuŋa, 566
tasakiptumuŋa; towards ~ 485
saŋmuŋanmun, 566
tasaŋmuŋanmun; via ~ 485
saŋmuuna, 566 tasaŋmuuna;
via/with that one ~ 485
1369
sakiptumuuna, 566
tasakiptumuuna; (with) that one
~ 485 sakiptumiŋa, 566
tasakiptumiŋa
out there in the shed or the neighbor’s
house (not visible, without or
with emphasis): 418 qaŋma, 579
tatqaŋma; be located ~ 418
qaŋmaniit-, 579 tatqaŋmaniit-;
come from ~ 418 qaŋmaŋŋaq-,
580 tatqaŋmaŋŋaq-; go ~ 418
qaŋmuŋaq-, 580 tatqaŋmuŋaq-;
go via, through ~ 418
qaŋmuunnaaq, 580
tatqaŋmuunnaaq-; from ~ 418
qaŋmaŋŋa, 580 tatqaŋmaŋŋa;
from the one ~ 417
qakiptumaŋŋa, 579
tatqakiptumaŋŋa; from the
direction ~ 418 qaŋmaŋŋamiñ,
580 tatqaŋmaŋŋamiñ; located ~
418 qaŋmani, 579 tatqaŋmani;
located with the one ~ 417
qakiptumani, 579
tatqakiptumani; similar to the
one ~ 417 qakiptumatun, 579
tatqakiptumatun; the one ~ 417
qakimna, 578 tatqakimna,
qakiptuma, 579 tatqakiptuma; to
~ 418 qaŋmuŋa, 580 tatqaŋmuŋa;
to the one ~ 417 qakiptumuŋa,
579 tatqakiptumuŋa; towards ~
418 qaŋmuŋanmun, 580
tatqaŋmuŋanmun; via ~ 418
qaŋmuuna, 580 tatqaŋmuuna;
via the one ~ 418
qakiptumuuna, 579
tatqakiptumuuna; (with) the
one ~ 417 qakiptumiŋa, 579
tatqakiptumiŋa
outboard motor: 134 igniqutit; break
an ~ 134 igniqutaiyaq-; use ~
134 igniqutitaq-
outcast: 53 anitaq, 600 tukkuilaq,
tukkuit-; become an ~ 600
tukkuiq-
outcome: desired ~ 394 pisuun
outhouse: 50 anaġvik
outside: 246 kiani, 410 qaani; 52
aniiq-; ~, enjoying the weather
52 aniiġaaq-;go ~ upon
awakening 211 itchuq-,
itchuqtaaq-; play ~ 52 aniiqsuaq-;
~, in the open 82 asiñi; ~,
spending time with one’s
sweetheart 52 aniiġauraq-; to
place something ~ 53 anit-
out-of-order (parliamentary
procedure): 634 uniuŋa-
outsider: be an ~ 615 tuyuġmiu-
outskirts: 512 silaliñauraq
outspoken: 426 qaniqaq-, qannaġik-
outstanding: finally do something ~
194 iqiġutchiq-, iqiġusiq-
oval: ~ shape 486 sakpayaqtaq; ~ and
~elongated 486 sakpaŋa-; flat,
long and oval 486 sakpayaŋa-
ovaries: 188 ipiak qiñiqsiŋik
oven: 401 punnilivik
overbearing: 494 sapiktu-
overhead: directly ~ 468 qulaŋiq-;
pass ~ 468 qulaut-
overlook: 216 ivvaġlua-, 407 qaaŋiq-,
634 uniuq-
overpower: 377 payariññik-
over there (visible, restricted, without
or with emphasis): 130 ikka,
552 taikka; be located ~ 130
ikaniit-, taikaniit-; come from ~
130 ikaŋŋaq-, 552 taikaŋŋaq-; go
~ 130 ikuŋaq-, 552 taikuŋaq-; go
via, through ~ 130 ikuunnaaq-,
553 taikuunnaaq-; from ~ 130
ikaŋŋa, 552 taikaŋŋa; from that
one ~ 130 iktumaŋŋa, 552
taiktumaŋŋa; from that
direction ~ 130 ikaŋŋamiñ, 552
taikaŋŋamiñ; located ~ 130
ikani, 552 taikani; located
further ~ 130 ikaniqpani,
taikaniqpani; located with that
one ~ 130 iktumani, 552
1370
taiktumani; similar to that one ~
130 iktumatun, 552 taiktumatun;
that one ~ 130 igña, 552 taigña,
130 iktuma, 552 taiktuma; to ~
130 ikuŋa, 552 taikuŋa; to that
one ~ 130 iktumuŋa, 552
taiktumuŋa; towards ~ 130
ikuŋanmun, 552 taikuŋanmun;
via ~ 130 ikuuna, 552 taikuuna;
via/with that one ~ 130
iktumuuna, 552 taiktumuuna;
(with) that one ~ 130 iktumiŋa,
552 taiktumiŋa
over there (visible, extended, without
or with emphasis): 103 avva,
548 taavva; be located ~ 103
avaniit-, 548 taavaniit-; come
from ~ 103 avaŋŋaq-, 549
taavaŋŋaq-; considerable
distance ~ 103 avuŋaqpaaġruk;
go ~ 103 avuŋaq-, 549 taavuŋaq-;
go via, through ~ 104
avuunnaaq-, 549 taavuunnaaq-;
from ~ 103 avaŋŋa, 548
taavaŋŋa; from that one ~ 103
aptumaŋŋa2, 549 taavaptumaŋŋa;
from that direction ~ 103
avaŋŋamiñ, 549 taavaŋŋamiñ;
located ~ 103 avani, 548 taavani;
located further ~ 103
avaniqpani, 548 taavaniqpani;
located with that one ~ 103
aptumani2, 549 taavaptumani;
similar to that one ~ 103
aptumatun2, 549 taavaptumatun;
that one ~ 103 amna2, 548
taavamna, 103 aptuma2, 549
taavaptuma; to ~ 103 avuŋa, 549
taavuŋa; to that one ~ 103
aptumuŋa2, 549 taavaptumuŋa;
towards ~ 103 avuŋanmun, 549
taavuŋanmun; via ~ 104 avuuna,
549 taavuuna; via/with that one
~ 103 aptumuuna2, 549
taavaptumuuna; (with) that one
~ 103 aptumiŋa2, 549
 taavaptumiŋa
over there (not visible): 44 amma, 545
taamma; be located ~ 44
amaniit-, 545 taamaniit-; come
from ~ 44 amaŋŋaq-, 545
taamaŋŋaq-; go ~ 44 amuŋaq-,
545 taamuŋaq-; go via, through
~ 44 amuunnaaq-, 546
taamuunnaaq-; from ~ 44
amaŋŋa, 545 taamaŋŋa; from
that one ~ 44 aptumaŋŋa1, 546
taamaptumaŋŋa; from that
direction ~ 44 amaŋŋamiñ, 545
taamaŋŋamiñ; ~ in the other
room 44 amma amani; located ~
44 amani, 545 taamani; located
with that one ~ 44 aptumani1,
546 taamaptumani; similar to
that one ~ 44 aptumatun1, 546
taamaptumatun; that one ~ 44
amna1, taamamna, 44 aptuma1,
546 taamaptuma; to ~ 44 amuŋa,
545 taamuŋa; to that one ~ 45
aptumuŋa1, 546 taamaptumuŋa;
towards ~ 44 amuŋanmun, 545
taamuŋanmun; via ~ 44 amuuna,
546 taamuuna; via/with that one
~ 45 aptumuuna1, 546
taamaptumuuna; (with) that one
~ 45 aptumiŋa1, 546
taamaptumiŋa
over there across (visible): 12 agga,
543 taagga; be located over
there across 11 aaniit-,
taaganiit-; come from ~ 11
aaŋŋaq-, 543 taagaŋŋaq-; go ~ 12
auŋaq-, 543 taaguŋaq-; go via,
through ~ 12 avuunnaaq-, 543
taaguunnaaq-; from ~ 11 aaŋŋa,
543 taagaŋŋa; from that one ~
12 aktumaŋŋa, 542
taagaktumaŋŋa; from that
direction ~ 11 aaŋŋamiñ, 543
taagaŋŋamiñ; located ~ 11 aani,
543 taagani; located with that
one ~ 12 aktumani, 542
1371
taagaktumani; similar to that
one ~ 12 aktumatun, 542
taagaktumatun; that one ~ 12
agna, 542 taagagna, aktuma; to ~
12 auŋa, 543 taaguŋa; to that
one ~ 12 aktumuŋa, 542
taagaktumuŋa; towards ~ 12
auŋanmun, 543 taaguŋanmun;
via ~ 12 auna, 543 taaguuna;
via/with that one ~ 12
aktumuuna, 543 taagaktuuna;
(with) that one ~ 12 aktumiŋa,
542 taagaktumiŋa
over there across (not visible): 30
aŋma, 544 taaŋma; be located ~
30 aŋmaniit-, 544 taaŋmaniit-;
come from ~ 30 aŋmaŋŋaq-, 544
taaŋmaŋŋaq-; go ~ 30 aŋmuŋaq-,
545 taamuŋaq-; go via, through
~ 30 aŋmuunnaaq-, 545
taaŋmuunnaaq-; from ~ 30
aŋmaŋŋa, 544 taanmaŋŋa; from
that one ~ 30 akiptumaŋŋa, 544
taakiptumaŋŋa; from that
direction ~ 30 aŋmaŋŋamiñ, 544
taaŋmaŋŋamiñ; located ~ 30
aŋmani, 544 taaŋmani; located
with that one ~ 29 akiptumani,
544 taakiptumani; similar to
that one ~ 30 akiptumatun, 544
taakiptumatun; that one ~ 29
akimna, 544 taakimna, 29
akiptuma, 544 taakiptuma; to ~
30 aŋmuŋa, 544 taaŋmuŋa; to
that one ~ 30 akiptumuŋa, 544
taakiptumuŋa; towards ~ 30
aŋmuŋanmun, 544
taaŋmuŋanmun; via ~ 30
aŋmuuna, 545 taaŋmuuna; via
that one ~ 30 akiptumuuna, 544
taakiptumuuna; (with) that one
~ 30 akiptumiŋa, 544
taakiptumiŋa
overcast: 41 allait-; become ~ 357
nuviyaliq-, nunuyaliq-; dark ~
over water 461 qisuk(-)
overdue: 114 ayuuqqi- pail: see bucket
overflow: 165 immivaałłak-, 407 pain: 57 anniġñaq(-)2, 251 kiiqsiuġun; be
qaamit-, 408 qaaptit-, 514 silivla-, in ~ 251 kiiqsiuq-, 494 saŋniuq-;
623 ukpitaala-, 626 ulivla-, 647 cause someone to cry out in ~ 81
usiġaq-, usiġaula-; frozen ~ ariilatchi-; cry out in ~ 81 ariila-;
through crack in ice 508 develop a small, sharp ~ on
siiqsinniq; ~ through crack in one’s side 223 kakivyuutchiq-;
ice 407 qaaminniq, qaamniq experience ~ across the
overgrown with grass: area or object shoulders 383 pikunŋu-;
~ 217 ivvimaniġruuraq (Nu), experience a small, sharp ~ 57
ivviñiq anniluk-; experience pulsating ~
overloaded: 648 utchiukkaq- (Ti) 57 anniaqtaq-; experience sharp
overreact: 393 pisaqsaq-; be prone to ~ ~ 57 anniałłaktaq-, annivak-,
393 pisaqsaŋa- annivaktaq-; have a ~ in one’s N
oversleep: 516 siñikpak- 700 +[g]iit-; howl with ~ 278
oversleeping: have habit of ~ 516 maala-; inflict ~ 57 anniaq-;
siññaqtu- sharp ~ on one’s side 223
overwhelm: 376 payari- kakivyugaun, kakivyuutaq,
overwhelmed: 225 kamagi- kakivyuun; yell out in ~ 278
owl: 623 ukpik maġaala-; yelp in ~ (of animal)
own: 378 pigi-; now ~ 378 pigiliuti- 278 maaq-
pain medication: 57 anniġñaiyaun
P paint: 301 miŋuliq-, miŋulġun;
pace: 22 aġviqtaq-, 491 sanipkaaq-, something with ~ on it 301
sanipak-, 394 pisuġaluk-; begin miŋulġutaulaaq
to ~ 491 sanipkausiq- paintbrush: 301 miŋuliun
Pacific Godwit: 607 turraaturaq painting: 454 qiñiġaaq
Pacific Loon: 281 malġi pair: 282 malġuk, 121 iglugiik(-); ~ of
pack: 165 imaukkaq-, 403 puukatchi-; ~ board runners (of sled) 511
animal 322 nanmakti sikkuk; ~ of items 24 aippaġiik; ~
packed: closely ~ 570 tatimmi-; closely of scissors 486 sallisik;
~ herd of caribou 570 tatimmirat one of a ~ 38 alġai; the second of
package: 404 puuqtui- a ~ 282 malġuiksraq
paddle: 67 aŋuun, aŋuaq-, aŋuutmigaq- pair of whales: ~ swimming 43
(Nu), 360 paaġutik; ~ a kayak alupaaġiik
360 paaġurraq-; ~ a kayak pairs: two ~ 282 malġuit
swiftly 371 paŋak-; ~ pajamas: 516 siñŋunnak
vigorously 67 aŋuksraq-, palatal: ~ sounds 450 qilagakuaqtaq
aŋuunmik-, 396 piuqtuq- sivuluat tattuqiłługit
paddle rest: ~ on kayak 354 palate: hard ~ 450 qilagaq
nuŋuqsruġiitkutaq pale: 84 asiŋŋuŋa-; ~ in face 302 misuit;
paddler: ~’s seat in skinboat 140 become ~ 302 misuiq-
iksuġiq Pallid Horned Lark: 311 nagrulik
padlock and key: 255 kiluutchaq(-) palm: ~ of hand 37 alannaaq (Ti), 215
page number: 372 paqirrun itummak (PB), 602 tummak (Nu),
paid: 28 akiññak- 651 utummak

1372
palpate: 501 saptaq-
pamper: 369 pamat-
pampered one: 369 pamataq
pan: cooking ~ 403 puggutaq; frying ~
513 silaavyiun, 517 siqanġun;
loaf ~ 401 punnilivik; muffin ~
20 aġvaluqtaurisit; ~ to catch
drippings 176 iñġaun; large
wooden ~ 388 piŋaluaq (Ti);
triggering ~ of an animal trap
44 aluuttaq2
pancake: 513 silaavyak, siliq (Ti); make
~s 513 silaavyiuq-; ~ turner 305
mumiun
“pancake: ice: solid ~ 245 kiapku
panic: 242 kavyattuala-, 619 ui-
pant: 10 aatchaqtit-, 54 aniġnitchiaq-,
aniqtiġluaqi-, aniqtipkaq-
panties: 413 qaġliurak, qaġliuraak
pants: 227 kamikłuuk; knee fur ~ 412
qaġlialuuk (Ti); long, fur ~ with
fur inside 285 mamŋuuk; one-
piece waist-high boots-~s 285
mamuqquuk; pull ~ down 269
kiviqi-; pull ~ up 296 mayuqi-;
put ~ on 227 kamikłuk-; take ~
off 227 kamikłuiq-; sag at knees,
of ~ 508 sitqi-; wear baggy ~
269 kiviikłuŋa-
paper: 281 maqpiġaaq; blank ~ 14
aglaaksraq
parachute: 238 kataun
parallel: 104 avałłuaŋa-; 491
saniġaqłigiik-; ~ but not the
same length nor in
juxtaposition 339 nikigiik-;
travel swiftly ~ to 486 salik-; ~
to each other 563 tapiq-;
paralyzed: 99 aulalait-
parasite: 474 qupilġuq(-)
Parasitic Jaeger: 297 miġiaqsaayuk
parent: adoptive ~ 590 tiguuvik; ~ of
one’s son-in-law or daughter-
in-law 352 nulliq
parents: 4 aanaak, 62 aŋayuqaak
parietal bone: 334 niaquq
1373
parhelion: 104 avaluġun
parhelia: 113 ayauppiak; have ~ 113
ayauppirriq-
parka: 92 atigi(-), 285 mamŋuġaaq;
bottom back of ~ hood 473
quŋusiñiq; Canadian ~ 370
pamiulik; duck skin ~ 92
atigiġruaq (Nu), 303 mitiġruat,
mitiġiruat, mitiġruit (Nu); ~ for
packing baby on back 45
amaaġun, amaunnaq; lower side
section of ~ 171 imnaq2; make a
~ 92 atikłi-; newborn fawnskin
~ 348 nuġġayuat; not wear ~ 294
mattaaq-; outer fur ~ 235
kapitak (Ti), 475 qusuŋŋaq(-);
peak of hood on woman’s ~ 241
kavrauraq, kavriŋuraq; pouch-
like section in back of woman’s
~ ruff 212 itiġlak, 258
kimmigñaq2, kimmigñauraq;
remove one’s ~ 294 mattaq-; ~
ruff 205 isiġvik, 506 siġvik (Nu);
sealskin ~ 328 natchiġruaq (Nu);
~style dress or shirt 92
atikłuuraq; waterproof ~ 512
silaŋŋaaq; wear ~ when
not necessary 92 atigiġruk-; with
large hood 327 nasaqpalik; ~
with tusk-shaped design on yoke
93 atittuġutiligaaq, 242
kayuaġutiligaaq, 288
manusiñiligaaq; ~ with white
sheep skin trim 35
akuqtuaġutilik (Nu), akuuralik
(Nu); woman’s fancy ~ 335
nigraligaaq, niksralik; woman’s ~
ruff 205 isiġvikpagaaq(-)
parka cover: 92 atikłuk(-), 512
silatkutitaaq (Nu); white hunting
~ 436 qatiġniñ, qatiġnisi
Parry’s wallflower: 293 masu aiġaq
part: small ~ 151 ilaqisuuraq
participants: ~ at trade fair 231
kanŋut
participate: ~ in competition 49
 anaktaq-; ~ in a game where one
jumps with through one’s arms
with hands clasped in front 52
aniraġaatchiaq- (Ti); not ~ 388
piŋit-
partner: 148 ilaaluq, 360 paannaq, 613
tuvaaqan; acquire a ~ 148
ilaalliq-; hunting ~ 183
iñuunniaqan; joking ~160 illuq,
illualuk recruit a ~ 122 iglunnak-
(Nu)
partway: accompany ~ 425 qani(-); go
~ around 245 kiavalugaaq- (Nu);
travel ~ 425 qanilaaq-
pass (die): 606 tuqu-
pass by: 407 qaaŋiqsaaq-, 491
saniġatqut-; ~ in front 479
saatqut-, 480 sarġut-, salġut-; ~
in front (outside) 513 silatqut-;
(Ti); ~ in front of hunter (of
caribou) 480 sarruk-; ~ in front
on the ice or ocean 90
atautchaaq-; unknowingly ~
each other 360 paaqłauti-; ~
unseen, further inland 368
pamuunatqut-
pass through inbetween: 34 akunnaq-
passenger: be a ~ 648 usiaqsiq-
passive: 152 ilatchiq-; cease being ~ 152
ilatchiŋaiq-
Passover: 468 Qulaurrusiqivik
past: in the ~ 553 taimani; reference to
a ~ event or entity163 imma,
553 taimma
past due: 407 qaaŋiuti-
pastime: 39 aliitkun; have as a ~ activity
314 nakkutigi-
patch: 148 ilaaq(-), 39 allaiyaq-, 486
salgu- (Ti); ~ for boot sole 58
anŋik(-), 434 qarviaq(-)
patched holes: item full of ~ 148
ilaaqviiññaq
patching tool: 148 ilaaqtuun
patella: 508 sitquq
path: 100 aullayaaq, 120 iglauyaaq, 601
tumitchiat; cross ~s 361 parġuti-,
1374
paaġuti-, paaqsaaġuti-; ~ cut
through brush or trees 252
kiksraq; ice ~ 396 pituqqit; ~ to
open water 479 saavviaq; wrong
~ 254 killukun
patience: 453 qimmaksautaiññiq, 286
manimmilgun; have ~ 453
qimmaksautait-
patient: ~ with fine, detailed work 653
uuligruit-
patiently: begin to wait expectantly
and ~ 339 nikpaakkiq-; wait ~
649 utaqqiġliq-
patrilineal: ~ male cousin 68 aŋutiqan
pattern: 14 aglagaaq, 157 iliktiġun,
iliktiun (Ti); dark and light trim
~ 252 kigmaliktat; cut material
according to a ~ 157 iliktiq-;
have a bad ~ 14 aglagiit-; have a
bold ~ 14 aglaulaaq-; have a
good ~ 14 aglagik-; interwoven ~
457 qipiġun (Nu); print ~ 14
aglak(-); striped ~ 474
quvluayuuq
paw: ~ 204 isigak; soft sole of ~ 37
alannaak
pay: 27 akiliq-, akilisiq-, akilit-, 94
attausiq-; ~ a debt 27 akilitchi-
(Ti); ~ someone a wage 28
akiññaktit-; unwilling to ~ the
price asked 296 migvisuk-
paycheck: 27 akiliusiaq; 28 akiññaktaaq
payment: 27 akilirrun, 28 akiññaktaaq,
94 attausiun
peace: 610 tutqiun; find ~ of mind 610
tutqiksi-; lose one’s ~ of mind
610 tutqiiq-; put at ~ 610
tutqiksaq-
peaceable: 69 aŋuyautait-
peaceful: 181 iñuksruit-, 456 qiñuit-, 504
siaksruit-, 610 tutqik-; become ~
504 siaksruiq-; continue to
remain ~ 504 siaksruisaaq-; ~
existence 360 paaqłaktautaiññiq
peak: 358 nuvułhuyuk
Pectoral Sandpiper: 25 aiviqiak, 405
 puvviaqtuuq
peek: 211 itchuaq-; have the
tendency to ~ 455 qiñiyuk(-)
1
peer : ~ over a barrier 37 alatkaq-
peer2: 323 nanmiñiq
Pelagic Cormorant: 186 iŋitqaq
pellet: large ~ 198 iraġuqturuaq; small
~198 iraġukitchuaq
pelt: see skin
pelvic bone: 275 kuutchiq; injure ~ 275
kuutchiññaaq-
pelvic girdle: 275 kuutchiñaaq, kuutchiik
pelvis: 275 kuutchiñaaq
pen: 14 aglaun
pencil: 14 aglaun, 300 miŋuaqtuun
penetrate: 563 tapiglak-, tavlik-
peninsula: 448 qikiqtaġruk
penis: 649 usuk; 465 quġġivik
pension: receive ~ checks 287
maniññaktuq-
people: 181 iñuit; all ~ 182 iñupayaaq,
iñupayaat
perception: lack ~ 436 qaurimmaġiit-
Peregrine Falcon: 11 aatqarruaq,
aatqatruaq, 265 kirgavik,
kirgavigruaq
perfect: 278 maannakiaq
perforate: 253 kilaaq-2
performance: at peak of one’s
performance 289 mapkummi-
perfume: 595 tivraġiksaun
perhaps: 1 aaqanuq, 528 suagguuq
pericardium: 421 qalluviaq
periodically: V ~ 805 -llaa(-)
perishable: 291 maqusuuruaq
permissible: ~ to V 1110 +yumiñaq-
permissive: 152 ilatchiŋa-, ilatchiu- (Ti)
permit: 389 pipkaq-; ~ to V 1031
+pkaq-1, mtit-1; not ~ 395 pitquŋit-
peroxide: 420 qalauġnaq
perpetual: 355 nuŋusuit-
persevere: 286 manimmi-, 338 nikait-
perseverance: have ~ 430 qapiŋait-
persevering: 430 qapiŋaiq-
persist: 263 kipiġi-, 633 unataq-; ~ in V-
ing 862 +niala-; really ~ in V-ing
1375
862 +nialapiaġataq-,
862 +nialaliqtuq-
persistence: 430 qapiŋairrun, 603
tuniqsimman; have ~ 486
sakkuqtu-
persistent: 238 katchuŋait-, 430
qapiŋait-, 486 sakkuqtu-
person: 178 iñuk(-); bad ~ 179
iññuġluk-; bothersome ~ 17
agrutaq; every ~ 182 iñulimauraq
(Nu); giant ~ 181 iñukpasuk,182
iñuniqłuk; good ~ 180 iñugik-;
like the ~ 182 iñunnaġi-;
mysterious ~ 178 iññiqun (Ti)
personality: 200 irrusiq
perspire: 508 siiq-1 (Ti), siiqsipkaq-
persuade: 643 uqayut-, 338 nikasunġiq-;
hard to ~ 603 tuniqsima-; try to ~
394 pisuksaaq-, 1037 -[t]qusaaq-
persuaded: 283 maliksuk-
pester: 372 pavri-, 354 nunuri-
pestilence: 324 naŋirrutiqpak
pet: ~ animal 369 pamiqsaaq
petition: 360 paaqłaun, 185 iŋiqsruun;
185 iŋiqsruq-
petroleum: ~ oil 645 uqsruġruaq
phalanges: ~ of hand 79 argait,
algait (Ti)
pharyngeal: ~ consonant128
iggiakuaqtaq
phew: 8 aaqqaa
phlebotomy: cut between the eyes to
perfom ~ 78 aqulirri-; perform ~
596 tira-, 638 uŋuyut-
philtrum: 224 kakkiviaq
photograph: 455 qiñiġaaq; 395
pitchaliuti-, 455 qiñiġaq-
piano: 326 naqittaġnaq
pick: stoop over and ~ 400 pukuk; go ~
berries or greens 100 aullaqsruq-
(Nu)
pick up: 400 pukit-
pickaxe: 509 sikłaq(-)
pickpocket: 125 igviksiuqti (Ti)
picture: 455 qiñiġaaq
piece: cut into small ~s 198 iraqsri-,
 iraġri- (Ti); cut meat into small
~s 198 iratqi(-)
pierce: 233 kapi-, 252 kilak-2, 402
putu(-), 563 tapiglak-, 563 tavlik-;
~ repeatedly 234 kappuq-,
kavluq-; ~ with ice chisel 612
tuuq(-)
pig: 492 saniqsuk, 611 tuttuqłuk
pigeon-toed: 476 quupatchuŋa-
pike: 364 paiqłuk; northern ~ 507 siilik
pile: 408 qaliġiiksitaq-
pillow: 28 akiñ
pilot: ~ a boat 78 aqut-
pilot bread: 432 qaqqulaaq; case of ~
432 qaqqulaun
pimple: 145 iligrak(-), iligrauraq, 388
piŋu(-), 389 piŋuyaq; develop a ~
388 piŋu(-); itchy ~ 389 piŋuyyaq
(Ti); large ~ 108 avraq;
pimples: break out in ~ 53 aniuq- (Ti),
637 uŋilak-; develop itchy ~ 637
uŋŋi-; have ~ 389 piŋuyaqtuq-
(Nu)
“pins and needles”: feel ~ 223 kakillauri-
pinch: 270 kukigmik-, 406 puyyuk-; ~ of
toe 613 tuuġiaqsri-; ~ repeatedly
406 puyyuaq-
pinch of snuff: inhale a ~ through
nostrils 345 niuqsriktuq-,
niuġriktuq- (Ti)
pinchers of crab: 406 puyyuutik
pincushion: 224 kakkirvik, kakkivik
Pine Grosbeak: 444 qayuuttaaq
pink: 240 kaviaq-, kaviaqtaaq, kavialaaq
pink plume: 190 ippiq
Pintail Duck: 220 ivugaq, 273 kurugaq
pinworm: 465 quaqta(-)
pipe for smoking: 270 kuiŋiq, 364
paipaktuun (Ti), 517 sipuqtaq(-)
(Nu), 523 siunnaq, siunnauraq;
bag for ~ 616 uałhun, uaługuun
(Nu)
pipeline: 364 paippaġruaq
pipe tobacco: 198 iraqsraq, 595
tipaaqpak (Ti)
pistol: 122 iglupiaġauraq, 591 tikkuaġaun
1376
pit: ~ in fruit 498 sauniq
pitch: 58 anŋun; ~ in baseball game 299
milluuq-; ~ in ocean waves 186
iŋiulliuq-; long ~ of sod house
roof 524 sivuġaata qilaŋa; ooze of
~ 465 quġliaq(-); short ~ of sod
house roof 604 tunuata qilaŋa
pitiful: ~ N 901 -payuk(-)
place: 173 ini; 153 ili-1; usual ~ 210
irvik; ~ where one used to V
1094 +vikaaq; ~ to V 1092 +vIk1
placenta: 38 alġaaq
plague: 324 naŋirrutiqpak
plan: 602 tuvraaksrat; 527 sivunniuq-;
have no ~ 427 qanuġuumaaŋit-; ~
together 527 sivunniuqatigiik-; ~
to V 1109 +yumaaq-
plan a course of action: ~ for another
527 sivunniuġutigi-
planet: ~ Mars 242 Kayuqtuġlu
Tiġiganniaġlu
plank: 136 ikiaqtaq
plant: 330 nautchiaq, nautchiq- (Ti);
dead ~ 607 tuquliŋaruaq; ~ flora
330 nautchirriq-; grow ~s 330
nautchii-; tuft of ~ 626 ullaq,
ullauraq; ~ with broad leaves 36
akutuqpalik
plate: 403 puggutauraq
plateau: 456 qiŋarraaq
platform: 468 qulliġun; ~ at bow of
boat 450 qilaguuraq; space
under ~ 407 qaaniq
play: 175 iñattuaq(-) (Ti), 396 piuraaq(-);
~, climbing up and down 295
mayuaġaq-; ~ competition games
461 qitik-; ~ in mud 73 aqayyiqi-;
~ in water 167 immiqi-, 403
puuvraaq-; ~ in snow 69 apusiqi-;
~ loudly 616 uayuk-; ~ on thin
ice running back and forth 162
iluqsriraġauraq-, iluġriraġauraq-;
~ outside 52 aniiqsuaq-; stop to ~,
of whales 173 ina-; ~ string game
112 ayaqhaaq(-); ~ tag 66
aŋuġauraq-, 67 aŋuuraq- (Ti); ~
 with something 396 piuraaġi-
play (a game): ~ ball 20 aġriqi- (Ti), 73
aqsriqi- (Nu); ~ baseball 50
anaullaġaq- (Ti), 51 anauraġaq-; ~
Carrom Board 303 mitiglak(-)
(Ti); ~ catch 32 akkuaġauraq-; ~
cards 377 piannaq(-); ~ checkers
546 taammak(-);~ darts 324
napaatchak(-); ~ “guess who” 154
ilisaġnaiq- (Ti); ~ golf 11
aayyutaaq-; ~ “hide and seek”
199 iriġauraq(-); ~ ice hockey 11
aayyutaaq-, 115 ayyutaaq-, 372
paqqaurraq- (Ti); ~ 202
isaqqilauraq- (Ti); ~ jacks 238
kattagaaq(-); ~ 223 kakisuġaaq; ~
leapfrog 371 paŋaligaq-; ~
“maq” 290 maġauraq-; ~ 287
manna mannaaq-; ~ 292 marra
marraaq-; ~ mumblety-peg 325
nappaqsuġaaq-; ~ 322 nanmak(-);
~ one-legged highkick 309
naanŋiraaq-; ~ “pick-up sticks”
238 kattagaaq(-); ~ 429
qapaksiraq- (Ti); ~ 458
qiputaq(-); ~ “red rover, red
rover, red rover, come over” 4
aakkuuq-; ~ snerts 355
nuŋuruuq(-), 359 paasaqqaurraq-
(Ti); ~ soccer 20 aġraurraq(-) (Ti),
73 aqsraaq(-), 114 ayuktaq(-); ~
softball 51 anauraġauraq(-); ~
solitaire 316 nalautchuġaaq-; ~
“take away” 72 aqsaaq-; ~ 564
taptauraq- (Nu); ~ war 68
aŋuyaŋŋuaq; see games
play-act: 396 piuŋŋuaq-
play music: 95 atuqtuuraq(-)
play (musical instrument): ~ a drum
236 kasak-, 450 qilausiraq-,
qilaurraq-; ~ a guitar 266
kitaaġaq-; ~ a harmonica 426
qanikkuaġaq-; ~ a piano 326
naqittaġnaġaq-; ~ a trumpet 420
qalġuqtaq-
player in a game who makes
1377
frighthening noises which trying
to tag others: 5 aanami (Ti)
playful: ~ (of animals) 632 una-
playing cards: ace (suit in ~) 86
atausialuk, “A”-sialuk, 608 tusaq,
tusaqpak, 538 susaq, susaqpak;
club (suit ~) 79 argalaq; deck of
~ 377 piannat; deuce (in ~) 515
simmaun, simmiun,
simmaugauraq, 613 tuusiuraq;
diamond (suit in ~) 146 illulik,
602 tumiŋŋuaq (Ti); eight (in ~)
327 narvalik (Nu), 469 quliligaq;
four (in ~) 117 igalaaq; hearts
(suit in ~) 196 iqqulik (Nu); jack
(suit in ~) 156 ililgaaq (Ti), 281
makvak; king (suit in ~) 224
kalalliaq; nine (in ~) 466 qukalik
(Nu); queen (suit in ~) 18 aġnaq;
seven (in ~) 372 papkusilik, 374
patkusilik; six (in ~) 275 kuuk;
spade (suit in cards) 234 kapuun,
339 niliqpak; ten (in ~) 468
qulilik; three (in ~) 602
tumitchauraq; trump (suit in ~)
277 kuyyalaq, kuuyalaq (Ti); two
~ of the same suit 14 aglaqatigiik
plead: 456 qiññuaq-, qiññuaqtuq-; ~ with
someone 456 qiññuaqtuġvigi-
please: 208 isummaaq-, 217 iviġak-, 1151
+ata
pleased: 217 iviġagi-, iviġauma-, 293
masaqsri-
pleasing: 217 iviġanaq-; ~ to the eye
455 qiñiyunaq-; ~ to V 1111
-yunaq-
pleasure: experience ~ 315 nakuaqsri-,
nakuuqsri-; express ~ while
dancing 434 qatchak-; have a
source of ~ 314 nakkutigi-;
listen with ~ 293 masaġni-;
shout with ~ 434 qatchalaaq-,
qatchaq-; sing with ~ 95
atunnaġi-; source of ~ 39
aliitkugauraq; take ~ from
visiting 557 takupqaŋa-; take ~ in
 someone or something 315
nakuaqsraq-; use with ~ 96
atunnaġi-
pleat: 465 quglugniq- (Ti)
plentiful: become ~ 114 ayuġnaiq-
plenty: 153 ilaŋaniñ
pleurisy: 57 anniutaq
pliable: 445 qiġatait-, 462 qitut-; become
~ 74 aqikłi-; become soft and ~
481 saakłi-, saagli- (Ti)
pliers: 248 kigmautik, kiŋmautik
plot: 527 sivunniun nalutchiñikun
plow: 354 nunniqun, 330
nautchiaksriuġun
pluck: 356 nusuk-, nutchuk-; ~ feathers
126 iġisaq-, iġitchaq-; easy to ~
feathers 126 iġisaqsiġiaq-; not
easy to ~ feathers 126
iġisaqsiġiit-
plucked bird: 126 iġisaaq, iġitchaaq
plug: 298 milik(-), 514 simiksuun,
simiutaq(-); 514 simik-; lip ~ 613
tuutaq; ~ of sealskin float or
poke 250 kiiñaqqiñ, 492
sanniġuġiaq; ~ of chewing
tobacco 490 sanaaksraq
plugged-up: have ~ nose 630
uminŋatchi-
plunge into water: ~ (of sea mammals)
321 naluksaaq-
pocket: 23 aiñiq, 125 igvik (Ti); pick
someone’s ~ 125 igviksiuq-;
reach into ~ 23 aiñiqsruq-, 125
igviġruq- (Ti)
point: 591 tikkuaq-; ~ straight forward,
of feet 525 sivukki-; ~ out
something 591 tikkuaġuti-
point of reference: 376 pautaq
pointed: nicely ~ 592 tikkuutiŋŋaġik-
Point Barrow, Alaska: 358 Nuvuk;
people of ~ 357 Nuvugmiut
Point Hope, Alaska: 591 Tikiġaq; area
southwest of ~ 163 Ilutak (Ti);
north side of ~ 11 aanitchiq (Ti)
Point Lay, Alaska: 224 Kali
point-of-order (parliamentary
1378
procedure): 634 uniuŋasirusi
point of privilege (parliamentary
procedure): 495 saqiraksrauŋilaq
poison: 607 tuqunaq(-)
poisonous: 607 tuqunaq(-)
poke1: ~ with a stick 612 tuggaq-, tugaq-
poke2: 403 puuq(-); ~ containing
blubber for making seal oil 644
uġruun (Ti); food storage ~ 17
aġġutaq1; old, sealskin ~ 403
puuġruaq; piece of wood
attached to rear flipper of
sealskin ~ 522 sitqiñ; sealskin ~
105 avataq, avataqpak; sealskin ~
containing strips of fermented
walrus skin and blubber 345
niuġaun; sealskin ~ for
fermenting whale meat 298
mikigaun; sealskin ~ plug 250
kiiñaqqiñ; rear sealskin ~ in a
boat 260 kiŋu(
polar bear: 323 nanuq; ~ cub in its first
year 91 atiqtaq; go ~ hunting 323
nanniaq-, nannuliaq-; kill a ~ 323
nannuk-, naniaq-2 (Ti); female ~
in snowdrift with young 69
apitchiq; three ~s in a group 388
piŋayuqqat; ~ with three cubs
388 piŋayuġalik
pole: 111 ayak(-)1, 325 napaqsraq; long,
net-setting ~ 159 illaqtuun
poling: ~ pole 111 ayaktuun; ~ pole for
kayak 243 kiamġuun, 221
kaimġuun; propel a boat by ~
111 ayaktuq-1
police officer: 206 isiqsiri (Ti), 590 tiguri,
tigurau-1
policies: 85 atanniqsimanniktuat
polish: 464 qivliqsaq-
polluted: 487 salumait-; become ~
487 salumaili-
Pomarine Jaeger: 209 isuŋŋaġluk,
isuŋŋaaluk
pond: 166 imaqsuk, 327 narvaq, 569
tasiġaq, tasiġauraq
ponder: 209 isummatigi-
poor: 379 piilliuq-; ~ person 379
piilliuqtuaq
poorly: V ~ 833 -maqłuk-
popping noise: make ~ 289 mapkuqtaq-,
mapkutit-
populated: sparsely ~ 181 iñukit-
porch: covered ~ 551 taġġisimavik
porcupine: 159 illaatqusiq, 162 iluqutaq
(Ti), 456 qiŋaġluk
pore: 536 suvlu, suplu (Nu)
pork: 492 saniqsuk
porous: ~ substance 537 suvluġrak
porpoise: 21 aġvisuaq
port (nautical term): 498 saumiñmun
umiamiñ
portage: 213 itivyaaq, itiptiġvik (Ti),
itivliq, itiptiq-, 593 timaut-
portion: 151 ilaviñiq; ~ already cut to a
pattern 157 iliktaaq
position: ~ one above something 409
qarviq-; ~ towards 873 -nmuk-
possess: ~ a good attribute 378 pigik-;
~ a N 919 -qaq-; ~ many N-s
1060 :u-3, 1062 :ukkaq-
possession: 396 piun, 669 suaġruk; gain
~ 10 aannik-; have no more ~s
367 paluq-1 (Nu)
possible: ~ to V 1110 +yumiñaq-; as
much as ~ 428 qanutuaglaan; if ~
143 ilaunnii (Nu)
possibility: ~ existed, but did not V 886
±ŋisiq-
post:111 ayagutaq, ayak(-)1; tent ~ 449
qilluvik; vertical support ~s of a
sleeping platform 112 ayyak
postage stamp: 250 kiiñauraq
postal clerk: 15 agliqiri, agliqiruaq (Ti)
postpone: 6 aannagutaaq-, 8 aaqagutaaq-;
~ until the next day 655
uvlaakutaaq-
postponement: 6 aannagutaaġun
posture: have a bad ~ 499 sauniġluk-
pot: cooking ~ 344 niqłiuġun, 650
utkusik; cooking ~ for dog food
43 alliuġun; large, pointed-
bottom, lugless ~ 309 naparaq;
1379
old-style clay ~ 374 patigaq (Nu)
potato: 650 utqiq, 83 asiaġruaq
potential: ~ N 763 -ksraq(-), 764 -ksraun
potholder: 590 tiggun
potter: 650 utkutchiri
pottery: clay ~ 325 naparaq, 448
qikuyyaq
pouch: one of two ~s of abdominal fat
of ground squirrel 421 qalliñ;
tobacco ~198 iraqsraun, ~ 512
silammaayuun (Ti), 534 summaq
(Ti), 592 tilaammaayuun
pouch-like: carry in front of in a ~
section of snowshirt or apron
259 kiñiġvik-; ~ section of hood
212 itiġlak, 258 kimmigñaq2,
kimmigñauraq
poultice: apply a soap ~ on 98
autchirriq-; warm ~ 97 auktuun
pounce: 302 mitchiqi-
pound: 236 karri-; ~ repeatedly making
noise 70 apsaktaq- (Nu)
pour: 275 kuvi-, 276 kuviq- (Ti), kuviuq-,
310 naavit-
pout: 58 annut-, 341 niŋaq-, 432
qaqłualuli-, 505 sigguk(-); ~ a lot
58 annutu-
power: 528 suaŋŋan; extraordinary ~
528 suaŋŋatiqpak; sickness-
bringing ~ 158 ilisiitchuq
powerful: 528 suaŋa-
praise: 321 nanġaun; 321 nanġaq-
pray: 60 aŋaayyu-, aŋaiyyu-, agaiyu-
(Nu), 454 qinġaqtuq-; ~ for 60
aŋaayyuti-, 186 iŋiqsruuti-; ~ to
60 aŋaayyuvigi-
prayer: 60 aŋaayyun, 456 qiññuaqtuun;
beg in ~ 600 tuksiaq-
preach: ~ a sermon 38 alġaqsruq-
preacher: 38 alġaqsruiri, 60
aŋaayyuliqsi, agaiyuliqsi (Nu)
precious: too ~ to lose 56 anniġñaq-
precisely: 587 tavrapiallak
predator: 394 pisukti
predict: 316 nalautchaq-
prediction: 316 nalaurrun
predictor: 316 nalautchaqti
preempt: 173 inaŋiq-, 527 sivuŋiq-
pregnant: 178 iññi-, 309 narri-, 516
siŋaiyau-; become ~ 309 narrak-,
narrisaaq-
preoccupied: 619 uggisaġi-
prepare: ~ corpse for burial 499 savak-;
~ to go 364 pagna-
prepared: 367 paluŋaiq-1 (Nu); one ~
638 upaluŋailaaq; one ~ to V 825
-łhiñaaq; ~, ready for the task
385 piłhiñaaġuq-
presence: 557 takkun; from my ~ 557
takkumniñ; from the ~ of 557
takkuaniñ; from your ~ 557
takkuġniñ; in my ~ 557 takkumni;
in the ~ of 557 takkuani; in your
~ 557 takkuġni; make one’s ~
known 181 iñuksruk-, 531
sukpalliq-
present: 286 mani-; ~ as part of a group
210 itqatau-
present: ~ received 25 aitchuusiaq; ~
given 25 aitchuun
present time: 363 pagmani, pagmapak
presentable: make N ~ 700 +[g]iksaq-
pressure: ~ someone to do 354 nunuri-;
~ someone to stop doing 354
nunut-
pretend: 388 piŋŋuaq-; ~ to V 889
±ŋŋuaq(-)
pretty: ~ (of woman) 18 aġnaġik-
prevent: 389 pipkaŋit-; ~ from being
taken or caught 395 pitchaili-; ~
from being hit 121 igliqsit-; ~
from going past 359 paa- (Ti); ~
from proceeding 495 savri-; ~
from returning home 262
kiŋuŋiq- (Nu); ~ from V-ing 1039
+[t]sailI-; obstacle to ~
movement forward 480 salliġun
price: 26 aki(-); 29 akisutilaaq(-); set a ~
317 nalliq-2, nallit-
priceless: 27 akiksrait-
prick: 223 kaki-
pride: 226 kamasaaġun
1380
prime: in one’s ~ 306 naaġuq-
primer: 133 igniġun, igniksraq,
igniġutiksraq, 134 igniksraqaġvik
primus stove: 215 ittugluk(-)
principles: 85 atanniqsimanniktuat
priority: give ~ 397 piviksritqaaq-
prison: 206 isiqsivik
prisoner: 206 isiqtaq, 590 tigutaaqtaq
probably: 164 imma qanuq; ~ V-ing
896 +p/vallIq-, 984 +[s]ugnaq-;
will ~ V 863 +niaqpallIq-; ~ will
not ~ V 862+niaŋitpallIq-
proboscis: 125 iguun
proceed: ~ closer 425 qanilaaq-; ~ to V
without hesitation 969 +sauraq-
proceed into water: 113 ayaksaaq-
proclaim: 154 ilisimapkaq-
procrastinate: 6 aannagutaaq-, 8
aaqagutaaq-
productive: 533 sulliqsu-; start
being ~ 533 sulliqsi-
professional: a ~ 391 piri; ~ N 1024
mt/ri
program: 282 maliġuagaksraq;
established ~ 120 iglauruaq
progress: ~ far ahead of someone 633
unisuġi-
prohibit: 395 pitquŋit-
projectile: 413 qaġruq
prolific: ~ liar 482 saglutu-
promiscuous: 591 tiipaŋa-
promise: 31 akiqsruq-, 635
unniqsuqłiun, unniqsuun,
unniqsuq-
promontory: ~ at end of ridge 525
sivuġaq; come around a ~ 620
uivaq-, uivvaq-, uivaqsaaq-;
small ~ 358 nuvuġaq-
prone: lie ~ 367 palluq-, palluŋa-
prong: ~ of antler 2 aagiaq; ~ of fish
spear 223 kakiaq
pronoun: 173 inaŋiun
pronounce: 551 tai-
pronunciation: 551 taiñiq
proof: 563 taŋiq
prop: 29 akivik-, 111 ayagutchiq-, 137
 ikivġiq-; ~ oneself up with the
hands 111 ayapiq-
propel: ~ boat by poling 111 ayaktuq-1
propeller: 67 aŋuutit
proper: 146 iluaq-, iłuaq-
properly: 146 iluamik, iłuamik; V ~ 841
-mmaġiksaaq-
property: 530 suġaliq, suġautaq; acquire
~ 530 suġallak-
prophesy: ~ using solitaire cards 359
paasauraq- (Ti)
prophet: 642 uqaqti
prospective: ~ home buyer 120
iglusiyumalaaqtuaq
prosper: 385 pilluataq-, pillautaq-
prostitute: 27 akiitchuq, 41 allatuqti
protect: 438 qaunagi-, 496 saput-
protection: 57 anniitkutaq, anniyaitkutaq
protective: 56 anniġi-, anniqsrautu-; ~
cover for index and middle
fingers 449 qillutik; ~ enclosure
478 saaġuaq(-); feel ~ 506
siġñigi-, siġnigi- (Ti)
protest: 25 aka-; not ~ 152 ilatchiq-
protrude: 409 qatchiraaq(-)
protruding: ~ jaw 527 sivvuŋa-
protuberance: 409 qatchiraaq(-)
provide: ~ a N 794 -lIq-1; ~ life’s
necessities for another 412
qaġapkaq-
provider: 387 piñiaqti; be a good ~ 387
piñialgu-
provisions: 565 taquaq; ~ box 565
taquaqaġvik; run short of ~ 175
inuqtuq-; supply with ~ 565
taqurrit-
prowler: 183 iñuqun, 199 iriġaq (Ti)
prudence: 438 qaunakłaaġun
prudent: 208 isumatu-
prune: 83 asiaqpak (Ti)
pry: ~ loose 85 ataŋiq-, 426 qanŋuq-, 439
qauq-
psyche: 200 irrusiq
ptarmigan: 433 qargiq; female ~ 19
aġnavik; get black feathers
under chin (of ~) 419 qakiġlusi-
1381
(Nu); ~ intestines 185
iŋaluatchiat; ~ with brown head
feathers 327 nasaulligaq,
nasaullik; ~ without hair under
its claws 121 iglit
ptarmigan willow: 644 uqpivik (Nu)
pubic hair: 593 tiŋak
public hearing: 608 tusaqsiuġniq
pucker: ~ (of fabric) 453 qimmuktit-
puddle: 165 imaġauraq, 166 imauraq (Ti)
puffy: become ~ (of eyes) 400 puktit-
(Ti), 404 puptit-
pug nose: 326 naqsik(-)
pug-nosed: 326 naqsiŋa-
pull: 355 nuqit-; ~ clothing up and tie
with belt 417 qaksrukkak-;
continue to ~ 355 nuqiqsraq-,
nuqimik-, nuqimmi-; ~ toward
oneself by grasping its far edge
365 pakiñik-; ~ up and out 48
amuaq-, 49 amuuq-, amuuqqaq-
pull apart easily: 341 ninŋuit-
pull a sled: help ~ 524 sivuġaakkuuq-
pulled out: object that has been ~ 48
amuraq
pulley: 277 kuyapigauraq(-)
pulpit: 38 alġaqsruivik
pulsate: 589 tigliqtaq-; ~ once 589 tiqliq-
pulse: 589 tigliqtaat
pulverize: 266 kitchi-
pulverizer: 266 kitchiñ
pumice: ~ stone 266 kitik(-), 431
qapuk (Ti)
pump: 372 pappaq(-) (Ti); 661
yuggaqtaun; air ~ 372 pappaun
(Ti), 404 puviun; ~ repeatedly
661 yuggaqtaq-; water ~ 422
qallun
punish: 570 tatavsaq-
punishment: 570 tatavsaun
pupil of eye: 455 qiñġun, 557 takkun,
takkugauraq, 586 tautuun
puppet: 61 aŋayakkiiq (Ti), 182
iñuŋŋuaq; name of ~ used in
ancient ceremony 499
Sauyyaġluqaq (Ti); ~ whale boat
 crew 474 qupqaġiaq (Ti)
puppy: 453 qimmiaġruk, 458 qipmiuraq
(Nu)
purple: 589 tigluuraaq(-), 605 tuŋuqtaaq,
tuŋuaqtaaq
purpose: do on ~ 392 pisaaġi-
purse: 403 puukatauraq
pus: 166 immak(-); drain (of ~) 645
uqsruġiak-
push: 593 tinu-; ~ away with a stick 612
tuggaq-; ~ a sled 244 kiavluaq-
(Nu)
pushed up and crack by pressure
from below: ~ (of ice) 389
piqak-, 391 piqu- (Nu)
pursue: 282 malikataq-; ~ men with
sexual intent 67 aŋusiqi-; ~ a
whale paddling fiercely (of boat
crew) 361 paaqtuq-
pursuit: in ~ 185 iŋiġaq-
put: ~ to bed 610 tuttaaqtit; ~ baleen
strips in frame of ice scoop 352
nuluq(-); ~ a border on
something 104 avalu(-); ~
chewing tobacco in one’s
mouth 471 qummirriq- (Nu), 619
uilarriq-; ~ coal in stove 43
alurriq-, alurriqsuq-; ~ corpse
into a coffin 247 kigiunniq(-);
~ gas in 644 uqsriq-; ~ knee on
508 siitquq(-), sitquq(-), 522
sitquq(-); ~ oars on a boat 191
ipusiq-; ~ one arm around each
other 193 iqittaaq-; ~ one’s arms
behind one’s back 45 amaqsi-; ~
in a quandary 427 qanuqsausiiq-;
~ scratch marks 597 titiqtuq-; ~
siding on house 390 piqtaliq-; ~
a side lath on a kayak 71
apummarriq-; ~ skin on a drum
203 isik-, isiaq-; ~ a stick
inside footwear for shaping 439
qauqqusiq-; ~ sod on house or
grave 218 ivruq(-), 219 ivruqsi-;
~ under anesthesia 436
qaurimaiyaq-; ~ up on a shelf 416
1382
qakit-; ~ up roof planks 425
qanak(-); ~ on warm clothing
646 uquqsaq-; ~ a wick on a
lamp 189 ipiqqiq-; ~ wood in
stove 460 qirriq-, qirriqsuq-; ~ on
N 848 ÷muk-
put arm: ~ into sleeve 24 aiq-, 84
asiq(-), 471 qumiumaaq- (Ti); ~s
inside parka 470 qumik-
put aside: 83 asiñuk-, 637 uŋavaq-
put at ease: 610 tutqiksaq-
put away: 598 tugvaq-, 610 tutquq-,
tutquqtuq-
put hand: ~ into something 239 kau-;
~s on one’s hips 111 ayaksi-; ~ s
into pocket 125 igviksimaaq-
(Ti), 239 kaumaaq- (Ti)
put into: ~ a container 132 iki-1, iku-; ~
a covered hole 304 muġruk-; ~
mouth 646 uqummiq-,
uqummirriq-; ~ mouth to chew
562 tamurriq-
put meat: ~ in a pot to cook 116
igarriq-; ~ on a spit for roasting
223 kakiak(-) (Ti); ~ in
underground ice cellar 505
siġluaq(-); ~ out to dry 370
paniqsi-
put on any article of clothing or
accessory: (see names of articles
of clothing or accessories); 92
ati-2; unintentionally ~
backwards 480 salliqi-
put to sea: ~ in boat 479 saavit-
puzzle: jigsaw ~ 217 iviqtitaġaat
Q
quake: ~ (of land) 157 iliqsraq-,
iliġraq- (Ti)
qualified: 385 pilla-
quality: one with highest ~ of being V
or V-ing 824 -łhaaq(-); have the
highest ~ of being V or V-ing
824 -łhaaq(-)
quandary: be in a ~ 427 qanuqsausiiq-
quarrel: 25 aiva- (Nu); 29 akiuġuti-, 426
 qanaaq-, 430 qapiqtauti-; go over
to ~ with someone 530 suġruk-; ~
over something trivial 386
pilliqi-, piłłiqi-
quarrelsome: 426 qaniqaq-, qannaġik-
quarter: 473 qupitchuŋaq
quartz: 645 ¤uqsruuraq (Nu)
queen (suit in playing cards): 18 aġnaq
queasy: feel ~ after eating too much
seal oil 644 uqsriñŋu-
question: 70 apiqqun, apiqsruun
questionable: ~ N 757 -kkaluaq2
quick: 22 aġyuuq-, 71 aptatqik-, 531
suka-, sukat-, 619 uima-
quickly: 448 qilamik, qilamipiaġataq; ~
and competently help someone
57 anniqsuqtiq-; do ~ 531
sukasaq-; move ~, but not
too ~ 531 sukasałauraq-; take
time to V ~ 791 -liktuq-; V ~,
impetuously 1056 +tuula-; V ~
5 -liq-2, 856 +nasuaq-, 1030
3
mt/liq- , 1046 +tualuk-; V ~ with
finesse 1058 +tuuraq-; V ~
without finesse 1050 +tuq-1
quick-tempered: 208 isumanikit-
quiet: 342 nipait-, 483 saima-; become ~
342 nipaiġuti-, nipaiq-,
nipaiġutiuraq-, 343 nivruiġuti-,
nivruiġutiuraq-; force someone to
be ~ 342 nipaisit-
quietly: play ~ 342 nipaisaaq-
quilt: 408 qaliġuaq
quit: 18 aġiu-; ~, feeling incapable 377
payyit-
1
quiver : arrow ~ 393 pisiksisaq,
pisiksitchak
2
quiver : 502 sayuġġula- (Ti)
quorum: have a ~ 306 naama-; conduct
a roll call to establish a ~ 307
naamammagaaq-
R 418 qakiġñiq; smell ~ 418
rabid: 284 malukali-; ~ animal 284
malukaliq
race: 592 tikitqaurraq-; run a ~ 398
1383
piyuutraq- (Nu)
rack: drying ~ 176 iññisaq,
iññisat; ~ for melting snow 176
iññitchat; wooden ~ with slats
367 pallisat, pallitchat
racket: make a ~ 108 avsaluk-,
avsaluktaq-, avsatit-
radio: 308 naalaktuaġun, naalaun, 512
silakkuaġun
radius: ~ (arm bone) 136 ikiipkuq
raft: 628 umiaġluk(-)
rail: side ~ of sled 326 naqitaqpik
rain: 512 sialuk(-); frozen ~ and snow
on ground 510 sikuġlak(-),
sikuġlalaaq; frozen ~ 500
saviġuuraq1; very light ~ 300
miñikłuk
rainbow: 259 kinnaum nigaŋa, kinnaq
niggiqsuq (Nu), 335 nigatchiaq,
600 tulimaaq, tulimaq, tulimmaq
raincoat: 512 silaluksiun, sialuksiun
rain shelter: 468 qulliġun
raise: ~arm 201 isaaq-; ~ flame of oil
lamp 340 nikuappak-, nikuppak-;
~ head out of water 659
uyagruaq- (Nu)
raisin: 83 asiayaaq (Ti)
rake: 272 kumigaq; snow ~ 365
pakirgutit
ram: 68 aŋutisugruk; medium-sized
~ 626 ullutiksralik; ~ with ladle-
sized horms 444 qayuuttaksralik
ram heads: ~ (of sheep) 225 kałuk-
rambunctious: 377 piala-; become ~
377 piallak-; cause someone to
become ~ 377 pialatchi-,
piallai-
ramp: ~ used to disembark from a
boat 345 niggun; whaling camp
ice ~ 48 ammuaq
rancid: 418 qakiŋa-; become ~ 418
qakiq-1, qakiġñiliq-; ~ meat or oil
qakiġñit-; taste ~ 418 qakilanaq-
rancor: 535 sunŋun
ransom: 346 niuviq(-), 569 tasuq-,
 tasuun
rapids: 213 itimniq (Nu), 483 saġvauraq
(Nu)
rarely: V ~ 910 -pqaqtaq-
rash: break out in fever ~ 53 aniuq-
(Ti); develop a ~ 637 uŋi- (Nu),
uŋilak-, uŋŋi-; have a ~ 401
pupik(-); have a diaper ~ 652
uuq-; itchy ~ 401 pupik(-)
rasp: ~ for bone 499 saunniqun
rat: 108 aviŋŋaqpak
ratification: 319 nalupqinaiyaun
ratify: 319 nalupqinaiq-
ration: 330 nauttaaq-
rattle: 106 aviluqtaun; ~ on net line 511
sikutaq2
Raven: 601tulugaq
raw: ~, thawed meat 619 uilaq(-); ~,
frozen meat or fish 464 quaq(-)
rawhide: caribou ~ 611 tuttuġaviñiq;
cook ~ 461 qisivviuq-; cooked ~
461 qisivak
reach: ~ a community 178 iññiññaq-; ~
a destination 232 kaŋillit-, 253
killi- (Nu), 592 tikit-; ~ area
under something 90
ataanuaglaaq-; for someone to ~
the top before one does 33
akpai-; ~ the limit 232 kaŋillit-; ~
N 848 ÷muaglaaq-; ~ shore 600
tulak-; ~ the summit after a
difficult climb 22 aġviq-
reach in and grab: 202 isairaġaq-
react belatedly: 78 aquvaaq-
read: 551 taiguaq(-)
ready: 214 itqanait-; get ~ 214
itqanaiyaq-; get ~ to go 499
savaiyaq-; ~ to V with
anticipation 1110 +yumalaaq-;
one ~ to perform 638
upaluŋailaaq
real: ~ N 903 -piaq(-)1
reality: become ~ 563 taŋŋiq-
realize: 82 asiġui-; ~ that one did V
779 -lgiññIq-; ~ that one has V,
is V-ing, or is V 975 msima-1
1384
rear1: to the ~ 261 kiŋumun
rear2: ~ an animal 369 pamiq-,
pamiqsaq-
rear sight: ~ on gun 211 itchuaġiaq
reassurance: have no one to turn to
for ~ 455 qiñiġviksrait-
rebel: 360 paaqłak-
rebuke: 176 iñiq-, 177 iñiqtiq-, iniqtiq-
(Ti), 528 suak-
recently: 209 isvaq, 428 qaŋakisuuraq,
qaŋaqqammiuraq; ~ V-ed 931
±qqammIq-; one which ~ V-ed
931 ±qqammiaq
receptacle: ~ for trash or dry dirt 310
naaptiġun; ~ to catch drippings
274 kutchiilisaq, kutchiqpik; to
set a ~ out 274 kutchiilitchiq-,
kutchitchiq- (Ti)
reciprocal: 105 avanmun
reciprocity: 105 avanmun
recite: 553 taimuŋaaq-
reclaim: 63 aŋiuq-, 569 tasuq-, 584
tatuq- (Ti), tatui-
recognition: source of ~ 155 ilitchuqqun
recognize: 154 ilisaġi-, 243 kisuiq-;
almost ~ 619 uiġak-; cause
oneself to be ~ed 531 sukuiqsit-;
~ each other 154 ilisaqquti-;
finally ~ 531 sukuiġi-; think that
one ~ someone 154 ilisakunat-;
scrutinize and ~ someone in the
distance 531 sukuiq-
recognized: have a fault ~ by others 284
maluŋnaq-
recognizable: 154 ilisaġnaq-
recompense: 360 paaqłiq-
reconcile: 153 ilauraaliuq-
record: 15 aglauti-, agliuti-, 597 titquti-;
music ~ 95 atuun; have a good ~
281 maqpiġaaġik-, makpiġaaġik-;
have a bad ~ 281 maqpiġaaġiit-,
makpiġaaġiit-; ~ of meeting
proceedings 237 kasimanġit; ~
voices 349 nuksi-
recorded: 15 agliusima-
recording: make a tape ~ of songs 95
 atuusiqi-
recover: ~ from illness or disease 329
natqik-, 350 nukiñik-, 449
qillutaiq-, 538 surruiq-; rest in
order to ~ 329 natqiksiaq-,
natqiksiq-, 483 sailli-
recreationally: V ~ 755 +kisaaq(-)
recruit a partner: 122 iglunnak- (Nu)
rectangle: 232 kaŋiġallulik takiłhuaŋaaq
recuperate: 295 mavsiq-
red: bright ~ 240 kaviġruaq-,
kavviaġik-, kavviġik-; color ~
240 kaviqsaaq; 240 kaviq-;
slightly ~ 240 kaviġuraq-;
something ~ 240 kaviqhak
red alpine bearberry: 68 aŋurvak, (Nu)
aŋutvak
Red Breasted Merganser: 75
aqpaqsruayuuq, 364 paisugruk
red fox: 240 kavviaq, 242 kayuqtuq
red-hot: become ~ 101 aumali-
redden: 240 kaviqsi-
reddish: 240 kavialliuti-, kavikavsak-
Red-necked Grebe: 75 aqpaqsruayuuq,
530 suġlitchauraq
Red Phalarope: 99 auksruaq
red squirrel: 486 sakłataiyaq
Red-throated Loon: 433 qaqsrauq
redeem: 569 tasuq-, 346 niuviq(-)
redeemer: 569 tasuqsaqti
redemption: 569 tasuqtauniq
Redpoll: 486 saksakiq, saksaŋiq,
saksaŋiuraq, 644 uqpiksiuyuk
refrain: 427 qanuqsaaŋit-; ~ a desire 354
nunummi-
refreeze: for thawing snow to ~ 459
qiqsruqqaq(-)
refrigerator: 335 nigliñaqtuaqaġvik,
nigliñaqaġvik (Nu)
refrozen: fragile, ~ ice 230 kaniqtaq; ~
crack 356 nutaġun; ~ slush 446
qiġuviak
refuse to include someone: 386
pimiulugi-
regardless: 151 ilaiññaq, ilaiññaq unnii;
308 naaggaunnii
1385
register: 92 atchii-
regret: expression of ~ 483 saiñġusuun;
feel ~ 610 tutqaasuk-; ~ a loss
445 qigluk-2
regretful: become ~ 484 saiñġitchak-
regularly: to think that one might be
doing something ~ 390
piraġaġasuga- (used with
Appositonalis Mood)
regulations: 85 atanniqsimanniktuat
reign: 628 umialgu-
reindeer: 471 qunŋiq; ~ herder 471
qunŋilaaq
reindeer lichen: 343 niqaaq
reindeer moss: 413 qaġliuraq (Nu)
reject: 113 ayak-3, 115 ayyai-, 312
naġġu-, 386 piluaq-; a ~ 386
piluku; ~ someone 180 iñugluaq-
rejuvenated: 392 pirraġiksi-
relapse: 149 ilalġusiq-
relate: ~ upsetting information 83
asiŋŋuqsaaq-
related: 148 ilagiik(-); person whom
one is related to in several ways
560 tamanġun; siblings ~
through traditional spouse
exchange 435 qataŋŋutigiit
relationship: 148 ilagiigñiq; ~ where N
is the topic 698 +[g]iik(-); enter
into a ~ where N is the topic
699 +[g]iiksit-
relative: 148 ila(-), 151 ilannaq,
ilauraaq; distant ~ 18 aġġutaq2,
110 avvasaaq; have many ~s
151 ilau-2; have no ~s 149
ilait- ;step~ 14 agitchiaq; lose a ~
to death149 ilaiq-,150 ilaŋiq-; ~
who is one’s true friend 533
sulliññauraq
relax: 530 suilli-; ~ outside 52
aniiqsuaq-
release: 100 aullaqtit-, 383 pilit-; ~ an
arrow 139 iksaq-; ~ from one’s
clenched teeth 618 uġiaq-(Ti); ~
out of confinement 52 anipkaq-;
~ spirits associated with charms
 100 aullaqtitchi- (Ti); ~ a stone
from a sling 139 iksauti-
reliable: 161 ilumuuq-
relieve: 26 akiaq-
relish: 242 kayumigi-
relocate: 349 nuktiq-, nuut-
reluctant: ~ to V 992 +[s]uvyuaq-; ~ to
butcher animals 409 qaaliŋa-
remainder: 149 ilakutaq
rematch: present a ~ 49 anakkit-
remember: 215 itqaq-; ~ all 215 itqaa-;
cause one to ~ 625 uliqtitchi-; ~
a good luck dream 509
sikkiqsiuq-, sikkiuma-; now, I ~
1153 +liqaa2; ~ suddenly 215
itqaniqłak-
remind: 215 itqaqtit-
remnant: 157 iliġniku(-), iliġniq; ~ of
skin 47 amiku
remorse: feel ~ 147 iluilaqtuq-,
iłuilaqtuq-, 354 nunuuraq-, 610
tutqaasuk-; full of ~ 208 isumaaq-,
isumaaluk-
remorseful: become ~ 610 tutqaatchak-
remove: 379 piiq-, 380 piiyaq-;
completely ~ the guts 467
qukinni-; ~ N 734 :Iq-2, 741
:Iyaq-; ~ oneself from another’s
presence 336 niguuti-; ~ skin of
sea mammal without cutting the
fur 333 nayuk-
render: ~ useless 396 piunġiq-
rendered oil: 118 iginniq
renew: 356 nutaq-
rent: ~ it out 96 atukkirruti-; pay ~ 96
atuusiq-2
repair: 356 nutaq-, 601 tumaqsruq-; go ~
something 499 savagiaq-
repeatedly: V ~ 1000 -t/raġalIq-, 1035
-tqigaaq-
repent: 208 isumalitqik-
reply: 267 kiggun, kiggusiaq; lack a ~
267 kiggutait-
replace: 515 simmausiq-, simmiliq-; ~
someone 145 illiuti-,
report: ~ that one is also here 209
1386
inmiñiq-; ~ that one is V, V-ing,
or V-ed 860 +nI-1, 869 +nIq-1
reported: it is ~ that 1151 -gguuq
repossess: 63 aŋiuq-, 569 tasuq-
repress: ~ a desire 354 nunu-
reproach: 528 suak-
reprimand: 528 suak-; be cause of
repeated ~s 641 uqaġnaqutau-
reptile: mythical ~ 597 tiritchiq
repulsed: 304 muayuk-, muayugi-,
muayukchak-; ~ by something
409 qaaliŋagi-
request: 70 apiqsriaq, 395 pitqun; 70
apiqsri-; ~ to V or be V-ed 1037
-[t]qu-
require a lot of work and bother 538
suraksraqtu-
requirement: 378 pigiraksraq, 391
piraksriaq
research: 452 qimilġuuq-; reach end of
~ 233 kaŋŋit-; ~ one’s genealogy
233 kaŋŋiuq-
rescue: 56 anniqsuq-, annaun, annauti-
resemble: 40 allaksrait-; come to ~ 155
ili-2
resembles: one that ~ this 210 innasiq,
iminnasiq, iminnaasiq; one that ~
that 554 tainnasiq
resembling: ~ the V-ing 844 +mmatun;
~ a N 1147 ÷tun
resentful: become ~ 208
isumanŋutchak-; feel ~ 388
piŋiññiġaq-
resentment: show ~ 388 piŋa-
resident: ~ of N 839 ÷miu, +miuq
residue: 259 kiñalluq, kiññaġluk (Ti),
563 taŋiku; seal oil ~ 405 puya
resilience: have ~ 528 suama-
resilient: ~ 528 suama-
resin: 274 kutchuq, 647 urratchiaq
resist: 258 kinatak-, kiŋatak-; ~ impact
28 akiŋŋaq-
resoluteness: 603 tuniqsimman
resolution: 36 akuqtuaq, akuqtuqtaq, 174
inillaun; proposed ~ 36
akuqtuaksraq
resolve a situation: 65 aŋiiyaq-
resonance: have good ~ 167 imiakpatit-
resonant: 106 aviluq-, 167 imiak-
resonate: 106 aviluqtit-, 436 qarraq(-),
qarraatit-; ~ repeatedly 106
aviluqtaq-
resound: 436 qarraatitaq-
resounding noise: cause something to
make a ~ 106 aviluqtit-; make a
sudden, loud ~ 107 avilutit-, 293
masamatit-
respect: 448 qiksiñ, qiksiksrautiqaġniq,
84 atanġi-, 447 qikigi-, qiksigi-,
qiksiksraq-; have no ~ 532
suksraġiŋit-; show no ~ for
authority 250 kiiñaġniq-; ~ taboo
472 quŋuqsrau-; worthy of ~ 226
kamanaq(-)
respectable: 316 nalaunŋa-
respectability: 316 nalaunŋaruaq
respectful: 447 qiksiksrautiqaq-; ~ of
taboo 265 kiruqtau- (Ti)
respond: 26 aki(-)
responsible: 438 qaunatqik-
responsibility: 499 savaaksraun
rest: 299 minġuiqsiaq-, 384
pilaiŋaiqsiaq-, 439 qauriaq-, 632
unaŋuiqsiq-; ~ lying down 315
naluraaq-
restaurant: 336 niġġiyyaġvik, niġġivik
restless: 661 yuġri-
resurrect: 63 aŋipkaq-
resurrected: already ~ 63 aŋianik-
resurrected being: 63 aŋiñiq
resurrection: 63 aŋŋiñ
retaliate: 28 akisaq-
retarded: 1 aamaŋa-
retch: 626 ulittaq-
return: 649 utiq-, uttaq-; ~ a borrowed
item 649 utiqtit-
return home: ~ after been gone a long
time 22 aggiqi- (Nu), 63 aŋilġaq-
return en masse: 649 utaa-
reveal: 481 satqummiq-, 486 salapqiq-
revealed: 486 salapqiq-
revelation: 486 salapqiqsauruaq
1387
reverberate: 435 qasiŋŋuqtaq-
revenge: 28 akisaurriñiq; take ~ 28
akisaq-
reverence: 447 qiksiksraun
reverse: 649 utinmun; go in ~ 262
kiŋuppiaqtuq-
review: 452 qimilġuuq-
revitalized: 528 suammak-
revive: 63 aŋi-2
reward: 27 akiliusiaksraq, akiliusiaq;
478 quyanaaġusiq-; ~ someone 94
attausiq-
Rhinocerus Auklet: 77 aqtuaq
rhubarb: wild ~ 472 quŋulliq
rib: 600 tulimaaq; floating ~ 358
nuvuliġaq
ribbon seal: 414 qaiġulik
ribs: ~ of caribou 256 kiligautiksrat
rich: 628 umialgu-
rickrack: 497 saquuppilugauraq
ride low in water (of boat): 399 pukkit-,
pukłi-
ride onboard once in a while: 648
usiaqsiluu-
ridge: 453 qimiġaaq, 464 quagruk; ~
down front of nose 456
qiŋarraaq (Nu); ice pressure ~
220 ivuniq; high ~ that
originates from a mountain
slope 498 satqagruaq; low ~ 453
qimiaġruk
ridgepole: ~ of tent 605 tupiqtuun,
tupqutaq; ~ of house 613 tuurraq
ridicule: 659 uvyauq-, uvyak-
rifle: 536 suppun; aim a ~ 129 iiguti-,
iigusima-; automatic ~ 365
pakigaġnaq; ~ bolt 635 unŋuq;
bolt action ~ 636 unŋulik;
flintlock ~ 16 aŋmaaqtalik,
akmaaqtalik (Nu); forty-four
caliber ~ 501 saviligaq;
forty-five-sixty caliber ~ 501
savilikpak (Ti); forty-five-seventy
caliber rifle 65 aŋmailaq (Ti),
aŋmailaġruaq (Nu); muzzler-
loader ~ 270 kiviiraq (Nu);
 thirty-thirty caliber ~ 436
qatiqtualik; thirty-forty caliber ~
30 akimialik; .45-.70 brass ~ 16
agmailaq, 51 ¤anautailaq (Ti);
stock of ~ 633 unaqsiqsaq
right: ~ arm ~ 558 taliqpik; ~ side 558
taliqpik; to the ~ 558
taliqpiñmun
right angle: 232 kaŋiġalluk
right away: 448 qilamiqsruatchiaq-, 588
tavrauvvaa
right now: 31 akkupak, 657 uvvapak (Ti)
right there: ~ close by 587 tavraqiuraq
righteousness: 315 nakuun, 316
nalaunŋasiñiq
rim: 104 avalu, 515 siñiġun
rime: 230 kaniġaaġruk(-) (Nu)
ring1: ~ (jewelry) 461 qitiqłiaġun; ~ in
tree 187 ipak; main decoration
on ~ or bracelet 4 aakupak
ring2: 35 akuġluk(-), 106 aviluqtaq-,
aviluġaq-, 436 qattauraq(-); ~
loud 523 sivanau-; ~ of ears 107
aviu-, 167 imigluk-
ring3: ~ encircling something 222
kaipsaluaġun (Nu), kaivaġun;
make ~s (of object falling into
water) 211 itauri-
ringed seal: 443 qayaġulik
ringworm: 336 niguyaq(-), 389 piŋuyaq;
infected by ~s 336 niguyaqtuq-
rinse: 126 iġġuq-, 616 uaq-, uaqtiq-
rinse water: 616 uaġun
rinsing tub: 616 uaqtiġvik
rip: 39 alik-; 39 allaq1; ~ a seam 255
kiluiyaq-; ~ in the seam 255
kiluaġniq; make a sound as it ~s
504 sigaatit-; ~ (of seam) 255
kiluaq-; ~ off 279 makłuaq-
ripple: dark ~ on water 446 qiġñiġaq
(Nu); ~ on ice 415 qaiġilġuq (Nu);
~ on water 104 avalluaġniq, 414
qailliaqsruk(-), qailliaġruk(-); ~ on
surface of snow 444 qayuqłak
ripsaw: 474 quvluun, qupluun (Nu)
riptide: 420 qalat
1388
rise: ~ (of bread dough) 404 puvlak-,
puvsaq- (Ti); bread dough set
aside to ~ 405 puvlaksiaq
risky: 51 anayanaq-,
rival: 122 iglusuk
river: 275 kuuk1; deep part of ~ 411
¤qagluluktuaq; create/build a ~
275 kurri-
rivers: 275 kurgit, kuugit; two ~ 275
kurrak
riverbank: steep, undercut ~ 457
qipaluaq
river current: carry something along,
of ~ 536 supputi-; downstream ~
53 anisaġniq; hole in ocean ice
made by ~ at mouth of the river
53 anniññiq; upstream ~ 424
qamanaaq1 (Nu)
road: 70 apqun; build a ~ 70 apqusiuq-;
built a ~ there 70 apqusiq-
roar: 617 ugiala-, ugialla-; ~ (of fire) 135
ikuala-
roaring : make a distant ~, thundering
noise 167 imigluk-; make
continual ~ sound 215 ittuk-
roast: ~ on a spit 80 argiq-; ~ fish on a
skewer 437 qau-2 (Nu); ~ in oven
488 samuunnaaq-3
roasted: ~ meat 37 algiq(-) (Ti); meat ~
on spit 80 argiqsaq
roaster: 166 imailaqtuun
rob: 217 ivayaqtuq-, 589 tigligai-
robber: 590 tigguyuk
Robin: 229 kanayuuraq
rock: 659 uyaġak; greenish-colored ~
433 qaqsuqtuq (Nu)
rock back and forth: 4 aałhutaaq-
Rock Ptarmigan: 339 niksaaktuŋiq
rod: divining ~ 450 qilagautaq;
shaman’s conjuring ~ 450 qillan;
iron ~ for harpoon shaft 118
igimaq
roll: 33 aksrak-, aksralik-; ~ back (of
eyes) 446 qiiŋa-; ~ a cigarette
172 imuri-1, 505 sigarri-; cause to
~ over 260 kiñŋut-; ~ easily 658
 uvaaya-; ~ into a ball 26
akavalik- (Nu); ~ one’s sleeves up
469 qulvaq-, qurvaq-; ~ one’s
torso left to right 313 naiññiq-; ~
onto the back (of whale) 11
aatqik-1; ~ over 260 kiñŋu-; ~
sideways (of boat) 658 uvaagaq-;
~ something up 171 imu-; ~ up
one’s sleeves 233 kaŋivaqtaaq-;
roll call: 209 inmagaaġniq, inmagaaq-
roll up: ~ (of an object to the
disadvantage of the person
dealing with the object) 172
imuri-2
rolled oats: 591 tiġriŋŋuat
rolling: ~ crest of wave on ocean 626
ulivrik(-); ~ thunder 225
kalluala(-); ~ tundra 353
nunavik
roof: 406 qaa(-), 450 qilak(-)1; go on the
~ 366 paŋmuŋaq-
roof beams: 450 qilait
roof planks: 450 qilaŋa; short ~ below
skylight 174 initqauran
room: have lots of ~ 173 inaukkaq-, 174
initu-; have no ~ 173 inait-; have
no ~ left 173 iniksraiġuti-; ~ in a
house 173 inauraq; prepare
a ~ 173 iniksriuq-; run out of ~
173 iniksraiq-; search for ~ 173
iniksraqsiuq-
roomy: become ~ 174 initusi-
root: 232 kaŋiq; long, tree ~ 333
niaqunak; ~ of plant 289
maŋŋuq; ~ of a word 289
maŋŋuq; small, thin ~ of plant
188 ipiq (Nu); tool used for
digging ~s 293 masuliñ,
masunniun, masusiun
rootlet: small secondary ~ 45 amaaq1
rope: 32 akłunaaq; coiled ~ 171
immuaq; potential ~ 452
qimiksraq; to provide a ~ for
32 akłunarriq-; ~ tied to end of
net 456 qiñŋusaaq; ~ used to tie
load securely to sled or boat
1389
326 naqitaġun
rosehip: 124 igruŋnaq
rot: 96 au-
rotate in circle: 235 kiavallak-
rotation: 245 kiavallagun
rotten: ~ ice 97 auniq; ~ piece removed
380 piiyaku; something ~ 97
auŋaraq
rough: 247 kigrak, kigirak- (Nu),
kiglak-, 286 maniit-, 406
qaaġrait- (Nu), 415 qaiġiit-,
qaiġit- (Nu); become ~ (of sea)
411 qaggattuq-; ~ (of skin) 47
amiġluk(-); ~ (of blade) 248
kiglak(-) (Nu), 407 qaaġraq-
(Nu); bumpy and ~ (of dried
hide) 197 iqsuliŋa-; ~ (of water)
165 imaġluk-, 283 malliq(-), 411
qagraluk (Ti); ~ surface 286
maniilaq; travel through ~ seas
411 qaggiuq-, 414 qailliuq-;
travel through ~ terrain 415
qaiġilliuq- (Ti)
Rough-legged Hawk: 451 qilġiq
roughly: ~ crimped soles 289 maŋiksat;
drag ~ 224 kalikhaaq-,
kaliukhaaq-; ~ filed blade of
knife 406 qaagrak; seize ~ 589
tigguġluk-; take hold of ~ 461
qisuk- (Ti); treat ~ 378
piaqłuktaq-, 382 pikałłaktaq, 397
piyaaġi-
round: 16 agmaluq-, aŋmaluq-, 78
aqvaluq-, aġvaluq- (Ti), 245
kiapsaluqtaq (Nu)
round whitefish: 500 saviġuunnaq
route: 120 iglauyaaq, igliġiaq2; go
forward by the most direct ~
317 nalimuu-; go take the ~
there 561tamaunnaaġiaq-; meet
a dead end and take another ~
490 samnaaq-
routinely: V ~ 752 ±kasak-
row: 191 iput-
rowdy: 377 piala-
rub: ~ against 323 nanuiqasiraq-; ~
 liniment on 323 nanuluk-; ~ on
323 nanuk-
rub and twist: 627 uluk-
rubber band: 569 tasiraġaaq
rubber boot: 58 anŋiqpak
rubbing alcohol: 134 ikirrutigraq (Ti)
rudder: 78 aquun
Ruddy Turnstone: 601 tullignaq
rug: 609 tunmavik, tunmiġaq
ruin: 291 maqut-, 532 suksraunġiq-; go
and ~ 291 maqutchiyyaq-; ~ of
an old building 630 ummaq
ruins: camp or house ~ 173 iniġruat;
sod house ~ 630 umiŋniq
ruler: measuring ~ 653 uuktuun, 695
titiqtuun (Nu)
rules: 85 atanniqsimanniktuat
rumble: ~ of stomach 470 quluula-,
quluquluu-
rumen: 338 niġukkaq
ruminant: 338 niġukkalik
rummage surreptiously: 364
pakauraq-; ~ determinedly 365
pakauravik-
rump: 275 kuutchiñiq
run1: 75 aqpat-; ~ about aqpaliġaq-, 457
qipiktuq-; ~ down 89 arvik-; ~
hard for a short distance 75
aqpaliqsuq-; ~ into taut line and
have one’s nose pushed up 326
naqsiŋayaaq-; try to ~ 75
aqpanniaq-; ~ very fast 75
aqpaqsruq-; ~ with 75 aqparruti-,
aqpatqasiq-
2
run : ~ on one of a pair of parts 122
iglupiaqtaq-
run short of something: 46 amikkit-
run out of supplies: 381 piksraiq-, 530
suiġuti-
run over: ~ something with a vehicle
16 aglugi-
runner1: 75 aqpaqsruqti; a fast ~ 643
uqilaruunnaq; be a fast ~ 643
uqila-; be a slow ~ 643 uqilait-;
marathon ~ during Kivgiq 75
aqpataq
1390
runner2: ~ of kayak 503 siaksraaq; ~
of sled 511 siku3; longitudinal
outer side ~ of umiak frame
604 tunusiġaq; longitudinal
inner side ~ of skinboat frame
613 tuurvik, tuulvik (Ti);
longitudinal lower inner side ~
of umiak frame 658
uvaagiitkutaq
running: 75 aqpaliuramik
rush: 398 piyyaq-, 638 upaluaŋa-; ~
about 71 aptatilaaq- 448
qilamiqsruq-; ~ eagerly 639
upit-, upisalak-; ~ directly 638
upak-, upaktuq-; ~ in and up (of
cold air) 296 mayuala-; ~ out to
someone 380 pikirraqi- (Nu)
rush to be first: 359 paatchaqtu- (Ti)
Russian: 647 Uruusiq
rust: qaliq(-); 408 qaliq(-)
Rusty Blackbird: 601 tulugagnauraq,
¤tulukkatun ittuq
rut: male seal in ~ 250 kiiñaaq, 589
tiggagniq; bull caribou in ~ 351
nuliaġniq
S
Sabine’s Gull: 118 igirraq, 194
iqirgagiaq, 433 qargagiaq (Nu)
sack: burlap ~ 297 miitchuk; gunny ~
43 aluaqsaun; used ~ 404 puuku
sacred object: 470 quluguguluq (Ti)
sacrifice: 25 aitchuun
sad: be very ~ 189 ipiqtusuk-; try to
make ~ 189 ipiqtusaaq-
sadness: cause ~ 189 ipiqtunaq-
safe: 51 anayanait-
safety pin: 224 kakkiñ, kakkisi,
kakkigauraq
said: it is ~ that 1151 -gguuq
sail: 594 tiŋilġautaq, tiŋilġaun; 594
tiŋilġai-, tiŋilġaqsiq-,
tiŋilġautitaq-, tiŋinnaaq-; fore-
and-aft ~ 357 nuvugluktaq (Nu);
main~ 77 aqulliġaq; pointed ~
357 nuvugiksaq (Nu); raise a ~
 594 tiŋilġautchiq-; triangular ~ in
front of the mast 611 tuugauraq;
~ with favorable wind 594
tiŋilġannaaq-
sailboat: 133 igniġilaq, 594
tiŋilġautaqtuqtuaq, 630 umiuraq;
boom of ~ 439 qauqqiñ, 599
tukiqtuun (Nu); centerboard of ~
81 arguġaun, arguqtuun,
argumuktuun; gaff of ~ 439
qauqqigauraq; large, open ~ 629
umiavak (Ti); main sheet of ~ 591
tiġitqiñ (Nu); one-masted ~ 133
igniġilaq atausilik; pointed ~ 357
nuvugiksaq (Nu); sail a ~ 594
tiŋilġautitaq-
sailor: 527 sivuqłiq, sivuġli (Ti)
sale: something for ~ 602 tunnisaq
saliva: 219 ivsa, 174 innuq; ~ drooling
out 465 quġliaq(-)
salivate: ~ from sweet or sour food 508
siiġlit-
salmon: 73 aqalugruaq (Ti)
salt: 551 taġiuq(-); 551 taġġirriq-; let ~
settle out of sea ice to make
fresh water 260 kiñitchiq-1; soak
in ~ water 551 taġġitchii-
salt lick: 43 alugvik
salty: no longer ~ 551 taġiiq-
sample: 653 uuk-
sand: 278 maġġaq, 279 maġia; fine ~ 441
qavia; very fine ~ 441
qaviarauraq, qaviaraaq
sandal: 42 aluġun
sandbar: 278 maġġaraaq, 564 tapqaq1; ~
in lake 564 tapqaġnaq; narrow ~
597 tirraq
Sanderling: 75 aqpaqsruayuuq, 258
kimmitquilaq (Nu)
sandpiper: Pectoral ~ 25 aiviqiak, 405
puvviaqtuuq; Spotted ~ 139
iksriktaayuuq; Semipalmated
277 ~ livalivaq; Least ~ 277
livalivauraq, lavluġauraq;
Baird’s ~ 357 nuvaksruk, 405
puvviaqtuuyaaq; Buff-breasted
1391
~ 405 puvviaqtuuq, 498
satqagiilaq; Red-backed ~ 444
qayuuttavak; Solitary ~ 474
qupilġuqsiuġayuk (Nu); Spotted
~ 643 uqłaqtaq
sandstone: 522 siuġaq
sanitary napkin: 280 makkaun (Ti)
sap: 219 ivsa, 303 misuq
sardine: 73 aqaluayaaq (Ti)
satiated: 393 pisuguiq-, 396 pituġuiq-;
become ~ 74 aqiattuq-
satisfaction: V to one’s ~ for one last
time 986 +[s]uiqsaaq-
satisfied: 313 nakiqsi-; ~ fully 26
akayugnaiq-, 393 pisuguiq-
satisfy: ~ one’s desire 394 pisuiq-
saturated: 167 immit-, 219 ivsak-
Saturday: 210 Itchaksriġñiq, 211
Itchaksriq-
Savannah Sparrow: 5 aanaruiñ
suliuqpa, 644 uqpiksiuġayuk
saucer: 89 alliġauraq
sausage: 649 usuŋnaq (Ti)
save: 56 annauti-; ~ and set aside 300
miñaq-; ~ fat skimmed from
broth 399 puiññi-; ~ food for
later; ~ for 649 utaqqisi-
savings bank: store: 610 tutquqsivik
saviour: 56 annaurri
saw: 627 uluaqtuun, uluun, uluaqtuq-;
bend teeth of a ~ 264 kiputtaq-;
cross-cut ~ 263 kivluun; two-
man ~ 627 uluaqtuutiġruaq
sawdust: 627 uluaġniġit; particle of ~
627 uluqqaq
say: 551 tai-; ~ N 915 +q-2
say or do this: 210 innaq-
scab: 47 amiġluk(-), 371 pannaġluk(-)
(Ti), 408 qaliġluk(-) (Ti), 408
qalli, 409 qasalluq; form a ~ 47
amiġluk(-), 371 pannaġluk(-) (Ti)
scabies: 401 pupik(-)
scale: 645 uqumaisilaaġun
scale: fish~ 240 kavisiq; one with ~s 241
kavisilik; remove ~s off fish 241
kavisiiyaq-
scapula: 244 kiasik
scar: ~ 449 qilġuq, qiliġuq; ~ from a
burn 652 uutiġniq
scarce: ~ of game 66 aŋŋutait-
scarcity: experience the ~ of N 755
-killiuq-
scare: try to ~ someone 196 iqsisaaq-,
409 qaallaksaq-
scarred: 47 amiġluk(-)
scatter: 503 siak-, siamit-, siavsi-,
siavyak- (Ti), 517 siqillaq- (Ti),
560 tamallaq-; ~ and lose
something 503 siakkaaq-
scent: ~ of N 984 +sugnIq
school: 300 miŋuaqtuġvik; attend ~ 300
miŋuaqtuq-; former ~ 300
miŋuaqtuġvikaaq; go to ~ 300
miŋuaqtuġiaq-
schoolmate: 142 ilaaluq (Ti)
scientist: 452 qimilġuiri
scissors: 486 sallisik
scold: 109 avutqak-, 528 suak-, sualuk-;
begin to ~ 528 suanaguti-
scolded: constantly ~ 528 suaksiq-
scoop: 142 ilaaq(-); ice ~ 142 ilaaġun,
ilaun, ilaaqtuun, 303 mitiŋiun,
395 pitiŋiun (Ti); ~ slush ice
from a fishing hole 395 pitiŋiq-
(Ti)scorch: 145 iliktit-, iliktitaq-;
accidently ~ something 145
iliktitchi-; ~ food 343 nipititchii-,
652 uutiq-
scorched: become ~ 373 pasik-
scorpion: 125 igutchaqpak kapputilik
scoundrel: 281 makvak
scout: 527 sivuqqiaq- (Nu); ~ for game
from a vantage point 328
nasiqsruaq- (Nu), nasiqsriaq-,
nasiqsruġiaq-
scramble to obtain tossed items: 359
paatchuk
scrap: 157 iliġniku(-), 225 kalikuuraaq
scrape:141 ikuk-, 290 maptukłi-, 256
kilik-, kiligaq-, kiliutaq-, kiliuq-,
257 kimaktuq-, 458 qipuk-,
qipuktuq-, 484 sakivit-, 487
1392
saluk-, 497 satkuutaq- (Nu), 645
uqsruiyaq-; ~ bird skin 67
aŋula-; easy to ~ 141 ikuyunaq-;
~ one’s skin 47 amiiġruk-, 256
kiliuġruk-
scraped: cracking of ~ skin 197
iqsuq(-); ~ baleen 501 savigaaq
(Ti); ~ skin 141 ikuaq, ikuktaq
scraper: 141 ikuun, 497 satkuun2 (Nu);
handle of ~ 257 kimaktuun;
sharpener for ~ 248 kigliñ;
stone head of ~ 270 kukik1
scraping: ~ edge 511 siku2; moisten for
~ 165 imaq(-); support for ~
sealskins being scraped 44 alvik
(Ti), 256 kiligvik, 463 qiuġvik,
484 sakivrun, sakipsiñ, sakivsivik,
sakipsivik; ~ tool 123
igniksriqsiññaq
scratch: 458 qippuq, qipuagniq,
qipuak-, 461 qisuk-, qitchuaq-,
qitchuk-, qipuktuq-, 558 tallik-; ~
mark 461 qitchuŋniq; one with ~
marks 458 qippulik, 461 qitchuq
scream: 106 avaala-; cause someone to
~ 106 avaalatchi-; 342 nipaala-
screen: 479 saakutaq; wind ~ 479
saakutaq
screw: 457 qipputilik; thread on ~ or
pipe 457 qipputit
screwdriver: 64 aŋivraun, 125 iguvsiñ,
457 qippun
scroll: 172 imurat maqpiġaat
scrutinize: 630 umiq-; ~ and recognize
531 sukuiq-; ~ from all sides
346 nivigaq-, 630 umiġuq-; open
and ~ 452 qimilġu-, qimilġuuq-
sculpin: 229 kanayuq
sea: 551 taġiuq(-); ~ ice pushed onto to
shore 72 apuqtinniq
sea anemone: 212 itiq
sea animal: ~ which never surfaces 399
puiyuilaaq (Ti)
seagull: 331 nauyaq; make its
characteristic call (of ~) 463
qiuqit-
sea lion: 617 ugiġñaq (Nu)
sea mammal: 344 niqsaq(-); kill a ~ that
is surfacing 399 puiruq(-); ~ on
top of ice 416 qaksri, qakimaruaq;
~ that is surfacing 399 puiruq(-)
sea snail: 4 aalumiu, aalumiaq
seal: ~ a letter 343 nipitit-
seal: bask (of ~) 417 qakuma- (Ti);
bearded ~ (see bearded seal);
black ~ 278 maġamnasiq; black
fur ~ 312 naġamnasiq; ~ bone
next to hind flipper 466 quik;
braided ~ intestines 470 qulivrat
(Ti); bury a ~ carcass to ferment
207 isivanniqsii-; ~ carcass
buried in sand to cure 207
isivanniq, 523 sivanniq; club a ~ 3
aaġuraq(-)2; dive (of a ~) 191
ipuqhuq-; eat ~ meat 328
natchiqsuq-; handle of ~ line 494
sapaŋiak, sapaŋirraq; infant ~ 328
natchiayaaq; internal organs of
~s 153 ilġavik; kill and catch
one’s first ~ (of a young hunter)
328 natchiñġaq(-); kill and
retrieve a breeding male ~ 589
tiggak-; knee bone of ~ 363
pagvik; knee bones of ~ used as
weights in bolas 363 pagviit;
large, mesh net for trapping ~s
328 natchiqsiun; ~ lung 404
puvagraaq (Ti); male ~ in rut 250
kiiñaaq, 589 tiggak, tiggagniq; ~
pup 328 natchiaġruk; rear
flipper of ~ 522 sitquaq; ~
retrieving hook 118 igiłhaqtuun,
285 manaq(-); ribbon ~ 414
qaiġulik; ringed ~ 328
natchiq(-)1, 443 qayaġulik(-);
rope for ~ retrieving hook 286
manaqtuun; spot a ~ 328
natchiġunaaq-; spotted ~ 435
qasigiaq; ~ stranded on top of ice
359 paamġuaq; taste or smell like
a rutting ~ 589 tiggagnit-; use ~
retrieving hook 285 manaqtuq-;
1393
young ~ 415 qairaliuraq (Ti);
young, spring ~ 415 qairaliq (Ti)
seal’s breathing hole: 42 allu, alluaq;
hunt ~ through their ~ 42
alluaqsiuq-; kill a seal through
it’s ~ 42 allut-, allukuaq-; ~ large
enough to set a net 42 alluvak;
quickly find a ~ 42 allusiliq-; ~
retrieving hook 185 iŋilġaq (Ti),
iŋiłhaq; seal stranded at ~ 359
paamġuaq; wait at ~ 351
nulatchi-, nulataaq-
seal hunting: 328 natchiqsiuq-; ~ boots
295 mauqsruutik (Nu); ~ on ice
295 mauq-, maut-; small
one-man ~ boat 628 umiaġaluk,
umiaġaluuraq, 629 umiaqhiuraq,
umiqhiuraq, umiaġiuraq (Ti); ~
with a net placed below the seal
breathing hole 117 igalaq- (Ti)
seal net: 117 igalaaq, 378 pigaaqsiutik; a
good place to set a ~ 119
igliksraq; rattling bone on ~ 511
sikutaq2; set a ~ 341 niŋitchi-; ~
set in water under the ice 90
atiġun; ~ set horizontally under
a seal’s breathing hole 117
igaliq; ~ set straight down
through a crack in the ice 346
niviŋŋaqun
seal oil: 302 misiġaaq, 644 uqsruq, uqruq
(Nu), uġruq2 (Ti); become
rancid (of ~) 418 qakiq-1,
qakiġñiliq-; burnt ~ 176
iñġausiñiq; cut blubber into strip
to render into ~ 644 uqsri-; ~ dip
43 alugraaq(-) (Ti); dried meat
kept in ~ 258 kiniqtat; drink ~ 43
alugraaq- (Ti); feel quesy after
eating ~ 644 uqsriñŋu-; flour
mush made with ~ 366
palauvaaq (Ti); make ~ from
blubber 302 misiġarriuq-; partly
dried meat cooked and stored in
~ 116 igamaaqłuk; rendered
blubber in ~ 328 natchiñġaq(-); ~
 residue 405 puya; strip of
rendered blubber in ~ 645
uqsruġaaq, uqsruġaq; taste like ~
644 uqsruaġnit-
seal oil lamp: ~ lamp 224 kakkiuraq (Ti);
small stick to trim ~ lamp 322
naniġuun
seal spear: 632 unaaq, unaaqpauraq
sealant: 343 nipirrun
sealing club: 3 aaġuraq(-)2; spotted
stone for head of ~ 271 kukuvrak
sealskin: ankle-length, ~ breeches with
fur outside 328 natchiaġruuk,
natchiviak (Ti); ~ bag 17
aġġiññaq; bearded ~ blanket-toss
289 mapkuq; bleached ~ backing
used to support a woman’s
sunburst parka ruff 608 turvik;
~ bootsole 95 atuŋak(-); boot
trim made of ~ leather 141
ikutaq(-); dehaired ~ boot with
bearded ~ sole 328 natchiviaq
(Nu); dehaired ~ summer boots
321 nalukatautik; dried, bleached
~ with hair removed 285
mamilik (Ti);~ dyed with red
alder 98 ¤auksinġaq (Ti), 218
ivisaaq; dye ~ with red alder 98
¤auksinġi- (Ti); ~ float 105
avataq, avataqpak, 429 qaŋasiġaq,
qaŋatchiġaq (Ti); ~ float plug 492
sanniġuġiaq (Ti); ~ loop sewn
between sole and body of boot
403 putuŋŋiaq; make a ~ boot
trim 141 ikutaq(-); make a pair
of waterproof, knee-high ~ boots
192 iqaqłi-; old, ~ poke
403 puuġruaq; ~ parka 328
natchiġruaq (Nu); piece of wood
attached to rear flippers of ~
poke 522 sitqiñ; prepare ~ for
sun-bleaching 319 nalurri-; ~
poke or float 105 avataq,
avataqpak, 403 puuq(-); ~ poke
for aging whale meat 298
mikigaun; ~ poke or float plug
1394
250 kiiñaqqiñ; ~ rope 32
akłunaapiaq, aglunaapiaq (Ti);
rope used to secure ~ floats 599
tukaqti; ~ staked on ground for
stretching 375 pauktaq; strip of
bleached ~ on top edge of boot
516 siŋiaqtalaaq (Ti); sun-
bleached ~ 319 naluaq; tube
inserted in navel of ~ to inflate
for use as a float 404 puviliñ,
puviutaq(-); waterproof ~ boots
73 aqaġlik (Ti), 192 iqaqłak,
iqaqłik; waterproof, knee-high,
hairless ~ boot 263 kivluaq;
waterproof, knee-high ~ boot
with fur inside 626 ulitchuilaq;
waterproof ~ breeches 412
qaġliaġruuk (Ti); waterproof ~
socks 166 imaitkutak; work with
sun-bleached ~ 320 nalurriqi-
seam: 255 kilu2; come apart at ~ 255
kiluiyaq-; a double ~ 255 killuk;
rip (of ~) 255 kiluaq-; rip in ~
255 kiluaġniq; rip ~ 255
kiluiyaq-; something sewn with
double ~ 282 malġuilik;
waterproofing ~ 46 amiġaq(-)
seamstress: 301 miquqti
search: ~ for 216 ivaq-1
searching: ~ intently 216 ivaqłia-
seashell: 218 iviluq, uviluq, 523 siutiġuq,
siutiquyuk
seasick: 186 iŋiulinŋu-
seaweed: 185 iŋalugaaluk
second position: be in ~ 599 tugliqsruuti-
secret: 527 sivunniun nalutchiñikun; able
to keep a ~ 643 uqayuit-1; ~
ballot 14 aglakługu piksraġniq;
keep something a ~ 65 aŋŋigi-,
aŋŋikkuti- (Ti); no longer keep as
~ 553 taimuurrauriŋaiq-; vote by
~ ballot 14 aglaglugu piksraq-
secretary: 14 aglakti, 281 makpiġarriqiri,
maqpiġarriqiri
secretly: do ~ 530 suilauri-, 319
nalunautchi-; do ~, dishonestly
 395 pitqiksiġaq-; one who travels
~ 99 aulaaq (Ti); rummage ~ 364
pakauraq-, 365 pakauravik-
secure: 100 aulayait-; make load more ~
376 payaŋaiyaq-
sediment: dark ~ on ice 50 anaġlu, (Nu)
anaqłuk
see: 586 tautuk-; crane neck to ~ 37
alaqit-; ~ a ghost 40 aliuqtuq-; ~ a
killer whale 2 aaġluġunaaq-; ~
strange or unrecognizable
object or behavior 41 allayuaq-;
~ unexpectedly 586 tauttuġluk-; ~
well in the dark 547 taaqsiulgu-;
~ a whale 21 aġviġunaaq-
seed: 330 nautchiaksraq; ~ in fruit 498
sauniq
seep: 508 siiq-; ~ upwards 407 qaamit-
seesaw: 191 ipuktaaq-, ipuktaun
seine: 409 qarġun; 407 qaaktuq-
seining net: 407 qaaktuun
seize: ~ roughly 589 tigguġluk-, 590
tiguniqłak-
select: 590 tigusi-
selected item: 383 piksraqtaaq
self: 144 ilimi
self-control: have ~ 427 qanułłatchiġiit-
selfish: 56 anniqsrautu-
sell: 602 tuni-1, tuniuqqaq-; ~ or trade
346 niuvġutigi-
Semi-palmated Plover: 273 kurrakuraq,
277 livalivaq, 475 qurraquraq
send: ~ on an errand 593 tili-; ~ for 426
qannik-; ~ somewhere 615
tuyuġi-
senile: 259 kinnaŋaaq-
sensible: 570 tatitu-
sensory nerves: 155 ilitchuqqutiŋi timim
sentence: 207 isivġiq-
separate: 108 avit-; ~ farther 35
akuttusi-
separated: widely ~ 659 uvsiit-
September: 337 Niġlaalgit Tiŋŋiviat,
510 Sikuaqtuġvik, 611 Tuttut
Amiiqsiviat (Nu), 611Amiiqsivik
(Nu), 621 Ukiagraaq (Ti)
1395
sermon: 38 alġaqsruun
servant: 263 kipaluatchiaq (Nu), 269
kivgaq;
set: as a ~ 143 iliŋisigullaa; ~ on N 848
÷muk-; ~ (of sun) 342 nipi-1, 615
ualisaq-; ~ on one’s shoulder to
carry 196 iqsriq-; one ~ 87
atautchiit
set aside:143 ilaaguaq-
set trap: ~ near den 520 sirraqtuq-;
prepare and ~s 322
naniġirriqsuq-
settle: 173 inillak-; ~ (of water) 266 kit-
(Ti); ~ for something other than
what one wanted 238 katchuq-;
~ into an unreachable place 145
illu-; left to ~ 260 kiñitchiq-, 266
kitchiaq-; let someone or
something ~ down well 609
tutilluataq-
settled: 173 inillaŋa-; bolt from a ~
position 380 pigruq-
seven: 558 tallimat malġuk; ~ (in
playing cards) 372 papkusilik,
374 patkusilik
seventeen: number ~ 30 akimiat malġuk
seventh: one 558 tallimat malġuat
seventy: number ~ 388 piŋasukipiat qulit
sever: 263 kivri-; ~ head at first
vertebra 337 niġluq-; ~ into
several pieces 263 kipuq-
severability: 357 nutqaqtinnaġniq
several: 441 qavsiqiurat, qavsiiksrauraq-;
cooked dish made of ~
ingredients 36 akuvliqtaq; cut
animal skin into ~ pieces 520
siqumit-; ~ days ago 138
ikpaksraaq; lie to someone ~
times 482 sagluqiraġaq-; person
to whom one is related in ~ ways
560 tamanġun; sneeze ~ times in
succession 550 tagik-, tagiuqtuq-;
something that can be made into
~ identical items 441 qavsiiksraq;
split lenthwise nicely after ~
attempts 474 quvluallak-; speak
 loudly at the same time (of ~
persons) 642 uqavaallak-
severe: become less ~ 366 palaŋŋak-,
palaŋŋaktaaq-; ~, cold weather
200 irri; have a ~ infection of
one’s hand 79 argaiq-
severed: 263 kipi-
severely: ~ handicapped 389 pipqaqtaq-
sew: 297 miġruq-, miġruuti-, 301
miqsruq-, 301 miquq-; ~ quickly
301 miqsruliktuq-; ~ well 301
miquyu-
Seward Peninsula: people from ~ 11
aaŋŋaġmiut (Ti)
sewer: connect to ~ system 396 pituk(-)
sewing: ~ kit: 137 ikłiġvik1; ~
ulu knife 257 kimaliq, kimaliuraq
sewing machine: 301 miquun, 297
miġruun (Ti), 301 miquutitaq-;
treadle ~ 599 tukalignaq
sexual intercourse: have ~ 351 nulik-,
276 kuyak(-)
shade: 547 taaġutaq; be in the ~ 547
taaġutchiq-
shadow: 550 taġġaq; appear (of a ~) 550
taġġi- ; cast ~s 551 taġiatitaq-,
taġġaqtuq- (Nu); disappear into
the ~s 551 taġġit-; lurk behind
the ~s 550 taġġiraq-
shake: 219 ivsuk-
shake hands: 149 ilali-
shallow: 137 ikkat-; become stuck in ~
water 137 ikkalġit-; ~ part of
river 213 itimniq
shaman: 61 aŋatkuq; conjuring rod of ~
450 qillan, 460 qirugautaq (Nu); ~
supplied with helping spirit 612
tuunġaqtalik; use a divining stick,
of ~ 269 kivigruk-
shaman’s power: 450 qila
shame: cause feelings of ~ 610
tutqaanaq-; feel ~ 537 suqpasuk-;
feel so much ~ that one is not
able to look others in the eye 455
qiñiġviit-; lower head in ~ 273
kurruk-, 402 punŋuqsruq-; ~
1396
someone 231 kanŋutchai-
shame on you: 1 aallalii
shameful: 231 kanŋunaq-, 284
maluŋnaq-, 538 suqpanaq-
shape: ~ it 499 savak-
shard: 520 siquptaq, siquvraq
share: a ~ of game meat 341 niŋiq(-);
receive a half ~ cut lengthwise
473 quppannak-; refuse to ~ 505
sigña-, signati-, 56 anniqsraq-
shareholder: 102 autaaġutiqaqtuaq
shares: divide into ~ 102 autaaq-
sharp:188 ipik-; ~ point 124 igñik(-), 177
iñŋik, iŋŋik
sharpen: 124 igñik(-), 188 ipiksaq-, 387
piñauk- (Ti); ~ a stone blade 248
kigli- (Nu); ~ with a whetstone
513 sili-
sharpener: 188 ipiksaun; blade ~ 522
sitlisaqtaq ipiksaun (Nu); knife ~
513 silliñ; pencil ~ 124 igñiun
sharpening stone or file: 250 kiiñaksaun
(Ti), 251 kiiññaksaun, 387
piñaugun
Sharp-tailed Grouse: 324 napaaqtum
qargia
shatter: 520 siqummaq-
shave: 501 savvi-; ~ one’s beard 630
umŋiyaq-
shaver: electric ~ 630 umŋiyaun
shaving: 501 savikkaq, savviq; produce
~s 259 kiñatchi-; wood ~ 484
sakikkaq, sakimak; wooden ~s
484 sakiġmiat
shawl: 327 nasaġaq, 408 qaliġuaq
she: 143 ilaa
shed1: come from the ~ 418
qaŋmaŋŋaq-, 580 tatqaŋmaŋŋaq-;
from the direction of the ~ 418
qaŋmaŋŋamiñ, 580
tatqaŋmaŋŋamiñ; from the one
in the ~ 417 qakiptumaŋŋa, 579
tatqakiptumaŋŋa; from the ~ 418
qaŋmaŋŋa, 580 tatqaŋmaŋŋa;go
via the ~ 418 qaŋmuunnaaq-,
580 tatqaŋmuunnaaq-; go to the
 ~ 418 qaŋmuŋaq-, 580
tatqaŋmuŋaq-; in the ~ 418
qaŋma, 579 tatqaŋma; located in
the ~ 418 qaŋmani, 579
tatqaŋmani; 418 qaŋmaniit-, 579
tatqaŋmaniit-; located with the
one in the ~ 417 qakiptumani,
579 tatqakiptumani,
tatqakiptumaniit-; out there in
the ~ 418 qaŋma, 579 tatqaŋma;
similar to that one in the ~ 417
qakiptumatun, 579
tatqakiptumatun; that one in the
~ 417 qakimna, 578 tatqakimna,
417 qakiptuma, 579
tatqakiptuma; to that one in the
~ 417 qakiptumuŋa, 579
tatqakiptumuŋa; to the ~ 418
qaŋmuŋa, 580 tatqaŋmuŋa;
towards the ~ 418
qaŋmuŋanmun, 580
tatqaŋmuŋanmun; via the ~ 418
qaŋmuuna, 580 tatqaŋmuuna; via
that one in the ~ 418
qakiptumuuna, 579
tatqakiptumuuna; with that one
in the ~ 417 qakiptumiŋa, 579
tatqakiptumiŋa
2
shed : ~ hair 230 kanġala-, kanġaluk,
304 mitqiliqi-, mitqiqi- (Nu), 492
sanniqi-; ~ tears 444 qia-, 470
qulvi(-), qulvili-
shedding animal: 230 kanġala,
kanġalaq, 304 mitqiaq
sheefish: 506 sii1
sheep: five-year-old ~ 337 niġlaaksralik
(Nu); four-year-old ~ 626
uluksralik; one-year-old ~ with
horn stubs 562 tamuutailaq;
three-year-old ~ 446
qiġñiqtulik; ~ with large horns
521 sitchuutisuġnailaq
sheepskin: summer ~ 190 ipnaitchiaq
(Nu)
sheer line: ~ (of kayak) 35 akuq(-)
shelf: 416 qakirvik, 476 qutqiñ; be on a ~
1397
416 qakima-
shelter: hunters’ ~ 547 taalu (Nu); snow
~ 54 aniquyyaq, aniguyyaq,
anigutyaq (Nu), 69 apuyyaq;
temporary wind ~ 646 uqqirvik;
temporary sod ~ 361 paamaraq
sheltered from wind: 424
qamannit-; walled ~ 433
qargiuraq; spot ~ 646 uqquq
shelves: 155 illiviurat
shepherd: 171 imnailiqiri
shin: 377 piagniq, piaŋniq, 456 qiŋarraaq
shinbone: 229 kanagaq
shinny: 476 quumigaq-, quumik-
shiny: 463 qivliq-
ship: 629 umiaqpak; arrive and drop
anchor (of ~) 629 umiaqpiq-;
sight a ~ 629 umiaqpit-
shirt: 234 kapitaġuq, kapitaġauraq (Ti),
408 qaliġuuraq(-), 408 qalipquaq
(Ti); put ~ on 408 qaliġuuraq(-)
shiver: 136 ikiaqsunŋu-, 653 uulik-; ~
due to a fever 136 ikiaqtaq-; ~
due to illness 463 qiunŋu-; ~
from the cold 135 ikiaġuk- (Nu),
136 ikiaqtala-; ~ from sudden
chill 653 uulikuvsuaq-
shock: 465 quaqsaaqtit-; be in ~
605 tupaummi-; feel delayed ~
from almost being killed 607
tuquvsitchak-
shoe: 227 kamik(-); everyday ~ 174
innaaqłuk, 227 kamaaqłuk; toe of
~ 524 sivuġak (Ti); ~ with hard
soles 289 mapkuliktaaq (Ti)
shoestring: 516 siŋiq(-)
shoot: 393 pisik-, pisiksaq-; ~ a gun 536
supputitchaq-, supputisaq- (Nu); ~
something 536 supputit-; ~ high
on target 468 qulaut-; ~ in
upper part of body 593
timmaaq-; ~ under the mark 90
ataut-, 174 inuq-; ~ with a pistol
122 iglupiaġaq-
“shooting star”: 655 uvluġiam anaŋa
shoplifter: 589 tigliyuk(-)
shopping: go ~ 585 tauqsiqsuġiaq-; go ~
for groceries 78 aquviġiaq-
shore: reach ~ 600 tulak-; come near ~,
of school of fish 441 qavluniq-
(Ti); objects along the ~ 515
siñaġlugun (Nu); take away from
the ~ 255 kiluvauti-
shore-fast ice: 613 tuvaq(-), tugaq (Ti);
become free of ~ (of shoreline)
614 tuvaiq-; begin floating away
614 tuvaiyagaaq-; ~ covering
only a portion of the beach 614
tuvaqtaq; flat, secure ice at edge
of ~ 396 pituqqiq; trail through ~
to edge of ocean lead 396
pituqqit; whaling camp at the
edge of ~ 90 ataaqtuġvik; wide
expanse of open water starting
at the edge of ~ 166 imaqpiaq
short: 313 naisiq-; be a bit too ~ 313
naitkavsak-; ~ of breath 596
tipisia-; ~ (of length) 313 nait-
short hand of clock: 313 naitchuaq
short of something: 306 naamailliuq-,
307 naamaniqłiuq-
shortcut: take a ~ 316 nalġuq-
Short-Eared Owl: 342 nipaiłuktaq
shorten: 313 naikłi-, naikłilaaq-
shorter: become ~ 313 naikłi-; made ~
than intended 313 naiñaaq-
shotgun: 413 qaġruuraqtuun; spent ~
shell 213 itiġrukpak, itiqsrukpak,
241 kavluqpak; ~ shell wadding
514 simaaksraq, simaaq; ~ shell
wadding device 514
simaaksriuġunnaq
should: one that ~ V 1049 +t/ruksraq
should definitely: ~ V 967 +saq-4; ~ V
1108 +yuma-2 plus Imperative or
Optative Endings
should have done so: 84 asulu
shoulder: 599 tuiġaq, tuiqqaq, tui; area
of arm just below ~ 322
natmautaġiaq (Nu); carry on ~s
223 kakaaq-; carried on ~s 223
kakaaqsiq-; ~ strap 322
1398
natmautaq (Nu)
shoulder joint: 335 nigavlu
shout: 496 saqłak-; ~ to 475 ququurraq-
(Ti), 496 saqłauti-; ~ angrily and
issue dire warning 642
uqavallataġi-; begin to ~
boisterously 342 nipaallak-
shove: 496 saqiraaġataq-, 593 tinu-; ~
about and leave in disarray 142
ilakługi-; ~ aside 142 ilak-,
ilagaq-, 153 ilak-2, ilakpak-, 496
saqi-, saqit-; ~ quickly 496
saqisiq-, saqitiq-
shovel: 383 piksrun, 398 pualġiñ; attach
blade to ~ 295 maunarriqsi-;
blade of ~ 295 maunaaq1; snow ~
191 iqagaun
show off: 390 piqpagaaq-
shrew: 617 ugruŋnaq
shrimp: 331 naulayuuraq
shrink: 617 uglik-
shroud: 341 nimiġutit
shrub birch: 505 sigiruqisak (Nu)
shudder: ~ from fear 135 ikiaġruġaq-
(Ti); ~ with revulsion 409
qaaliqta-
shun: 265 kiruġi- (Ti), 472 quŋuġi- (Nu)
shy: 226 kamattau-, 231 kanŋusuk-
Siberian: 470 Qulliq2, 476 Qutliq (Nu)
sibling: 52 aniqan; half~ 350 nukaksraq;
step ~ through spouse exchange
435 qataŋŋun, qataŋun (Ti);
younger ~ 50 anaŋŋauraq (Ti),
349 nukaaluk, nukatchiaq;
youngest ~ 350 nukaqłiq
siblings: 349 nukaalugiik(-), 350
nukaġiit; pair of ~ 350 nukaġiik
sick: 324 naŋit-, 494 saŋniuq-; avoid
contact with a ~ person or a
corpse 373 paquqsraq-; become ~
324 naŋiliq-, 482 sagniuliq-; very
sick 170 iñuaġiit-, 537 suqłiuq-
sick and under quarantine: 373
paquġnaq-
sickle: 263 kivriññaq
sickly: 146 iluakammaaġiit-
sickness: 537 suqłiuġun; mild ~ 528
suaŋairrun; better after a ~ 179
iñuaġik-
side: 491 saniġaq; 491 saniġaq, saniġviaq
(Ti); have pain in the ~ 491
saniġanŋu-; someone by one’s ~
491 saniġaqłiq; stray to the ~ 637
uŋavaq-
side by side: 136 ikigiik-, 491
saniġaqłiġiik(-)
side of mouth: ~ (of whale) 485 sakiq
sidewalk: 70 apqugaatchiat
sideways: 491 saniñmun; 628 uluŋaaq-;
move ~ 491 saniñmuk-;
movement ~ 491 saniñmuiññaq;
person whose body is
positioned sideways but whose
face is pointed at the observer
480 saġvailaq; roll ~ 658
uvaagaq-; slide ~ 487 saliuġruk-,
492 saniuġruk-; turn ~ 492
sanniq-; turn ~ to pass through
a narrow passage 627 uluq-
siding: exterior ~ of house 390 piqta
sigh: 54 aniqsaapak-
sight: ~ a N 719 +[ġ]unaaq-
signpost: 318 nalunailutaq, 325
napaqutaq, 591 tikkuun
silence: 342 nipaiqsit-
silent:165 imaŋiq-, 342 nipaisit-;
become ~, not wishing to talk
641 uqaġunġiq-
silk: 464 qivliqiak
silly: 149 ilałhuyuk-
silver: 286 manik qatiqtaaq
silver fox: 446 qiġñiqtaq
similar: one 42 allimaaq (Nu), 91 atiri;
render more ~ 91 atisaq-; ~ to ~
a N 1147 ÷tun; ~ to
herself/himself 144 ilimisun,
inmisun; two ~ items 81 arrigiik
similar to me/myself: 657 uvaptun
similar to that one down there: ~
(visible) 228 kattumatun, 632
uttumatun; ~ (not visible) 488
saptumatun
1399
similar to that one in there: 423
qaptumatun
similar to that one previously
mentioned: 164 iptumatun, 553
taiptumatun
similar to that one out there: ~
(visible) 246 kiktumatun, 410
qaktumatun; ~ in the arctic
entry (not visible) 484
sakiptumatun; ~ in the shed or
the neighbor’s house (not
visible) 417 qakiptumatun
similar to that one over there: ~
(visible) 130 iktumatun, 103
aptumatun; ~ (not visible) 44
aptumatun; ~ across (visible) 12
aktumatun; ~ across (not visible)
30 akiptumatun
similar to that one there: ~, up the
coast 268 kiptumatun, 440
qaptumatun2
similar to that one up there: ~ (visible)
382 piktumatun, 362
paktumatun; ~ (not visible) 369
paptumatun; ~, on the roof of
the house (not visible) 365
pakiptumatun
similar to this one here: ~ (visible)
656 uumatun, 292 mattumatun
similar to this one under here: ~ (not
visible) 488 saptumatun1
similar to you/yourself: 144 iliktun
simmer: 74 aqilitchii-
simply: ~, merely V 978 msiññaq-1
Simpson, Alaska: 58 Anŋutik
sin: 386 piluun, 386 piluusiqi-
since: ~ it is thus 210 innainniġman,
iminnainniġman; ~ that time 553
taimaŋŋa qaŋa
sincerely: 388 piŋŋuaġutaitchuakun;
desire deeply and sincerely 162
iluŋiqsruq-; pleased ~ 217
iviġaumagipiaq-
sinew: 216 ivalu(-), ivalupiaq; ~ along
the backbone 277 kuyapiglugun;
braided ~ 385 pilġaaq; braided ~
 for sewing skin cover for umiak
47 amiun; braided ~ sewn to
body of boot as sole is sewn on
588 tavrun, tavrutaq; break (of ~)
548 taat-; caribou hind leg ~ 262
kiŋuqqaglugun (Nu), 251
kiiŋuqqaglugun (Nu); caribou leg
back ~ 216 ivaluvik; caribou leg
front ~ 217 iviġaaq (Nu); foreleg
~ 524 sivuġaġluqun,
sivuġaġlugun; hind leg ~ 261
kiŋuġaġlugun; leg ~ of caribou or
moose 344 niuliñġaq; one of two
~s along animal’s back 626
uliusiñiq, uliun; one of two ~s in
the neck 216 ivaluuraaq; split ~
157 iliqsri-, iliġri- (Ti); strip of
split ~ 157 iliqsraq, iliġraq (Ti);
tangled ~ 195 iqłit; twisted ~ 458
qivraq, qivrautaq; whale ~ 216
ivaluġluk (Ti)
sing: 95 atuq-1, atuusiq-1; ~ a baby to
sleep 290 mapsaq-2; begin to ~
33 akpit-; ~ a dirge 471 qunu-; ~
for someone 95 atuuti-; ~ in a
high, unpleasant voice 523
sivaniq-1; ~ in order to heal the
sick 74 aqiq-;~ a lullaby 290
mapsaq-2, 295 mavsaq-; ~ a
magic healing song 95
atuurviluk-; ~ a strong song 95
atuqpak- (Nu); ~ a summons
song 556 taksiuq-; ~ to a baby 73
aqak-; ~ a whaling charm song ~
106 avataqsiaq- (Ti); whenever
one has an opportunity 95
attuqtu-; ~ with pleasure 95
atunnaġi-
singed: become ~ 145 ilik-
singer: ~ at an Iñupiaq dance 17 aġġiri
singing: begin ~ 53 anitchi-; burst out
~ 95 attutit-, atuusiq-1; have a
good ~ voice 126 iġñaġik-
single: ~ bite of food 562 tamuaq; kill
with a ~ shot 87 atausiaq-; ~ ray
of fish’s caudal tail 105 avarraq,
1400
pikusuk (Nu); ~ river formed of
many branches 87
atausiŋŋuumaniq (Nu); ~ stair 603
tunmiġaq2
single out:143 ilaaguaq-, 318 nalunaiq-;
look over and ~ one 503 siak-2
singspiration: 95 atuġaaq(-); have a ~ 95
atuġaaq(-)
sink: 269 kivi-, kivit-; 294 mau-; 126
iġġuġvik; ~ as one walks in mud
or snow 294 mauraġaq(-); ~ as
one walks in deep, soft snow or
sand 294 mauyalliuq-; cause one
to ~ 294 mauyaġnaq-; ~
immediately without splashing
211 itiqquuri-, itauri-, itaqurri-
(Nu); ~ into soft ground or snow
304 muġruk-; step down and ~
into soft dirt or snow 295
mauyaqit-; ~ suddenly 269
kiviliq-, 294 maulġaq- (Ti),
maułłak-; ~ with 294 maġġuti-;
~ without a splash 565
taqhammuq-, taqhammuk-,
taqammuq- (Nu)
sinker: 269 kivviñ, kivviqun; fishnet ~
659 uyaġak; net ~ line 453 qimiq1
sinner: 386 piluusiqiri
sip: 169 imiqsi-; take ~s 169 imiqsillaa-,
345 niuqsi_
siphon: 125 igguun
sister: elder ~ 4 aakatchiaq; half ~ 333
nayagraq (Ti); older ~ 10
aatauraq, 14 agitchiaq (Ti), 110
ayaayak; younger ~ of female
349 nukaaluk, nukatchiaq,
nukaq; younger ~ of male 333
nayak, nayaaluk
sister-in-law: 624 ukuaq, ukuaġaaluk
sit: 78 aquvit-, 139 iksivaq-, 185 iŋit-; ~
on chair with arms and legs
crossed 408 qaapaaksimaaq-; ~
relaxing 77 aquppiuraaq-; ~ with
chair balanced back on two
legs 347 niviqsimaaq-; ~ with
legs crossed 457
 qipiŋauksimaaq-; ~ with legs
outstretched 522 sitchuŋa-,
sitchuqsimaaq-; ~ with knees
bent and both feet on the floor
332 navluqsimaaq-; ~ with one’s
knees pulled up to one’s chest
172 imulak-
sit down: 77 aquptaaq-, 475 qusauq-; ~
and concentrate 78 aquptiġuti-;
~ suddenly 78 aquvilġaq- (Ti),
aquvsrik-; ~ with a thud 78
aquvsatit-
sit on floor: ~ with ankles crossed 408
qaliġiiksimaaq-; ~ with knees
raised and feet on floor 229
kanagaqsimaaq-
sit up: 7 aaq-(Ti)
site: ~ of ancient house 120 igluluaġruk;
launch ~ for boats 479 saavviaq
sitting: 77 aquppi-, 139 iksiva-; remain
~ 77 aquppiugaq-
situate: ~ oneself 173 inillak-
situated: 173 inillaŋa-; ~ abreast of
each other 564 tapitaaġiiksit-; ~
oceanside 635 unŋasi-; one ~
farthest in the direction from
which the wind is blowing 81
arguqłiq; those ~ side by side 491
saniġaqłiġiik(-); those ~ to the
east side of Point Hope, Alaska
615 Ualliit (Ti); those ~ to the
west side of Point Hope, Alaska
131 Ikagnaġliit (Ti)
six: number ~ 210 itchaksrat
six (in playing cards): 275 kuuk
sixteen: number ~ 30 akimiat atausiq
sixty: number ~ 388 piŋasukipiat
size: 63 aktilaaq(-); be a certain ~ 62
aktigi-; be of same ~ 307
naammiaġiik-, naammiaqatigi-;
become a certain ~ 62 aktikłi-;
one equal in ~ 307 naammiaq
sizzle: 504 sigaala-, siggaq-
skate: ~ (of fish family) 343 nipisaq
skeleton: 498 saunġit
skewer: roasting ~ 419 qakummisaun,
1401
447 qikautaq
ski: 563 taŋmigutaq, taŋmigaq-, 572
tatmigiaq- (Nu); ~ diagonally 537
supiaġaq-; ~ downhill 563
taŋmigaq-
skis: 572 tatmigiaġutik (Nu)
ski poles: use ~ to gain speed when
skiing 191 ipugaq-
skid: 563 taŋmigutaq
skin: (see also bearded sealskin,
caribou skin, human skin,
sealskin) 46 amiq(-); ~ animal
by cutting around the hind legs
196 iqquli-; animal ~ from which
dried membrane has been
scraped 285 mamiŋiqsaq; animal
~ with blood stains 98
arriqsinniq; autumn ~ 622
ukialliq; become pliable (of ~)
462 qitukłi-, qitugli-; beluga ~
with blubber attached 281
maktaaq; ~ butchering mat 47
amiġruaq; choice wolf ~ piece
405 puvlaq; clean ~ with stick
487 saluksi-; clean ~ with snow
345 niugaq-; ~ covered fishhook
left in water 413 qaġruqsaq(-); ~
covered tent 211 itchalik; ~
cover fitted and lashed over
umiak frame 46 amiq(-); ~
cover fitted and sewn
over of kayak 443 qayyiñġaq
(Nu); cut ~ into pieces 221
kaatchi-, 520 siqumit-; dampen ~
for conditioning during tanning
617 uġġuksraaq(-); dampened ~
166 imaqtaq; dried, hard ~ 371
pannaqłuk(-); dry ~ slowly 371
paniqtuuq-; dyed ~ 264
kipitchiaq; eat ~ 47 amiqsuq-;
drum~ 203 isi; fish ~ 443
¤qayułuk (Nu); fresh, untanned ~
18 aġiparaq, 23 aiparaq; ~ from
which dried membrane has
been scraped 285 mamiŋiqsaq;
full-length ~ legging 93 atpaugaq
(Nu); fur removed from ~ 126
iġitchakut; growth on ~ 349
nuiyaaqpak1; hairless ~ 649
utitaq; ~ kayak 443 qayaq; knife
used to skin an animal without
cutting the ~ 3 aagun, aaksiñ,
aaksiññaq; lack winter ~s 646
uquqsrait-; lash ~ cover to
umiak frame 613 tuut-; leave
moistened ~ out overnight 398
putchii-, 399 putchiq-; leave ~
outside to cure 512 silatchiaq-;
leftover remnant from cutting
~ or hide 47 amiku; ~ mattress
408 qaaq, qarraaq; moisten ~ with
flour mixture 487 saluk-; no
longer have outer ~ 461 qisiiq-;
obtain ~s to make warm fur
winter clothing 646 uquksraq-;
outer ~ of whale 441 qavausiq
(Ti); ~ pants with hair out 469
quliksak; piece of polar bear ~
323 nanuġaq; remove ~ 47
amiiq-, amiiyaq-; remove animal
leg ~ 204 isikki-; remove blubber
from ~ 441 qavrak-, qarvak-;
remove dried membrane from a
dried animal ~ 285 mamiŋiq-;
remove fur from a spring ~ 126
iġisaq-; remove membrane off ~
285 mamiiq-, mamiiyaq-; ~
removed uncut from an animal
3 aaktaq; scrape ~ 141 ikuk-, 497
satkuutaq- (Nu); scrape fat off
animal ~ 256 kiligaq-, 256
kiliutaq-, 484 sakivit-, 645
uqsruiyaq-; ~ scraper 497
satkuun2 (Nu); ~ scraping prop
256 kiligvik; ~ sewing needle 47
amiun, 464 quagrulik; shed hairs,
of ~ 492 sanniqi-; slab of
fermented walrus ~ 600 tuktaq;
soft ~ sole 328 natiq(-)2 (Ti),
nataaq(-); stake ~ to ground 376
pauktuq-; be stiff (of ~) 445
qiġattaŋa-; store moistened ~ a
1402
while 398 putchimaallaktitchaq-,
399 putchimapkavsaaq-; stretch a
~ over something 203 isik-,
isiaq-, 216 ivaq-2; stretch ~ with
hide scraper 569 tasiuk-; ~
stretched on a frame to dry 176
iññiaqtaq, 216 ivaqtaq; strip of
animal ~ made into rope 253
kilitaq, 267 kittaq; summer ~ 97
auralliq, 481 saatuuraq (Nu); tent
frame ~ cover 210 itcha(-),
itchat, 592 tilaiññiit (Nu); tool
used for scraping ~s 123
igniksriqsiññaq; walrus ~ with
blubber and meat 240 kauk;
whale ~ with blubber attached
281 maktak; winter ~ 646
uquqłak (Nu); ~ with blood stains
98 arriqsinniq; ~ with fur just
right 316 nalaunniq; ~ with
hair removed 460 qisik; ~ with
long, thick fur 646 uquqłak; ~
without cutting the fur 3 aak-; ~
worn as an amulet 45
ammaktaq
skin boat: see umiak
skin scraper: handle of ~ 257 kimaktuun
skin sewers: 297 miġruqtit (Ti)
skinny: 371 pannau-; become ~ 367
palu- (Ti), 370 paniq-, 371
pannayasi-; ~ being 371 pannaq;
tall and ~ person 48 amiłhuyuk;
very old, ~ caribou cow 272
kulavagruatchauraq
skip over water: ~ (of flat rock) 276
kuvraurri-, kuvriraġaaq-
skirt: 35 akuq(-)
skis: 572 tatmigiaġutik (Nu)
skull: 334 niaquq, niaqunaq (Ti), 432
qaqasaum sauniŋa
sky: 450 qilak(-)1
skylight: 117 igaliq, igalaaq; ~
membrane 617 ugruit iŋaluaŋit; ~
membrane arch supports 345
niugutit; ~ shutter 294 matu(-);
stones placed around edges of ~
 to keep it secure 379 piġuŋi
slack: 82 asiñila-, 435 qasuŋa-;
become ~ 435 qasu-
slacken: ~ 435 qasui-
slander: 494 saŋut-, 642 uqautikłiq-,
uqautigluk-
slanted: 450 qiluŋa-; have ~ eyes 450
qiluŋa-
slap: 374 patik-
slapping noise: make ~ (of water) 482
saġġalliqsiq-
slat: long ~ in sled on top of crosspieces
379 piġlaraq (Nu)
slate: 627 uluksraq, ulugraviñiq (Ti)
sled: 634 uniat, 506 siġmilgit; boat ~ 629
umiirautit; bent bow of ~ 83
asiġñiq, 525 sivuġun;
break apart (of ~) 634
uniiyaq-; cross-brace of ~ 326
napu; fetch a ~ 634 uniisuq-; ~
for sliding 521 sisuqhaaġutik;
front crosspiece of ~ 72
apuġiitkutaq, apuġun;
help pull ~ 424 qamuġaq- (Nu);
large ~ 633 uniaġruat; low ~ 425
qamutik; make a ~ 634 unii-;
makes a good ~ 634 uniisuq-;
oldstyle ~ 326 napulgit (Nu);
push ~ 244 kaivluaq-, 243
kaimġuaq-, kiamġuaq-, 243
kaimŋuġaq-, kiamŋuġaq-, 244
kaivluaq-, kaivluk-; reindeer ~
634 unirrat (Ti); side ropes 491
saniġaakkuutit; slat under bed of
~ 90 ataaguun; ~ with metal
runners 501 savilgit; small ~ 132
ikamġaq (Ti) 633 uniaġġaurat (Ti),
424 qamukutaat, 634 uniaqhaurat;
small, hand~ 424 qamugaurat
sled bag: 77 aquġun, 215 itqirvik
sled brake: 29 akititaun, 258 kiŋataun,
kinatagun, kiŋatagun
sled handlebar: 243 kaimġuaġvik,
kiamġuaġvik; 244 kaivluun; one
of ~ posts 244 kiavluun, kaivluun,
kaivluutaq
1403
sled rail: 476 qutlaaq
sled reindeer: 634 unirraun (Ti)
sled runner: 379 piġlaaq (Ti), 506 siġmi,
511 siku3, 634 uniak; place to
stand on ~s 446 qikaaġvik
sleep: 515 siñik(-); ~ a lot 516 siññaqtu-;
cast a spell to put to ~ 516
siññiq-; die in one’s ~ 212 itiŋit-;
~ during the day and stay up at
night 305 mumiiŋasi-; ~ for a
long time 516 siñisugruk-; ~ for
over twelve hours 222 kaipik-,
244 kiapik-; ; go back to ~ 519
siqutqik-; ~ late and stay up late
305 mumiġli-, mumiġri- (Ti),
mumiqłiq-; magical song to put
one to ~ 516 siññiqsuun; sing
baby to ~ 290 mapsaq-2; ~
soundly 401 puliġuŋa-, 516
siññaġik-; ~ with 84 asu- (Nu)
sleepiness: overcome by ~ 620
uiñġayaaq-
sleeping: breathe audibly while ~ 515
siñaaqsruq-
sleeping bag: 403 puuksraak
sleeping pad: 133 ikuvġaq, 609 tunŋaraq;
secure a ~ 133 ikuvġaliq-,
ikuvġiq-
sleeping pill: 515 siñignaq(-); administer
~ 515 siñignaq(-)
sleeping platform: 28 akiñ,120 iglisiq,
iglisit (Ti), 121 igliq; attach a ~
84 atchiq-; ~ head beam 503
sayyagiitkutaq; space under ~
407 qaaniq
sleepwalk: 212 itivli-
sleepy: 620 uiñġaq-
sleet: 303 misulik
sleeve: 84 asiq(-); cuff of ~ 84 asiġun;
have ~s that are too long 84
asiqsu-; ~ hole in body of shirt
84 asilivik; make ~ longer 84
asiqtusilaaq-; put one’s arms into
~s of garment 84 asiq(-)
slice: 107 avguq-, 267 kittiq-
sliced: something ~ 267 kittaq
slide: 503 sialġi-, 521 sisu-; ~ on bare,
smooth ice 464 quasiraaq(-); ~
back into water (of seal) 48 amu-
sliding: ~ for recreation on sleds 521
sisuqhaaq-
slim: 47 amit-
slime: fish ~ 346 nivguq, 662 yuvġuq(-)
slimy: 662 yuvġuq(-)
sling: ~ for an injured arm 9 aaqsiutaq
sling: ammunition for a ~ 146 illuun; hit
with ~ 146 illut-; hunting ~ 146
illuuk (Ti), illuutik; long, flat
stone for ~ 593 timmaallaayuuq
(Nu); loop on ~ 590 tigummin,
tigummivik (Ti); release stone
from ~ 139 iksauti-; round stone
for ~ 214 itluksaun, itlusaun (Nu)
slip (article of clothing): 135 ikiaq(-)
slip: 443 qayuit- (Ti); ~ and fall 443
qayuiłłak-, qayuillak- (Ti), 464
quayaqit-, 604 tunuallak-,
tunuiłłak-
slip away: 305 mularilġi-
slip off: 13 aggaq-, 517 sipiksaq-,
sipigri-; ~ and fall from bow (of
arrow) 517 sipiksaaġaq-,
sipiksaaq-
slip-on: 609 tutigiññaaq(-), tutisiññaaq(-)
slipshod: 499 savaġluk-
slip knot: 68 aŋuvyuġaq (Nu); tie a ~ 68
aŋivruqqiq- (Nu)
slippers: 95 atulaak, 127 iġvialigaak, 263
kivluatchiak
slippery: 377 piak-, 443 qayuitchaġnaq-
(Ti), 464 quayaġnaq-
slope: 33 aksraŋaaq-, 524 siviinaaq;
gentle ~ at base of mountain
407 qaaniq (Nu); have a gentle ~
475 qutaŋŋiaġik-
sloped: be slightly ~ 524 sivaaŋa-,
sivaaŋaaq-
sloping ocean floor: have a long gently
~ 522 sitchaaq-
sloppy:195 iqqałuk-
sloshing: make ~ noise 166 imaqpaluk-,
imaqpaluktaq-
1404
slough: 256 kiluunaġun, 275 kuugaaġruk,
604 tunuiġun, tunuunaġun
slovenly: 346 niviluk(-)
slow: 387 piñatchiaq-, 389 pipikait-, 531
sukait-, 619 uimait-; ~ all of the
time 385 pilġatchuqtu-; ~ down
242 kayumŋiq-; ~ eater 631
umniit-; ~ learner 155
ilitchitchiġiit-, 401 puqiit-; ~
runner 643 uqilait-
slowly: dry ~ 371 paniqtuuq-; exit ~ 53
aniuraaq-; grow ~ 62 aglisuit-;
proceed ~ 531
sukpaluiñŋataaġuraaq-; V ~ 873
+niuraaq-, 891 +ŋuraaq-; write ~
15 aglauraaq-
sluggish: 389 pipikait-
slush: 293 masak(-); refrozen ~ 446
qiġuviak
slush ice: 304 muġałłiq; 304 muġrak, 399
puġrak (Ti), 456 qiñu; develop ~
in fishing hole 510 sikulaaq-; ~ in
fishing hole 303 mitik (Nu)
slushy: 301 misak(-); ~ surface of
young salt water ice 301
misałhak
sly: 392 pisaasuq-; use ~ tactics 392
pisaasuġmiaq-
small: 297 miki-; have N ~ in size and
quantity 756 -kIt-; ~ item 540
suuraq; make too ~ 297
mikinaaq-, miŋnaaq-; one with a
~ N 756 -kisuuraq, 786 -ligauraq;
~ one with a N 786 -ligauraq: ~
portion of N 824 -łauraq(-); ~ N
890 ±ŋuluk(-); report or say that
one is ~ 297 mikini-; say
disparagingly that one is ~ 297
mikiniġaq-
small change (coins): 520 siqumniurat
smaller: 546 taanikit-; become ~ 297
mikłi-; cause N to become ~ in
size or quantity 755 -kikłilaaq-;
for N to become ~ in size or
quantity 755 -kikłI-; make ~ 297
mikłiłaaq-; much ~ 297
 mikipiksuaq-; ~ version of N 669
-aġruk, -ġruk
smallness: despite one’s ~ 297
mikiniñani
smart1: 401 puqik-; not be ~ 401 puqiit-,
432 qaqasakit-, qaqisakit-
smart2: 435 qasili-2, 541 suviuq-
smash down: ~ against something 373
parviktit-
smear: 300 miŋuk-
smell: 312 naggiñ, nai-; ~ good 595
tipigik-, tivraġik-; ~ foul 8
aaqqaaq-, 595
tipigiit-; ~ like sod or soil 353
nunasugnit-; lose one’s sense of ~
312 naggisiiq-; ~ of meat or skin
541 suviŋñiq; ~ (of meat or skin)
541 suviŋñit-; no sense of ~ 312
naggisait-; ~s like N 984 +sugnIt-
smelt: 65 aŋmaksraq, aŋmaġuuraq (Nu),
371 paŋmagrak; boreal ~ 163
iłhuaġniq
smile: 119 iglaŋa-, 473 quŋuyuk-
Smith’s Longspur: 402 putukiiłukpak,
421 qalġuusiqsuuq (Nu)
smoke: 206 isiq(-), 406 putchuala-, 406
puyuq(-), puyuuq-; ~ cigarettes
steadily 505 sigak-; give off a lot
of ~ 375 paulliqi-; ~ (of stove)
206 isiġluk-; ~ marijuana 410
qaaq(-)
smoky: 206 isiq(-); become very ~ 406
putchuallak-; smell ~ 206
isiqsuŋnit-, isiġnit-
smooth: 286 manik-1, 415 qaiq-; ~ area
415 qaiqsuuraq; something ~ 458
qippuilaaq
smoulder: 206 itchiala-
snack: 68 aŋuyaġaaq, 336 niġiraġaaq(-),
562 tamuluk-
snagged: 313 naktit-; be suddenly ~ 313
naksatit-
snake: 341 nimiġiaq; thin, water~ 341
nimiġiuraq
snap: 515 siñaaq
snap: 252 kiktuġaq-; ~ loudly 519
1405
siqqutit-
snare: 325 napit-, 449 qilusaq- (Nu), 624
uligaq(-); animal caught in ~ 325
napitaq; check on ~ 335
nigatchialiaq-, niggiaq- (Nu); first
set of ~s 512 silalliġaġvik; large
game ~ 335 nigaq(-); line
attached to ~ 449 qiluaq(-); loop
of ~ 644 uqsiq; ptarmigan ~ 433
qargiqsiun, 644 uqpiksat; set a ~
335 nigatchirriq-, niggiq-,
niggiuti-; small game ~ 280
maksruksaaq; use a ~ 335
nigaqtuq-, nigatchiaqtuq-; visit
one’s ~s 401 pulasaq-; ~ with
spring trap 366 paksruksaq(-)
snared: 450 qilutaq-, qilusaq- (Nu)
snarl: 617 ugiala-, ugialla-,
ugianiraaq- (Nu)
snarl: 159 illagniq
sneeze: 550 tagiuq-; ~ several times 550
tagik-, tagiuqtuq-
sniff: 273 kuniuq-, 345 niuġmik-,
niuqsik- (Ti); ~ around 313
naġiuq-; ~ repeatedly 273
kuniuġaq-
sniffle: 345 niuġmik-, niuqsik- (Ti),
niuġmigaq-, niuqsigaq- (Ti)
snip: 486 sallisit-
snipe net: 294 matutaq(-); caught in a ~
625 uligaqtau-; use a ~ 294
matutaqtuq-, 624 ulugaqtuq-
snore: 424 qamŋui-
snout beetle: 108 aviŋŋaurayuuq
Snow Bunting: 46 amaułłigaaluk,
amautligaq (Nu), 105
avataligauraq (Ti), 473
qupałupiaġauraq
Snow Goose: 233 kaŋuq
Snowy Owl: 623 ukpik
snow: 426 qannik(-); begin to ~ 426
qanniguq-; block of hard ~ 221
kaataq; ~ blowing swiftly along
the ground 329 natiqłit(-); ~
condition good for sled travel
377 piagnaq; corn ~ 340
nikuvlalaaq(-) (Ti); crunch when
walked upon (of ~) 448
qikaaluk-2 ; damp ~ 293
masallak(-); deep, soft ~ 294
mauyaqisaaq, mauyakkuk-,
mauyaliq-; fall (of ~) 425
¤qanik- (Nu), 426 qannik(-);
fallen ~ 69 apun; firm ~ 357
nuturuk; fresh, powder ~ 356
nutaġaq; frozen rain and ~ on
ground 510 sikuġlak(-),
sikuġlalaaq; granular ~ 340 nilak,
400 pukak; hard, crusty ~ 514
silliq; hardened, glazed ~ 459
qiqsruqqaq(-); have thick ~ cover
69 apusiñiqtu-; ~ heavily 425
qanigruaq- (Nu); isolated patch
of ground free of ~ 96
augniqsraq; ~ lightly 425
qaniayaaq- (Nu), qanikłuala- (Nu),
426 qannikula-, qannialaaq(-);
new ~ 69 apiqqammiaq,
apirġammiaq; old, packed ~ 400
pukarraaq (Ti); packed ~ 54 aniu;
packed ~ on top and soft ~
underneath 639 upkaġanak, 653
uupkaaġnaq (Nu); play in ~ 69
apusiqi-; rapidly melting ~ 97
auksalaq, auksałłak; ~ recently 69
apiqqammiq-; ripple on surface
of ~ 444 qayuqłak; remove ~ 69
aputaiyaq-; soft ~ 74 aqilluq (Nu),
aqiluqqaq; soft ~ packed on top
of sod house 341niñŋuq3; ~
swiftly drifting along the ground
329 natiġvik(-), natiqłit(-); ~ to be
melted for drinking water 139
iksiaksraq; ~ with one edge
partly off the ground 428
qaŋattaaq; ~ with a hard and
shiny surface 514 silliġruaq;
super hard, old icy ~ 514
silliqsruq; very soft ~ 299 milik;
waterlogged ~ 301 misak(-); wet
~ 346 niviluk(-); white-out ~
weather condition 478
1406
quvyugaġnaq; windpacked ~ 522
sitliq (Nu)
snowbank: 55 aniuvak; deep, soft ~ 74
aqilluk
snow beater: 534 suluktuun
snowblindness: 145 illugniq; suffer ~
145 illuk-; medicine for ~ 146
illuiyaun
snow cornice: 43 aluktinniq, 290
mapsaġruk, 295 mavsa, 521
sisuuksraq (Nu); fall (of ~) 295
mavsatit-
snow-covered: 69 api-; ~ object 69
apiraq
snowdrift: 55 aniuvauraq, 69 apitchiq,
453 qimuagruk, 238 katiġruġniq
(Ti); ~ in shape of whale’s back
21 aġviuraq
snowflake: 426 qannik
snowfall: first ~ 69 apiqqaaġun; first
lasting ~ of year 69
apivaalluqqaaġniq; light ~ 426
qannialaaq(-)
snow goggles: 146 illuksiutik, 661
yugluktaak
snow house: 69 aputyaq (Nu), apuyyaq;
~ heated by rocks 659
uyaqqiuġutilik apuyyaq; make a ~
70 apuyyi-
snow shelter: 498 saggutyaq (Nu), 253
killiġun;
snowshirt: 92 atikłuk(-); 512 silatkutitaaq
(Nu)
snowshoe: 550 taglu, taglupiaq; break
fine webbing of ~ 352 nulluaq-2;
~s case 330 natquun (Nu); use ~s
expertly 550 taglukalgu-
snowshoe hare: 621ukalliq
snowslide: create a ~ 295 mavsat- (Nu)
snowstorm: 17 agniq(-); wet ~ 391
piqsiq(-)
snuff: 345 niuġriktuun (Ti)
snugly: fit ~ 70 apiktit-
so now, based on this knowledge: 9
aasiiñ uvva, aasiuvva
so what, nothing can be done, so let it
 be: 553 taimmalikii
soak: 18 aġitchiq-, 260 kiñitchiq-2;
something left to ~ 260 kinitchiaq
soaked: 167 immit-2; something ~ in
water 167 immisaq; ~ through
522 sitchiq-, sitchiqsruuti-
soap: 191 iqaqqun
soapstone: 603 tuniqtaq
soar: 513 siliagaq-
sob: ~ once 286 manik-2; ~ sniffling 224
kakkiliqta-, kakkiliqtaq-
sobbing: 286 maniktuq-
sober: suddenly become ~ 436 qauriłłak-
soccer: go and play ~ 114 ayuksiaq-;
play ~ 73 aqsraaq(-), aqraurraq-
(Nu)
soccer team: one of two old Iñupiaq ~s
in Tikiġaq (Point Hope) 430
Qapkuaġmiut (Ti)
sock: 95 atun, 239 kaugaq1 (Nu); above-
knee ~s 92 atiġaq (Ti); fur ~ 95
atulaapiaq; knee-high ~s 40
aliqsik; short ~ 95 atulaaq;
waterproof ~s 166 imaitkutak
socket: eye ~ 199 irisiñiq
sod: 218 ivruq; cut ~ 408 qaat-; ~ for
house roof 408 qaataq; place ~
on house wall 219 ivruqsi-
sod house: 219 ivrulik; ; extra wide
base of ~ 135 ikiaq(-); long ~
526 sivunmuktaq (Nu); old ~ 120
igluġruaq;~ passageway
foundation floor 53 aniyaġiaq; ~
with frame 422 qaluuġvigaq
(Nu); ~ with peaked roof 346
niuvaala (Nu); ~ with
subterreanean entranceway 237
kataligaaq
sod chinking: 498 sauvaniq
sod pick: 219 ivruqsiñ, 408 qaatchiñ
soft: 74 aqit-, 481 saat-2; ~ area 74
aqilġuq; become ~ 74 aqikłi-; ~
despite its appearance 74
aqirruaq-; smooth and ~ 338
niġumik-, niġummaak-; too ~ for
someone 74 aqigi-
1407
softball: ~ game 51 anauraġauraq(-);
play ~ 51anauraġauraq(-)
soft drink: 168 imiġaaq(-)
softly: V ~ 892 +ŋuraq-, -uraq-
soiled: 537 suqłak-
solace: seek ~ 39 aliiqsiq-
solder: 343 nipititaq-
soldier: 68 aŋuyakti
sole1: ~ of boot or foot ~ 42 alu, 95
atuŋak(-); clean ~s of foot or
footwear 43 aluiyaq-; crimped ~
249 kiiraaq; ~ of foot or footwear
42 alu; ~ of fur socks 137
ikinġuaq; ~ of paw 37 alaaq;
patch on boot ~ 58 anŋik(-); sew
~ on 95 atuŋak(-), atuŋŋiq-
sole2: ~ I, me 265 kisima; ~ she/he/it 265
kisian, 266 kisimi; ~ themd 265
kisiigñik; ~ them 265 kisiisa; ~
theyd 266 kisimik; ~ they 266
kisimiŋ; ~ yous 266 kisiviñ; ~
youd 266 kisivsik; ~ you 266
kisivsi
solemn: 559 taluġnaq-; become ~ 559
taluġnaqsi-; have a ~ discussion
640 uqaġaaq-
solid: 376 payaŋait-
solitaire: play ~ 316 nalautchuġaaq-;
play multiple ~ 355 nuŋuruuq(-),
359 paasaqqaurraq- (Ti)
solitary: ~ animal 87 atausimġaaq; ~
one 87 atausimġaq
Solitary Sandpiper: (Nu) 474
qupilġuqsiuġayuk
somersault: 325 naparaq-, 621
uivraluktaq-
sometimes: 148 ilaanni; ~ quite
unexpectedly 529 sugaluaq-1;
somnambulate: 212 itivli-
son: 126 iġñiq; a dear ~ 127 iġñaaluk;
dear little ~ 182 iñułłuuraq
step~ 127 iġñiksraq
son-in-law: 341 niŋau; become a ~ 341
niŋaukkit-; parent-in-law
and ~ 341 niŋaugiik
song: 95 atuun; ancestral ~ 257 kimmun
 (Ti); begin a ~ 33 akpit-, 53 anit-;
beginning of a ~ 33 akpirrun, 53
anitchaun; box drum dance ~ 225
kałukaunnaq; Canadian Inuit
dance ~ 306 mumaaqun (Nu);
“common” dance ~ 61 aŋayyun;
compose a ~ 95 attuliuq- (Ti);
create a ~ 95 atuusiuq-; fast
Iñupiaq dance ~ 95 atuugauraq;
~ for a “common” dance 95
atuutipiaq(-); ~ for a fan waving
dance 660 uyupqaun (Nu);
healing ~ 74 aqiun; insect ~ 658
¤uviñŋiaġayuk; magical ~ which
puts one to sleep 516 siññiqsuun;
mourning ~ 444 qirran;
“motion” dance ~ 503 sayuun;
Nalukataq ~ 320 nalukataun;
request one’s personal ~ to
dance to 257 kimi(-); shaman’s
magic ~ for hunting or healing
95 atuułłuk; sing a whaling
charm ~ 106 avataqsiaq- (Ti);
sing a healing ~ 74 aqiq-; sing a
magic healing ~ 95 atuurviluk-;
sing a strong ~ 95 atuqpak- (Nu);
sing a summons ~ 556 taksiuq-2;
strong, dance ~ 95 atuqpaun,
atuutiqpak (Nu); ~ sung during a
masquerade dance 619 uiŋuraun
(Ti); ~ sung to a female bowhead
whale with a calf 416
¤qagrugautaiyaun (Ti); whaling
harpooner’s ~ to hold the
harpoon fast in the whale 106
avataqsiun (Ti)
soot: 375 paula; get ~ on oneself 375
pauguaq-, paullit-; get ~ on it 375
paut-; ~ mixture used for tattoos
on whaling captain, harpooner,
and the whaling captain’s wife
607 tuqurmiutaq; remove ~ from
gun 375 paugiyaq-; remove ~
from stovepipe 375 paulaiyaq-
soothe: 79 arak-
soothing: ~ lotion 323 nanuluun
1408
soothsayer: 316 nalautchaqti
sooty: become ~ 375 paullit-, pauya-
sorcerer: 158 ilisiilak
sore: 33 aksiya-, 57 anniya-; 114
ayuaq(-), 256 killiq; have ~s 256
killiqsuq-; impetigo ~ 256
killiġruaq; large, open ~129
iitiilik; ooze (of ~) 508 siiq-
sore muscles: have ~ 494 saŋniŋa-
sore neck: have a ~ 473 quŋusiñŋu-
sore throat: get a ~ 128 iggiaġiiliq-;
have a ~ 128 iggiaġiit-
sorrow: 189 ipiqtusuutiqpak, 208
isumaaġun; endure ~ 286
manimmi-
sorry: feel sorry for 161 ilunŋugi-, 310
naglikkiuti-
soul: 551 taġniq (Nu)
sound: 342 nipi2; make ~ 342 nipat-, 540
suvaluk-
sounding line: 211 ititilaaġun
soup: 539 suu
sour: ~ urine 213 itiġuq
source: 232 kaŋiq
sourdock: 464 quaġaq, 472 quŋulliġñaq
sourdough: ~ batter 164 imagraq (Ti)
sourgrass: 464 quaġaq
south: kilu1, kiluliñiq; area ~ of
Barrow, Alaska 254 kiluliñaaq;
blow from the ~ 254 kiluagniq(-),
636 uŋalaqpak- (Nu); ~ side of
Point Hope, Alaska 315 nali; ~
wind 254 kiluagnaq, 636
uŋalaġluk(-) (Ti), uŋalaq(-),
uŋalaaq (Nu, Ti)
South Seas: person from the ~ 229
kanaka
southeast: 636 uŋalaġluk(-) (Ti); area ~
of Barrow, Alaska 335 niġġum
kiluliñaaŋa; area located ~ 335
niġġum kiluliñaaŋa; blow from ~
616 uaŋniġluk- (Ti), uaŋniq-;
location ~ 34 akunġagni
paktumalu qaptumalu; ~ ocean
current 392 piruġaġnamiñ
qatchiguraaqtuaq saġvaq; those
 furtherest ~ 615 Ualliit (Ti); ~
wind 95 atuagniq, 334 nigiq
qatchiksuq, 615 uaŋnaq, uagnaq
(Ti)
southwest: 254 kiluagnayaaq, 615
ualiñiq; area located ~ 636
uŋallam kiluliñaaŋa; location ~ 34
akunġagni paktumalu aptumalu;
ocean current flowing from ~
254 kiluagnamiñ
atchaġnauraaqtuaq saġvaq;
towards ~ 163 ilutanmun (Ti);
travel towards ~ 615 uanmuk-; ~
wind 131 ikaŋnaaq (Ti), 636
uŋalaq(-), 636 uŋalaq qatchiksuq
southwesterly: ~ storm: 636 uŋalaqłuk
souvenir: 364 paisaq
sow: 230 kanġai-, kanġaqsruq-
spade (suit in cards): 234 kapuun, 339
niliqpak
spank: 189 ipiġaqtuq-, 374 pattak-
sparkle: 464 qivliqula-
spark: 134 igniqpatit-, igniqauqpatit-;
throw ~s ~ 133 igniġuula-
spasms: have ~ 465 qugluala-
speak: 53 aniq-, 640 uqaq(-). 641
uqallak-1, 642 uqaut-, uqauti-; ~
clearly 643 uqayu-; ~
non-stop 641 uqallak-2; ~ of
something 641 uqallausigi-; ~
sternly 642 uqaviksuuti-; ~ to
someone 342 nipigi- (Nu); ~
unclearly 643 uqayaŋa-,
uqayuit-2; ~ with an accent 643
uqayaŋa-
spear: 234 kappusiq- (Nu), 370 pana(-);
331 naulik(-), 342 niŋiqpak;
long, caribou ~ 234 kapuun; ~
repeatedly 234 kapuq- (Nu),
kavluq-, 370 panauq-; ~
something forcefully 370
panatchatit-
Spectacled Eider: 441 qavaasuk; male
~ 392 pirulliq (Ti)
speed: ~ by 14 agiuqsaaq-; do at a
steady ~ 242 kayummatit-; go at
1409
a good ~ 531 sukkaaġik-
speed up: 242 kayumiksi-
spending time with: 560 tamaaniiqsuaq-
spice: 109 avuuġun; add ~ 109 avuuq-
spider: 32 akłauraq, 385 pilġaiyuk;
hanging ~ 385 pilġayuuraq; large
~ 10 aasivak; small ~ 335
nigruaġruk
spill: 275 kuvi-; ~ over 647 usiġaq-,
usiġaqtuq-, usiġaala-, usiġaula-; ~
repeatedly 275 kuviġaq-
spin: 245 kiavit-, 246 kiavsak-
spinal cord: 461 qitiġaq, 498 saulluq
spinal disc: 137 ikik2
spine: 277 kuyapikkat, 453 qimiġluk(-);
feel one’s ~ tingling 466
quiññalaaq-; fish ~ 276
kuyapigatchiat; have a curvature
of the ~ 611 tuttuuraŋa-
spiral: three-dimensional ~ 458 qivyaq
spirit: 159 ilitqun, ilitqusiq, 183 iñuqun;
evil ~ 159 ilitqusiqłuk; have a
competitive ~ 507 siġmaaq-;
invoke a ~ (of shaman) 61
aŋatkula-; ~ medium 61
aŋatkuġnaq; shaman’s ~ 450
qila(-); ~s of the ancient people
of Ipiutaak 213 Itivyaat
spirituality: 623 ukpiqqutiqaġniq
spit1: fish roasted on a ~ 437 qauraq
(Nu); meat roasted on a ~ 80
argiqsaq; put meat on roasting ~
223 kakiak(-); roast on a ~ 80
argiq-; roasting ~ 80 argiutaq
2
spit : 598 tivvuk-, tivvuaq(-), 618 uġiaq-
spittoon: 618 uġiaqtuġvik
splash: 300 miñik(-); 464 qivsagaala-,
517 siqi-, siqiłłak-; ~ against
something (of ocean waves) 434
qasaq-; ~ into boat 133 ikuliq-;
not be able to ~ 434 qasalait-; ~
repeatedly 518 siqiłłaktaq-,
siqiłhaqtaq-; ~ repeatedly against
something 435 qasaqtaq-; sink
without ~ 211 itiqquuri-, itauri-,
itaqurri- (Nu), 565 taqhammuq-,
 taqhammuk-, taqammuq- (Nu); ~
violently 301 misapqatit-, 517
siqiłhatit-
splashing: make ~ sound 482 saġaaluk-
splatter: 464 qivsalik-
splay-footed: 496 saqpiŋa-
splice: 469 qulivrak-
splint: 459 qiqsutaq(-); set a ~ 459
qiqsutchiq-
splinter: 531 sukkiutaq, 439 qauqqun;
get a ~ 439 qauqi-, 460 qiruksiq-
(Ti)
split: 195 iqłaaq- ; ~s easily 474 quvsik-;
~ layer 136 ikkirraq; ~ into layers
543 taak-; ~ lengthwise 256 kilit-,
474 quvluq-, 623 ukkulik-; ~
one’s pants 108 avit-; ~ section
507 sirraq; ~ sinew 157 iliqsri-,
iliġri- (Ti); ~ something into
layers 135 ikiaq-
spoil: ~ easily 83 asiŋŋuya-; ~ from sun
exposure (of meat) 518 siqiñiq-;
~ (of tomcod) 467 qulġuq-; ~ on
the outside (of meat) 276
kuvsuk-
spoiled: 291 maqu-1; ~ meat
from overexposure to the sun
518 siqiñiqtaq
spokesperson: 642 uqaqti
spongy moss: 618 uġru
spool: 172 immuvik
spoon: 43 aluuttaun; basting ~ 44
aluuttaqpak, aluuttautiqpak; eat
with a ~ 43 aluuttaġaq-
spot: 301 miŋugluk(-)
Spotted Sandpiper: 139 iksriktaayuuq,
643 uqłaqtaq (Nu)
spotted seal: 435 qasigiaq
spouse: 150 ilaqan, 613 tuvaaqan
spouses: be exchange ~ 68 aŋutauqasi-
spout: ~ (of whale) 404 puvlak-, 536
suvluaq-
sprain: 449 qiluqqiutaq, qiluqqisaun
spread: 503 siamit-; ~ one’s legs 104
avlaak-; ~ over a surface 408
qaaptit-
1410
spring: ~ season 639 upinġaksraq(-); ~
after this coming ~ 639
upinġaksratqigu; ~ before this
past ~ 639 upinġaksratqik; last ~
639 upinġaksraq(-); this coming ~
639 upinġaksraġu; this past ~ 639
upinġaksraq
spring: metal ~ 203 isivruġaq
springs: underground ~ 508 siiqsinniq
sprinkle: 464 qivsalik-, 518 siqqiłłaqtiq-
sprout: 303 misuli-, 517 sipkiq-
spruce needle: 461 qisiqsiun
Spruce Grouse: 324 napaaqtum qargia
spruce gum: 636 utŋułuk (Nu), 274
kutchuq
spry: 389 pipika-
spurt: 212 itiksraluaq-, 518 siqpagaala-
(Ti), 530 suġmik-, 536
suppuqhiaq-; ~ soft stool 212
itikpaługiaq-
spy on: 186 iŋiuq-, iŋiuqłiq-
spyglass: 198 iriġruaq(-), 606 tuqłuaq;
look through ~ 606 tuqłuaġaq-
square: 194 iqirġalik, 232 kaŋiġallulik
squat: 259 kiñi-, 457 qipiŋauksimaaq-
squeak: 401 pupipsuk-, 445 qiġiiluk-,
qiġiila-, 597 tiriqtaq-, tiriqtitaq-
squeamish: feel ~ 304 muayuk-, 466
quiñak- (Ti); ~ about 304
muayugi-, 409 qaayuġi- (Ti)
squint: 457 qiŋŋaq-, 519 siquapayaaq-,
siquapayyi-, siquvyak-
squirm: 157 iliqsraq-, iliġraq- (Ti)
squirrel: 509 siksrik(-); accumulate
many ~ skins 509 siksrautiġuq-;
young ~ 509 siksraaq
squirt out: 530 suġmik-
stab: 233 kapi; ~ each other 234
kapputi-; ~ repeatedly 234
kappuq-, kavluq-
stack: 408 qaliġiiksitaq-
stagger: 491 sanipaktuq-, 624 ulġusia-,
ulġusiala-; 627 uluqtaaq-; begin
to ~ 491 sanipaktuġayaaġaliq-
staggering: 491 sanipaktuġaq-
stain: 264 kipinniq, 301 miŋugluk(-);
 become a wet ~ 298 millit-; gray
~ 606 tuqsruġmiutaq
stairs: 609 tunmiġautat, 296 mayuaġautit
stake: 375 pauk(-), 376 pauktuun; drive a
~ in 289 maŋuk-, 376 pauktuq-;
large ~ 375 paugaq; several ~s in
ground to guide owls to trap 61
aŋarrat; tie to a ~ 396 pituk(-)
staked: become ~ in 289 maŋuk-;
sealskin ~ on ground for
stretching and drying 375
pauktaq
stalk: ~ an animal 397 piyugaq-, 591
tiġiigaq-; ~ an animal on ice
by crawling 102 auq-
stalk of plant: 313 nakautaq, nakaq
stalking: make noise while ~ 504
siaksruktaq-
stammer: 190 iptuġiq-
stamp: postage ~ 287 maniuraq
stanchion: 244 kiavluutaq, kaivluutaq,
324 napaġiaq, 325 naparuq (Ti)
stand: 280 makita-; ~ and move about
closeby 447 qikaaq-, qikaġaaq-~;
on tiptoe 340 nikuvraaq-,
nikuvrak-, 350 nukivraak-; ~
proudly 463 qiviŋaaq-; ~ with
hands in one’s pockets 23
aiñiqsimaaq-
stand out: 349 nuima-
stand up: 280 makit-; ~ abruptly 280
makłak-, makkiqi-1, maksrik-;
attempt to ~ 280 maksrukaq-;
barely ~ 280 makipqaq-; go and
~ 280 makitchaqtuq-; rarely ~ up
280 makitqaptaq-; try to ~ 280
makitchaq-; ~ with 280
makirruti-
stand out: 409 qatchik-
standard: 316 nalaunŋaruksraq
standing: 280 makita-; ~ around
446 qikaq-
star: 655 uvluġiaq
starboard: 558 taliqpiñmun umiamiñ
star (celestial): 655 uvluġiaq
stars (celestial): 565 taqtuutut; two ~ that
1411
signal longer daylight 656
uvluqsiutik
start late: 393 pisakallaŋit-
stare: 557 takunnaq-; ~ for a while 455
qiñiqsaġataq-; ~ longingly
557 takuiññaq, 455 qiññaapak-; ~
sternly 455 qiñiġruaq-,
qiññaġluk-
starter: 100 aullaqtitaun
startle: ~ animal toward waiting hunter
638 uŋŋuqi-; ~ someone or
something 409 qaallai-, 465
quglui-, 605 tupai-; try to ~
someone 409 qaallaksaq-; ~ by
making the snow creak 448
qikiġġit-
startled: 465 qugluksaq-, 605 tupak-;
give a shout when ~ 409 qaallak-
starvation: 221 kargu(-)
starve: 128 ii-2, 220 kakkaaq-, 370 paniq-
statute: 395 pitquraq
stay: 209 it-, 333 nayuuti-; ~ ahead 407
qaaŋiummati-; ~ as a guest 599
tukku-; ~ at a hotel 352 nullaq-;
~ and enjoy 173 ina-; find a
place to ~ 173 inillak-, inillallak-
(Ti); have a place to ~ 600
tukkuqaq-; ~ in a cave during
hibernation (of bears) 205
isiġmiu-; ~ in the dark 547
taaġmiu-; ~ indoors 205
isiġmiuraaq-; ~ in the sun and get
a tan 518 siqiñiqsiq-; invite a
guest to ~ 615 tuyuġmiaqsaq-; no
longer have any place to ~ 173
iniksraiġuti-; ~ overnight 516
siñiktaq-; ~ seated in one
spot 77 aquppiuq-; ~ a short
while 305 muluu-; ~ a while
longer 34 akuniit- (Nu)
stay away: 380 piisimaaq-; ~ longer
than expected 305 mulu-1,
mulluqtu-
stay behind: 633 unik-, uniktit-; ~ while
others depart 364 pai-
stay with: ~ and care for 333
 nayuq-; ~ another while
parents are gone 364 pailaaq-
(Ti); ~ husband’s family
624 ukuakkit-
stay up: ~ all night long 635 unnuiqi-; ~
late 305 mumiqłiq-, 378 pigaaq-
steadfast: 99 aulayaiqsima-
steal: 589 tiglik-
stealthily: eat ~ from another’s cache
198 irgasii-
steam: 72 apyuq(-), apyuala- (Nu), 406
puyuala-
steel: 501 saviłhaq, savilġaq (Ti)
steep: 89 anmuŋŋaġik-, 273 kurraŋa-, 296
mayuŋŋaaġik-, 475 qutait-, 505
sigraġik-, 509 sikkik-, 524
siviiŋŋaġik-, siviŋŋaġik-; ~ incline
285 managaaraq
Steller’s Eider: 123 igniqauqtuq, 613
tuutalluk igniqauqtuq
stem: plant ~ 313 nakaq, nakaun,
nakautaq, 358 nuvulu (Nu); word
~ 289 maŋŋuq
step: entrance ~ 609 tunmiġaq2,
tutipqiq, tuŋmiġaq; ~ on a nail
531sukkit-; ~ on something 609
tuti-, tunmaq-, tuŋmaq-, tugmaq-;
take a ~ 104 avluq-; ~ all over
something 609 tunmaluk-,
tuŋmaluk-
stepdaughter: 370 paniksraq
stepfather: 7 aapaksraq
stepmother: 4 aakaksraq
stern: low at ~ of umiak 78 aquvrik-;
point at ~ of kayak or umiak 78
aquuraq (Nu); ~ seat of umiak
247 kiglu
sternum: 461 qitiġaq, 484 sakiak; lower
tip of ~ 444 qayuuttauraq
stick: ~ inserted in sod house wall to
hold blubber strip above stone
lamp 111 ayaksriqpik; roasting ~
447 qikautaq; stout ~ 459 qiqsiñ;
~ used to clean a skin before
tanning 487 saluksiñ
sticky: 273 kupkanaq-, 343 nipitqanaq-,
1412
(Ti), nipitqiq-; have something ~
on oneself 273 kupkaluk-
stickleback: 223 kakilaġnaq, kakilasak
stiff: 192 iqaq-, 445 qiġata-, qiġattaŋa-,
qiġattaq- (Nu), 462 qitukkait-
(Nu), 589 tiggaq-; have ~ muscles
445 qiġġaq-
stiffen: ~ from muscle spasm 463 qiviq-;
~ (of hair) 591 tikkuk-, tikkuutit-;
~ with rigor mortis 124 igruq-
stillbirth: a ~ 607 tuquŋarriruaq
stillborn: 607 tuquŋarri-
sting: ~ (of a cut) 541 suviu-; ~ , eyes
419 qakiqsi-
stingy: 56 anniqsrau-, 126 iġlik-, iġligi-,
iġlitu-, 296 migvigi-, 505 sigña-,
sigñagi-, sigñatu-, 516 siŋnatu-
(Ti); ~ with food 343 niqaŋŋiu-,
344 niqłiñġu-
stink: 595 tipaaq-, tippaqtu- (Nu)
stinkweed: 486 salgiġruaq (Ti)
stipulation: 282 maliġuagaksraq
stir: 36 akut-, 60 aŋalat-, 186 iŋut-,
iŋulit-, 422 qaluiq-
stitch: 255 kilu2; 55 atmuaqtaq (Nu);
guide ~ 223 kakiutchiq-; have
small, precise ~es 255 kilukit-; ~
which creates a waterproof
seam 46 amiġaq(-); sew an
overlapping ~ 55 anmuaq-,
atmuaq- (Nu); sew even ~es 255
kilugik-; sew uneven ~es 255
kilugluk-
stock: 133 ikkun
stockade: ~ of large willows 483 saiġut;
build a willow ~ 483 saiġuq-
stockholder: 133 ikkutilik
stoic: 59 anuqsru-
stomach: 74 aqiaġuq; have a full ~ 309
naaq(-); ~ lining 202 isaġuaq;
ruminant ~ 74 aqiaġuuraq
stomachache: have a ~ 74 aqiaġuġiit-,
aqiaġunŋu-, 309 narraaġiit-,
narranŋu-
stone: 271 kukukłiq, 659 uyaġak; soft,
white ~ 278 maġałłak (Nu), 290
 maqałłak; spotted ~ used for
head of sealing club 271
kukuvrak; triangular-shaped ~
525 sivukkaiyuuq (Nu); ~ used
for rubbing white powder into
caribou skin for tanning 487
saluun (Ti)
stone tablets: 481 saapaqayait uyaġait
stool: a three-legged ~ 142 iksivautaq,
340 nikuvġautaq, nikivġauta, 350
nukivġautat; (Ti); sit down on ~
340 nikuvit-; squat down on ~
340 nikuvġaq-
stoop: ~ and pick objects up 400 pukuk-
stooped: 470 qumaŋa-
stop: 356 nutqaq-, 435 qasuq-, 587
tavraaq-; ~ for a while 357
nutqiuq-; ~ someone or
something 357 nutqaqtit-
stop and eat: 23 ailli- (Ti)
stop and go: 356 nutqapik-
stop it: 9 aasi, 221 kaasi, 565 tavra
storage: ~ alcove 153 iliqpik, iliqpiuraq,
542 suvvik, suvviuraq; ~ area in
entrance tunnel of sod house
120 iglutchiaq2 (Ti), 268
kivalliurat (Ti), 412 qaġiaq; ~ bag
with a drawstring 637
uŋigauraq; bearded seal meat
and blubber sewn in a bale for
~ 600 tuktaq; cold ~ 335
nigliqpik (Nu); cold ~ pit dug
down to permafrost and
covered 446 qiġniq; food ~ area
344 niqikuvik; food ~ poke 17
aġġutaq1; frozen food ~ alcove
291 maqpik2; little ~ spaces 155
illiviurat; ~ rack 155 illiqpik;
something not in ~ 481
satqummiaq; ~ space 155 illivik,
610 tutquqsivik; underground ~
space 505 siġluaq(-)
store: 585 tauqsiġñiaġvik, tauqsiġiaġvik;
610 tutquq-; cheek pocket of
squirrel where it ~s food 194
iqimiuttak; close the ~ 630
1413
umik(-)1; ~ food for future use
535 sunakki-; ~ a harvested
game animal 344 niqqak-; ~
moistened skin for a longer
period of time 399
putchimapkavsaaq-; ~ moistened
skin for a short while 398
putchimaallaktitchaq-; put in a ~
for sale 153 ili-1; ~ something
away 445 qiġluvaq- (Ti); ~ a
supply of berries 83 asirri-
stored: fish ~ together frozen 347
nivirat; meat cooked and ~ in
seal oil 116 igamaaqłuk;
surreptitiously eat food which
has been ~ in a cache 198
irgasiq-
storekeeper: 585 tauqsiġñiaqti
storm: 512 silaqłuk(-); a snow~ 17
agniq(-); southwesterly ~ 636
uŋalaqłuk; take shelter in a ~ 646
uqqit-; ~ out 52 aniłłaktaq-,
animaġluk-, aniñiġluk- (Ti)
stormy: 512 silaqłuk(-)
story: 469 quliaqtuaq(-), 633
unipkaaq(-), 640 uqaaqtuaq(-)
(Ti); receive a ~ to tell 633
unipkarrak-; tell a ~ 640
uqaaqtuaq(-) (Ti), 641
uqalugaaq(-); tell supporting ~
to the first story 112
ayapqusillak-
storyteller: 633 unipkaaqti, 641
uqaluktuaqti
stove:133 igniġvik; barrel ~ 7 aapapaaq
(Ti)
stovepipe: 406 puyuuġvik; ~ cleaner 375
paulaiyaun; close damper
for ~ 234 kapiglisiq-, 476
quuqłiq-; damper for ~ 234
kapiglin (Ti), 476 quuqłiġun; open
the damper for the ~ 476
quuqłiġutaiq-; rotating ~ cap 463
qiviaġaaq
straight: 504 siatqik-; go ~ 313 nakiq-,
317 nalimuk-, nalimuu-; that
 which is not ~ 496
saqulaqiiŋaruaq
straight up: 469 qunmuiññaq; leap ~
302 misik-
straighten: 313 nakiqsaq-, nakiqsai-,
316 nalġuqtiq-; ~ wood 655
uusuk- (Nu)
strain: ~ one’s body by overworking
311 naŋniqtuq-; ~, push down
with abdominal muscles 517
siŋulluq(-); to ~ while defecating
517 siŋuk-
strain at harness or line: 449
qiliqipak-
strainer: tea ~ 591 tiitchiġiiyaun (Ti)
strait: 137 ikiq, 515 sinnaq (Ti), siñaġaq,
siñiġaq (Ti); narrow ~ 137
ikiġuraq2
strange: 41 allanaq-; ~ object 41
allayuqqaq
strangle: 354 nunui-, 453 qimit-
strangled one: 453 qimisaq
straps: mitten ~ 59 anuk; shoulder ~
322 natmautaġiak (Nu), natmautaq
(Nu)
stream: 275 kuuġuq, kuukłuk,
kuugaluk, kuuguuraq, kuugauraq;
~ bed 275 kurriñiq; glaciated ~
508 siiqsinniq
street: 70 apqun
strength: 502 sayak, 528 suaŋŋan; build
up ~ 502 sayyiqsuq-; gain ~ 502
sayyak-, 528 suaŋŋak-; lack ~
494 saŋŋiit-
stretch: 449 qiluuq-, 569 tasi-, tasit-,
tasitchaq-; ~ one’s arms 569
tasiqsruq-; ~ one’s limbs 203
isiqsruq-; ~ skin out on frame
to dry 176 iññiaq-1; ~ skin over
drum frame 203 isik-, isiaq-
stretched out: 203 isivsala-; anything ~
and displayed 203 isiptaq; lie ~
203 isivsala-, isivsalaq-,
isivsalaaq-
stretcher: 26 akigautik
stretcher for terrestrial animal skin:
1414
216 ivaġutik
stretching: make bigger by ~ 569
tasirruk-
strike: 50 anau-, 139 iksaq-; ~ again
314 naksi-1; ~ a heavy blow 51
anauviñaq-; ~ and kill a whale
with one blow 598 tuaġilaaq-; ~,
of lightning 133 igniġuuqpatit-,
134 igniqpalliaq-, 437
qaumatitaq(-), qaummaliaġaq-
(Ti); ~ repeatedly (of lightning)
134 igniqpalliaġaq-; ~ repeatedly
with tusks 612 tuugaaġmik; ~
with antlers 311 nagruk(-); ~
with a hammer or heavy object
240 kauviñaq-; ~ a whale with a
harpoon 497 satku-; ~ with a
weapon 497 satkusaq-; ~ with a
whaling bomb 536 supputit-; ~
with side of fist 589 tigluk-
string: 32 akłunauraq, aglunaatchiaq
(Ti); ~ used in telling string
stories 112 ayaqhaaġun,
ayaqhaun, ayaġaaġun; thin ~ 32
aglunaatchauraq (Ti)
string stories: spirit which uses its
intestines to tell ~ 112
ayaqhaakkiiq; tell ~ 110
ayaġaaq(-)
stringed musical instrument: 355
nuqaqtilik, nuqaqtiligaaq
strip: ~ of animal skin made into rope
253 kilitaq, 267 kittaq; blubber
~ set on post above oil lamp 111
ayaksraq; ~ of baleen 473
qupitaq; ~ of bleached sealskin
on top edge of boot 516
siŋiaqtalaaq; ~ of caribou skin
wrapped around belly of dog
588 tavsiaq; connecting ~
between body and sole of boots
248 kigmiġun, 249 kiipkaġun,
253 killiġuaq, killiġauraq (Ti),
599 tugnaaq, 638 uŋirviaġun; cut
baleen into thin ~s 501 savigaq-;
cut blubber into ~s 355 nurri-,
 644 uqsri-; cut skin into ~s 253
kilit-; ~ of fur (decorative) on
top of boot 468 qulipaq; ~ of fur
from shoulders to front legs of
wolverine 244 kiativiñiq; ~ of
fur hanging on clothing as
decoration 335 nigraq; ~ of
rendered blubber 645
uqsruġaaq; scraped ~ of baleen
501 savigaaq; ~ of split sinew
157 iliqsraq, iliġraq (Ti); ~ of
meat taken from back muscle
216 ivaluliñiq; thin ~s of caribou
hide 471 qunigu; tusk-shaped
design ~ on front and back of
parka yoke 93 atittuġun; ~ of
whale meat and maktak from
ventral waist area 564
tapsiñaaq, 588 tavsi(-); white ~
of baleen 473 qupitaq
striped: fabric with ~ pattern 474
quvluayuuq; ~ wolverine ruff
601 tulugauraq
strive: ~ to be the first to V 932
+qqaurraq-
strong: 494 saŋŋi-, saŋŋima- (Ti), 507
siima-, 528 suama-, suaŋa-; not ~
enough to do the task 377
payyaksaq-
stronger: become ~ 528 suammak-,
suaŋŋak-; made ~ 376 payaŋaiq-
structure made of two poles crossed at
a ninety degree angle near the
upper end: 61 aŋarraq, aŋarraaq
struggle: 377 payyagniuq-, 506 siġġaqi-,
507 siġliqi-
strut: 394 pisuaqpagaaq-; ~ in a manly
way 68 aŋutaukhaaq-
stub one’s toe: 402 putukkuaq-
stubborn: 6 aaŋa-, 84 atammiŋa-, 395
pitchiġiit-, 507 siġliġnaq-, 519
siqquq-, 526 sivunmuutu-,
sivuniqtuuq-
stuck: 258 kinatchit-; badly ~ 225
kalipqit; become ~ 225 kalivit-;
get something ~ 225 kalivri-
1415
study: 154 ilisaq-
student: 154 ilisaqtuaq; ~ in elementary
school 300 miŋuaqtuqti
stuff: 269 kiviq- (Ti), kivvii-, 270
kivviaq-, 507 siimik-, siimiksuq-;
~ a bag 244 kiavlui-, kaivlui-
stuffed, dead animal: 653 uumaruuraq
stuffy: ~ (of room) 188 ivyanŋunaq-
stumble: 279 makłukaktaq-, 359
paałłakaaq-, 402 putukkit-,
403 puukaq-; trip someone
causing her/him to ~ 309 naakłit-
stumbling block: 402 putukkisaun
stumps: willow ~ 251 kikarat
stun: 607 tuquanŋuq-
stung: ~ by insect 375 pauktit-
stunted: 62 aglisuit-
stupid: 1 aamaŋa-; ~ person 233
kaŋiqsisailaq, 293 masiikak
stutter: 190 iptuġiq-, 235 kapkat- (Ti)
sty: ~ in eye 509 sikkutaq(-)
subdue: 85 atanniqsima-
submerged: 314 nakkaummi-; ~
sandbar 137 ikkalġuq
submissive: feel ~ 560 taluqsraq-
subsidiary: 231 kanŋuuraq
substitute: 514 simmaun
subtraction: 149 ilaiġaġniq
succeed: barely ~ 389 pipqauraq-
success: 379 piġuq-
succession: occur in ~ 619 uiguliktit-
such cute little things: 10 aatahai (Nu)
suck: 125 iguk-, iguksi-, 298 milluaq-;
go and ~ 298 milugiaq-; ~ juice
out of something 374 pativsuk-
sucker fish: 298 milugiaq
suckle: 45 amaamak-
sudden: make ~ attempt to V 969
+saqtiq-
suddenly: 565 tavraŋŋatchiaq, 588
tavrauvvaa; V ~ forcefully
806 -llagruaq-, 871 -niqłak-
suffer: 311 nagliksaaq-, 312
nagrutchiq-; ~ from an injury
482 sagniuq-; ~ the effects
associated with N or V-ing 878
 -nŋu-
suffering:163 iłuilliuġniq, 310
nagliksaaġun; mental or
physical ~ that causes delays
312 nagrutaq
sufficient: become ~ 175 inuŋaiq-, 307
naamasi-
suffocate: 187 ipi-, ipit-; begin to ~ 188
ivyanŋuqtuliq-
sugar: 109 avu(-), 504 siarak (Nu); add ~
504 siarriq- (Nu); ~ bowl 109
avuqaġvik; brown ~ 548 taaqtaq
avu; cube of ~ 442 qavsirauraq
sulk: 341 niŋaq-, 388 piŋa-
sullen: 341 niŋaq-
summer: 97 auraq (Nu), 639
upinġaaq(-); ~ after this
coming ~ 639 upinġaatqigu; ~
before last ~ 639 upinġaatqik;
every ~ 639 upinġalimauraq(-);
for the midnight sun ~ days to
end 547 taaqsisuusi-; last ~ 639
upinġaaq; one who comes to
spend the ~ 639 upinġiaq; ~
place 98 aurivigiññaq, aurivik;
spend the ~ 98 auri- (Nu), 639
upinġi-; this coming ~ 639
upinġaaġu; this current ~ 639
upinġaapak
summer skin of fur bearing land
mammal: 97 auralliq
summit: reach the ~ 32 akpak-
summit near Anaktuuvak Pass: 326
Naqsraġlugiaq
sun: 518 siqiñiq; eclipse (of ~) 400
pula-; ring around ~ 104
avaluġun, 106 avatiġun (Ti),
avasiġun; set (of ~) 326 naqikłi-,
342 nipi-1, 615 ualisaq-
sunbathe: 518 siqiñiqsiaq-
sunburn:145 iligrak(-)
sunburned: become ~ 652 uut-
Sunday: 299 Minġuiqsiġñiq, 499
Savaiññiq; be ~ 177 Iñiqtuiqsiq-,
499 Savait-
sundogs: 113 ayauppiak
1416
sunglasses: 660 uyukłuuk
sunny: ~ (of weather) 265
kirratchiaq-, 518 siqiññaaġik-,
siqiññaraaq-, siqiññaraaġik-
sunrise: wait for the ~ 518 siqiññiaq-
superior: act or feel ~ 55 anmiksraq-
superlative: ~ (e.g., biggest, sweetest,
…) N 872 +niqsraq, +niqtaq
supplication: 456 qiññuaqtuun
support: 132 ikayuq-; provide ~ 604
tunulliliq-; provide a ~ 277
kuyapikkiq-; rally ~ 182
iñunnak-
supporting story: tell ~ to the first
story 112 ayapqusillak-
surface1: 406 qaa(-); dorsal ~ of fish
468 quliik; emerge and flow
spreading over a ~ 407 qaamit-,
408 qaaptit-; float to the ~ 400
puktakkaq-, puktallak-, puktaq-;
fly over the ~ 409 qarġut-; have a
smooth ~ 406 qaaġik-; have
rough ~ 247 kigrak-; hover
under ~ of water 659 uyak-
(Nu); rough or uneven ~ 286
maniilaq; sides of whale’s
ventral ~ 616 uatit (Ti); ventral
~ of whale under jaws 409 qaa
(Ti); ventral ~ of whale between
head and belly 514 silvi, silviik
(Ti)
surface2: 399 pui-; ~ ahead of whaling
boat (of whale) 139 ikpiq-; ~
behind boat (of sea mammal)
77 aqquaq-; ~ in an inlet (of
whale) 233 kaŋiqłuaq-; not ~ 408
qaġviŋit-; ~ repeatedly 399
puigaq-, 399 puiyaq- (Ti); rise to
~ 399 puila-, 416 qagvaq-; ~
suddenly 52 aniłłaktaq- (Ti), 504
sigatit-; ~ upon 399 puggiqi-; ~
with 399 puggisi-
Surf Scoter: 23 ailuqtuq, 107 aviluqtuq,
aviluqtaq, 612 tuunġaaġruk
surgery: perform ~ 384 pilaktuq-
surpass: 407 qaaŋiq-; ~ all others 407
 qaaŋiummati-; ~ in competition
49 anak-; ~ by quite a bit 407
qaaŋiulaak-, qaaŋiułaak-; ~ others
in one’s accomplishments 313
naksi-2
surplus: 517 sippaq, sippaku
surprise: 226 kamasuun, 477 quviq-,
605 tupai-
surprised: 337 niġiillaktau-, 477
quviġusuk-, quviqtau-, 605 tupak-
surrender: 416 qait-
surreptitiously: ~ try to V 873 +niuraq-;
V ~ 892 +ŋuraq-, -uraq-
surround:105 avat-, avataŋia-, 160 ilu(-)2
surrounded: open water ~ by ice 335
nigayu, nigayuq
surrounding area: 104 avati
surroundings: become aware of one’s ~
436 qauri-; enjoy spacious ~ 174
inituyaaqi-; immediate ~ of any
structure 513 silati; not attentive
to one’s ~ 1 aamaŋa-; step out of
dwelling and check ~ 349
nuillak-
surveyor: 354 nunniqiri; ~’s transit 354
nunniqun
survive: barely ~ 184 iñuupqaułłik-,
iñuupqauraq-; ~ danger 383
pilluk-
suspect: 156 ilimagi-, ilimanaq-; begin to
~ 156 ilimakkiuti-
suspender: 127 iġriñ; pair of ~s 127
iġrisik
suspicion: 156 ilimasuun
suspicious: look ~ 373 pasiñaq-
swallow: 127 ii-1; finally ~ 128 iiġruaq-;
~ due to hunger or strong
emotion 128 iisaq-; ~ saliva
loudly 301 misaivsaaq-
swallowing: have difficulty ~ 258
kinatchi-
swamp fly: 346 niviaġruk
swampy: ~ area 166 imaqaaqtuq (Ti)
swear: use ~ words 641 uqamaqłuk-
sweat: 508 siiq- (Ti), siiqsipkaq-
sweater: 408 qaliġuaq
1417
sweep: 592 tilai-, tilaġġi-
sweet: become ~ and sour 508 siiġlak-,
siiġñit-; taste ~ 508 siiġñaq(-),
siiġnaq (Ti), siiġñaaq-
sweetvetch: alpine ~ 293 masu,
masuqutaq
swell: form ~s (of ocean) 186 iŋiulik(-),
283 malik(-), 388 piŋu(-); large
ocean ~ with an overhanging
crest on verge of breaking 626
ulivragaq(-) (Nu); ~ on ocean 186
iŋiulik(-), 283 malik(-), 388
piŋu(-); ~ (of river) 167
immaktit-; ~ when cold (of lips)
505 sigguk(-)
swelling: cause ~ to decrease 340 nilit-;
~ on skin 388 piŋu(-)
swerve: 492 saniuġruk-, 563 taŋmik-,
658 uvaak(-); ~ repeatedly 497
saquuq-
swift: 242 kayumik-
swim: 403 puuvraq-, puumit-; ~ (of sea
mammals) 321 naluk-2; ~ with
nose above water 403 puuvruq-
swing: 63 aŋilġisaun, aŋilġisaaq-, 11
aayutaaq- (Ti)
swirl and rise: 72 apyuala-, apyuula-
(Nu), 110 avyuala-,
swivel: 457 qipinġiun, 502 sayugvik
swollen: become ~ 404 puvit-; ~ with
air 405 puvliq-
swoop: 402 puturaq-, 513 siliak-; ~ and
catch something 521 sisuk-
syllable: 551 taisaġniq
sympathy: 310 naglikkun, nagliksraun;
appeal to one’s sympathy 456
qiññuaq-; have ~ 311
naglikuvsuaq-
T
taboo: 15 agli;gnaq-, 265 kiruġnaq-;
avoid someone in accordance
with ~ 15 agliġi-; immune to
consequences of ignoring ~ 15
agliġit- (Ti) observant of ~ 15
agliqtau-, 373 paquqtau-; not
 bound by ~ 265 kiruqtait-
table: 336 niġġivik
tablespoon: 43 aluuttaq1, aluuttaun
tackle: jigging ~ for tomcod 285
manaq(-)
tail: bird’s ~ 372 papik; mammal’s ~
369 pamiuq; fish~ 372 papiġuq
tail of bowhead whale: 496 saqpik(-);
part of ~ between the flukes and
the ventral flanks 212 itiġruġaq
tailbone: 369 pamiuġayuk; injure the ~
369 pamiuġayyuaq-
take: 377 pi(-); here, ~ it 60 aŋ
take a break: 356 nutqallak-
take a good look: 455 qiñimmaġiksaaq-;
~ around 455 qiñiġaaq-
take hold of: 589 tigu-; ~ and not let go
590 tigummiraq-
take a leave of absence: 500 savaŋillak-
take a nap: 519 siqutqik-,
siqutqiksuuraq-, 404 puuvsi-
take a step: ~ backward 262 kiŋuppiaq-;
~ forward104 avluq-; ~ up 32
akpak-
take a stroll: 394 pisuaqtuaq-
take a tent down: 606 tupqiyaq-
take a vacation: 39 aliiqsiaq-
take across: 131 ikauti-, ikaaġuti-
take advantage of: 319 naluruaġi-
take aim: 591 tikkuaq-, 618 uġliuti-
take all: 560 tamatkiq-; ~ of another’s
possessions 530 suiġut-, suiġuti-,
560 tamatkii-
take along: ~ a N 785 -ligaaq(-); ~ so all
V together 1083 +uti-
take another’s place: 173 inaiq-,
inaŋiq-; ~ in line 479 saaŋiq-, 525
sivulik-
take apart: 64 aŋivit-; ~ someone’s
object 64 aŋivsi-2
take around: 550 tagiuti-, 661 yugirruti-
take away: ~ burden 478 saagaiq-; ~
from another 10 aat-1; ~ objects
from someone 73 aqtaq-
take back: ~ , return with 650 utquti-
take care of: 306 munaġi-, 438 qaunagi-,
1418
496 saput-; ~ each other 438
qaunakkuti-; go and ~ 306
munaġiyaqtuq-
take each other as partners: 590 tigguti-
take flight: 594 tiŋi-; 429 qaŋattaq-
take good care: ~ of things 438
qaunatqik-
take heed: 640 uputi-
take hold: 589 tigu-; ~ of something or
someone roughly 461 qisuk-,
qitchuk-; ~ and hang on 589
tigu-
take home: 22 aggisi-, aggisuuti-
take it easy: 412 qaġa-1
take little time: 524 sivikit-; ~
surprisingly 524 sivikisiq-
take long time: 524 sivisu-; ~ to fall
asleep 516 siñikallaiq-
take N = piece of clothing off: 734 :Iq-2
take notice: 538 suqutigi-
take out of: ~ a container 482 sagviq-; ~
danger 590 tigvauti-
take over there: 130 ikuŋauti-
take pants off: 648 usiq-2
take partway: ~ to destination 425
qani(-)
take past the goal: 407 qaaŋiuti-
take revenge: 28 akisaq-
take shelter: 646 uqqit-
take sides: 148 ilaalliqsuq-
take someone or something and leave:
100 aullauti-
take to: ~ somewhere 10 aat-2; ~ to a N
849 ÷muuti-
take turns: 26 akiaġaqtaaq
take upriver: 550 tagrauti-
taken away: 100 aullaurrau-
talent: 394 pisuġniq
talented: 500 savayuq-
talk: 640 uqaq(-); ~ about 642
uqausiġi-, uqautigi-; ~ at length
640 uqaaq-; easy to ~ to 643
uqayunaq-; ~ incessantly 640
uqaataq-; ~ loudly 496 saġmak-,
saġmagvigi-, 640 uqaala-; try to ~
640 uqaġniaq-
talkative: 641 uqalutu-, 643
uqqaaġik-
tall: someone ~ 556 takiłhuyuk
taller: become ~ than 407 qaaŋiq-
talon: for a bird to grab something with
its ~s 461 qisuk-, qitchuk-, 461
qisugluk-, qitchugluk-; ~ of bird
461 qisuun
tame: 115 ayuġisaq-, 358 nuyuit-;
become ~ 358 nuyuiq-
tan: 78 ¤aquptit-
tangle: 159 illak-, illagniq
tangled: become ~ up 159 illak-, 309
naasaaq-2; ~ hair 195 iqłit
tanned: become sun~ 518 siqiñiqsiq-; ~
caribou hide used as a mattress
609 tunŋaraq; cleaned, ~ hide 487
salummaaq; eat the skin from a ~
hide 47 amiqsuq-; animal skin to
be ~ 127 iġviaksraq; half-masks
made from ~ white caribou hide
529 suglut (Ti); ~ leather 127
iġviaq; slippers with soft, ~
leather soles 127 iġvialigaak;
smoked ~ leather 206 isiqsiaq;
soft, ~ hide 462 qitummaktaq
tapeworm: 470 ¤qumak (Ti)
taproot: 189 ipiġaqtuun, 233 kaŋiun (Ti);
edible ~ of Alpine Sweetvetch
293 masu
target: 393 pisiksuġaq(-), pisiksuġaaq(-);
~ for shooting practice 314
naksiġaq
tarpaulin: 505 sigraaq
task: 499 savaaq
taskforce: 391 piriksraqtaat
taste: 653 uuk-, uuksi-; ~ bad 284
mamait-, 595 tivluk-; ~ good 284
mamaq-
tattered: ~ item 528 sualuk
tattle: 469 quliaq-
tattoo: 223 kakiñiq, 605 tupi(-), tupiniq;
~ on forehead 439 qauġun
taunt: 284 mamiasaaq-, 284
mamiasaaġun
taut: 355 nuqaq-, 449 qiluqqi-, 494
1419
saŋŋi-; hold line ~ 449 qilummi-;
stretch ~ 449 qiluqqiqsruq-
taut line: 449 qiluaq(-); use ~ to snare
449 qiluaqtuq-
tea: 443 qayuq; 591 tii
tea kettle: 345 niuqqiun, niuqqiuġun,
652 uunaqsiivik, uunaqsitchiivik
teach: 154 ilisaurri(-), ilisauti-
teacher: 154 ilisaurri(-)
tear1: 39 alik-, aligaq-; ~ apart with the
teeth 248 kigiq-; ~ from
pressure 507 sirruġaq-
2
tear : shed a ~ 470 qulvi(-)
teardrop: 470 qulvi(-)
tears: shed ~ 470 qulvili-, qulviugaq-
tease: 58 anŋiqsruq-, 65 aŋniqsruq-, 480
sanmiraq-, 392 pisaayugaq-
teaspoon: 44 aluuttauraq
teeter-totter: 191 ipuktaaq-, ipuktaun
teeth: baby ~ 156 ililgaaġruutit; bare
one’s ~ 195 iqłak-2; brush ~ 249
kigutigiksaq-; canine ~ 601
tuluġirrak; carry with one’s ~
248 kigmiaq(-), kiŋmiaq; chatter,
of ~ 15 agliġula-, 235 kapkaluk-,
570 tatiġila-, (Ti), 597 titiġila-
(Ti); clench ~ 247 kii-; crunch
with ~ 432 qaqquq-, 433
qaqquluu-; false ~ 249
kigutiŋŋuat; front ~ 289 maŋiutit,
525 sivuġat, sivuliqqat, sivulliit
(Nu), 526 sivuluat; gnash one’s ~
597 tiriq-, tiriqtaq-, tiriqtitaq-;
grind one’s ~ 557 takuq-; have
good, sharp ~ 249 kigutraq- (Nu);
hold between one’s ~ 249
kiimmi-; have something stuck
in ~ 273 kupki(-), kupkit-;
lower ~ 89 allimġat;
make noise with one’s ~ 235
kapkaq-; one without ~ 248
kigutailaq; pick ~ clean 273
kupki(-), kupkili-, kupkiiyaq-;
rotten (of ~) 97 auŋa-; tear apart
with ~ 248 kigiq-, 288 maŋiaq-,
289 maŋiksraq-, 298 mikkiaq-;
 upper ~ 468 qullimġat, qulliñaat
(Ti); work on ~ 248 kigusiqi-
teethe: 248 kigusi-, 249 kiguttak-
telegrah: 642 uqautitaun
telephone: 642 uqautitaun, uqaqsiun (Ti);
call on the ~ 475 ququaq- (Ti),
ququula-; talk on the ~ 642
uqautitaq-, uqautituq- (Nu)
telescope: 198 iriġruaq(-), 456
qiñuaqtuun, 606 tuqłuaq; look
through ~ 606 tuqłuaġaq-
television: 550 taġġiraun
tell: 253 kilik-, 469 quliuti-, 64
uqallauti-; ~ someone to do or
take something 395 pitqu-
tell a story in sequential fragments:
402 putulik-
temper: immerse metal into mixture
of snow and water to ~ it 522
sitri- (Nu); lose one’s ~ 135
ikuallak-; throw a ~ tantrum
179 iñugiiluktaq-, iñugiiłuktaq-
temperate: ~ (of weather) 200 irrait-;
become ~ in temperature 200
irraiq-
temperature: able to tolerate freezing
~s 459 qiqisiit-; decrease (of
high ~) 651 uunaqpaŋakłi-;
measure body ~ 652
uunaqtilaaq-; turn cold (of ~)
419 qakuġnak-
temple: ~ of head 125 igurvik; ~ piece
of eyeglasses 16 agluutaq
temporal bone: 125 igurvik
tempt: 138 ikłigusaaq-, 241
kaviuġuksaaq-, 283
maliksuguksaaq-, 395 pitqusaaq-;
~ to V 990 +[s]uksaaq-
temptation: 138 ikłigusaaġun,
ikłigusaun, ikłigutchaun 64
aŋiqusaun, 241 kaviuġuksaun
tempted: 138 ikłigusuk-, ikłiktau-, 283
maliksuktitau-; become ~ 138
ikłigutchak-, 241 kaviuġutchak-;
cause to become ~ 138
ikłigutchai-
1420
tempting: 138 ikłignaq
ten: ~ dollars worth 468 qulitun;
number ~ 468 qulit
ten (in playing cards): 468 qulilik
tenant: 179 iñua iglum
tend: ~ someone 302 misiksri-
tender: ~ (of person) 378 piaqłaŋait-; ~
(of material) 74 aqit-, 462
qitut-; ~ meat 273 kupkaġnalaaq
(Ti); ~ (of meat) 273 kupkaġnaq-
(Ti), 600 tukkunaq- (Ti); simmer
until ~ 74 aqilitchii-; ~ to the
touch 33 aksiya-
tenderized: ~ caribou meat 379 piġuraq
tenderloins: pair of ~ 565 taqtunnak,
626 uliusiñaak
tenderly: encourage ~ 79 araaġi-
tendon: Achilles ~ 258 kimmitquun (Ti)
tense up: 287 manŋaiqsruq-, 494
saŋŋit-1 (Ti); cause to ~ 287
manŋatchai-; ~ from fright 519
siqquqsi-
tent: 605 tupiq(-); canvas walled ~ with
five panels 558 tallimalik;
canvas walled ~ with six panels
210 itchaksralik; caribou skin ~
cover 210 itchat, 592 tilaiññiit
(Nu); circular ~ 325 napaquyuk
(Nu), nappaqtaq; ~ covering 210
itcha(-), itchaq; dome-shaped ~
422 qalluvik; dome-shaped ~
frame 422 qaluuġvik, 423
qaluuġviit; ~ door 136
ikiġaaq(-); fetch a ~ 605
tupqisuq-; ~ floor 89 alliat (Nu);
live in a ~ 605 tupiqtuq-; make a
~ 605 tuppi-; ~ mat 89
alliatchiaq; ~ peg 375 paugaq; ~
pole 111 ayak(-)1, 425 qanak(-); ~
post 449 qilluvik; ~ ridge pole
467 qukłuk, 605 tupiqtuun,
tupqutaq (Nu); set up a ~ 605
tupiq(-), tuppiuq-; skin-covered ~
211 itchalik; take someone’s ~
away 605 tupqiq-; take ~ down
606 tupqiyaq-, tupqiyauti-; travel
 bringing a ~ 605 tuppiraq-; two
panel ~ 282 malġulik; willow ~
frame 425 qanait; ~ with willow
frame 423 qaluuġvilik
tent poles: 606 tupqutat
tent side frames: 450 qiluuttaq
tenth one: 468 quliŋŋuġutaat
tenure of membership: 151 ilauniq
term (name): 551 taggiñ
terrain: ~ which causes sinking 294
mauya, mauyaq
terrified: 569 tatamaa-
terrify: 570 tatavrualatchi-
terrifying: 569 tatamaanaq-
terror: experience ~ 196 iqsittuala-
test the depth of the water: 269
kiviġraq- (Ti), kiviuqsraq-
testicle: 124 igruk
testify: 469 quliaq-
testimony: 469 quliaqtuaq(-)
tether: 396 pituk(-)
thank goodness: 541 suvaluk
thank you: 478 quyanaq; say ~ 478
quyanaaq-
thankful: become ~ 478 quyatchak-; ~
for 478 quyagi-
thankfulness: 478 quyyan
Thanksgiving: 478 Quyyavik; attend ~
feast 478 quyyayyaq-; celebrate
~ 478 quya-
that: ~ one 546 taamna; ~ other one 44
amnatchiq; ~ one over there 177
iñña (Nu)
that is better: 588 tavrapayaaq
that was close: 88 atchaan, 115 ayyai
that’s all: 560 talva (Ti), 588 tavra,
tarva, tavratualuk
that’s cool: 9 aarigaa
that’s enough: 69 apai, 221 kaasi, aasi
that’s good: 9 aarigaa
that’s more like it: 587 tavrapayaaq
that’s nonsense: 48 ammiumaa
that’s not a very smart thing you’re
doing: 277 maanna tavra
that’s plenty: 69 apai, apay (Ti)
that’s right: 84 asulukiaq, 565 tarva,
1421
tavra
that’s right, isn’t it: 46 amii
that’s too bad: 44 alakkaa
that’s true: 554 taima, 587 tavra
thaw: 97 auk-, auksiq-, auksiaq-; begin
to ~ along the shore of lake or
river 253 killiŋiqsit-; device to ~
an engine or pipes 97 auktuun;
~ to the point where something
can be cut 288 manŋuk-
thawed: 97 auma-; partially ~ 97
aumayyaaq; set out to ~ 288
manŋuksiq-; something ~ 97
aumaraq2
thawing: for ~ snow to refreeze during
colder night temperatures 459
qiqsruqqaq(-)
them: ~ (dual) 143 iliŋik
~ (plural) 143 iliŋit
themselves: ~ (dual) 144 ilimignik
~ (plural) 144 ilimiŋnik
then: 9 aasii
then, immediately beginning to V: 951
-rraqsisigi- plus Contemporative I
Endings
there: (see down there, in there, out
there, over there, up there)
there, by or with the addressee or
listener (restricted or
extended, with emphasis): 587
tavra, 561 tamarra; come from ~
587 tavraŋŋaq-, 561 tamaaŋŋaq-;
from ~ 587 tavraŋŋa, 561
tamaaŋŋa; from that one ~ 587
taaptumaŋŋa, 561 tamattumaŋŋa;
from that direction ~ 587
tavraŋŋamiñ, 561 tamaaŋŋamiñ;
go ~ 587 tavruŋaq-, 561
tamauŋaq-; go via, through ~
588 tavruunnaaq-, 561
tamaunnaaq-; located ~ 587
tavrani, 560 tamaani; located
with that one ~ 586 taptumani,
561 tamattumani; similar to that
one ~ 587 taaptumatun, 561
tamattumatun; that one ~ 586
 taamna, 560 tamanna, 586
taaptuma, 561 tamattuma; to ~
588 tavruŋa, 561 tamauŋa; to
that one ~ 587 taaptumuŋa, 561
tamattumuŋa; towards ~ 588
tavruŋanmun, 561 tamauŋanmun;
via ~ 588 tavruuna, 561 tamauna;
via/with that one ~ 587
taaptumuuna, 561 tamattumuuna;
(with) that one ~ 587
taaptumiŋa, 561 tamattumiŋa
there, up the coast (visible, restricted,
with or without emphasis): 269
kivva; 572 tatkivva; come from
~ 268 kivaŋŋaq-, 572
tatkivaŋŋaq-; from ~ 268
kivaŋŋa, 572 tatkivaŋŋa; from
that one ~ 267 kiptumaŋŋa1, 572
tatkiptumaŋŋa; from that
direction ~ 268 kivaŋŋamiñ, 572
tatkivaŋŋamiñ; go ~ 268
kivuŋaq-, 572 tatkivuŋaq-; go via
~ 269 kivuunnaaq-, 572
tatkivuunnaaq-; located ~ 268
kivani, 572 tatkivani, 268
kivaniit-, tatkivaniit-; located
with that one ~ 267 kiptumani,
571 tatkiptumani; similar to that
one ~ 268 kiptumatun, 572
tatkiptumatun; that one ~ 267
kimña, 571 tatkimña, 267
kiptuma, 571 tatkiptuma; to ~
268 kivuŋa, 572 tatkivuŋa; to
that one ~ 268 kiptumuŋa, 572
tatkiptumuŋa; towards ~ 268
kivuŋanmun, 572
tatkivuŋanmun; via ~ 269
kivuuna, 572 tatkivuuna; via that
one ~ 268 kiptumuuna, 572
tatkiptumuuna; (with) that one ~
268 kiptumiŋa, 572 tatkiptumiŋa
there, up the coast (visible, extended,
with or without emphasis): 440
qavva, 583 tatqavva; be located
~ 440 qavaniit-, 582 tatqavaniit-;
come from ~ 440 qavaŋŋaq-,
1422
583 tatqavaŋŋaq-; go ~ 441
qavuŋaq-, 583 tatqavuŋaq-; go
via, through ~ 441 qavuunnaaq-,
583 tatqavuunnaaq-; from ~ 440
qavaŋŋa, 582 tatqavaŋŋa; from
that one ~ 439 qaptumaŋŋa2, 582
tatqaptumaŋŋa; from that
direction ~ 440 qavaŋŋamiñ, 583
tatqavaŋŋamiñ; located ~ 440
qavani, 582 tatqavani; located
with that one ~ 439 qaptumani2,
582 tatqaptumani; similar to
that one ~ 440 qaptumatun2, 582
tatqaptumatun; that one ~ 439
qamna, 582 tatqamna 439
qaptuma2, 582 tatqaptuma; to ~
440 qavuŋa, 583 tatqavuŋa; to
that one ~ 440 qaptumuŋa2, 582
tatqaptumuŋa; towards ~ 440
qavuŋanmun, 583
tatqavuŋanmun; via ~ 441
qavuuna, 583 tatqavuuna; via
that one ~ 440 qaptumuuna2,
582 582 tatqaptumuuna; (with)
that one ~ 440 qaptumiŋa2, 582
tatqaptumiŋa
thereinafter: 561 tamaaŋŋaaglaan
there, over there: 130 ikkaikka
thermometer: body ~ 652
uunaqtilaaġun; outdoor ~ 200
irrisiun, 512 silasiun
they: ~ (dual) 143 iliŋik, iliŋiksa; ~
(plural)143 iliŋit, iliŋisa
thick: have ~ snow cover 69
apusiñiqtu-; form ~ layer of
frost 230 kaniġruaq(-); ~ (of fur)
607 turġu-;~ (of ice) 659 ¤uvru-
(Ti); ~ (of solids) 290 maptu-;
skin with long, ~ fur 646 uquqłak
(Nu); ~ webbing for snowshoe
frame 603 tuniq (Nu)
thick-flanked: 565 taqtunaktu-
“thick-skinned”: 285 mamiit-
thickening: ~ for food 258 kiniqsilaaġun
thicker: become longer and ~ (of
caribou fur) 607 turġuaq-; make
 ~ 290 maptusilaaq-; make ~
consistency 258 kiniqsilaaq-
thief: 589 tigligaqti, tigliyuk(-)
thigh: ~ 467 quktuġaq, 475 quqtuġaq;
muscle above on knee on inside
of ~ 161 iluliñiq; ~ of bird 301
mipquq
thighbone: 459 qiqpak, 51 anauttaq(-)
(Nu)
thimble: 461 qitiqłiaq, 591 tikiq
thin: ~ and flat 290 maptukit-; ~ area
481 saalġuq; ~ area of
sea ice near mouth of river 91
attinniq; become ~ (of fabric) 479
saakłi-; become ~ in some areas
462 qitulgialiq-; ~ fur 463 qiuq-;
~ ice on body of water 510
sikuaq(-); ~ (like paper) 551
taġġit-; ~ (of body) 371 pannau-;
~ (of fabric or animal skin) 481
saat-2, 462 qitut-; ~ (of soup or
gravy) 377 piak-; new, ~ ice 510
sikulġauraq (Nu); ~ piece of
whale meat on edge of fluke 481
saalġuuraq (Ti); ~ string 32
aglunaatchauraq (Ti)
thinner: become ~ (of skin or cloth)
290 maptukłi-
think: 208 isuma(-); ~ about 208
isumagi-, 209 isummatigi-; I ~
1151 +kiaq; ~ that one is V or
is V-ing 752 +k/gasugi-,
+k/gasuga-, 856 +nasugi-; ~ over
carefully 208 isumalaaġutigi-
think not highly of: 389 pipasaġiŋit-
third: a ~ 388 piŋayuġaq; ~ one 388
piŋayuq
thirteen: number ~ 468 qulit piŋasut
thirty: number ~ 181 iñuiññat qulit
this: ~ one here 656 una, uuma
this manner: in ~ 209 inna
this much: 210 innatun
this one is good for nothing: 532
suksraq una
this time I will succeed: 284 mam
thorn: 223 kakillaġnaq
1423
thoroughly: ~ soaked in sea water
551 taġirrit-; become ~ dry 371
pannaqłuk(-); V ~ 842 -mmaġiksI-
thought: 208 isuma(-), 209 isumman
thread: 216 ivalu(-); commercial ~ 216
ivaluksraq
threat: 527 sivuuġasaaġun
three: number ~ 388 piŋasut; ~ sets 388
piŋasuit
three (in playing cards): 602
tumitchauraq
threshold: 32 akpagiaq
throat: 128 iggiaq; clear one’s ~ 128
iggiaġiksaq-; have a sore ~ 128
iggiaġiit-, iggianŋu-; have
something lodged in ~ 597
tivrusiq-, tivrutchiq-; make a
noise from the ~ 128
iggiaqasiraq-; something lodged
in one’s ~ 597 tivirrun, tivrutaq
through: ~ one’s own efforts 144
ilimiñik, inmiñik; ~ there 130
ikuuna; go ~ there 130
ikuunnaaq-; go ~ a hole 160
iluaq-1; travel ~ shallow water
137 ikkalġiuq-
throw: ~ around indiscriminately 518
siqpagi- (Ti); ~ someone’s
belongings into the water 519
siqqai-2; ~ into the water 519
siqqaq-; ~ overhand 299
miluqsauti-, miluqhiuti-,
miluġiuti-; ~ underhand 320
naluk-1
throw away:118 igit-2
throw hurtful words: 299 miluqtuq-
thrust arms up making threatening
motions: 448 qiksruqtaqtuula-
thumb: 276 kuvlu; ~ and index finger
held in opposition 406 puyyuuk
thunder: 225 kalluk(-)
thunderstorm: 225 kalluk(-)
Thursday: be ~ 521 Sisammiq-,
Sisamaŋŋuq(-)
tibia: 229 kanaak (Nu), kanagaq, 456
qiŋarraaq
ticket: 133 ikkun; ~ home 22 aggiñ
tickle: 466 quiññaksaaq-, quiñaksaaq-
(Ti); tickle someone on the ribs
78 aquluksaaq-
ticklish: 466 quiññaktu-, quiñaktu- (Ti)
tidal: ~ wave 283 malliq(-)
tide: ebb (of ~) 166 imaiq-2, imakłi-;
high ~ 625 uli, ulinniq
tie: ~ in a bundle 451 qillaaq-; ~ flaps
of tent to one side 137 ikiq-~
something down 326
naqitaqsruq-; ~ securely 451
qiliviqsruq-; ~ someone or
something up 451qiliqsruq-
tied: ~ in score in a game 317
nalliuti-
tied down: 326 naqitak-
tight: 494 saŋŋi-
tight-fitting: 234 kapit-
tighten: 354 nunuq-, 494 saŋŋit-1,
saŋŋisi-; ~ more 494 saŋŋisaaq-
tilt: 616 ugaak-, 658 uviq-, uvaak(-); ~
easily 658 uvaaya-
tilted: 658 uvaaŋa-
time: ~ 397 piviksraq, 624 ukurviksraq;
about ~ 163 imani; ~ after 261
kiŋuani; after some ~ had passed
31 akkumman; all the ~ 86
ataramik, 176 iñiġlugu; ancient ~s
38 alġaani; at some future ~ 148
ilaannigu, ilaanigun (Ti); at the
same ~ 87 atautchikun, 586
tautchikun (Nu); be with
all of the ~ 108 avilait-; ~
consuming 501 savinnaq-; die
before one’s ~ 184 iñuq- (Ti); fail
to do at appointed ~ 114
ayuuqqi-; from that ~ on 587
tavraŋŋa qaŋa; ~ immemorial
24 aippaapak; in no ~ at all 31
akkupauraq; interval of ~ 35
akunniq; last ~ 77 aqulliġmi; ~ it
takes to reappear 106 avaġniq; ~
limit 253 killi, killiq1; long ~ ago
38 alġaani, 185 iŋilġaan,
iŋilġaqpaaġruk, 428 qaŋami taima,
1424
qaŋasaaq; perform for the last ~
77 aqulliqsaaq(-); present ~ 363
pagmani, pagmapak; prior ~ 261
kiŋuġaani; run out of ~ 397
piviksraiq-, 541 suviksraiq-; since
that ~ 553 taimaŋŋa qaŋa; some
~ ago 31 akku, 138
ikpaksraasugruk; some other ~
142 ilaannigun (Ti); take
the ~ to V 791 -liktuq-; ~ to do
something 624 ukurviksraq; to
the end of ~ 553 taimuŋa;
uncertain ~ in the future 419
qakugu taima; ~ to V 1092 +vIk1;
what ~ is it 441 qavsiñukpa
timid: 94 attaqsrautu-, 358 nuyuqqak-
timidly: V ~ 892 +ŋuraq-, -uraq-
tin can: 650 utkusigauraq2
tine: ~ of antler 2 aagiaq
tingling sensation: experience ~ 136
ikiaqtalaaq-
tip: antler ~ 358 nuvutchiaq; have a
sharp ~ 358 nuvvuaġik-;
pointed ~ 357 nuvu
tip over: 425 qanaġaq-
tire1: 33 aksraligaq
tire2: ~ someone 384 pilaiġi-
tired: 177 iñiqtuq-, 299 minġuqtuq-;
become ~ 384 pilaiq-, 632
unaŋuq-; become ~ of V-ing 879
-nŋuq-; be very ~ 299 minġuq-,
493 saŋniq-; eventually become ~
384 pilailġiñaq-; feel ~ 632
unaŋusuk-
tiresome: 387 piñŋunaq-
tithe: 468 quliku(-) (Ti)
title: 551 taiñiq
to: ~ the N 1145 ÷mun; go ~ the N 848
÷muk-
to a place other than where it belongs:
83 asiñun
to down here: ~ (not visible) 488
samuŋa
to down there; ~ (visible) 228 kanuŋa,
631 unuŋa
to here: ~ (visible) 657 uvuŋa, 293
 mauŋa, 414 qaiñmun
to in there: 423 qamuŋa
to out there; ~ (visible) 247 kiuŋa, 411
qauŋa; ~ in the arctic entry (not
visible) 485 saŋmuŋa; ~ in the
shed or the neighbor’s house
(not visible) 418 qaŋmuŋa
to over there: ~ (visible) 130 ikuŋa, 103
avuŋa; ~ (not visible) 44 amuŋa;
~ across 12 auŋa; ~ across (not
visible) 30 aŋmuŋa
to that one down there: ~ (visible) 228
kattumuŋa, 632 uttumuŋa; ~ (not
visible) 488 saptumuŋa
to that one in there: ~ (visible) 268
kiptumuŋa; ~ (not visible) 423
qaptumuŋa
to that one out there: ~ (visible) 246
kiktumuŋa, 411 qaktumuŋa; ~ in
the arctic entry (not visible)
485 sakiptumuŋa; ~ in the shed
or the neighbor’s house (not
visible) 417 qakiptumuŋa
to that one over there: ~ (visible) 130
iktumuŋa, 103 aptumuŋa2; ~ (not
visible) 45 aptumuŋa1; ~ across
12 aktumuŋa; ~ across (not
visible) 30 akiptumuŋa
to that one previously mentioned: 164
iptumuŋa, 553 taiptumuŋa
to that one there: ~, up the coast 268
kiptumuŋa, 440 qaptumuŋa2
to that one up there: ~ (visible) 382
piktumuŋa, 363 paktumuŋa; ~
(not visible) 369 paptumuŋa; ~
on the roof of the house (not
visible) 365 pakiptumuŋa
to there: ~, up the coast kivuŋa, 440
qavuŋa
to this one: ~ (visible) 656 uumuŋa, 292
mattumuŋa
to up there: ~ (visible) 382 pikuŋa, 363
pauŋa; ~ (not visible) 368
pamuŋa; ~ on the roof of the
house (not visible) 366
paŋmuŋa
1425
tobacco: 584 taugaaqiq, taugaaqqiq,
tauġaaqqiq (Ti), 505 sikaaġraq
(Ti); chew ~ 471 qummiaq- (Nu);
chewing ~ 619 uilaaq(-),
uilaaksraq; grind chewing ~ 345
niuqsriktuusi- (Nu); ~ leaf 538
suraġruaq, 584 tauġaaqqipiaq (Ti)
tobacco pipe: lip of ~ 299 milugvik;
charred, stained portion of ~
256 kiliñiq
tobacco pouch: 534 summaq (Ti), 592
tilaammaayuun
toboggan: 634 uniqqat
today: 617 uglupak (Nu), 656 uvlupak
toe:179 iñugauraq
together: 87 atautchikun
toilet: 50 anaġvik; ~ paper 197
iquutiksraq
tolerance: 286 manimmilgun
tolerate: ~ 286 manimmi-; able to ~
freezing temperatures 459
qiqisiit-; not be able to ~ 384
pilguit-
tomcod: 73 aqaluaq (Ti), 192 iqalugaq,
422 qaluaq (Ti), 653 uugaq;
broth made a ~ and sea sculpin
272 kukuvyuġaq
tomorrow: 655 uvlaaku, uvlaakun; day
after ~ 655 uvlaakutqigu
tongs: large, hooked ~ 339 niksigak
tongue: 640 uqaq(-); force out with ~
618 uġiaq-; ligament under ~
449 qillun, qillutaq; receive a
share of whale’s ~ 407 qaannak-;
whale’s ~ 649 utchik
tonight: right now ~ 6 aannapak (Ti), 50
anaqapak; still to come ~ 635
unnuaġu, 50 anaqagu (Nu)
tonsil: 456 qiñiqsiq
tonsure: 241 kavriñiq, 355 nuyaġiq; 241
kavri-
tonsured: ~ person 241 kavriŋaruaq
too: V ~ 844 +mmI-1
too bad: 32 akłaa, 660 yai2, 661 yaqhii
too much: 69 apai, apay (Ti), 79 araa,
araavai; V ~ 893 +p/vait-, 896
 +p/vallaaq-, 896 -paluk(-)1
tool: 500 savalġun; everyday ~ 184
iñuuniun, iñuuniaġun
tool bag: ikłiġvik1, ¤igliġvik (Ti)
tool with flint point: 16 aŋmaaqtuun
tooth: 248 kigun; canine ~ 424 qamuġiaq
(Ti), 601 tuluġiaq; decay (of ~) 96
au-; false ~ 249 kigutiŋŋuaq; ~
gap 249 kiŋŋiq; lower ~ 89
allimġaq, alliñaaq (Ti); pull ~ 249
kigutaiq-; root of ~ 344 niulu;
saw ~ bender 264 kiputtaun;
upper ~ 468 qullimġaq
toothache: have a ~ 248 kigusiqi-, 249
kigutinŋu-
toothbrush: 249 kigutigiksautit
toothpaste: 248 kigusiqun
toothpick: 273 kupkiliñ
top: one on ~ 468 qulliq1; be one on ~
of the other 408 qalliġiik(-), 564
tapiqtaaġiik; fly over the ~
surface 409 qarġut-; ~ part 468
qulliñiq
topmost: ~ one 408 qalliq(-), 409
qalliqpiaq, 468 qulliqpiaq
topple: 624 ulġuuq-
topside: 406 qaa(-)
torso: 244 kian, kiati; area of ~ below
waist 616 uati
toss: 320 nallui-; ~ to and fro 320
nallukataq-; ~ something up 320
naluk-1
toss and turn: 457 qipi-
touch: 33 aksik-, aksiuk-; ~, in a game
of tag 66 aŋuq-; ~ lightly on
the body 499 savaaq-; ~ softly to
silence or to warn 593 tinniq-
touching: 570 tatumiaq-
tough: 519 siqquq-; ~ (of meat) 287
manŋait-
tow: 225 kalit-, 424 qamuk-, 454
qimuk-; ~ in shallow water 621
ukamaq-
towed: 224 kaliksiq-; something being
~ 224 kali
tow rope: 225 kaluutaq, 621 ukamaun
1426
toward: 873 -nmuk-, -nmun; ~ down
there (visible) 228 kanuŋanmun,
631 unuŋanmun; ~ down here
(not visible) 488 samuŋanmun; ~
here (visible) 657 uvuŋanmun,
293 mauŋanmun; ~ in there 423
qamuŋanmun; ~ out there
(visible) 247 kiuŋanmun, 411
qauŋanmun; ~ out there in the
arctic entry (not visible) 485
saŋmuŋanmun; ~ out there in
the shed or the neighbor’s
house (not visible) 418
qaŋmuŋanmun; ~ over there
(visible) 130 ikuŋanmun, 103
avuŋanmun; ~ over there (not
visible) 44 amuŋanmun; ~ over
there across 12 auŋanmun; ~
over there across (not visible)
30 aŋmuŋanmun; ~ the other
side 131 ikaanmun; ~ there, up
the coast 268 kivuŋanmun, 440
qavuŋanmun; ~ under here (not
visible) 488 samuŋanmun1; ~ up
there (visible) 382 pikuŋanmun,
363 pauŋanmun; ~ up there (not
visible) 368 pamuŋanmun; ~ up
there on the roof of the house
(not visible) 366 paŋmuŋanmun;
towel: 166 imaiyaun
tower: 328 nasiqsruġvik
towline: 424 qamuġautaq (Nu), 634
uniutaq; attach a ~ 189 ipiusiq-,
ipiutchiq-; ~ for whale 189
ipiusiun; use a ~ 634 uniutaqtuq-
toy:175 iñattuaq(-) (Ti), 396 piuraaq; ~ N
889 ±ŋŋuaq(-); ~ noisemaker
167 imigluktaun; ~ top 246
kaivsaaq, kiavsaaq, kaivsaq (Ti)
trace: have slightest ~ of V-ing 897
-paluk(-)2
trachea 606 tuqłuk
track: 601 tumi, tumitchiat; 602 tuvraq-;
begin to ~ 602 tuvraakkiuti-
tracks: find ~ 602 tuvsi-; make ~ 601
tuvli-; looking for ~ 602 tuvsiuq-;
 sled ~ 633 uniaġaġviit
trade: 29 akitchaq-, 515 simmii-; ~ bead
161 ilummilik; final ~ offer 317
nalliun; to offer something for ~
286 manitchisaġi- (Nu),
mannisaġi- 317 nallit-; ~ or sell
346 niuvġutigi-
traded: something ~ 585 tauqsiaq
trading partners: 346 niuviġiik
traditional: do in the ~ way 428 ~
qaŋatuuq-; Iñupiaq dance 616
uamipiaġun; back flap of ~ pants
369 pamialluk, 372 papik
traditionally: ~ when one V-s 1129
+t/runi; ~ when one is V-ed 1129
+k/aiññi
traitor: 25 aitchuutiginniktuaq
trail: 70 apqun, 120 igliġvik; make a ~
70 apqusiuq-; ~ the ~ 592
tikkuusiq-; well-used ~ 70
apqutiqpait
train: engineer on ~ 134 igniuqti
tragedy: 147 iluirrutiqpak, 310
nagliksaaġun; be able to face up
to a ~ 384 pilgu-
trance: fall into a ~ 89 alvaq- (Ti)
transfer: 349 nuut-
transgress: 386 piluusiqi-
transgression: 386 piluun
translate: 305 mumik-; ~ into English
562 Taniksi-; ~ into Iñupiaq 182
Iñupiaqsi-
translated text: 305 mumiksaq
translucent: 437 qaummaq-
transmit: ~ sound well 167 imiak-
transport: 648 usiaq(-); ~ from down
there 228 kanaŋŋauti-, 554
takanaŋŋauti-; ~ on a sled 424
qamuksiraq-
transporting: sled for ~ kayak 443
qayyirautit (Nu); sled for ~
umiak 425 qamutit
trap: 387 piñiun (Ti, Nu); ~ anchor 498
sautaaq; ~ animals 322
naniġiaqtuq-; bait used in ~ 312
naġiaq(-); bait ~ 313 naġirriq-; ~
1427
bear in its den 630 umik(-)1;
caribou ~ 433 qargisaq(-);
caught in a ~ 322 naniq-,
naniqtit-; caught in a pitfall ~
237 kataksiutit- (Nu); entrance
to ~ 294 maunaq; food bits
scattered around ~ 313 naġiutit,
535 sunasuutit (Nu); hard snow
cover over ~ 294 matuaq, 630
umigaq (Nu); fish ~ 192
iqaluŋniutit, qaluŋniutit (Nu), 559
taluyaq(-) (Nu); fish ~ for ling
cod 433 qargit (Nu); ~ fish 433
qargi-2 (Nu); hawk ~ 184
iñutaq(-); jaws of leg-hold ~ 322
nanġutaq (Nu); leghold ~ 322
nanġutalik(Nu), naniġiaq;
narrow entry of fish ~ 128
iggiaq (Nu); owl ~ 187 iŋutaq;
pitfall ~ 237 kataksautnaq (Nu),
kataksiun; place bait in ~ 313
naġirriq-; prepare and set ~ 322
naniġirriq-; set a ~ near den or
burrow 520 sirraqtuq-; snare
with spring ~ 366 paksruksaq(-);
stick to prop up an open ~ 111
ayagutaq (Nu); tongue-shaped
part of leg-hold ~ 640 uqaq(-);
triggering pan of an animal ~
44 aluuttaq2; triggering stick
attached to bait in ~ 313
naġiutaq; visit or check on ~ 401
pulasaq-; wolverine ~ 443
qavviksiun
trap spring: 203 isivraagauraq(-) (Nu),
isivitchuktuaq
trapped: animal ~ 325 napitaq; become
~ 325 napit-; ~ ice in narrow
river 110 ayaaqtinniq; something
~ in a cave-in 172 immurraq
trash: 118 iktaq
trashcan: 118 igitchivik, 529
suaqłukuvik
travel: ~ 17 aġayuk-, 18 aġiyuk-, 22
aġyuk-, 271 kukiluk-, 661 yugit-;
~ against wind 81 arguq(-); ~
 along the shore 515 siñiqsraq-; ~
back 649 utinmuk-; ~ behind
604 tunuaguaq-; ~ carrying
a tent 605 tuppiraq-; ~ direct
316 nalautchaaq-; ~ down the
coast in northwest direction
392 piruġaaq-;~ downward 91
atqasalik-; ~ downriver 90
ataaq-, 91 atiqsaaq-; ~ in the
dark 548 taaqsiuq-; ~ into wind
359 paaqtuq-; not ~ a great
distance 120 igliqtuaqpasaŋit-; ~
on top of waves 408
qaatchiaġaq-; ~ over rough
terrain 415 qaiġilliuq- (Ti); ~
over something 322 naniq-; ~
overhead 467 qulaaguaq-; ~
partway 425 qanilaaq-; ~
passing by 490 saniġaaguaq-, 70
apqusaaq side by side 317
nalliq-1; ~ swiftly parallel 486
salik-, saliktuq-; ~ the coast in a
southwest direction 615
uanmuk-; ~ under 90 ataaguaq-;
~ upriver 550 tagraq-
travel by: ~ airplane 595 tiŋŋutitaq-; ~
boat 629 umiaqtuq-; ~ car 425
qamutitaq-; ~ dogsled 633
uniaġaq-; ~ reindeer sled 634
unirraq- (Ti); ~ river 275
kuukuaq-
travel inland: 255 kiluvaq-; ~ after
arriving on shore 556 taksruq-
travel through: ~ 70 apqusaaq-; ~ mud
73 aqayaqisaaq(-); ~ rough seas
411 qaggiuq-, 414 qaigiuq- (Ti),
qailliuq-
travel to: ~ the coast or ice edge 396
pituġaq-, pituġaaq- (Nu); ~ trade
491 saniññiaq-; ~ whaling camp
91 atiq-
travel towards: ~ 604 tuŋaaġi-; ~
mountains 545 taalaġaq- (Nu),
taalġaa-; ~ ocean 52 anisaaq-,
480 sanmuk-; ~ to meet 360
paaq-
1428
travel with: ~ the wind 424
qamatmuaq- (Nu), 646
uqqunmuk-; ~ the ocean current
483 saġvaqsiuraaq-
traveler: 120 iglaaq; ~ going downriver
90 atarraaq; ~s going to the
mountains 545 taalaġaat (Nu);
not receive ~s on a regular basis
119 iglaaliñaaŋit-; ~ upstream
550 tagraaq
traveling: 119 igliq-, iglau-;
~ companion 120 iglauqan
traverse: 487 saliaq-
traverse rib: ~ of kayak frame 596
tippiq
tread water: ~ raising head of water
repeatedly 659 uyaktaq-
treat: ~ each other right 315
nakuuqquti-; ~ earache 523
siusiqi-; ~ equally 91 ati-1, 96
atuti-; ~ badly 179 iñuaġrugi-; ~
kindly 208 isummaaq-, 209
isummaaqłiqsuq-, 397 piviksuq-;
not ~ a sick person well 151
ilauqpallaaq- (Ti); ~ properly 210
irruti-; ~ roughly 378 piaqłuktaq-,
397 piyaaġi-; ~ someone to a
meal 336 niġġisi-; ~ that way 554
tainnait-
tree: 324 napaaqtuq; be green (of ~)
654 uummau-; soft core of ~ 509
sikkat
tree cone: qipmiuraq (Nu)
tree fungus: 106 avaatchi
tree line: travel to the ~ 324
napaaqsiaq-
Tree Sparrow: 301 misapsaq (Nu)
tree stump: 305 muniġnaq
Tree Swallow: 601 tulugaġnauraq
tremble: 157 iliqsraq-, iliġraq- (Ti);
~ with happiness 466 quiliqta-
trial: hold a ~ 642 uqaqsitaaq-
triangle: 232 kaŋiġallulik piŋasunik
tributary: 232 kaŋiq (Nu); small ~ 496
saquġun
trigger: ~ of gun 365 pakigaq (Nu);
 ~ing pan of an animal trap 44
aluuttaq2; stick used as a ~ for an
animal trap 313 naġiutaq
trim: 39 aligiitkutaksraq (Nu); fancy ~
on bottom of parka 35 akuaġutit,
akuuraq (Nu); (decorative) 473
qupak(-); (shape) to ~ 501
saviġuq-
1
trip : 309 naakłit-, naakłiññik-
trip2: complete a ~ in one day
186 iŋmiq-
tripod for cooking: 117 igauttat, 325
napauttat
trot: 394 pitchuuq-
trouble: cause of ~ 17 aguirrun
troubled: 208 isummaaŋŋit-
troublesome: 13 aggaŋa-; ~ person 25
akałłuqutaq, 179 iññuqłuk
true:161 ilumuuq-
truly: 161 ilumun; ~ V 903 -piaq(-)1; ~ a
N 901 -piaġataq(-), 903 -piaq(-)1;
~ V 902 -piallak-
trump (suit in playing cards): 277
kuyyalaq, kuuyalaq (Ti)
trumpet: 342 nipauqłuktaun, 420
qalġuqtaun
trust: 623 ukpiġun
trustworthiness: 623 ukpiġnaqtilaaq
trustworthy: 395 pitqiksiġautait-
truth: 563 ¤taŋŋiutaq
truthfully: 161 ilumun
try: 653 uuktuaq-; ~ to V 864 +niatak-,
866 +niluk-, 872 +nIt-1; begin to
~ to V 873 +niusIq-; begin to
~ to V forcefully 863
+niaqtuaqsi-; ~ hard not to V
1039 +[t]sailI-; surreptitiously ~
to V 873 +niuraq-; ~ to V
forcefully 864 +niaqtuq-, 862
+niala-; ~ hard to have someone
V or be V-ed 1028
mtinniapiaq-, +pkaġniapiaq-
try although one is pessimistic: 331
naumiiññaq
try to do one’s best: 386
pilluataġniuraq-
1429
try your best: 243 kiq
tuck: ~ one’s chin into parka 288
manusuk-
Tuesday: 24 Aippiġñiq; be ~ 24
Aippiq-
tug-of-war: have a ~ 355 nuqittaurraq-,
nuqiittaurraq-; ~ rope 355
nuqittaurraun
tugboat: 629 umiaqpauraq(-)
tumble: 325 naparaqtaq-, 621
uivraluktaq-, 624 ukpitaq-; ~
down 33 aksralik, 200 irukkaqtaq-
tumor: develop a ~ 108 avraqtuq-; small
~ 108 avraq
tumult: 598 tuavallan
Tundra Swan: 465 qugruk
turbid: 209 isuq-, isuqsi-
turn: ~ away 37 alaq-; ~ around 222
kaivraaq-, 246 kiavraaq-; ~ aside
563 taŋmik-, 627 uluq-; ~ back
and forth from one’s back
to the one’s stomach 305
mumika-; ~, changing direction
496 saqu-, saqut-; ~ face down
367 palluqtit-; ~ to face the
opposite direction 604 tunut-; ~
higher 469 qunmuktaaq-; ~ in
the desired directin 525
sivukkiaq (Nu), sivukkiq-; make
a complete ~ around 458
qipuit-, 649 utiqqiak-; make a
sudden ~ 496 saquiq-, saquik-
(Ti); ~ one’s feet inward 476
quu-; ~ one’s feet outward 496
saqpik(-); ~ one’s head to
look 260 kiŋiaq-, 463 qiviaq-; ~
one’s knees in 476 quupatchuk-;
~ one’s shoulder forward 628
uluġmik-; ~ over 260 kiñŋu-, 252
kikŋu- (Nu), 305 mumik-; ~ over
back down 347 niviqtit-; ~ over
face down 367 palluqtit-, 368
pałut-, 402 pusit-; ~ quickly 496
saquliq-; ~ quickly, looking in
different directions 463
qiviqit-; ~ repeatedly 49
 saquuq-; ~ sideways 492 sanniq-,
537 supik-, 627 uluq-; ~
somersaults 325 naparaġaaq-; ~
something over upside down
367 palut-; suddenly ~ over 305
mumikałuak-; ~ suddenly
toward 479 saatiq-; toss and ~
in bed 457 qipi-;~ upside down
347 niviq-; ~ toward 479 saat-1
turn back: 430 qapiq-2
turn inside out: 617 uglivit-, 626
ulivrik- (Nu), 626 ulit-2
turn light lower: 424 qavsuk-,
qavsuktaaq-
turn light on: 322 nanniq-, 468 qulliliq-
turn off: 424 qamit-
turn on: 100 aullaqtiq-, 134 ikit-
turn a page: 281 makpiq, maqpiq-
turn red: 240 kaviqsi-
turn white: 419 qakuq-
turned on: 135 ikuma-
tusk: acquire walrus ~s 612 tuugarrak-
(Ti); butt end of a ~ 277 maak;
butt with ~ 601 tuluq-; core of
ivory ~ 540 suvagrak; fight with
~s 612 tuugaaġmik-, tuggauti-;
walrus ~ 612 tuugaaq
tussock: 287 maniq(-), 333 niaqunak
tweezers: 406 puyyuugaurak, puyyuun
twelve: number ~ 468 qulit malġuk
twenty: number ~ 181 iñuiññat
twice: 282 malġuiqsuaq-, malġutchaik
twin: 282 malġi(-); set of ~s 17
aguummaayaaġiik, 282 malġik
twine: 276 kuvraksraq, 458 qivraq,
qivrauraq, qivrautaq
twinkle: 476 quulliquraq-
twist: 457 qipi(-), qipitit-
twisted: 153 ilġiŋa-, ilġiŋaaq- (Nu), 457
qipiŋa-, 497 saquulaqii- (Ti)
twitch: 502 sayuk-
two: number~ 282 malġuk; number in
~ 282 malġuiksrau-; ~ sets 282
malġuit
two-handled pulling implement: 72
aqsaaġun
1430
type: 15 aglautitaq-
typewriter: 15 aglautitaun
typist: 15 aglautitaqti
U
udder: 284 mamaun
ulna: ~, arm bone 47 amilġaq, amirġaq
umiak: 629 umiapiaq; awl to make
holes in ~ to sew patches on 234
kaputtaun (Ti); blubber for
waterproofing ~ 405 puya;
bring ~ to whaling feast site
660 uyaut- (Ti); ~ cover sewer 47
amiqti; crosspiece of ~ 121
iglaaq, 323 nanmik (Nu), ¤nanmit
(Ti); inner side runner of ~
frame 613 tuurvik, tuulvik (Ti);
keel brace of ~ 121 iglaaq; keel
runner on ~ 161 ilunmugiitkutaq;
keel support at bow and stern of
~ 346 niutaq; lash skin cover to ~
frame 613 tuut-; outer side
runner of ~ frame 604 tunusiġaq;
patch an ~ 234 kaputtaq- (Ti);
seat in ~ 78 aquvsaaq (Ti), 140
iksuġiq, iksuġaq, 461 qitiq, 472
quŋialik (Ti); sled for trans-
porting ~ over ice 425 qamutit;
outer keel of ~ 35 akuq(-)
umbilical cord: 175 iñaluaq (Ti),
iŋaluaqtaq, 298 mikłiaq
umbrella: 512 silalugiitkun, sialuksiun
unable: 447 qiki-; ~ to answer
174 ¤inniillak-; ~ to assert
oneself against someone 559
taluġi-; ~ to be calmed 312
naġluq-; ~ to be still 383 pikit-;
~ to budge something 77
aqtuq-; ~ to buy, reach, or
obtain something 114 ayuq-, 115
ayuġri- (Ti), ayuqsrit-; ~ to
catch one’s breath 187
ivruattuq-, ivruaqtuq- (Ti); ~ to
choose 107 aviŋaaq-, avigaaq-;
~ to climb higher 171 imnit-;
~ to console someone 483
 saimmallaiq-; ~ to distinguish
264 kipuyuŋa-; ~ to do
anything about a situation 427
qanuġviit-; ~ to frequent
something taboo 265 kiruq(-)
(Ti); ~ to go to sleep due to
disturbances 464 qivsi-; ~ to
keep from smiling 119
iglaġusuk-; ~ to keep one’s
eyes open 383 pillitchi-; ~ to
keep up 633 uniktit-, 283 mallit-;
~ to leave or exit due to a
barrier 495 sapuġau-; ~ to
make a choice 539 susausiiq-;
~ to decide 317 naliġut-, 661
yuġri-; ~ to manage or defeat
someone 376 paya-; ~ to move
in slush ice (of boat) 294
maġġuti-; ~ to proceed
farther 490 samnaaq-; ~ to
say anything due to emotional
stress 606 tupquraanŋuliq-; ~
to stop laughing 1 aaqsallaiq-,
119 iglaŋaillaiq-; ~ to talk 641
uqalait-; ~ to urinate 313
naki-; ~ to withstand the
presence of someone 333
nayulguit-; become ~ to breathe
53 aniġniġiq-; become ~ to move
350 nukigiq-, nukiiq-; feel ~ to
perform or accomplish
something 485 sakiġi-; infant ~
to sit upright 315 nalaquyauraq
Unalakleet, Alaska: 636 Uŋalaqłiq
unappetizing: 337 niġisuŋnait-
unaware: become ~ 1 aamit-; ~ of 36
alapiŋa-
unawares: caught ~ 434 nipuŋannaqtit-
unbelief: 623 ukpiġutairrun
uncertain: 319 nalupqigi-, nalupqisuk-
uncertainty: 319 nalupqinaq-; remove
from ~ 319 nalupqinaiyaq-
uncle: 60 aŋak, aŋaaluk; paternal ~ 31
akkaaka; maternal ~ 60
aŋatchiaq, 31akkaaka (Nu)
unclean: 487 salumait-
1431
unclear: ~ (of water) 209 isuqsi-
uncoiled: 125 iguvit-
uncomfortable: 610 tutqiit-; ~
because one is wearing wet
clothes or in a dirty place 409
qaatchiŋa-; find ~ 163 iłuigi-
unconscious: 318 naluksrit-,
naluksriñŋa-, 436 qaurimait-;
become ~1 aamit-; knocked ~ 1
aanŋuq-, 106 avaaq-
uncooperative: 179 iñugiiluktaq-,
iñugiiłuktaq-
undaunted: 80 arguagi-, (Ti) alguagi-
undecided: 110 ayaagit-, 317 naliġut-,
661 yuġri-
under: get ~ 90 ataanuk-; go ~
something 90 ataaguaq-;
located ~ something 90 ataani;
place something under 89 alliq-
under here (not visible): 488 samma1;
be located ~ 488 samaniit-1;
come from ~ 488 samaŋŋaq-1; go
~ 488 samuŋaq-1; go via,
through ~ 488 samuunnaaq-1;
from ~ 488 samaŋŋa; from the
one ~ 488 saptumaŋŋa; from the
direction ~ 488 samaŋŋamiñ;
located ~ 488 samani1; located
with the one ~ 488 saptumani1;
similar to this one ~ 488
saptumatun1; the one ~ 488
samna1, 488 saptuma1; to ~ 488
samuŋa1; to the one ~ 488
saptumuŋa1; towards ~ 488
samuŋanmun1; via ~ 488
samuuna1; via the one ~
488 saptumuuna1; (with) the one
488 ~ saptumiŋa
underarm: 634 uniq; have ~ odor 634
uniġluk-, uniqsugnit-
undercooked: 652 uunŋait-
undercut: ~ a bank of river or
coastline 139 ikpiktitaq-
underdeveloped: 62 aglitchiit-
underground springs: 508 siiqsinniq
underpants: men’s ~ 412 qaġlialuurak,
 ¤qaġligugaurak (Ti); women’s ~
412 qaġliik (Ti)
undershirt: 162 ilupquaq (Ti), 658
uviñġuq
undershoot: 174 inuq-
underside: ~ of walrus flipper 86
atammak
undersigned: the ~ 92 atchiiŋaruaq
understand: 233 kaŋiqsi-, 243 kisuiq-,
402 puttuqsri-, 526 sivuniqsi-; ~
something well 467
qulaġnaimmaġiksi- (Nu); explain
so others ~ 233 kaŋiqsipkai-; not
~ 264 kipuyuŋa-, 279 makimaq-;
still not ~ 264 kipuyuŋaiŋait-
understandable: 233 kaŋiqsiñaq-
undertaker: 162 iluviqsiri
underwear: pair of long ~ 86 ataraak,
625 ulipquaq (Ti); put on long ~
86 ataraaq-, 162 ilupiġuq-; to
wash ~ 162 iluparriqi-; women’s
~ 413 qaġliurak
undress: 58 annuġaiq-, annuġaiyaq-
unease: experience ~ 41 allayuaġi-, 610
tutqiili-
unexpected: 337 niġiunait-
unexpectedly: 528 sua una, 554
taimaiñaq, taimmaŋŋaiññaq (Ti),
taimakŋaiññaq (Nu); appear ~
343 nipuŋannaq-; encounter ~ at
an opportune time 316
nalautchakatit-; encounter ~ 361
paqłaktaq-; have visitors come ~
120 iglait-; see or find someone ~
586 tauttuġluk-, tautuniqłak-;
shoot and ~ hit something 290
maqamit-; sink ~ 294 maulġaq-
(Ti), maułłak-; sometimes quite ~
one would do something 529
sugaluaq-1; V ~ 806 -llagruaq-
uneven: 286 maniit-; 407 qaaġraq-
(Nu); ~ in size or length 339
nikiŋa-, nikisiŋa-, nikisitaq-;
made ~ 339 nikit-; sew ~
stitches 255 kilugluk-
unevenly: proceed ~ 662 ¤yuukiik-
1432
unfamiliar: feel wary in an ~ situation
41 allayuaq-; react
apprehensively to the ~ 41
allasuk-; sense that someone or
something is ~ 40 allagi-
unfriendly: 94 attaġnaq-, 210
irrusiġiit-, 559 taluġnaq-; make
an ~ gesture132 ikauraak(-); ~
gesture 132 ikauraak(-)
ungrateful: ~ person 478 quyailaq
unhappy: 477 quviit-; become ~ 190
ipiqtutchak-, 477 quviasuutaiq-,
quviiq-
unhealthy: have ~ hands 79 argagluk-;
look ~ 586 tauttugiiq-; ~ person
661 yapu(-)
unidentified: ~ object 41 allayuaġniq
unified: 87 atautchimuk-
unifying force: 87 atautchimuktuun
uniform: soldier’s ~ 69 aŋuyaunnat
unimportant: 533 suliqutauŋit-;
regard someone or something as
~ 540 suuŋilaġi-
uninformed: 319 naluugaq-
uninhabited: ~ place 180 iñuilaaq
uninspiring: 193 iqianaq-
unite: 87 atautchimuk-
united: 333 nayuqsiuti-; ~ for
or against someone or
something 87 atausiuti-
unity: towards ~ 88 atautchimunmun
unkempt: 132 ikakłuk(-), ikakłuŋa-,
346 niviļuk(-)
unless: ~ one V-s 886 ±ŋisuaq- plus
Conditional Endings
unnerved: 69 aŋuyyiuq- (Nu)
unraveled: become ~ 64 aŋivit-
unrecognizable: become ~ 154
ilisaġnaiq-; regard as ~ 40 allagi-;
see something ~ 41 allayuaq-
unreliable: 623 ukpiġnait-
unresponsive: 427 qanulait-
unruly: ~ (of hair) 26 agalik- (Ti),
akalik-
unsafe: 51 anayanaq-,
unsettled: become ~ 638 uŋiaritchak-;
 feel ~ 136 ikiaqtalaaq-, 152
ilaiqsaq-, 156 iliaqsri-
unsuccessful: 274 kutchuq-
unsure: 271 kuksrasuk-
untangle: 124 igumit-, 159 illaiyaq-
untangled: become ~ 124 igumit-
untanned: fresh, raw, ~ skin 18
aġiparaq, 23 aiparaq
untie: 64 aŋivit-, 68 aŋuvit- (Nu), 451
qiliiq-
untied: 396 pituit-; become ~ 451
qiliġutaiq-; become ~ (of one’s
shoestrings) 516 siŋiiq-
until: ~ one V-s 886 ±ŋisuaq- plus
Conditional Endings
unwavering: eat ~ 337 niġivigruaq-
unwelcomed: feel ~ 549 tagiala-
unwelcoming: 550 tagialanaq-
unwell: 146 iluammaġiit-
unwilling: 193 iqiagi-; become ~ 193
iqiakkiuti-
up there (visible, restricted with or
withtout emphasis): 381 pikka,
577 tatpikka; be located ~ 381
pikaniit-, 577 tatpikaniit-; come
from ~ 381 pikaŋŋaq-, 577
tatpikaŋŋaq-; go ~ 382 pikuŋaq-,
577 tatpikuŋaq-; go via, through
~ 382 pikuunnaaq-, 577
tatpikuunnaaq-; from ~ 381
pikaŋŋa, 577 tatpikaŋŋa; from
that one ~ 381 piktumaŋŋa, 577
tatpiktumaŋŋa; from that
direction ~ 381 pikaŋŋamiñ, 577
tatpikaŋŋamiñ; located ~ 381
pikani, 577 tatpikani; located
with that one ~ 381 piktumani,
577 tatpiktumani; similar to that
one ~ 382 piktumatun, 577
tatpiktumatun; that one ~ 381
pigña, 576 tatpigña, 381 piktuma,
577 tatpiktuma; to ~ 382 pikuŋa,
577 tatpikuŋa; to that one ~ 382
piktumuŋa, 577 tatpiktumuŋa;
towards ~ 382 pikuŋanmun, 577
tatpikuŋanmun; via ~ 382
1433
pikuuna, 577 tatpikuuna;
via/with that one ~ 382
piktumuuna, 577 tatpiktumuuna;
(with) that one ~ 382 piktumiŋa,
577 tatpiktumiŋa
up there (visible, extended with or
without emphasis): 362 pagga,
573 tatpagga; be located ~ 362
paaniit-, 573 tatpaaniit-; come
from ~ 362 paaŋŋaq-, 573
tatpaaŋŋaq-; go ~ 363 pauŋaq-,
574 tatpauŋaq-; go via, through
~ 363 paunnaaq-, 574
tatpaunnaaq-; from ~ 362
paaŋŋa, 573 tatpaaŋŋa; from
that one ~ 362 paktumaŋŋa, 573
tatpaktumaŋŋa; from that
direction ~ 362 paaŋŋamiñ, 573
tatpaaŋŋamiñ; located ~ 362
paani, 573 tatpaani; located with
that one ~ 362 paktumani, 573
tatpaktumani; similar to that
one ~ 362 paktumatun, 573
tatpaktumatun; that one ~ 361
pagna, 573 tatpagna, 362
paktuma, 573 tatpaktuma; to ~
363 pauŋa, 574 tatpauŋa; to that
one ~ 363 paktumuŋa, 574
tatpaktumuŋa; towards ~ 363
pauŋanmun, 574 tatpauŋanmun;
via ~ 363 pauna, 574 tatpauna;
via that one ~ 363 paktumuuna,
574 tatpaktumuuna; (with) that
one ~ 362 paktumiŋa, 573
tatpaktumiŋa
up there (not visible with or without
emphasis): 368 pamma, 575
tatpamma; be located ~ 368
pamaniit-, 575 tatpamaniit-;
come from ~ 368 pamaŋŋaq-,
575 tatpamaŋŋaq-; go ~ 368
pamuŋaq-, 576 tatpamuŋaq-; go
via ~ 368 pamuunnaaq-, 576
tatpamuunnaaq-; from ~ 368
pamaŋŋa, 575 tatpamaŋŋa; from
that one ~ 368 paptumaŋŋa, 576
 tatpaptumaŋŋa; from that
direction ~ 368 pamaŋŋamiñ,
575 tatpamaŋŋamiñ; located ~
368 pamani, 575 tatpamani;
located with that one ~ 368
paptumani, 576 tatpaptumani;
similar to that one ~ 369
paptumatun, 576 tatpaptumatun;
that one ~ 368 pamna, 575
tatpamna, 368, paptuma, 576
tatpaptuma; to ~ 368 pamuŋa,
576 tatpamuŋa; to that one ~
369 paptumuŋa, 576
tatpaptumuŋa; towards ~ 368
pamuŋanmun, 576
tatpamuŋanmun; via ~ 368
pamuuna, 576 tatpamuuna; via
that one ~ 369 paptumuuna, 576
tatpaptumuuna; (with) that one
~ 369 paptumiŋa, 576
tatpaptumiŋa
up there on the roof of the house (not
visible): 366 paŋma, 575
tatpaŋma; be located ~ 366
paŋmaniit-, 575 tatpaŋmaniit-;
come from ~ 366 paŋmaŋŋaq-,
575 tatpaŋmaŋŋaq-; go ~ 366
paŋmuŋaq-, 575 tatpaŋmuŋaq-;
go via, through ~ 366
paŋmuunnaaq-, 575
tatpaŋmuunnaaq-; from ~ 366
paŋmaŋŋa, 575 tatpaŋmaŋŋa;
from that one ~ 365
pakiptumaŋŋa, 574
tatpakiptumaŋŋa; from that
direction ~ 366 paŋmaŋŋamiñ,
575 tatpaŋmaŋŋamiñ; located ~
366 paŋmani, 575 tatpaŋmani;
located with that one ~ 365
pakiptumani, 574
tatpakiptumani; similar to that
one ~ 365 pakiptumatun, 574
tatpakiptumatun; that one ~ 365
pakimna, 574 tatpakimna, 365
pakiptuma, 574 tatpakiptuma; to
~ 366 paŋmuŋa, 575 tatpaŋmuŋa;
1434
to that one ~ 365 pakiptumuŋa,
575 tatpakiptumuŋa; towards ~
366 paŋmuŋanmun, 575
tatpaŋmuŋanmun; via ~ 366
paŋmuuna, 575 tatpaŋmuuna; via
that one ~ 365 pakiptumuuna,
575 tatpakiptumuuna; (with)
that one ~ 365 pakiptumiŋa, 574
tatpakiptumiŋa
up until now: 363 pagmanun aglaan
Upper Kobuk people: 215 Itqiliaġruit,
420 Qalamiut (Nu), 550
Tagraġvigmiut
upper back: 2 aaġiak, 383 pikusuk; ~
part of thigh (of human) 305
mumiq(-); ~ from shoulders to
midsection of any animal skin
244 kiativiñiq
upper eyelid: 408 qalliñaaq
upper tooth: 468 qullimġaq
upper teeth: 468 qullimġat, qulliñaat
(Ti)
upright: standing ~ 325 napaugaq-;
support something ~ 324
napaat-, 325 napat-
upright post: ~ of sled handle bar 222
kaivluun, kaivluutaq
upright support post: ~ of sled handle
bar333 nayummisaq
upstairs: 450 qilaguaq
upstream: toward ~ 550 tagranmun
upward: point ~ (of waves) 661
yuayuk-; raise chin ~ 2 aaġluq-
upwards: 469 qunmun; jump ~ 380
piksak-; seep ~ 407 qaamit-
urethra: 465 quġġivik
urge: ~ to V 1039 -[t]quuq-
urinal: bucket 213 itiqqitchiaq
urine: 466 quq; scent of ~ 466
quqsugniq; sour urine 213 itiġuq;
to smell of sour ~ 213
itiġuqsuŋnit-; ~ stain 465
quġriñiq(-)
urinate: 291 maqu-2, 301 miqu- (Ti),
465 qui-; go ~ 291 maquyaqtuq-;
~ (of dog) 616 ugaak-; ~ in small
 amounts frequently 465
quġmaala-; unable to ~ 313 naki-;
~ uncontrollably 465
quġmiattuala-
us: ~ (dual) 657 uvaguk; ~ (plural) 657
uvagut
use: 95 atuq-2; continue to ~ 96
atuuma- (Ti); ~ a heating pad 97
auktuuq-; ~ N 1053 +tuq-3; ~ too
frequently 96 attuilisaġi-; ~ with
pleasure 96 atunnaġi-; not ~ very
much 96 aturraġiit-
useful: ~ item 183 iñuulġun (Nu); 57
anniqsuutau-, 96 atuġnaq-
useless: 57 anniqsuutauŋit-, 83 asiu-;
become ~ 82 asiġuq-, 396
piunġiq-, piuŋaiq-, 532
suksraunġiq-; ~ thing 660 vasrak
(Nu)
usually: gone longer than ~ intended
305 mulu-1; ~ V-s 992 +[s]uu-
utensil: 169 immiugauraq, 452 qiłkhiq
(Nu); breakable ~ 445 qigliq,
qigliuraq (Ti); china ~ 448 qikłiq;
clay ~ 448 qikuyyaq; enamel ~
300 miŋŋulik, 332 nauyyaaq2
utensils: kitchen ~ 336 niġiñiutit
Utukok River: 651 Utuqqaq; people of ~
area 651 Utuqqaġmiut
uterine cotyledon: 372 papaaq
uterus: 145 illiaq
utter: 551 tai-; ~ a harsh sound 342
nivliñiġluk-
uvula: 336 niġiliktaaq (Nu), 641
uqalauraq, uqauraq
uvular: ~ consonant 641
uqalaurakuaqtaq
V version: larger ~ of N 713 +ġruaq
vacant: 108 avrait- (Ti), 181 iñuit-;
become ~ 181 iñuiq-
vacation: take a ~ 39 aliiqsiaq-
vaccination: ~ shot 234 kapiniq
vacuum cleaner: 125 iguunnaq
valid: 96 atuġnaq-
valley: 275 kuuġuq, 326 naqsraq(-), 329
1435
natiġnaq, 436 qattaġniq
value: 26 aki(-), 29 akisutilaaq(-); set a
taxation ~ 27 akiksriq-, akigriq-
(Ti); set a ~ on items 27
akiqsriqsuq-
valuable: 29 akisu-
valueless: 83 asiu-
valve: ~ cleaner 536 suvlaun; open a ~
536 suvlaq-
vandalize: 291 maqut-
vanish: 379 piiq-; ~ from sight 586
tautugnaiq-
vantage point: be at a high ~ 328
nasiqsriaġnaq- (Nu); climb to a
high ~ 327 nasit-; scout for
game from a ~ 328 nasiqsruaq-
(Nu)
varicolored: something ~ 617
ugrukpalaq
varicose veins: suffer from ~ 565
taqagluksi-
Varied Thrush: 535 suŋutlulluuq
Vega (celestial): 655 Uvluġiaqpak
Vega and Lyra (celestial) 2 Aagruuk
vegetable: 330 nautchiaq
juice of ~ 190 ipsaq (Nu), 219
ivsa, ivsaq
vehicle: motorized ~ 120 igliġaun;
wheeled ~ 17 agralgun, 33
aksraktuaq, aksraliktualik (Nu)
vengeance: 28 akisaurriñiq
ventral flank of bowhead whale: 616
uan or uati (Ti)
ventral surface of bowhead whale: ~
behind jaws 597 tirraġiigraq (Ti);
409 qaa (Ti); ~ between head and
belly 514 silvi, silviik (Ti)
verse: 551 taiguaq(-)
vertebra: 276 kuyapigaq, 325
napigiaġniq; first ~ 463
qivialutuŋiaq, qivialutuk,
qivialutuq (Nu); first neck ~ of
caribou 110 ayagaq; lumbar ~
202 isaġutauralgit
vertebrae: three or four ~ near the neck
 383 pikuk
vertebral column: 277 kuyapikkat
vertical support: 325 nappaqutaq; use as
~ 69 apagi- (Ti)
very good: 116 chach, chatchii
very much: not V ~, as a general rule
898 -pasalait-
vest: 244 kiapiġuq(-)
vetch: 23 aiġaq
via: ~ a N 1146 -kun; ~ the center 462
qitqagun
via down here: ~ (not visible) 488
samuuna
via down there: ~ (visible) ~ 228
kanuuna, 631 unuuna
via here: ~ (visible) 657 uvuuna,
293 mauna
via in there: 423 qamuuna
via out there: ~ (visible) 247 kiuna, 411
qauna; ~ in the arctic entry (not
visible) 485 saŋmuuna; ~ in the
shed or the neighbor’s house
(not visible) 418 qaŋmuuna
via over there: ~ (visible) 130 ikuuna,
104 avuuna; ~ (not visible) 44
amuuna; ~ across 12 auna; ~
across (not visible) 30 aŋmuuna
via that one down there: ~ (visible)
229 kattumuuna, 632 uttumuuna;
~ (not visible) 488 saptumuuna;
~ 488 saptumiŋa;
via that one in there: ~ (visible) 268
kiptumuuna; ~ (not visible) 423
qaptumuuna;
via that one out there: ~ (visible) 246
kiktumiŋa, 411 qaktumiŋa; ~ in
the arctic entry (not visible)
485 sakiptumuuna; ~ in the shed
or the neighbor’s house (not
visible) 418 qakiptumuuna
via that one over there: ~ (visible) 130
iktumuuna, 103 aptumuuna; ~
(not visible) 45 aptumuuna; ~
across 12 aktumuuna; ~ across
(not visible) 30 akiptumuuna
via that one previously mentioned:164
1436
iptumuuna, 553 taiptumuuna
via that one there: ~, up the coast 268
kiptumuuna, 440 qaptumuuna2
via that one up there: ~ (visible) 382
piktumuuna, 363 paktumuuna; ~
(not visible) 369 paptumuuna; ~
on the roof of the house (not
visible) 365 pakiptumuuna
via the one: ~ under here (not visible)
490 saptumuuna1;
via there: ~, up the coast 269 kivuuna,
441 qavuuna
via this one: ~ here (visible) 656
uumuuna, 292 mattumuuna
via under here: ~ (not visible) 488
samuuna1
via up there: ~ (visible) 382 pikuuna,
363 pauna; ~ (not visible) 368
pamuuna; ~ on the roof of the
house (not visible) 366
paŋmuuna
via which way: 306 naukun, 532 sukun
vicinity: 425 qanimi
victim: murder ~ 179 iñuaqtaq, 182
iñuktaq, 607 tuqutaq
victorious: 28 akima-
victory: 28 akimman
view: block one’s ~ 547 taalutchiq-;
come into ~ 343 niptaq-, 349
nui-, nuggisi-, nuillak-, 482
sagviq-; cover from ~ 559
talu(-); disappear from ~ 550
taġġit-, 559 talit-; fade from ~
319 nalunaqsi-; in ~ 482 sagvi-;
side ~ 491 saniġaaniñ; support
another’s ~ 151 illiqsuq-; ~
television 550 taġġiraq-; top ~
467 qulaaniñ;
vigil: keep ~ 635 unnui-
vigilant: 343 nipuŋait-, 477 quviqtaili-
village: 174 init, 353 nunaaqqiq
vine: 324 napaaqtuayaaq
violence: 378 piaqłuktaun
violent: ~ anger 454 qinnaun
violently: to V ~ 871 -niqłak-, 828
-łłaktaq-; beat someone up ~ and
 quickly 374 pattuġruk-; cry ~ to
unconsciousness 1 aa-; enter ~
205 isiniqłak-; hit someone ~ 51
anauniqłak-; kick someone ~ 73
aqiniqłak-; one who has been
abused ~ 397 piyuaġniq; splash ~
301 misapqatit-, 517 siqiłhatit-;
strike someone or something
with a hammer ~ 240
kauviñaq-; ~ oppose someone
360 parraqłak-
violin: 13 agiaġnaq atuqtuuraq, 355
nuqaqtiligauraq
virgin: female ~ 67 aŋusiuŋaitchuaq
virile: 68 aŋutau-
virtue: 315 nakuun
viscera: 142 ilaġviit
viscous: ~ (of liquid) 258 kiniq-
vise: 247 kiggisik
visible: 349 nuisa-, 455 qiñiġnaq-, 586
tautugnaq-; become ~ 455
qiñiqnaqsi-, 527 sivuqqaaq-;
clearly ~ 586 tautuŋnammaġik-
visible over open water: form and be ~
461 qitchiq-
visibility: low ~ 343 niptaiq-; move in
and out of ~ in the distance 451
qilġiqtaq- (Ti)
vision: 455 qiñiġiaq; fantastic ~ 41
allayuaġniq; line of ~ 557 takkun,
takkugauraq; to my line of ~ 557
takkumnun
visit: ~ socially 205 isiqattaaq-, 401
pulaaq-; ~ frequently 206
isirruġik-; ~ from house to
house 178 iññiqi-, 181 iñuksiuq-;
~ people 182 iñuŋnuk-;
~ someone 178 iññiaq-,
iññiaqattaaq-, 586 tautugiaq-, 626
ullaqattaaq-; ~ someone at the
hospital 557 taku-
visiting: enjoy ~ friends and relative
150 ilaqapqaŋa-; evident that one
is out ~ 178 iññiqima-; person
who goes around ~ constantly
661 yuggiqsuuq
1437
visitors: have ~ frequently 179 iññiuq-;
have many ~ 178 iññit-, 183
iñuqaq-; newly arrived ~ 592
tikiñġaaq; receive ~ 120 iglaaliq-
visor: ~ of cap 597 titqiaq(-), tatqiaq
vocabulary: build ~ 641 uqalutusi-
vocal noise: make ~ repeatedly 343
nivliraq-
voice: 126 iġñaq, iġiña, iġña, 342 nipi2;
have a good singing ~ 126
iġñaġik-; have a high-pitched ~
435 qatikit-; have a low-pitched
~ 435 qatitu-; one with a low-
pitched ~ 435 qatituuq
vole: northern red-backed ~ 107
aviŋŋaq
vomit: miġiaq(-), muġiaq(-), miġġiq; ~,
of baby 521 sisugiak-, sitchuqit-;
~ repeatedly 297 miġiaġaq-
vow: 635 unniqsuun
vowel: 551 taiñġuraq; ~ pair 599
tugliġiik
vulnerable spot on mammals: 213
itiqsiñiq
vulva: 649 utchuk
W
waddle: 616 ugaaqhataaq-, 628
uluqhuqtaaq-
wade: 188 ipiġaq-2, ipaġaq-
wag tail: 369 pamii-, pamiiqi-, pamiula-
wage: 26 aki(-), 27 akiliusiaq; be paid a
~ 28 akiññak-; pay someone a ~
27 akilisiq-; ~ war 68 aŋuyak-
wagon: 33 aksraktuuraq
Wainwright, Alaska: 624 Ulġuniq;
former village site near ~ 651
Utuqqaq; name of site near ~ 85
Ataniq
waist: 294 matiqti, 461 qitiq, 589
tavsiñiq; be naked below the ~
227 kamillaaq-, 648 usillaaq-
waistband: 294 matiqti
wait: 649 utaqqi-; continue to ~ 649
utaqqik-; ~ expectantly for
someone to appear 339 nikpaq-,
 nikpauraaq-; ~ expectantly for
news 308 naalaġniummi-; ~ for a
long time 649 utaqqiataq-,
utaqqilġataq-; ~ for someone or
something to V 1040 -[t]siaġi-; ~
patiently 649 utaqqiġliq-; should
expect to ~ 649 utaqqigisi-; ~ for
someone to exit 53 anitchiq-
waiting: become tired of ~ 649
utaqqiñŋuliq-, utaqqiñŋuq-
wait a minute: 6 aannagu, 8 aaqan,
aaqagu, aaqagun
wait and watch: 302 misiksruq-
waiting room: 649 utaqqivik
wake up: be anxious to ~ early 520
sirgasuk-; cause someone to ~
frequently 605 tupaaq-; finally ~
212 itillak-; ~ from sleep to
full wakefulness 605 tupak-,
tupakaq-; ~ 212 itiq-; ~ en
masse 212 itaa-; ~ early 212
itiġiaq-, itiġnaġiaq-; ~ easily
212 itiya-; ~ sleepy 194
iqianniuq-; ~ someone 212
itiqsaq-
wake: ~ of boat 104 avałłuaġniq, 420
qala
walk: 22 aġyuk-, 394 pisuk-1 (Nu),
pisuaq-; ~ abreast of each other
564 tapit-; ~ along the shore 515
siñiqsraq-, siniġraq- (Ti); ~ along
top of a ridge 408 qaatchiaġaq-; ~
among others threading one’s
way 357 nuviqsraq-; ~ around
being idle 537 supiluqit-; ~ back
and forth 491 sanippi-; ~ bent
over 402 punŋayuuq-; ~ directly
out on the ice to hunt 295
mauqsruq-; ~ fast 531
sukasaałłik-; ~ in a bouncy
manner 469 qulvaukatchiaq-; ~
in and out the door
continuously 359 paaqtuqit-; ~
leisurely 394 pisukataaq-; ~
pigeon-toed 476 quuraġaaq- (Ti);
~ pulling a sled unhurriedly 425
1438
qamuukkałaaq-; ~ on tiptoe 350
nukivrigaq-, 402 putukkumiraq-;
~ out towards the open sea 295
maut-; ~ struggling against the
wind or cold 361 paqqiuq-; ~
swinging one’s arms 104
avałłaaq-, avałłuaq-, 216 ivalik-,
ivałłuaq-; ~ to the same
destination as others who are
traveling by boat 476 qutiġuq-; ~
rather than take a some other
means of transport 394
pisukataq-, pisuu- (Ti); ~ rocking
from side to side 628
uluqhuqtaaq-, 658 uviġaaq-; ~
unsteadily 491 sanipaktuq-; ~
with a limp 539 susiġġuk- (Ti); ~
with arms inside one’s parka
471 qumiikkałaaq-; ~ with head
bowed 402 punŋuuq-; sink as one
~s in deep, soft snow or sand 294
mauyalliuq-, 295 mauyaqisaq-;
take a leisurely ~ 394
pisuaqtuaq-
walking stick: 112 ayauppiaq, ayauppak,
ayauppiq; walk with a ~ 112
ayauppiaġaq-
wall: 237 kasiq (Nu); build a ~ 238
katchili-; interior ~ 238 katchi;
old , crumbling ~ 238
katchiġruaq; ~ planks 390 piqtaq
walls: side ~ of house 491 saniqqak;
walrus: 25 aiviq; baby ~ 203 isavgaq;
for there to be many ~ 25
aivġukkaq-; go after ~ on ice 353
nunavviaq-; have a large supply
of ~ meat 25 aivġutau-; herd of ~
on ice 353 nunavait; kill a ~ 25
aivvak-; lack ~ 25 aivġit-; large,
adult male ~ 350 nukavluq (Nu);
not have ~ meat 25 aivġutait-
wander whereabouts: 534 sumiqsiuq-
Wandering Tattler: 513 sililisuqtuq;
wane: ~ (of moon) 46 amigli-, amikłi;
261 kiŋumuk-, 355 nuŋusaiññaq-,
342 nipi-1, 649 utinmuk-; ~ and
 rise later (of moon) 397
piyaġittuq-; ~ (of daylight) 655
uvluilaaġuq-, uvlukłi-, uvluilgit-
want: ~ to V 986 +[s]uk-1; ~ to
hear more 608 tusaanġaiqi-; not
~ another’s presence and telling
the person to leave 76 aqpigruq-
(Ti); not ~ another to do
anything 539 sutqulait-; not
really ~ to do something 394
pisuvyuaq-; not ~ to carry a
heavy load in one’s boat or sled
76 aqpik-1; ~ more of something
493 saŋimmiq-, 563 tapasi- (Ti); ~
something urgently 448
qilanaaq-; ~ to do more of an
activity 563 tapa- (Ti); ~ to do
what 539 susuk-; ~ to do or
have something 394 pisuk-2; ~
to keep on doing an activity
one enjoys doing 153 ilasi-; ~ to
participate 394 pisuk-2; ~ to
participate now 394 pisuliq-;
really ~ to V 991 +[s]ulillapiaq-
warble fly: 125 igutchatchiaq
warehouse: 530 suġalliqpik,
suġauttaqaġvik
warm: 652 uunnaak-; ~ by the fire 321
naniaq-1, naniaqtuaq-; have ~
winter clothing 646 uquq-; have
no ~ winter clothing 646 uquit-;
~ oneself 97 auktuuq-; ~ oneself
by the fire 97 auksiq-, auksiaq-,
373 pasiksiaq-, pasiksiq-; ~
poultice 97 auktuun; try hard to
get ~ 651 uunaqsaaqtiqi-; ~ up
suddenly then feeling sluggish
96 augniqłak-; wear ~ winter
clothing 646 uqquaġik-; ~ wind
652 uunnaksraligaaq
war: play at ~ 68 aŋuyaŋŋuaq-; wage ~
68 aŋuyak-
war party: 99 aulaat (Ti), 530 suġruit
warn: 54 aniqsraaqtuq-, 177 iñiqtiq-,
iniqtiq- (Ti), 204 isilġiqsruq-, 253
kilik-, kiliktuq-, 513 silġiqsuq-,
1439
635 unniqsuq-
warning: 253 kiliktuun, kilgun; not heed
~ 142 ilaġġisigi-
warp: 448 qikisit-, 450 qilukłuk-
warped: 448 qikiŋa-
wart: 635 unŋuq
wary: 41 allayuaq-, 358 nuyuaqtu-;
~ of people 178 iññiŋiat-; ~
of someone or something 51
anayagi-, 358 nuyuaġi-, 569
tataigi-
wash: 191 iqaġi-, iqaqi- (Ti); ~ cloth: 41
allaqtuun; ~ clothes 192 iqaqsri-
washed: ~ ashore: 595 tipi-2; ~ away by
waves 616 uaq-
washbasin: 191 iqaqqivik
washboard: 13 agigvik, agirvik; wash
with a ~ 13 agigvigaq-
washtub: 126 iġġuqsivik, 191
iqaqqivigruaq
wasp: 599 tuggayuk; solitary ~ 298
milugiaq
waste: 486 saksranikut
water: add tea or coffe to ~ 435
qatchiq-; churn ~ (of boat) 420
qalaliaġuq- (Nu); ~ cup ~ 168
imġugauraq; flowing
through crack in ice 508
siiqsinniq; fresh ~ 168
imiġiksaaq; frozen overflow
of ~ on top of river ice 508
siiqsinniq; get ~ on oneself 165
imaġuaq-; give a drink 169
imiqtit-; give fresh ~ to animal
169 imiqtitchi-; have good ~ 168
imiġik-; lack ~ 168 imġit-;
no longer have ~ 168 imġiq-;
non-potable ~ 165 imaq(-);
obtain a supply of ~ 169
imiqtaq-; potable ~ 168 imiq(-),
imilluataq; small ~ container 168
imġugauraq; supply of ~ 168
imġun; ~ to cook with 166
imaksraq
water beetle: 375 pau
water current: (see ocean current and
 river current) 483 saġvaq(-);
drift with the ~ 483 saġvaqsiq-
waterfall: 465 quġluqtaq
water-filled: ~ hole in ice 407 qaamniq
water grass: 383 ¤pikniq (Nu)
water hole under ice in river: 411 qaglu
Water Ouzel: 5 aanaruun kiviruq,
aanaruk kiviruq
waterproof: ~ backpack 74 aqiyyaq; ~
hipboot 188 ipialik; ~ diaper
covers 280 makkaqtuun; ~
knee-high boots with hairless
seal skin uppers and bearded
seal skin soles 73 aqaġlik (Ti),
192 iqaqłak, iqaqłik, 263 kivluaq,
432 qaqłiik, iqaqłiik; ~ knee-high
caribou or sealskin boot with
fur inside 626 ulitchuilaq; ~ knee
pad 522 sitquġun; make ~ knee
-high boots 192 iqaqłi-; ~ pad
324 naŋiq; ~ parka made from
bearded seal intestines 512
silaŋŋaaq; ~ sealskin breeches
413 qaġliaġruuk (Ti); ~ sealskin
socks 166 imaitkutak; sew with a
~stitch 46 amiġaq(-); short, ~
summer boot 387 piñiġaq
water truck: 169 imiqtaqtuun
watery: ~ substance 167 immivlik
wave1: 201 isaaqtala-; ~ in greeting
149 ilali-, ilaliuraq- (Ti); ~ one’s
arms when caribou are sighted
486 salik-; ~ one’s hand 352
nuluq-; ~ one’s hand once or
non-stop for a while 352
nuluqtuallak- (Nu)
wave2: 186 iŋiulik(-), 283 malik(-), 414
qai (Nu), 414 qailliq(-); breaking
~ 186 iŋiulikpak; crash against
shore (of ~) 410 qaaq(-) (Nu),
qaaqtaq(-); crestless ~ (swell) 388
piŋu(-); ~ produced by a passing
boat 414 qaivlik(-);rolling crest
of ~ on ocean 626 ulivrik(-);
run along beach ahead of
breaking ~ 66 aŋuuraġauraq- (Ti);
1440
small ~ 186 iŋiullaaq(-) (Ti); tidal
~ 283 malliq(-); ~ which breaks
on shore 411 qaggaq(-)
waves: be washed away by ~ 616 uaq-;
~ formed on each side of bow of
ship as it moves through water
104 avałuaq (Nu); form breakers,
of ~ 626 ulivragaq-; crash
against boat (of ~) 434 qasaq-,
435 qasaqtaq-; develop (of ~ on
ocean) 414 qailliġuq-; make ~ (of
whale as it cruises) 411
qaggattuq-, qaggaġuqtit-; make a
crashing sound (of ~) 482
saġaaluk-; pitch with the ~ 283
malliuq-; point upward (of ~)
661 yuayuk-; rock with the ~ 186
iŋiulliuq-; tire of the rocking
motion of ~ 186 iŋiulinŋuq-;
travel on top of ~ 408
qaatchiaġaq-; travel through
rough ~ 411 qaggiuq-, 414
qaigiuq- (Ti)
1
wax : ~ in ear 506 siġri(-), 591 tiġri (Ti);
remove dried ~ from ear 506
siġri(-); sticky, yellow ear ~ 274
kutchuġruaq; thread ~ 378 piaġun
wax2: ~ (of moon) 306 naaġuyasi-, 330
nau-, 400 puktakkaq-
waxed: ~ (of thread) 378 piaq-
we: ~ (dual) 657 uvaguk; ~ (plural) 657
uvagut
weak: 242 kayumŋit-, 376 payaŋa-, 429
qapaŋa-, 502 sayait-, 528 suaŋait-,
494 saŋŋiit-, 495 saqaŋa-; become
~ 242 kayumŋiq-, 494 saŋŋiili-,
502 sayaiq-; ~ person 376
payaappak, 429 qapak; ~ , sickly
person or animal 661 yapu(-)
wealthy: become ~ 530 suġallak-, 629
umiallak-; very ~ person 629
umialikpak, umialiŋniqsraq (Nu)
weapon: 497 satkuq; murder ~ 179
iñuaġun; strike with a ~ 497
satkusaq-; threaten with a ~ 653
uugiyaaq-
wear: 95 atuq-2; ~ N 1053 +tuq-3
wearisome: 324 naŋinnaq-
weary and tired: ~ of 299 minġuliuti-
weasel: 212 itiġiaq(-)
weather: 512 sila; whiteout ~ 478
quvyugaġnaq; for there to be a
whiteout (of ~) 478 quvyuk-,
quvyugaġniq-; be bad ~ 512
silagiit-; be bleached by ~ 433
qaqsuq-; be clear ~ 343
nipta-; be cold ~ 446 qiiyanaq-;
be cool ~ 335 nigliññaaġik-; be
damp, slushy ~ 346 niviluk(-);
be foggy ~ 556 taktuk(-); be
frosty ~ 375 patuŋnaq-; be
good ~ 512 silagiuti-, silannaaq-;
be stormy ~ 512 silaqłuk(-);
be sunny ~ 265 kirratchiaq-;
become clear (of ~) 343 niptaiq-,
455 qiñiġnaqsi-; become good ~
512 silaŋŋuq-; be chilly ~ ~ 463
qiunŋunaq-; rainy ~ 512
silaluk(-), sialuk(-); severe, cold ~
200 irri; shelter from ~ 424
qamaniq, qamanaaq; stormy ~
512 silaqłuuti-; very cold ~ 446
qiiyannaq; warm ~ 200
irrailaqpak (Nu); whiteout ~
478 quvyugaġnaq
weather forecaster 512 silaliqiri
weave: ~ a basket 17 aguummi-; ~ a
baleen basket 36 akuummi- (Ti);
~ a net 276 kuvri-; ~ to and fro
497 saquuq-
weaving: ~ shuttle 276 kuvriñ,
kuvrisaun, 357 nuvillaun,
nuvillautik
webbing: fine ~ 352 nuluq(-); caribou
skin thong used for ~ 352
nuluksraq; thick ~ 417
quniguq,603 tuniq (Nu); rejected
thick ~ 471 quniguku; tie ~ to
snowshoe frame 603 tunniq-
wed: 238 katit-
wedding: have a ~ 238 katirrusiqi-
wedge: 465 qugraq(-); drive in a ~ 465
1441
qugraqtuq- (Nu); place a ~ in
something 570 tattuqusiq-;
tightening or securing ~ 570
tattuqun; wooden ~ 465
qugrautaq, qugraun
wedlock: 238 katitit-
Wednesday: 388 Piŋatchiġñiq; be ~ 388
Piŋatchiq-, Piŋasuŋŋuq-; ~
evening 461 Qitchiiñiq
weed: 366 palauvaksraġiitchuaq
week: 499 savaiññiġum akunniŋa; last ~
77 aqulliġmi savaiñŋaiñŋaisa;
this ~ 499 savaiñŋaiñŋaisa; next ~
499 savaiñŋaiqpata
weep: 470 qulvili-
weigh: 646 uqumaisilaaq(-)
weigh anchor: 265 kisaiq-
weight: 645 uqumailutaq; be heavy
in ~ 646 uqumait-; be light
in ~ 643 uqit-; find something or
someone to be light in ~ 643
uqigi-; gain ~ 513 siliksi-, 644
uqsrak-, 645 uqumaili-; lose ~ 643
uqigli-, uqikłi-; one’s ~ 646
uqumaisilaaq(-); rock ~ for tent
flap 379 piġġutaq
weir: bundles of willow for fish ~ 451
qillaaqtat (Nu); fish ~ 495 saputit
welcome: 361 paġlan, paġla-
welcomed: feel ~ 549 tagialanait-
welcoming: 361 paġlarruġik-,
paġlalluġik- (PB)
well, based on whatever…: 47 ami,
amiamikii
1
well : water ~ 346 nivviaq
well2: become ~ 146 iluaqsi-; become ~
acquainted 150 ilappaguti-;
burns ~ 135 ikuallaaġik-; feel ~
146 iluaqammaaġik-; not feel
~ 146 iluammaġiit-; resound,
reverberate ~ 167 imik-;
transmit sound ~ 167 imiak-;
water something ~ periodically
167 immiqsuqataq-; V ~ 813
-lluataq(-), -llautaq(-), 1104 -yu-,
1112 -yuq-
well-behaved: 378 piatuit-
well-being: 57 anniqsuusiaq, 146 iluaġniq
well-done: 652 uutqik-; cook
something until it is ~ 651
uummaġiksaaq-, 652 uutqiksii-
well-portioned: 498 saunġik-
welfare: be on ~ 287 maniññaktuq-, 311
nagliktuutituq-; fear for one’s ~
332 navianniuq-; rush to
someone to check on her/his ~
639 upaluq-
welt: 189 ipiġaqtuġniq
west: 131 ikagnaq(-), ikaŋnaq (Ti); area
located ~ 615 ualiñaaq; be at the
~ (of sun) 615 uali-; blow from
the ~ 616 uaŋniq, 636 uŋalaq(-);
flow from the ~ (of ocean)
current 414 qaisaġniq-; from the
west 616 uaŋŋamiñ; located ~
103 avva avani, 549 taavva
taavani; located ~ (of sun) 615
uali-; located down the coast to
the ~ 636 uŋarvani; located to the
~ 103 avva avani; ocean current
flowing ~ toward shore 414
qaisaġnaq; to the ~ 615 uanmun;
towards ~ 131 ikaŋnanmun (Ti);~
wall 615 ualliq; ~ wind 131
ikagnaq(-), ikaŋnaq, 615
uaknaqpak(-) (Nu), uaknaaġruk(-)
(Nu), 636 uŋalaq(-), uŋalaaq
westernmost: 615 ualliq
wet: 23 ailaq-, 166 imau-; become ~ 18
aġit-, 23 ailaqi-; become ~
walking through wet vegetation
219 ivsuligaq-; get something ~
23 ailaqi-; that which is
dripping ~ 23 aillałak; ~ object
18 aġiññaq(-); ~ (of ground or
plants) 219 ivsulik-; ~ enough to
stick (of snow) 347 nivviġiksi-
wet burp: have a ~ (of baby) 521
sisugiak-, sisuvit- (Ti)
whale (see also bowhead whale, killer
whale, gray whale): boiled, fresh
maktak and meat 651 uunaalik;
1442
divide a ~ into shares 21 aġviuq-;
eat from the first ~ of a new
whaling captain 21
aġvanġautituq-; first ~ taken by
new whaling captain 21
aġvanġaun; give a piece of ~
meat and maktak to an old
woman waiting along the sled
path 647 urgallit-; hunt ~s 21
aġviqsiuq-; infant ~ 20 aġvaaq;
kill and retrieve a ~ 20 aġvak-2,
aġvaaq- (Ti), 21 aġvaktaġi-; knife
for butchering ~ 21 aġviuġun;
lance a ~ 422 qalugiaqtuq-;
mature ~ with white section at
base of flukes 412 qaġlilik; oil
from rendered ~ blubber 21
aġviñġaq; receive the ~’s hind
meat and maktak as a share 616
uattak- (Ti); spot a ~ 21
aġviġunaaq-; ~ that surfaces
underneath ice that is jutting
out over the water to breathe
428 qaŋattaaqsiuyuit; thin ~
“maktak” 450 qilaaq; type of ~
one usually caught 20
aġvaksakaaq; very large ~ 7
aapsavak (Ti), 63 aŋirualuk (Ti);
very old, large male ~ 7
aapsavaaluk (Ti); weaned, female
~ 20 aġvaluqtauraq (Ti)
whale flukes: divide ~ and distribure as
gifts during a ~ ceremony 105
avarriqi-; second day of whaling
festival when the ~ are
distributed 105 Avarriqirut (Ti);
serve food to crew and others on
beach after a successful ~ hunt
417 qaksruġautituq-
whalebone: 538 suqqaq
whalers: 21 aġvaŋniat; hold a feast on
the beach to welcome the
successful ~ 72 apuġautituq-; wait
beside the ~’ homeward path in
anticipation of receiving
a piece of whale meat or
 maktak (of old women) 647
urgalaq-
whale’s tail: base of ~ 64 aŋirruk (Ti)
whale’s tongue: 649 utchik; receive a
share of ~ 407 qaannak-
whaling: ~ association 413 Qagmaqtuut,
637 Uŋasiksikaat, 420 qalgi(-)
(Ti), 433 qargi; ~ be out ~ 629
umiaqtuq-; ~ bomb 410 qaaġaun;
camp on the ice for spring~ 21
aġvaŋniaq- (Ti), 90 ataaqtuq-;
conduct fall ~ 622 ukialliksiuq-;
for ~ crew to haul the whale’s
hind meat and maktak ashore
616 uasiqi-; gain a ~ crew
member 179 iññuktaaġi-; go out
~ 629 umiaqqa-; hold a ~ feast (of
whaling captain) 21 aġviqi-; hold
a feast on the beach to welcome
the successful whalers after the
~ season is over 72 apuġautituq-;
inflated bladder sac hung in
community house and burnt in
spring before ~ 403 puuġuq (Ti);
make preparations to go ~ 629
umiġġiqsaq-; prepare for ~ 173
inillallak- (Ti); put together a ~
crew 629 umiġġiq-; ready the ~
equipment 500 savaqi-; ~
shoulder gun 21 aġviliqun; sing a
~ charm song while waiting for
a whale to surface 106
avataqsiaq- (Ti); strike with a ~
bomb 536 supputit-
whaling boat: boat 629 umiapiaq; for a
whale to surface ahead and to
the right of a ~ 139 ikpiq-; have
~ boat and harpoon ready for ~
8 aaqtit-; launch site for ~ boat
479 saavviaq; wooden ~ 630
umiuraq
whaling camp: ~ at edge of shorefast ice
90 ataaqtuġvik; be out at ~ or in
a whaling boat 628 umiaq(-);
bring boat from ~ toward the
village parking it on the ice in
1443
front of the village 417 qaksruq-;
go to the ~ 629 umiaqqa-; go to
the ~ and help butcher the
whale 550 tagrua-; ~ ice ramp 48
ammuaq, ammuq (Ti); messenger
from a ~ to the village
announcing the successful kill of
a whale 75 aqpaaqtuaq; run to
village from ~ to announce a
successful kill of a whale 75
aqpauq-, aqpaaq-, 422 qalugialgu-
(Ti); travel out on ice to ~ from
the village 91 atiq-; withdraw
from a ~ because of dangerous
ice conditions 323 naŋiaqtuu-;
young helper at ~ 269
kivgaluuraq(-)
whaling captain: 628 umialik; ask or
take from a new ~ and his wife
gifts after their first whale catch
216 ivayaq-; fresh meat and
maktak served at ~ house 66
aŋunġiutaq; new ~ with first
whale 21 aġvanġaq(-),
aġvanġaqtuaq (Ti); 628 umialik;
~’s seat at stern of umiak 77
aquppiviuraq; second share from
a harvested whale’s ventral
flanks given to a new ~ 297
mikigagraq (Ti); soot mixture
used for the facial markings of
~, harpooner, and wife of the ~
607 tuqurmiutaq; ~’s wife’s “little
wooden pot” from which she
gave dead whales a drink 169
immiun, imiun (Ti); ~ with less
than five whales to his credit
308 naatchiŋaitchuaq; ~ with five
or more whales to his credit 308
naatchiŋaruaq
whaling festival: 320 Nalukataq(-);
attend ~ 321 nalukatchiaq-; ~
attendees 321 nalukattat;
bearded seal skins sewn
together and used for blanket
toss at ~ 289 mapkuq; bring a
 boat up to where the ~ will take
place 660 uyaut- (Ti); first day
of ~ 416 Qagruq(-) (Ti), 416
qagruġvik (Ti), Qakirut;
participate in tossing someone
on a blanket-toss skin during ~
320 nalluaq-; place where
whaling boats are beached,
signaling the ~ will begin the
next day 660 uyaulvik (Ti); place
where ~ is held 416 qagruġvik
(Ti); second day of ~ 105
Avarriqirut (Ti); ~ song 320
nalukataun; third and last day of
~ 116 Igauqtut(-), ¤Igautaġvik
(Ti); tossed up and down on a
blanket-toss during the ~ 320
nalukataq-; toss gifts to the
crowd at the ~ while being
tossed in the blanket toss 118
iksi-1 (Ti), 359 paatchui-; toss
treats over from behind the
wind shelters during the ~ 320
nalluġruq- (Ti), nallui-;
undertake or sponsor the ~ 320
nalukataqtitchi-
whaling harpoon: 331 nauligaq(-); large
~ 234 kapusiun, 331 nauligaun
(Ti); small float for use with a ~
229 kanasiġaq, kayasiġaq (Ti);
three-quarter inch manila rope
used with ~ 260 kiŋu(-) (Ti); wait
for a bowhead whale to surface
after striking with a ~ harpoon
and attaching a float to it 105
avataŋa-; ~ with flint or iron
spearhead in foreshaft 422
qalugiaq(-), qalugiaqtuun
whaling harpooner: 331 nauligaqti; ~ ’s
song meant to hold the harpoon
fast in the whale 106 avataqsiun
(Ti)
what (singular): 528 su(-), 534 sum,
suna; be a ~ to another 529 sugi-;
~ item 534 sumik
what a big: ~ N 896 -paluk(-)1
1444
what a bad smell: 8 aaqqaa
what a lot: 31 akkakaa
what a narrow escape: 11 aatchikaaŋ
what did you say: 478 saa
what difference does it make to you: 9
aasii suruq, aasii suva
what good is it: 532 suksraq
what kind: 428 qanusiq
what part of a whole: 533 sulliñiq
whatever: do ~ plus Conditional or
Consequential endings 532
sukuluk(-)
what’s it to you: 9 aasii suruq, aasii suva
what’s that: 528 suahii, suaqhii (Nu)
what to do: not know ~ 530
suġutiksrait-, 538 susausiit-
wheat: 366 palauvaksrat
Wheatear: 594 tiŋmiaqpauraq
wheel: 33 aksraligaq, aksraligaun
whelp: 216 ivaaq; 215 iva-
when: ~ in past 428 qaŋa; ~ in future
419 qakugu
when (habitual or past): ~ one V-s
1129, 1135 +k/ga- or +mma-
plus Consequential and
Conditional Mood endings
whence: 306 nakiñ, 534 sumiñ
whenever: 419 qakugupayaaq; ~ one V-s
1130, 1135 -tuaq- plus
Consequential and Conditional
Mood endings
where: 306 nani (Nu), nauŋ, 308 naami
(Ti, Nu), 534 sumi; go ~ 534
sumuk-
whereabouts: from ~ 537 suqpaniñ;
located ~ 537 suqpani; to ~ 537
suqpanun
whereas: 210 innainniġman,
iminnainniġman
where is it then: 306 nauŋmi
where to: 306 namun, napmun (Nu), 534
sumun
which one: 243 kisu, 317 nalliq, 539
sutchiq; ~ of these two 317
nalliak, ~ of these 317 nalliat
which way: 532 sukun;
which direction: 529 sugnamun
while: a ~ 34 akuni; a long ~ ago 31
akkusaaq, akkusaaġruk; a short ~
ago 6 aatnami (Nu), 31
akkuqisuuraq; a ~ ago 31 akku; in
a long ~ 8 aaqagusaaq,
aaqagusaaġrugu; in a short ~
aaqaguqisuuraġu; in a ~ 8 aaqagu
while: ~ V-ing 1130, 1132 +pkaqtillu- or
+tiłłu- plus Contemporative
Mood I endings; ~ V-ing 1130,
1131 -ŋŋaq- plus Contemporative
Mood III endings
while intermittently: ~ V-ing 1129, 1133
-mmaq- plus Contemporative
Mood IV endings
while simultaneously: ~ V-ing 1129,
1133 -llaq- plus Contemporative
Mood II endings
Whimbrel: 509 siituvak
whip: 289 mapkuqtaun; crack a ~
repeatedly 289 mapkuqtitaq-; ~
once 189 ipiġaq-1
whirlpool: 246 kiavraaq(-) 650
utkusigauraq1 (Ti)
whirlwind: 612 tuunġauraqsaaġaq(-), 616
ugayulaq (Nu), 659 uyalunaq(-),
uyalulaq(-)(Ti), 661 ¤yugayulaq
whirring sound: make ~ 593 timmaala-
whiskers: 630 umik2
whistle: 658 uviñŋiuqsraun; 658
uviñŋiaq-, uviñŋiuq-,
uviñŋiuqsraq-; ~ at someone 107
aviuliq-; 658 uviñŋiaqtuq-,
uviñŋiuġaq-, uviñŋiaġruk- (Ti); ~,
of bird 401 pupipsuk-, 405
puvipsuk-
whistling: make ~ noise 523 siuq-, 523
siuġruk(-), 597 tiriqsruq-
whisper: 207 isivruk-, isivruuraq-, 524
sivruuraq- (Nu)
white: 436 qatiq-; be very ~ 436
qattiġik; ~ hunting parka cover
436 qatiġnisi; something
strikingly ~ 436 qatiqhak;
something ~ 436 qatiqtaaq
1445
white whale: 521 sisuaq
whitecaps: have ~ on ocean 436
qatiqtitaq-
White-crowned Sparrow: 354
nuŋŋaqtuaġruk
White-fronted Goose: 337 niġlivik
White-winged Scoter: 253 killalik, 612
tuunġaaġruk
whitefish: 5 aanaakłiiŋiq (Nu), 596 tipuk;
broad ~ 5 aanaakłiq; small, dark
~ 192 iqalusaaq(-); small, dried ~
397 pivsiraq; tough ~ 407
qaaliġiq (Ti)
White Person: 319 Naluaġmiu, 441
Qavlunaaq2, 562 Tanik; juvenile
~ 562 Taniayaaq
White People: overly friendly to ~ 562
Tanniqi-
white wolf: 45 amaġupiaq
who: ~ (singular) 243 kia, kina; ~ (dual)
243 kitkuk; ~ (plural) 243 kitkut;
to ~ 243 kimun
whoever: 243 kialiqaa, kiñapayaaq,
kisulimaaq
whole: 101 aulait-, 530 suġait-;
something ~ 101 aulailaq, 530
suġailaq; two parts forming a ~
563 tapiġiik
whomever: to ~ 243 kimulliqaa
whose (singular): 243 kia
whose (dual): 243 kitkuk
whose (plural): 243 kitkut
why: 534 summan, 540 suva, suvaata
why are you here: 541 suviñ
wick: 189 ipiġaq4; put ~ in 189 ipiqqiq-
wick adjuster: 583 tatqigun, 584 tatqiun
wide: 131 ikarraqtu-, 137 ikiqtu-, 197
iraqtu-, 513 silik-, 551 taġutu-;
become 197 iraqtuq- (Ti); ~,
of feet 408 qaatitu-; ~ one 513
sillaq; ~ part of something 513
siliŋniq; ~ (of boot) 91 atitu-
wide-eyed: 241 kavlaq-, kavlatit-
widen: 198 iraqtusi-, 563 tapiq(-)
wider: become ~ and more spacious
338 niġuttuq-
widest breadth: 338 niġutuniq
widespread: 659 uvsiit-
widow: 618 uilgaġniq, uilgaġniq (Ti);
become a ~ 618 uilgaq-
widowed: 352 nuliiq-
widower: 351 nuliiġñiq, nuliilgaġniq
(Ti)
wife: 351 nuliaq(-), 19 aġnauniq, 18
aġnaat; co-wife 23 aippaq; former
~ 351 nuliakkaluaq; head ~
351 nuliaqpak; his own ~ 19
aġnaqtiŋ; second ~ 351
nuliatqiun; second ~,
concurrent with first wife 349
nukaġaq (Nu), 350 nukarak; ~ of
grandchild 624 ukuaq
wiggle: 372 papiqqila-, 157 iliqsraq-,
iliġraq- (Ti), 193 iqhiiluktaq-,
iġiiluk- (Nu); for a fish to ~ its
tail 372 papiġuqsimaaq- (Nu); ~
one’s buttocks 196 iqquktaq-,
iqqumiktaq- (Ti)
wild rhubarb: 472 quŋulliq
wild spinach: 464 quaġaq
wile: 394 pisuqsaaġun
will (future): ~ V 863 +niaq-; ~ have the
opportunity to V 756 +k/gisi-; ~
probably V 863 +niaqpallIq-, 860
+niaġugnaq-; probably ~ not V
862 +niaŋitpallIq-
will: ~ 394 pisuun
willful: 85 atanġusuk-
willing: 398 piyuma-
willingness: ~ to do a task 398
piyumman; ~ to V 1111
+yumman
willow: 231 kanuŋŋiq; clump of ~s
sharing one trunk 451
qiliqsrauttat (Nu); medium-sized
~ 644 uqpigauraq; short, reddish
~ 36 akutuak (Nu); ~ stumps 251
kikarat; travel through a thicket
of ~ 644 uqpiksiuq-
willow bush: 643 uqpik
willow leaves: 300 miñu
Willow Ptarmigan: 73 aqargiq
1446
wilt: ~ 607 tuquliŋa-
win: 28 akima-, 416 qaki-, 556 taksi-1
(Nu); ~ the first and second
games in a contest 49 anaqhiuq-
wince: 465 qugluk-, 628 uluġiapak-
wind1: 59 anuġi; be still (of ~) 59
anuġait-; become calm (of ~) 435
qasuaq-; east ~ 334 nigiq, 334
nigiqpaq(-), 368 pamagnaq or
pamagnaaq (Ti); into the ~ 81
argunmun; immediate area in
front of prevailing ~ 81
arguuraq; north ~ 229 kanagnaq,
kanaŋnaq, 334 nigiq (Ti), nigiqpaq
(Ti, Nu); northeast ~ 131
ikagnaq(-), ikaŋnaq, 334 nigiq
(Nu); northeasterly ~ 94
atuagnaq; northwest ~ 334
nigiqpapiaq (Ti); south ~ 254
kiluagnaq, 636 uŋalaq(-) or
uŋalaaq (Nu, Ti); southeast ~ 95
atuagniq, 334 nigiq qatchiksuq
615 uaŋnaq (Ti); southwest ~ 636
uŋalaq(-), 636 (Ti); southwesterly
~ 254 kiluagnayaaq; strong
northeast ~ 268 kivaŋnaq(-) (Ti);
strong northwesterly ~ 615
uaŋnaaġruk(-), uagnaaġruk,
uaknaaġruk(-) (Nu); strong ~ 59
anuġiqłuk; strong south ~ 636
uŋalaġluk(-) (Ti); shelter from
the ~ 81 arguilisaq; cease (of ~)
59 anuġaiq-; travel against the ~
81 arguq(-); travel with the ~ 646
uqqunmugaaq-, uqumigaaq- (Nu),
uqqunmuuq-; west ~ 131 ikaŋnaq
(Ti), 615 uagnaq, uaknaq(-) or
uaknaqpak(-)(Nu), 636 uŋalaq(-),
uŋalaaq; ~ blowing downstream
53 anisaġniq; ~ gauge 366 palatuq
(Ti); ~ storm 59 anuqłiqłuk
2
wind : 457 qipi-, qipit-; ~ something
tightly around something else
457 qipiqsruq-
wind gauge: 366 palatuq (Ti)
windbreak: 559 taluqutaq, 478
 saaġuaq(-) (Nu), 646 uquuttaq;
erect a ~ in front of entry 359
paaġutchiq-, 559 taluqutchiq-;
erect a ~ to direct flow of air 361
paġġutchiq-; provide a ~ 646
uquutchiq-; use as a ~ 646
uquuttaġi-; ~ used to guide wind
into house for ventilation 361
paġġutaq, paġġutauraq, 380 piiqsi;
~ where boat frames were made
630 umiivik
window: glass ~ 117 igalauraq; ~
shutter 194 iqiruġaq
windpipe: 606 tuqłuk
windproof: 646 uqquuk-
wind vane: 59 anuġisiun
windward: ~ direction 81 arguġnaq; on
the ~ side 81 arguani
windy: 59 anuqłiq-; become ~ 59
anuqqak-; become ~ and wet 391
piqsiġuq-
wing: 201 isaġuq; develop ~ s 202
isaqqi-; flap ~s taking off from
water 376 pauq-
wink: 199 iriŋmigaq-
winter: 622 ukiuq(-); during this ~ 622
ukiuġniñ, ukiupak; spend the ~
622 ukii-; this coming ~ 622
ukiuġu
winter clothing: 622 ukiuqsiutit
wipe: ~ clean or dry 41 allaqtiq-, 487
saluaq-; ~ after defecating 197
iquq(-); ~ dry 592 tilaktuq-; ~
one’s mouth 598 tivliiyaq-; ~
one’s hands and mouth 217
ivik-; ~ one’s nose 224 kakkik(-)
wire: metal ~ 40 alġuraq; heated ~ used
to bore wooden 433 qaqqun
wisdom: words of ~ received verbally
208 isumattun, 642 uqausiaq,
uqausiusiaq
wise: 208 isumatu-, 513 silġatu-
wish: ~ 394 pisuun; ~ for fresh meat 177
iñuġru-
with: be ~ 210 itqatigi-; V ~ someone
920 ±qasIq-
1447
withdraw: 48 amu-
within range to be shot: 393 pisignaq-
withered: 435 qasuŋa-; extremely large
whale with nostrils ~ from old
age 596 tiptuyaaluk; have a ~
hand 79 argakit-
without: ~ V-ing 747 +k/galuaq-
plus Negative Subordinative
Mood Endings; one ~ a N 730
:ilaq(-)
without any doubt: 323 nanmiñiq
without any exception: 540 suuramik
unnii
without delay: 448 qilamiqsruatchiaq-
witness: 154 ilisimari; ~ an incident 557
takkuqsraaq-
wolf: 45 amaġuq; black ~ 288
maŋaqhaaluk; white ~ 45
amaġupiaq; young, black ~ 288
maŋaqhauraq
wolf net: 403 puuġu (Nu)
“wolf scarer”: 167 imigluktaun, 662
yuqłuktaq; use a ~ 661
yuguyuaġaq- (Nu)
wolverine: 443 qavvik; have more than
two white bands along back (of
~) 419 qaksrutrak- (Nu); strip of
fur next to ~’s tail 369
pamiiġvik; two white bands
along back of ~ 419 qaksrutik
(Nu); ~ with white patches of
white fur on sides 412
qagrurauraaqtuq
woman: 18 aġnaq; beautiful ~ 19
aġnalaniaq (Ti); act like a ~ (of a
man) 19 aġnaġri-; commit
adultery with a ~ 19 aġnatuq-;
dance like a ~ (of a man) 19
aġnau- (Nu); elderly ~ 9
aaquaksralaaq; flirt (of a ~) 19
aġnavvi-; grow old (of ~) 9
aaquaq-, 19 aġnaġuaq- (Ti); little,
old ~ 9 aaquaksraatchiaq,
aquluatchiaq; man who acts the
part of a ~ 19 aġnaksraq; old ~ 4
aanaluk, aanaluuraq, 9 aaquk,
 aaquluk, aaquaksraq; young ~ of
marriageable age 333 niaqsiaq
(Ti), niviaqsiaq, ~ 347
niviaqsiġaq; white ~ 19 aġnauraq
(Ti); ~ who refuses to take a
husband 618 uiluaqtaq, uilgasuk
womanize: 19 aġniqi-, aġniqiuraq-
wonder: 40 aliuq-; ~ how to
accomplish something 428
qanuqtuq; I ~ how 427 qanukkiaq
wood: 460 qiruk, 367 palliq (Nu); block
of ~ 136 ¤ikIk1; charred ~ 101
aumaliq (Ti), aumaraq1; chopped
~ 460 qirriat; collect ~ 460 qirri-2;
chopping block for ~ 460
qirriuġvik; core of ~ 127 iġñaaq;
curved ~ chips 484
sakiġmiat; fetch ~ 460 qiruktaq-;
fine ~ 460 qirugiksuaq; grain in
~ 187 ipak; green ~ 654
uummaq; groove in ~ 430
qappaq, 597 titiqtuġniq; hard ~
137 ikkiq, 519 siqquqtaq; hard,
flexible ~ 633 unaqsiq (Ti); have
broken sections and notches (of
~) 252 ikiłuq-; knot in ~ 29
akiġuq, 635 unŋuq; piece of ~
used to pull fishing line up 111
ayagaun; purchase ~ 460
qiruksi-; ~ shaving 484
sakikkaq, sakimak; straighten ~
655 uusuk- (Nu); two small
pieces of ~ on bow to hold
bowstring in place 19
aġnauraak; whittle ~ 484
sakiġmik-
wooden: ~ barrel 168 imġusiaġruk; ~
bowl 161 iluligauraq; crosswise
~ slat in umiak 323 nanmik; ~
drinking cup 168 imġusiq,
imġusiuraq, imiun; ~ floor
planks 329 natchisit, natqit;
large, ~ bucket 390 piqtalik;
large, ~ spoon 444 qayuuttaq; ~
mold for making masks 250
kiiñaqqivik; oblong ~ plate 42
1448
alluiyaq; ~ snow goggles 198
irgaak, 660 uyukłuuk, 661
yugluktaak, yuġluktaak
wool: ~ of musk ox 463 qiviu
Woolly Lousewort: 215 itqiļiaġruk,
itqiļiġruaq ¤(Nu), 476 qutliiraq
word: 641 uqaluk; ~ stem 289 maŋŋuq
work: 499 savak-, savaaq; go ~ 499
savagiaq-; ~ on dayshift 656
uvlumiiq-; ~ on a N 801 -liuq-
worker: 500 savakti
workplace 499 savagvik
worm: 4 aalumiu, aalumiaq, 474
qupilġuq(-) ; sea ~ 474
qupilġuġruaq; water~ 465
quglugiaq (Nu), 272 kumaġuq
worn out: 354 nuŋuqsruq-
worry: 472 quŋuġraq- (Ti), quŋurraq-
(Ti), 638 uŋiari-; ~ a lot 638
uŋiarriqsu-; ~ about 208
isumaalugi-, 235 kappiagi-, 388
piŋigi-, piŋiksraq-, 638
uŋiarrisaġi-; cease to ~ 638
uŋiariŋaiq-; object of one’s ~ 638
uŋiarrisaq; source of ~ 208
isumaaluun, isumaaluutaq
worried: become ~ 208 isumaaliq-
worse: make a condition ~ 151 illarruq-
worthless: 83 asiu-, 57 anniqsuutauŋit-,
539 suuyumiñait-, 540 suuŋilaq;
become ~ 396 piunġiq-
would: ~ V or be V 754 +k/gayaq-; ~
probably V 857 +nayaq-
wound: an open ~ 135 iki; 135 ikillii-
wounded:135 ikillau-; catch a ~
animal 135 ikillak-; ~ animal 135
ikilik(-); find a ~ animal 135
ikillaktaġi-; make sure a ~
animal is killed 607 tuqusaq-;
mortally ~ 330 naulguti-
woven: finely ~ 640 upsitqik-; loosely ~
560 tamala-
wow: 40 aliuġnaġaa, 73 aqh, 79 araq,
araqhaa, 81 arraa, 660 yai1, yaiy,
yach
wrap: 403 puuq(-); ~ completely 341
 nimaaq-, nimmaaq-, nimmaqi-; ~
in layers 404 puuqtuq-; ~
something around 172
immurraaq-, immuqurraaq-,
340 nimiq-, nimiqsruq-
wreck: ~ a boat 630 umiiyaq-
wrench: 64 aŋivraun
wrestle: 530 suġuk-; go ~ 530 suġġiaq-;
~ playfully 530 suġuuraaq-
wriggling en masse: 502 sayuaġruaqtun
wring: 528 sivvuq-; ~ its neck 451
qiliptaq(-), 457 qipititchi- (Nu)
(Ti); twist and ~ excess moisture
out 519 siqqiiq-
wrinkle: 617 uglikłuk-; ~ from heat 450
qiluk-; ~ one’s nose 195 iqłak-2,
197 iqsuk-, iqsuktaq-, iqsuŋa-,
326 naqsik(-); ~ one’s nose to
show displeasure 457 qiŋałłuak-;
one who ~s nose frequently 197
iqsuktayuk(-)
wrinkled: become ~ 627 ulluk-, ulluuq-;
get ~ skin from soaking in
water 18 aġivri-, 126 iġivit-;
wrist: 589 tayaq, tayaġun, tayaġniq
wrist guard worn by archer: 287
manŋiaq, matŋiaq (Nu)
wristlet: 80 argautailisaq; fur ~s 589
tayaġniġutik
wristwatch: 589 tayaġmiutaq (Nu)
write: 14 aglak(-); ~ a letter 615 tuyuq-
writhe: 457 qipi-, 157 iliqsraq-,
iliġraq- (Ti)
wrong: 254 killukuaŋa-, killukuaq-; ~
direction 254 killunmun; do
something ~ in spite to efforts to
the contrary 392 pirraġluk-; go
the ~ way 624 ulapniq- (Nu),
ulamniq-; grow ~ (of root of
tooth) 344 niululi-; knows right
from ~ 204 isilġiq-; looks ~ 147
iluit-, iłuit-; ~ one 253 killuq;
something is ~ 79 ara; teach
right from ~ 38 alġaqsruq-;
think something is ~ 283
maluŋnaġi-; ~ way 254 killukun
1449
wrongdoer: 386 piluusiqiri
wrongdoing: 386 pimaqłuun; confess
one’s ~ 469 quliaq-
wronged: cause to be ~ 254
killukuaġutipkaq-
wrung: duck with ~ neck 457
qipititchiraq (Nu)
X
xiphisternum: 444 qayuuttauraq
x-ray: 455 qiñiġaq-
Y
yard: 201 isagniġum avvaŋa
yarn: 451 qilaaksraq
yawn: 10 aatchauq-
year: 622 ukiuq(-);~ after next 24
aippaġu, 623 ukiutqigu; ~ before
last 623 ukiutqik; during next ~
23 aippaaġu-; last ~ 622
ukiuq(-); next ~ 622 ukiuġu; this
~ 622 ukiupak; spend the ~ 622
ukii-; throughout the ~ 622
ukiupaiqługu
years: in the ~ 622 ukiuni
yearn: ~ for 175 inuġiliq-; ~ to see a
dear relative or friend 156
iliaġrunŋu-, 175 inuġru-
yeast: 136 ikigrauraq (Ti), 165
imaksraq; square cube of ~
65 aŋniksrauraq
yell: 106 avaallaqłuk-, 126 iġiala-, 496
saqłak-, saqmak- (Nu); ~ out,
repeatedly 106 avaallaqłuktaq-
yellow: 466 quqsuq-, quqsuqtaaq
yellowish: 466 ¤quqsruaq- (Nu)
Yellow-Billed Loon: 611 tuullik, tuutlik
(Nu)
yellow jacket: 612 tuggayuk
Yellow-Rumped Warbler: 535
suŋaqpaluktuŋiq
Yellow Wagtail: 302 misiqqaaqauraq,
396 piuġaq (Nu)
Yellow Warbler: 535 suŋaqpaluktuŋiq
yes: 6 aaŋ, 127 ii1
yes, I guess so: 127 iivaluk zenith: be at the ~ of the dark period
yes, I know: 1 aa1; 565 tarva, tavra of the year 547 taaqsisuqsi-
yes, I think so: 127 iikiaq zero: 266 kisitchisaġvik, 530 suitchuq,
yes, that is right: 6 aaglukiaq, 23 540 suuŋilaq
aillukiaq zigzag: 497 saquuġaq-; a series of ~ s
yesterday: 138 ikpaksraq, 635 497 saquupiluktat
unnugman; day before ~ 138 zipper: 517 sipaq
ikpaksratqik, 635 unnugmatqik zygomatic bone: 454 qinŋuq
yoke: 26 akigaun
you, singular: 145 ilviñ, ilvit, ilvich;
from ~ 144 iligniñ; like ~ 144
iliktun; located with ~ 143 iligni;
to ~ 144 ilignun; with ~ 144
ilikkun
you, dual: ~ 145 ilivsik, iliptik; from ~
144 ilivsigniñ, iliptigniñ; like ~
144 ilivsiksun, iliptiktun; located
with ~ 143 ilivsigñi, iliptigni; to
~ 144 ilivsigñun, iliptignun; with
~ 144 ilivsikkun, iliptikkun
you, plural: 145 ~ ilivsi; from ~ 144
ilivsiññiñ; like ~ 144 ilivsisun;
located with ~ 143 ilivsiññi; to ~
144 ilivsiññun; with ~ 144
ilivsigun
young: ~ person 356 nutaġaq,
nutaġaaluk, nutaaġuraq (Nu),
nutau-
younger: ~ version of N 669 -aġruk,
-ġruk
your, singular: 145 ilviñ, ilvit, ilvich;
according to ~ opinion 143
iligni; from ~ 144 iligniñ; in ~
own way 144 iliktun
your, dual: 145 ilivsik, iliptik;
according to ~ opinion 143
ilivsigñi, iliptigni; from ~ 144
ilivsigniñ; in ~ own way 144
ilivsiksun, iliptiktun
your, plural: 145 ilivsisun; according
to ~ opinion 143 ilivsiññi; from
~ 144 ilivsiññiñ; 144 in ~ own
way ilivsisun
yuck: 44 allai

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