CE-0314: Reinforced Concrete Design - 1

Lecture 1 – Introduction

Salman Ali Suhail, PhD.

Assistant Professor,
University of Lahore (UOL)
Lahore, Pakistan
Introduction
to Course
 Course Code and Title

Course Code:
CE 01344 (3+1)

Course Title:
Reinforced Concrete Design - I

Course Instructor:
Dr. Salman Ali Suhail

Lab Instructor:
xxx 3
PLOs, CLOs with Bloom’s Taxonomy and Levels
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN-I (CE01344)
CLO Learning Taxonomy
CLO Statement PLO #
# Domain Level
OUTLINE properties of constituent materials of
1 concrete including additives and admixtures, Cognitive 4 PLO 1
precast and lightweight concrete.
2 DESIGN and detail beams and slabs for buildings. Cognitive 5 PLO 3
ANALYZE design & detail short columns and
3 footings using ACI code and geotechnical Cognitive 4 PLO 2
knowledge.
CONDUCT experiments to determine physical
4 properties of constituent materials and fresh and Psychomotor 4 PLO 9
hardened concrete.
ADAPT codes provisions, relevant specifications
5 Affective 4 PLO 8
and ethical values related with concrete design.
4
 Course Contents
Constituent materials of concrete & their properties.

Introduction to alternative methods of design with applications.

Basic principle of reinforced concrete design.

Allowable stress design.

Ultimate strength design method.

Detailing of concrete members.

Continuous one-way and two-way slabs.

Analysis & design of short columns.

Structural design of footings.

5
 Textbooks and Reference Books
Text Books

❑ “Concrete Structures: Par I and II” by Siddiqi, ZA, 4th Edition, 2020.

❑ “Reinforced Concrete –Mechanics and Design” by James G. McGregor, 3rd Edition.

❑ ACI 318-18/318R-18 Building Code and Commentary.

Text Books

 “Design of Concrete Structures” by Nilson, 14th or Latest Edition.

 “Reinforced Concrete Design” by Wang and Salmon, Latest Edition.

 “Notes on ACI 318-2014” by Portland Cement Association.

 “ACI Manual of Concrete Construction 2016 (7 volume set)” by ACI.

6
 “Reinforced Concrete” by Nawy, Latest Edition.
 Marks Distribution

Sessional (20

Total Marks (100 Marks)

Marks)

Mid Term Exam (20

Marks)

Final Exam (40

Marks)

Laboratory Work
(20 Marks)
7
 Grading Criteria
Grade Percentage GPA
A 85-100 4
A- 80-84 3.75
B+ 75-79 3.5
B 70-74 3
C+ 65-69 2.5
C 60-64 2
D+ 55-59 1.5
D 50-54 1
F Below 50 0
8
Introduction
 Concrete
 Concrete is a mixture of cement, fine and coarse
aggregate.

 Concrete mainly consists of a binding material and filler

material. If filler material size is < 5mm it is fine
aggregate and > 5mm is coarse aggregate.

 In fresh state, concrete is plastic or fluid-like and may be

molded in any shape.

 With time, it hardens and becomes artificial stone-like

material. 10
 Concrete
Binding Material Filler Material

• It is usually a paste of cement • Required to reduce cost of

in water. concrete and to provide natural
strength of stone particles.

• Relatively costly constituent • Crushed stones of various sizes,

of cement concrete round gravel, brick ballast, bloated
clay, iron fillings are some materials
to be used as filler material.
• Lime can also be used as
binding materials along with • Filler material is termed as
cement aggregate.

11
 Concrete – Filler Material

Depending on the particle size, the aggregate is classified

into two categories

Coarse
• Particle size > 5 mm (3/16 inch)
Aggregate
Fine
• Particle size < 5 mm (3/16 inch)
Aggregate

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 Concrete

Plain Cement Concrete Reinforced Cement

• Mixture of cement , sand
and coarse aggregate
without any reinforcement
is known as PCC.
Concrete
• Mixture of cement , sand and
coarse aggregate with
reinforcement is known as RC.

• PCC is strong in • Tensile strength is improved

compression and week in
tension. Its tensile strength
is so small that it can be
neglected in design.
13
 Mix Proportion

Mix Water Cement Ratio (W/C)

Proportion 0.3 – 0.7

For a mix proportion of 1:2:4 and W/C = 0.5, if cement is

50 kg

Sand = 2 x 50 = 100 kg
Crush = 4 x 50 = 200 kg
Sand = 0.5 x 50 = 25 kg (or 25 liters) 14
 Size of Bricks
 The nominal standard size of burnt clay
brick is 228 x 114 x 75mm.

 This size includes half of average

mortar thickness (5-6 mm) on each
side.

 The sizes of walls, beams and columns are

usually kept multiples of half brick length
(114 mm).

15
 Mechanism of Load Transfer

• Function of structure is to
Load Foundation Subsoil
transfer all the loads safely
to ground.
Roof
Columns
Surface
• A particular structural
member transfers load to Roof Slab Beams
other structural member.

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Merits and Demerits
of Concrete
Construction
 Merits of Concrete Construction

1. Good Control Over Cross Sectional Dimensions and Shape

• One of the major advantage of concrete structures is the full control over the
dimensions and structural shape. Any size and shape can be obtained by
preparing the formwork accordingly.

2. Availability of Materials

• All the constituent materials are earthen materials (cement, sand, crush) and
easily available in abundance

3. Economic Structures

• All the materials are easily available so structures are economical

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 Merits of Concrete Construction

4. Good Insulation
• Concrete is a good insulator of Noise & heat and does not allow them to
transmit completely.

5. Good Binding Between Steel and Concrete

• There is a very good development of bond between steel and
concrete.

6. Stable / Ductile Structures With Warning Before Failure

• Concrete is strong in compression but week in tension and steel as
strong in tension so their combination give a strong stable
structure. 19
 Merits of Concrete Construction

7. Less Chances of Buckling

•Concrete members are not slim members (as in steel

structures) so chances of buckling are much less.

8. Aesthetics
•Concrete structures are aesthetically good and cladding is
not required.

9. Lesser Chances of Rusting

• Steel reinforcement is enclosed in concrete so chances of
rusting are reduced. 20
 Demerits of Concrete Construction

1. Week in tension
• Concrete is week in tension so large amount of steel is required.

2. Increased Self Weight

• Concrete structures have more self weight compared with steel structures so
large cross-section is required only to resist self weight, making structure costly.

3. Cracking
• Unlike steel structures concrete structures can have cracks. More cracks with
smaller width are better than one crack of larger width
21
 Merits of Concrete Construction

4. Unpredictable Behavior
• If same conditions are provided for mixing, placing and curing even then
properties can differ for the concrete prepared at two different times.

5. Inelastic Behavior
• Concrete is an inelastic material, its stress-strains curve is not straight so its
behavior is more difficult to understand.

6. Shrinkage and Creep

• Shrinkage is reduction in volume. It takes place due to loss of water even when
no load is acting over it. Creep is reduction in volume due to sustained loading
when it acts for long duration. This problem is absent in steel structures.

7. Limited Industrial Behavior

• Most of the time concrete is cast-in-situ so it has limited industrial behavior. 22
 Specification and Codes

ACI 318-18 By American Concrete Institute. For general concrete

constructions (buildings)

AASHTO Specifications for Concrete Bridges. By American

Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

ASTM (American Standards for Testing and Materials) for testing

of materials.

23
Loads
 Design Loads
Dead Load
“The loads which do not change their
magnitude and position w.r.t. time within
the life of structure”
Self Load
It is the load of structural member due to its
own weight.
Superimposed Load
It is the load supported by a structural
member. For instance self weight of
column is self load and load of beam
and slab over it is superimposed load.
Live Load
“Live loads consist of occupancy loads in
buildings and traffic loads on bridges”
 They may be either fully or partially in
place or not present at all, and may
also change in location.
 Their magnitude and distribution at any given
time are uncertain, and even their maximum
intensities throughout the life time of the
structure are not known with precision.
 The minimum live loads for which the floor and
roof of a building should be designed are
usually specified in the governing building
codes at a particular location.
25
 Design Loads

Service or Characteristic Load

• The maximum intensity of load expected during the life of the structure,
depending upon a certain probability of occurrence, without any additional
factor of safety.

Factored Load
• Service loads increased by some factor of safety (overload factors).

26
 Density of
Important
Materials
and
Intensities
of Live Load

27
Design Methods
 Limit States
Limit state is defined as the stage in the loading after which
the structure cannot fulfill its intended function.

• Strength limit states deals with maximum

ductile flexural strength, ultimate shear
Strength Limit strength, buckling, fatigue, fracture,
progressive collapse, formation of plastic
State mechanism, over-turning and sliding, etc.

 Serviceability limit states are related with

occupancy, such as excessive deflections,
Serviceability undesirable vibrations, permanent
deformations, deterioration, excessive
limit states cracking, corrosion of steel and behavior
under fire. 29
 Basic Design Equation
Applied Action x F.O.S = Max. Internal Resistance

Factor of Safety
F.O.S. = Expected Failure load/Maximum Service Load

Following points are relevant to F.O.S:

Basic
It is used to cover uncertainties due to
Design
1.
1. Applied loads
Material strength

Equation
2.
3. Poor workmanship
4. Unexpected behavior of structure
5. Thermal stresses
6. Fabrication
7. Residual stresses

2. If F.O.S is provided then at service loads deflection and

cracks are within limits.

3. It covers the natural disasters. 30

 Ultimate Strength Design (USD)

• Ultimate Strength Design (USD)/LRFD Method Strength

design method is based on the philosophy of dividing F.O.S. in such
a way that Bigger part is applied on loads and smaller part is
applied on material strength.

Applied Load x F.O.S1 x F.O.S2 ≤ Material Strength

Applied Load x F.O.S1 ≤ {1 / F.O.S2} Material Strength

F.O.S1 = Overload Factor or Load Factor {greater than 1}

1/F.O.S2 = Strength Reduction Factor or Resistance Factor {less than 1}

31
 Ultimate Strength Design (USD)
𝑈 ≤ 𝜙𝑆𝑛
Where

𝑆𝑛 = Nominal Strength
𝜙𝑆𝑛 = Design Strength
𝜙 = Strength Reduction Factor
𝑈 = Required Strength, calculated by applying load factors

• For a member subjected to moment, shear and axial load:

𝑀𝑢 ≤ 𝑀𝑛

𝑉𝑢 ≤ 𝑉𝑛
32
𝑃𝑢 ≤ 𝑃𝑛
 Allowable Strength Design (ASD)

• In allowable strength design the whole

F.O.S. is applied on material strength and
service loads (un-factored) are taken as
they are.

𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 ≤ 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

• In both Allowable strength design and

Ultimate strength design analysis
carried out in elastic range.

33
 Plastic Design

In plastic design, plastic analysis is carried out in order to find the

behavior of structure near collapse state.

In this type of design material strength is taken from inelastic range.

It is observed that whether the failure is sudden or ductile.

Ductile failure is most favorable because it gives an warning before

the failure of structures
34
 Capacity Analysis

In capacity analysis size, shape, material and cross

sectional dimensions are known and maximum
load carrying capacity of the structure is
calculated.

Capacity analysis is generally carried out for

existing structures.

35
 Design Objectives
 In design of structure load, span and material are known and cross sectional
dimension and amount of reinforcement are to be determined.

• There are two main objectives

1. Safety
2. Economy
Safety
• The structure should be safe enough to carry all the applied throughout the
life.
Economy
• Structures should be economical. Lighter structures are more economical.

In concrete Structures overall cost of construction decides the economy, not just
the self weight. 36
 Select Trial Section
based on Thumb
Collect and List all
Rules and Certain
Known Data
Serviceability
Criteria

General
Perform Strength
Perform
Serviceability
Design
Checks
Checks
Flowchart

Accept section if all

checks are Write Final Design
satisfied otherwise Results
revised

37
 Load Combinations
To combine various loads in such a way to get a critical situation.

Load Factor = Factor by which a load is to be increased x probability of

occurrence

1. 1.2D + 1.6L
2. 1.4D
3. 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr
4. 1.2D + 1.6Lr + (1.0L or 0.8W)

Where
D = Dead load
L = Live load on intermediate floors
Lr = Live load on roof
W = Wind Load
38
 Strength
Reduction/
Resistance
Factor

39
 Shrinkage
• “Shrinkage is reduction in volume of concrete due to loss of water”

• Coefficient of shrinkage varies with time.

• Coefficient of shortening is:

0.00025 at 28 days
0.00035 at 3 months
0.0005 at 12 months

Shrinkage = Shrinkage coefficient x Length

• Excessive shrinkage can be avoided by proper curing during first 28 days

because half of the total shrinkage takes place during this period

• An effective means of reducing shrinkage is to reduce the water content of

the fresh concrete to a minimum maintaining the required workability.
40
 ACI 318 – Code
Based Design
for Shear • Creep is the slow deformation of
material over considerable lengths of
Compressive Specific time at constant stress or load”
strength Creep
(MPa) %age per
MPa • Creep deformations for a given
20 0.0145 concrete are practically proportional to
the magnitude of the applied stress; at
30 0.0116 any given stress, high strength concrete
show less creep than lower strength
concrete.
40 0.0080

55 0.0058
41
 Example – Calculation of Creep

Consider a column of 3m which is under sustained load for

several years. Compressive strength, 𝑓𝑐′ = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 . Sustained
stress due to load = 10 𝑀𝑃𝑎

SOLUTION:

Specific creep for 𝑓𝑐′ = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 0.0116 % per MPa

Creep Strain = 10 x 0.0116 % = 0.116 %

Shortening due to creep = 3000 x 0.00116 = 3.48 mm

42
 Specific Compressive Strength of Concrete
• “28 days cylinder strength of concrete”

• According to ACI 5.6.2.4, the standard strength test means the average of the strengths
of two 150 x 300 mm cylinders or at least three 100 x 200 mm cylinders, from the same
sample, tested at 28 days age.

• Alternately, for the local conditions, this strength test may be taken identical to 80 % (75%
is more safe value) of the average compressive strength of two 150x150x150 mm cubes
(not an ACI provision).

• ACI 5.1.5: For concrete designed and constructed in accordance with ACI code, fc’
shall not be less than 17 MPa (2500 psi)

• Cylinder Strength = (0.75 to 0.8) times Cube Strength

• The apparent compressive strength of cubes is higher because of more restraining effect
of platens of the machine. The local compressive stresses developed near the platens
prevent the splitting of concrete.
43
 Specific
Compressive
Strength of
Concrete
• “Methods of Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete”
(ASTM C 172)

• Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test

Specimens in Field” (ASTM C 31)

• “Test Methods for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical

44
Concrete Specimen” (ASTM C 39)
 Specific Compressive Strength of Concrete

Testing of Samples for Compressive Strength

Cylinders should be tested in moist condition because in dry state it
gives more strength.

ACI 5.6.2.1: Samples for strength tests of each class of concrete placed each day
shall be taken :
 Not less than once a day

 Not less than once for each 110 m3 of concrete.

 Not less than once for each 460 m2 of concrete.

Code allows the site engineer to ask for additional test samples if she/he
considers it necessary to ensure quality. 45
 Acceptance Criteria for Concrete Quality

ACI : Strength level of an individual class of concrete shall

be considered satisfactory if both of the following
requirements are met:

Every arithmetic average of any three consecutive strength tests

equals or exceeds fc’.

No individual strength test (average of two cylinders) falls

below fc’
by more than 3.5 MPa (500 psi) when fc’ is 35 MPa (5000 psi) or less; or
by more than 0.10fc’ when fc’ is more than 35 MPa

46
 Acceptance Criteria for Concrete Quality
For Required 𝑓𝑐′ = 20 𝑀𝑃𝑎, if following are the test results of 7 samples 19, 20, 22, 23,
19, 18, 24 MPa

Mean 1 = (19 + 20 + 22) / 3 = 20.33 MPa

Mean 2 = (20 + 22 + 23) / 3 = 21.67 MPa
Mean 3 = (22 + 23 + 19) / 3 = 21.33 MPa
Mean 4 = (23 + 19 + 18) / 3 = 20.00 MPa
Mean 5 = (19 + 18 + 24) / 3 = 20.33 MPa

Every arithmetic average of any three consecutive strength tests equals or exceeds
fc’.

Non of the test results fall below required fc’ by 3.5 MPa.

Considering these two points the quality of concrete is acceptable.

47
 Mix Design
• Ingredients of concrete are mixed together in order to get a specified Required
Average Strength, fcr’ .

• If we use fc’ as target strength during mix design the average strength
achieved may fall below fc’.

• To avoid under-strength concrete fcr’ is used as target strength in-place of fc’.

fcr’ > fc ’
Specified Compressive Strength, fc’ Required Average Strength, fcr ’
(MPa) (MPa)
fc’ ≤ 35 Larger of value computed from following Eqs.
fcr’ = fc’ + 1.34 Ss
fcr’ = fc’ + 2.33 Ss – 3.5
fc’ > 35 Larger of value computed from following Eqs.
fcr’ = fc’ + 1.34 Ss
fcr’ = 0.9fc’ + 2.33 Ss
48
Ss = Standard deviation of at least 30 compressive strength tests
 Mix Design
Required Average Compressive Strength when Data Are Not
Available to Establish a Sample Standard Deviation

Specified Compressive Required Average

Strength, fc’ (MPa) Strength, fcr’ (MPa)

fc’ < 21 fcr’ = fc’ + 7

21≤ fc’ ≤35 fcr’ = fc’ + 8.5

fc’ > 35 fcr’ = 1.1fc’ + 5

49
Stress – Strain Behavior of Concrete
• The first portion of
curve, to about 40%
of the ultimate
strength fc’, can be
considered linear.
• The lower the
strength of concrete
the greater will be the
failure strain

50
 Modulus of Elasticity
Initial tangent modulus (Ec) is the one
which is common in design.

𝐸𝑐 = 0.043𝑤𝑐1.5 𝑓𝑐′

𝑤𝑐 = density of concrete in kg/m 3

𝑓𝑐′ = specified cylinder strength in MPa
For normal weight concrete, say 𝑤𝑐 =
2300 kg/m 3
𝐸𝑐 = 4700 𝑓𝑐′

Concrete is not an elastic material therefore it does not have a fixed value of
modulus of elasticity
51
 Grades of Concrete
Grades of Concretes.
Grade fc(MPa) Grade fc (MPa)

C10 10 C30 30
C12 12 C35 35
C15 15 C40 40
C18 18 C45 45
C20 20 C50 50
C22 22
C25 25
C28 28 52
 Reinforcement Bars

Plain Deformed Bar

53
Stress Strain Behavior of Reinforcement Bars

54
Stress Strain Behavior of Reinforcement Bars

55
 In the Next Lecture

Flexural Behavior of Beams Under Service Loads

Cracks and Its Types

Tensile Strength of Concrete

Transformed Sections

Uncracked Transformed Sections

56
57