Insulated CMU Walls

R-12 or R-5 ?
• CMU walls exhibit similar thermal
bridging to the Stud Wall example
with the addition of heat flow
parallel to the wall surface around
the insulated cores.
• One insulating product’s published
data indicates a 12” CMU wall
with their product including air
film coefficients provides R-12.5.
The fine print indicates that more
detailed calculations are available.
We requested the calculations, they
indicate R=9.6.
• Often for structural reasons, one in
four of the CMU cores are grouted
solid and have rebar added. This
added thermal bridging brings the
wall assembly down to
approximately R=5.1
• Note that the problem is not with
the insulating material, but with the
fact that there are numerous paths
around the insulation.

Illustration from 2005 Ashrae Fundamentals Handbook, Chapter 25

Carrier Hourly Analysis Program – Opening Screen

• Information describing the Roof,

Windows, Doors and any overhangs
(Canopies) are entered in the library so
they will be available as we define spaces.
• When equipment will be operated, when
the lights are programmed to be on, and
estimated hourly occupancy rates are
entered under schedules.
HAP – Space General
 Ventilation Air

The minimum quantity of ventilation air required is set by

the building code in most areas. In most spaces, this is
defined as X cfm / person. In some spaces, usually
ones that are sparsely populated, ventilation rates may
be set on a cfm / sq. ft. (floor area) basis.

In general, people exhale a predictable quantity of CO2 as

they breathe. The CO2 level can be monitored and used
to control outdoor air dampers to reduce the amount of
Ventilation air during lightly occupied hours.
 HVAC Load Questions 4

1. Establish allowable Indoor Temperature and Humidity

Range.
2. Determine Outdoor Weather Conditions to use.
Choices are 0.4%, 1% and 2% Ashrae data or Other.
3. Determine mass and insulation value of all building
envelope components (Walls, Roof, Glass, Doors…).
4. Determine all internal load components (Anything that
consumes electricity, gas, solid fuel or food. Also
anything that has energy piped to it or away from it.).
5. Calculate heat flow into and out of each zone, at summer
and winter outdoor weather conditions, varying
temperature and sun location for each hour of the day and
each day or month of the year.
6. Repeat steps 4 & 5 for every zone (thermally similar
space of interest) in the building.
 Internal Loads
Dry (Sensible Heat) Mixed
• Lights (Contain Sensible & Latent Components)
• Equipment: • People
– Self Contained Display • Steam table
Cases • Holding Cabinets
– Slicers, Registers,
Computers • Coffee Brewer
• Hooded Equipment • Case Credits
– Broilers
– Ranges
– Ovens
HAP - Internal
Hooded Loads – Where Applicable

• Spreadsheets or pads of paper are good ways to total

the various components that make up the
Miscellaneous portion of the internal load.
 Case Credit - Summary

• Case Credits can be calculated a number of different ways

that will be discussed in up coming slides.
Non-Hooded Loads and Totals
 Case Credit Calculation
Simplified Method

• We have seen this fairly simple method recommended by

at least one refrigerated case manufacturer and more than
one client. Although relatively simple, the results appear
to be fairly accurate.
 Case Credit Calculation
Ashrae Method

Ashrae publishes a table listing Sensible and Latent Case

Credit values on a BTU/Foot basis for various case types.
Some case manufacturers have this type of data available
for their specific cases.
 Case Credit Calculation
BTU / Ft & Return Air

One client has taken the BTU/LF or Ashrae method a step

further. This calculation bases the case credits on a btu/lf
method and then assigns only a portion of this credit to the
space. Where under case returns are utilized, the remainder of
the credit is assigned to the unit cooling coil.
HAP - Wall
HAP – Roof
HAP - Infiltration
 Infiltration

• From Carrier HAP 4.20a - Help File

– Items in the CFM/sqft column define infiltration in terms of airflow per
unit of exterior wall area. Because infiltration occurs through exterior
walls - especially through windows and doors in these walls - rule of
thumb infiltration rates are sometimes tabulated in this CFM/sqft format.

• From: Ashrae 2005 Fundamentals – Chapter 27, Page 23

– NONRESIDENTIAL AIR LEAKAGE
– …Typical air leakage values per unit wall area at 0.30 in. of water are
0.10, 0.30, and 0.60 cfm/ft2 for tight, average, and leaky walls,
respectively.

Wall Construction Infiltration rate (cfm/ft2)

Tight 0.10
Average 0.30
Leaky 0.60
HAP - Floor
 HAP – Partition Input

• Partitions are internal walls, ceilings or floors that

separate conditioned spaces from un-conditioned or
partially conditioned spaces. Machine rooms and
Receiving Areas can be partition loads to the
adjacent spaces. These walls should be insulated.
 HAP – Partition U Value Calculation

• Use the built in Wall and Roof property calculation portions of the
program to calculate the U-Value for any partitions. Manually
transfer this data to the partition tab of the space input form.
 HVAC Load Questions 5

1. Establish allowable Indoor Temperature and Humidity

Range.
2. Determine Outdoor Weather Conditions to use.
Choices are 0.4%, 1% and 2% Ashrae data or Other.
3. Determine mass and insulation value of all building
envelope components (Walls, Roof, Glass, Doors…).
4. Determine all internal load components (Anything that
consumes electricity, gas, solid fuel or food. Also
anything that has energy piped to it or away from it.).
5. Calculate heat flow into and out of each zone, at summer
and winter outdoor weather conditions, varying
temperature and sun location for each hour of the day and
each day or month of the year.
6. Repeat steps 4 & 5 for every zone (thermally similar
space of interest) in the building.
 HVAC Load Questions 6

1. Establish allowable Indoor Temperature and Humidity

Range.
2. Determine Outdoor Weather Conditions to use.
Choices are 0.4%, 1% and 2% Ashrae data or Other.
3. Determine mass and insulation value of all building
envelope components (Walls, Roof, Glass, Doors…).
4. Determine all internal load components (Anything that
consumes electricity, gas, solid fuel or food. Also
anything that has energy piped to it or away from it.).
5. Calculate heat flow into and out of each zone, at summer
and winter outdoor weather conditions, varying
temperature and sun location for each hour of the day and
each day or month of the year.
6. Repeat steps 4 & 5 for every zone (thermally similar
space of interest) in the building.
 Systems 1

• After all spaces to be conditioned have been entered, we

can begin grouping them together into zones and systems.
• Only spaces with similar thermal and occupancy
characteristics should be grouped together as a zone.
There will be one thermostat per zone generally
• The systems usually correspond to air handling units.
These can be split systems, central station air handling
units or rooftop units..
• A typical rooftop unit or split system can only serve one
zone, and is controlled by one thermostat. So in this case
each system consists of only one zone.
• There are other system types that allow one unit to serve
multiple zones, but in our experience, they are not often
applied to supermarkets.
HAP – System Input General
HAP – System Components
 Systems 2

• When we were describing spaces, we entered information that will give us

the total outside air required for ventilation.

• In stores with cooking, this is only part of the outside air story. You need
make-up air for hoods and other exhaust sources. The software is aware
of this, so all you need to do is enter this value as an exhaust quantity as
you describe the system.

• If the zones where the exhaust loads occur are open to the main sales area
and each other you have a decision to make. Where to allocate the make
up air.

• You can either design for one large semi-custom unit capable of handling
most of the outside air or multiple semi-custom units.

• If the zones are not open to one another, you have no choice. Make Up
air must be provided in the system where it is actually exhausted.
Building Air Balance
HAP – Zone Components
 Load Software
Air System Sizing Summary Output

Notice Warning
 Load Software
Air System Design Load Summary
 Heating Load Calculation – “Case Credits”
• Heating loads are calculated for the maximum required
heating from the system without taking credit for any
internal lights, equipment and people. External heating
credits such as solar effects are also omitted. Because the
software ignores miscellaneous loads while calculating the
heating load, the “case credits”, which in heating mode are
an additional heating load not a credit, they must be added
to the required unit capacity manually.

• If sufficient heat from the refrigeration rack is reclaimed

by the mechanical systems, it may not be necessary to
increase the unit heating capacity to offset this added
heating load. But be careful, often the reclaim heat is not
available.
 Summary - Pie

• Humid Climate • Dry Climate

129.4 Total Tons 119.7 Total Tons

0.67 Coil SHR 0.97 Coil SHR
 Summary – Stacked Bar

129.4 Total Tons 119.7 Total Tons

0.67 Coil SHR 0.97 Coil SHR
 Take Home Points
• Infiltration / Transmission Load thru Walls.
• Interior & Exterior Design Conditions
• Costs of Controlling vs. Not controlling
space humidity.
 Credits
Presentation includes excerpts from:
• ASHRAE 2003, 2005 and 2006 Handbooks
• Screen Outputs from Carrier Hourly Analysis Program
HAP version 4.20a
• Humidity illustrations provided by Todd Smith of Munters
Corporation.
• Rack Energy Cost vs. Store Dewpoint data provided by
Lee Churchill of Seasons-4 Inc.
 Software Resources
• Load & Energy Simulation Software
– Carrier Software - Hourly Analysis Program
– US Dept of Energy - EnergyPlus and DOE-2
– Elite Software - Chvac - Commercial HVAC
– Trane - Trace Family of software
• Psychometric Calculation Tools
– PsyCalc98 - Linric Company
– PsyFunc is a collection of psychometric
functions for Excel sold by Linric Company.