THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT

PROPONENT THEORY KEY WORDS KEY IDEAS

1. Sigmund Freud Psychosexual Theory Psychosexual development: 1. Oral- fixation is in the mouth
 Oral 2. Anal- fixation is in the anus
 Anal -This is where the child is toilet
 Phallic trained.
- Oedipus Complex *Anal retentive- orderly,
- Electra Complex perfectionist
 Latency *Anal expulsive- messy,
 Genital disorganized
3. Phallic- child began to explore
his/her genitals
*Oedipus complex- young boy
began to develop sexual desire
for his mother
*Electra complex- young girl
began to develop sexual desire
for his father
4. Latency- sexual impulses are
repressed
5. Genital- attraction towards
opposite sex
*Id- operates on the pleasure
 Id principle; represents our urges,
 Ego unconscious desires; wants
2. Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory  Superego immediate gratification
*Ego- operates on the reality
principle; balances the id and
superego;
*Superego- operates on the
morality principles; our
conscience
3. Sigmund Freud Levels of consciousness  Unconscious *Unconscious- outside our
 Sub-conscious consciousness
 Conscious *Sub-conscious- potentially be
brought to our conscious mind
*Conscious- awareness of the
reality
 Sensorimotor stage It explores the development of
4. Jean Piaget Cognitive Development  Preoperational knowledge, skills, problem
Theory stage solving and dispositions.
 Concrete Sensorimotor stage: birth to 2
operational stage years
 Formal operational Preoperational stage: ages 2 to
 stage 7
Concrete operational stage:
ages 7 to 11
Formal operational stage: ages
12 and up
 Microsystem Examine individuals'
5.Urie Ecological System  Mesosystem relationships within
Bronfenbrenner Theory  Exosystem communities and the wider
society
Microsystem: Refers to the
institutions and groups that
most immediately and directly
impact the child's development
including: family, school,
religious institutions,
neighborhood, and peers.
Mesosystem: Consists of
interconnections between the
microsystems, for example
between the family and
teachers or between the child’s
peers and the family.
Exosystem: Involves links
between social settings that do
not involve the child. For
example, a child's Macrosystem:
Describes the overarching
culture that influences the
developing child, as well as the
microsystems and mesosystems
embedded in those cultures.

6. Erik Erikson Psychosocial  Trust vs Mistrust  The infant will develop a

Development theory  Autonomy vs Shame healthy balance
and doubt between trust and
 Initiative vs Guilt mistrust if cared for and
responded consistently.
 Autonomy- self-reliance
or independence;
shame and doubt if not
properly trained by their
parents
 Initiative- self-
confidence to perform
actions; Guilt results
from belief that an
action will draw
 disapproval
 Zone of Proximal Community plays a central role
7. Lev Vygotsky Sociocultural Theory Development in the process of "making
 Culture-specific meaning."
tools
 Private speech
 Imitation Imitation- conscious learning
8. Gabriel Tarde Imitation-Suggestion  Suggestion Suggestion- unconscious
Theory learning

9. Albert Bandura Social Learning Theory  Observation It emphasizes the importance of

 Imitation observing and modeling the
 Modeling behaviors, attitudes, and
emotional reactions of others.
 Unconditional Unconditional positive regard–
10. Carl Rogers Client-Centered Therapy positive regard a nonjudgmental caring for the
 Genuineness client that is not dependent on
 Empathetic the client’s behavior.
understanding Genuineness– realness or
congruence between what the
therapist feels and what he or
she says to the client.
Empathetic understanding– in
which the therapist senses the
feelings and personal meaning
from the client and
communicates this
understanding to the client.