THEORIES OF

DEVELOPMENT
PRESENTED BY: CHRISZIA MAE ALFONSO
Contents
01 PIAGET’S COGNITIVE THEORY

02 FREUD’S 3 COMPONENT OF
PERSONALITY; 5 PSYCHOSEXUAL
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
 LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
• Identify and describe the theory of Piaget's four stages of cognitive
development and the approximate age at which each occurs.

• identify and describe freud psychosexual stages and the approximate

age at which occurs

• differentiate ID, EGO and SUPEREGO

PIAGET’S COGNITIVE
THEORY
 JEAN PIAGET

• Jean Piaget was born in Switzerland on August 9, 1896, and began

showing an interest in the natural sciences at a very early age- died
September 23, 1939, London, England)

• He is most famously known for his theory of cognitive

development that looked at how children develop intellectually
throughout the course of childhood.
 JEAN PIAGET

• Prior to Piaget's theory, children were often thought of simply as mini-

adults.

• Piaget married Valentine Châtenay in 1923 and the couple went on to

have three children.
 BASIC COGNITIVE CONCEPTS

SCHEMA

ASSIMILATION DISEQUILIBRIUM

EQUILIBRIUM ACCOMODATION
 4 STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

SENSORY MOTOR PREOPERATIONAL CONCRETE FORMAL

STAGE STAGE OPERATIONAL STAGE OPERATIONAL STAGE
(0-2 YEARS OLD) (2-7 YEARS OLD) (7-11 YEARS OLD) (12+ YEARS OLD)
 SENSORY MOTOR
 STAGE (o-2 years old)

• Know the world through movements and sensations

• Focuses on the prominence of the senses and muscle movement; suc
reaching things
• Object permanence
 PREOPERATIONAL
(2-7 years old)
 STAGE

• Begin to think symbolically and learn to use words and pictures to represent
objects
• Tend to be egocentric and struggle to see things from the perspective of others
• Irreversibility - inability to reverse their thinking
Lack of Conservation -inability to realize that some things
remain unchanged despite looking different
Animism - tendency to attribute human-like traits to inanimate objects Lack of
Conservation -inability to realize that some things remain unchanged despite
looking different.
 CONCRETE
(7-11 YEARS OLD)
 OPERATIONAL STAGE

• Begin to think logically about concrete events

• Begin to understand the concept of conservation
• Thinking becomes more logical and organized, but still very
concrete
• Reversibility - ability of the child to follow that certain operations
can be done in reverse
 FORMAL
(12+ YEARS
OPERATIONAL STAGE
OLD)


• Thinking becomes more logical. -

Solve abstract problems, and can hypothesize.
Hypothetical Reasoning - ability to come up with different hypothesis
about a problem and can weigh data to make judgment
Analogical Reasoning - ability to perceive the relationship
in one instance and use that relationship to narrow down possible answers. - analyze
Deductive reasoning - ability to
think logically by applying a general rule to a particular situation.
FREUD’S 3 COMPONENT OF
PERSONALITY; 5 PSYCHOSEXUAL
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
 SIGMUND FREUD

• Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the

founder of psychoanalysis

• His creation of psychoanalysis was at once a theory of the human psyche, a therapy
for the relief of its ills, and an optic for the interpretation of culture and society.
 SIGMUND FREUD

• Freud was born on May 6, 1856, in Freiberg, Moravia (now Příbor,

Czech Republic), to Jewish parents. He studied medicine at the
University of Vienna and later specialized in neurology.

• Freud fled Austria with his family to escape Nazi persecution in

1938 and settled in London, where he continued his work until his
death from cancer on September 23, 1939.
FREUD’S 3
COMPONENT OF
PERSONALITY
 THE ID
• According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic energy, making
it the primary component of personality
• The id is the only component of personality that is present from birth.
• This aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes
instinctive and primitive behaviors.
 THE EGO
• According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and ensures that the
impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real
world.
• The ego functions in the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
mind.
• The ego is the personality component responsible for dealing with
reality.
 THE SUPEREGO
• According to Freud, the superego begins to emerge at around age five.
• The superego holds the internalized moral standards and ideals that we
acquire from our parents and society (our sense of right and wrong).1
• The superego provides guidelines for making judgments.
 ORAL STAGE
(BIRTH TO 1 YEAR
Erogenous Zone: Mouth

ANAL STAGE
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Bowel and Bladder Control

FREUD’S 5
PHALLIC STAGE
PSYCHOSEXUAL 3-6 YEARS OLD)
Genitals
STAGES OF
DEVELOPMENT LATENT PERIOD
6 TO PUBERTY
Sexual Feelings Are Inactive

GENITAL PERIOD
Puberty to Death
Maturing Sexual Interests
 ORAL STAGE

During the oral stage, the infant's primary source of interaction

occurs through the mouth, so the rooting and sucking reflex is
especially important.
 ANAL STAGE

This stage emphasizes bladder and bowel control and is the

time when children are weaned out of diapers and become
toilet trained.
 PHALLIC STAGE

During this stage, the genitals are the erogenous zone, and
the theory suggests that this is when boys and girls become
aware of their differences.
 LATENT STAGE

During this stage, sexual feelings or desires stay dormant or

repressed as the ego and superego develop. Children also begin
socializing more and develop intellectual pursuits through school
and other activities.
GENITAL STAGE

In this final stage, a person's libido is once again

activated, and at its outset, individuals begin to
develop an interest in the opposite sex.
 RESEARCH/
FINDINGS
Cognitive Development In School-Age Children: Conclusions And New Directions
Kurt W. Fischer and Daniel Bullock
What is the nature of children's knowledge? How does their knowledge change with
development? In pursuing these fundamental questions in the study of cognitive
development, researchers often expand their focus to include a range of children's
behaviors extending far beyond the standard meaning of knowledge.
 “Every child is a different kind of flower, and all together,
they make this world a beautiful garden." - Unknown”
Thank you