(100 items - essay, enumeration, t or f, multiple)
knowledge of the morality of human acts.
INTRODUCTION
Philosophy - derived from two greek words
PHILIA meaning “Love” and SOPHIA meaning
“wisdom”. Philosophy mean Love of Wisdom.
Purpose of Philosophy φ
1. Enables us to Understand ourselves better.
2. Helps us to Understand others.
3. Helps us Understand other’s way of
thinking.
4. Helps us Understand the world and our
place and our role in it.
5. Helps us Understandd the significance
meaning, value and finality of human life.
6. Helps us Know and understand God in his
nature, essence, activities and attributes.
Branches of φ
1. Logic - rules of Valid reasoning and
argumentation.
2. Epistemology - the concept of knowledge;
how we learn and what can we know.
3. Ethics - concerned with human values and
how individuals should act.
4. Metaphysics - fundamental questions of
reality.
5. Aesthetics - notion of beauty and art.
ETHICS - derived from the Greek word ETHICOS,
pertains to Ethos the english translation of “custom”
or “character”.
Formal definitions:
1. Practical science sa moral ng tao
2. Philosophical science na nagde-deal sa
reality ng human acts.
3. Systematic study ng human actions from
their pov of rightness and wrongness as
means ng achievement of ultimate
happiness.
4. Normative science which judges the conduct
to be right or wrong, to be good or bad.
5. Philosophical study ng morality
6. Normative science based on reason, the
elements of which are the conduct and
“oughtness”.
Ethics, a normative philosophical science, a
theoretical science of good and bad or right and
wrong actions. Ethics provide principle on the
moraliy of human acts; it equips man with a
Knowing is different from doing. It does not
necessarily follow that man does what he knows.
Ethics does not actually guarantee that man will
be moral. One can only become moral when one
applies ethics.
When one does the theories of ethics one actually
performs the theory, meaning one is actually
doing ethics. This is morality: the praxis of the
theory (Ethics). If morality therefore is the
practice of ethics, morality, then should properly
called Applied Ethics.
Ethics compared with other sciences
1. Ethics and psychology - psychology treats
of man’s intellect, free will “How does man
behave?” and ethics guides man’s intellect
to know moral truths and man’s will to
translate his intellectual knowledge of moral
truths into action “Why does man ought to
behave?”
2. Ethics and sociology - sociology deals with
human relations, they are associated with
each other.
3. Ethics and logic - logic deals with man’s
correct thinking. Ethics deals with man’s
correct doing and living. Kapag ang tao ay
hindi maalam mag-isip ng tama hindi siya
makakapamuhay ng tama.
4. Ethics and anthropology - anthropology
deals with man’s origin and the behavior or
primeval man. Ethics deals with the
principles of reight conduct ad applied to all
at all times.
5. Ethics and moral theology - they
presuppose God’s existence, the attainment
of man’s goal: God.the attainment of this
end: right living. Moral philosophy bases its
principles on reason; moral theology and on
faith.
WESTERN ETHICS
Ancient period
- na -develop ang moral life ng mga ancient
greece when they performed their duties as a
citizen (paying taxes to the govt). To greeks
a man who performed his duties was a good
man. Dito nag rise ‘yung concept of how it
was to be good.
Medieval period
- The moral life was dominated by the
CHURCH, the good life was identified with
the Holy life or the Religious life. The moral
standards nung panahon nito ay towards
salvation.
Renaissance/ Modern period
- A revolt against the Church has occured.
This period characterized by modern man’s
persistent dissociation from what had been
the medieval man’s source of moral life
(church). Morality is more concerned with
free individuals. (free thinker)
SOCRATES
- Dumadami ang kaniyang followers
- If you can answer KNOW THYSELF Gnoti
Sauton (Greek) (Temet (Te) Nosce (Latin),
that will be the time na you will be accepted
in his circle.
- To be educated is to have the experience
- He is a family man but unfortunately hindi
siya good husband and father to them, focus
siya sa mga ginagawa niya.
- He was more fixed to spread the knowledge
and help the youth to be a better member of
the society
- Sophists tawag sa student ni socrates
- He was raised modestly, his father is a
sculptor, his mother is a mid-wife
- Philosophers should be a gadfly (one who
provokes,irritate, trigger) in a positive way
(curiosity).
We are not contented until we get response from
other people.
- To let other people think themselves,
question, make a response on what you are
doing.
- Philosophers should be a mid-wife
(pinupush ‘yung truth, kahit mahirap
pinupush ng komadrona ianak ‘yung baby)
as a human being we are all searching for
the truth.
- His target is to know thyself that is his
trying to impart to his students.
- “An unexamined life is not worth living”
(nag-reflect sa noli ni Rizal) is all about your
existence or your purpose in life.
- Socratic method is the art of questioning
and searching for answers and questioning
again, it is an endless searching for the truth.
- Corruption of the youth dahi marami na
siyang followers nakita ng mga sophis na
maraming believer si socrates at may
nakarating na turo sa kanila si socrates at
sabi nila bine-brain wash daw ni socrates
ang mga kabataan.
- Hinatulan ng pagkakakulong, 30 days after
the trial hinatulan ng kamatayan (pinainom
ng lason - HEMLOCK) at maluwag niyang
tinanggap, at kung may times na siya ay
tulungan ng kanyang students ay tinaggihan
niya because of the reason na he should be
dutiful citizen, maging ehemplo sa students
niya.
- “Knowledge is power”. “I know that I do
not know everything”. - famous quotes
- After socrates death, mas marami ang natuto
sa kaniyang buhay at mas naintindihan ng
tao ang kaniyang teachings.
- Masipag sa pagsusulat - PLATO AT
XENOPHON - nag-attempt isulat word for
word yung lahat na iniimik ni socrates.
- No one does wrong willingly.
- Purpose ng tao is to optimized learning and
to search for the truth.
PLATO
- Isa sa pinaka masipag na student ni socrates
- Yung may ACADEMY sa name ng school
ay nanggaling sa unang school ni PLATO
- THE REPUBLIC, nagbigay ng paliwanag
tungkol sa society, politics at ethics, andito
yung mga advice niya
- Nilinaw niya yung pagkakahanay ng tao,
may hierarchy na sinunod
- May term na POLITEIA mula sa POLIS
- May social strata tayo o hierarchy
- THE REPUBLIC ay imaginary state,
regarded as embalment of justice under the
direction of a governing class, the guardians,
ruled by a philosophical ruler or philosopher
king.
- Justice consists of the performance by each
of the three classes of citizens.
- 3 types of human soul (nagiging susi sa
pagkakakilala ng kaniyang pagkatao at
magdidictate ng kaniyang actions)
1. RATIONAL - makikita sa head part,
sa pag-iisip
2. SPIRITUAL/affective/sensitive -
emotions, middle part, chest area
(upper extremities)
3. APPETITIVE - bottom part, desires,
appetites, bandang stomach area
(lower extremities)
 - Kung alin ang mas higit na distinct, yun ang
magiging character natin, magdidictate ng
actions.
- Man is a rational animal. Man is also a
social animal.
- Sikat na student ni plato, bukod kay aristotle
ay si Dion - pamangkin ng ruler (pero hindi
direct student si aristotle naging follower
siya)
- Ilang beses siyang nakulong at pinatapon sa
malayong lugar para hinid maka influence at
pinabalik din siya para kunin ang opinyon,
pero siya ay namatay sa pinagtapunan ng
territory ng greece.
 Zeus - Sky, Weather, Father of Gods and
Mortals
 Poseidon - Sea, Earthquake, Raw energy of
Bull and Horse
 Hera - Wife of Zeus, Integrity of Marriage
 Hestia - (fire of) Hearth
 Demeter - Corn, Fertility of the Land,
 Hades - Lord of the Underworld
 Apollo - Music, divination of prophecy,
purification, healing (later- Sun)

ARISTOTLE
- LYCEUM attributed kay aristotle - name ng
kaniyang school
- Isa lang ang soul ng tao para sa kaniya ,
RATIONAL maiiwan sa tao,
SPIRITUAL/sensitive mas higit na
nakikita sa hayop or resembling animals,
APPETITIVE vegetative, sa mga halaman
- Sikat na student niya ay si Alexander the
Great
- Nicomachean Ethics inihandog sa anak na
si Nicomachus, nilalaman ang halos
malawak na discussion sa pagkilos ng tao at
paano makukuha ang good life
- Ang good life accdg to him, ang
pagsusumikap ng maging mabuti ay yung
primary purpose
- I-target yung absolute mean para ma-
achieve yung totoong kasiyahan - Golden
rule
- No man si willingly bad, by nature the
human is rational
- May 2 types of ENDS
1. Instrumental - ginagawa yung
action dahil may hinahangad pa na
kasunod, pamamaraan para sa
kasunod na gagawin o action.
2. Intrinsic - pinaka-dulo (gumagawa
tayo ng mabuti dahil gusto natin
maging mabuti) tumutulong sa
kapwa para maging mabuti.

GREEK MYTHOLOGY

Zeus is known for being wise, fair, just, merciful

and prudent but also easily angered. He has a kingly
body, short beard and curly hair and carries his
thunderbolt at all times. He also wears his crown of
oak leaves, which is deemed to be his sacred tree