Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET 3

INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

Philosophical Reflection

Name of Learner: ______________________________________

Grade Level: ______________________________________
Strand/Track: ______________________________________
Section: ______________________________________
Date: ______________________________________

A. Background Information for Learners

There are lots of philosophers who walked in this planet and left indelible marks to
humankind. Their contributions are undeniable indispensable and their teachings still radiate
and continuously flourishing as time progresses. These philosophers conceptualized ideas
through reflections, from a naïve introspection to intricate thinking.

This Activity Sheet deals with some of the world’s notable philosophers. Furthermore,
it gives learners idea about reflection.

B. Learning Competency with code

MELC 3: Do a philosophical reflection on a concrete situation from a holistic
perspective

C. Directions/ Instructions
After going through with this unit, you are expected to:
1. Read and follow each direction carefully.
2. Accomplish each activity for the mastery of competency.
3. Use the Learning Activity Sheets with care.
4. Record your points for each activity.
5. Always aim to get at least 80% of the total number of given items.
6. If you have any questions, contact your teacher through Messenger or cell
phone number

D. Exercises/Activities

D. 1. INTRODUCTION

a. What I Need to Know?

After going through with this activity sheet, you are expected to:
1. know the some of the world’s notable philosophers;
2. define reflection; and
3. determine the two kinds of reflection.

b. What’s New?

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

ACTIVITY 1: “Guess Who”

DIRECTIONS: Decipher the name of the philosophers below by arranging the

scrambled letter.

1 2

VIENACAN ROTALEIST

3 4

FUCCNIOUS CURIUSEP

MY SCORE:

____________
D. 2. DEVELOPMENT

a. What I Know?

ACTIVITY 2: “Philosophers’ Box”

DIRECTIONS: From the box provided, select the philosopher that is best
described in each number

________________ 1. He was not for the idea of the rich getting richer while the
poor getting poorer.
________________ 2. He was the first philosopher to describe the 5 common
senses of humans.
________________ 3. One of his best-known ideas was his conception of “The
Golden Mean”.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

________________ 4. He founded the idea of Stoicism which generally states

that we suffer because of erroneous judgments.
________________ 5. Without him, Christianity would merely be Judaism today.
________________ 6. He also expounded the ‘Golden Rule’.
________________ 7. He made The Republic, a work that presents his vision of
an ideal society led by a philosopher king.
________________ 8. He replaced superstitions with science
________________ 9. He invented Analytical Geometry.
________________ 10. He surprisingly came up with a theory that proved God
exists.

Zeno of Citium Paul of Tarsus

Avicenna
Aristotle John Locke Confucius
Thomas Aquinas Thales of Miletus
Plato Rene Descartes
MY SCORE:

____________
b. What’s In?

ACTIVITY 3: “Character Sketch”

DIRECTIONS: With your knowledge in “Noli Me Tangere” in Junior High School,

draw a character sketch based from the Jose Rizal’s description of Philosopo
Tasyo. This can be read in the Chapter XIV of the novel. (Rubric to be used for
checking your answer is available in Letter F)

MY SCORE:

____________
c. What is It?

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

DISCUSSION: Philosophers and Philosophical Reflection

Notable Philosophers

Philosophers are usually referred to as "thinkers," although this is an

inadequate definition of the term. They are awestruck by the world. They are
looking for the fundamental meaning of things, to comprehend it and codify it into
a system of thought. If they succeed, they often feel driven to share their system
to everyone. This is because, despite the difficulties it has presented to then,
they love what they do. You do not need anything other than a burning desire to
learn and connect with things, contrary to conventional assumption. You don't
need a PhD, nor do you need to have taken any philosophy classes or read any
philosophy books. Of course, all these things can help you to hone your thinking
but the main weapon to become a philosopher is the passion on one’s own craft.
(philoscifi.com)

Here are some notable philosophers in history:

 Thales of Miletus is considered as the Father of Philosophy. He was an

ancient (pre-Socratic) Greek philosopher who is often considered the first
notable philosopher. He is the first known person to use natural (logical)
explanations for natural phenomena rather than turning to supernatural world
(mythical or mythological). He sought to explain the natural world without
reference to gods. He replaced superstitions with science. (iep.utm.edu)

 Socrates is best known for developing the Socratic Method, which is a

dialectical dialogue in which one person poses a question, and another person
seeks to answer it. This process involves inquiry and fosters critical thinking.
Socrates' philosophy was mainly concerned with human activity, as opposed to
the material world. Unfortunately, Socrates' genius was not appreciated by all.
He was accused of corrupting youth by ''espousing atheism'' and was
condemned to death. Socrates calmly accepted his death sentence when he
was made to drink poison hemlock juice. (study.com)

 Plato is arguably the most influential philosopher of all time. It has been said
that all of Western philosophy consists of footnotes to Plato. Plato was a pupil
of Socrates, and Plato's approach toward philosophy dealt more with
metaphysics or the study of reality and existence. Plato was concerned with the
nature of reality. He made The Republic, a work that presents his vision of an
ideal society led by a philosopher king. (study.com)

 Aristotle was Plato’s best student. He went on to become the very well-paid
tutor of Alexander the Great - probably the highest paid philosopher in history.
A key theme in Aristotle’s thought is that happiness is the goal of life. He is the
founder of logical theory, as he believed that the greatest human endeavor is
the use of reason in theoretical activity. One of his best-known ideas was his
conception of “The Golden Mean” - “avoid extremes,” the counsel of
moderation in all things. (study.com)

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

 John Locke is one of the most important figures in modern politics. He was not
for the idea of the rich getting richer while the poor getting poorer. This is why
he was against Europe’s idea of land acquisition through lineage at that time.
He is one of the fathers to be thanked for the birth of democracy.
(listverse.com)

 Epicurus initially had a bad reputation because of his teachings, which were
mainly contrary to Christianity. To some extent, he was even labelled an
atheist. Epicurus used to state that life should be happy so people need not
fear God because good things should be easy to get while terrible ones also
easy to endure. His principles stated that people should not fear the intangible
things, like God, but only believe in tangible things. Epicurus advocated for
healthy diet, proper exercise and living justly. (listverse.com)

 Zeno of Citium founded the idea of Stoicism which generally states that we
suffer because of erroneous judgments. For this reason, he taught people how
to be completely in control of their emotions and avoid suffering negative
consequences. For instance, one needs not get enraged over an issue. The
negative emotion will normally lead to bad actions. Therefore, complete control
of emotions brings about mental peace, according to his teachings.
(listverse.com)

 Avicenna was not only a philosopher but one of the most sought-after
physicians during his time. “The Canon of Medicine” and “The Book of Healing”
were some of his books through which he shared his vast knowledge. He was
the first philosopher to describe the 5 common senses of humans mainly smell,
hearing, sight, touch, and taste. (listverse.com)

 In a time where Christianity teachings were constantly challenged by other

philosophers, Thomas Aquinas took a different stand. He surprisingly came up
with a theory that proved God exists. His argument was based on the creation
theory. Stating that the creator of the universe is God, he was able to
successfully teach ethics, with help from the Bible. However, Christians have
consistently claimed that he doesn’t have authority over the teachings because
they were derived from the Bible. (listverse.com)

 Probably the greatest philosopher from the Eastern region, Confucius was
able to clearly put across the ideas of democracy. He taught that power lies in
the people but they must still respect the Emperor as the official ruler. He also
expounded the ‘Golden Rule’, by giving it a positive perspective, in a similar
manner to what Jesus Christ did. (listverse.com)

 Rene Descartes invented Analytical Geometry. Apart from Math, his

contributions to modern Physics are also notable. He was the first scholar to
discover the laws that govern reflection and refraction. His teachings advocated
those human beings are capable of achieving more by tapping into the power
of the mind. ‘As a man thinks so he becomes’, is a statement that can be traced
back to him. (listverse.com)

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

 Paul of Tarsus (Paul the Apostle) was a pivotal figure in the establishment of
Christianity after the death of Jesus. Paul initially disagreed with this stating
that some of the traditional Jewish cultures (based from Mosaic Law), like
circumcision and observing certain foods (Kashrut), should be included too.
Without Paul, Christianity would merely be Judaism today. (listverse.com)

Philosophical Reflection

Philosophical reflection is one of the important skills that one needs in

doing philosophy. Gabriel Marcel notion of philosophical reflection is deeply
personal and is intimately anchored on day-to-day existence. For Marcel,
philosophical reflection is first and foremost the act of giving time to think about
the meaning and purpose of life. (philonotes.com)

There are two types of philosophical reflection according to Marcel,

namely, primary reflection and secondary reflection.

Primary reflection is a kind of thinking that calculates, analyzes, or

recounts past events. In this way, primary reflection is a fragmented and
compartmentalized thinking. Thus, for Marcel, primary reflection cannot be a
genuine thinking because it failed to make sense of the whole, of the mystery of
life. In other words, primary reflection is selfish thinking because it is instrumental
thinking or “means-end” kind of thinking. If applied to human relations,
instrumental thinking thinks only of what it can practically get in a relationship.
For example, one may establish a relationship or friendship with somebody who
is rich so that she may be able to borrow money in times of need.

Secondary reflection, on the other hand, is characterized by the act

recapturing the unity of the original experience by gathering back together what
has been separated by primary reflection. Thus, secondary reflection allows us
to think holistically. In this way, secondary reflection enables us to integrate our
fragmented and compartmentalized experience into a coherent whole. This gives
us the impression that secondary reflection for Marcel is genuine or unselfish
thinking. If applied to human relations, secondary reflection does not think of
what it can practically get in a relationship. Here, the human person establishes
a relationship with the other not because of what she can get, but is premised on
the idea that the other is a human person that deserves respect, care and love.
When Marcel speaks of “philosophical reflection”, he specifically refers to
“secondary reflection”.

D. 3. ENGAGEMENT

a. What is more?

ACTIVITY 4: “Who’s the Best?”

DIRECTIONS: From the list of philosophers presented, choose two philosophers

whom you believe contributed the most significant impact up to this day. Explain
your answer.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

1. ________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
MY SCORE:

____________
ACTIVITY 5: “Speech Bubble”

DIRECTIONS: Inside the speech bubble, supply the information being asked.

MY SCORE:

____________
b. What I Can Do?

ACTIVITY 6: “My Favorite Philosopher!”

DIRECTIONS: Aside from the philosophers presented, think of other

philosophers you like the most. Explain your answer. (Rubric to be used for
checking your answer is available in Letter F)

_____________________________________
Name of Philosopher

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

________________________________________________________________
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MY SCORE:

____________
c. What other Enrichment Activities can I Engage In?

ACTIVITY 7: “Philosopher I Personally Know”

DIRECTIONS: Write a bionote of someone you personally know whom you

consider a philosopher because of his/her wisdom and other attributes. (Rubric
to be used for checking your answer is available in Letter F)

_____________________________________
Name
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________
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MY SCORE:

____________
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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

D. 4. ASSIMILATION

a. What I Have Learned?

ACTIVITY 8: “My Takeaways”

DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions.

1. Who are some of the most notable philosophers?

2. What is reflection?
3. What are the two kinds of reflection?
MY SCORE:

____________
b. Assessment/What I Can Show?

ACTIVITY 9: “Reflection: Issue in the Philippines”

DIRECTIONS: Write a reflection about one of the issues being faced by the
Philippines today. (Rubric to be used for checking your answer is available in
Letter F)

_____________________________________
Issue
________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________
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MY SCORE:

____________
E. Guide Questions (already embedded in the activities)

F. Rubric for Scoring

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

This rubric will be used to score Activities 6, 7 and 9.

This rubric will be used to score Activity 3.

G. Reflection
Learners will write on their notebooks or journals their insights about the lesson.

 I understand that_________________________________________________.
 I realized that ___________________________________________________.

H. References for Learners

Books

Calano, Mark Joseph T. et. al (2016). Philosophizing and Being Human. Sibs
Publishing House, Inc.

Electronic Sources

Doing Philosophy. Retrieved from

https://philonotes.com/index.php/2017/12/24/doing-philosophy/

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

Famous Philosophers in History. Retrieved from

https://study.com/academy/lesson/famous-philosophers-in-history.html

Thales of Miletus. Retrieved from https://iep.utm.edu/thales/

Top 10 Greatest Philosophers in History. Retrieved from

https://listverse.com/2011/02/19/top-10-greatest-philosophers-in-history/

Who is Philosopher? Retrieved from https://philoscifi.com/2007/02/15/who-is-

a-philosopher/

Photo Credits

https://listverse.com/2011/02/19/top-10-greatest-philosophers-in-history/

Prepared by:

JAKE MARK R. RICALDE, LPT, RPm

Writer
Subject Group Coordinator, HUMSS-Social Sciences
Lemery Senior High School

I. Answer Key

Activities 4, 5, 8 Activities 3, 6, 7 Activity 2 Activity 1

and 9
(please refer to 1. John Locke 1. Avicenna
What is It?) Subjective 2. Avicenna 2. Aristotle
Assessment 3. Aristotle 3. Confucius
(please refer to 4. Zeno of Citium 4. Epicurus
rubric for checking) 5. Paul of Tarsus
6. Confucius
7. Plato
8. Thales of Miletus
9. Rene Descartes
10. Thomas
Aquinas

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