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Yuritci Martinez

Dr. Sharity Nelson

ENGL 1302-101

4 October 2022

Covid-19 Vaccines effectiveness and side effects on people: A review of a Scholarship

Globally, billions of people are afflicted with the pandemic illness (SARS CoV-2 or

known as well as Covid-19). The government has approved five to eight vaccinations to protect

against Covid-19. “Several SARSCoV2 vaccines, including mRNA (Comirnaty® and

Spikevax®) and viral vector (Covid-19 Janssen and Vaxzervria®), have been authorized

globally. “1 In clinical studies, they have all shown to be extremely safe and effective at

preventing severe COVID-19 infection” (Romantowski et al. 2). Although a growing number of

individuals are being vaccinated, there are certain limitations and negative effects Headaches,

muscular discomfort, injection site redness and swelling, cold, fever, tiredness and sleepiness are

just few of the adverse or primary effects that have been noted. As Muhaidaat et al., stated

“additionally, other studies noted a range of adverse reactions to vaccinations, from minor ones

like a fever, chills, headache, weariness, and arm soreness to serious ones like thrombosis and

anaphylaxis” (398). While some researchers dispute the efficacy of the Covid-19 vaccinees on

humans, this study aims the available data that documents the negative and positive effects of the

Covid-19 vaccinations.

Adverse effects after getting vaccinated

The Covid-19 vaccines have caused a lot of side effects or negative impacts on people

and have caused paralysis or even death. According to research, the Covid-19 vaccine has caused

many side effects for women and adolescents after vaccination. The study by Muhaidat et al.
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which examines how women throughout the world experience anomalies in their menstrual

cycles following immunization, concurs that Covid-19 vaccinations have caused patients to have

negative effects. According to Muhaidat et al., Furthermore, “several studies noted a range of

adverse reactions after vaccinations, from minor ones like temperature, shivering,

lightheadedness, tiredness, and arm soreness. Additionally, recent research found that the

COVID-19 vaccine caused a number of menstrual irregularities, including lengthened cycles,

discomfort, and bleeding."(395). The researchers began looking into the woman's irregular

menstrual cycles and researched the many Covid-19 vaccination kinds to determine which one

was associated with the greatest adverse reactions. As seen by Muhaidat et al. "66.3% of women

suffered irregular menstrual bleeding following vaccination," and "majority (46.7%) had the

symptoms after the first dosage, whereas 32.4% after the second dose and 20.9% after both

doses" (398). The study's findings show that after two months, 93.6% of a participant's problems

disappeared. Muhaidat et al. concluded that the vaccination had a negligible impact on the issue

of monthly irregularities among these women. However, because the body responded well to the

immunization, these symptoms were typical or widespread in women. According to Muhaidat et

al. the vaccine changed the length of the menstrual cycle and duration of menstruation in the

women who got it, resulting in a significant difference between before and after immunization”

(400). As a result, the Covid-19 vaccinations did have an influence on women's menstrual cycles

and quality of life. Because of the physical changes brought on by the vaccinations, these

women's lives will change considerably.

Alternatively, Tavakoli et al. investigates how adolescents and kids who had adverse

effects from the Covid-19 immunization were affected. He agrees that Covid-19 vaccines

influence the side effects when getting vaccinated. Tavakoli et al. examine the safety of the
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Covid-19 vaccinations as well as any potential adverse effects in children and teenagers under

the age of 18. Tavakoli et al. observe that "Comparatively to the Sinopharm group, 31.8% of

individuals who received Soberana had general adverse effects on the same day as their

immunization. In contrast to Sinopharm, Soberana exhibits early side effects. Additionally, three

days after taking Soberana, 7.2% of individuals reported experiencing general adverse effects,

compared to 5.7% in the Sinopharm group."(4892). He commented that the Sinopharm group

had higher side effects than the Soberana group. The children and adolescents were

experimenting with side effects are pain, fatigue, and dizziness after getting vaccinated. Tavakoli

et al. stated, "The most frequent adverse effects, according to their research, were weariness, a

cold, lightheadedness, and fever, although 10% of instances also included severe side effects.

According to our study, nonsignificant problems are the most frequent side effect among teens,

although the prevalence of serious adverse responses is lower in those under the age of 18 than it

is in adults." (4897). Additionally, according to Tavakoli et al., "Covid-19 vaccines

manufactured by Sinopharm and Soberana are normally safe and do not have any negative

impact or repercussions on children under 18" (4890). Every Covid-19 vaccination will have

adverse effects, but certain vaccines may have more severe side effects than others, the

researchers concluded.

Hospitalization after getting vaccinated

Many people of all ages are hospitalized in the ER after getting vaccinated; the Covid-19

Vaccines have highly risked side effects that are causing death. Solomon et al. investigate

“patients from the emergency room exhibiting possible adverse reactions to or problems after a

recent Covid-19 immunization” (1). The researchers wanted to find out what was causing

patients to be in the hospital. Unexpected adverse effects of the Covid-19 vaccination report that
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some of which have caused visits to the emergency room. Solomon et al. stated, "Chest

discomfort, congestion, difficulty breathing, and headaches were the most commonly affected

symptoms in the emergency room following Covid-19 immunization, and chest X-ray, computed

tomography, chest angiography were the most requested investigations to identify vaccine-

related problems" (1). This is causing these symptoms because the illness itself is connected to a

wide range of clinical expressions, post-disease manifestations, and unforeseeable consequences.

Solomon et al. stated, “18 of the 24 individuals with lung opacities or consolidations underwent

Covid testing; four of these patients tested positive. Three of the four Covid-positive patients and

ten of the 24 total patients were admitted to the hospital. Twenty patients had either a negative

Covid test or no Covid test; nine had empirical treatment for pneumonia, four had pulmonary

edema diagnosed and treated (16.7%), four were thought to have atelectasis (16.7%), two had

pneumonitis (8.3%), and one was thought to have a nonspecific vaccine reaction” (4).

Additionally, they concluded that many of the persons had health issues that led them to visit the

emergency department in addition to the fact that the Covid-19 immunizations were having an

impact on them. The researchers found that while severe reactions to immunizations are

uncommon, certain side effects may need a visit to the emergency room.

Additionally, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson) and boosters are among the five

anti-Covid-19 immunizations that have received official government approval. Each vaccination

has a unique set of responses or side effects in humans, yet they all work well in lowering

hospitalization rates, demonstrating their effectiveness. Erazo et al. Recognize the fact that the

Covid-19 vaccination is secure and has a history of lowering hospitalization. The results "affirm

the protection offered by the immunizations against the risks of hospitalization in all age

categories," (Erazo et al. 4). Erazo et al. "The effect of vaccination on the risk of hospitalization
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is still highly significant, according to the overall sliding window estimates, with RR being

related with "at least primary course completed." The latter observations emphasize the

significance of the booster injections even more in order to keep these older age groups well

protected against the danger of hospitalization"(Erazo et al. 5). The Covid-19 vaccines and

boosters have been lowering the number of hospitalizations and have protected people during the

second SARSCoV-2. The research has proven that the Covid-19 vaccines protect people from

getting hospitalized; they also confirm that the more boosters they get, the less the risk of getting

hospitalized.

Reactions toward people and prevention of Covid-19.

It was infrequent that people would get an allergic reaction when getting vaccinated.

Romanowski et al. All the Covid-19 vaccines, according to Romanowski et al., are secure and

efficient for those who have adverse responses. "A number of SARS-CoV2 vaccines, including

mRNA (such as Comirnaty and Spikevax) and viral vector (COVID-19 Janssen and Vaxzervria)

vaccines, have received global approval. Clinical investigations have shown they are highly safe

and effective at avoiding severe COVID-19 infection” (Romanowski et al. 2). Researchers are

looking at how to control vaccine delivery in individuals who have a high risk of allergy as well

as developing methods for vaccine allergy workups. Prior to the trial, the patients who received

the vaccination and had side effects after the first dose had considerably lower basal serum

tryptase concentrations. The researchers have looked at developing methods for managing

vaccine treatment in individuals at high risk for allergy; many who have allergic reactions after

receiving the first dose of the vaccine should not receive the second" (Romanowski et al. 2).

They come to the conclusion that these vaccinations are efficient and risk-free for everyone but

advise individuals to see their doctor if they have an allergic response or other health issue before
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taking the immunizations. The Covid-19 vaccinations are 99% safe for everyone, but 1% of them

may have an adverse effect on patients who already have health issues. In other words, experts

aren't quite confident that these vaccinations will be effective for everyone.

Thus, Veerle et al. study at the prevalence and risk factors for Covid-19 vaccine

breakthrough infections. People who have previously infected with Covid-19 virus were less

likely to experience like almost all symptoms following a breakthrough illness. Veerle et al.

agrees that the Covid-19 are safe and effectiveness for the people, but as the other authors stated

that some vaccines can have more side effects than others. “For these vaccines, clinical trials

have shown high vaccine efficacy against symptomatic infection and under real-world

circumstances, great vaccine efficacy has been established” (Veerle et al. 1). They also stated,

“No vaccine can prevent infection entirely and breakthrough infections still occur” (Veerle et al.

1). These vaccines can be safe and effective, but at the same time the vaccines cannot be

effective. This conclusion was “supported by empirical evidence on the effectiveness of viral

vector-based vaccines as opposed to mRNA-based vaccines against the delta variant, and it was

also shown in other analyses of developing illnesses” (9). They concluded that this discovery

strengthened the body of information about variations in the level of prevention provided by

various vaccine brands and might support new or revised immunization policies by governments.

Safety and effectiveness of the vaccines

The Covid-19 vaccinations have had a tremendous impact since they have helped keep

patients from being hospitalized, contracting the virus again, and perhaps death. Chirico et al.

consider that the Covid-19 vaccinations are secure and reliable since they have prevented

illnesses in many recipients. High effectiveness against the virus and very high levels of

protection against sickness, hospitalization and morality/deaths have demonstrated by these

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vaccines" (Chirico et al. 92). These vaccines showed high efficacy against the infection and a

very high level of protection against serve disease, hospitalization, and death. The researchers

observe that "three vaccines had higher (>90%) efficacy against Covid-19 infection {Pfizer-

BioNTech (~95%), Moderna (~94%) and Sputnik V (~92%)] than the vaccines by Oxford-

AstraZeneca (~70%) and Janssen (54-72%), against moderate and severe forms of COVID-19

infection" (Chirico et al. 92). However, they confirmed that these vaccines are safe and effective

for all people, but they need to know that some vaccines can have mild side effects.

These vaccinations are therefore shown to be both effective and safe for everyone, but

not everyone is the same. In the actual world, Liu et al. assess the “Covid-19 vaccine's efficacy

and safety” (3). Based to Liu et al., the Covid-19 vaccinations are safe and effective, and they

will aid in preventing hospitalization, infections, admission to the ICU or Emergency

department, and mortality. As Liu et al. stated The collected “VE for the initial dose of the

SARS-CoV-2 vaccine was 41% (95% CI: 28-54%) for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection,

52% (95% CI: 31-73%) for the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19, 66% (95% CI: 50-81%)

for the prevention of hospital admissions, 45% (95% CI: 42-49%) for the prevention of ICU

admissions, and 53% for avoiding deaths related with the virus” (4). Following that, the panel

data VE for those who received the second dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine was 85% (95% CI:

81-89%) for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection, 97% (95% CI: 97-98%) for the

prevention of symptomatic COVID-19, 93% (95% CI: 89-96%) for the prevention of hospital

admissions, 96% (95% CI: 93-98%) for the prevention of ICU admission ( Liu et al. 4). In

conclusion, 26 research on vaccine safety and 32 studies on the efficacy of the Covid-19 vaccine

have all authorized these vaccinations. Worldwide, coronavirus vaccines are extremely safe and

have the potential to drastically reduce the number of virus-related illnesses, infections, and
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fatalities” (1). The researchers found that while two doses of a vaccination might have moderate

side effects, they are more effective than other immunizations.

Covid-19 vaccines randomized trials

Lou et al. discusses the safety of the vaccinations and the negative effects that every

vaccine has the researchers started investigating random people to see what adverse side effects

the individuals were having after getting vaccinated. Lou et al. stated, "A series of randomized

controlled trials (RCTs) showed the effectiveness and safety of the three COVID-19 vaccinations

delivered in the US. Additionally, there is the "Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System

(VARES)," which is run by the FDA and the Centers for Disease Control” (Lou et al. 1). For the

three vaccines that the United States had authorized, they gathered information on vaccination

safety from published RCTs and data from “VAERS”. After receiving the Janssen vaccination as

opposed to the Pfizer or Moderna vaccines, VAERS reports were more frequent. “In comparison

to Moderna (35.4%) and Pfizer (25.0%), Janssen vaccine reported 17.4% fewer reports involving

the older group (60+)” (Lou et al. 2). With the second dosage of the Pfizer and Moderna

vaccines, the stated risk of myocarditis rose. The established risk of anaphylaxis increased after

the Pfizer vaccine's first dosage. Overall, the dangers or side effects of two of the vaccinations

were comparable, but those of the other vaccines were less severe. Although all these

vaccinations are safe, individuals should be aware that certain immunizations may have more

severe adverse effects than others.

Chen et al. investigates the efficiency and protection of SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations for

those who have received them. Chen et al., believes that the Covid-19 vaccinations are safe and

could progressively lower the number of infections, deaths, and the other Covid-19 related

illnesses around the world” (11). The cohort VE for the first dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines
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was 41% for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection, 52% for the prevention of symptomatic

COVID-19, 66% for the prevention of hospital admissions, 45% for the prevention of ICU

admissions, and 53% for the prevention of COVID- 19-related death, and for the "second dose of

the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, the pooled VE was 85% for” (Chen et al. 4). Covid-19 vaccinations

were roughly effective, and two doses were 85% or more effective” (Chen et al. 9). However,

vaccinations were less successful than the original SARS-CoV-2 virus against variations, they

were still more than 50% effective in fully immunized individuals” (Chen et al. 9). The study's

findings demonstrated that while different vaccination types are generally safe and effective,

certain vaccines might nonetheless have greater negative effects than others. These vaccinations

contributed to a worldwide decrease in the virus and a significant decrease in fatalities among

people of all ages.

Conclusion

The Covid-19 disease killed a lot of people and infected a lot of others worldwide. The

Covid-19 vaccinations have been shown to be safe and effective by many individuals, however

not everyone discusses the negative effects that these vaccines can have affects being

administered. As a result, 4 out of 10 publications concur that everyone can safely and

effectively get the Covid-19 vaccination. Although Covid-19 is safe, according to 6 out of 10

publications, yet it has adverse effects and has a critical impact on humans. It is crucial to

research these elements since they may be the deciding factor in whether individuals choose to

get vaccinated. This is true regardless of whether they have positive or bad experiences and

viewpoints. According to this study, Covid-19 vaccinations should be given to patients to help

avoid death or other illnesses, allowing them to live normal lives without fear of contracting the

disease again.
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Works Cited

Chen, Yamin, et al. “Covid-19 Vaccine Research Focusses on Safety, Efficacy,

Immunoinformatics, and Vaccine Production and Delivery: A Bibliometric Analysis Based

on VOSviewer.” BioScience Trends, vol. 15, no. 2, 2021, pp. 64–73.,

https://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2021.01061. 

Chirico, Francesco, et al. “Safety & Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines: A Narrative

Review.” Indian Journal of Medical Research, vol. 155, no. 1, Jan. 2022, pp. 91–104.,

https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_474_21. 

Erazo, Diana, et al. “Investigating Covid-19 Vaccine Impact on the Risk of Hospitalisation

through the Analysis of National Surveillance Data Collected in Belgium.” Viruses, vol.

14, no. 6, 16 June 2022, pp. 2–8., https://doi.org/10.3390/v14061315. 

Liu, Qiao, et al. “Effectiveness and Safety of SARS-COV-2 Vaccine in Real-World Studies: A

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Infectious Diseases of Poverty, vol. 10, no. 1, 14

Nov. 2021, pp. 1–15., https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-021-00915-3. 

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Luo, Chongliang, et al. “Comparability of Clinical Trials and Spontaneous Reporting Data

Regarding COVID-19 Vaccine Safety.” Scientific Reports, vol. 12, no. 1, 29 June 2022, pp.

1–9., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13809-7. 

Muhaidat, Nadia, et al. “Menstrual Symptoms after COVID-19 Vaccine: A Cross-Sectional

Investigation in the MENA Region.” International Journal of Women's Health, Volume

14, 31 Mar. 2022, pp. 395–404., https://doi.org/10.2147/ijwh.s352167. 

Solomon, Nadia, et al. “Emergency Room Imaging Findings in Patients Presenting after COVID-

19 Vaccination.” Journal of Clinical Imaging Science, vol. 12, 17 June 2022, pp. 1–7.,

https://doi.org/10.25259/jcis_44_2022. 

Stouten, Veerle, et al. “Incidence and Risk Factors of COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough

Infections: A Prospective Cohort Study in Belgium.” Viruses, vol. 14, no. 4, 13 Apr. 2022,

pp. 1–14., https://doi.org/10.3390/v14040802. 

Romanowski, Jan, et al. “Protocol of Safe Vaccination against COVID‐19 in Patients with High

Risk of Allergic Reactions.” Clinical and Translational Allergy, vol. 12, no. 5, 21 Apr.

2022, pp. 1–8., https://doi.org/10.1002/clt2.12152. 

Tavakoli, Nader, et al. “Pediatric and Adolescent COVID‐19 Vaccination Side Effects: A

Retrospective Cohort Study of the Iranian Teenage Group in 2021.” Journal of Medical

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https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27962. 
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