KUZNETS KHNUE TRAINING COURSE “LIFE SAFETY AND LABOUR PROTECTION”

LIFE SAFETY AND LABOUR PROTECTION:

PRACTICE #1 BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS AND CLASSIFICA-
TIONS

study of basic concepts of life safety; determining

COMPETENCES the key safety issues.

1.1. THEORY

Life Safety and labour protection is a system of basic knowledge on en-

suring safe living conditions in natural, social and technogenic environments.

Life is one of the forms of matter existence, which differs from others the
ability to the reproduction, growth, development, actively regulation its com-
position and functions, different ways of movement, adaption to the environ-
ment, metabolism, and response to the stimuli.

Activity is a specific form of action, the content of which is a rational change

and transformation of the environment in the interests of the human.

Danger is a phenomenon, object or process that can cause harm to human

health directly or indirectly under certain conditions.

Safeness is a balanced (according to experts) condition of human, system,

society, state, etc.

The environment is an aggregate of objects of the human’s surrounding

world that has a significant influence his vital activity and satisfaction of
diverse needs (personal, biological, cultural, economic, social, etc.).

ENVIRONMENT

NATURAL TECHNOGENI SOCIAL

ENVIRONMEN C ENVIRONMEN
T ENVIRONMEN T
T
Atmosphere Working Military and
environment: political factors
Lithosphere
working Family Factors
Hydrosphere conditions;
labour Socio-labour
Biosphere organization factors
Cosmic Household Cultural and
space environment historical factors

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KUZNETS KHNUE TRAINING COURSE “LIFE SAFETY AND LABOUR PROTECTION”

Danger taxonomy is a classification and systematization of dangers on vari-

ous features.

Danger nomenclature is a list of possible dangers.

Danger quantification is the introduction of quantitative characteristics to

assess the degree of danger.

Danger identification is a danger type determining, establishing the pos-

sible causes of its arising, spatial and temporal coordinates, the probability of
manifestation and consequences of its realization to develop measures to re-
move it or eliminate its effects.

DANGERS DANGEROUS FACTOR

CLASSIFICATION is a danger, the impact of which on a human can lead
to injury, burns or other damages the body, in severe
DEPENDING
cases – to death
ON THE
CONSEQUENCES
OF THE INFLUENCE HARMFUL FACTOR
is a danger, the impact of which on a human can lead
OF INJURIOUS to the reduction of working capacity, deterioration of
FACTORS ON THE health, the development of diseases, in severe cases
HUMAN – to death

TECHNOGENIC COMBINED
is conditions inherent in technical systems, industrial are dangers that converge
or transport facilities, which are realized in the form of at the same time several
the negative impact that affects humans and the different types of dangers
environment; or in the way of direct or indirect that make worse each
damage to humans and the environment during the other’s harmful effects (for
regular operation of these facilities and systems example, soil erosion due
to weathering or leaching,
which gets made worse by
DANGERS deforestation, excessive
NATURAL CLASSIFICATION grazing on them)
is natural phenomena BY THE ORIGIN
that threaten human
life and health (for
instance, earthquakes, SOCIAL
volcanic eruptions, is phenomena, events or processes that can harm a
avalanches, mudflow, human, social group, people, society, state, human
landslides, storms, community and the Earth as a place of human habitation,
tornadoes, lightning or even destroy them; to harm their well-being, to destroy
and other phenomena) natural, material and spiritual values

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KUZNETS KHNUE TRAINING COURSE “LIFE SAFETY AND LABOUR PROTECTION”

DANGERS
ECONOMICAL MATERIAL
CLASSIFICATION BY
THE DAMAGE DONE

TECHNICAL SOCIAL
ECOLOGICAL

DANGERS BY
ATMOSPERE HYDROSPHERE
LOCALIZATION ARE
CONNECTED WITH

LITHOSPHERE COSMIC SPACE

DANGERS BY THE CHARACTER OF

INFLUENCE ON A HUMAN
Psycho-
Physical Chemical Biological
physiological
insufficient or bright
toxic; microorganisms physical
lighting;
and products of overload;
abnormal microclimate irritating; their vital activity;
parameters; neuro-
sensitizing; animals; psychiatric
increased levels of overload
noise and vibration; carcinogenic; plants
increased levels of
electromagnetic fields mutagenic;
and radiation;
substances that
dustiness and gassed effect on a
condition reproductive
function

Chemical dangers are substances of the different aggregate state that can
cause any general or local, instantaneous or remote in time negative effect on
the human’s organism

Toxic substances are substances that cause poisoning of the whole hu-
man’s organism or affect the condition of the individual organ and systems (for
example, nervous system disorders, kidney and liver damage). These are car-
bon monoxide, lead, mercury, nitrate, etc.

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KUZNETS KHNUE TRAINING COURSE “LIFE SAFETY AND LABOUR PROTECTION”

Carcinogenic substances are substances that cause the development of malignant

neoplasm – tumour. These are nickel, asbestos, chromium and others.

Mutagenic substances are substances affecting the reproductive cells that leads to a
violation of genetic information. These are lead, mercury salts and the like.

Irritate substances are substances that irritate the respiratory tract, mucous mem-
branes. These are chlorine, ammonia, acetone and others.

Sensitizer substances are substances that act as allergens. These are formalde-
hyde, antibiotics, solvents and the like.

Substances that affect reproductive function contribute to congenital malform-

ations. These are manganese, styrene, boric acid and others.

Ways of getting dangerous chemicals

into the human organism

Respiratory organs Gastrointestinal Skin and mucous

In this case, substances
enter the body in the form
of gases, vapours,
aerosols and mixtures
It is the fastest way of
getting substances into
the human’s organism
because of a large
surface of the pulmonary
alveoli (100 – 120 m2) and
a constant flow of blood
through
the pulmonary capillaries
tract
The entry of substances
into the human’s organism
happens by their
absorption:
– in the oral cavity;
– in the stomach;
– in the small intestine
Toxic substances similar
in structure to natural
compounds are
exceptionally well
absorbed in the
gastrointestinal tract
membranes
In this case, substances
that have a liquid or oily
consistency most often
enter the human’s
organism
Dissolving in sebum,
ducts of sweat and
sebaceous glands, the
substances quickly get
into the blood. Skin
lesions accelerate their
penetration into the body

An emergency is a disturbance of the normal living conditions of people on

object or territory caused by an accident, catastrophe, natural disaster or other
factors that lead to injury or death of people, animals and plants, significant
material damage and harms the environment.

GLOBAL NATIONAL
Emergencies covering a large part of
the continental surface of the Earth or Emergencies occurring on the territory of
the area of the world's ocean, where two one state
or more states are located

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KUZNETS KHNUE TRAINING COURSE “LIFE SAFETY AND LABOUR PROTECTION”

A technogenic emergency A military emergency

is a violation of normal living
conditions and activities of people
in an individual area or object on it
or a water body due to a traffic
accident (catastrophe), fire,
explosion, an accident with the
release of dangerous chemicals,
radioactive and biologically
hazardous substances, sudden
destruction of buildings; accidents
in electric power systems, life
support systems,
telecommunication systems,
sewage treatment plants, systems
of oil and gas industrial complex,
hydrodynamic accidents, etc.
is a violation of normal living
conditions and activities
of people in a particular area or
facility on it or in a water body,
caused by the use of
conventional weapons or
weapons of mass destruction,
during which there are
secondary factors of the defeat
of the population
EMERGENCIES BY THE
ORIGIN OF THE EVENTS
THAT CAUSED THEM

A social emergency
is a violation of normal living conditions and activities
of people on a separate area or facility on it or a
water body, caused by of terroristic or
unconstitutional orientation acts; or related to the
disappearance of weapons and dangerous
substances, accidents with people, etc.

A natural emergency
is a violation of normal living conditions and activities of people
in a separate area or objects on it or a water body, associated
with a dangerous geophysical, geological, meteorological or
hydrological phenomenon, soil or subsoil degradation, fire in
natural ecological systems, changes in the condition of the air,
infectious diseases and human poisoning, infectious diseases
of domestic animals, mass death of wild animals, damage to
agricultural plants by diseases and pests, etc.

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KUZNETS KHNUE TRAINING COURSE “LIFE SAFETY AND LABOUR PROTECTION”

State-level emergency A regional-level emergency

is an emergency that develops
on the territory of two or more
regions or threatens cross-
border transfer, as well as in
the case when its liquidation
requires material and technical
resources above the own
capabilities of a separate region
is an emergency that arises in
two or more administrative
districts or threatens to transfer
to the adjacent region, and for
its elimination requires material
and technical resources above
its capabilities of a separate
area

EMERGENCIES BY LEVELS OF TERRITORIAL

DISTRIBUTION AND VOLUMES OF TECHNICAL AND
MATERIAL RESOURCES NECESSARY FOR
ELIMINATION OF THEIR CONSEQUENCES

A local-level emergency An object-level

is an emergency that goes beyond a potentially emergency
dangerous object, threatens the spread of the is an emergency
situation or its secondary effects on that does not fall
the environment, neighbouring localities, under the listed
engineering structures, and for its elimination definitions
requires material and technical resources in the
amount that above capabilities of a potentially
dangerous object

1.2. PRACTICE

TASK №1. For several years during the work, the employee got negat-
ively affected such dangers as insufficient light, dustiness air, toxic
substances and infrared electromagnetic radiation. Besides, the employee
often had psychophysiological overload due to the high level of responsibility
for the performing work. Identify dangers, classify them by the origin and the
character of influence on a human.
TASK SOLUTION №1
Danger classification Dangers by the character
№ Danger
by the origin of influence on a human
insufficient light TECHNOGENIC Physical

dustiness air TECHNOGENIC Physical

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KUZNETS KHNUE TRAINING COURSE “LIFE SAFETY AND LABOUR PROTECTION”

toxic substances TECHNOGENIC Chemical

infrared electro- TECHNOGENIC Physical

magnetic radiation
psychophysiological SOCIAL Psycho-physiological
overload

TASK №2. The employee lost consciousness during the work. It

happened due to prolonged exposure to high temperatures, as well as the ex-
haustion of the body by physical overloads. Within a few days, the
employee's condition deteriorated. Clinical analysis of the employee's blood
showed the presence of an infection that got the body because of features of
the technological process. Identify dangers, classify them by the origin and
the character of influence on a human.
TASK SOLUTION №2
Danger classification Dangers by the character
№ Danger
by the origin of influence on a human
exposure to TECHNOGENIC Physical
high temperat-
ures
physical over- SOCIAL Psycho-physiological
loads
presence of an SOCIAL Biological
infection

TASK №3. In the room of the paint shop, the temperature and the humid-
ity are high, and there are a lot of chemical solutions, the evaporation of
which enters the air of the working area and can lead to poisoning of employ-
ees. Besides, employees work with hand-held power tools, which leads to a
significant negative impact of vibration on them. Identify dangers, classify
them by the origin and the character of influence on a human.

TASK SOLUTION №3
Danger classification Dangers by the character
№ Danger
by the origin of influence on a human
temperature and TECHNOGENIC Physical
the humidity

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KUZNETS KHNUE TRAINING COURSE “LIFE SAFETY AND LABOUR PROTECTION”

chemical solu- TECHNOGENIC Chemical

tions
hand-held SOCIAL Physical
power tools

TASK №4. The commission inspected the condition of labour protection

at the enterprise and established that the microclimate parameters in the
working room do not meet the requirements of labour protection standards.
Besides, the commission found that using in production mixtures contain a
significant number of pathogenic microorganisms, and chemical substances
have carcinogenic effects on humans. Identify dangers, classify them by the
origin and the character of influence on a human.

TASK SOLUTION №4
Danger classification Dangers by the character
№ Danger
by the origin of influence on a human
microclimate COMBINED Physical
parameters
pathogenic mi- COMBINED Biological
croorganisms
chemical sub- TECHNOGENIC Chemical
stances

TASK №5. For several years employee is exposed to such technogenic

factors as high relative humidity in the room, electromagnetic radiation, air
polluted by vapours of substances that have a sensitizing effect, significant
psycho-emotional load. As a result, the employee’s health deteriorated.
Identify dangers, classify them by the origin and the character of influence on
a human.
TASK SOLUTION №5
Danger classification Dangers by the character
№ Danger
by the origin of influence on a human
high relative hu- TECHNOGENIC Physical
midity in the
room

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KUZNETS KHNUE TRAINING COURSE “LIFE SAFETY AND LABOUR PROTECTION”

electromagnetic TECHNOGENIC Physical

radiation
air polluted by TECHNOGENIC Chemical
vapours of sub-
stances
significant psy- SOCIAL Psycho-physiological
cho-emotional

CONCLUSIONS: WORKING ON THE THEORETICAL MATERIAL I LEARNEDABOUT

BASIC CONCEPTS OF LIFE SAFETY AND DANGERS THAT EXIST. DOING
PRACTICAL TASKS I LEARNED TO DETERMINE THE CLASSIFICATION OF
HAZARDS AND THE NATURE OF THEIR INFLUENCE ON PERSON.

THE GRADE FOR THE PRACTICE #1