DISASTER READINESS AND RISK EXTENSIVE RISKS

REDUCTION Concerned more on the exposure of

dispersed populations to various hazards
Plate Tectonics – leading to mountain of low or moderate intensity.
building, volcanism, ocean formation, etc.
Atmospheric processes – formation of HAZARDS
clouds, precipitation, wind, etc. -Ground shaking
Biological accumulation – reef building, -Tsunami
colony formation, forestation, etc. -Tornado
Human activities – urbanization, -Extreme rainfall
extracting resources, geoengineering, etc. -Landslide
-Flood
HAZARD – A dangerous phenomenon, -Indoor fire
substance, human activity or condition -Lava flow
that may cause loss of life, injury or other -Industrial pollution
health impacts, property damage, loss of -Typhoon
livelihoods and services social and -Forest fire
economic disruption, or environmental -Liquefaction
damage. -Storm surge
DISASTER – A serious disruption of the
functioning of a community or a society NATURAL HAZARDS
involving widespread human, material, Naturally-occurring physical phenomena
economic, or environmental losses and caused either by rapid or slow onset
impacts which exceeds the ability of the events.
affected community or society to cope
using its own resources. MAN-MADE AND
TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS
“ Disaster” – originated from french word A hazard originating from technological
“disastre” – combination of words or industrial conditions, including
* “des” – meaning BAD accidents, dangerous procedures,
* “aster” – meaning STAR infrastructure failures, or specific human
Literally, “ BAD STAR” activities

UNISDR – United Nations Biological hazards

International Strategy on Disaster Risk
Reduction
- Is the potential loss in lives, health
status, livelihoods, and various assets
which are often challenging to quantify.
INTENSIVE RISKS
Involve the exposure of large number of
people in a specific geographic area to
extreme events that can further lead to
catastrophic disaster impacts involving
high mortality rate and asset loss.
(“bio” – life)
Process or phenomenon of organic origin
or conveyed by biological vectors/agents,
including exposure to pathogenic micro-
organisms, toxins and bioactive
substances
Geological hazards
(“ge” – Earth)
Geological process or phenomenon
Hydrometeoro-logical hazards VULNERABILITY – how people and
(“hydor” – water) the differences among them contribute to
(“meteoros” – sky) the situation or context wherein they
Process or phenomenon of atmospheric, operate.
hydrological or oceanographic nature.
CONCEPT OF VULNERABILITY
Geophysical
-Earthquakes IFRC – International Federation of Red
-Landslides Cross and Red Crescent Societies
-Tsunami - “ the diminished capacity of an
-Volcanic Activity individual or group to anticipate, cope
Hydrological with, resist, and recover from the impact
-Avalanches of a natural or man-made hazard.”
-Floods UNODRR – United Nations Office for
Climatological Disaster Risk Reduction
-Extreme temperature - “ The characteristics and
-Drought circumstances of a community, system, or
-Wildfires asset that make it susceptible to the
Meteorological damaging effects of a hazard.”
-Cyclone
-Storms *Vulnerability is situation specific.
-Wave surges *Vulnerability is hazard specific.
Biological
-Disease epidemics FACTORS THAT MUST BE
-Insect/animal plagues CONSIDERED TO ASSESS THE
LEVEL OF VULNERABILITY
Technological or man-made hazards Proximity to a hazard event.
-Complex emergencies/conflicts Population density near a hazard event.
-Famine * Population – refers to the
-Displaced populations number of individuals inhabiting a
-Industrial accidents particular space at he same time.
-Transport accidents * Population density – refers to
the number of individuals living in an area
CONCEPTS IN DISASTER RISK in relation to the size of that area.

EXPOSURE – people and properties *Capacity and efficiency to reduce

affected by hazards.
SENSITIVITY – the degree to which a
certain community can be affected by
hazards.
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY – ability of an
individual or a community to withstand
and adapt to continuous environmental
changes.
disaster risk.
*Building codes and disaster policies.
CONCEPT OF EXPOSURE
EXPOSURE – the elements at risk from a
natural or man-made hazard event.
(Geoscience Australia)
* These elements are the individuals;
households or communities; properties;
buildings and structures; agricultural
commodities; livelihoods; and public
facilities, infrastructure, and
environmental assets present in an area
that are subject to potential losses.
ELEMENTS EXPOSED TO
HAZARDS
Physical elements – these are the
elements that are tangible or can be
visually seen.
Socioeconomic elements – these
compromise the institutional and
government systems that dictate the kind
of well-being and lifestyles of
communities.
Environmental elements – these include
the ecosystems and the natural processes
that are exposed to hazard events.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF HAZARDS,
EXPOSURE, AND
VULNERABILITIES
-Hazards are possible threats that may
come unexpectedly or otherwise.
-A hazard can lead to a disaster in a
community if:
The community is exposed to it
The community’s circumstance or
situation make it vulnerable to the hazard.
LEVEL OF VULNERABILITY
Proximity to disaster : If the community
is directly and frequently hit by typhoons,
then its vulnerability to disasters
associated with them is high.
Population density : If the community
has a large number of population in
exposed areas, the impact of the hazards
will be more severe.
Capacity and efficiency to minimize
disaster risk : If the community does not
have any community disaster
preparedness plans in place, it becomes
more difficult to face the hazard without
expecting any disaster.
Building codes and disaster policies :
Houses built on coastal areas are usually
made of light materials.
PRIMARY EFFECTS
- Effects that are direct situations arising
from the disaster itself.
SECONDARY EFFECTS
- Effects that are situations resulting from
the primary effects.
TERTIARY EFFECTS
- Effects that are not experienced as a
disaster is taking place but can be felt
some time after the disaster has occurred.
PERSPECTIVE ON DISASTERS
-Physical Perspective
-Psychological perspective
-Sociocultural perspective
-Economic perspective
-Political perspective
-Biological perspective
RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING
DISASTERS
-Housing and building development
-Presence of physical structures prone to
disaster risks
-Institutional framework and system for
risk reduction and prevention