Unit 2

Equipment – heating, lighting and accessories

Navigation and maneuvering systems

2.1. Heating and lighting

Heating and cooking equipment is to be installed such that adjacent bulkheads and
decks are not subjected to excessive heating.
Lampholders should be constructed of flame retarding non-hygroscopic materials and
supports of live parts shall be of non-combustible material. Lighting fixtures shall be
designed to provide for adequate dissipation of heat from the lamps and to prevent accidental
contact with the bulb by flammable materials; they shall be constructed to protect the bulb
from mechanical damage and to prevent the emission of broken glass bulb particles.
Lighting fittings are to be so arranged as to prevent temperature rises which overheat
or damage the electrical wiring or that could result in a risk of fire in the surrounding
materials. They must not impair the integrity of fire divisions. The temperature of those parts
of the lighting fixtures which can be handled shall not exceed 60ºC, and the terminals to
which insulated cables are to be connected shall not exceed the established values. Lamps in
position involving risk of mechanical damage shall be installed in fixtures of substantial
construction and shall be protected against such damage. Shades shall be of flame-retard
material. Lamps which are in positions exposed to the weather, spray, drip or condensed
water shall be enclosed in weatherproof fixtures and lamps which are used near readily
combustible material shall be installed in totally enclosed fixtures. In wet locations, those
parts of a lampholder likely to be touched by a person replacing a lamp shall be constructed
of or shrouded in insulating material. All running, standing and electric lights shall be
substantially constructed of non-corrodible material and shall be made watertight. Each
electric starboard, port, masthead, range and stern light shall be fitted with single filament
lamps.
Where duplicate electric navigation lights are fitted, the optical system of ea ch
electric navigation light shall consist of two glass lenses placed above the other so as to make
each section an individual lighting unit and to prevent light reflection passing from one
section to the other; each section shall contain a light placed at the radius of the lens and
arranged so that the lamp filament is located at the focal centre of the lens. Anchor lights may
be of the single-filament, one-light electric type.
All fittings, inductors, capacitors and other auxiliaries used with tubular fluorescent
lamps shall be of a type suitable for marine use. Fittings, reactors, capacitors and other
auxiliaries should not be mounted on surfaces which are subject to high temperatures. If
mounted separately they are additionally to be enclosed in an earthed conductive casing.
Every capacitor having a rated capacitance of 0.5 microfarad or over shall be provided with a
means for its prompt discharge. Every inductor and high-reactance transformer shall be
installed as near as practicable to its associated discharge lamp. All live parts of a lighting
installation shall be provided with effective screens of grounded metal or insulating material
of mechanical strength adequate to withstand the conditions of normal service and the
insulating material used for this purpose shall be non-combustible, moisture-resisting and
anti-tracking. Discharge lamps operating in excess of 250 V are only acceptable as fixed
fittings. Ancillary equipment for high voltage installations, including inductors, capacitors,
resistors and transformers shall be either totally enclosed in a substantial grounded metal
container, which may form part of the lighting fitting or, alternatively, shall be placed in a
suitable ventilated enclosure of non-combustible material or of fire-resisting construction
which is reserved for high voltage apparatus. Warning notices and calling attention to the
voltage “DANGER, HIGH VOLTAGE” must be placed and maintained on every container
or enclosure of high voltage discharge lamps that are accessible to unauthorized persons and
where otherwise necessary. Fluorescent lighting fixtures equipped with ballasts shall be
integrally protected against the rise of temperature above the rated temperature of the
fixtures.

2.2. Socket outlets and plugs

The temperature rise on live parts of socket outlet and plugs should not exceed 30°C.
They are to be so constructed that they cannot be readily short-circuited whether the plug is in
or out, and so that a pin of the plug cannot be made to earth either pole of the socket outlet.
All socket outlets of current rating 16A or more are to be provided with a switch, and be
interlocked such that the plug cannot be inserted or withdrawn when the switch is in the „on‟
position. Where it is necessary to earth the non-current carrying parts of portable or
transportable equipment, an effective means of earthing should be provided at the socket
outlet. On weather decks, galleys, laundries, machinery spaces and all wet situations socket
outlets and plugs are to be effectively shielded against rain and spray and are to be provided
with means of maintaining this quality after removal of the plug. The enclosures for the
containing and mounting of electrical accessories are to be of metal, effectively protected
against corrosion, or flame-retard insulating materials.

2.3. Navigation and maneuvering systems

2.3.1. Steering gear

The steering gear provides a movement of the rudder in response to a signal from the bridge.
The total system may be considered made up of three parts, control equipment, a power unit,
and a transmission to the rudder stock. The control equipment conveys a signal of desired
rudder angle from the bridge and activates the power unit and transmission system until the
desired angle is reached. The power unit provides the force, when required and with
immediate effect, to move the rudder to the desired angle. The transmission system, the
steering gear, is the means by which the movement of the rudder is accomplished.

2.3.1.1. All-electric steering

Steering gears which comprise electric control, electric power unit and electrical
transmission, are of two types, the Ward-Leonard system and the Direct Single Motor
system. Both types have a geared-down motor drive via a pinion to a toothed quadrant. For a
Ward-Leonard arrangement, a continuously running motor-generator set has a directly
coupled exciter to provide the field current of the generator. The exciter field is part of a
control circuit, although in some circuits control is directly to the field current of the
generator with the exciter omitted. When the control system is balanced there is no exciter
field, no exciter output and no generator output, although it is continuously running. The
main motor which drives the rudder has no input and thus is stationary. When the wheel on
the bridge is turned, and the rheostat contact moved, the control system is unbalanced and a
voltage occurs in the exciter field, the exciter, and the generator field. The generator then
produces power which turns the rudder rheostat contact to the same position as the bridge
rheostat, bringing the system into balance and stopping all current flow.
In the single motor system the motor which drives the rudder is supplied directly from the
ship‟s mains through a contactor type starter. Reversing contacts are also fitted to enable port
or starboard movements. The motor runs at full speed until stopped by the control system, so
a braking system is necessary to bring the rudder to a stop quickly and at the desired position.

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The usual electrical maintenance work will be necessary on this equipment in order to ensure
satisfactory operation.
Two exclusive circuits, fed from the main source of electrical power and each having
adequate capacity to supply all the motors which may be connected to it simultaneously
should be provided for each electric or electro hydraulic steering gear arrangement consisting
of one or more electric motors. One of these circuits may pass through the emergency
switchboard. The main and auxiliary steering gear motors are to be capable of being started
from a position on the navigating bridge and also arranged to restart automatically when
power is restored after a power failure. The motor of an associated auxiliary electric or
electro hydraulic power unit may be connected to one of the circuits supplying the main
steering gear. Short circuit protection is to be provided for each main and auxiliary steering
gear motor circuit. In ships of less than 1600 gross tonnage, if an auxiliary steering gear is
not electrically powered or is powered by an electric motor primarily intended for other
services, the main steering gear may be fed by one circuit from the main switchboard.

2.3.1.2. Electrical control

The electrical remote control system is commonly used in modern installations since it uses a
small control unit as transmitter on the bridge and is simple and reliable in operation.
The control box assembly is mounted on the steering gear. Movement of the bridge
transmitter results in electrical imbalance and current flow to the motor. The motor drives a
screw shaft through a flexible coupling, causing it to turn. A screw block on the shaft is
moved and this in turn moves the floating lever to which a control rod is attached. The
control rod operates the slipper ring or swash plate of the variable delivery pump. A cut-off
lever connected to the moving tiller will bring the floating lever pivot and the lever into line
at right angles to the screw shaft axis. At this point the rudder angle will match the bridge
lever angle and the pumping action will stop. The rotating screw shaft will have corrected the
electrical imbalance and the motor will stop. For local manual control, the electrical control is
switched off and a small hand wheel is connected to the screw shaft.
Each main and auxiliary steering gear electric control system which should be
operated from the navigating bridge is to be served with electric power by a separate circuit
supplied from the associated steering gear compartment, or directly from the same section of
switchboard busbars, main or emergency, to which the associated steering gear power circuit
is connected. Each separate circuit is to be provided with short circuit protection only.

2.3.2. Thrusters
Some ships have azimuth or rotatable electrical driven thruster units used as the sole means
of steering. Other ships have thruster systems for dynamic positioning. The bow thruster is a
propulsion device fitted to certain types of ships to improve maneuverability. The thrust
consists of a propeller mounted in an athwartships tunnel and provided with some auxiliary
drive such as an electric or hydraulic motor. During operation water is forced through the
tunnel to push the ship sideways either to port or starboard as required. The unit is normally
bridge controlled and is most effective when the vessel is stationary.
For a controllable-pitch type thruster unit a servo motor located in the gear housing
enables the propeller blade pitch to be altered, to provide water flow in either direction. With
this arrangement any non-reversing prime mover, like a single-speed electric motor may be
used. The prime mover need not be stopped during maneuvering operations since the blades
can be placed at zero pitch when no thrust is desired. The drive is obtained through a flexible
drive shaft, couplings and bevel gears. Special seals prevent any sea water leakage into the
unit. The complete assembly includes part of the athwartships tunnel through which water is
directed to provide the thrust.

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 Where a thruster unit is fitted solely for the purpose of maneuvering, and is
electrically driven, its starting and operation is not to cause the loss of any essential services.
In order to ensure that the thruster system is not tripped inadvertently whilst maneuvering the
ship, overload protection in the form of an alarm is to be provided for the electric motor and
any associated supply converters, in lieu of tripping. The thruster unit electric motor is not to
be disconnected as part of a load management switching operation.

2.3.3. Navigation lights

The supply to the navigation lights circuit must be maintained under all circumstances and
special provisions are therefore made.
To avoid any possibility of accidental open circuits the distribution board for the
navigation lights supplies no other circuit. A changeover switch provides an alternative
source of supply should the main supply fail. If the navigation lights fail, a visual or audible
indication must be given.
A navigation lights circuit can have two sources of supply which are available from
the changeover switch. A double pole switch connects the supply to each light circuit, with a
fuse in each line. A rely in the circuit will operate the buzzer if an open circuit occurs, since
the relay will de-energize and the trip bar will complete the buzzer circuit. A resistance in
series with the indicating lamp will ensure the navigation lights operate even if the indicating
lamp fails. A main supply failure will result in all the indicating lamps extinguishing but the
buzzer will not sound. The changeover switch will then have to be moved to the alternative
supply.
Navigation lights are to be connected separately to a distribution board reserved for
this purpose only, and connected directly or through transformers to the emergency
switchboard. The distribution board is to be accessible to the officer of the watch. Each
navigation light should be controlled and protected in each insulated pole by a switch and
fuse or circuit-breaker mounted on the distribution board. Each navigation light is to be
provided with an automatic indicator giving audible and/or visual indication of failure of the
light. If an audible device alone is fitted, it is to be connected to an independent source of
supply with means provided to test the supply. If a visual signal is used connected in series
with a navigation light, means are to be provided to prevent extinction of the navigation light
due to failure of the signal.

2.3.4. Navigational aids

Navigational aids as required by SOLAS are to be fed from the emergency source of
electrical power. For ships having a class notation NAV 1 navigational aids are to have an
alternative supply fed from the main source of electrical power, independent of the
emergency switchboard, with automatic change-over facilities.

2.4. Tasks

Task 1 Match the terms with the definition:

1. heat a. the action or an instance of making or becoming light
2. lighting b. a slender conductor caused to glow by the passage of an electric
current
3. fixture c. one millionth of a farad
4. cable d. a part of an electrical apparatus that is acted upon or acts by
induction
5. filament e. the condition of being hot

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6. inductor f. an apparatus consisting of a panel or frame on which are mounting
insulated switching, measuring, controlling, and protective devices
which can be connected to a number of circuits
7. capacitor g. a connection of comparatively low resistance accidentally or
intentionally made between two points on an electric circuit between
which the resistance is normally much greater
8. microfarad h. something that is fixed or attached as a permanent appendage or as a
structural part
9. transformer i. a device having usually two/three pins projecting from an insulated
case for making electrical connection with a suitable socket
10. apparatus j. a component that is included in an electrical circuit to provide
capacitance
11. socket k. an electrical device for changing the voltage of an alternating
current fitted
12. plug l. a device in an electrical circuit in which a plug, a bulb, etc can be
13. short-circuit m. an instrument or appliance designed for a specific operation
14. switchboard n. an assembly of electrical conductors, especially wires, insulated
from each other and surrounded by a sheath

Task 2 Listen to the text about Electrical Heating Devices and fill in the gaps.
Electrical heating devices are used for ……… rooms, industrial resistance furnace and air-
……… plants. In the case of ………. ………. ………., the making current can be …… times
the rated current. Heating circuits are often ……… ………. circuits. Usually ……-………
……….. devices with poles connected in parallel are used, which enables to increase the
permissible load current, for the ………-………. capacity of ………. ……… with poles
connected in parallel.
The illumination devices are subject to constant change due to developments in ……. ………
and electronics. For the choice of associated switching (e.g. ………….) and protective
equipment (e.g. ………. …… ………..) not only the type of ……….. ………… itself should
be taken into account but also the kind of control circuit.
The ………. of ……… ………. have a very low ……… …………. when cold. This creates
a high ……… ……… when they are switched on. Upon ………. ……, only the rated current
has to be ……….. due to the ……… ……… of the hot filaments.
Discharge lamps such as ………… ……., energy saving lamps, ………. ……….. ………,
……….. ………. ……… lamps or sodium vapor lamps require both a starting circuit and a
………… …….. ……… .

2.5. Vocabulary

ancillary equipment = echipament auxiliar

anti-tracking = nedepistare
athwartships tunnel = tunel poziţionat pe lăţimea navei
azimuth = azimut
bevel gear = pinion conic
braking system = sistem de frânare
bridge = punte de comandă
buzzer = sonerie de alarmă automată
capacitor = condensator electric
changeover switch = întrerupător, comutator

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circuit-breaker = întrerupător, ruptor
contactor type starter = demaror tip contactor
control box assembly = bloc de comandă
control equipment = echipamente de comandă
control rod = bară de comandă
controllable-pitch type thruster unit = elice de manevră cu pas variabil
convey = a transporta, a conduce
coupling = cuplare, cuplaj
cut-off lever = manetă/ vinci de închidere
de-energize = a scoate din circuit, a întrerupe alimentarea
direct single motor system = sistem direct cu un motor
directly coupled exciter = excitator cuplat direct
distribution board = tablou de distribuţie
double pole switch = întrerupător bipolar
drive = a acţiona
dynamic positioning = reglare dinamică/ variabilă
electric motor = motor electric
electric navigation light = lumini electrice de navigaţie
electrical remote control system = system electric de telecomandă
electro hydraulic steering gear arrangement = system/ instalaţie de guvernare electro-
hidrualică
emergency switchboard = panou de urgenţă
exciter field = câmp de excitaţie
fire division = grupare de pompieri
fitting = corp de iluminat
flame retarding = întârziere a incendiului
floating lever = flotor
floating lever pivot = lagărul flotorului
focal centre = centrul focal
fuse = siguranţă fuzibilă
gear housing = carcasa mecanismului
geared-down motor = motor cu reductor de turaţie
glass lenses = lentile de sticlă
hand wheel = roată de manevră
high-reactance transformer = transformator de reactanţă înaltă
imbalance = instabilitate
impair = a împiedica
in lieu of tripping = în vederea declanşării
inductor = inductor
lamp filament = filament luminos
lampholder = fasung
lighting fitting = corp de iluminat
lighting fixture = corp de iluminat
mains = sisteme principale
microfarad = microfarad
moisture-resisting = rezistent la umezeală
motor-generator = motor-generator, convertizor
navigational aids = sisteme de navigaţie
non-combustible material = material care nu arde/ incombustibil
non-corrodible material = material anticorosiv

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non-hygroscopic = hidrofob, nehigroscopic
non-reversing prime mover = motor primar ireversibil
optical system = system optic
overload protection = protecţie la supraîncărcare
pin = portizolator, suport (de isolator), pol, contact, ştift (de fişă)
pinion = pinion
plug = priză, fişă de conectare
power failure = cădere de tensiune
power unit = sursă de alimentare
rely = a se baza pe
rheostat = reostat
rotatable electrical driven thruster unit = propulsor lateral rotativ acţionat electric
rudder = cârmă
rudder angle = unghiul cârmei
rudder stock = axul cârmei
running light = lumini de marş
screw block = vinci cu şurub
screw shaft = arbore portelice
screw shaft axis = axul arborelui portelice
servo motor = servomotor
shade = abajur
shielded = ecranat, protejat
short circuit protection = protecţie la scutcircuit
shrouded in insulating material = material isolator armat
sideways = borduri
signal = semnal
slipper ring = segment al sabotului de frână/ capului de cruce
socket outlet = fişă de derivaţie
standing light = lumini de ancorare
steering gear = angrenaj de guvernare
supply converter = convertor de alimentare
swash plate = disc pendular
switch = întrerupător
switchboard busbars = bare colectoare ale tabloului de distribuţie/ de măsurare şi control
tiller = eche; manetă
toothed quadrant = sector dinţat
trip = a declanşa
trip bar = bară de decuplare
variable delivery pump = pompă cu debit variabil
Ward-Leonard system = sistem Ward-Leonard
weatherproof fixture = corp de iluminat rezistent la intemperii
withstand = a suporta

2.6. Shapes, colours and patterns

The shapes of objects can be referred to by using:

1. Names of geometric figures

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 Nouns Adjectives
square square
rectangle/oblong rectangular
circle circular/round
semi-circle semi-circular
cone conical
hemisphere hemispherical
sphere spherical
cylinder cylindrical
cube cubic
ellipse elliptical
oval oval
triangle triangular
octagon octagonal
pentagon pentagonal
pyramid pyramidal
point pointed
right angle

2. Letters of the alphabet: I; S; T; etc

e.g. a pipe shaped like the letter S ~ an S-shaped pipe

3. Well-known shapes: egg-shaped; heart-shaped; diamond-shaped; etc

e. g. a valve shaped like a mushroom ~ a mushroom-shaped valve

With colours we can use dark or light to express the shade: dark grey; light/pale grey. If you do
not know the shade or exact shape, the suffix –ish can be used: greenish; yellowish; roundish etc.

Patterns can be expressed using adjectives: striped; pinstriped; flowery; checked/checkered;

spotted; tartan; plain.

Texture is the way something feels when you touch it.

smooth the surface of a pipe
polished varnished wood/ a shiny metal surface
sleek (smooth and shiny) hair; car bodywork
slippery a fish just out of water
rough hands; material; sea
When the sea is very rough, the ferry doesn‟t sail.
coarse sand
jagged sharp, irregular edges of broken glass or metal

Brightness: shiny ~ an object that shines

dazzling ~ very strong light
shady ~ in the shade; not in the sun
dull ~ dark colours
bright ~ shining colours
dim ~ not easy to see
glare ~ a very bright and unpleasant light

Density: solid ≠ hollow

dense ≠ sparse
sparse ~ present only in small amount

Exercise 1 Complete the sentences with the name of the colour being described.

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 1. If you mix black and white, you get ……………….
2. If you mix green and blue, you get ……………….
3. If you mix red and white, you get ………………….
4. If you mix red and blue, you get ………………….

Exercise 2 Answer the questions Yes or No. if the answer is No, give the correct answer.
1. Is a circular table round?
2. Is a right angle 180 degrees?
3. Does a pencil have a pointed end?
4. Is beige a colour between light brown and red?
5. If a person has a roundish face, does it mean their face is round and very small?
6. Is pale blue the same as light blue?
7. Is „square‟ the adjective formed from „square‟?
8. Is „circular‟ the adjective formed from „circle‟?
9. Is dark the opposite of light?

Exercise 3. Pair-puzzles. Each word has a letter in it that is part of a related word from the left-
hand page. Fill in the letters as in the example. C D
P SHADY D S O A
O U E H A Z
O UNCE _ N VI_ _ _ RO_ _ _ Z
N _ S_ _ _SE N S GL_ _ _
D E Y E E

Exercise 4. Use the nouns and adjectives from this unit to describe the following objects: a bulb,
cable, lamp, tubular fluorescent lamps, socket, plug, switch, rudder, rod, ring,
switchboard.