Med 1104 Embryology (MID- TERMS 1-13)

Lecture 1

1. Which of the following describes the number of chromosomes and amount of DNA in a
gamete?
a) 46 chromosomes, 1N b) 46 chromosomes, 2N c) 23 chromosomes, 1N d) 23
chromosomes, 2N

2. Which of the following chromosome compositions in a sperm normally results in the

production of a genetic female if fertilization occurs?
a) 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes b) 22 homologous pairs of chromosomes
c) 23 autosomes plus an X chromosome d) 22 autosomes plus an X chromosome

3. How much DNA does a primary spermatocyte contain?

a) 1N b) 2N c) 4N d) 6N

4. During a prenatal visit a patient tells you her last menstrual period was January 30, 2016.
Based on the Naegele's Rule, when is the estimated due date of her baby?
(A) November 6, 2016
(B) October 25,2017
(C) November 4, 2017
(D) October 22,2016

5. The embryonic period is considered to be

a) last 8 weeks
b) the first month
c) first 8 weeks
d) last 2 months
6. The fetal period remains for how many weeks
a) 13 weeks
b) 40 weeks
c) 18 weeks
d) 30 weeks

7. Human development begins at fertilization when a male gamete or spermatozoon unites with a
female gamete or oocyte to form a single cell which is known as
a) zygote
b) gametes
c) haploid
d) diploid

8. “Gametogenesis is the process of forming zygotes from haploid cells of the germ line”?
a) True
b) False

9. Development begins at fertilization; however, the stages and duration of pregnancy are
calculated from the commencement of the mother's last normal menstrual period (LNMP) which
is approximately 14 days after fertilization/conception occurs.
a) True
b) False
10. Spermatogenesis starts after puberty
a) True
b) False
11. Oogenesis starts before birth.
a) Ture
b) False

12. Gametes are derived from which germ cell?

a) Diploid germ cell
b) Ectoderm
c) Primordial germ cells
d) Haploid germ cells
13. No oogonia are present at birth
a) True
b) False

14. Primary oocytes remain active until ovulation

a) True
b) False
NB: IT REMAINS DORMANT

15. Male fertility depends only on the motility of sperm

a) True
b) False
NB: NUMBER AND MOTILITY NOT MOTILITY

16. Spermatids undergo which series of morphological changes to form sperm/

spermatozoa(23,1N)?
a) Reduplication
b) Post-meiotic series
c) Bilobed
d) Post- meiosis series

17. The number 480 of the entire reproductive life of the woman is under simplified
a) True
b) False
NB: IT OVERSIMPLIFIED NOT UNDER SIMPLIFIED

18. Spermatogenesis is classically divided into

i. Spermatocytogenesis
ii. Mitosis
iii. Meiosis
iv. Spermiogenesis

a) i only
b) i & ii only
c) i, iii & iv

d) i, ii, & iv
e) all of the above
19. How many days does it take for spermatogonia to spermatozoa
a) 36 days
b) 23 days
c) 47 days
d) 64 days

20. Which best describes the disjunction of Meiosis 1 and Meiosis?

a) nothing happens
b) centromeres split in Meiosis I and does not split in Meiosis II
c) centromeres split in Meiosis II and does not split in Meiosis I
d) there are no centromeres present
Lecture 2

1. When does fertilization begin

a) contact between a sperm and an oocyte

2. Fertilization process takes ______

a) 28 hours
b) 32 hours
c) 24 hours
d) 1 week

3. The usual site of fertilization is _____,

a) blastocyst
b) fallopian tube
c) ovary
d) ampulla

4. A unicellular embryo is made from the ends with the intermingling of maternal and paternal
chromosomes at the metaphase
of the first meiosis division.
a) True
b) False

5. What is deposited in the female reproductive tract after ejaculation

a) Spermatogenesis
b)
c) Spermatozoa
d)

6. Coagulase causes sperm to "stick" to the cervix of the female reproductive organ.
a) True
b) False

7. Only 5% of sperm deposited in the vagina enter the cervix, where they will survive for many
days
a) True
b) False
8. Citrate and fructose provide the sperms with energy for locomotion.
a) True
b) False

9. What facilitates the movement of sperm from the vagina to the fallopian tube
a) Enzymes in semen
b) Fibers in semen
c) Sugars in semen
d) Proteins in semen

10. How long does the sperm take from the cervix to the oviduct
a) Rapidly 20 minutes or as slow as 3 days
b) Rapidly 60 minutes or as slow as 9 days
c) Rapidly 10 minutes or as slow as 10 days
d) Rapidly as 30 minutes or as slow as 6 days

11. Where does capacitation takes place

a) Male reproductive tract
b) Female reproductive tract
c) Ampulla
d) Sperm duct

12. In capacitation, it is considered a period of cleaning which activates sperm

to fertilize the ovum and polar body
a) True
b) False

13. How long does capacitation last

a) 390 minutes
b) 24 hours
c) 7 hours
d) 120 minutes

14. Where does capacitation pass freely through

a) Fallopian tube
b) Corona Cells
c) Plasma membrane
d) Corona Radiata
15. During capacitation
i. It takes place in the male reproductive organ
ii. It involves the removal of a glycoprotein coat and seminal plasma proteins from the plasma
membrane
iii. After sperm binds ZP3 receptors a hole is created in the zona pellucida
iv. Capacitation occurs after fertilization

a) ii only
b) iii only
c) i, ii, iv only
d) ii, iii only
e) All of the above

16. In phase 2 of capacitation sperm binds with

a) ZP3 receptors
b) ZP3 effectors
c) ZP2 receptors
d) ZP2 effectors

17. After the sperm cell binds with ZP3 receptors, chemicals from the acrosome of sperm are
then released. What happens when this is released _______________________________

ANS: It creates a hole in the zona pellucida, and it includes acrosin & proteases

18. Passage through the zona pellucida allows a spermatozoon to make contact with the
a) Primary oocyte
b) Tertiary oocyte
c) Secondary oocyte
d) Quaternary oocyte

19. Cortical Reaction is a ________ and Zone Reaction is a ________.

a) slow block to polyspermy, fast block to polyspermy
b) fast block to monospermy, slow block to monospermy
c) fast block to polyspermy, slow block to polyspermy
d) slow block to monospermy, fast block to monospermy

20. Calcium is released from the Smooth ER to _____.

i) harden the cell membrane of the oocyte
ii) activate lysosomes to breakdown the zona pellucida and ZP3
iii) activate the secondary oocyte to complete meiosis II

a) i only
b) ii only
c) iii only
d) all of the above

21. In the formation of the zygote, and entry of the nucleic material, the oocyte immediately
activates the completion of the second meiotic division of the oocyte. What does it form
i. Forms a mature oocyte and the second polar body
ii. The nucleus of the spermatozoon also enlarges to form the male pronucleus
iii. The mature oocyte forms the female pronucleus

a) i only
b) ii only
c) ii & iii only
d) i & ii only
e) all of the above

22. Within the cytoplasm of the oocyte

i. the nucleus of the spermatozoon also enlarges to form the male pronucleus
ii. the tail of the sperm degenerates
iii. This forms a mature oocyte and the second polar body

a) iii only
b) i & ii
c) ii & iii
d) i & iii

23. As the two pronuclei fuse into a single diploid aggregation of chromosomes, what is formed
a) Zygote
b) Polar ovum
c) Sperm nucleus
d) Perivitelline space

24. Restoration of the diploid number of chromosomes is when the fetus has _______________
ANS: half from the father and half from the mother

25. Before fertilization, cleavage is initiated

a) True
b) False
Lecture 3

1. Implantation is the process that starts with the ___________of the zona free blastocyst
(fertilized egg) to the _______________
a) Reattachment & fallopian tube
b) Attachment & Uterine wall
c) Reattachment & Blastomere
d) Attachment & Zona pellucida

2. A pregnancy is considered to be established only when the process of implantation is

complete. Does fertilization establish a pregnancy?
a) True
b) False

3. Cleavage consists of repeated mitotic divisions of the zygote, resulting in a rapid increase in
the number of cells, which become smaller with each cleavage division, called
a) Blastocyst
b) Blastomere
c) Morula
d) Zona pellucida

4. In the cleavage process division of the zygote into ___________ begins approximately how
many hours after fertilization
a) Blastomere & 30 hours
b) Totipotent & 15 hours
c) Blastocyst & 20 hours
d) Pluripotent & 45 hours

5. When there are 16 to 32 blastomeres, the developing human is referred to as a

a) Totipotent
b) Morula
c) Hypoblast
d) Blastocyst

6. The spherical morula develops 4 days after fertilization and enters the uterus. At this stage,
cells are
a) Totipotent
b) Multipotent
c) Unipotent
d) Pluripotent
7. After the eighth cell stage, the blastomeres change shape and firmly align against each other to
form a
a) Compact ball of cells
b) Loose ball of cells
c) Unabridged ball of cells
d) Slack ball of cells

8. A requirement for the segregation of the internal cells that comprise the
a) Outer cell mass
b) Blastocyst
c) Inner cell mass
d) trophoblast

9. At about day 5, shortly after the morula enters the uterus, a fluid-filled space known as
the______________ appears inside the morula
a) Embryoblast
b) Blastocele
c) Uterine epithelium
d) Trophoblast
NB: Blastocele is also the Blastocyst cavity

10. The blastomeres are divided into two parts as fluid accumulates in the blastocystic cavity.
What are these two parts called
a) Zona pellucida & Blastocyst
b) Cytotrophoblast & Syncytiotrophoblast
c) Uterine epithelium & Uterine stroma
d) Trophoblast & Embryoblast

11. The trophoblast gives rise to the embryonic part of the

a) umbilical cord
b) fallopian tube
c) Placenta
d) Embryo
12. The embryoblast is a group of centrally located blastomeres that form the inner cell mass and
give rise to the embryo
a) umbilical cord
b) fallopian tube
c) Placenta
d) Embryo
13. Degeneration of the zona pellucida surrounding the blastocyst
a) Day 5
b) Day 10
c) Day 2
d) Day 20

14. The blastocyst bonds with the endometrial epithelium

a) 3 days
b) 6 days
c) 9 days
d) 15 days

15. The trophoblast then begins to quickly proliferate and progressively differentiate into two
layers called
a) Zona pellucida & Blastocyst
b) Cytotrophoblast & Syncytiotrophoblast
c) Uterine epithelium & Uterine stroma
d) Trophoblast & Embryoblast

16. The blastocyst is implanted superficially in the endometrium's compact layer by what day
a) Day 2
b) Day 14
c) Day 7
d) Day 11
Lecture 4

1. The epiblast and hypoblast together form a flat, ovoid-shaped disk known as
a.
b.
c.
d. The bilaminar embryonic disk

2. ______ cells migrate and form a space called the ___________ cavity.
a) Epiblast, Exocoelomic
b) Hypoblast, Endocoelomic
c) Epiblast, Endocoelomic
d) Hypoblast, Exocoelomic

3.
a.
b.
c.
d.