Physical Self

Refers to the body that includes

basic parts such as the head,
neck, arms, and legs
NATURE - Socio-biologists, psychologists and
Made up of other organs such as
the brain, heart, lungs, stomach, others in the natural sciences argue that behavior
intestines, and muscles traits can be explained by genetics

NURTURE - Sociologists, anthropologists and

In general, the body performs its
functions least well during (1) infancy
and (2) old age
Physical efficiency generally peaks in
early adulthood and declines into the
middle age
Physical development and growth
others in the social sciences argue that human
behavior is learned and shaped through
interaction
Factors affecting physical growth and
development

during childhood continues at a slow 1. HEREDITY - biological process of transmission of

rate compared with rapid rate of
growth in babyhood
One of the most
crucial stage of
adolescence development is the
adolescence stage. Two types of chromosomes:
Begins with the onset of puberty
This stage is characterized by rapidly
physical changes that includes the
maturation of the reproductive system
traits from parents of offspring the sex and other
physical traits are determined by the combination
of (1) chromosome and (2) genes during fertilation
(the union of the two cells: egg and sperm)
Autosomes or trait chromosomes (22 pairs)
Gonosome or sex chromosome (the X and Y)
GENES - Basic carriers of hereditary traits can be
classified into:
Dominants (strong genes)
Recessive (weak genes

WHAT IS LIFE SPAN? Recessive: the trait not expressed when the
Development from the conception of death dominant form of the trait is present
Dominant: the expressed form of the trait (even if
it is just 1 allele)

2. Environment - refers to the factors to which the

individual is exposed after conception to death
which includes learning and experience
3. Emotional Intelligence - Emotions
4. Geographical Influence - Community
5. Economic and Social Status - Libraries, Parks
6. Accidents and Incidents - Trauma

According to elizabeth hurlock


BODY IMAGE - refers to how individuals
perceive, think, and feel about their body
and physical appearance
APPEARANCE - everything about a person
that others can observe such as height,
weight, skin color, clothes, and hairstyle
Standards of beauty have change over time
based on changing cultural values
Beauty is considered important throughout
history
This is because these features indicate youth,
health, good genes, and fertility

SELF-ESTEEM - it is how much you

appreciated yourself. Body image can Achieve Physical Well-being
affect both the adolescent's physical and
psychological well-being 1. Eat healthy foods
2. maintain a Healthy lifestyle
Effects of poor body image 3. follow proper hygiene
1. Body Dissatisfaction 4. eating disorder 4. engage in daily exercise
2. depression 5. body modification 5. take vitamins and drink fruit juices
3. low self-esteem 6. Avoid stress
7. Spend less time in front of computers and
gadgets

BEAUTY - A combination of qualities, such as

shape, color, or form, that pleases the
aesthetic senses, especially the sight.

Aristotle defines beauty in metaphysics as

having order, symmetry and definiteness
which the mathematical sciences exhibit to
a special degree.

Philosophers have not agreed on whether

beauty is subjective or objective. The ancient
greats, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and Plotinus
all agreed that beauty was primarily
objective - beautiful things really are
regardless of what one or another individual
may think or feel

Cultural traditions can either be a positive

or negative influence on body image and on
self-esteem.
Ideal standards of body sizes are culturally
specific

Americans have emphasized thinnes.

Filipinos emphasize dieting and body
appearance.
People experience body dissatisfaction due
to cultural standrads
 Sexual Self
Sexual self concept - defined as an
individual's evaluation of his or her
own sexual feelings and actions. A system of sex organs designed for reproductive
or sexual function

Physical changes upon adolescence include: Female reproductive system

a. Maturation of the reproductive system 2 ovaries Vagina
b. Development of different sex Fallopian tubes clitoris
characteristics Uterus

Male reproductive system

Primary Sex Characteristics Penis vas deferens
1. Physical features that are present during Testes scrotum
birth. Prostate gland epididymis
2. These features in women include the seminal vesicles
vagina, uterus, and ovaries.
3. In men, the primary sex characteristics
include the penis, testes or testicles, can be tough enough to get through without
scrotum, and prostate gland questions of sex, sexuality, and sexual identity.
openly addressing the all-too-human
Secondary Sex Characteristics questions of sexual development, sexual desire,
1. Develop during the onset of puberty. and the nature of the adolescent’s developing
2. For women, the evidence of puberty is the sexual identity are critical.
enlargement of the breasts, menstrual during adolescence, physical growth,
cycle, widening of hips, enlargement of psychological as well as cognitive development
buttocks, and growth of pubic hair. reach their peak.
3. Testicular growth, sperm production, the biological factors, psychological factors, as well
appearance of facial, pubic, and other body as social factors have equal importance in
hair, and deepening of voice for men. determining, the development of sexuality in
Natural substance that adolescents.
Hormones
is produced in the body
Influences the way the
body grows or develops the genetic factors and neuro-endocrinal
factors, which determine the biological sex
Types of hormones: women - ovaries
and also having an influence on the
Testosterone produce estrogen and
psychological sex.
Estrogen progesterone as well as
during adolescence the gonadal hormones,
Progesterone small amount of
cortisol, and many other hormones play a
1. During puberty, testosterone.
role in causing the onset of puberty.
testosterone and other the secondary sexual characters are
androgens stimulate the Estrogen promotes expressed due to this neuro-endocrinal
development of primary female reproductive influence.
and secondary sex capacity and secondary
characteristics and also sex characteristics.
increas sex drive. Production of female sex individual's personality or temperament
2. The level of testosterone hormones follows a is an important psychological factor that
production is fairly cyclical pattern. A 28-32
also decides the attitude toward
day monthly cycle
constant. sexuality.
 Homosexual - Attracted to and interested in
relationships with people of the same sex.
environmental factors also play a
significant role in the development of
Bisexual - Attracted to both men and women.
adolescent sexuality.
the attitude of the parents toward
sexuality, parenting style, peer
relationship, and cultural influences are is a person’s internal feelings of being a
the important social factors that facilitate woman, man, both, or neither.
sexual learning and decide the sexual can be expressed in many ways: through our
attitude of the adolescent. clothes, speech, activities, hobbies, and our
behavior
Sigmund Freud - described the oral phase,
anal phase, phallic phase, latency phase, and
genital phase as the landmark steps of
psycho-sexual development.

SEX
Physical attributes- body
characteristics notably sex organs
which are distinct in a majority of
individuals.
Male and Female
Biologically determined-by genes and
hormones
Relatively fixed/constant through time
and across cultures.
GENDER
The composite of attitudes and
behavior of men and women
Masculinity and femininity
Learned and perpetuated primarily
through the family, education, religion
(where dominant) and is an acquired
identity
Because it is socialized, it may be
variable through time and across
cultures.

Sexual Orientation - Refers to a person’s

sexual and romantic interests to either
people of the opposite sex or people of the
same sex.

Heterosexual - Person’s sexual and romantic

interests to people of the opposite sex
Herpes - is caused by a virus that lives in the
nerves. There are two common types of
herpes. Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) usually
causes cold sores around the mouth. Herpes
simplex type 2 (HSV-2) usually causes sores
in the genital area. Spread through skin-to-
skin contact with sores, but it may also
spread from the normal intact skin of a
person who has herpes
HIV - human Immunodeficiency Virus. HIV is
the virus that causes AIDS. It is present in the
blood, vaginal secretions, semen, and breast
milk. HIV can be spread through vaginal,
oral, or anal sex when a condom, other
latex/polyurethane barrier, or treatment-as-
prevention method is not used.
Ability of parent(s) to respond to the needs
and aspirations of the family and children.
shared responsibility between parents to
determine and achieve the desired number
and timing of their children.
Defined as a state of complete well-being
in matters relating to one’s sexual and
reproductive life. Implies that people are
able to have a responsible, safe, consensual,
and satisfying sex life and that they have
the capability to reproduce and the
freedom to decide, when, and how often to
do so.
An act providing for a national policy on
responsible parenthood and reproductive
health. Stemmed from the strong
advocacy of stakeholders and the
commitment of the Government. It
mandates the government to adequately
address the needs of Filipinos on
responsible parenthood and reproductive
health.
What are the guiding principles that govern
the RP-RH Law?
rooted on the human rights of all persons
including their right to equality and
nondiscrimination, the right to sustainable
human development, the right to health
including RH, the right to education and
information, and the right to choose and
make decisions for themselves
The law upholds and guarantees the following
principles: (RA 10354 Section 3)
The right to make free and informed
decisions of every person particularly
couples, adult individuals, women and
adolescents including preference and
choice for FP methods. The provision of
effective and quality RH care services by
the state that will lead to universal access
to affordable and quality RH care and
services
What are the benefits of the law?
The passage of the RP-RH Act, the country
has now a comprehensive law that
guarantees the provision of the RH care
services and information to all individuals
particularly the poor and the marginalized.
The following measures are all aimed towards
improving access to RH Services of the people:
Enhanced Service Delivery Networks (SDN)
through facility mapping and population
matching with facilities. Ensured supply of
RH commodities particularly in the
procurement and distribution of FP
supplies
Continuous monitoring and review of
programs.
Strengthening of informed choice and
voluntarism
Availability of RP and RH information
through health promotion and
communication campaigns and
consultations
Development of age- and development-
appropriate education.
Participation of the Private Sector,
Academe, Basic Sector and CSOs
National and local government cooperation
in implementation
Material Self
The "mine" objects, locations, or even people
are, what he refers to as the "material self."
These things are seen as extensions of a
person's identity. - William James
If they grow and prosper, He feels
triumphant; if they decline and disappear,
He feels defeated. This is true for all things,
albeit not necessarily to the same extent.
- James William
(January 11, 1842
– August 26, 1910)
American philosopher, historian, and
psychologist
Studied medicine and taught anatomy at
Harvard
"Father of American psychology"
Major thinker of the late 19th century
Most significant philosophers in
American history
Brother of both renowned novelist Henry
James and diary-keeper Alice Jame
Son of Swedenborgian theologian Henry
James Sr. James
Never worked as a doctor. As an alternative,
he studied philosophy and psychology.
Published extensively on a variety of
subjects, including mysticism, psychology,
metaphysics, education, and religion.
Body
Clothes
Immediate
Family
Home
The most intimate aspect of the material self.
You experience some body parts as being
more private or intimately yours than others.
Our apparel is the next factor; they are the
items that both conceal and highlight your
figure.
Makes effort to ensure that this body
operates effectively and efficiently.
Due to the importance of certain body parts
to us, we develop a special bond with or an
intimate closeness to them.
The fabric and styles of the garments we
wear elicit bodily sensations and can have an
impact on our mood and conduct.
Objects that a person can claim as his or her
personal property (e.g tangible possessions)
Wearing clothes is a way to express oneself.
We dress in a way that reflects who we are.
Going to mold and have an impact on how
self-identity develops.
When we consider our personal family to be
the closest representation of ourselves, we
also invest heavily in them.
We are impacted by what they do or
become.
First nest of our sense of self. On various items
and portions of our home, our experiences
were noted and highlighted.
The home thus serves as an extension of the
self.
No matter how many or little material
belongings one has, people are
nonetheless interested in them.
Cars, homes, gadgets, and clothing are
the most valued possessions since they
are the most noticeable in other people's
eyes.
Success and adversity can be shown in
one's material assets. Frequently use
material goods as a measure of success.
People who own things tend to be more
motivated to accomplish their goals.
For some, the absence or loss of material
belongings can have a negative impact
on their mental health.
Philosophical monism known as
materialism maintains that matter is the
primary constituent of nature and that
all things.
People place a great deal of value on
material belongings.
A Strong Desire for Material Possessions
Has a Negative Impact.
interaction between consumers and the items
they purchase in relation to the material
subculture it generates is the definition of
consumer culture. 
A culture that is centered around the
consumption of goods rather than other things,
like religion or values.
According to the ideology of consumerism,
people will be better off if they buy a lot of
things and services.
Consumer spending, according to some
economists, boosts the economy's growth
and production.
According to economists, consuming is
about maximizing utility while satisfying
biological needs and wants.
Sociologists, see consumption as also about
using symbolic exchanges to satisfy socially
scribed needs and wants.
With negative effects on the economy,
society, the environment, and the human
psyche, hyperconsumerism has received
much criticism.

Who are profoundly concerned with

owning luxury items or who are
compulsively fixated on money.
I worry far too much about acquiring
material goods.

Strong materialistic desires lead to

psychological disorders or functional
damage.
symptoms of CBD include excessive
or improperly controlled urges to buy
things and spend money in any form,
including cash, credit, mobile money,
or digital currency.
Compulsive buying can be broken
down into four phases: anticipation,
planning, shopping, and spending.
 Spritual Self
"The most enduring and intimate
part of the self"
Enables the person to experience oneness
with the higher being and the universe.
The inner aspect is the inner essence, the
part of the self that connects the person
to the sacred.
Understanding and nurturing is
important.
Can develop thru interaction, observation,
and imitation.
Can express thru one's religion
Practice rituals and ceremonies
Latin word - spiritus (breath or life force)
Begins at any age but developss
throughout life.
Speaks the quality of one's relation to
God, self, and others.
Aids person spiritual, emotional,
physical discomfort, and those who
wants to change.
According to the Bisaya
Described to be extremely delicate and light
for the physical world.
Sick - loses Dungan temporarily
Dies - loses Dungan permanently
After death individuals, Dungan will back to
the region above the earth. It then chooses a
new unborn being to inhabit.
According to the Ilonggo
Can not be seen in the eyes, but may take on
other visible forms such as an insect.
When an individual is asleep the Dungan
leaves the body to travel.
The soul is called...
kaluluwa - tagalogs
makatu - bukidnon
kadkadduha or kararwa - ilocanos
gimokud - bagobos
kaluha - cebuanos
dungan - visayan

Spirituality
Ceremonies -
It places importance on beliefs and
the performance of ceremonial acts
traditions is more concerned.
prescribed by traditions.
Path of love is an approach to god.
action performed in a customary way of
No condemnation and judgment,
celebrating religion.
there is mercy and acceptance.
Rituals - vary from culture to culture and
Religion
are a feature of all known human societies.
Takes the approach of fear.
includes the rite of passage, atonement,
Emphasize sin, guilt, and the concept
and purification rites.
of a punishing god.
symbolic expressions and acts
Believes in God and adheres to the
performed in respect of spiritual beliefs
beliefs of one's religion.
and sacred laws.
specific and observable mode.

It Aids individuals to find personal

meaning in life whatever life situation Purposeful work
there may be. Meaning can be Courage in the face of difficulty
discovered by creating work. Love
Political Self
KENDALL (1998)
- Defines Politics as a social institution
through which power is acquired and
exercised by people and groups.
ARISTOTLE'S WORK-POLITICS
- He describes the role that Politics and the
Political community must play in bringing
about a virtuous life in the citizenry.
STEVENS, ANG LIN, AN JUSSIM (2005)
- Cite that for some people, Politics is a
central component of their identity.
Is an important part of human
development because it promotes
ideologies about democracy,
human rights, freedom, family,
health, and other social issues.
Politics exist in all human societies.
It serves as the mechanism by
which individuals develop power
and understand the proper
functioning of a democratic
society as citizen.
Is the most basic identification with
the nation.
The term denotes the membership
or a citizen in a political society.
As a citizen, a person enjoys full civil
and political rights, including
protection inside and outside of the
territory of the state.
Where people belong offers an
opportunity for them to define
themselves and provide
opportunities to satisfy their needs
for affiliation.
Organizes one's beliefs, attitudes, and affiliations
and aids in the processing of the politically
relevant information.
Use their political values and belief system
define themselves.
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
A person can acquire learning through
observation and imitation. Important in a
process known as political socialization.
Political socialization is the lifelong process by
which individuals gain knowledge about politics.
COGNITIVE
Suggest that mental activities (e.g., knowledge,
perceptions, ideas) of individuals are important
determinants of behavior (e.g., political attitude)
THEORY OF SYMBOLIC INTERACTION
Suggests that behaviors are products of
communication, meaning, and symbols.
People give meanings to symbols and they
express these meanings through language
communication
THEORY OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION
Defined as the citizen's action or activities
anchored in politics.
The extent and scope of political participation
may be an important criterion for assessing the
value or quality of symbols and meanings that
the people ascribe to politics.
FAMILY - The family has a hierarchical
structure through a hierarchy of positions,
status, and power. Each position carries a
set of rights, responsibilities, and
expectations.

SCHOOL - The school's responsibility is to

teach moral, spiritual, and political values
that will help the students to become
patriotic and morally upright citizens.

PEERS - Interaction with peers

encompasses and emphasizes the equal
distribution of power, rights, and privileges
among members of the group.

MASS MEDIA - Key to the source of political

information is Family, School, Church, Peers,
and moral behaviors’ that influence political
behavior and political self.

CHURCH - Helps the shape ideals of

citizenship and democracy through the
religious teachings, values, and tradition.

UTANG NA LOOB - technique of reciprocity

of debt of gratitude to others
PAKIKISAMA - value of belongingness and
loyalty to the small group (principle of "give
and take").
HIYA - controls a large extent the behavior
of the individual.
BAHALA NA - common expression among
Filipinos. Strong dependence on the
"spirits" who will take care of everything if
they are really meant for a person.
AUTHORITARIANISM - dependence of the
Filipinos on a paternalistic.
INDIVIDUALISM - pattern of behavior which
characterizes the Filipino as self-centered.
Primary motivation for success.
AMOR-PROPIO - individuals' highly
emotional reaction to protect their honor
and dignity when they are threatened.

(harana & pagmamano are also included)

 Digital Self
Is the persona we use online. This is how
we represent ourselves on the internet
or social media.
A digital citizen is a person who develops the
skills and knowledge to effectively use the
internet and digital technologies. Refers to
the ability to engage positively, critically, and
competently in the digital environment.
Grown-up in the age of information e.g
millenials, generation Z, etc.
Better knowledge and skills
Intuitive learners
Can multi-task
Grown-up before the digital age
Lack of knowledge and skills
Logical learners
Focus on only one task
Online behavior - online actions are your
representation.
Online voice - everything you said matters.
Online presentation - media files and
words say a lot.
Impression management - to control and
influence someone's perception.
2 main motives for attempting to manage
impression to others: 1. instrumental
motive (influencing others to gain rewards)
2. expressive motive (forming an identity
and presenting oneself in a way that
portrays the identity.
Self-promotion - trying to present oneself as
highly competent.
Inagration - behaviors that the person illicitly
enacts to make others like them.
Exemplication - an individual attempts to protect
an image of integrity and moral worthiness.
Intimidation - a behavior that would cause a
person of ordinary sensibilities to fear harm.
Supplication - a strategy that involves depicting
oneself as weak, needy, and dependent; to
motivate others to provide care.
People feel safer saying things online that
they would not say in real life because they
have the ability to stay anonymous behind
the screen.
two kinds of disinhibition effect:
Toxic disinhibition - tendency to act meaner
than you would in real life.
Benign inhibition - open up and share what
they would in real life. This would help
others to connect and have a positive online
experience.
Data is left behind when the users have been
online.
Two types of digital footprints:
Passive digital footprint - is made when
information is collected from the user without
the person knowing it.
Active digital footprint - user has deliberately
shared information about themselves either by
using social media sites or by using websites.
A law to address 21st-century crime and
concerns. 1.) to protect the privacy of
TRANSPARENCY - the data subject must be
individuals while ensuring the free flow of
aware of the nature purpose and extent of
information to promote innovation and
the processing of their personal data, the
growth. 2.) regulated the collection,
risk, and safeguards, the personal
recording, organization, storage, updating,
information controller, their rights as the
retrieval, consultation, use, consolidation,
data subject, and how this can be exercised.
blocking, erasure, or destruction of personal
data, and 3.) complies with the international
LEGITIMATE PURPOSE - processing
standards set for data protection thru
information should be compatible with a
national privacy commission.
declared and specified purpose which must
not be contrary to law, morals, or public
policy.
has been used to collectively refer to all
types of information -- personal information PROPORTIONALITY - shall be adequate,
that is not sensitive, sensitive personal relevant, suitable, necessary. Personal data
information, and privileged information. should be processed if the purpose of
processing could not reasonably fulfilled by
other means.

refers to an individual whose personal

information is processed.

a. right to information
refers to an individual or a group that b. right to object
controls the processing of personal data. c. right to access and to data portability
d. right to correct
e. right to erase
right to file a complaint and to damages
refers to an individual or a group that
processes personal data only upon the
instructions of another.
 Managing and
caring for the self;
learning to be a better student
and setting goals for success
Skills in exercising your
metacognition
metacognition
"thinking about thinking"
Knowing your limits - making for an honest &
accurate evaluation of what you know & what
you do not know.
Modifying your approach - Begins with a
It is the awareness of the scope and
recognition that your strategy is not
limitations of your current knowledge and
appropriate.
skills. includes keeping one's emotions
Self-test - trying to test the comprehension or
and motivations while learning.
the understanding of the skills you have
acquired during the learning.
GOAL:
Skimming - browsing over the materials and
1. It is for the students to be self-
keeping an eye on keywords, phrases, or
regulated learners.
sentences.
2. The compensation and development
Rehearsing - trying to make a personal
of cognitive limitations of the learner,
interpretation or summary of the learning
as the students become more aware
experience.
of his/her capabilities.
3. The ability of the student to transfer
WELCOMING ERRORS
knowledge from one context into
when you commit a mistake, you do not
another.
dismiss it as insignificant or you do not try to
avoid responsibility for the results.
Two aspects of metacognition:
1. SELF-APPRAISAL
2. SELF-MANAGEMENT OF COGNITION Four types of Metacognitive
learners:
(You must have an accurate "SELF-ASSESSMENT"-
to find ways to utilize your strength and improve TACIT LEARNER - unaware
weaknesses) STRATEGIC LEARNER- strategize & plan
AWARE LEARNER - know some
Two elements of metacognition:
REFLECTIVE LEARNER - reflect, use & adapt
1. METACOGNITIVE KNOWLEDGE (It is
what you know about what you think)
STRESS
A. Personal Variables
often described as a feeling of being
B. Task Variables
overwhelmed, worried or run-down.
C. Strategy Variables
any uncomfortable emotional experience
accompanied by predictable physiological
2. METACOGNITIVE REGULATION (It is
and behavioral changes.
how you adjust your thinking process to
help you learn better)
“Stress is the body’s nonspecific response
to any demand, whether it is caused by
or results in pleasant or unpleasant
stimuli” – Hans Selye.
Distress – disease (negative
connotations of stress)
Eustress – Euphoria (positive
connotations of stress)
STRESSORS
Events or conditions that put a strain
on the individual.
Situation that are experienced as
perceived threat to one’s well-being
or position in life
Two broad categories of stressors:
PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESSORS
stress that put a strain on the body
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESSORS
events, situations, individuals, comments,
or anything we interpret as negative or
threatening.
Division of Stressors:
ABSOLUTE STRESSOR
everyone as being stressful
RELATIVE STRESSOR
only some people are stressful
STRESS RESPONSE
when danger is perceived, the body’s
emergency system automatically
changes the body’s balance.
also called an emergency response,
fear response, fight response.
Three components of general
stress syndrome:
1.The Alarm Stage
2.The Stage of Resistance
3.The Exhaustion Stage
Two components of
autonomic nervous system:
Sympathetic Nervous System - acts like a
gas pedal in a car.
Parasympathetic Nervous System - acts like
a break.
Source of coping with Stress – to improve the
ability to manage stressful events & better health
outcome
Coping – process of attempting to manage the
demands created by stressful events.
1. Optimism – the outcome expectancies that good
things rather than bad.
2. Personal Control or Mastery – whether a person feels
able to control or influence the outcome.
3. Self – Esteem – defined as an individual’s self-
perception of their abilities that motivate specific
cognitive processes & behaviors.
4. Social Support – the perception that one is loved &
cared for by others, esteemed &valued, & part of a
social network of mutual assistance & obligations.
Techniques to counter
chronic stress:
Relaxation Response
Physical Activity
Social Support
Reasons why self care is
necessary:
Increases sense of self love.
Promotes feeling of calmness & relaxation.
Improves both physical & mental health
Ways to engage in self-
care:
Physical Self-Care
Emotional Self-Care
Spiritual Self-Care
COMPASSION – “to suffer together”, the desire to
help
EMPATHY – ability to take the perspective of & feel
the emotions of another person
ALTRUISM – the kind, selfless behavior often
prompted by feelings of compassion
 Setting goals for
success and
Taking charge of one's self

Involves the development of an action plan

designed in order to motivate and guide a
person or group toward a goal. Clarity.
Challenge.
Importance of setting goals for oneself Commitment
Feedback.
1. Helps trigger new behaviors, helps Task complexity
guide your focus, and helps you sustain
that momentum in life.
2. It motivates us and also improves our
mental health and our level of personal S – Specific (or Significant)
and professional success. M – Measurable (or Meaningful)
A – Attainable (or Action-Oriented)
R – Relevant (or Rewarding)
T – Time-bound (or Trackable)

Kohlberg's theory of
Moral Development

Pre - conventional morality

(Stages 1 & 2)
OBEDIENCE AND PUNISHMENT
INDIVIDUALISM AND EXCHANGE

Conventional moral
(Stages 3 & 4)
Interpersonal relationship
Maintaining social order

Post - conventional morality

(Stages 5 & 6)
Social contract and individualism apps
Universal principle
 Stage 3 - Interpersonal Relationship
Stage 1 - Obedience and Punishment.
Also known as "Good boy and Good Girl"
The earliest stage of moral development.
orientation.
Common in young children.
Focused on living up to social
Children see rules as fixed and absolute.
expectations and roles.
Obeying the rules is important to avoid
Emphasis on conformity, being "nice".
punishment.
Consider how choices influence
Morality is motivated solely by
relationships.
punishment.
Emphasize the maintenance of happy
interpersonal relationships and pleasing
Stage 2 - Individualism and Exchange.
others.
Children account for individual points of
A need to avoid rejection, disaffection, or
view.
disapproval from others.
Judge action based on how they serve
individual needs.
Stage 4 - Maintaining Social Order
Reciprocity is possible but only if it serves
Consider society as a whole making
its own interests.
judgments.
Children recognize that there is not just
The focus is on maintaining law and order
one right view and that different
by following the rules, doing on duty, and
individuals have different viewpoints.
respecting others.
The goal it to avoid punishment
Please, individuals, maintain social order
by following social norms, customs, and
laws.
Becomes aware of the wider rules of
society to avoid guilt.
Stage 5 - Social Contract and Individual Rights A need to be criticized by a true authority
Begin to account for the differing values, figure.
opinions, and beliefs of other people.
Laws are important but members of society
agree upon these standards.
Becomes aware there are times when they
will work against rules or the interest of Mayer and Salovey
particular individuals. Refers to one’s capacity to perceive,
Emphasis on the social contract and the process, and regulate emotional
maintenance of individual rights. information accurately and effectively.
Lead us on the path to a fulfilled and
Stage 6 - Universal Principles happy life by providing a framework
The reasoning is based on universal ethical through which to apply standards of
principles and abstract reasoning. intelligence to emotional responses and
Follow these internalized principles of justice, understand that these responses may be
even if its against the law. logically consistent or inconsistent with
Moral judgment is motivated by one's own particular beliefs about emotion.
conscience.
People gave developed their own set of moral
guidelines which may or may not fit the law.
Search for universal principles.
 ability to regulate your behaviors,
thoughts, and emotions in a
Self-Regulation - the ability to manage one’s
productive way
negative or disruptive emotions, and to adapt
builds on this further and allows an
to changes in circumstance.
individual to use knowledge about
their emotions to better manage them
Motivation - the ability to self-motivate, with
in order to self-motivate
a focus on achieving internal or self-
gratification as opposed to external praise or
reward.

Empathy: the ability to recognize and

understand how others are feeling and
consider those feelings before responding in
social situations.
Social skills: being able to interact well with
others is another vital aspect of emotional
intelligence.
Self-awareness: the ability to recognize and
understand one’s own emotions and their
impact on others.
ability to keep your disruptive
emotions and impulses in check to
maintain effectiveness under stressful
or even hostile conditions.
This doesn't mean putting emotions
on lockdown and hiding your true
feelings
you manage your disruptive impulses
and destabilizing emotions, staying
clear-headed and calm.

ability to emotionally understand what other people feel, see things from their point of
view and imagine yourself in their place.

TYPES OF EMPATHY
Affective empathy involves the ability to understand another person's emotions and
respond appropriately. Such emotional understanding may lead to someone feeling
concerned for another person's well-being, or it may lead to feelings of personal distress.

Somatic empathy involves having a physical reaction in response to what someone else
is experiencing. People sometimes physically experience what another person is feeling.
When you see someone else feeling embarrassed, for example, you might start to blush
or have an upset stomach.

Cognitive empathy involves being able to understand another person's mental state
and what they might be thinking in response to the situation. This is related to what
psychologists refer to as the theory of mind or thinking about what other people are
thinking.